Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
L. G. Wade, Jr.
Chapter 18
Aldehidos y Cetonas
Chapter 18 2
Estructura del carbonilo
• Reactivos y disolventes
• Consituyentes de telas
• Saborizantes
• Componente de plásticos
• Componentes de fármacos
• Parte de proteínas, carbohidratos y ácidos
nucleicos (Biomoléculas)
Industrial Importance
Chapter 18 23
Puntos de ebullición
Chapter 18 10
Solubilidad de cetonas y
aldehidos
Good solvent for
alcohols.
Lone pair of electrons
on oxygen of carbonyl
can accept a hydrogen
bond from O—H or
N—H.
Acetone and
acetaldehyde are
Chapter 18 miscible in water. 11
Formaldehido
H H
C O HO
O O heat H2O OH
H H C H H C
C C H H
O formaldehyde,
H H formalin
b.p. -21 C
trioxano, m.p. 62 C
Derivado sólido del
formaldehido
Gas at room temperature.
Formalin is a 40% aqueous solution.
Chapter 18 12
Acetaldehido
3. DIVERSIDAD ESTRUCTURAL Y
NOMENCLATURA
Naming Priority
Highest ranking 1. Acids
2. Esters
3. Aldehydes
4. Ketones
5. Alcohols
6. Amines
7. Alkenes
8. Alkynes
9. Alkanes
10. Ethers
Lowest ranking
11. Halides
Chapter 10 8
Prefijos y Sufijos de grupos funcionales en Química Orgánica
JERARQUÍA
Alcano
Cetona Nomenclatura
O O
1 3 4 1 3 4
CH3 C CH CH3 CH3 C CH CH2OH
2 2 CH
CH3 3
3-metil-2-butanona 4-hidroxi-3-methil-2-butanona
Chapter 18 4
Ketone Nomenclature
(Continued)
1 O
3-bromocyclohexanone
3
Br
Chapter 18 5
Aldehydes Nomenclature
CH3 O
5 2
CH3 CH2 CH CH2 C H
3 1
3-methylpentanal
Chapter 18 6
Carbonilo como sustituyente
On a molecule with a higher priority functional
group, a ketone is an oxo and an aldehyde is
a formyl group.
Los aldehidos tienen mayor prioridad que las
cetonas
1 COOH
O CH3 O
CH3 C CH CH2 C H
3
4 3 1
CHO
O O
CH3 C CH CH3 CH3CH C CH CH3
CH3 Br CH3
Chapter 18 8
Historical Common Names
O
C
O CH3
CH3 C CH3
acetone acetophenone
O
C
benzophenone
Chapter 18 9
4. REACCIONES QUÍMICAS
4.1. Síntesis
4.2. Reactividad
1a. Oxidation of Secondary Alcohols
to Ketones
Si quiero que la
reacciónp are en
aldehído y no
llegue a ácido
carboxílico uso
Pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) is PCC
Chapter 18 26
2. Ozonólisis de alquenos
Chapter 18 28
4. Hidratación de Alkynes
(a) (b)
Chapter 18 31
Solved Problem
Sintetice estos compuestos partiendo de compuestos de nomás de 6 átomos de carbono.
(a) (b)
Solution
(a) This compound is a ketone with 12 carbon atoms. The carbon skeleton might be assembled from
two six-carbon fragments using a Grignard reaction, which gives an alcohol that is easily oxidized
to the target compound.
Chapter 18 31
Solved Problem (Continued)
Solution (Continued)
An alternative route to the target compound involves Friedel–Crafts acylation.
Chapter 18 32
Solved Problem (Continued)
Solution (Continued)
Segunda alternativa
Chapter 18 33
6. Cetonas a partir de nitrilos
Chapter 18 46
Solved Problem 2 (Continued)
Solution (Continued)
This molecule has two double bonds that might be formed by Wittig reactions. The central double bond
could be formed in either of two ways. Both of these syntheses will probably work, and both will
produce a mixture of cis and trans isomers.
3. Hidratación de
aldehídos y cetonas
Chapter 18 50
5. Reacciones con derivados
nitrogenados
6. Acetales como grupos
protectores
O O
HO O
OH
H H
H+
O O
Los alcoholes atacan al carbono del carbonilo y generan un doble éter conocido
como acetal. Los aldehídos son más susceptibles de ser atacados.
O
O O
1) NaBH4
H 2) H3O+ H
O OH
Chapter 18 62
8b. Lithium Aluminum Hydride
O OH
LiAlH4
R R(H) ether R R(H)
H
aldehyde or ketone
H2
Raney Ni
Chapter 18 65
8d1. Clemmensen Reduction
O
C CH2CH2CH3
CH2CH3 Zn(Hg)
HCl, H2O
O
Zn(Hg)
CH2 C CH2 CH3
H HCl, H2O
Chapter 18 66
8d2.Wolff–Kishner Reduction
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