Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
ENGLISH
derechos de manutención cited citado
assignment order orden de asignación citing authority or agency autoridad o
assistance ayuda dependencia que emplaza
at your own risk bajo su cuenta y riesgo civil jurisdiction jurisdicción civil
abandonment abandono attachment adjunto claim of exemption reclamo de exención
abrogate abrogar attempt intentar claim splitting división de reclamos
abstract extracto attendance asistencia codicil codicilo
abstract of judgment resumen de fallo attorney’s fees honorarios collect your judgment cobrar su veredicto
accessory partícipe attorney of record abogado del caso collection agency agencia de cobranza
accomplice cómplice audit auditoría commitment order orden de encarcelamiento
accrual acumulación backlog casos acumulados common law derecho común
accrued interest intereses acumulados bail bond fianza compensatory compensatorios
accused acusado bail bondsman fiador judicial competence order orden de competencia
acknowledgment of satisfaction of judgment bail exoneration exoneración de fianza complainant parte acusadora
reconocimiento de pago del fallo bail forfeiture renunciar a la fianza complaint demanda
acquittal absolución bail notice aviso de fianza compulsory obligatorio
action demanda (civil) bail receipt recibo de fianza concurrent sentence sentencias simultáneas
active status estado activo bailiff alguacil confidential record expediente confidencial
adjournment suspensión bank levy embargo de banco confiscate confiscar
adjudicate resolver bankruptcy bancarrota o quiebra consecutive sentences sentencias
admissible evidence pruebas admisibles bar colegio de abogados consecutivas
admission admisión battery golpear conservator curador
admonition to jury amonestar al jurado bench trial juicio ante el juez conservator of the estate curador de patrimonio
adversary system sistema contencioso bench warrant orden de arresto conservator of the person curador de la
adverse witness testigo adverso bind obligar persona
advocate defensor bind over consignar conservatorship curatela
affidavit declaración jurada por escrito binding precedent precedente legal consolidation of actions consolidación de
affirm ratificar blood test análisis de sangre acciones
affirmative defense defensa afirmativa bona fide de buena fe contempt desacato
agent agente bond bono contested disputado
aid to families with dependent children ayuda book (booking) registrar (registro) continuance aplazamiento
a familias con niños dependientes breath test prueba de aliento convey trasmitir
alibi coartada brief informe conviction condena
alimony pensión conyugal burden of proof obligación de comprobar costs after judgment gastos después del fallo
allegation acusación (criminal), demanda (civil) burglary allanamiento con fines delictivos counsel asesor legal
alternative dispute resolution método calendar lista de causas counseling terapia
alternativo para resolver conflictos call in to question poner en duda counterclaim contrademanda
amend enmendar capital case caso con pena de muerte counts incidencias
amount cantidad capital offense delito con pena de muerte court tribunal o juzgado
annulment (nullity of marriage) anulación case file expediente del caso court calendar lista de causas
(matrimonio nulo) case law precedentes judiciales court clerk secretario judicial
anonymous anónimo case number número del caso county recorder registrador del condado
answer respuesta caseload número de casos court referee árbitro judicial
appeal apelar cause of action causa de acción legal court reporter taquígrafo judicial
appear in court comparecer ante el (juzgado o certified copy copia certificada court stamp sello judicial
tribunal) challenge disputar court trial juicio
appearance comparecencia chambers despacho del juez courtesy notice aviso
appellant apelante change of venue cambio de lugar credit union cooperativa de crédito
appellate apelaciones charge cargo crime (violent crime) delito (crimen)
acquittal absolución chattel bien mueble cross complaint contrademanda
acquitted absuelto child support pensión alimenticia cross examination contrainterrogatorio
arbitration arbitraje child support enforcement agency office of custody (noun), to be in custody tutela
arraignment lectura de cargos recovery services (ors) agencia del (sustantivo), encarcelado
arrearage atrasos cumplimiento de la manutención de los hijos custodial parent padre con tutela
ascertained comprobado children (under 18) niños (menor de 18) debtor’s examination examen del deudor
assault agresión circumstancial evidence pruebas decedent (deceased) difunto
assets bienes circunstanciales declarant declarante
assignee apoderado citation infracción decree acta
assignment of support rights asignación de
SPANISH
aplazamiento continuance causa de acción legal cause of action
apoderado assignee celda de detención temporal holding cell
arbitraje arbitration citación deuces tecum subpoena duces tecum
árbitro judicial court referee citación, multa ticket
arrendador landlord citado cited
abandono abandonment arrendar lease citatorio subpoena
a sabiendas knowingly arrendar, alquiler rent coartada alibi
abogado defensor defense attorney asentar record cobrar su veredicto collect your judgment
abogado del caso attorney of record asentar una declaración enter a plea codicilo codicil
abrogar abrogate asesinato murder colegio de abogados bar
absolución acquittal asesor legal counsel comparecencia appearance
absolución acquittal asesoría legal legal assistance comparecer ante el (juzgado o tribunal) appear
absuelto acquitted asignación de derechos de manutención in court
acción de una tercera parte third party action assignment of support rights compensatorios compensatory
acechar stalking asistencia attendance cómplice accomplice
acoso harrassment asunto (sustantivo), expedir, emitir (v) issue comprobado ascertained
acreedor de deuda obligee (noun), to issue (v) condena conviction
acta decree atrasos arrearage confiscar confiscate
acta record audiencia hearing conjunta (o) joint
acta de apelación record on appeal audiencia de conciliación pre-trial conference consejo judicial judicial council
acta de divorcio divorce decree auditoría audit consignar bind over
acta pública public record ausentismo escolar truancy consolidación de acciones consolidation of
acto procesal proceedings auto writ actions
acuerdo de resolución matrimonial marital auto de devolución (de actas) remittiteur contrademanda counterclaim
settlement agreement auto ejecutivo writ of execution contrademanda cross complaint
acuerdo económico settlement (civil) autoridad o dependencia que emplaza citing contrainterrogatorio cross examination
acumulación accrual authority or agency contrarrestar offset
acusación (criminal), demanda (civil) allegation aviso courtesy notice contrato de arrendamiento lease agreement
acusación formal indictment aviso de desalojo notice to quit cooperativa de crédito credit union
acusado accused aviso de fianza bail notice copia certificada certified copy
acusado defendant aviso de oposición al reclamo de exención copia fiel real copy
adjunto attachment notice of opposition to claim of exemption corte superior superior court
admisión admission aviso de publicación de fallo notice of entry of corte suprema supreme court
agencia de cobranza collection agency judgment costos judiciales legal fees
agencia del cumplimiento de la manutención aviso de publicación de fallo notice of entry of cuerpo legislativo legislature
de los hijos child support enforcement agency office judgment cumplimiento enforcement
of recovery services (ors)
ayuda assistance cuota u honorario fee
agente agent
ayuda relief cuotas de presentación filing fees
agravio tort
ayuda a familias con niños dependientes aid to curador conservator
agresión assault
families with dependent children curador de la persona conservator of the person
albergue shelter
bajo juramento under oath curador de patrimonio conservator of the estate
alcaldada misfeasance
bajo pena de perjurio under penalty of perjury curatela conservatorship
alegato pleading
bajo su cuenta y riesgo at your own risk curso de seguridad vial traffic safety school
alerta de miranda miranda warning
bancarrota o quiebra bankruptcy daño corporal physical harm
alguacil bailiff
beneficiario payee dar aviso post
alguacil marshal
bien mueble chattel de buena fe bona fide
alguacil sheriff
bienes assets de oídas hearsay
allanamiento con fines delictivos burglary
bienes exentos exempt assets declaración de bienes del deudor del fallo
amonestar al jurado admonition to jury
bienes raíces real estate property judgment debtor’s statement of assets
análisis de sangre blood test
bono bond declaración jurada por escrito affidavit
anónimo anonymous
borrar expunge declarante declarant
antecedentes penales record of conviction
cambio de lugar change of venue declarar bajo juramento swear under oath
anulación (matrimonio nulo) annulment (nullity
cantidad amount decomisar impound
of marriage)
cargo charge defensa afirmativa affirmative defense
anular el fallo por falta de incumplimiento
carpeta folder defensor advocate
vacate the default judgment
cartas de curatela letters of conservatorship delcaración jurada deposition
apelaciones appellate
caso con pena de muerte capital case delito offense
apelante appellant
casos acumulados backlog delito (crimen) crime (violent crime)
apelar appeal
Absolución Acquittal A deliverance or setting free of made and returned by the grand jury upon its own review.
a person from a criminal charge. initiative in the exercise of its lawful inquisitorial powers, Apelante Appellant The party who takes an appeal
Acrredor de Juicio Judgment Creditor The person is in the form of a bill of indictment. from one court to another.
who wins an award against some other person in a civil Acusado Accused The person against whom an Aplazamiento Continuance The adjournment or
suit. accusation is made; one who is charged with a crime or postponement of a session, hearing, trial, or other
Acto Civil Civil Action A case brought for traffic infraction. proceeding to a subsequent day or time; usually on the
determination enforcement or protection of a right, or Acusado de Delito Menor Misdemeanant A request or motion of one of the parties. Also the entry of
redress; or prevention of a wrong; every action other person guilty of a misdemeanor, one sentenced to a continuance made upon the record of the court, for the
than a criminal action. punishment upon conviction of a misdemeanor. purpose of formally evidencing the postponement.
Acto Civil Civil Action An action seeking monetary Adjudicar / Fallar / Decidir Adjudicate To pass on Apoderado Attorney-Infact A person, not
damages or asking for equitable relief. Senate Bill 1118, judicially, to decide, settle, or decree. necessarily a lawyer, to whom authority is given by
effective 1/1/06, eliminated the distinction of cases as Admisible Admissible Pertinent and proper to be another to act in his place. The authority to act as an
“law” or “chancery”, instead referring to these types of considered in reaching a decision. Refers to the Attorney-InFact is given by a document containing a
cases as civil actions. evidence considered in determining the issues to be power or letter of attorney.
Acuerdo de Estipulación Stipulation Agreement decided in any judicial proceeding. Arrestar Arrest To deprive a person of his liberty by
A document in which the parties agree to the Admisión Admissions The acknowledgement or legal authority.
correctness of certain statements of fact. recognition in a pleading by one party of the truth of Asistente Legal Legal Aid Legal services are
Acuerdo y Satisfacción Accord And Satisfaction some matter alleged by the opposite party through a available in some areas to persons unable to afford an
An agreement between the parties whereby a claim or Request for Admissions, the effect of which is to narrow attorney. Legal aid offices handle only civil matters.
charge may be dismissed by the court upon a payment the area of facts or allegations required to be proved by Asunto de Cancillería Issue Out Of Chancery A
or other consideration given to the person injured. evidence. factual question that arises in an equity suit because of
Acusación Bill Of Indictment A formal written Afirmar Affirm To ratify, make firm, confirm, establish, conflicting evidence. It is an issue of fact rather than an
document accusing a person or persons named of reassert. Alternate procedure to swearing under an issue of law.
having committed a felony or misdemeanor, lawfully oath. Audiencia De Novo De Novo Hearing A new
presented by the prosecuting attorney for their action Agente Next Friend A person who brings an action or hearing or a hearing for the second time contemplating
upon it. handles matters for the benefit of a minor or a person an entire trial in the same manner in which the matter
Acusación Fiscal Information A formal accusation who is legally incompetent, without formal appointment was originally heard. Court hears matter as court of
by a prosecutor setting forth criminal charges against a by the court. original jurisdiction and not appellate jurisdiction.
person. An information is used in circuit court. Albacea Executor A person named in a will who Auto de Posesión Writ Of Possession This is the
Acusación Fiscal Information An accusation administers the estate of a deceased person. An writ of execution employed to enforce a judgment to
exhibited against a person for some offense, without an executor must “qualify” before the circuit court where the recover the possession of land in an unlawful detainer
indictment. An accusation in the nature of an will is filed. action or personal property in a detinue action. It
indictment, from which it differs only in being presented Alegato de Locura / Alienación Mental Insanity commands the sheriff to enter the land or seize the
by a competent public officer on his oath of office, Plea A claim by a defendant that he or she lacked the personal property and give possession of it to the
instead of a grand jury on their oath. A written mental capacity at the time of the crime and should not person entitled under the judgment.
accusation made by a public prosecutor, without the be held responsible for it. Auto de Prohibición Writ Of Prohibition A writ from
intervention of a grand jury. Alguacil Bailiff A court officer or attendant who has a superior court to an inferior court to cease trying a
Acusación Formal Indictment A formal accusation charge of a court session in the matter of keeping order, case because the inferior court does not have the
by a grand jury that charges a person with a crime. custody of the jury, and custody of prisoners while in the authority to try the case.
Indictments are used to bring more serious charges and court. Bajo Palabra Personal Recognizance Release of a
are used in circuit court only. Alias Alias "Otherwise called," indicating one was defendant from jail or arrest by a judicial officer, upon
Acusación Formal Indictment Technically called “A called by one or the other of two names. the promise to appear in court without the necessity of
Bill of Indictment.” It is an accusation in writing Alocución Allocution Presentence step in which the posting bond but with some conditions imposed.
presented to a grand jury. To the court in which it is judge asks the defendant whether he has any legal Bajo Palabra Recognizance An obligation entered
impaneled, charging that a person therein named has cause to show why judgment should not be pronounced into by an accused before a court, with condition to do
done some act, or been guilty of some omission, which against him, or whether he would like to make statement some particular acts, including to appear in criminal
by law is a public offense, punishable on indictment. An on his behalf and present any information in mitigation court as required, to keep the peace, to be of good
indictment is merely a charge which must be proved at of sentence. It permits defendants to speak in their own behavior, and not to depart from the Commonwealth.
trial beyond a reasonable doubt before defendant may behalf in criminal cases prior to sentencing and to Bienes Estate The property owned by a person, in his
be convicted. present any information in mitigation of punishment or her name, at the time of the person’s death. Estates
Acusación Fundada True Bill The endorsement procedure. and wills are handled by circuit courts.
made by a grand jury upon a bill of indictment, when Anulación Annulment A judicial proceeding in which Calendario Calendar The court schedule of the list
they find it sustained by the evidence laid before them, one party seeks to nullify a void or voidable marriage. A of pending cases.
and are satisfied of the truth of the accusation. The voidable marriage is valid until annulled, while a void Calendario Docket A record of all cases and actions
endorsement made by a grand jury when they find marriage never was a valid marriage. scheduled to be heard in court, whether or not the
sufficient evidence to warrant a criminal charge. An Anular Quash The action of a court to deny, vacate, matter is actually heard in a court on a particular day.
indictment. or make void a request on legal process, such as a Calendario Civil Civil Docket A listing of all pending
Acusación Hecha Por El Jurado Presentment subpoena. civil actions, whether “legal” or “equitable” in nature.
The written notice taken by a grand jury of any offense, Anular Quash To vacate, annul, make void, abate or Prior to 1/1/06 and the implementation of Senate Bill
from their own knowledge or observation, without any overthrow. 1118 which merged law and chancery, separate
bill of indictment laid before them at the suit of the Apelación Appeal Taking a case that has been Chancery and Law Dockets were maintained.
government. A presentment is an accusation, initiated
decided in a court of inferior jurisdiction to one of Calendario de la Secretaría (Cancillería)
by the grand jury itself. A written accusation of crime
superior jurisdiction, for the purpose of obtaining a Chancery Docket Chancery Dockets were maintained
prior to January 1, 2006. The chancery docket listed all same court and involving substantially the same subject of the deliberations of a court.
chancery cases in the sequence in which they were filed matter. Declaración Plea Statement made by the defendant
and generally referred to pending cases only. Senate Contraacusación / Reconvención / either as to his guilt or innocence to the charge made
Bill 1118 became effective 1/1/06, merging law and Recriminación Counterclaim A claim presented by against him.
chancery and creating one “civil” docket. a defendant in opposition to or deduction from the claim Declaración en Equidad Plea In Equity A pleading
Cárcel Jail A place of confinement for persons of the plaintiff. in which a party asserts that the entire case can be
awaiting trial and for persons sentenced to shorter terms Contrainterrogatorio Cross-Examination The decided on one very specific set of facts which, if true,
of confinement for misdemeanors. examination of a witness upon a trial or hearing, or upon would decide the case in that party's favor.
Carta Testamentaria Letters Testamentary A taking a deposition, by the party opposed to the one who Declaración Escrita de Los Hechos Written
document issued by the circuit court that gives an put him on the witness stand to testify. Statement Of Facts For purposes of appeal to the
executor the power to take control of and distribute a Costos Costs (1) A pecuniary allowance, made to the Court of Appeals, it is an alternative to a transcript of the
deceased person’s property. successful party (and recoverable from the losing party), proceeding as a record of the facts, testimony and other
Caso Para Determinación de Custodia Custody for his expenses in prosecuting or defending an action incidents of trial so that the Court of Appeals can be
Case In J & DR court or circuit court, the type of or a distinct proceeding within an action. Generally, informed of those matters at trial which are now
proceedings in which the court determines which “costs” do no include attorney fees unless such fees are important in the appeal of the case.
parent, other adult or agency shall have physical control by a statute classified as costs or are by statue allowed Declaración Jurada Affidavit A written, printed, or
over a child. to be recovered as costs in the case. (2) Fees and videotaped declaration or statement of facts, made
Causa Probable Probable Cause A reasonable charges required by law to be paid to the courts or some voluntarily, and confirmed by the oath or affirmation of
ground for belief in the existence of facts warranting the of their officers, the amount of which is fixed by statute; the party making it, taken before an officer having
proceedings complained of (e.g., probable cause to e.g. filing and service fees. authority to administer such oath.
believe that a crime has been committed and that the Crimen Crime A positive or negative act in violation of Declaraciones Pleadings The formal allegations by
person accused may have committed it). penal law; an offense against the state classified either the parties of their respective claims and defenses, for
Citación Summons A document notifying defendant as a felony or misdemeanor. the judgment of the court.
that an action has been instituted against him and that Custodia Custody The detainment of a person by Declarante Affiant The person who makes and signs
he is required to answer to it at time and placed named. virtue of lawful process or authority; actual an affidavit.
It is delivered to him. It does not cause the defendant imprisonment. Decomiso Ilegal Unlawful Detainer The unjustified
to be arrested prior to trial. Daños Damages Money awarded by the court to a retention of the possession of lands by one whose
Codicilio Codicil An amendment to a will. Wills are person harmed by the unlawful or negligent act of original entry was lawful and of right, but whose right to
handled by the circuit courts. another. possession has terminated and who refuses to vacate
Comisionado de la Secretaría Commissioner In Daños y Perjuicios Liquidated Damages The term the premises. This type of action applies to renters.
Chancery A neutral attorney appointed by the court to is applicable when the amount of the damages has been Decreto Decree An order of the court in an equity
gather facts, conduct depositions, and create a report to ascertained by the judgment in the action, or when a matter. Decrees are issued by circuit courts.
the court setting forth the facts along with specific sum of money has been expressly stipulated by Decreto / Orden Entry Of Order Or Decree Signing
recommendations regarding the case. Commissioners the parties to a bond or other contract as the amount of of order or decree by judge.
in Chancery are appointed by circuit courts for certain damages to be recovered by either party for a breach of Defensa Afirmativa Affirmative Defense A
circuit court cases. the agreement by the other. In truck weight and length defense to a charge of criminal activity, which places the
Comisionado de la Secretaría Commissioner In violations, liquidated damages are determined by a burden of proof on the defendant. Examples of
Chancery A lawyer appointed by the chief circuit court statutory formula. Affirmative Defenses include insanity, self-defense and
judge who conducts evidentiary hearings and makes Debido Proceso Due Process Law in its regular intoxication.
factual findings in circuit court cases referred to him by course of administration through courts of justice as now Delito Grave Felony A crime punishable by death or
the circuit court judge who is conducting the trial. The used, the term refers to the rights if an individual to a fair confinement in the penitentiary. See Va. Code § 18.2-
Commissioner in Chancery collects a fee for his trial and to be free from certain forms of government 10 for classification of felonies and the punishment for
services. His findings of fact are subject to challenge intrusion. Due process of law in each particular case each classification.
before the circuit court judge through the “noting of means such an exercise of the powers of the Delito Menor Misdemeanor Offenses punishable by
exceptions” by the objecting lawyer or an unrepresented government as the settled maxims of law permit and
fine not exceeding $2,500 or being jailed for a term not
party, which results in a hearing and re-examination of sanction, and under such safeguards for the protection
exceeding 12 months or a combination of fine and jail
the evidence by the judge. of individuals rights as those maxims prescribe for the
within these limits.
Condenar Convict To find a person guilty of a criminal class of case to which the one in question belongs. A
course of legal proceedings according to those rules
Delito Menor Incluido Lesser Included Offense A
charge. less serious criminal charge that includes some of the
Confiscación / Pérdida Forfeiture A deprivation or and principals which have been established in our
same elements as the original charge.
systems of jurisprudence for the enforcement and
destruction of a property right in consequence of the
protection of private rights. Due process of law implies Delito Menor Incluido Lesser Included Offense
nonperformance of some obligation or condition.
the right of the person affected thereby to be present One which is composed of some, but not all elements of
Confiscación de Fianza Bail Forfeiture Order by before the tribunal which pronounces judgment upon a greater offense and which does not have any element
the court that the surety pay to the court the amount of
the question of life, liberty, or property, in its most not included in greater offense so that it is impossible to
security pledged for failure of an accused to comply with
comprehensive sense; to be heard, by testimony or commit greater offense without necessarily committing
the requirements of the bond. The court in turn pays the
otherwise, and to have the right of controverting, by the lesser offense.
funds to the jurisdiction whose laws were violated.
proof, every material fact which bears on the question Demanda Complaint The pleading used to state a
Consolidación Consolidation Unification of two or of right in the matter involved. If any question of fact or party's claim in a civil action, whether legal or equitable
more actions. See CONSOLIDATION OF ACTIONS. liability be conclusively presumed against him, this is not in nature. Prior to 1/1/06 and the implementation of
Consolidación de Casos Consolidation Of due process of law. Senate Bill 1118 which merged law and chancery, a Bill
Actions The act or process of uniting several actions Decisión Final Judgment A final decision and order of Complaint was filed in an equity case while a Motion
into one trial and judgment, by order of the court, where of the court. for Judgment was filed in a case seeking monetary
all actions are between the same parties, pending in the Decisión Judicial / Hallazgos Finding The result damages. Variations include an amended complaint
(amendment to the original complaint), complaint for information relevant to the case which is held or known garnishment summons until the judgment in the suit is
notary service (party accepts or waives service on by the other party. Discovery methods include: · entered.
affidavit pursuant to Va. Code § 20-99.1:1), complaint depositions · interrogatories · request for admissions · Embargo Attachment The act or process of taking,
for non-resident service (service of process to be made requests for production of evidence · request for apprehending, or seizing persons or property, by virtue
outside Virginia) and a cross-claim (complaint filed by physical or mental examination of a person · subpoena of a writ, summons, or other judicial order, and bringing
the party being sued in the original complaint). duces tecum the same into the custody of the law; used either for the
Demanda Criminal Complaint - Criminal A charge Detalles de Costos Bill Of Cost A certified, itemized purpose of bringing a person before the court, of
brought before a judicial officer having jurisdiction, that statement of the amount of costs in an action or suit. acquiring jurisdiction over the property seized, to
a person named has committed a specified offense. Detalles de la Acusación Bill Of Particulars A compel an appearance, to furnish security for debt or
Demanda Para La Recuperación Suit In Detinue written statement or specification of the details of the costs, or to arrest a fund in the hands of a third person
A type of civil case in which the plaintiff seeks to recover demand for which an action at law is brought. who may become liable to pay it over.
personal property from a defendant who acquired Deudor de Juicio Judgment Debtor The person Embargo Distress The creation of a lien on or seizure
possession of the personal property lawfully, but against whom an award is made in a civil suit. of personal property belonging to a tenant to ensure
allegedly does not have the right to keep it. In this kind Devolución Remand Sending a case back to the collection of rent.
of case, the plaintiff may ask for money damages, but is same court out of which it came for purpose of having Embargo Garnishment A statutory post-judgment
not required to. some action taken on it there. proceeding in which a third party who holds property,
Demanda Por Deuda Suit In Debt A civil action Devolución Restitution The act of making good or money or credits belonging to the judgment debtor is
brought upon claim of non-payment of debt. giving equivalent for any loss, damage or injury. required to surrender such property, money or credits
Demandado Appellee The party who must respond Devolución Return The act of a sheriff, constable, or (to the extent of the judgment) to the court or sheriff for
to the appellant. other ministerial officer, in delivering back to the court a application against the judgment awarded against the
Demandado (civil) / Acusado (criminal) writ, notice, or other paper, which he was required to judgment debtor.
