Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Diego Cavero
Profesor de Finanzas (PUCP)
Marzo de 2022
1
Clase 2
Análisis de estados financieros y principales
métricas financieras
Diego Cavero
1FIN07
2
2
Esquema de la clase
3
3
Puntos clave de la sesión anterior
▪ Objetivo de la firma
➢ Maximizar el valor para el accionista
➢ VAN>0 es la medición generalizada parala creación de valor
4
1. Ratios de rentabilidad
5
1. Ratios de rentabilidad
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1. Ratios de rentabilidad
68.9%
66.4%
62.9%
54.0%
48.5%
46.6%
24.5%
22.1%
15.9% 16.2%
21.7% 13.2% 12.6%
13.5%
11.5%
7.7% 7.4%
4.9%
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 3Q21 LTM
E&P RTM G&P
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1. Ratios de rentabilidad
* S&P|Moody´s|Fitch
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1. Ratios de rentabilidad
𝑈𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑠
Margen neto =
𝑉𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑠
9
1. Ratios de rentabilidad
𝑈𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑎
ROE =
𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑜 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑜
10
1. Ratios de rentabilidad
11
2. Ratios de liquidez y capital
de trabajo
12
2. Ratios de liquidez y capital de trabajo
13
2. Ratios de liquidez y capital de trabajo
11.4
20.2
Líneas de
crédito 8.7
revolventes
21.9
6.9
5.8 5.9
4.9
Efectivo 11.5
2.9 3.9 2.8 1.9 1.4
1.5 3.0 3.0 4.0 3.5
1.4
2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 +
Fuente: Petrobras
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2. Ratios de liquidez y capital de trabajo
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2. Ratios de liquidez y capital de trabajo
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3. Ratios de solvencia y
cobertura
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3. Ratios de solvencia y cobertura
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3. Ratios de solvencia y cobertura
𝐸𝐵𝐼𝑇𝐷𝐴
Ratio de cobertura de intereses =
𝐺𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑠
𝐸𝐵𝐼𝑇𝐷𝐴
R. Cobertura de servicio de deuda =
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑠+𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛
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3. Ratios de solvencia y cobertura
▪ Ambos ratios son usados tanto para el análisis crediticio como para
el analista de renta variable.
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3. Ratios de solvencia y cobertura
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3. Ratios de solvencia y cobertura
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4. Reportería financiera en la
práctica
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4. Reportería financiera en la práctica
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4. Reportería financiera en la práctica
▪ Análisis vertical
Unifin Financiera, S. A. B. de C. V. (BMV:UNIFIN A) > Financials > Balance Sheet
Balance Sheet
Press
Release
Balance Sheet as of: Dec-31-
Dic-31-2020 2021
Currency % MXN % MXN
ASSETS
Cash And Equivalents 4.29% 3,670.3 4.69% 4,378.2
Trading Asset Securities 0.25% 210.7 -
Total Cash & ST Investments 4.54% 3,881.0 4.69% 4,378.2
Accounts Receivable 24.38% 20,836.4 33.19% 30,985.6
Other Receivables 9.56% 8,169.4 0.72% 674.8
Notes Receivable 1.47% 1,258.1 -
Total Receivables 35.41% 30,263.9 33.92% 31,660.5
Others 2.72% 0.73%
Total Current Assets 42.67% 36,466.6 39.33% 36,717.6
Gross Property, Plant & Equipment 8.06% 6,891.1 6.35% 5,932.0
Accumulated Depreciation -0.37% (313.3) -
Net Property, Plant & Equipment 7.70% 6,577.8 6.35% 5,932.0
Other Long-Term Assets 49.63% 10,847.3 54.31% 7,906.6
Total Assets 100.00% 85,459.8 100.00% 93,347.6
LIABILITIES
Accounts Payable 0.49% 417.7 1.58% 1,477.5
Accrued Exp. 553.0 -
Short-term Borrowings 5,242.8 -
Curr. Port. of LT Debt 19.32% 16,511.2 22.66% 21,155.5
Curr. Port. of Leases 54.4 -
Curr. Income Taxes Payable 406.0 -
Other Current Liabilities 2.08% 1,775.5 1.33% 1,237.1
Total Current Liabilities 29.21% 24,960.5 25.57% 23,870.1
Long-Term Debt 52.18% 44,596.1 58.99% 55,067.1
Long-Term Leases 114.7 -
Other Non-Current Liabilities 2.86% 2,443.5 1.73% 1,615.9
Total Liabilities 84.43% 72,151.4 86.29% 80,553.1
Total Common Equity 15.57% 13,308.4 13.71% 12,794.5
Total Liabilities And Equity 100.00% 85,459.8 100.00% 93,347.6
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4. Reportería financiera en la práctica
▪ Análisis horizontal
Unifin Financiera, S. A. B. de C. V. (BMV:UNIFIN A) > Financials > Balance Sheet
Balance Sheet
Press
Release
Balance Sheet as of: Dec-31-
Dic-31-2020 2021
Currency MXN MXN Var. MXN % Ppto Industria Var. 2019 MXN
ASSETS
Cash And Equivalents 3,670.3 4,378.2 707.9 19.29%
Trading Asset Securities 210.7 -
Total Cash & ST Investments 3,881.0 4,378.2 497.2 12.81%
Accounts Receivable 20,836.4 30,985.6 10,149.2 48.71%
Other Receivables 8,169.4 674.8 (7,494.6) -91.74%
Notes Receivable 1,258.1 -
Total Receivables 30,263.9 31,660.5 1,396.6 4.61%
Others
Total Current Assets 36,466.6 36,717.6 251.0 0.69%
Gross Property, Plant & Equipment 6,891.1 5,932.0 (959.1) -13.92%
Accumulated Depreciation (313.3) -
Net Property, Plant & Equipment 6,577.8 5,932.0 (645.8) -9.82%
Other Long-Term Assets 10,847.3 7,906.6 (2,940.7) -27.11%
Total Assets 85,459.8 93,347.6 7,887.8 9.23%
LIABILITIES
Accounts Payable 417.7 1,477.5 1,059.8 253.72%
Accrued Exp. 553.0 -
Short-term Borrowings 5,242.8 -
Curr. Port. of LT Debt 16,511.2 21,155.5 4,644.3 28.13%
Curr. Port. of Leases 54.4 -
Curr. Income Taxes Payable 406.0 -
Other Current Liabilities 1,775.5 1,237.1 (538.3) -30.32%
Total Current Liabilities 24,960.5 23,870.1 (1,090.4) -4.37%
Long-Term Debt 44,596.1 55,067.1 10,471.0 23.48%
Long-Term Leases 114.7 -
Other Non-Current Liabilities 2,443.5 1,615.9 (827.7) -33.87%
Total Liabilities 72,151.4 80,553.1 8,401.7 11.64%
Total Common Equity 13,308.4 12,794.5 (513.9) -3.86%
Total Liabilities And Equity 85,459.8 93,347.6 7,887.8 9.23%
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4. Reportería financiera en la práctica
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Puntos clave de la sesión
▪ El análisis financiero depende en suprema cuantía del dominio de
diversos ratios para entender a la firma desde diversos ángulos.
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