Defendant The party against whom relief or recovery serve or execute (See EXECUTE in this Glossary), with Embargo Levy A seizure; the setting aside of specific
is sought in a court action or suit. Sometimes used to a brief account of his doings under the mandate, the property from the general property of the debtor and
designate the accused in criminal or traffic cases. time and mode of service or execution, or his failure to placing it under the control of the sheriff until it can be
Demandante Plaintiff A person who brings an action; accomplish it, as the case may be. Also the sold and applied to the payment of the execution.
the party who complains or sues in a personal action endorsement made by the officer upon the writ or other Embargo Levy The obtaining of money by legal
and is so named on the record. paper, stating what he has done under it, the time and process through seizure and sale of property; the raising
Denuncia Bill Of Complaint The pleading filed in mode of service, etc. of the money for which an execution has been issued.
equity actions prior to 1/1/06. See COMPLAINT. Disposición Disposition Determination of the final Encarcelamiento Incarceration Imprisonment;
Deposición Deposition The testimony of a witness arrangement or settlement of a case following judgment. confinement in a jail or penitentiary.
taken upon oral examination, after notice to the adverse Distribución Equitativa Equitable Distribution Encarcelamiento / Detención / Cautiverio
party, not in open court, but in pursuance of a notice to The distribution of property between husband and wife Detention The holding of a person in custody or
take testimony issued by the party wanting the in a divorce or annulment case. Each party receives so- confinement.
deposition. The adverse party has the right to attend called “separate property” outright, while “marital Enmienda Amend To change.
and cross-examine. Testimony is reduced to writing and property” acquired during the marriage in which both Entrega Formal Service The exhibition or delivery of
duly authenticated, and intended to be used in parties have some legal rights or interests are divided a writ, summons and complaint, criminal summons,
connection with the trial of an action in court. These are between the parties based on the “equities” of the notice, order, etc., by an authorized person, to a person
used in circuit court. parties (what would be a fair distribution in light of who thereby officially notified of some action or
Derecho Consetudinario / Ley Común Common contributions to the marriage, earning capacity, proceeding in which he is concerned, and is thereby
Law In general, it is a body of law that develops and obligations, etc.). advised or warned of some action or step which he is
derives through judicial decisions, as distinguished from Duda Razonable Reasonable Doubt The degree of commanded to take or to forbear.
legislative enactments. The “common law” also includes certainty beyond which the Commonwealth must prove Entrega Formal Service Of Process The service of
all the statutory and case law background of England its accusations in order to obtain a criminal conviction. writs, complaints, summonses, etc., signifies the
and the American colonies before the American Ejecucuón de Sentencia Execution Of Judgment delivering to or leaving them with the party to whom or
revolution. The process of putting into effect the judgment of the with whom they ought to be delivered or left; and when
Desacato Civil Civil Contempt A type of contempt court in civil cases; usually by garnishment or levy, they are so delivered, they are then said to have been
of court which generally arises from a willful failure to through post-trial, statutory enforcement procedures served.
comply with an order of the court such as an injunction requiring the forcible removal and disposal of the Entrega Personal Service Of Process - Personal
as contrasted with criminal contempt which consists property of the losing party. Service of a summons or other process made by
generally of contumelious conduct in the presence of Ejecutar Execute To enforce a civil judgment by delivering it in person to the person named in the
the court. See CONTEMPT. seizure and either transfer or liquidation of the judgment process.
Desacato de La Corte Contempt Of Court Any act debtor's assets through post-trial judicial process. Equidad Equity A body of civil law concerned with
that is calculated to embarrass, hinder, or obstruct the Elementos del Crimen Elements Facts or doing justice where money is inadequate or
court in administration of justice, or which is calculated circumstances that define a crime, each of which must inappropriate as a remedy. Examples of equitable
to lessen its authority or its dignity. be proven beyond a reasonable doubt in order to result actions include divorce and injunctions. Equity cases
Desalojo Eviction The legal process by which one in a conviction. are handled by circuit courts.
recovers land or a dwelling from another. Embargado Garnishee One garnished; a person Equidad Equity See CHANCERY and CIVIL ACTION.
Descubrimiento Legal / Hallazgo Discovery against whom process of garnishment is issued; one Ex Parte Ex Parte A judicial proceeding, order,
Procedures by which one party to a lawsuit may obtain who has money or property in his possession belonging injunction, etc., is said to be ex parte when it is taken or
information relevant to the case that is held or known by to a judgment debtor, or who owes the judgment debtor granted at the instance and for the benefit of one party
the other party. a debt, which money, property, or debt is attached in his only, and without notice to, any person adversely
Descubrimiento Legal / Hallazgo Discovery hands, with notice to him not to deliver or pay over to interested.
Procedures by which one party to a lawsuit may obtain the judgment debtor the amount claimed in the Exoneración Dismissal An order disposing of an
action, suit, etc., without trial. used in general district court to seek recovery of money Indemnizar Indemnify To shift responsibility for a
Expediente Record A written account of some act, from another party. loss from the person held legally responsible to another
court proceeding, transaction, or instrument, drawn up, Garantía del Embargo Warrant In Distress A form party.
under authority of law, by a proper officer, and designed used in general district court to assert a claim to Infrome Preliminar a La Sentencia Presentence
to remain as a memorial or permanent evidence of the property held by another, as satisfaction of a debt or in Report The report prepared from the presentence
matters to which it relates. The act or fact of recording lieu of performance of an obligation. investigation, which is designed to assist the judge in
or being recorded; reduction to writing as evidence, Gran Jurado Grand Jury A special type of jury passing sentence on a convicted defendant.
also, the writing so made. assembled to investigate whether criminal charges Interpretar Construe To put together; to arrange or
Expropiación Eminent Domain The power of the should be brought. Grand jury proceedings are marshal the words of an instrument. As with a will - to
government to take private property for public use, with supervised by circuit courts. ascertain the meaning of language by a process of
compensation. The procedure for taking property under Gran Jurado Grand Jury A jury of inquiry who are arrangement and inference.
eminent domain is called condemnation, and is summoned and returned by the sheriff and whose duty Interrogatorio Interrogatories A set of series of
reviewed by circuit courts. is to receive complaints and accusations in criminal written questions drawn up for the purpose of being
Expurgación / Eliminación de Antecedentes cases, hear the evidence adduced on the part of the asked of a party, a garnishee, or a witness or other party
Penales Expungement A process by which a record, state, and determine whether probable cause exists that to be answered under oath.
or a portion thereof, is officially erased or removed after a crime has been committed and whether an indictment Interrogatorio Directo Direct Examination The
the defendant is not convicted. Criminal record (true bill) should be returned against one for such a initial questioning of a witness by the party who called
expungement requests are heard by circuit courts, and, crime. If the grand jury determines that probable cause the witness.
under certain conditions, by the general district court. does not exist, it returns a “no bill.” It is an accusatory Interventor Intervenor Person who voluntarily
Expurgación / Eliminación de Antecedentes body and its function does not include a determination
interposes in an action or other proceeding with the
Penales Expungement Of Record Process by which of guilt.
permission of the court.
record of criminal conviction is destroyed or sealed after Gravamen Mecánico Mechanic's Lien A claim Juez Suplente Substitute Judge A lawyer
court order to do so as permitted by statute. created by law for the purpose of securing priority of
authorized to hold court in the absence of the regular
Factor Agravante Aggravating Factor A fact or payment of the price or value of work performed and
judge of a general district court or a juvenile and
circumstance associated with a criminal act that makes materials furnished in building or repairing a structure or
domestic relations district court.
it more serious or injurious. personal property.
Juicio con Jurado Jury Trial Trial of matter or cause
Factor Atenuante Mitigating Factor A fact or Gravamen Sobre la Propiedad Encumbrance To before jury as opposed to trail before judge. In a jury
circumstance associated with a criminal act that, while Property Binding claim or liability attached to real trial, the jury decides issues of facts, but issues of law
not an excuse or justification, may reduce its severity property. Encumbrances are generally liens which are decided by a judge.
and result in a lesser sentence. affect the title to the property or restrictions which affect Juicio De Novo Trial De Novo A new trial or retrial
Fiador Bondsman A professional surety who has the physical use of property, such as easements or
had in a circuit court in which the whole case is re-tried
entered into a bond as surety. encroachments.
as if no trial whatever had been had in the district court.
Fianza Bond A certificate or evidence of a debt with a Habeas Corpus Habeas Corpus A writ Juicio Nulo Mistrial A trial that is cut short and does
sum fixed as a penalty, which contains a written commanding the person holding a prisoner in custody
not result in a verdict due to a procedural error or other
agreement binding the parties to pay the penalties. It to bring the prisoner before the court for a determination
problem. The trial must then start over from the
contains a condition, however, that the payment of the of whether the prisoner is restrained of his liberty by due
beginning.
penalty may be avoided by the performance by some process. It is not used to determine the guilt or
innocence of the prisoner.
Juicio Nulo Mistrial An erroneous, invalid, or
one or more of the parties of certain acts. nugatory trial. A trial of an action which cannot stand in
Fianza Bail The release of a person from legal Habeas Corpus Habeas Corpus A writ law because of disregard of some fundamental requisite
custody by a written agreement that he shall appear at commanding the person holding a person in custody to
before or during trial. A device used to halt trial
the time and place designated and submit himself to the bring the person before the court for a determination of
proceedings when error is so prejudicial and
jurisdiction of the court and observe the requirements whether the person is restrained of his liberty by due
fundamental that expenditure of further time and
set forth in the recognizance. process.
expense would be wasteful if not futile.
Fianza de Apelación Appeal Bond A type of bond Hoja de Calendario Docket Sheet A form Juicio Sin Demora Speedy Trial A trial had as soon
set by the court and filed by the appellant who had a civil containing the docket. More than one docket sheet may
as prosecution, with reasonable diligence, can prepare
judgment entered against him to forestall issuance of be needed to contain one day's docket.
for it; a trail according to fixed rules, free from capricious
execution until the cause can be passed upon and Horarios Por Entrega Formal Service Of and oppressive delays, but the time within which it must
disposed of by the superior court. Process - Fees Fees charged by persons serving be had to satisfy the constitutional guaranty depends on
Fideicomiso Escrow Money or other property held process for serving process. Fees are paid by litigants. the circumstances and the time within which it must be
upon agreement of the parties by a neutral third party, Incautación / Confiscación Seizure To take into had to satisfy the statutory limits are contained in the
and released according to the agreement upon the possession forcibly. applicable statutes.
fulfillment of its terms. Incoar Arraign Arraignment of an accused consists of Juicio Sin Jurado Bench Trial The deposition of a
Fiduciario Fiduciary A person who has a legal and calling upon him by name, reading to him the charges in criminal or civil case solely by a judge without the use of
ethical duty to act in the best interests of another the arrest documents, demanding of him whether he a jury.
person. Examples include an executor or a guardian. pleads guilty or not guilty or, in misdemeanors, nolo Jurado Ordinario Petit Jury The ordinary jury for the
Fiscal Commonwealth's Attorney The name of the contendere, and entering his plea. This hearing may be trial of a civil or criminal action; so called to distinguish
public officer who is elected in each city or county to combined with right to counsel hearing. it from, the grand jury.
conduct criminal prosecutions on behalf of the state. Incumplimiento Breach The breaking or violating of Jurisdicción de Apelación Appellate Jurisdiction
Garantía Surety One who undertakes to pay money a law, right, or duty, either by commission or omission. The power vested in an appellate court to review and
or to do any other act in the event that another, called Incumplimiento Default An omission of that which revise the judicial action of an inferior court, evidenced
his principal, fails to perform as promised. In criminal ought to be done. Failure to act. Also, failure of the by an appellate order or an appealable judgment
cases, the accused is the principal. defendant in a civil case to appear and contest the rendered by such court. Limits of appellate jurisdiction
Garantía de La Deuda Warrant In Debt A form claim. are governed by statutes or constitutions. For example,
the Court of Appeals has appellate jurisdiction over lien of judgment. Negligencia Compartida Contributory
criminal cases (except capital murder cases) tried in Litigante Litigant A party to a lawsuit; one engaged in Negligence A legal doctrine that states that, in a civil
circuit courts. litigation. action based on negligent conduct, the plaintiff may not
Jurisdicción Original Original Jurisdiction Lugar de Celebración / Jurisdicción Venue recover from the defendant if the plaintiff was also
Jurisdiction in the first instance; jurisdiction to take “Venue” designates the particular county or city within negligent.
cognizance of a cause at its inception, try it, and pass which a court with jurisdiction may hear and determine Negociación de La Declaración Plea Bargaining
upon the law and facts. a case. CAUTION: the term “jurisdiction” is used to The process whereby the accused and the prosecutor
Ley De Compensación y Cobro de Deudas Set- designate a particular locality for venue purposes. in a criminal case work out a mutually satisfactory
Off Debt Collection Act Allows a governmental Magistrado Magistrate A judicial officer with limited disposition of the case subject to court approval. It
agency as judgment creditor to set-off a judgment powers that handles certain preliminary matters such as usually involves the defendant's pleading guilty to a
against a debtor's tax refund to satisfy the outstanding issuing warrants, determining bail, issuing emergency lesser offense or to only one or some of the counts of a
judgment or other debt. protection orders and temporarily committing people to multicount indictment in return for a lighter sentence
Libertad Condicional Parole In criminal law, a mental institutions. than that possible for the graver charge.
conditional release. If prisoner makes good, he will Magistrado Magistrate A judicial officer having by No es Culpable Not Guilty A finding or verdict in a
receive an absolute discharge from balance of statute some, but not all, of the powers of a judge. criminal case wherein the judge or jury determines that
sentence, but, if he does not, he will be returned to serve These powers include the power to issue arrest process the Commonwealth has not proven that the defendant
unexpired time. and to admit a defendant to bail. is guilty of a charge. Also the plea that may be made by
Libertad Condicional Probation In modern criminal Mandato Mandate A precept or order issued upon the a defendant to assert that he or she is not guilty and to
administration, allowing a person convicted of some decision of an appeal or writ of error, directing action to demand that the Commonwealth prove its case.
offense to remain free under a suspension of a jail be taken or disposition to be made of case, by inferior No es Culpable por Demencia Not Guilty By
sentence during good behavior and generally under the court. Official mode of communicating judgment of Reason Of Insanity A finding or verdict in a criminal
supervision or guardianship of probation officer together appellate court to lower court, directing action to be case wherein the judge or jury determines that a
with other restrictions as the court may impose. taken or disposition to be made of cause by trial court. defendant is not responsible for the act(s) dues to
Libro de Calendarios Docket Book The Mediación Mediation A form of dispute resolution mental incapacity at the time of the offense.
chronological collection of all docket sheets of a court. that takes place outside of court where a neutral third Nolle Prosequi Nolle Prosequi A formal motion by
Libro de Lista de Juicios Judgment Lien Docket party helps the parties reach a settlement. the prosecuting officer in a criminal action, which states
In circuit court, it is a book in which judgments for money Memorandum / Acuerdo Memorandum A writing that he "will no further prosecute" the case. The court
are recorded in the sequence in which the order or designed to record an agreement or a set of facts. would grant the motion in order to dispose of the case.
decree creating the judgment was entered. Space is Menor Juvenile A child or young person who has not Nolle Prosequi Nolle Prosequi A formal entry by the
also provided to show credits paid to reduce the amount yet reached the age at which he or she is treated legally prosecuting officer in a criminal action, by which he
of judgment still outstanding and to show when the as an adult. declares that he “will no further prosecute” the case. It
judgment lien is released (canceled). Upon the Menor Minor An infant or person who is under the age is the equivalent of a motion to dismiss without
recording of a judgment in this book, a lien is created on of legal competence. One under eighteen. prejudice, permitting the prosecutor to refile the case at
all real estate owned in whole or in part by the judgment Menor Necesitado de Servicios Child In Need Of a later time.
debtor in the city or county over which the circuit court Services A child whose behavior, conduct, or condition Nolo Contendere Nolo Contendere “I will not
has jurisdiction. contest it”. The name of a plea in a misdemeanor case
poses a risk of harm to himself or another person.
Libro de Ordenes Civiles Civil Order Book The Menor Que Necesita Supervisión Child In Need or traffic infraction proceeding, having the same legal
Civil Order Book contains a copy of all orders (both
interlocutory and final) entered in civil cases. The orders
Of Supervision A child who is habitually absent from effect as a plea of guilty, so far as regards all
proceedings in the case, and on which the defendant
school or who abandons his family or guardian in a
are recorded in the date order in which they were may be sentenced.
manner that requires intervention by the court to protect
entered in the court, not batched together with other Nolo Contendere Nolo Contendere “I will not
the child’s welfare.
orders in the same case. Prior to 1/1/06 and the contest it.” The name of a plea in a criminal action,
implementation of Senate Bill 1118, separate Chancery Moción Motion A request made to the judge by a having the same legal effect as a plea of guilty, so far
and Common-Law Order Books were maintained. litigant or other person connected with the case for a
as regards all proceedings in the case, and on which the
Libro de Ordenes de la Secretaría (Cancillería) ruling or order. defendant may be sentenced, but which does not
Chancery Order Book Chancery Order Books were Moción de Juicio Motion For Judgment A pleading contain an admission of guilt.
filed by a plaintiff to start a civil case which sets forth the
maintained prior to 1/1/06. These books contain a copy Non bis in idem / Doble Empeligramiento
basis of plaintiff's claim and request's judgment in
of all orders (both interlocutory and final) entered in Double Jeopardy A second prosecution for the same
plaintiff's favor.
equity cases. They are recorded in the date order in offense and multiple punishments for the same offense.
which they were entered in the court, not batched Moción para Anular Motion To Quash See
Double jeopardy is prohibited by the Fifth Amendment
together with other orders in the same case. Senate Bill QUASH. A party uses it when seeking a determination to the Constitution of the United State, which provided
1118, effective 1/1/06, merged law and chancery and that service of process was not proper and, therefore, that no person shall “be subject for the same offense to
mandated that civil actions be recorded in a Civil Order the court has no jurisdiction over an improperly served be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb.”
Book. party. It may also be used to stop execution
Notificación Notice Formal notification of a legal
Libro Del Proceso Process Book In circuit court, it (enforcement) of a judgment where the writ (see WRIT) proceeding or determination.
of fieri facias is defective, judgment has been satisfied,
is a book used to record the issuance of process to a Notificación Notice 1. Knowledge of facts which
etc.
sheriff and recording return of process made by the would naturally lead an honest and prudent person to
sheriff. Modificación Modification A change, addition, or
deletion that alters but does not change the basic make inquiry, and does not necessarily mean
Lista de Juicios Judgment Lien Docket A list or knowledge of all the facts. 2. Information, and advise,
subject matter.
docket of the judgments entered in a given court, or written warning, in more or less formal shape,
methodically kept by the clerk or other proper officer, Natario Notary A public officer whose function it is to
intended to apprise a person of some proceeding in
open to the public inspection, and intended to afford administer oaths; to attest and certify, certain classes of which his interests are involved, or informing him of
official notice to interested parties of the existence or documents; to take acknowledgments, and certify the some fact which it is his right to know and the duty of
same.
the notifying party to communicate. A person has notice mandatory direction of a judge which is made during a Presidente del Jurado Foreman The presiding
of a fact if he knows the fact, has reason to know it, case. Also includes a command of the judge which member of a grand or petit jury, who speaks or answers
should know, or has been given notification of it. Notice establishes courtroom or administrative procedures. for the jury.
may be either (1) statutory, i.e., made so by legislative Orden Final Final Order One which either terminates Presunto Alleged Claimed; asserted; charged.
enactment; (2) actual, which brings the knowledge of the action itself, or finally decides some matter litigated Prima Facie Prima Facie Evidence good and
fact directly home to the party; or (3) constructive. by the parties, or operates to divest some right; or one sufficient on its face.
Constructive notice may be subdivided into: (a) Where which completely disposes of the subject-matter and the Primer Día Term Day The first day of the period of
there exists actual notice of matter, to which equity has rights of the parties. time prescribed by law during which a court holds
added constructive notice of facts, which inquiry after Orden Para Mostrar La Causa Rule Of Show session. The docket is set on this day for the session of
such matter would have elicited; and (b) where there Cause A court ruling directing the recipient to appear not set at some other time(s).
has been a designed abstinence from inquiry for the and present to the court such reasons and
very purpose of escaping notice.
Pro Se Pro Se For himself, in his own behalf, in
considerations as one has to offer why the recipient person. It is used to describe a person who represents
Notificación Notice Information, such as notice of a should not be punished for violating a court order or himself in court (without being represented by a lawyer).
hearing or the taking of depositions. Notices are in legal process or for contempt of court.
writing when required by law.
Procedimiento Auxiliar Ancillary Proceeding
Ordenanza Ordinance The enactments of the One growing out of or auxiliary to another action or suit,
Notificación de Apelación Notice Of Appeal A legislative body of a local government. or which is subordinate to or in aid of a primary action,
document giving notice of an intention to appeal. Ore Tenus Ore Tenus Oral. Used as a technical term either law or in chancery.
Nunc Pro Tunc Nunc Pro Tunc ("Now For Then") to describe a hearing or pleading which is orally Procedimiento Contencioso Adversary
An order that is retroactively effective. presented. Proceeding One having opposing parties; contested,
Ofensas Consetudinarias Common Law Padre Putativo Putative Father The alleged or as distinguished from a hearing in which only one party
Offense An offense, which is defined by common law reputed father of an illegitimate child. appears.
rather than by statute. Parte Party An individual person or a legal Proceso Process Any means used by a court such
Oficial de Paz Peace Officer In general, any person organization such as a partnership or corporation. as a “Capias to Show Cause” or “Witness Subpoena” to
who has been given authority to make arrests. Parte Agraviada Aggrieved Party One whose legal acquire or exercise its jurisdiction over a person or over
Generally, a “peace officer” is a person designated by right is invaded by an act complained of. specific property. Means whereby court compels
public authority to keep the peace and arrest persons Pendente Lite Pendente Lite “Pending the suit” appearance of defendant or property before it or a
guilty or suspected of crime and he is a conservator of during the actual progress of the suit, during litigation. compliance with its demands which is completed with a
the peace, which term is synonymous with the term Pendente lite orders or decree are entered while the suit notice served on an individual.
“peace officer.” This term includes sheriffs and their is pending and are always prior to the final order or Proceso Auxiliar Ancillary Process Any process
deputies, member of the police force of cities, and other decree. which is in aid of or incidental to the principal suit or
officers whose duty is to preserve the public peace. Perjurio Perjury A criminal offense committed by action; e.g. attachment.
Orden / Auto Writ An order in writing in the name of giving a false statement given under oath. Prohibir / Imponer Enjoin To order a person to
the state, issuing from a court, addressed to a sheriff or Petición Motion (Generally) A request made to the cease performing a certain act. Circuit courts may enjoin
other officer of the law, or directly to the person whose
judge by a litigant or other person connected with the a person from acting in certain cases.
action the court desires to command, either as the
case for a ruling or order. Propietario Freeholder Any person owning an
commencement of a suit or other proceeding or as
incidental to its progress, and requiring the performance
Petición de Juicio Motion For Judgment The interest in land in fee, including a person owning a
pleading filed in cases seeking monetary damages prior condominium unit.
of a specified act, or giving authority and commission to
have it done.
to January 1, 2006. See COMPLAINT. Prórroga Continuance A postponement of further
Orden Conminatoria / Requerimiento / Petición de Presentación de Documentos proceedings in a hearing, trial, or other judicial
Mandato / Prohibición Injunction A writ (see WRIT) Production Of Documents, Request For A
proceeding until a later date.
issued by a judge in a chancery case, which is issued at
discovery request from one party to the other party for Prueba Exhibit At trial, it is the document or other
such other party to deliver the documents to a particular tangible item which a party seeks to have the judge
the request of one party and directed to another party,
location for inspection or copying. accept as valid evidence in the case. An exhibit does
and which either (1) forbids the other party to do some
Poceso / Acción / Acto Action Proceeding in a not become evidence in the case until the judge rules
act (or permits his servants or agents to do an act) which
court by which one party prosecutes another for the that it is accepted as evidence in the case.
he is threatening or attempting to commit, or (2)
restrains him from continuing such act, because such enforcement or protection of a right, or the redress or Prueba de Entrega Proof Of Service
act is unjust, inequitable, injurious to the party prevention of a civil wrong. Documentation by the person who served the process
requesting the injunction, and cannot be adequately Poder Power Of Attorney An instrument in writing of how, when, where and on whom process was served.
redressed by a law action. whereby one person, as principal, appoints another as Pruebas Evidence All the means by which a matter
Orden de Arresto Capias A type of arrest document his agent and confers authority to perform certain of fact, the truth of which is submitted for investigation,
issued by the court charging the offender with a violation specified acts or kinds of acts on behalf of principal. An is established or disproved.
of a court order or court process of contempt of court. instrument authorizing another to act as one's agent or Pruebas Exhibits An item of physical/tangible
Orden de Arresto Warrant Of Arrest A written order attorney. The agent is attorney in fact and his power is evidence which is to be or has been offered to the court
revoked on the death of the principal by operation of for inspection.
issued and signed by a judicial officer directed to a law
law. Such power may be either general (full) or special Publicación de La Notificación de Entrega
enforcement officer or some other person specially
(limited). Service Of Process - Publication Service of a
named and commanding him to arrest the body of a
person named in it who is accused of an offense. Precepto Praecipe A pleading used by a party with summons or other process upon an absent or non-
Orden de Cateo Search Warrant An order in writing, notice to other parties to have the case called at “docket resident defendant, by posting a notice on the
call” of the first day of a term of circuit court to get a trial courthouse door and, unless dispensed with by the
issued by a judicial officer, in the name of the state,
date set by the judge. judge, by publishing the same as an advertisement in a
directed to a sheriff, or other officer commanding him to
conduct a search to aid an official investigation. Preponderancia Preponderance Greater weight of designated newspaper, with such other effort to give
Orden de La Corte Court Order A command or evidence, or evidence that is more credible and him actual notice as the particular statute may
convincing to the mind. prescribe.
Qujas y Afirmación de Inquilino Tenant certain day therein mentioned, the member of potential Resumen de las Condenas Abstract Of
Assertion And Complaint A complaint filed by a jurors (veniremen) mentioned in the writ of venire facias. Conviction An official copy of the contents of a criminal
tenant against a landlord asserting that the landlord has Recusación / Descalificación Recusal The or traffic verdict and sentence.
failed to fulfill an obligation. process by which a judge is disqualified on objection of Resumen del Juicio Abstract Of Judgment An
Reafirmación del Matrimonio Affirmation Of either party (disqualifies himself or herself) from hearing official copy of the contents of a civil judgment.
Marriage A judicial proceeding in which a party seeks a lawsuit because of self-interest, bias, or prejudice. Retención Lien A charge or security or encumbrance
to confirm or ratify that a valid marriage exists between Recusación Fundada Challenge For Cause A upon property.
that party and the other party to the suit. request from a party to a judge that a certain prospective Revocación Revocation The recall of some power,
Reconvención Cross-Claim An expansion of the juror not be allowed to be a member of the jury because authority, or thing granted, or a destroying or making
original action in which a claim is brought by a defendant of specified causes or reasons which would legally void of some deed that had existed until the act of
against a third party not originally sued by the plaintiff in justify such person not being allowed to serve as a juror revocation made it void.
the same action or against a co-defendant or both in the case. Satisfacción Satisfaction The discharge of an
concerning matters in question in the original action. Recusación Sin Causa Peremptory Challenge obligation by paying a party what is due to him or what
Reconvención Cross-Claim Claim by party against The right to challenge a juror without assigning or being is awarded to him, by the judgment of a court or
a co-party arising out of the transaction that is the required to assign, a reason for the challenge. Each otherwise.
subject matter of the original action or of a counterclaim; party to an action, both civil or criminal, has a specified Secretaría del Juzgado (Cancillería) Chancery
i.e. litigated by parties on the same side of the main number of such challenges.
A term used in circuit courts prior to 1/1/06, to identify
litigation. Referendum Referendum The process of referring equity cases in which the party filing suit is seeking an
Reconvención / Recriminación / to the electorate for approval of a proposed new law or award of something other than money. Prior to 1/1/06,
Contraacusación Counterclaim A claim presented amendment to an existing law. equity cases were referred to as “chancery” cases and
by a defendant in opposition to deduction from the claim Renuncia / Excensión Waive To abandon, filed on the “chancery” side of the court. Senate Bill,
of the plaintiff whether or not it arises from the matters renounce, repudiate or surrender a claim, a privilege, a effective 1/1/06, merged law and chancery into civil and
in question in plaintiff's action. right, or the opportunity to take advantage of some in essence abolished the “chancery” side of the court.
Recuperación Detinue A form of action that exists defect, irregularity or wrong. See CIVIL.
for the recovery of personal property (or their alternative Renuncia a La Notificación Service Of Process Secretario Asistente Deputy Clerk A subordinate
value) from one who acquired possession together with - Waiver A document signed under oath in which a employee to the clerk who is empowered to act in the
damages for the detention. Detinue is similar to party to be served with process abandons his right to be place of the clerk in the official business of the court.
replevin in that it seeks a recovery of a specific served with process, which permits the court to proceed Sellado Sealed A file that is physically closed from
with the case for most purposes as if the party had been review. Also, a document containing a seal or the word
item of property. However, unlike replevin, which served.
is based upon a wrongful taking of the property, "seal" next to the signer's signature.
Renunciar / Negar Disclaim To refuse or deny. Sentencia Sentence The judgment formally
detinue is based upon the wrongful holding or Reparo / Declinatoria Demurrer A motion to pronounced by the judge upon the defendant after his
retainer of the property. dismiss a case because the claim is legally insufficient. conviction in a criminal prosecution, setting the
Recurso de Avocación Writ Of Certiorari An order Reparo / Declinatoria Demurrer A pleading by a punishment for the offense.
by the appellate court which is used by that court when defendant disputing the legal sufficiency of plaintiff's Sentencia Consecutiva Consecutive Sentence
it has discretion on whether or not to hear an appeal pleadings. In effect, it is an allegation that “even if the Separate sentences (each additional to the others)
from a lower court. If the writ is denied the court refuses plaintiff's claims are true, he has not stated a claim imposed upon a defendant who has been convicted for
to hear the appeal and, in effect, the judgment below which is sufficient for the judge to enter an order in his several distinct offenses; one of such sentences being
stands unchanged. If the writ is granted, then it has the favor for the requested award.” It is used to try to get a made to begin at the expiration of another.
effect of ordering the lower court to certify the record case dismissed because the legal claims are not Sentencia
and send it up to the higher court which has used its
Diferida Sentence -Deferred
sufficient for granting judicial relief. Postponing the imposition of the sentence or finding for
discretion to hear the appeal. Reparto Partition The dividing of lands held by joint a period of time upon certain conditions. Does not
Recurso de Fieri Facias Writ Of Fieri Facias “You tenants or tenants in common into distinct portions so operate as a suspension of sentence.
cause to be made” - it is a writ of execution commanding that they may hold them severalty; which may be Sentencia Dividida Split Sentencing One where
the sheriff to levy on (encumber, restrict the ownership) compulsory (judicial) or voluntary. penalty of fine and imprisonment, as provided by statue,
judgment debtor's property and “make” (by sale or Reporte Criminal de la Corte CCRE Central is imposed and imprisonment part is suspended and
otherwise as allowed by law) the amount of the
Criminal Records Exchange; an abbreviation of the fine part enforced. It is also exemplified in a sentence
judgment plus costs of executing this process (including
name of the report prepared by court clerk's offices and by which the defendant serves some time and the
costs of conducting the sale).
sent to the State Police. balance of the sentence is suspended.
Recurso de habeas Corpus y Testificandum Resolución de Disputa entre Más de Dos Sentencia Simultánea Concurrent Sentence A
Writ Of Habeas Corpus And Testificandum The Partes Interpleader When two or more persons claim sentence imposed which is to be served at the same
writ, meaning “you have the body to testify”, used to
the same thing (or fund) of a third, and he, laying no time as another sentence imposed earlier or at the same
bring up a prisoner detained in a jail or prison to give
claim to it himself, is ignorant which of them has right to time.
evidence before the court.
it, and fears he may be prejudiced by their proceeding Sentencia Suspendida Sentence - Suspended
Recurso de Mandamus Writ Of Mandamus A writ against him to recover it, he may join such claimants as Postponing the execution of the sentence after it has
commanding a public official to perform a particular act defendants and require them to interplead their claims been pronounced upon certain conditions.
which is within their public, official or ministerial duty, or so that he may not be exposed to double or multiple Sentencia Suspendida Suspended Sentence
directing the restoration of the moving party's rights or liability. The court decision postponing the imposition of
privilege of which he was illegally deprived. Respuesta Answer A pleading by which defendant in sentence upon a convicted person or postponing the
Recurso de Venire Facias Writ Of Venire Facias civil suit at law endeavors to resist the plaintiff's demand execution of a sentence that has been imposed, by the
A judicial writ, directed to the sheriff of the county or city, by stating facts. The defendant may deny the claims of court. When the court suspends a sentence, it retain
in which a cause is to be tired, commanding him that he the plaintiff, or agree to them, and may introduce new jurisdiction over the person, and may later set or
“cause to come” before the court (subpoena) on a matter. execute a penalty. When a sentence is suspended the
person is usually placed on probation. A violation of the Veredicto Verdict The formal decision or finding of
conditions of probation may lead to revocation of guilt or innocence made by a judge in a criminal case.
probation and return to court for re-sentencing. Voir Dire Voir Dire (French - to see and speak).
Sin Jurisdicción Lack Of Jurisdiction The phrase Questioning of potential jury members by the court,
may mean lack of power to act in a particular manner or lawyers or parties themselves if not represented by
to give certain kinds of relief. It may consist of a court's counsel. Voir Dire is intended to determine the suitability
total lack of power to act at all, or lack of power to act in of prospective jurors to hear a particular case.
particular cases because the parties have not complied
with conditions essential to the exercise of jurisdiction.
Sobreseimiento Nonsuit An oral or written act by a
plaintiff at any time prior to judgment which terminates
the case without a decision on the merits. The plaintiff
may take an initial non-suit as a matter of right;
subsequent non-suits can be taken only with the judge's
consent. See Va. Code § 8.01-380.
Subpoena Subpoena A process to cause a witness
to appear and give testimony, commanding him to
appear before a court therein named at a time therein
mentioned to testify for the party named under a penalty
therein mentioned.
Subpoena Duces Tecum Subpoena Duces
Tecum A process by which the court, at the request of
a party to an action, commands a witness who has in
his possession or control some document or paper that
is relevant to the pending controversy, to produce it at
or before the trial.
Subpoena en Cancillería Subpoena In Chancery
The form of process used in chancery cases in Virginia
prior to 1/1/06. Senate Bill 1118, effective 1/1/06,
replaced the Subpoena in Chancery with a Summons -
Civil Action as the form of process. The pleadings to be
served with the process are attached to the summons.
Suplemento Addendum Something to be added,
especially to a document; a supplement.
Sustituto de La Entrega de Notificación Service
Of Process - Substitute Service of a summons or
other process by any means authorized by statute other
than by personal service. These include service by
publication, posted service, service on alternative
individual as authorized by statute.
Temporal Interlocutory Temporary, provisional,
interim, preliminary.
Testamento Will A written document in which a
person declares how his or her property should be
distributed upon death. Wills are handled by circuit
courts.
Testigo Material Material Witness In criminal trial,
a witness whose testimony is crucial to either the
defense or prosecution, he may be required to furnish
bond for his appearance and, for want of surety, he may
be confined until he testifies.
Transcripción Transcript An official copy of the
record of proceedings in a trial or hearing. Word-for-
word typing of everything that was said “on the record”
during the trial. The stenographer (court reporter) types
this transcription which is paid for by the parties
requesting it.
Tutor Ad Idem Guardian Ad Litem A lawyer
appointed to defend or prosecute a case on behalf of a
party who is incapacitated by a young age or other
condition.
Veniremen Venireman A member of a panel of
jurors; a juror summoned by a writ of venire facias.
Debt Glossary
Navigating the process of student loans, loan consolidation and debt settlement can be tough,
but what if you don’t understand the terminology to begin grasping the concepts?
Here is a comprehensive glossary of common terms you’ll find when reading about these
processes on our website or any financial paperwork.
Adjusted Gross Family Income: The sum of your family’s wages, salary, interest, dividends,
etc., minus certain deductions from income as reported on federal income tax return.
Adverse credit history: Record that shows negative actions in a credit report like bankruptcies,
delinquent accounts and foreclosures.
Accrued interest: This interest builds on itself until a debt is completely paid off. It is
determined by the unpaid balance of the original loan.
Amortization: Reduction value of an asset determined by prorating its cost over a certain
amount of time.
Annual fee: Charged once a year to cover administrative costs and ensure credit benefits on
credit cards.
Annual Percentage Rate (APR): Amount shown as a percentage that represents yearly costs
of borrowing over the term of the loan or credit card.
Balance: Amount available in an account. In terms of debt, the amount owed, not including
payments already made.
Bankruptcy: A legal procedure where the debtor’s assets are liquidated by the court to account
for financial obligations. Although the debtor is able to start over, the negative action remains on
the credit report for seven to 10 years.
Better Business Bureau: A private, nonprofit organization that promotes ethical marketplace
practices and offers resources to both businesses and consumers.
Broker: The person who negotiates transactions between buyers and sellers for real estate.
Chapter 7 bankruptcy: The more common type of bankruptcy that allows debtors to liquidate
debts.
Chapter 13 bankruptcy: Debts are reorganized and debtors can keep property.
Closed-end credit: Loan or credit line where the amount borrowed is dispersed when the loan
closes. A set date is given for when the loan interest and charges must be paid.
Consumer debt: Money owed by consumers, rather than businesses or the government.
Credit repair: Process of improving your credit score through actions like negotiating with
creditors and disputing errors on your report.
Credit score: Number assigned by the credit bureaus that shows a consumer’s likelihood to
pay back a debt. Lenders use these scores to determine risk of lending that person money.
From https://www.debt.org/glossary/
Accessed 2/23/2018
Deduction: An amount that is subtracted, usually from gross income to reduce income subject
to taxes.
Debt-to-income ratio (DTI): Measure that compares personal debt payments to personal
income. A high ratio means borrower faces a greater burden repaying debts and difficulty
accessing other financing options.
Debt consolidation: The combination of multiple debts into a single debt with one interest rate.
Debt Management Plan: A credit counselor negotiates interest rates with creditors to make an
individually tailored plan to reduce the borrower’s unsecured debts over a certain period of time.
Debt settlement: Process of negotiating with one or more creditors to reduce the balances
owed by debtors. It’s also known as debt resolution.
Debt specialist: Trained professionals who mediate with creditors to resolve contractual
obligations.
Deed: A written legal document showing transference and ownership of property. It includes the
price, description of property and the signatures of involved parties.
Default: The status of a loan that is not repaid according to the terms of the promissory note.
Federal student loans enter default status if payment hasn’t been made in more than 270 days.
Deferment: Period of time when loan payments (including principal and interest) are temporarily
delayed.
Delinquency: Loan or account status when a borrower misses payments as specified by the
repayment period in the loan agreement.
From https://www.debt.org/glossary/
Accessed 2/23/2018
Direct loans: A batch of loans, including Stafford, Plus and consolidation loans, supported by
the William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan Program that allows students and parents to borrow
directly from the U.S. Department of Education.
Discretionary income: Amount of individual’s income left for spending, investing or saving after
taxes and essential goods like food, housing and clothing are paid. It also includes funds spent
on luxury items and other non-essential goods.
Earned Income Credit (EIC): This is a refundable income tax credit that assists low to
moderate income working individuals and families.
Equity: Various meanings, but in terms of finances, it’s ownership in an asset after debts
related to that asset are paid off.
Escrow: Financial instruments such as a property deed kept by a third party until a specific
condition defined by the documents is fulfilled.
Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA): A form to determine the type of federal
student aid for which students are eligible.
Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA): Federal law that promotes accuracy, fairness and privacy,
and enables customers to view their own credit reports and dispute errors.
Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA): Federal consumer protection law that prevents
abusive debt collection practices.
Fair Market Value (FMV): Price an asset would garner if sold in the open market.
From https://www.debt.org/glossary/
Accessed 2/23/2018
Federal Family Education Program (FFEL): Defunct higher education loans program funded
through private partnerships administered at the state and local level.
Federal Trade Commission (FTC): Agency that protects consumer rights and enforces
consumer protection laws.
FICO score: A type of credit score created by the Fair Isaac Corporation that ranges between
300 and 850.
Fixed-rate interest: Percentage will not change for the life of the loan.
Forbearance: A temporary postponement granted by the lender when borrower cannot make
payments because of financial hardship. Interest accrues and is added to the overall amount
owed.
Grace period: Period of time between graduation or leaving full-time college enrollment and
making the first payment on a student loan.
Health Savings Account (HSA): Medical savings account with tax benefits for people who
participate in a high-deductible health plan.
Home Affordable Modification Program (HAMP): A federal program created in 2009 that
assists eligible homeowners to modify the loans on their home mortgage.
Home equity: The difference between the market value of a home and the outstanding
mortgage balance.
Home Equity Line of Credit (HELOC): A type of secondary financing that consists of a
revolving line of credit.
From https://www.debt.org/glossary/
Accessed 2/23/2018
Home equity loan: Secondary financing secured by equity in the borrower’s home.
Internal Revenue Services (IRS): Federal government agency responsible for tax regulation.
Individual Retirement Account (IRA): Allows taxpayers to direct pre-tax income into a
retirement account. Distributions are treated as normal income and are subject to income taxes.
Lien: A lender or creditor’s right to secure a debt against the property of a borrower. If
obligations are not met, property may be sold.
Liquidation: Converting assets into cash, typically to settle debts with creditors.
Loan forgiveness: Writing off all or part of a federal student loan balance when borrower meets
certain criteria like a career in an eligible field such as teaching, law enforcement and others.
Master Promissory Note: Signed legal document that holds terms and conditions of a loan.
Open-end credit: Pre-approved loans made on a continuous basis, rather than at one time. It is
also known as revolving credit.
Paid in full: A status on a credit report that shows debts as paid, rather than reduced or settled.
Personal loan: A type of unsecured loan, meaning not tied to any property, for personal use
and typically based on creditworthiness and other factors.
Power of Attorney: Legal document that allows one person to make decisions, including
financial ones, on behalf of another individual.
Prime rate: A low interest rate offered to the most creditworthy borrowers.
Principal: The amount borrowed, not including capitalized fees and interest.
Private sector: A for-profit businesses owned by private individuals or groups, rather than the
government.
Refinancing: Replacing an old loan with a new loan at a different interest rate by the same
individual.
Repossession: Act of a creditor seizing property to make up for a borrower’s failure to pay on a
loan.
Short sale: Selling property or security when the recovered money is less than the amount
owed.
Social Security Administration: The tax-funded federal program which offers retirement
benefits and other programs.
Subsidized loan: A type of need-based loan for which the government pays the interest while
the borrower is in school and during the grace deferment periods.
Tax lien: If taxes are unpaid for a period of time, a lender may claim the borrower’s property
equal to the delinquent taxes.
Term: Period of time between the initial procurement of the loan and the time the loan is to be
paid back in full.
Unsubsidized loan: A type of loan for which the government doesn’t pay the interest. Borrower
is responsible for interest at the moment funds are disbursed.
Veteran: In financial aid terms, it’s a former member of the U.S. armed forces who served on
active duty and was not dishonorably discharged.
W-2 form: Employers issue this IRS form that lists an employee’s wages and tax withheld.
Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate (English-Spanish)
Acceleration clause. A legal term referring to a contract Cláusula de aceleración. Un término legal que se refiere a
that states that an unpaid balance can become due un contrato que establece que un saldo impago puede
immediately if a specific circumstance, such as missing a vencerse inmediatamente si se produce una circunstancia
payment, occurs. específica, como la falta de un pago.
Account Agreement. The contract governing your open‐ Acuerdo de cuenta. El contrato que rige su cuenta de
end credit account, it provides information on changes crédito abierta proporciona información sobre los
that may occur to the account. cambios que pueden ocurrir en la cuenta.
Account balance. The amount of money in an account at Saldo de la cuenta. La cantidad de dinero en una cuenta al
the start of the business day, including all deposits and inicio del día hábil, incluidos todos los depósitos y retiros
withdrawals posted the previous night, whether or not publicados la noche anterior, ya sea que los fondos hayan
the funds have been collected. See collected balance. sido recaudados o no.
Account History. The payment history of an account over Historial de cuenta. El historial de pagos de una cuenta
a specific period of time, including the number of times durante un período de tiempo específico, incluida la
the account was past due or over limit. cantidad de veces que la cuenta estuvo vencida o excedió
el límite.
Account Holder. Any and all persons designated and Titular de la cuenta. Cualquiera y todas las personas
authorized to transact business on behalf of an account. designadas y autorizadas para realizar transacciones
Each account holder's signature needs to be on file with comerciales en nombre de una cuenta. La firma de cada
the bank. The signature authorizes that person to titular de cuenta debe estar archivada en el banco. La
conduct business on behalf of the account. firma autoriza a esa persona a realizar negocios en
nombre de la cuenta.
Account statement. A statement of transactions over a Estado de cuenta. Una declaración de transacciones
specific period of time. The statement usually includes durante un período específico de tiempo. El estado de
the balance on an account at the end of the statement cuenta generalmente incluye el saldo de una cuenta al
period. final del período del estado de cuenta.
Accrued Interest. Interest that has been earned but not Interés acumulado. Intereses ganados, pero aún no
yet paid. pagados.
Acquiring Bank. In a merger, the bank that absorbs the Adquiriendo Banco. En una fusión, el banco que absorbe
bank acquired. el banco lo adquiere.
Active account. An account, such as a checking or credit Cuenta activa. Una cuenta, como una cuenta corriente o
account, that is used regularly or has frequent activity. de crédito, que se usa regularmente o tiene actividad
frecuente.
Adjustable‐Rate Mortgages (ARMS). Also known as Hipotecas de tasa ajustable (ARM). También conocidas
variable‐rate mortgages. The initial interest rate is usually como hipotecas de tasa variable. La tasa de interés inicial
below that of conventional fixed‐rate loans. The interest suele ser inferior a la de los préstamos convencionales de
rate may change over the life of the loan as market tasa fija. La tasa de interés puede cambiar durante la vida
conditions change. There is typically a maximum (or del préstamo a medida que cambien las condiciones del
ceiling) and a minimum (or floor) defined in the loan mercado. Por lo general, hay un máximo (o límite
agreement. If interest rates rise, so does the loan máximo) y un mínimo (o mínimo) definido en el contrato
payment. If interest rates fall, the loan payment may as de préstamo. Si las tasas de interés aumentan, también lo
well. hace el pago del préstamo. Si las tasas de interés caen, el
pago del préstamo también puede.
Adverse Action Notice. The notice required by the Equal Aviso de Acción Adversa. La notificación requerida por la
Credit Opportunity Act advising a credit applicant or Ley de Igualdad de Oportunidades de Crédito que informa
existing debtor of the denial of their request for credit or a un solicitante de crédito o deudor existente de la
denegación de su solicitud de crédito o que informa sobre
1
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shared with third parties without Lionbridge written consent. DO NOT COPY. DO NOT DISTRIBUTE.
Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate
advising of a change in terms considered unfavorable to un cambio en los términos considerados desfavorables
the account holder. para el titular de la cuenta.
Affidavit. A sworn statement in writing before a proper Declaración jurada. Una declaración jurada por escrito
official, such as a notary public. ante un funcionario adecuado, como un notario público.
Alteration. Any change involving an erasure or rewriting Modificación. Cualquier cambio que implique una
in the date, amount, or payee of a check or other eliminación o reescritura en la fecha, monto o
negotiable instrument. beneficiario de un cheque u otro instrumento negociable.
Amortization. The process of reducing debt through Amortización. El proceso de reducción de la deuda a
regular installment payments, resulting in the payoff of a través de pagos en cuotas regulares, que resulta en el
loan at its maturity (when the loan term is complete). pago de un préstamo a su vencimiento (cuando se
completa el plazo del préstamo).
Annual Percentage Rate (APR). The cost of a loan or other Tasa de porcentaje anual (APR). El costo de un préstamo
financing as an annual rate. The APR includes the interest u otro financiamiento como tasa anual. El APR incluye la
rate, points, broker fees and certain other credit charges tasa de interés, los puntos, los honorarios de los
a borrower is required to pay. corredores y otros cargos de crédito que el prestatario
debe pagar.
Annual Percentage Yield (APY). A percentage rate Porcentaje de rendimiento anual (APY). Una tasa de
reflecting the total amount of interest paid on a deposit porcentaje que refleja la cantidad total de intereses
account based on the interest rate and the frequency of pagados en una cuenta de depósito basada en la tasa de
compounding for a 365‐day year. interés y la frecuencia de capitalización para un año de
365 días.
Annual report. A company’s financial statement that is Reporte anual. El estado financiero de una compañía que
issued on a yearly basis. se emite anualmente.
Annuity. An amount paid yearly or at other analysis of Anualidad. Una cantidad pagada anualmente o en otro
the property, including examples regular intervals, often análisis de la propiedad, incluidos ejemplos de intervalos
at a guaranteed minimum amount. Also, a type of regulares, a menudo a una cantidad mínima garantizada.
insurance policy in which the policy holder makes Además, un tipo de póliza de seguro en la que el titular de
payments for a fixed period or until a stated age, and la póliza realiza pagos por un período fijo o hasta una
then receives annuity payments from the insurance edad determinada, y luego recibe pagos de anualidades
company. de la compañía de seguros.
Application Fee. The fee that a mortgage lender or Tasa de solicitud. La tarifa que un prestamista hipotecario
broker charges to apply for a mortgage to cover o corredor cobra por solicitar una hipoteca para cubrir los
processing costs. costos de procesamiento.
Application. Under the Equal Credit Opportunity Act Solicitud. Bajo la Ley de Igualdad de Oportunidades de
(ECOA), an oral or written request for an extension of Crédito (ECOA, por sus siglas en inglés), una solicitud oral
credit that is made in accordance with the procedures o escrita para una extensión de crédito que se realiza de
established by a creditor for the type of credit requested. acuerdo con los procedimientos establecidos por un
acreedor para el tipo de crédito solicitado.
Appraisal. The monetary value of an item determined by Evaluación. El valor monetario de un artículo
an appraiser, who is a professional with knowledge and determinado por un tasador, que es un profesional con
expertise about particular items. conocimiento y experiencia sobre artículos específicos.
Appreciation. An increase in the market value of a home Apreciación. Un aumento en el valor de mercado de una
due to changing market conditions and/or home vivienda debido a las condiciones cambiantes del
improvements. mercado y / o mejoras en la vivienda.
2
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Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate
Arbitration. A process where disputes are settled by Arbitraje. Un proceso en el que las disputas se resuelven
referring them to a fair and neutral third party al remitirlas a un tercero (árbitro) imparcial y neutral. Las
(arbitrator). The disputing parties agree in advance to partes contendientes acuerdan de antemano aceptar la
agree with the decision of the arbitrator. There is a decisión del árbitro. Hay una audiencia en la que ambas
hearing where both parties have an opportunity to be partes tienen la oportunidad de ser escuchadas, después
heard, after which the arbitrator makes a decision. de lo cual el árbitro toma una decisión.
Assessed Value. Typically, the value placed on property Valor de tasación. Normalmente, el valor colocado en la
for the purpose of taxation. propiedad con el fin de impuestos.
Assessor. A public official who establishes the value of a Asesor. Un funcionario público que establece el valor de
property for taxation purposes. una propiedad a efectos fiscales.
Asset. Anything owned by a person or a business that has Activo. Todo lo que sea propiedad de una persona o una
commercial or exchange value. empresa que tenga valor comercial o de intercambio.
Assignment of Mortgage. A document evidencing the Asignación de Hipoteca. Un documento que acredite la
transfer of ownership of a mortgage from one person to transferencia de la propiedad de una hipoteca de una
another. persona a otra.
Assumable Mortgage. A mortgage loan that can be taken Hipoteca asumible. Un préstamo hipotecario que puede
over (assumed) by the buyer when a home is sold. An ser asumido (asumido) por el comprador cuando se vende
assumption of a mortgage is a transaction in which the una casa. Una suposición de una hipoteca es una
buyer of real property takes over the seller's existing transacción en la que el comprador de bienes inmuebles
mortgage; the seller remains liable unless released by the asume la hipoteca existente del vendedor; el vendedor
lender from the obligation. If the mortgage contains a sigue siendo responsable a menos que sea liberado por el
due‐on‐sale clause, the loan may not be assumed prestamista de la obligación. Si la hipoteca contiene una
without the lender's consent. cláusula de vencimiento a la venta, el préstamo no puede
ser asumido sin el consentimiento del prestamista.
Assumption Fee. A fee a lender charges a buyer who will Cuota de Asunción. Una tarifa que un prestamista le
assume the seller's existing mortgage. cobra a un comprador que asumirá la hipoteca existente
del vendedor.
Assumption. A homebuyer's agreement to take on the Suposición. El acuerdo de un comprador de vivienda de
primary responsibility for paying an existing mortgage asumir la responsabilidad principal de pagar una hipoteca
from a home seller. existente de un vendedor de vivienda.
Audit. An investigation to verify that all assets, liabilities, Auditoría. Una investigación para verificar que todos los
income and expenses are correctly stated. activos, pasivos, ingresos y gastos están correctamente
declarados.
Authorization. The issuance of approval, by a credit card Autorización. La emisión de la aprobación, por un emisor
issuer, merchant, or other affiliate, to complete a credit de tarjeta de crédito, comerciante u otro afiliado, para
card transaction. completar una transacción con tarjeta de crédito.
Automated Clearing House (ACH). A nationwide funds Cámara de Compensación Automatizada (ACH). Una red
transfer network that enables participating financial de transferencia de fondos a nivel nacional que permite a
institutions to electronically credit, debit and settle las instituciones financieras participantes acreditar, cargar
entries to bank accounts. y liquidar electrónicamente entradas en cuentas
bancarias.
Automated Teller Machine (ATM). A machine, activated Cajero automático (ATM). Una máquina, activada por una
by a magnetically encoded card or other medium, that tarjeta codificada magnéticamente u otro medio, que
can process a variety of banking transactions. These puede procesar una variedad de transacciones bancarias.
include accepting deposits and loan payments, providing Esto incluye aceptar depósitos y pagos de préstamos,
withdrawals, and transferring funds between accounts. proporcionar retiros y transferir fondos entre cuentas.
3
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Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate
Automated Underwriting. An automated process Suscripción automatizada. Un proceso automatizado
performed by a technology application that streamlines realizado por una aplicación de tecnología que agiliza el
the processing of loan applications and provides a procesamiento de las solicitudes de préstamo y
recommendation to the lender to approve the loan or proporciona una recomendación al prestamista para
refer it for manual underwriting. aprobar el préstamo o remitirlo para una suscripción
manual.
Automatic Bill Payment. A checkless system for paying Pago automático de facturas. Un sistema sin cheques
recurring bills with one authorization statement to a para pagar facturas recurrentes con una declaración de
financial institution. For example, the customer would autorización a una institución financiera. Por ejemplo, el
only have to provide one authorization cliente solo tendría que proporcionar un formulario de
form/letter/document to pay the cable bill each month. autorización / carta / documento para pagar la factura del
The necessary debits and credits are made through an cable cada mes. Los débitos y créditos necesarios se
Automated Clearing House (ACH). realizan a través de una Cámara de Compensación
Automatizada (ACH).
Automatic clearing house (ACH). An ACH is a Cámara de compensación automática (ACH). Un ACH es
computerized facility that financial institutions use to una instalación computarizada que las instituciones
electronically settle payments and deposit transactions. financieras utilizan para liquidar electrónicamente los
pagos y depositar transacciones.
Automatic funds transfer. The electronic transfer of Transferencia automática de fondos. La transferencia
funds from one account to another, set up to happen on electrónica de fondos de una cuenta a otra, configurada
a regular basis. para ocurrir de manera regular.
Automatic payment. An arrangement that automatically Pago automático. Un acuerdo que deduce
deducts funds from your account (usually a checking automáticamente los fondos de su cuenta (generalmente
account) on the day you choose in order to pay a una cuenta corriente) el día que elija para pagar una
recurring bill (for example, a car loan payment or a factura recurrente (por ejemplo, un pago de préstamo de
mortgage payment). automóvil o un pago de hipoteca).
Automatically Protected. As of May 1, 2011, up to two Protegido automáticamente. A partir del 1 de mayo de
months of Federal benefits such as Social Security 2011, se pueden proteger hasta dos meses de beneficios
benefits, Supplemental Security Income benefits, federales tales como beneficios de Seguro Social,
Veteran’s benefits, Railroad Retirement benefits, and beneficios de Seguridad de Ingreso Suplementario,
benefits from the Office of Personnel Management that beneficios de Veteranos, beneficios de Jubilación
are direct deposited to an account may be protected Ferroviaria y beneficios de la Oficina de Administración de
from garnishment. The amount automatically protected Personal que se depositan directamente en una cuenta
will depend upon the balance of the account on the day De embargo. La cantidad protegida automáticamente
of review. dependerá del saldo de la cuenta el día de la revisión.
Availability Date. Bank's policy as to when funds Fecha disponible. La política del Banco sobre cuándo los
deposited into an account will be available for fondos depositados en una cuenta estarán disponibles
withdrawal. para su retiro.
Availability Policy. Bank's policy as to when funds Política de disponibilidad. La política del Banco sobre
deposited into an account will be available for cuándo los fondos depositados en una cuenta estarán
withdrawal. disponibles para su retiro.
Available Balance. The balance of an account less any Saldo disponible. El saldo de una cuenta menos cualquier
hold, uncollected funds, and restrictions against the retención, fondos no cobrados y restricciones contra la
account. cuenta.
Available Credit. The difference between the credit limit Crédito disponible. La diferencia entre el límite de crédito
assigned to a cardholder account and the present asignado a una cuenta del titular de la tarjeta y el saldo
balance of the account. actual de la cuenta.
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Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate
Average daily balance. A method of calculating credit Balance diario promedio. Un método para calcular los
card interest using the sum of each day’s balance on a intereses de las tarjetas de crédito utilizando la suma del
credit card, divided by the number of days in the billing saldo de cada día en una tarjeta de crédito, dividido por la
cycle. cantidad de días en el ciclo de facturación.
Balance Sheet. A financial statement that shows assets, Hoja de balance. Un estado financiero que muestra los
liabilities, and net worth as of a specific date. activos, pasivos y patrimonio neto a partir de una fecha
específica.
Balance Transfer. The process of moving an outstanding Transferencia de saldo. El proceso de mover un saldo
balance from one credit card to another. This is usually pendiente de una tarjeta de crédito a otra. Esto
done to obtain a lower interest rate on the outstanding generalmente se hace para obtener una tasa de interés
balance. Transfers are sometimes subjected to a Balance más baja en el saldo pendiente. Las transferencias a veces
Transfer Fee. están sujetas a un cargo por transferencia de saldo.
Balloon Mortgage. A mortgage with monthly payments Hipoteca global. Una hipoteca con pagos mensuales a
often based on a 30‐year amortization schedule, with the menudo se basa en un programa de amortización de 30
unpaid balance due in a lump sum payment at the end of años, con el saldo pendiente de pago en un pago de suma
a specific period of time (usually 5 or 7 years). global al final de un período específico de tiempo
(generalmente 5 o 7 años).
Balloon payment. A final payment that is typically much Pago global. Un pago final que generalmente es mucho
larger than regular payments and includes any más grande que los pagos regulares e incluye cualquier
outstanding principal and interest remaining on the loan. principal pendiente e interés restante en el préstamo. Los
Balloon payments are common with loans that have an pagos globales son comunes con los préstamos que
adjustable rate or an interest‐only period. tienen una tasa ajustable o un período de interés
solamente.
Bank Custodian. A bank custodian is responsible for Custodio bancario. Un custodio bancario es responsable
maintaining the safety of clients' assets held at one of the de mantener la seguridad de los activos de los clientes
custodian's premises, a sub‐custodian facility or an que se encuentran en una de las instalaciones del
outside depository. custodio, en una instalación de custodios o en un
depósito externo.
Bank Examination. Examination of a bank's assets, Examen del banco. Examen de los activos, ingresos y
income, and expenses‐as well as operations by gastos de un banco, así como las operaciones de los
representatives of Federal and State bank supervisory representantes de la autoridad de supervisión bancaria
authority‐to ensure that the bank is solvent and is federal y estatal, para garantizar que el banco sea
operating in conformity with banking laws and sound solvente y esté operando de conformidad con las leyes
banking principles. bancarias y los principios bancarios sólidos.
Bank Statement. Periodically the bank provides a Extracto de cuenta. Periódicamente, el banco
statement of a customer's deposit account. It shows all proporciona un extracto de la cuenta de depósito de un
deposits made, all checks paid, and other debits posted cliente. Muestra todos los depósitos realizados, todos los
during the period (usually one month), as well as the cheques pagados y otros débitos contabilizados durante
current balance. el período (generalmente un mes), así como el saldo
actual.
Banking center. The physical location of a bank where Centro bancario. La ubicación física de un banco al que los
customers can go to engage in a variety of banking clientes pueden acudir para participar en una variedad de
services. servicios bancarios.
Banking Day. A business day during which an office of a Día bancario. Un día hábil durante el cual una oficina de
bank is open to the public for substantially all of its un banco está abierta al público para prácticamente todas
banking functions. sus funciones bancarias.
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Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate
Bankrupt. A person or institution that no longer has the Arruinado/En bancarrota. Una persona o institución que
funds to cover debts and has to seek financial assistance. ya no tiene los fondos para cubrir deudas y tiene que
buscar asistencia financiera.
Bankruptcy. The legal proceedings by which the affairs of Bancarrota. Los procedimientos legales por los cuales los
a bankrupt person are turned over to a trustee or asuntos de una persona en bancarrota se transfieren a un
receiver for administration under the bankruptcy laws. administrador o administrador para su administración
conforme a las leyes de bancarrota.
Basis points. A unit of measurement for interest rates or Puntos básicos. Una unidad de medida para tasas de
yields, equal to 1/100 of a percent (0.01%). interés o rendimientos, igual a 1/100 de un porcentaje
(0.01%).
Bearer. A person who holds or presents for payment a Portador. Una persona que posee o presenta para pago
negotiable instrument, such as a check or bank draft. The un instrumento negociable, como un cheque o giro
instrument states that it is payable to “bearer” or “cash,” bancario. El instrumento establece que es pagadero al
which means that whoever holds the instrument can "portador" o al "efectivo", lo que significa que quien
cash it (receive the funds due on it). tenga el instrumento puede cobrarlo (recibir los fondos
que se le deben).
Beneficiary. A person who is entitled to receive the Beneficiario. Una persona que tiene derecho a recibir los
benefits or proceeds of a will, trust, insurance policy, beneficios o ganancias de un testamento, fideicomiso,
retirement plan, annuity, or other contract. póliza de seguro, plan de jubilación, anualidad u otro
contrato.
Billing Cycle. The time interval between the dates on Ciclo de facturación. El intervalo de tiempo entre las
which regular periodic statements are issued. fechas en que se emiten los extractos periódicos
regulares.
Billing Date. The month, date, and year when a periodic Fecha de facturación. El mes, la fecha y el año en que se
or monthly statement is generated. Calculations have genera un estado de cuenta periódico o mensual. Se han
been performed for appropriate finance charges, realizado cálculos para los cargos financieros apropiados,
minimum payment due, and new balance. el pago mínimo adeudado y el nuevo saldo.
Billing Error. A charge that appears on a periodic Error de facturación. Un cargo que aparece en un estado
statement associated with an extension of credit (e.g., de cuenta periódico asociado con una extensión de
credit card) that was not authorized by the cardholder or crédito (por ejemplo, tarjeta de crédito) que no fue
the cardholders' designee, is not properly identified, and autorizado por el titular de la tarjeta o la persona
was not accepted by the cardholder or the cardholder's designada por el titular de la tarjeta, no está
designee. A billing error can also be caused by a debidamente identificado y no fue aceptado por el titular
creditor's failure to credit a payment or other credit to an de la tarjeta o la persona designada por el titular de la
account as well as accounting and clerical errors. tarjeta. Un error de facturación también puede ser
causado por el hecho de que un acreedor no acredite un
pago u otro crédito en una cuenta, así como también
errores de contabilidad y administrativos.
Biweekly Payment Mortgage. A mortgage with payments Hipoteca de pago quincenal. Una hipoteca con pagos
due every two weeks (instead of monthly). cada dos semanas (en lugar de mensuales).
Bona fide. In good faith, without fraud. De buena fe. De buena fe, sin fraude.
Bond, U.S. Savings. Savings bonds are issued in face value Bonos, ahorros de los Estados Unidos. Los bonos de
denominations by the U.S. Government in denominations ahorro son emitidos en denominaciones de valor nominal
ranging from $50 to $10,000. They are typically long‐ por el gobierno de los Estados Unidos en denominaciones
term, low‐risk investment tools. que van desde $ 50 a $ 10,000. Normalmente son
herramientas de inversión a largo plazo y de bajo riesgo.
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Bond. A certificate of debt by which an investor loans Bono. Un certificado de deuda por el cual un inversionista
money to an entity (usually a government or presta dinero a una entidad (generalmente un gobierno o
corporation). The borrower (also known as the issuer) corporación). El prestatario (también conocido como el
must pay interest and pay back the principal amount at a emisor) debe pagar intereses y devolver el monto del
set time. capital en un tiempo determinado.
Bounced check. A check that cannot be processed Cheque sin fondos. Un cheque que no se puede procesar
because the account holder has insufficient funds to porque el titular de la cuenta no tiene fondos suficientes
cover the amount written on the check. para cubrir el monto que figura en el cheque.
Bridge Loan. A short‐term loan secured by the borrower's Crédito a corto plazo. Un préstamo a corto plazo
current home (which is usually for sale) that allows the garantizado por la vivienda actual del prestatario (que
proceeds to be used for building or closing on a new generalmente se vende) que permite que los ingresos se
house before the current home is sold. Also known as a utilicen para construir o cerrar una vivienda nueva antes
"swing loan." de que se venda la vivienda actual. También conocido
como un "préstamo swing".
Broker. An independent agent or member of a firm who Corredor. Un agente independiente o miembro de una
brings buyers and sellers together. empresa que reúne a compradores y vendedores.
Building Code. Local regulations that set forth the Código de construcción. Regulaciones locales que
standards and requirements for the construction, establecen los estándares y requisitos para la
maintenance and occupancy of buildings. The codes are construcción, mantenimiento y ocupación de edificios.
designed to provide for the safety, health and welfare of Los códigos están diseñados para garantizar la seguridad,
the public. la salud y el bienestar del público.
Business day cutoff. The latest time during a specific Corte de días hábiles. La última hora durante un día hábil
business day that a transaction can be made and posted específico en que se puede realizar una transacción y
to an account. publicarla en una cuenta.
Business Day. Any day on which offices of a bank are Día laboral. Cualquier día en que las oficinas de un banco
open to the public for carrying on substantially all of the estén abiertas al público para llevar a cabo
bank's business. sustancialmente todos los negocios del banco.
Buydown Account. An account in which funds are held so Cuenta de reducción. Una cuenta en la que se retienen
that they can be applied as part of the monthly mortgage los fondos para que se puedan aplicar como parte del
payment as each payment comes due during the period pago mensual de la hipoteca, ya que cada pago vence
that an interest rate buydown plan is in effect. durante el período en que un plan de reducción de la tasa
de interés está vigente.
Buydown. An arrangement whereby the property Reducción. Un acuerdo por el cual el promotor de la
developer or another third party provides an interest propiedad u otro tercero otorga un subsidio de intereses
subsidy to reduce the borrower's monthly payments para reducir los pagos mensuales del prestatario,
typically in the early years of the loan. generalmente en los primeros años del préstamo.
Bylaws. A rule or law that governs the internal affairs of Estatutos. Una norma o ley que rige los asuntos internos
an organization. de una organización.
Canceled check. A check that has been paid. A canceled Cheque cancelado/pagado. Un cheque que ha sido
check is usually acceptable as legal proof of payment. pagado. Un cheque cancelado es generalmente aceptable
como prueba legal de pago.
Cap. For an adjustable‐rate mortgage (ARM), a limitation Techo. Para una hipoteca de tasa ajustable (ARM), una
on the amount the interest rate or mortgage payments limitación en la cantidad que la tasa de interés o los pagos
may increase or decrease. de la hipoteca pueden aumentar o disminuir.
Capacity. Your ability to make your mortgage payments Capacidad. Su capacidad para hacer sus pagos de la
on time. This depends on your income and income hipoteca a tiempo. Esto depende de su ingreso y
stability (job history and security), your assets and estabilidad de ingresos (historial laboral y seguridad), sus
savings, and the amount of your income each month that activos y ahorros, y el monto de sus ingresos cada mes
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Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate
is left over after you've paid for your housing costs, debts que quede después de que haya pagado sus costos de
and other obligations. vivienda, deudas y otras obligaciones.
Cash advance. Cash taken out (withdrawn) from a line of Adelanto en efectivo. Efectivo sacado (retirado) de una
credit or credit card. Cash advances often carry a higher línea de crédito o tarjeta de crédito. Los adelantos en
interest charge than regular purchases. efectivo a menudo conllevan un mayor cargo por
intereses que las compras regulares.
Cash item. An item that is accepted for immediate credit Artículo en efectivo. Un artículo que se acepta para
to an account or that can be exchanged for cash. crédito inmediato en una cuenta o que se puede cambiar
por dinero en efectivo.
Cashier's Check. A check drawn on the funds of the bank, Cheque de caja. Un cheque girado sobre los fondos del
not against the funds in a depositor's account. However, banco, no contra los fondos en la cuenta de un
the depositor paid for the cashier's check with funds depositante. Sin embargo, el depositante pagó el cheque
from their account. The primary benefit of a cashier's de caja con los fondos de su cuenta. El beneficio principal
check is that the recipient of the check is assured that the de un cheque de caja es que el receptor del cheque tiene
funds are available. la garantía de que los fondos están disponibles.
Cash‐out Refinance. A refinance transaction in which the Refinanciación en efectivo. Una transacción de
borrower receives additional funds over and above the refinanciamiento en la que el prestatario recibe fondos
amount needed to repay the existing mortgage, closing adicionales por encima de la cantidad necesaria para
costs, points, and any subordinate liens. pagar la hipoteca existente, los costos de cierre, los
puntos y cualquier gravamen subordinado.
CD laddering. A practice in which an investor divides Escalonamiento de CD. Una práctica en la que un
invested money into equal amounts of CDs with different inversionista divide el dinero invertido en cantidades
maturity dates. iguales de CD con diferentes fechas de vencimiento.
Cease and Desist Letter. A letter requesting that a Carta de infracción. Una carta solicitando que una
company stops the activity mentioned in the letter. empresa detenga la actividad mencionada en la carta.
Certificate of deposit (CD). An interest‐bearing certificate Certificado de depósito (CD). Un certificado con intereses
issued by a bank in exchange for funds provided to the emitido por un banco a cambio de los fondos
bank by the holder of that certificate. proporcionados al banco por el titular de ese certificado.
Certificate of Eligibility. A document issued by the U.S. Certificado de elegibilidad. Un documento emitido por el
Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) certifying a Departamento de Asuntos de Veteranos (VA) de EE. UU.
veteran's eligibility for a VA‐guaranteed mortgage loan. Que certifica la elegibilidad de un veterano para un
préstamo hipotecario con garantía VA.
Certificate of Release. A certificate signed by a lender Certificado de Liberación. Un certificado firmado por un
indicating that a mortgage has been fully paid and all prestamista que indica que una hipoteca ha sido pagada
debts satisfied, also known as release of lien. en su totalidad y se han satisfecho todas las deudas,
también conocida como liberación de gravamen.
Certified check. A check for which the bank guarantees Cheque certificado. Un cheque por el cual el banco
payment. garantiza el pago.
Chain of Title. The history of all of the documents that Cadena de Titulo. El historial de todos los documentos
have transferred title to a parcel of real property, starting que han transferido el título a una parcela de bienes
with the earliest existing document and ending with the inmuebles, comenzando con el documento existente más
most recent. antiguo y terminando con el más reciente.
Change Orders. A change in the original construction Cambiar órdenes. Un cambio en los planos de
plans ordered by the property owner or general construcción originales ordenados por el propietario o el
contractor. contratista general.
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Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate
Charge off. When a lender no longer expects payment to Cargar fuera Cuando un prestamista ya no espera que el
be made to an account and writes off the balance as a pago se realice en una cuenta y cancela el saldo como una
bad debt. deuda incobrable.
Check 21 Act. Check 21 is a Federal law that is designed Ley de cheque 21. Cheque 21 es una ley federal que está
to enable banks to handle more checks electronically, diseñada para permitir que los bancos manejen más
which is intended to make check processing faster and cheques electrónicamente, con la intención de hacer que
more efficient. Check 21 is the short name for the Check el procesamiento de cheques sea más rápido y más
Clearing for the 21st Century Act, which went into effect eficiente. El cheque 21 es el nombre corto de la
on October 28, 2004. Compensación de cheques para la Ley del siglo XXI, que
entró en vigencia el 28 de octubre de 2004.
Check clearing. A check’s movement from a depository Compruebe la compensación. El movimiento de un
institution (the bank where it was deposited) to the bank cheque de una institución de depósito (el banco donde se
on which it was drawn (the account holder’s bank). depositó) al banco en el que se realizó (el banco del
titular de la cuenta).
Check hold. Waiting period of 1 to several days. Financial Compruebe espera. Período de espera de 1 a varios días.
institutions use a check hold to make sure the drawee Las instituciones financieras utilizan una retención de
bank (the check writer’s bank) will pay deposited checks. cheques para asegurarse de que el banco giratorio (el
After a check “clears,” the bank can lift the check hold. banco del escritor de cheques) pagará los cheques
depositados. Después de que el cheque se “liquida”, el
banco puede levantar la retención del cheque.
Check truncation. The conversion of physical checks into Truncamiento de cheque. La conversión de cheques
electronic form for transmission to the paying bank. físicos a formato electrónico para su transmisión al banco
pagador.
Check. A written, dated and signed instrument that Cheque. Un instrumento escrito, fechado y firmado que
contains an unconditional order from the drawer (the contiene una orden incondicional del cajón (la persona o
person or business that writes the check) that directs a empresa que escribe el cheque) que dirige a un banco a
bank to pay a specific amount of money to a payee (the pagar una cantidad específica de dinero a un beneficiario
person or business the check is written to). (la persona o empresa en la que se emite el cheque).
Checking account. An account that people or businesses Cuenta de cheques. Una cuenta que las personas o las
can use to withdraw and deposit funds by check or empresas pueden usar para retirar y depositar fondos
electronic transfer. mediante cheque o transferencia electrónica.
ChexSystems. The ChexSystems, Inc. network is ChexSystems. La red de ChexSystems, Inc. está
comprised of member financial institutions that regularly compuesta por instituciones financieras miembros que
contribute information on mishandled checking and contribuyen regularmente con información sobre cuentas
savings accounts to a central location. ChexSystems corrientes y de ahorro mal manejadas a una ubicación
shares this information among member institutions to central. ChexSystems comparte esta información entre las
help them assess the risk of opening new accounts. instituciones miembros para ayudarles a evaluar el riesgo
ChexSystems only shares information with the member de abrir nuevas cuentas. ChexSystems solo comparte
institutions; it does not decide on new account openings. información con las instituciones miembros; no decide
Generally, information remains on ChexSystems for five sobre nuevas aperturas de cuenta. En general, la
years. información permanece en ChexSystems durante cinco
años.
Clear Title. Ownership that is free of liens, defects, or Título libre. Propiedad que está libre de gravámenes,
other legal encumbrances. defectos u otros impedimentos legales.
Closed‐end credit. A credit agreement that specifies Crédito cerrado. Un contrato de crédito que especifica
when the full amount of a loan plus finance charges cuándo se debe pagar la cantidad total de un préstamo
(interest and bank charges) are due to be repaid. más los cargos financieros (intereses y cargos bancarios).
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Closed‐End Loan. Generally, any loan in which the Préstamo a plazo cerrado. En general, se espera que todo
amount advanced, plus any finance charges, is expected préstamo en el cual el monto anticipado, más cualquier
to be repaid in full by a specified date. Most real estate cargo financiero, se pague por completo en una fecha
and automobile loans are closed‐end agreements. específica. La mayoría de los préstamos para bienes raíces
y automóviles son acuerdos cerrados.
Closing a Mortgage Loan. The consummation of a Cierre de un préstamo hipotecario. La consumación de
contractual real estate transaction in which all una transacción contractual de bienes raíces en la cual
appropriate documents are signed, and the proceeds of todos los documentos apropiados están firmados y los
the mortgage loan are then disbursed by the lender. fondos del préstamo hipotecario son luego
desembolsados por el prestamista.
Closing Agent. The person or entity that coordinates the Agente de cierre. La persona o entidad que coordina las
various closing activities, including the preparation and diversas actividades de cierre, incluida la preparación y
recordation of closing documents and the disbursement registro de los documentos de cierre y el desembolso de
of funds. (May be referred to as an escrow agent or fondos. (Puede ser referido como un agente de custodia o
settlement agent in some jurisdictions.) Typically, the agente de liquidación en algunas jurisdicciones). Por lo
closing is conducted by title companies, escrow general, el cierre se lleva a cabo por compañías de títulos,
companies or attorneys. compañías de custodia o abogados.
Closing costs. The costs incurred by sellers and buyers in Costos de cierre. Los costos incurridos por vendedores y
the transfer of real estate ownership. compradores en la transferencia de la propiedad de
bienes raíces.
Closing Date. The date on which the sale of a property is Fecha de cierre. La fecha en la que se finalizará la venta
to be finalized and a loan transaction completed. Often, a de una propiedad y se completará una transacción de
real estate sales professional coordinates the setting of préstamo. A menudo, un profesional de ventas de bienes
this date with the buyer, the seller, the closing agent, and raíces coordina la configuración de esta fecha con el
the lender. comprador, el vendedor, el agente de cierre y el
prestamista.
Closing. The process of completing a financial Clausura. El proceso de completar una transacción
transaction. For mortgage loans, the process of signing financiera. Para préstamos hipotecarios, el proceso de
mortgage documents, disbursing funds, and, if firma de documentos hipotecarios, desembolso de fondos
applicable, transferring ownership of the property. In y, si corresponde, la transferencia de la propiedad de la
some jurisdictions, closing is referred to as "escrow," a propiedad. En algunas jurisdicciones, el cierre se conoce
process by which a buyer and seller deliver legal como "depósito en garantía", un proceso mediante el cual
documents to a third party who completes the un comprador y un vendedor entregan documentos
transaction in accordance with their instructions. legales a un tercero que completa la transacción de
acuerdo con sus instrucciones.
Co‐borrower. Any borrower other than the first borrower Co‐prestatario. Cualquier prestatario que no sea el primer
whose name appears on the application and mortgage prestatario cuyo nombre aparece en la solicitud y el
note, even when that person owns the property jointly pagaré hipotecario, incluso cuando esa persona es
with the first borrower and shares liability for the note. propietaria de la propiedad conjuntamente con el primer
prestatario y comparte la responsabilidad de la nota.
Collateral. Assets that are promised to an institution as Colateral. Activos que se prometen a una institución
backup to secure a loan or form of credit being given. como respaldo para garantizar un préstamo o una forma
de crédito que se otorga.
Collateralized loan. A loan that is secured by collateral. Préstamo garantizado. Un préstamo que está garantizado
por garantía.
Collected balance. The balance in a deposit account, not Saldo recaudado. El saldo en una cuenta de depósito, sin
including items that have not yet been paid, or collected. incluir los artículos que aún no se han pagado o cobrado.
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Collected Funds. Cash deposits or checks that have been Fondos recaudados. Depósitos en efectivo o cheques que
presented for payment and for which payment has been se han presentado para el pago y para los cuales se ha
received. recibido el pago.
Collection Agency. A company hired by a creditor to Agencia de cobros. Una empresa contratada por un
collect a debt that is owed. Creditors typically hire a acreedor para cobrar una deuda que se debe. Los
collection agency only after they have made efforts to acreedores generalmente contratan una agencia de
collect the debt themselves, usually through letters and cobranza solo después de haber realizado esfuerzos para
telephone calls. You may also wish to visit the CFPB or cobrar la deuda ellos mismos, generalmente a través de
the FTC web sites. cartas y llamadas telefónicas. También es posible que
desee visitar los sitios web de CFPB o FTC.
Collection Items. Items‐such as drafts, notes, and Artículos de colección. Artículos, como giros, notas y
acceptances‐received for collection and credited to a aceptaciones, recibidos para su cobro y acreditados en la
depositor's account after payment has been received. cuenta de un depositante después de que se haya
Collection items are usually subject to special instructions recibido el pago. Los artículos de colección generalmente
and may involve additional fees. Most banks impose a están sujetos a instrucciones especiales y pueden implicar
special fee, called a collection charge, for handling tarifas adicionales. La mayoría de los bancos imponen una
collection items. tarifa especial, denominada cargo de cobro, por el
manejo de los artículos de cobro.
Collective Investment Funds (CIFs). A Collective Fondos de inversión colectiva (CIF). Un Fondo de
Investment Fund (CIF) is a trust created and administered Inversión Colectiva (CIF) es un fideicomiso creado y
by a bank or trust company that commingles assets from administrado por un banco o una compañía fiduciaria que
multiple clients. The Federal securities laws generally combina activos de múltiples clientes. Las leyes federales
require entities that pool securities to register those de valores generalmente requieren que las entidades que
pooled vehicles (such as mutual funds) with the SEC. agrupan valores registren esos vehículos agrupados
However, Congress created exemptions from these (como los fondos mutuos) en la SEC. Sin embargo, el
registration requirements for CIFs so long as the entity Congreso creó exenciones de estos requisitos de registro
offering these funds is a bank or other authorized entity para los CIF siempre que la entidad que ofrece estos
and so long as participation in the fund is restricted to fondos sea un banco u otra entidad autorizada y que la
only those customers covered by the exemption. If these participación en el fondo esté restringida solo a los
limitations are met, CIFs are exempt from SEC clientes cubiertos por la exención. Si se cumplen estas
registration and reporting requirements. limitaciones, los CIF están exentos de los requisitos de
registro e informe de la SEC.
Comaker. A person who signs a note to guarantee a loan Cosignatario. Una persona que firma una nota para
made to another person and is jointly liable with the garantizar un préstamo otorgado a otra persona y es
maker for repayment of the loan. conjuntamente responsable con el fabricante del
reembolso del préstamo.
Combined balance. The total funds you have in all of your Equilibrio combinado. El total de fondos que tiene en
linked deposit accounts, such as savings, checking and todas sus cuentas de depósito vinculadas, como ahorros,
CDs. For some checking accounts, the combined balance cheques y CD. Para algunas cuentas de cheques, el saldo
determines whether the monthly maintenance fee can combinado determina si se puede evitar la tarifa de
be avoided. mantenimiento mensual.
Commercial loan. A loan given to a business, either all at Préstamo comercial. Un préstamo otorgado a una
once or in a series of payments. empresa, ya sea de una sola vez o en una serie de pagos.
Commission. The fee charged for ser vices performed, Comisión. La tarifa cobrada por los servicios realizados,
usually based on a percentage of the price of the items generalmente se basa en un porcentaje del precio de los
sold (such as the fee a real estate agent earns on the sale artículos vendidos (como la tarifa que un agente de
of a house). bienes raíces gana con la venta de una casa).
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Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate
Commitment Letter. A binding offer from your lender Carta de compromiso. Una oferta vinculante de su
that includes the amount of the mortgage, the interest prestamista que incluye el monto de la hipoteca, la tasa
rate, and repayment terms. de interés y los términos de reembolso.
Common Areas. Those portions of a building, land, or Áreas comunes. Aquellas partes de un edificio, terreno o
improvements and amenities owned by a planned unit mejoras y servicios que son propiedad de una asociación
development (PUD) or condominium project's de propietarios de viviendas planificadas (PUD) o de
homeowners' association (or a cooperative project's proyectos de condominios (o una corporación
cooperative corporation) that are used by all of the unit cooperativa de proyectos cooperativos) que son
owners, who share in the common expenses of their utilizados por todos los propietarios de unidades, que
operation and maintenance. Common areas include comparten la propiedad común. Gastos de su operación y
swimming pools, tennis courts, and other recreational mantenimiento. Las áreas comunes incluyen piscinas,
facilities, as well as common corridors of buildings, canchas de tenis y otras instalaciones recreativas, así
parking areas, means of ingress and egress, etc. como pasillos comunes de edificios, áreas de
estacionamiento, medios de ingreso y egreso, etc.
Community Reinvestment Act. The Act is intended to Ley de Reinversión Comunitaria. El objetivo de la Ley es
encourage depository institutions to help meet the credit alentar a las instituciones de depósito a ayudar a
needs of the communities in which they operate, satisfacer las necesidades crediticias de las comunidades
including low‐ and moderate‐income neighborhoods. It en las que operan, incluidos los vecindarios de ingresos
was enacted by the Congress in 1977. bajos y moderados. Fue promulgada por el Congreso en
1977.
Comparables. An abbreviation for "comparable Comparables Una abreviatura de "propiedades
properties," which are used as a comparison in comparables", que se utilizan como comparación para
determining the current value of a property that is being determinar el valor actual de una propiedad que se está
appraised. evaluando.
Compound interest. Interest that is calculated on both Interés compuesto. Interés que se calcula tanto en el
the accumulated interest and the principal balance in the interés acumulado como en el saldo de capital en la
account. The more frequently interest is compounded, cuenta. Cuanto más frecuentemente se multiplica el
the higher the effective yield. interés, mayor es el rendimiento efectivo.
Concession. Something given up or agreed to in Concesión. Algo abandonado o aceptado en la
negotiating the sale of a house. For example, the sellers negociación de la venta de una casa. Por ejemplo, los
may agree to help pay for closing costs. vendedores pueden acordar ayudar a pagar los costos de
cierre.
Condominium. A unit in a multiunit building. The owner Condominio. Una unidad en un edificio de varias
of a condominium unit owns the unit itself and has the unidades. El propietario de una unidad de condominio es
right, along with other owners, to use the common areas el propietario de la unidad y tiene el derecho, junto con
but does not own the common elements such as the otros propietarios, de usar las áreas comunes, pero no
exterior walls, floors and ceilings or the structural posee los elementos comunes como las paredes
systems outside of the unit; these are owned by the exteriores, los pisos y los techos o los sistemas
condominium association. There are usually estructurales fuera de la unidad; Estos son propiedad de
condominium association fees for building maintenance, la asociación de condominios. Por lo general, hay cuotas
property upkeep, taxes and insurance on the common de asociación de condominios para el mantenimiento de
areas and reserves for improvements. edificios, mantenimiento de propiedades, impuestos y
seguros en las áreas comunes y reservas para mejoras.
Consolidation loan. Loan that combines several debts Préstamo de consolidación. Préstamo que combina varias
into 1 loan to reduce the dollar amount of payments deudas en 1 préstamo para reducir el monto en dólares
owed each month. de los pagos adeudados cada mes.
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Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate
Consumer Credit Counseling Service. A service which Servicio de asesoramiento de crédito al consumidor. Un
specializes in working with consumers who are servicio que se especializa en trabajar con consumidores
overextended with debts and need to make que están demasiado extendidos con deudas y necesitan
arrangements with creditors. hacer arreglos con los acreedores.
Consumer Reporting Agency. An agency that regularly Agencia de informes del consumidor. Una agencia que
collects or evaluates individual consumer credit recopila o evalúa regularmente la información crediticia
information or other information about consumers and de los consumidores individuales u otra información
sells consumer reports for a fee to creditors or others. sobre los consumidores y vende informes de los
Typical clients include banks, mortgage lenders, credit consumidores a cambio de una tarifa a los acreedores u
card companies, and other financing companies. . otros. Los clientes típicos incluyen bancos, prestamistas
hipotecarios, compañías de tarjetas de crédito y otras
compañías financieras.
Contingency. A condition that must be met before a Contingencia. Una condición que debe cumplirse antes de
contract is legally binding. For example, home purchasers que un contrato sea legalmente vinculante. Por ejemplo,
often include a home inspection contingency; the sales los compradores de viviendas a menudo incluyen una
contract is not binding unless and until the purchaser has contingencia de inspección de la casa; el contrato de
the home inspected. venta no es vinculante a menos que y hasta que el
comprador haga inspeccionar la casa.
Conventional Fixed Rate Mortgage. A fixed‐rate Hipoteca de tasa fija convencional. Una hipoteca de tasa
mortgage offers you a set interest rate and payments fija le ofrece una tasa de interés fija y pagos que no
that do not change throughout the life, or "term," of the cambian a lo largo de la vida o "plazo" del préstamo. Un
loan. A conventional fixed‐rate loan is fully paid off over a préstamo a tasa fija convencional se paga en su totalidad
given number of years‐usually 15, 20, or 30. A portion of en un número determinado de años, generalmente 15, 20
each monthly payment goes towards paying back the o 30. Una parte de cada pago mensual se destina a
money borrowed, the "principal"; the rest is "interest." devolver el dinero prestado, el "principal"; el resto es
"interés".
Conventional Mortgage. A mortgage loan that is not Hipoteca convencional. Un préstamo hipotecario que no
insured or guaranteed by the federal government or one está asegurado ni garantizado por el gobierno federal o
of its agencies, such as the Federal Housing una de sus agencias, como la Administración Federal de
Administration (FHA), the U.S. Department of Veterans Vivienda (FHA), el Departamento de Asuntos de
Affairs (VA), or the Rural Housing Service (RHS). Veteranos de los Estados Unidos (VA) o el Servicio de
Vivienda Rural (RHS).
Conversion Option. A provision of some adjustable‐rate Opción de conversión. Una provisión de algunos
mortgage (ARM) loans that allows the borrower to préstamos hipotecarios de tasa ajustable (ARM) que le
change the ARM to a fixed‐rate mortgage at specified permite al prestatario cambiar el ARM a una hipoteca de
times after loan origination. tasa fija en momentos específicos después del inicio del
préstamo.
Convertible ARM. An adjustable‐rate mortgage (ARM) ARM Convertible. Una hipoteca de tasa ajustable (ARM)
that allows the borrower to convert the loan to a fixed‐ que le permite al prestatario convertir el préstamo en una
rate mortgage under specified conditions. hipoteca de tasa fija bajo condiciones específicas.
Cooperative (Co‐op) Project. A project residential Proyecto Cooperativo (Cooperativo). Un proyecto es una
property and sells shares to individual buyers, who then propiedad residencial y vende acciones a compradores
receive a proprietary lease as their title. individuales, quienes luego reciben un contrato de
arrendamiento de propiedad como su título.
Correspondent bank. A financial institution that Banco correspondiente. Una institución financiera que
maintains a relationship with another financial institution mantiene una relación con otra institución financiera o le
or provides it with services. proporciona servicios.
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Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate
Co‐signer. A person who signs for another person and is Cosignatario. Una persona que firma por otra persona y
considered responsible for the loan if the primary signer se considera responsable del préstamo si el firmante
fails to fulfill his or her obligation. principal no cumple con su obligación.
Cost of Funds Index (COFI). An index that is used to Índice de Costo de Fondos (COFI). Un índice que se utiliza
determine interest rate changes for certain adjustable‐ para determinar los cambios en la tasa de interés para
rate mortgage (ARM) loans. It is based on the weighted ciertos préstamos hipotecarios de tasa ajustable (ARM).
monthly average cost of deposits, advances, and other Se basa en el costo promedio mensual ponderado de los
borrowings of members of the Federal Home Loan Bank depósitos, anticipos y otros préstamos de los miembros
of San Francisco. del Banco Federal de Préstamos para Viviendas de San
Francisco.
Counter‐offer. An offer made in response to a previous Contraoferta. Una oferta realizada en respuesta a una
offer. For example, after the buyer presents their first oferta anterior. Por ejemplo, después de que el
offer, the seller may make a counter‐offer with a slightly comprador presente su primera oferta, el vendedor
higher sale price. puede hacer una contraoferta con un precio de venta
ligeramente más alto.
Credit Application. A form to be completed by an Solicitud de crédito. Un formulario que debe completar
applicant for a credit account, giving sufficient details un solicitante de una cuenta de crédito, con detalles
(residence, employment, income, and existing debt) to suficientes (residencia, empleo, ingresos y deuda
allow the seller to establish the applicant's existente) para permitir al vendedor establecer la
creditworthiness. Sometimes, an application fee is solvencia crediticia del solicitante. A veces, se cobra una
charged to cover the cost of loan processing. tarifa de solicitud para cubrir el costo del procesamiento
del préstamo.
Credit Bureau. A company that gathers information on Buró de Crédito. Una empresa que recopila información
consumers who use credit. These companies sell that sobre los consumidores que utilizan el crédito. Estas
information to lenders and other businesses in the form compañías venden esa información a prestamistas y otras
of a credit report. empresas en forma de un informe de crédito.
Credit Card Account Agreement. A written agreement Acuerdo de cuenta de tarjeta de crédito. Un acuerdo por
that explains the escrito que explica la
Credit card authorization. Verification by a credit card Autorización de tarjeta de crédito. Verificación por parte
issuer that approves a credit card purchase based on the de un emisor de tarjetas de crédito que aprueba una
card holder’s line of credit. compra con tarjeta de crédito según la línea de crédito
del titular de la tarjeta.
Credit Card Issuer. Any financial institution that issues Emisor de la tarjeta de crédito. Cualquier institución
bank cards to those who apply for them. financiera que emita tarjetas bancarias a quienes las
soliciten.
Credit card. A personal credit card or business credit card Tarjeta de crédito. Una tarjeta de crédito personal o
issued by a financial institution, giving the account holder tarjeta de crédito comercial emitida por una institución
the ability to borrow funds against the account named on financiera, que le brinda al titular de la cuenta la
that card. capacidad de solicitar fondos prestados contra la cuenta
nombrada en esa tarjeta.
Credit disability insurance. Insurance that makes Seguro de invalidez de crédito. Seguro que realiza pagos
payments on a loan(s) if the owner of the loan becomes de un préstamo (s) si el propietario del préstamo no
unable to work because of a disability. puede trabajar debido a una discapacidad.
Credit History. Information in the files of a credit bureau, Historial de crédito. La información en los archivos de un
primarily comprised of a list of individual consumer debts buró de crédito, compuesta principalmente de una lista
and a record of whether or not these debts were paid de deudas de consumidores individuales y un registro de
back on time or "as agreed." Your credit history is called si estas deudas se pagaron o no a tiempo o "según lo
a credit report when provided by a credit bureau to a acordado". Su historial de crédito se denomina informe
lender or other business.
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Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate
de crédito cuando lo proporciona una agencia de crédito
a un prestamista u otro negocio.
Credit Life Insurance. A type of insurance that pays off a Seguro de vida de crédito. Un tipo de seguro que paga
specific amount of debt or a specified credit account if una cantidad específica de deuda o una cuenta de crédito
the borrower dies while the policy is in force. especificada si el prestatario fallece mientras la póliza
está vigente.
Credit Limit. The maximum amount of credit that is Límite de crédito. La cantidad máxima de crédito
available on a credit card or other line of credit account. disponible en una tarjeta de crédito u otra línea de
crédito.
Credit rating. A rating that is based on how creditworthy Calificación crediticia. Una calificación que se basa en qué
a company or person is considered to be. tan solvente se considera una compañía o persona.
Credit Repair Organization. A person or organization that Organización de reparación de crédito. Una persona u
sells, provides, performs, or assists in improving a organización que vende, proporciona, realiza o ayuda a
consumer's credit record, credit history or credit rating mejorar el historial crediticio, historial de crédito o
(or says that that they will do so) in exchange for a fee or calificación crediticia de un consumidor (o dice que lo
other payment. It also includes a person or organization hará) a cambio de una tarifa u otro pago. También incluye
that provides advice or assistance about how to improve una persona u organización que brinda asesoramiento o
a consumer's credit record, credit history or credit rating. asistencia sobre cómo mejorar el historial crediticio, el
There are some important exceptions to this definition, historial crediticio o la calificación crediticia de un
including many non‐profit organizations and the creditor consumidor. Hay algunas excepciones importantes a esta
that is owed the debt. definición, incluidas muchas organizaciones sin fines de
lucro y el acreedor al que se le debe la deuda.
Credit Report. A detailed report of an individual's credit Reporte de crédito. Un informe detallado del historial
history prepared by a credit bureau and used by a lender crediticio de un individuo preparado por una agencia de
in determining a loan applicant's creditworthiness. crédito y utilizado por un prestamista para determinar la
solvencia crediticia de un solicitante de préstamo.
Credit Score. A numerical value that ranks a borrower's Puntaje de crédito. Un valor numérico que clasifica el
credit risk at a given point in time based on a statistical riesgo crediticio de un prestatario en un momento dado
evaluation of information in the individual's credit history en base a una evaluación estadística de la información en
that has been proven to be predictive of loan el historial crediticio del individuo que se ha demostrado
performance. que predice el desempeño del préstamo.
Credit scoring system. A system used to determine Sistema de calificación crediticia. Un sistema utilizado
whether an institution will grant credit to a person or para determinar si una institución otorgará crédito a una
business. Credit scoring uses payment history, total persona o empresa. El puntaje de crédito utiliza el
amount of debt and total income to establish a credit historial de pagos, el monto total de la deuda y el ingreso
score. total para establecer un puntaje de crédito.
Credit union. An organization that provides financial, Unión crediticia. Una organización que proporciona
insurance and other services for members of that specific servicios financieros, de seguros y otros para miembros
group. de ese grupo específico.
Credit. The ability of a person to borrow money or buy Crédito. La capacidad de una persona para pedir dinero
goods by paying over time. Credit is extended based on a prestado o comprar bienes pagando a lo largo del tiempo.
lender's opinion of the person's financial situation and El crédito se otorga en función de la opinión del
reliability, among other factors. prestamista sobre la situación financiera y la confiabilidad
de la persona, entre otros factores.
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Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate
Credit. The increase in a deposit account balance that Crédito. El aumento en el saldo de una cuenta de
occurs when a deposit is made to the account. depósito que se produce cuando se realiza un depósito en
la cuenta.
Creditor. A person who extends credit to whom you owe Acreedor. Una persona que otorga crédito a quien le
money. debes dinero.
Creditworthy. Your ability to qualify for credit and repay Mérito crediticio. Su capacidad para calificar para crédito
debts. y pagar deudas.
Custodial account. An account created for the benefit of Cuenta de custodia. Una cuenta creada para el beneficio
a minor (a person under the age of 18 or 21 depending de un menor (una persona menor de 18 o 21 años según
on state law) with an adult as the account's custodian. la ley estatal) con un adulto como custodio de la cuenta.
Cut‐Off Time. A time of day established by a bank for Tiempo de corte. Una hora del día establecida por un
receipt of deposits. After the cut‐off time, deposits are banco para la recepción de depósitos. Después de la hora
considered received on the next banking day. de cierre, los depósitos se consideran recibidos el
siguiente día hábil bancario.
Data processing. The processing of information, either Procesamiento de datos. El procesamiento de la
electronically or manually. información ya sea de forma electrónica o manual.
Debit card (Check card). A plastic card that deducts Tarjeta de débito (cheque tarjeta). Una tarjeta de plástico
money from a designated checking account to pay for que deduce dinero de una cuenta de cheques designada
goods or services. It can be used anywhere Visa® or para pagar bienes o servicios. Se puede usar en cualquier
MasterCard® debit cards are accepted, and no interest is lugar donde se acepten las tarjetas de débito Visa® o
charged. A debit card can also be used at ATMs to MasterCard® y no se cobran intereses. Una tarjeta de
withdraw cash. débito también se puede utilizar en los cajeros
automáticos para retirar efectivo.
Debit. A decrease in a deposit account’s balance, such as Débito. Una disminución en el saldo de una cuenta de
occurs when a check posted to the account. depósito, tal como ocurre cuando un cheque es publicado
en la cuenta.
Debt Collector. Any person who regularly collects debts Recaudador. Cualquier persona que regularmente cobra
owed to others. deudas con otros.
Debt Elimination Scheme. A debt elimination scheme is a Esquema de eliminación de deuda. Un esquema de
plan that is advertised as a way for an individual to eliminación de deuda es un plan que se anuncia como
eliminate various types of debt simply by paying una forma para que un individuo elimine varios tipos de
someone a small fee compared to the amount of debt to deuda simplemente pagando una pequeña tarifa en
be eliminated. These schemes are fraudulent. comparación con el monto de la deuda que se eliminará.
Estos esquemas son fraudulentos.
Debt. Money owed from one person or institution to Deuda. Dinero adeudado de una persona o institución a
another person or institution. otra persona o institución.
Debtor. Someone who owes monies to another party. Deudor. Alguien que debe dinero a otra parte.
Debt‐to‐Income Ratio (DTI). The percentage of a Relación deuda‐ingreso (DTI). El porcentaje del ingreso
consumer's monthly gross income that goes toward bruto mensual de un consumidor que se destina al pago
paying debts. Generally, the higher the ratio, the higher de deudas. En general, cuanto mayor es la proporción,
the perceived risk. Loans with higher risk are generally mayor es el riesgo percibido. Los préstamos con mayor
priced at a higher interest rate. riesgo generalmente tienen un precio a una tasa de
interés más alta.
Decedent. A deceased person; ordinarily used with Fallecido. Una persona fallecida Generalmente se usa con
respect to one who has died recently. respecto a alguien que ha muerto recientemente.
Declining balance. The decreasing amount owed on a Saldo decreciente. La cantidad decreciente adeudada por
debt as more payments are made. una deuda a medida que se realizan más pagos.
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Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate
Deed of Trust. A legal document in which the borrower Escritura de fideicomiso. Un documento legal en el que el
transfers the title to a third party (trustee) to hold as prestatario transfiere el título a un tercero
security for the lender. When the loan is paid in full, the (fideicomisario) para mantenerlo como garantía para el
trustee transfers title back to the borrower. If the prestamista. Cuando el préstamo se paga por completo,
borrower defaults on the loan the trustee will sell the el fideicomisario transfiere el título al prestatario. Si el
property and pay the lender the mortgage debt. prestatario no cumple con el préstamo, el fiduciario
venderá la propiedad y pagará al prestamista la deuda
hipotecaria.
Deed. A written agreement that allows the title of a Escritura. Un acuerdo escrito que permite que el título de
property, or an asset of some form, to be transferred una propiedad, o un activo de alguna forma, sea
from one person to another. transferido de una persona a otra.
Deed‐in‐Lieu of Foreclosure. The transfer of title from a Escritura en lugar de ejecución hipotecaria. La
borrower to the lender to satisfy the mortgage debt and transferencia de título de un prestatario al prestamista
avoid foreclosure. Also called a "voluntary conveyance." para satisfacer la deuda hipotecaria y evitar la ejecución
hipotecaria. También llamado "transporte voluntario".
Default. Failure to fulfill a legal obligation. A default Defecto. Incumplimiento de una obligación legal. Un
includes failure to pay on a financial obligation, but also incumplimiento incluye la falta de pago de una obligación
may be a failure to perform some action or service that is financiera, pero también puede ser el incumplimiento de
non‐monetary. For example, when leasing a car, the alguna acción o servicio que no sea monetario. Por
lessee is usually required to properly maintain the car. ejemplo, al arrendar un automóvil, generalmente se
requiere que el arrendatario mantenga adecuadamente
el automóvil.
Deferred Payment. A payment postponed until a future Pago diferido. Un pago pospuesto hasta una fecha futura.
date.
Delinquency. A debt that was not paid when due. Atraso. Una deuda que no fue pagada al vencimiento.
Demand Deposit. A deposit of funds that can be Depósito a la vista. Un depósito de fondos que puede ser
withdrawn without any advance notice. retirado sin previo aviso.
Deposit Slip. An itemized memorandum of the cash and Depósito de depósito. Un memorando detallado del
other funds that a customer presents to the bank for efectivo y otros fondos que un cliente presenta al banco
credit to his or her account. para acreditarlo en su cuenta.
Deposit. Money added into a customer’s bank account. Depósito. Dinero agregado a la cuenta bancaria de un
cliente.
Deposited Item/ Returned Fee (or Cashed Item Returned Artículo devuelto/ Cargo devuelto (o Cargo devuelto
Fee). A fee we charge each time a check or other item artículo devuelto). Un cargo que cobramos cada vez que
that we either cashed for you or accepted for deposit to un cheque u otro artículo que le cambiamos o que
your account is returned to us unpaid. aceptamos para depositar en su cuenta nos es devuelto
sin pagar.
Depreciation. A decline in the value of a house due to Depreciación. Una disminución en el valor de una casa
changing market conditions or lack of upkeep on a home. debido a las condiciones cambiantes del mercado o la
falta de mantenimiento de una casa.
Derogatory Information. Data received by a creditor Información derogatoria. Datos recibidos por un acreedor
indicating that a credit applicant has not paid his or her que indican que un solicitante de crédito no ha pagado
accounts with other creditors according to the required sus cuentas con otros acreedores de acuerdo con los
terms. términos requeridos.
Digital wallet. You can use the credit and debit cards Monedero digital. Puede usar las tarjetas de crédito y
stored in your digital wallet to make purchases at débito almacenadas en su billetera digital para realizar
participating merchants. compras en los comercios participantes.
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Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate
Direct deposit. A service that automatically transfers Depósito directo. Un servicio que transfiere
recurring deposits into your checking or savings account. automáticamente depósitos recurrentes a su cuenta
Deposits can include salary, pension, Social Security and corriente o de ahorros. Los depósitos pueden incluir
Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits, or other beneficios de salario, pensión, Seguro Social y Seguridad
regular monthly income. de Ingreso Suplementario (SSI), u otro ingreso mensual
regular.
Direct Dispute. A dispute submitted directly to the Disputa Directa. Una disputa presentada directamente al
furnisher about the accuracy of information in your proveedor sobre la exactitud de la información en su
consumer report that relates to an account or other informe del consumidor que se relaciona con una cuenta
relationship you have with the furnisher. u otra relación que tenga con el proveedor.
Disclosure statement. A statement that outlines specific Declaración de divulgación. Una declaración que describe
terms and conditions of a loan. los términos y condiciones específicos de un préstamo.
Disclosure. Information pertaining to an account’s Revelación. Información relativa a los servicios de una
services, fees and regulatory requirements. cuenta, tarifas y requisitos reglamentarios.
Disclosures. Certain information that Federal and State Revelaciones Cierta información que las leyes federales y
laws require creditors to give to borrowers relative to the estatales requieren que los acreedores proporcionen a los
terms of the credit extended. prestatarios en relación con los términos del crédito
otorgado.
Discount Point. A fee paid by the borrower at closing to Punto de descuento. Un cargo pagado por el prestatario
reduce the interest rate. A point equals one percent of al cierre para reducir la tasa de interés. Un punto equivale
the loan amount. al uno por ciento del monto del préstamo.
Dividend. Interest earned on any asset account (such as Dividendo. Intereses ganados en cualquier cuenta de
savings, a certificate of deposit (CD) or an investment) activos (como ahorros, un certificado de depósito (CD) o
paid by the financial institution to the account holder. una inversión) pagados por la institución financiera al
titular de la cuenta.
Dormant account. An account that shows no activity over Cuenta inactiva. Una cuenta que no muestra actividad
a certain (usually extended) time period. durante un período de tiempo determinado
(generalmente extendido).
Down Payment. A portion of the price of a home, usually Pago inicial. Una parte del precio de una casa,
between 3‐20%, not borrowed and paid up‐front in cash. generalmente entre 3‐20%, no se toma prestada y se
Some loans are offered with zero down‐payment. paga por adelantado en efectivo. Algunos préstamos se
ofrecen con cero pago inicial.
Draft. A signed, written order by which one party (the Borrador. Una orden escrita y firmada por la cual una
drawer) instructs another party (the drawee) to pay a parte (el cajón) instruye a otra parte (el girado) para que
specified sum to a third party (the payee), at sight or at a pague una suma específica a un tercero (el beneficiario), a
specific date. Typical bank drafts are negotiable la vista o en una fecha específica. Los giros bancarios
instruments and are similar in many ways to checks. típicos son instrumentos negociables y son similares en
muchos aspectos a los cheques.
Drawee bank. The bank upon which a check is drawn. Banco librado. El banco en el que se extrae un cheque.
Drawer. The person who writes a check or draft Cajón. La persona que escribe un cheque o giro que le
instructing the drawee to pay someone else. indica al girado que pague a otra persona.
Due‐on‐Sale Clause. A provision in a mortgage that allows Cláusula de vencimiento a la venta. Una disposición en
the lender to demand repayment in full of the una hipoteca que le permite al prestamista exigir el
outstanding balance if the property securing the reembolso completo del saldo pendiente si se vende la
mortgage is sold. propiedad que garantiza la hipoteca.
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Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate
Earnest Money Deposit. The deposit to show that you're Depósito de dinero. El depósito para demostrar que está
committed to buying the home. The deposit usually will comprometido a comprar la casa. Por lo general, no se le
not be refunded to you after the seller accepts your reembolsará el depósito después de que el vendedor
offer, unless one of the sales contract contingencies is acepte su oferta, a menos que no se cumpla alguna de las
not fulfilled. contingencias del contrato de venta.
Easement. A right to the use of, or access to, land owned Comodidad. El derecho al uso de, o el acceso a, la tierra
by another. propiedad de otro.
Electronic Banking. A service that allows an account Banca electrónica. Un servicio que le permite al titular de
holder to obtain account information and manage certain una cuenta obtener información de la cuenta y
banking transactions through a personal computer via administrar ciertas transacciones bancarias a través de
the financial institution's Web site on the Internet. (This una computadora personal a través del sitio web de la
is also known as Internet or online banking.) institución financiera en Internet. (Esto también se
conoce como banca por Internet o en línea).
Electronic Check Conversion. Electronic check conversion Conversión de cheques electrónicos. La conversión de
is a process in which your check is used as a source of cheques electrónicos es un proceso en el que su cheque
information‐for the check number, your account number, se utiliza como fuente de información para el número de
and the number that identifies your financial institution. cheque, su número de cuenta y el número que identifica
The information is then used to make a one‐time a su institución financiera. Luego, la información se utiliza
electronic payment from your account‐an electronic fund para realizar un pago electrónico único desde su cuenta,
transfer. The check itself is not the method of payment. una transferencia electrónica de fondos. El cheque en sí
no es el método de pago.
Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT). The transfer of money Transferencia electrónica de fondos (EFT). La
between accounts by consumer electronic systems‐such transferencia de dinero entre cuentas mediante sistemas
as automated teller machines (ATMs) and electronic electrónicos de consumo, como cajeros automáticos
payment of bills‐rather than by check or cash. (Wire (cajeros automáticos) y pagos electrónicos de facturas, en
transfers, checks, drafts, and paper instruments do not lugar de cheques o efectivo. (Las transferencias bancarias,
fall into this category.) los cheques, los giros y los instrumentos de papel no se
incluyen en esta categoría).
Embezzlement. In most States, embezzlement is defined Malversación. En la mayoría de los estados, la
as theft/larceny of assets (money or property) by a malversación se define como el robo / hurto de activos
person in a position of trust or responsibility over those (dinero o propiedad) por una persona en una posición de
assets. Embezzlement typically occurs in the employment confianza o responsabilidad sobre esos activos. La
and corporate settings. malversación se produce normalmente en los entornos
laborales y corporativos.
Emergency cash. An account used specifically to set aside Caja de emergencia. Una cuenta utilizada específicamente
money for use in an emergency situation. para ahorrar dinero para usar en una situación de
emergencia.
Employer‐Assisted Housing. A program in which Vivienda asistida por el empleador. Un programa en el
companies assist their employees in purchasing homes que las empresas ayudan a sus empleados a comprar
by providing assistance with the down payment, closing casas al brindarles asistencia para el pago inicial, los
costs, or monthly payments. costos de cierre o los pagos mensuales.
EMV/Chip Card. An EMV or chip card is a standard card Tarjeta EMV / Chip. Una tarjeta EMV o chip es una tarjeta
that contains an embedded microchip as well as a estándar que contiene un microchip integrado y una
traditional magnetic stripe. The chip encrypts banda magnética tradicional. El chip cifra la información
information to increase data security when making para aumentar la seguridad de los datos al realizar
transactions at terminals or ATMs that are chip‐enabled. transacciones en terminales o cajeros automáticos que
están habilitados para chips.
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Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate
Encoding. The process used to imprint or inscribe MICR Codificación. El proceso utilizado para imprimir o inscribir
characters on checks, deposits, and other financial caracteres MICR en cheques, depósitos y otros
instruments. [Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) instrumentos financieros. [El Reconocimiento de
is a character‐recognition technology adopted mainly by caracteres de tinta magnética (MICR) es una tecnología
the banking industry to facilitate the processing of de reconocimiento de caracteres adoptada
checks. Each check in encoded at the bottom with the principalmente por la industria bancaria para facilitar el
dollar amount of the check. If that information is entered procesamiento de cheques. Cada cheque está codificado
incorrectly, there is an encoding error.] en la parte inferior con el monto en dólares del cheque. Si
esa información se ingresa incorrectamente, hay un error
de codificación.]
Encroachment. The intrusion onto another's property Invasión. La intrusión en la propiedad de otro sin derecho
without right or permission. o permiso.
Encumbrance. Any claim on a property, such as a lien, Gravamen. Cualquier reclamo sobre una propiedad, como
mortgage or easement. un gravamen, hipoteca o servidumbre.
Endorsement. A person’s signature on a document, Aprobación. La firma de una persona en un documento, a
sometimes known as signing over a document or check. veces conocida como firma de un documento o cheque.
The signature gives that person’s rights to another La firma otorga los derechos de esa persona a otra
person or group named in the endorsement. persona o grupo nombrado en el endoso.
Enforcement Action. A regulatory tool that the OCC may Acción de cumplimiento. Una herramienta reguladora
use to correct problems or effect change in a national que el OCC puede usar para corregir problemas o efectuar
bank. cambios en un banco nacional.
Enhanced login security. Enhanced technology that Seguridad de inicio de sesión mejorada. Tecnología
protects an account from being easily accessed by mejorada que protege a una cuenta para que no pueda
someone who is unauthorized. acceder fácilmente a alguien que no esté autorizado.
Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA). Prohibits creditors Ley de Igualdad de Oportunidades de Crédito (ECOA).
Prohíbe a los acreedores discriminar a los solicitantes de
from discriminating against credit applicants on the basis
crédito por motivos de raza, color, religión, origen
of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, marital status,
age, or because an applicant receives income from a nacional, sexo, estado civil, edad o porque un solicitante
public assistance program. recibe ingresos de un programa de asistencia pública.
Equity. Interest that a person earns on an asset. Equidad. Interés que una persona gana en un activo.
Error Resolution. The required process for resolving Resolución de errores. El proceso requerido para resolver
errors involving electronic transfers to and from deposit
errores relacionados con transferencias electrónicas hacia
accounts. y desde cuentas de depósito.
Escheat. The process by which an institution is required Privación de propiedad. El proceso por el cual se requiere
to turn over unclaimed members’ account balances to que una institución entregue los saldos de las cuentas de
the state for safekeeping, when the account has been los miembros no reclamados al estado para su custodia,
inactive for a specific period of time. The state of cuando la cuenta ha estado inactiva por un período
Maryland maintains a database of unclaimed property. específico de tiempo. El estado de Maryland mantiene
People can search the database for lost or misplaced una base de datos de propiedad no reclamada. Las
property. personas pueden buscar en la base de datos la propiedad
perdida o extraviada.
Escrow Account. An account that a mortgage servicer Cuenta de Fideicomiso. Una cuenta que un administrador
establishes on behalf of a borrower to pay taxes, de hipotecas establece en nombre de un prestatario para
insurance premiums, or other charges when they are pagar impuestos, primas de seguros u otros cargos
due. Sometimes referred to as an "impound" or "reserve" cuando estos vencen. A veces se denomina cuenta de
account. "incautación" o "reserva".
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Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate
Escrow Analysis. The periodic examination of escrow Análisis del fideicomiso. El examen periódico de las
accounts by a mortgage company to verify that monthly cuentas de garantía por una compañía hipotecaria para
deposits are sufficient to pay taxes, insurance, and other verificar que los depósitos mensuales son suficientes para
escrow‐related items on when due. pagar los impuestos, seguros y otros artículos
relacionados con la garantía a su vencimiento.
Escrow Funds. Funds held in reserve by a mortgage Fondos de Fideicomiso. Los fondos mantenidos en
company to pay taxes, insurance, and other mortgage‐ reserva por una compañía hipotecaria para pagar
related items when due. impuestos, seguros y otros artículos relacionados con
hipotecas a su vencimiento.
Escrow. A financial instrument held by a third party on Fideicomiso. Un instrumento financiero en poder de un
behalf of the other two parties in a transaction. The tercero en nombre de las otras dos partes en una
funds are held by the escrow service until it receives the transacción. Los fondos son retenidos por el servicio de
appropriate written or oral instructions‐or until depósito en garantía hasta que reciban las instrucciones
obligations have been fulfilled. Securities, funds, and orales o escritas apropiadas o hasta que se hayan
other assets can be held in escrow. cumplido las obligaciones. Los valores, fondos y otros
activos se pueden mantener en custodia.
Escrow. An item of value, money, or documents Fideicomiso. Un artículo de valor, dinero o documentos
deposited with a third party to be delivered upon the depositados con un tercero para ser entregados en el
fulfillment of a condition. For example, the deposit by a cumplimiento de una condición. Por ejemplo, el depósito
borrower with the lender of funds to pay taxes and de un prestatario con el prestamista de fondos para pagar
insurance premiums when they become due, or the los impuestos y las primas de seguro cuando vencen, o el
deposit of funds or documents with an attorney or depósito de fondos o documentos con un abogado o
escrow agent to be disbursed upon the closing of a sale agente de depósito que se desembolsará cuando se cierre
of real estate. una venta de bienes raíces.
Estate Account. An account held in the name of a Cuenta de inmuebles. Una cuenta mantenida a nombre
decedent that is administered by an executor or de un difunto que es administrada por un albacea o
administrator of the estate. administrador de la sucesión.
Eviction. The legal act of removing someone from real Desalojo. El acto legal de sacar a alguien de los bienes
property. inmuebles.
Exception Hold. A period of time that allows the banks to Espera de Excepción. Un período de tiempo que permite
exceed the maximum hold periods defined in the a los bancos superar los períodos de retención máxima
Expedited Funds Availability Act. definidos en la Ley de Disponibilidad de Fondos
Acelerados.
Exclusive Agency Listing. A listing agreement under which Listado exclusivo de agencias. Un acuerdo de cotización
a real estate broker (known as the listing broker) acts as en virtud del cual un agente de bienes raíces (conocido
an exclusive agent to sell the property for the property como corredor de cotización) actúa como un agente
owner but may be paid a reduced or no commission exclusivo para vender la propiedad al dueño de la
when the property is sold if, for example, the property propiedad, pero se le puede pagar una comisión reducida
owner rather than the listing broker finds the buyer. This o nula cuando la propiedad se vende si, por ejemplo, el el
kind of listing agreement can be used to provide the dueño de la propiedad en lugar del corredor de listados
owner a limited range of real estate brokerage services encuentra al comprador. Este tipo de acuerdo de
rather than the traditional full range. As with other kinds cotización puede utilizarse para proporcionar al
of listing agreements, if a second real estate broker propietario una gama limitada de servicios de corretaje
(known as a selling broker) finds the buyer for the de bienes raíces en lugar de la gama completa tradicional.
property, then some commission will be paid to the Al igual que con otros tipos de acuerdos de cotización, si
selling broker. un segundo agente de bienes raíces (conocido como
agente de ventas) encuentra al comprador de la
propiedad, entonces se pagará una comisión al agente de
ventas.
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Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate
Exclusive Right‐to‐Sell Listing. The traditional kind of Listado Exclusivo de Derechos de Venta. El tipo tradicional
listing agreement under which the property owner de acuerdo de cotización en virtud del cual el propietario
appoints a real estate broker (known as the listing de la propiedad designa a un agente de bienes raíces
broker) as exclusive agent to sell the property on the (conocido como agente de cotización) como agente
owner's stated terms and agrees to pay the listing broker exclusivo para vender la propiedad en los términos
a commission when the property is sold, regardless of establecidos por el propietario y acepta pagarle una
whether the buyer is found by the broker, the owner or comisión cuando se venda la propiedad.
another broker. This is the kind of listing agreement that independientemente de si el corredor, el propietario u
is commonly used by a listing broker to provide the otro corredor encuentran al comprador. Este es el tipo de
traditional full range of real estate brokerage services. If acuerdo de cotización que comúnmente utiliza un
a second real estate broker (known as a selling broker) corredor de cotización para proporcionar la gama
finds the buyer for the property, then some commission completa tradicional de servicios de corretaje de bienes
will be paid to the selling broker. raíces. Si un segundo agente de bienes raíces (conocido
como agente de ventas) encuentra al comprador de la
propiedad, entonces se pagará una comisión al agente de
ventas.
Executor. Someone in a will who is named responsible for Albacea. Alguien en un testamento que es nombrado
distributing the funds and property in an estate to the responsable de distribuir los fondos y bienes en un
rightful heirs. patrimonio a los herederos legítimos.
Extended Overdrawn balance charge (EOBC). If your Cargo por saldo excedido extendido (EOBC). Si su cuenta
account had a negative balance for 5 or more tuviera un saldo negativo durante 5 o más días hábiles
consecutive business days, you would have received an consecutivos, habría recibido un cargo adicional por saldo
additional Extended Overdrawn Balance Charge of $35 de sobregiro extendido de $ 35 el sexto día. Esta tarifa era
on the sixth day. This fee was in addition to any adicional a cualquier tarifa aplicable por artículos de
applicable fees for overdraft items, insufficient funds and sobregiro, fondos insuficientes y artículos devueltos.
returned items.
Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act of 2003 (FACT Ley de transacciones de crédito justas y precisas de 2003
Act or FACTA). The purpose of this Act is to help (Ley FACT o FACTA). El propósito de esta Ley es ayudar a
consumers protect their credit identities and recover los consumidores a proteger sus identidades de crédito y
from identity theft. One of the key provisions of this Act recuperarse del robo de identidad. Una de las
is that consumers can request and obtain a free credit disposiciones clave de esta Ley es que los consumidores
report once every 12 months from each of the three pueden solicitar y obtener un informe de crédito gratuito
nationwide consumer credit reporting companies una vez cada 12 meses de cada una de las tres empresas
(Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion). nacionales de informes de crédito al consumidor (Equifax,
AnnualCreditReport.com provides consumers with the Experian y TransUnion). AnnualCreditReport.com
secure means to request their free credit report. proporciona a los consumidores los medios seguros para
solicitar su informe de crédito gratuito.
Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA). A Federal law, Ley de información crediticia justa (FCRA). Una ley
established in 1971 and revised in 1997, that gives federal, establecida en 1971 y revisada en 1997, que
consumers the right to see their credit records and otorga a los consumidores el derecho de ver sus registros
correct any mistakes. The FCRA regulates consumer de crédito y corregir cualquier error. La FCRA regula los
credit reporting and related industries to ensure that informes de crédito del consumidor y las industrias
consumer information is reported in an accurate, timely, relacionadas para garantizar que la información del
and complete manner. The Act was amended to address consumidor se reporte de manera precisa, oportuna y
the sharing of consumer information with affiliates. completa. La Ley fue modificada para abordar el
intercambio de información del consumidor con los
afiliados.
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Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate
Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA). The Fair Debt Ley de prácticas justas de cobro de deudas (FDCPA). La
Collection Practices Act is a set of United States statutes Ley de prácticas justas de cobro de deudas es un conjunto
added as Title VIII of the Consumer Credit Protection Act. de estatutos de los Estados Unidos que se agrega como
Its purpose is to ensure ethical practices in the collection Título VIII de la Ley de protección de créditos al consumo.
of consumer debts and to provide consumers with an Su propósito es garantizar prácticas éticas en el cobro de
avenue for disputing and obtaining validation of debt las deudas de los consumidores y ofrecer a los
information in order to ensure the information's consumidores una vía para disputar y obtener la
accuracy. It is often used in conjunction with the Fair validación de la información de la deuda para garantizar
Credit Reporting Act. la exactitud de la información. A menudo se utiliza junto
con la Ley de informes de crédito equitativos.
Fair Market Value. The price at which property would be Valor justo de mercado. El precio al cual la propiedad
transferred between a willing buyer and willing seller, sería transferida entre un comprador dispuesto y un
each of whom has a reasonable knowledge of all vendedor dispuesto, cada uno de los cuales tiene un
pertinent facts and is not under any compulsion to buy or conocimiento razonable de todos los hechos pertinentes
sell. y no está bajo ninguna obligación de comprar o vender.
Fannie Mae. A New York stock exchange company. It is a Fannie Mae. Una compañía de bolsa de valores de Nueva
public company that operates under a federal charter York. Es una compañía pública que opera bajo una carta
and is the nation's largest source of financing for home federal y es la fuente de financiamiento más grande de la
mortgages. Fannie Mae does not lend money directly to nación para hipotecas de vivienda. Fannie Mae no presta
consumers, but instead works to ensure that mortgage dinero directamente a los consumidores, sino que trabaja
funds are available and affordable, by purchasing para garantizar que los fondos hipotecarios estén
mortgage loans from institutions that lend directly to disponibles y sean asequibles, mediante la compra de
consumers. préstamos hipotecarios de instituciones que otorgan
préstamos directamente a los consumidores.
Fannie Mae/Freddie Mac Loan Limit. The current 2006 Fannie Mae / Freddie Mac Loan Limit. El límite de
Fannie Mae/Freddie Mac loan limit for a single‐family préstamo actual de Fannie Mae / Freddie Mac para una
home is $417,000 and is higher in Alaska, Guam, Hawaii, vivienda unifamiliar es de $ 417,000 y es mayor en Alaska,
and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The Fannie Mae loan limit is Guam, Hawái y las Islas Vírgenes de los EE. UU. El límite
$533,850 for a two‐unit home; $645,300 for a three‐unit de préstamo de Fannie Mae es de $ 533,850 para una
home; and $801,950 for a four‐unit home. Also referred vivienda de dos unidades; $ 645,300 para una casa de tres
to as the "conventional loan limit." unidades; y $ 801,950 para una casa de cuatro unidades.
Fannie Mae‐Seller/Servicer. A lender that Fannie Mae has Fannie Mae‐Vendedor / Servicio. Un prestamista que
approved to sell loans to it and to service loans on Fannie Fannie Mae ha aprobado para venderle préstamos y para
Mae's behalf. pagar préstamos en nombre de Fannie Mae.
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). A Corporación Federal de Seguros de Depósitos (FDIC). Una
government corporation that insures the deposits of all corporación gubernamental que asegura los depósitos de
national and State banks that are members of the todos los bancos nacionales y estatales que son miembros
Federal Reserve System. del Sistema de la Reserva Federal.
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Federal Agencia Federal de Manejo de Emergencias (FEMA).
agency responsible for the emergency evaluation and Agencia federal responsable de la evaluación de
response to all disasters, natural and man‐made. FEMA emergencia y respuesta a todos los desastres, naturales y
oversees the administration of flood insurance programs provocados por el hombre. FEMA supervisa la
and the designation of certain areas as flood prone. administración de los programas de seguro contra
inundaciones y la designación de ciertas áreas como
propensas a inundaciones.
Federal Housing Administration (FHA). An agency within Administración Federal de Vivienda (FHA). Una agencia
the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development dentro del Departamento de Vivienda y Desarrollo
(HUD) that insures mortgages and loans made by private Urbano (HUD) de los Estados Unidos que asegura las
lenders.
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Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate
hipotecas y préstamos otorgados por prestamistas
privados.
Federal Reserve System. The central banking system in Sistema de reserva Federal. El sistema de banca central
the United States that issues money and provides en los Estados Unidos que emite dinero y proporciona
services to the federal government and other financial servicios al gobierno federal y otras instituciones
institutions. financieras.
FHA‐Insured Loan. A loan that is insured by the Federal Préstamo asegurado por la FHA. Un préstamo que está
Housing Administration (FHA) of the U.S. Department of asegurado por la Administración Federal de Vivienda
Housing and Urban Development (HUD). (FHA) del Departamento de Vivienda y Desarrollo Urbano
de los Estados Unidos (HUD).
Fiduciary. A person who holds property in trust under the Fiduciario. Una persona que mantiene la propiedad en
terms of a trust agreement. fideicomiso bajo los términos de un acuerdo de
fideicomiso.
Finance Charge. The total cost of credit a customer must Cargo financiero. El costo total del crédito que un cliente
pay on a consumer loan, including interest. The Truth in debe pagar en un préstamo al consumidor, incluidos los
Lending Act requires disclosure of the finance charge. intereses. La Ley de Verdad en los Préstamos requiere la
divulgación de los cargos financieros.
Financial Regulatory Agency. An organization authorized Agencia de regulación financiera. Una organización
by statute for ensuring the safe and sound operation of autorizada por el estatuto para garantizar la operación
financial institutions chartered to conduct business under segura y sólida de las instituciones financieras
that agency's jurisdiction. constituidas para realizar negocios bajo la jurisdicción de
esa agencia.
First Mortgage. A mortgage that is the primary lien Primera Hipoteca. Una hipoteca que es el gravamen
against a property. primario contra una propiedad.
First‐Time Home Buyer. A person with no ownership Comprador de casa por primera vez. Una persona sin
interest in a principal residence during the three‐year interés de propiedad en una residencia principal durante
period preceding the purchase of the security property. los tres años anteriores a la compra de la propiedad de
seguridad.
Fixed Rate Loan. The interest rate and the payment Préstamo a tasa fija. La tasa de interés y el pago siguen
remain the same over the life of the loan. The consumer siendo los mismos durante la vida del préstamo. El
makes equal monthly payments of principal and interest consumidor realiza pagos mensuales iguales de capital e
until the debt is paid in full. intereses hasta que la deuda se pague por completo.
Fixed Rate Mortgage. A mortgage with payments that Hipoteca de tasa fija. Una hipoteca con pagos que
remain the same throughout the life of the loan because permanecen iguales durante la vida del préstamo porque
the interest rate and other terms are fixed and do not la tasa de interés y otros términos son fijos y no cambian.
change.
Fixed‐Period Adjustable‐Rate Mortgage. An adjustable‐ Hipoteca de tasa ajustable de período fijo. Una hipoteca
rate mortgage (ARM) that offers a fixed rate for an initial de tasa ajustable (ARM) que ofrece una tasa fija por un
period, typically three to ten years, and then adjusts período inicial, generalmente de tres a diez años, y luego
every six months, annually, or at another specified se ajusta cada seis meses, anualmente, o en otro período
period, for the remainder of the term. Also known as a específico, por el resto del plazo. También conocido como
"hybrid loan." un "préstamo híbrido".
Float. The amount of money deposited to an account Flotador. La cantidad de dinero depositado en una cuenta
that the financial institution cannot use immediately, que la institución financiera no puede usar de inmediato,
because of the time it takes to process checks through debido al tiempo que lleva procesar los cheques a través
the banking system. del sistema bancario.
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Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate
Flood Certification Fee. A fee charged by independent Cuota de Certificación de Inundación. Una tarifa cobrada
mapping firms to identify properties located in areas por firmas de cartografía independientes para identificar
designated as flood zones. propiedades ubicadas en áreas designadas como zonas de
inundación.
Flood Insurance. Flood insurance protects against water Seguro contra inundaciones. El seguro contra
from an overflowing river or a hurricane's tidal surge and inundaciones protege contra el agua de un río
also covers damage from water that builds up during desbordado o la marejada de un huracán y también cubre
storms. los daños del agua que se acumula durante las tormentas.
Flood Plain. A strip of relatively flat and normally dry land Llanura de inundación. Una franja de tierra relativamente
alongside a stream, river, or lake that is covered by water plana y normalmente seca junto a un arroyo, río o lago
during a flood. que está cubierto por agua durante una inundación.
Foreclosure. A legal action that ends all ownership rights Juicio hipotecario. Una acción legal que pone fin a todos
in a home when the homebuyer fails to make the los derechos de propiedad en una vivienda cuando el
mortgage payments or is otherwise in default under the comprador de la vivienda no realiza los pagos de la
terms of the mortgage. hipoteca o está en incumplimiento de otro modo según
los términos de la hipoteca.
Foreign Transaction Fees. A fee assessed by your bank for Cargos por transacciones extranjeras. Una tarifa que
making a transaction at another bank's ATM. cobra su banco por realizar una transacción en el cajero
automático de otro banco.
Forfeiture. The loss of money, property, rights, or Pérdida. La pérdida de dinero, propiedad, derechos o
privileges due to a breach of a legal obligation. privilegios debido al incumplimiento de una obligación
legal.
Forged Check. A check on which the drawer's signature Cheque forjado. Un cheque en el que se ha forjado la
has been forged. firma del cajón.
Forgery. The signing, or altering, of another person’s Falsificación. La firma, o alteración, del nombre de otra
name in an attempt to be fraudulent. persona en un intento de ser fraudulento.
Fraud Alert. A key provision of the Fair and Accurate Alerta de fraude. Una disposición clave de la Ley de
Credit Transactions Act of 2003 is the consumer's ability transacciones de crédito justas y precisas de 2003 es la
to place a fraud alert on their credit record. A consumer capacidad del consumidor para colocar una alerta de
would use this option if they believe they were a victim fraude en su registro de crédito. La alerta requiere que
of identity theft. The alert requires any creditor that is cualquier acreedor a quien se le pida que otorgue crédito
asked to extend credit to contact the consumer by phone se comunique con el consumidor por teléfono y verifique
and verify that the credit application was not made by an que la solicitud de crédito no fue realizada por un ladrón
identity thief. de identidad.
Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). A Federal law that Ley de libertad de información (FOIA). Una ley federal que
mandates that all the records created and kept by ordena que todos los registros creados y mantenidos por
Federal agencies in the executive branch of government las agencias federales en la rama ejecutiva del gobierno
must be open for public inspection and copying. The only deben estar abiertos para inspección y copia pública. Las
exceptions are those records that fall into one of nine únicas excepciones son aquellos registros que caen
exempted categories listed in the statute. dentro de una de las nueve categorías exentas
enumeradas en el estatuto.
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Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate
Frozen Account. An account on which funds may not be Cuenta Congelada. Una cuenta en la que los fondos no
withdrawn until a lien is satisfied and a court order or pueden retirarse hasta que se satisfaga un gravamen y
other legal process makes the account available for una orden judicial u otro proceso legal hace que la cuenta
withdrawal (e.g., the account of a deceased person is esté disponible para su retiro (por ejemplo, la cuenta de
frozen pending a court order distributing the funds to the una persona fallecida está congelada en espera de una
new lawful owners). An account may also be frozen when orden judicial que distribuye los fondos a la nueva
there is a dispute regarding the true ownership of an persona legal). propietarios). Una cuenta también se
account. The bank will freeze the account to preserve the puede congelar cuando existe una disputa con respecto a
existing funds until legal action can determine the lawful la verdadera propiedad de una cuenta. El banco congelará
owner. la cuenta para preservar los fondos existentes hasta que
una acción legal pueda determinar el propietario legal.
Fully Amortized Mortgage. A mortgage in which the Hipoteca completamente amortizada. Una hipoteca en la
monthly payments are designed to retire the obligation que los pagos mensuales están diseñados para cancelar la
at the end of the mortgage term. obligación al final del plazo de la hipoteca.
Furnisher. An entity that provides information about a Proveedor de muebles. Una entidad que proporciona
consumer to a consumer reporting agency for inclusion in información sobre un consumidor a una agencia de
a consumer report. informes del consumidor para su inclusión en un informe
del consumidor.
Garnishment/Garnish. A legal process that allows a Guarnición / Guarnición. Un proceso legal que le permite
creditor to remove funds from your bank account to a un acreedor retirar fondos de su cuenta bancaria para
satisfy a debt that you have not paid. If you owe money satisfacer una deuda que no ha pagado. Si le debe dinero
to a person or company, they can obtain a court order a una persona o compañía, ellos pueden obtener una
directing your bank to take money out of your account to orden judicial que indique a su banco que saque dinero
pay off your debt. de su cuenta para pagar su deuda.
General Contractor. A person who oversees a home Contratista general. Una persona que supervisa un
improvement or construction project and handles various proyecto de mejoras o construcción de viviendas y
aspects such as scheduling workers and ordering maneja varios aspectos, como la programación de los
supplies. trabajadores y el pedido de suministros.
Gift Letter. A letter that a family member writes verifying Carta de regalo. Una carta que un miembro de la familia
that s/he has given you a certain amount of money as a escribe para verificar que le ha dado una cierta cantidad
gift and that you don't have to repay it. You can use this de dinero como regalo y que usted no tiene que
money towards a portion of your down payment with reembolsarlo. Puede usar este dinero para una parte de
some mortgages. su pago inicial con algunas hipotecas.
Good‐Faith Estimate. A form required by the Real Estate Estimación de buena fe. Un formulario requerido por la
Settlement Procedures Act (RESPA) that discloses an Ley de Procedimientos de Liquidación de Bienes Raíces
estimate of the amount or range of charges, for specific (RESPA, por sus siglas en inglés) que revela una
settlement services the borrower is likely to incur in estimación del monto o rango de cargos, para servicios de
connection with the mortgage transaction. liquidación específicos en los que el prestatario pueda
incurrir en relación con la transacción de la hipoteca.
Government Mortgage. A mortgage loan that is insured Hipoteca del Gobierno. Un préstamo hipotecario que está
or guaranteed by a federal government entity such as the asegurado o garantizado por una entidad del gobierno
Federal Housing Administration (FHA), the U.S. federal como la Administración Federal de Vivienda
Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), or the Rural (FHA), el Departamento de Asuntos de Veteranos (VA) de
Housing Service (RHS). los Estados Unidos o el Servicio de Vivienda Rural (RHS).
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Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate
Government National Mortgage Association (Ginnie Asociación Nacional Hipotecaria del Gobierno (Ginnie
Mae). A government‐owned corporation within the U.S. Mae). Una corporación de propiedad gubernamental
Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) dentro del Departamento de Vivienda y Desarrollo
that guarantees securities backed by mortgages that are Urbano (HUD) de los Estados Unidos que garantiza
insured or guaranteed by other government agencies. valores respaldados por hipotecas que están aseguradas
Popularly known as "Ginnie Mae." o garantizadas por otras agencias gubernamentales.
Popularmente conocido como "Ginnie Mae".
Gross Monthly Income. The income you earn in a month Ingresos mensuales brutos. Los ingresos que usted gana
before taxes and other deductions. It also may include en un mes antes de impuestos y otras deducciones.
rental income, self‐employed income, income from También puede incluir ingresos por alquiler, ingresos por
alimony, child support, public assistance payments, and cuenta propia, ingresos por pensión alimenticia,
retirement benefits. manutención infantil, pagos de asistencia pública y
beneficios de jubilación.
Ground Rent. Payment for the use of land when title to a Renta de la tierra. El pago por el uso de la tierra cuando el
property is held as a leasehold estate (that is, the título de una propiedad se mantiene como un patrimonio
borrower does not actually own the property, but has a de arrendamiento (es decir, el prestatario no posee
long‐term lease on it). realmente la propiedad, sino que tiene un contrato de
arrendamiento a largo plazo).
Growing‐Equity Mortgage (GEM). A fixed‐rate mortgage Hipoteca de capital creciente (GEM). Una hipoteca de
in which the monthly payments increase according to an tasa fija en la cual los pagos mensuales aumentan de
agreed‐upon schedule, with the extra funds applied to acuerdo con un cronograma acordado, con los fondos
reduce the loan balance and loan term. adicionales aplicados para reducir el saldo del préstamo y
el plazo del préstamo.
Guaranteed Student Loan. An extension of credit from a Préstamo garantizado para estudiantes. Una extensión de
financial institution that is guaranteed by a Federal or crédito de una institución financiera que está garantizada
State government entity to assist with tuition and other por una entidad del gobierno federal o estatal para
educational expenses. The government entity is ayudar con la matrícula y otros gastos educativos. La
responsible for paying the interest on the loan and entidad gubernamental es responsable de pagar los
paying the lender to manage it. The government entity intereses del préstamo y pagar al prestamista para que lo
also is responsible for the loan if the student defaults. administre. La entidad gubernamental también es
responsable del préstamo si el estudiante no cumple.
Guarantor. A party who agrees to be responsible for the Garante. Una parte que acepta ser responsable por el
payment of another party's debts should that party pago de las deudas de otra parte debe de esa parte
default. incumplir.
Hazard Insurance. Insurance coverage that compensates Seguro de riesgos. Cobertura de seguro que compensa el
for physical damage to a property from fire, wind, daño físico a una propiedad por incendio, viento,
vandalism, or other covered hazards or natural disasters. vandalismo u otros peligros cubiertos o desastres
naturales.
Health savings account (HSA). An account that people Cuenta de ahorros para la salud (HSA). Una cuenta que las
can use to save for medical expenses that are not personas pueden usar para ahorrar para gastos médicos
covered by their health plan. que no están cubiertos por su plan de salud.
Hold. Used to indicate that a certain amount of a En espera. Se utiliza para indicar que no se puede retirar
customer's balance may not be withdrawn until an item una cierta cantidad del saldo de un cliente hasta que se
has been collected, or until a specific check or debit is haya cobrado un artículo, o hasta que se publique un
posted. cheque o débito específico.
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Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate
Home Equity Conversion Mortgage (HECM). A special Hipoteca de conversión de capital en la vivienda (HECM).
type of mortgage developed and insured by the Federal Un tipo especial de hipoteca desarrollada y asegurada por
Housing Administration (FHA) that enables older home la Administración Federal de Vivienda (FHA, por sus siglas
owners to convert the equity they have in their homes en inglés) que permite a los propietarios de viviendas más
into cash, using a variety of payment options to address antiguas convertir el capital que tienen en sus hogares en
their specific financial needs. Sometimes called a efectivo, utilizando una variedad de opciones de pago
"reverse mortgage." para satisfacer sus necesidades financieras específicas. A
veces se llama una "hipoteca inversa".
Home Equity Line of Credit (HELOC). A line of credit Línea de crédito hipotecario (HELOC). Una línea de crédito
secured by the equity in a consumer's home. It can be garantizada por la equidad en la casa de un consumidor.
used for home improvements, debt consolidation, and Puede usarse para mejoras en el hogar, consolidación de
other major purchases. Interest paid on the loan is deudas y otras compras importantes. Los intereses
generally tax deductible (consult a tax advisor to be pagados sobre el préstamo generalmente son deducibles
sure). The funds may be accessed by writing checks de impuestos (consulte a un asesor fiscal para estar
against the line of credit or by getting a cash advance. seguro). Se puede acceder a los fondos escribiendo
cheques contra la línea de crédito o obteniendo un
anticipo en efectivo.
Home Equity Loan. A home equity loan allows you to tap Préstamo con garantía hipotecaria. Un préstamo con
into your home's built‐up equity, which is the difference garantía hipotecaria le permite aprovechar el capital
between the amount that your home could be sold for acumulado de su vivienda, que es la diferencia entre la
and the amount that you still owe. cantidad por la que podría venderse su vivienda y la
cantidad que aún debe.
Home Inspection. A professional inspection of a home to Inspección de viviendas. Una inspección profesional de
determine the condition of the property. The inspection una casa para determinar la condición de la propiedad. La
should include an evaluation of the plumbing, heating inspección debe incluir una evaluación de los sistemas de
and cooling systems, roof, wiring, foundation and pest plomería, calefacción y refrigeración, techo, cableado,
infestation. cimientos e infestación de plagas.
Homeowners' Association. An organization of Asociación de Propietarios. Una organización de
homeowners residing within a particular area whose propietarios que residen dentro de un área en particular
principal purpose is to ensure the provision and cuyo objetivo principal es garantizar la provisión y el
maintenance of community facilities and services for the mantenimiento de instalaciones y servicios comunitarios
common benefit of the residents. para el beneficio común de los residentes.
Homeowner's Insurance. A policy that protects you and Seguro para propietarios de casas. Una política que lo
the lender from fire or flood, which damages the protege a usted y al prestamista contra incendios o
structure of the house; a liability, such as an injury to a inundaciones que dañan la estructura de la casa; una
visitor to your home; or damage to your personal responsabilidad, como una lesión a un visitante de su
property, such as your furniture, clothes or appliances. hogar; o daños a su propiedad personal, como sus
muebles, ropa o electrodomésticos.
Homeowner's Warranty (HOW). Insurance offered by a Garantía de propietario de vivienda (CÓMO). Seguro
seller that covers certain home repairs and fixtures for a ofrecido por un vendedor que cubre ciertas reparaciones
specified period of time. y accesorios del hogar por un período de tiempo
específico.
Housing Expense Ratio. The percentage of your gross Porcentaje de gastos de vivienda. El porcentaje de su
monthly income that goes toward paying for your ingreso mensual bruto que se destina al pago de sus
housing expenses. gastos de vivienda.
HUD‐1 Settlement Statement. A final listing of the closing Declaración de liquidación HUD‐1. Un listado final de los
costs of the mortgage transaction. It provides the sales costos de cierre de la transacción hipotecaria.
price and down payment, as well as the total settlement Proporciona el precio de venta y el pago inicial, así como
costs required from the buyer and seller.
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Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate
los costos totales de liquidación requeridos por el
comprador y el vendedor.
Hybrid Loan. An adjustable‐rate mortgage (ARM) that Préstamo híbrido. Una hipoteca de tasa ajustable (ARM)
que ofrece una tasa fija por un período inicial,
offers a fixed rate for an initial period, typically three to
ten years, and then adjusts every six months, annually, or generalmente de tres a diez años, y luego se ajusta cada
at another specified period, for the remainder of the seis meses, anualmente, o en otro período específico, por
term. el resto del plazo.
Inactive account. An account that hasn’t had a deposit or Cuenta inactiva. Una cuenta que no ha tenido un depósito
a withdrawal within a certain (usually extended) period o retiro en un período de tiempo determinado
of time. (generalmente extendido).
Income Property. Real estate developed or purchased to Propiedad de ingresos. Bienes raíces desarrollados o
produce income, such as a rental unit. comprados para generar ingresos, como una unidad de
alquiler.
Index. A statistical measure of change in an economy or a Índice. Una medida estadística del cambio en una
securities market. When referring to financial markets, economía o en un mercado de valores. Cuando se hace
an index is an imaginary portfolio of securities referencia a los mercados financieros, un índice es una
representing a particular market or a portion of it. cartera imaginaria de valores que representa un mercado
en particular o una parte de él.
Index‐linked Certificate of Deposit. An index‐linked CD is Índice de certificado de depósito. Un CD vinculado a un
a deposit obligation of the issuing bank and is often sold índice es una obligación de depósito del banco emisor y
through bank branches and affiliated and unaffiliated con frecuencia se vende a través de sucursales bancarias
brokers. Index‐linked CDs provide the investor the ability y corredores afiliados y no afiliados. Los CD vinculados a
to participate in the appreciation, if any, of a particular un índice brindan al inversionista la capacidad de
index, during the term of the CD. Index‐linked CDs may participar en la apreciación, si la hubiera, de un índice en
have complicated payout structures and may not be particular, durante el término del CD. Los CD vinculados a
suitable or appropriate for all investors. Investors should índices pueden tener estructuras de pago complicadas y
carefully review the investment risk considerations pueden no ser adecuados o apropiados para todos los
detailed in the relevant offering documents and inversores. Los inversores deben revisar cuidadosamente
disclosure statements. Index‐linked CDs are not securities las consideraciones de riesgo de inversión detalladas en
and are not registered under securities laws. los documentos de oferta y declaraciones de divulgación
relevantes. Los CD vinculados a un índice no son valores y
no están registrados conforme a las leyes de valores.
Individual Retirement Account (IRA). A tax‐deferred plan Cuenta de Retiro Individual (IRA). Un plan con impuestos
that can help you build a retirement nest egg. diferidos que puede ayudarlo a construir una reserva de
jubilación.
Inflation. An increase in prices. Inflación. Un aumento de los precios.
Initial Interest Rate. The original interest rate for an Tasa de interés inicial. La tasa de interés original para una
adjustable‐rate mortgage (ARM). Sometimes known as hipoteca de tasa ajustable (ARM). A veces conocido como
the "start rate." la "tasa de inicio".
Inquiry. A request for a copy of your credit report by a Investigación. Una solicitud de una copia de su informe de
lender or other business, often when you fill out a credit crédito por parte de un prestamista u otra empresa, a
application and/or request more credit. Too many menudo cuando completa una solicitud de crédito y / o
inquiries on a credit report can hurt your credit score; solicita más crédito. Demasiadas consultas sobre un
however, most credit scores are not affected by multiple informe de crédito pueden perjudicar su puntaje de
inquiries from auto or mortgage lenders within a short crédito; sin embargo, la mayoría de las puntuaciones de
period of time. crédito no se ven afectadas por las múltiples consultas de
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Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate
los prestamistas de automóviles o hipotecas en un corto
período de tiempo.
Installment Debt. A loan that is repaid in accordance with Deuda a plazos. Un préstamo que se devuelve de acuerdo
a schedule of payments for a specified term (such as an con un calendario de pagos para un plazo específico
automobile loan). (como un préstamo automotor).
Installment. The regular periodic payment that a Entrega. El pago periódico regular que un prestatario
borrower agrees to make to a lender. acepta hacer a un prestamista.
Insufficient Funds. When a depositor's checking account Fondos insuficientes. Cuando el saldo de la cuenta de
balance is inadequate to pay a check presented for cheques del depositante es inadecuado para pagar un
payment. cheque presentado para el pago.
Insurance (Hazard). Insurance to protect the homeowner Seguros (Peligro). Seguro para proteger al propietario y al
and the lender against physical damage to a property prestamista contra daños físicos a una propiedad de
from sources such as but not limited to fire, wind, or fuentes tales como, entre otros, incendios, vientos o
vandalism. vandalismo.
Insured Deposits. Deposits held in financial institutions Depósitos Asegurados. Depósitos mantenidos en
that are guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance instituciones financieras que están garantizados por la
Corporation (FDIC) against loss due to bank failure. Corporación Federal de Seguros de Depósitos (FDIC, por
sus siglas en inglés) contra pérdidas debido a fallas
bancarias.
Interest Accrual Rate. The percentage rate at which Tasa de interés devengado. La tasa de porcentaje a la que
interest accumulates or increases on a mortgage loan. el interés se acumula o aumenta en un préstamo
hipotecario.
Interest Rate Cap. For an adjustable‐rate mortgage Tasa de interés máximo. Para una hipoteca de tasa
(ARM), a limitation on the amount the interest rate can ajustable (ARM), una limitación en la cantidad que la tasa
change per adjustment or over the lifetime of the loan, de interés puede cambiar por ajuste o durante la vida del
as stated in the note. préstamo, como se indica en la nota.
Interest Rate Ceiling. For an adjustable‐rate mortgage Techo de tasa de interés. Para una hipoteca de tasa
(ARM), the maximum interest rate, as specified in the ajustable (ARM), la tasa de interés máxima, como se
mortgage note. especifica en la nota de la hipoteca.
Interest Rate Floor. For an adjustable‐rate mortgage Piso de tasa de interés. Para una hipoteca de tasa
(ARM), the minimum interest rate, as specified in the ajustable (ARM), la tasa de interés mínima, como se
mortgage note. especifica en la nota de la hipoteca.
Interest rate. The amount paid by a borrower to a lender Tasa de interés. La cantidad pagada por un prestatario a
over a certain period of time. un prestamista durante un cierto período de tiempo.
Interest. The amount of money accrued (added to an Interés. La cantidad de dinero acumulado (agregado a una
account) or the cost (fees or charges) associated with the cuenta) o el costo (tarifas o cargos) asociado con el uso
use of money. del dinero.
Interest‐bearing account. An account that earns interest. Cuenta con intereses. Una cuenta que gana intereses.
Investment Property. A property purchased to generate Propiedad de inversión. Una propiedad comprada para
rental income, tax benefits, or profitable resale rather generar ingresos de alquiler, beneficios fiscales o reventa
than to serve as the borrower's primary residence. rentable en lugar de servir como la residencia principal
del prestatario.
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Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate
Involuntary bankruptcy‐one or more creditors of an Quiebra involuntaria: uno o más acreedores de un deudor
insolvent debtor file a petition having the debtor insolvente presentan una petición en la que el deudor se
declared bankrupt. Voluntary bankruptcy‐the debtor files declara en quiebra. Quiebra voluntaria: el deudor
presenta una petición por la cual no puede cumplir con
a petition claiming inability to meet financial obligations
and willingness to be declared bankrupt. sus obligaciones financieras y está dispuesta a declararse
en quiebra.
IRA. An Individual Retirement Account (IRA) is an account IRA. Una Cuenta de Retiro Individual (IRA) es una cuenta
that provides either a tax‐deferred or tax‐free way for que proporciona una forma de impuestos diferidos o
you to save for retirement. There are many different libres de impuestos para que usted pueda ahorrar para su
types of IRAs but Roth, Traditional and Rollover IRAs are jubilación. Hay muchos tipos diferentes de IRA, pero las
the most common. Within an IRA, some people invest in IRA Roth, Tradicional y Rollover son las más comunes.
mutual funds or stocks, while others may choose bank Dentro de una cuenta IRA, algunas personas invierten en
products such as CDs and money market savings fondos mutuos o acciones, mientras que otras pueden
accounts. Each IRA has certain eligibility requirements elegir productos bancarios como CD y cuentas de ahorro
and unique features. del mercado monetario. Cada IRA tiene ciertos requisitos
de elegibilidad y características únicas.
Joint account. An account that is owned by 2 or more Cuenta compartida. Una cuenta que es propiedad de 2 o
people. más personas.
Judgment Lien. A lien on the property of a debtor Juicio de Gravamen. Un gravamen sobre la propiedad de
resulting from the decree of a court. un deudor resultante del decreto de un tribunal.
Jumbo Loan. A loan that exceeds the mortgage amount Préstamo Jumbo. Un préstamo que exceda el monto de la
eligible for purchase by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac. Also hipoteca elegible para ser comprado por Fannie Mae o
called "non‐conforming loan." Freddie Mac. También se llama "préstamo no conforme".
Keogh Funds. A tax‐deferred retirement‐savings plan for Fondos de Keogh. Un plan de ahorro de jubilación con
small business a lender for the money it has loaned to impuestos diferidos para pequeñas empresas, un
owners or self‐employed individuals who have earned prestamista por el dinero que ha prestado a propietarios
income from their trade or business. Contributions to the o personas que trabajan por cuenta propia que han
Keogh plan are tax‐deductible. obtenido ingresos de su oficio o negocio. Las
contribuciones al plan de Keogh son deducibles de
impuestos.
Kiting. Writing a check in an amount that will overdraw Kiting. Escribir un cheque en una cantidad que
the account but making up the deficiency by depositing sobregirará la cuenta pero compensando la deficiencia
another check on another bank. For example, mailing a depositando otro cheque en otro banco. Por ejemplo,
check for the mortgage when your checking account has enviar un cheque por la hipoteca cuando su cuenta de
insufficient funds to cover the check, but counting on cheques no tiene fondos suficientes para cubrir el
receiving and depositing your paycheck before the cheque, pero contando con recibir y depositar su cheque
mortgage company presents the check for payment. de pago antes de que la compañía hipotecaria presente el
cheque para el pago.
Late Charge. The fee charged for delinquent payment on Cargo por retraso. La tarifa cobrada por el pago en mora
an installment loan, usually expressed as a percentage of en un préstamo a plazos, generalmente expresada como
the loan balance or payment. Also, a penalty imposed by un porcentaje del saldo o pago del préstamo. Además,
a card issuer against a cardholder's account for failing to una multa impuesta por un emisor de la tarjeta contra la
make minimum payments. cuenta del titular de una tarjeta por no realizar los pagos
mínimos.
Lease. A contract transferring the use of property or Arrendamiento. Un contrato que transfiere el uso de la
occupancy of land, space, structures, or equipment in propiedad o la ocupación de terrenos, espacios,
consideration of a payment (e.g., rent). estructuras o equipos en consideración de un pago (por
ejemplo, alquiler).
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Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate
Lease‐Purchase Option. An option sometimes used by Opción de arrendamiento‐compra. Una opción a veces
sellers to rent a property to a consumer, who has the utilizada por los vendedores para alquilar una propiedad a
option to buy the home within a specified period of time. un consumidor, que tiene la opción de comprar la casa
Typically, part of each rental payment is put aside for the dentro de un período de tiempo específico. Por lo
purpose of accumulating funds to pay the down payment general, parte de cada pago de alquiler se aparta con el
and closing costs. fin de acumular fondos para pagar el anticipo y los costos
de cierre.
Lender. An individual or financial institution that lends Prestamista. Un individuo o institución financiera que
money with the expectation that the money will be presta dinero con la expectativa de que el dinero será
returned with interest. devuelto con intereses.
Liabilities. Claims (bills, invoices, etc.) against a Pasivo. Reclamaciones (facturas, facturas, etc.) contra una
corporation or person that are due to be paid. corporación o persona que deben pagarse.
Liability Insurance. Insurance coverage that protects Seguro de responsabilidad. Cobertura de seguro que
property owners against claims of negligence, personal protege a los propietarios contra reclamaciones por
injury or property damage to another party. negligencia, lesiones personales o daños a la propiedad
de otra parte.
LIBOR‐Index. An index used to determine interest rate LIBOR‐Index. Un índice que se utiliza para determinar los
changes for certain adjustable‐rate mortgage (ARM) cambios en la tasa de interés para ciertos planes de
plans, based on the average interest rate at which hipotecas de tasa ajustable (ARM), en función de la tasa
international banks lend to or borrow funds from the de interés promedio a la que los bancos internacionales
London Interbank Market. prestan o piden préstamos al London Interbank Market.
Lien. The lawful right to sell the mortgaged or collateral Derecho de retención. El derecho legal de vender la
property of those who fail to meet the obligation of a propiedad hipotecada o colateral de quienes no cumplan
loan contract. con la obligación de un contrato de préstamo.
Lifetime Cap. For an adjustable‐rate mortgage (ARM), a Límite de toda la vida. Para una hipoteca de tasa ajustable
limit on the amount that the interest rate or monthly (ARM), un límite en la cantidad que la tasa de interés o el
payment can increase or decrease over the life of the pago mensual puede aumentar o disminuir durante la
loan. vida del préstamo.
Line of Credit. A pre‐approved loan authorization with a Línea de crédito. Una autorización de préstamo pre‐
specific borrowing limit based on creditworthiness. A line aprobada con un límite de préstamo específico basado en
of credit allows borrowers to obtain a number of loans la solvencia. Una línea de crédito permite a los
without re‐applying each time as long as the total of prestatarios obtener una serie de préstamos sin volver a
borrowed funds does not exceed the credit limit. solicitarlos siempre que el total de los fondos prestados
no exceda el límite de crédito.
Linked account. Any account linked to another account at Cuenta vinculada Cualquier cuenta vinculada a otra
the same financial institution so that funds can be cuenta en la misma institución financiera para que los
transferred electronically between accounts. In some fondos puedan transferirse electrónicamente entre
cases, the combined balance of all linked accounts may cuentas. En algunos casos, el saldo combinado de todas
determine whether monthly maintenance and other fees las cuentas vinculadas puede determinar si el
are applied to the account. mantenimiento mensual y otras tarifas se aplican a la
cuenta.
Liquid Asset. A cash asset or an asset that is easily Activo líquido. Un activo en efectivo o un activo que se
converted into cash. convierte fácilmente en efectivo.
Liquidity. The part of total assets that is available. Liquidez. La parte del total de activos que está disponible.
Liquidity includes funds not held in fixed assets (such as La liquidez incluye fondos que no se mantienen en activos
property or an investment account) and not loaned to a fijos (como una propiedad o una cuenta de inversión) y
person. no se prestan a una persona.
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Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate
Loan Contract. The written agreement between a Contrato de préstamo. El acuerdo escrito entre un
borrower and a lender in which the terms and conditions prestatario y un prestamista en el que se establecen los
of the loan are set. términos y condiciones del préstamo.
Loan Fee. A fee charged by a lender to make a loan (in Cuota de préstamo. Un cargo cobrado por un prestamista
addition to the interest charged to the borrower). para hacer un préstamo (además de los intereses
cobrados al prestatario).
Loan Modification Provision. A contractual agreement in Disposición de modificación de préstamo. Un acuerdo
a loan that allows the borrower or lender to permanently contractual en un préstamo que le permite al prestatario
change one or more of the terms of the original contract. o al prestamista cambiar permanentemente uno o más de
los términos del contrato original.
Loan Origination Fees. Fees paid to your mortgage lender Honorarios de origen del préstamo. Cargos pagados a su
or broker for processing the mortgage application. This prestamista hipotecario o agente para procesar la
fee is usually in the form of points. One‐point equals one solicitud de hipoteca. Esta tarifa suele ser en forma de
percent of the mortgage amount. puntos. Un punto equivale al uno por ciento del monto de
la hipoteca.
Loan Origination. The process by which a loan is made, Origen del préstamo. El proceso por el cual se otorga un
which may include taking a loan application, processing préstamo, que puede incluir tomar una solicitud de
and underwriting the application, and closing the loan. préstamo, procesar y suscribir la solicitud, y cerrar el
préstamo.
Loan Proceeds. The net amount of funds that a lending Ingresos por préstamos. La cantidad neta de fondos que
institution disburses under the terms of a loan, and una institución de crédito desembolsa bajo los términos
which the borrower then owes. de un préstamo, y que el prestatario debe.
Loan‐to‐value (LTV) ratio. A number that measures the Relación préstamo / valor (LTV). Un número que mide la
ratio of the mortgage amount to the property value. LTV relación entre el monto de la hipoteca y el valor de la
is calculated by dividing the mortgage amount by the propiedad. El LTV se calcula dividiendo el monto de la
appraised value of the property. It is expressed as a hipoteca por el valor de tasación de la propiedad. Se
percentage. expresa como un porcentaje.
Local Check. A check payable by, at, or through a bank in Cheque local. Un cheque pagadero por, en, o a través de
the same check processing region as the location of the un banco en la misma región de procesamiento de
branch of the depository bank. The depository bank is cheques que la ubicación de la sucursal del banco
the bank into which the check was deposited. As of depositario. El banco depositario es el banco en el que se
February 27, 2010, the Federal Reserve consolidated its depositó el cheque. A partir del 27 de febrero de 2010, la
checking processing centers into one processing center. Reserva Federal consolidó sus centros de procesamiento
Therefore, all checks are now considered local. de cheques en un solo centro de procesamiento. Por lo
tanto, todos los controles ahora se consideran locales.
Lock‐In Rate. A written agreement guaranteeing a Tasa final. Un acuerdo por escrito que garantiza una tasa
specific mortgage interest rate for a certain amount of de interés hipotecaria específica durante un período de
time. tiempo determinado.
Low‐Down‐Payment Feature. A feature of some Característica de pago inicial bajo. Una característica de
mortgages, usually fixed‐rate mortgages, that helps you algunas hipotecas, generalmente hipotecas de tasa fija,
buy a home with a low‐down payment. que lo ayuda a comprar una casa con un pago inicial bajo.
Manufactured (mobile) home. A structure, built on a Casa prefabricada (móvil). Una estructura, construida
permanent chassis, transported to a site in one or more sobre un chasis permanente, transportada a un sitio en
sections, and affixed to a permanent foundation. The una o más secciones y fijada a una base permanente. El
term does not include recreational vehicles. término no incluye vehículos recreativos.
Margin. A percentage added to the index for an Margen. Un porcentaje agregado al índice para una
adjustable‐rate mortgage (ARM) to establish the interest hipoteca de tasa ajustable (ARM) para establecer la tasa
rate on each adjustment date. de interés en cada fecha de ajuste.
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Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate
Market Value. The current value of your home based on Valor de mercado. El valor actual de su hogar basado en
what a purchaser would pay. An appraisal is sometimes lo que pagaría un comprador. Una evaluación se utiliza a
used to determine market value. veces para determinar el valor de mercado.
Maturity Date. The date on which a mortgage loan is Fecha de vencimiento. La fecha en la cual un préstamo
scheduled to be paid in full, as stated in the note. hipotecario está programado para ser pagado en su
totalidad, como se indica en la nota.
Maturity. The date when a note or a principal obligation Madurez. La fecha en que una nota o una obligación
becomes due and payable (its term ends). principal se vence y es pagadera (su término termina).
Informe de crédito fusionado. Un informe de crédito
Merged Credit Report. A credit report issued by a credit
reporting company that combines information from two emitido por una compañía de informes de crédito que
or three major credit bureaus. combina información de dos o tres oficinas de crédito
principales.
Minimum Balance. The amount of money required to be Balance mínimo. La cantidad de dinero requerida para
on deposit in an account to qualify the depositor for estar en depósito en una cuenta para calificar al
special services or to waive a service charge. depositante para servicios especiales o para renunciar a
un cargo por servicio.
Minimum daily balance. The lowest end‐of‐day balance Saldo mínimo diario. El saldo más bajo al final del día en
in an account during a statement cycle; a certain una cuenta durante un ciclo de estado de cuenta; a
minimum daily balance is often required with interest‐ menudo se requiere un cierto saldo diario mínimo con las
bearing accounts to avoid a monthly maintenance fee or cuentas que generan intereses para evitar una tarifa de
qualify for special services. mantenimiento mensual o calificar para servicios
especiales.
Minimum Payment. The minimum dollar amount that Pago mínimo. El monto mínimo en dólares que se debe
must be paid each month on a loan, line of credit, or pagar cada mes en un préstamo, línea de crédito u otra
other debt. deuda.
Missing Payment. A payment that has been made but not Falta el pago. Un pago que se ha realizado, pero no se ha
credited to the appropriate account. acreditado a la cuenta correspondiente.
Mobile home. To be eligible for coverage under the Casa móvil. Para ser elegible para la cobertura bajo el
National Flood Insurance Program, a mobile home must Programa Nacional de Seguro contra Inundaciones, una
be on a permanent foundation and meet specific casa móvil debe estar en una base permanente y cumplir
anchoring requirements for it location. con los requisitos de anclaje específicos para su
ubicación.
Mobile wallet. A mobile wallet, which is a type of digital Cartera móvil. Una billetera móvil, que es un tipo de
wallet, stores your physical credit and debit cards in your billetera digital, almacena sus tarjetas de crédito y débito
mobile device as virtual cards, allowing you to make físicas en su dispositivo móvil como tarjetas virtuales, lo
purchases at participating merchants. que le permite realizar compras en los comercios
participantes.
Modification. Any change to the terms of a mortgage Modificación. Cualquier cambio en los términos de un
loan, including changes to the interest rate, loan balance, préstamo hipotecario, incluidos los cambios en la tasa de
or loan term. interés, el saldo del préstamo o el plazo del préstamo.
Money Market Account. A type of investment in which Cuenta del mercado monetario. Un tipo de inversión en la
funds are invested in short‐term securities. que los fondos se invierten en valores a corto plazo.
Money Market Fund. An open‐ended mutual fund that Fondo del mercado Monetario. Un fondo mutuo de
invests in short‐term debts and monetary instruments inversión abierta que invierte en deudas a corto plazo e
such as Treasury bills and pays money market rates of instrumentos monetarios, como los bonos del Tesoro y
interest. Money market funds usually offer check writing que paga las tasas de interés del mercado monetario. Los
privileges. They are not insured by the FDIC. fondos del mercado monetario generalmente ofrecen
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Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate
privilegios de escritura de cheques. No están asegurados
por la FDIC.
Money order. A financial instrument, issued by a bank or Giro postal. Un instrumento financiero, emitido por un
other institution, allowing the individual named on the banco u otra institución, que permite que la persona
order to receive a specified amount of cash on demand. nombrada en la orden reciba una cantidad específica de
Often used by people who do not have checking efectivo a pedido. A menudo es utilizado por personas
accounts. que no tienen cuentas corrientes.
Monthly maintenance fee. The fee charged to maintain a Cuota Mensual de Mantenimiento. La tarifa cobrada para
particular account. mantener una cuenta en particular, como una cuenta
corriente o una cuenta de ahorros.
Mortgage Broker. An individual or firm that brings Agente hipotecario. Una persona o empresa que reúne a
borrowers and lenders together for the purpose of loan prestatarios y prestamistas con el propósito de originar
origination. A mortgage broker typically takes loan un préstamo. Un agente hipotecario normalmente acepta
applications and may process loans. A mortgage broker solicitudes de préstamo y puede procesar préstamos. Un
also may close the loan. agente hipotecario también puede cerrar el préstamo.
Mortgage Insurance (MI). Insurance that protects lenders Seguro Hipotecario (MI). Seguro que protege a los
against losses caused by a borrower's default on a prestamistas contra pérdidas causadas por el
mortgage loan. MI typically is required if the borrower's incumplimiento de un prestatario en un préstamo
down payment is less than 20 percent of the purchase hipotecario. Por lo general, se requiere MI si el pago
price. inicial del prestatario es inferior al 20 por ciento del
precio de compra.
Mortgage Insurance Premium (MIP). The amount paid by Prima de seguro hipotecario (MIP). La cantidad pagada
a borrower for mortgage insurance, either to a por un prestatario por el seguro hipotecario ya sea a una
government agency such as the Federal Housing agencia gubernamental como la Administración Federal
Administration (FHA) or to a private mortgage insurance de Vivienda (FHA) o a una compañía de seguros
(PMI) company. hipotecarios privados (PMI).
Mortgage Lender. The lender providing funds for a Prestamista hipotecario. El prestamista que proporciona
mortgage. Lenders also manage the credit and financial los fondos para una hipoteca. Los prestamistas también
information review, the property and the loan administran la revisión de la información crediticia y
application process through closing. financiera, la propiedad y el proceso de solicitud de
préstamo hasta el cierre.
Mortgage Life Insurance. A type of insurance that will pay Seguro de Vida Hipotecario. Un tipo de seguro que pagará
off a mortgage if the borrower dies while the loan is una hipoteca si el prestatario fallece mientras el préstamo
outstanding; a form of credit life insurance. está pendiente; Una forma de seguro de vida de crédito.
Mortgage Loan. A loan made by a lender to a borrower Préstamo hipotecario. Un préstamo hecho por un
for the financing of real property. prestamista a un prestatario para la financiación de
bienes inmuebles.
Mortgage Rate. The interest rate you pay to borrow the Tasa de interés hipotecario. La tasa de interés que usted
money to buy your house. paga para pedir prestado el dinero para comprar su casa.
Mortgagee. The institution or individual to whom a Acreedor hipotecario. La institución o persona a quien se
mortgage is given. le otorga una hipoteca.
Mortgagor. The borrower in a mortgage loan Prestatario de hipoteca. El prestatario en una relación de
relationship. (Property is used as collateral to make préstamo hipotecario. (La propiedad se utiliza como
payment.) garantía para realizar el pago).
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Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate
Multi‐factor authentication (MFA). A way to strengthen Autenticación multifactorial (MFA). Una forma de
the level of security on a login by adding an additional fortalecer el nivel de seguridad en un inicio de sesión
end user authentication factor, such as a texted or agregando un factor de autenticación de usuario final
emailed confirmation code. MFA helps to protect against adicional, como un código de confirmación enviado por
fraudulent activities online. correo electrónico o mensaje de texto. MFA ayuda a
proteger contra las actividades fraudulentas en línea.
Multifamily Mortgage. A mortgage loan on a building Hipoteca multifamiliar. Un préstamo hipotecario en un
with five or more dwelling units. edificio con cinco o más unidades de vivienda.
Multifamily Properties. Typically, buildings with five or Propiedades multifamiliares. Típicamente, edificios con
more dwelling units. cinco o más unidades de vivienda.
Multiple Listing Service (MLS). A clearinghouse through Servicio de listado múltiple (MLS). Un centro de
which member real estate brokerage firms regularly and intercambio de información a través del cual las firmas de
systematically exchange information on listings of real corretaje de bienes raíces miembros intercambian
estate properties and share commissions with members información de manera regular y sistemática sobre
who locate purchasers. The MLS for an area is usually listados de propiedades inmobiliarias y comparten
comisiones con los miembros que ubican a los
operated by the local, private real estate association as a
joint venture among its members designed to foster real compradores. El MLS para un área generalmente es
estate brokerage services. operado por la asociación local de bienes raíces privada
como una empresa conjunta entre sus miembros
diseñada para fomentar los servicios de corretaje de
bienes raíces.
Mutual Fund. A fund operated by an investment Fondo de inversión. Un fondo operado por una compañía
company that raises money from shareholders and de inversión que recauda dinero de los accionistas y lo
invests it in stocks, bonds, options, commodities, or invierte en acciones, bonos, opciones, materias primas o
money market securities. These funds offer investors the valores del mercado monetario. Estos fondos ofrecen a
advantages of diversification and professional los inversores las ventajas de la diversificación y la gestión
management. To participate, the investor may pay fees profesional. Para participar, el inversionista puede pagar
and expenses. (Mutual funds are not covered by FDIC honorarios y gastos. (Los fondos mutuos no están
insurance). cubiertos por el seguro de la FDIC).
National Bank Examiner. An employee of the Comptroller Examinador del Banco Nacional. Un empleado de la
of the Currency whose function is to examine federally Contraloría de la Moneda cuya función es examinar las
chartered financial institutions. Examiners evaluate bank instituciones financieras autorizadas por el gobierno
activities and management processes to ensure national federal. Los examinadores evalúan las actividades
banks operate in a safe and sound manner and comply bancarias y los procesos de gestión para garantizar que
with laws and regulations. los bancos nacionales operen de manera segura y que
cumplan con las leyes y regulaciones.
National Bank. A bank that is subject to the supervision Banco Nacional. Un banco que está sujeto a la supervisión
of the Comptroller of the Currency. The Office of the del Contralor de la Moneda. La Oficina del Contralor de la
Comptroller of the Currency is a bureau of the U.S. Moneda es una oficina del Departamento del Tesoro de
Treasury Department. A national bank can be recognized los Estados Unidos. Un banco nacional puede ser
because it must have "national" or "national association" reconocido porque debe tener "nacional" o "asociación
in its name. nacional" en su nombre.
National Credit Union Administration (NCUA). The Administración Nacional de Cooperativas de Crédito
Federal regulatory agency that charters and supervises (NCUA). La agencia reguladora federal que registra y
Federal credit unions. (NCUA also administers the supervisa las cooperativas de crédito federales. (La NCUA
National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund, which también administra el Fondo Nacional de Seguro de
insures the deposits of Federal credit unions). Acciones de la Cooperativa de Crédito, que asegura los
depósitos de las cooperativas de crédito federales).
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Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate
National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). The program of Programa Nacional de Seguros contra Inundaciones
flood insurance coverage and floodplain management (NFIP). El programa de cobertura de seguro contra
administered under the Flood Disaster Protection Act inundaciones y el manejo de la planicie de inundación
(FDPA or Act) and applicable Federal regulations found in administrado bajo la Ley de Protección de Desastres por
Title 44 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Subchapter B. Inundación (FDPA o Ley) y las regulaciones federales
aplicables que se encuentran en el Título 44 del Código de
Normas Federales, subcapítulo B.
Negative Amortization. An increase in the balance of a Amortización negativa. Un aumento en el saldo de un
loan caused by adding unpaid interest to the loan préstamo causado por la adición de intereses no pagados
balance; this occurs when the payment does not cover al saldo del préstamo; esto ocurre cuando el pago no
the interest due. cubre los intereses adeudados.
Negotiable Order of Withdrawal Account (NOW). A Orden Negociable de Cuenta de Retiro (AHORA). Una
savings account from which withdrawals can be made by cuenta de ahorros desde la cual se pueden realizar retiros
negotiable orders of withdrawal (functional equivalent of mediante órdenes de retiro negociables (equivalente
checks). This is an interest‐bearing account for which the funcional de los cheques). Esta es una cuenta que genera
bank must reserve the right to require the depositor to intereses para la cual el banco debe reservarse el derecho
provide at least seven days notice of his/her intent to de exigirle al depositante que le notifique con al menos
withdraw funds. siete días de antelación su intención de retirar fondos.
Net Monthly Income. Your take‐home pay after taxes. It Ingreso mensual neto. Su paga para llevar después de
is the amount of money that you actually receive in your impuestos. Es la cantidad de dinero que realmente recibe
paycheck. en su cheque de pago.
Net Worth. The value of a company or individual's assets, Valor neto. El valor de los activos de una empresa o
including cash, less total liabilities. individuo, incluido el efectivo, menos los pasivos totales.
Non‐bank ATM. An ATM that does not display a bank’s Cajero automático no bancario. Un cajero automático que
name or logo. These ATMs usually have an added fee for no muestra el nombre o el logotipo de un banco. Estos
their use. cajeros automáticos generalmente tienen una tarifa
adicional por su uso.
Non‐Liquid Asset. An asset that cannot easily be Activo no líquido. Un activo que no se puede convertir
converted into cash. fácilmente en efectivo.
Not Automatically Protected. There are several types of No protegido automáticamente. Existen varios tipos de
Federal benefits that are not automatically protected beneficios federales que no están protegidos
under 31CFR 212. Federal benefits received by check automáticamente en virtud del 31CFR 212. Los beneficios
rather than direct deposit; Federal benefits received federales se reciben mediante cheque en lugar de
more than two months before the bank received the depósito directo; Los beneficios federales se recibieron
garnishment order or Federal benefits that were más de dos meses antes de que el banco recibiera la
transferred to another bank account. The benefits may orden de embargo o los beneficios federales que se
be exempt from garnishment, but you will have to alert transfirieron a otra cuenta bancaria. Los beneficios
the court or creditor. pueden estar exentos de embargo, pero deberá avisar a
la corte o al acreedor.
Note Rate. The interest rate stated on a mortgage note, Nota de Tasa. La tasa de interés indicada en una nota
or other loan agreement. hipotecaria u otro acuerdo de préstamo.
Note. A written promise to pay a specified amount under Nota. Una promesa escrita de pagar una cantidad
the agreed upon conditions. específica bajo las condiciones acordadas.
Offer. A formal bid from the home buyer to the home Oferta. Una oferta formal del comprador de la vivienda al
seller to purchase a home. vendedor de la vivienda para comprar una vivienda.
Official Check. A check drawn on a bank and signed by an Cheque oficial Un cheque girado en un banco y firmado
authorized bank official. (Also known as a cashier's por un funcionario bancario autorizado. (También
check.) conocido como cheque de caja).
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Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate
Offset, Right of. Banks' legal right to seize funds that a Derecho de compensación. El derecho legal de los bancos
guarantor or debtor may have on deposit to cover a loan a confiscar los fondos que un garante o deudor puede
in default. It is also known as right of setoff. tener en depósito para cubrir un préstamo en mora.
También se le conoce como derecho de compensación.
Online banking. Account information and services Banca en línea. Información de la cuenta y servicios
available online from a person’s banking institution. disponibles en línea en la institución bancaria de una
persona.
Open House. When the seller's real estate agent opens Casa para muestra. Cuando el agente de bienes raíces del
the seller's house to the public. You don't need a real vendedor abre la casa del vendedor al público. No
estate agent to attend an open house. necesita un agente de bienes raíces para asistir a una casa
abierta.
Open‐End Credit. A credit agreement (typically a credit Crédito renovable. Un acuerdo de crédito (generalmente
card) that allows a customer to borrow against a una tarjeta de crédito) que permite a un cliente pedir
preapproved credit line when purchasing goods and prestado contra una línea de crédito pre‐aprobada al
services. The borrower is only billed for the amount that comprar bienes y servicios. Al prestatario solo se le
is actually borrowed plus any interest due. (Also called a factura la cantidad que realmente se toma prestada más
charge account or revolving credit.) cualquier interés adeudado. (También llamada cuenta de
cargo o crédito renovable).
Operating Subsidiary. National banks conduct some of Subsidiaria operativa. Los bancos nacionales realizan
their banking activities through companies called algunas de sus actividades bancarias a través de empresas
operating subsidiaries. These subsidiaries are companies denominadas subsidiarias operativas. Estas subsidiarias
that are owned or controlled by a national bank and that, son compañías que son propiedad o están controladas
among other things, offer banking products and services por un banco nacional y que, entre otras cosas, ofrecen
such as loans, mortgages, and leases. The Office of the productos y servicios bancarios como préstamos,
Comptroller of the Currency supervises and regulates the hipotecas y arrendamientos. La Oficina del Contralor de la
activities of many of these operating subsidiaries. Moneda supervisa y regula las actividades de muchas de
estas subsidiarias operativas.
Original interest rate. The interest rate assigned when a Tasa de interés original. La tasa de interés asignada
CD account is opened. The original interest rate is listed cuando se abre una cuenta de CD. La tasa de interés
on your CD account receipt and statement. original aparece en el recibo y el estado de cuenta de su
CD.
Original Principal Balance. The total amount of principal Saldo principal original. La cantidad total del capital
owed on a mortgage before any payments are made. adeudado en una hipoteca antes de que se realicen los
pagos.
Origination Fee. A fee paid to a lender or broker to cover Cuota de origen. Una tarifa pagada a un prestamista o
the administrative costs of processing a loan application. corredor para cubrir los costos administrativos de
The origination fee typically is stated in the form of procesar una solicitud de préstamo. La tarifa de origen
points. One point is one percent of the mortgage normalmente se establece en forma de puntos. Un punto
amount. es el uno por ciento del monto de la hipoteca.
Outstanding Check. A check written by a depositor that Chequeo excepcional. Un cheque emitido por un
has not yet been presented for payment to or paid by the depositante que aún no ha sido presentado para su pago
depositor's bank. o pagado por el banco del depositante.
Overdraft Item (or NSF. Returned Item). An overdraft Artículo de sobregiro (o NSF. Artículo devuelto). Un
item is when you do not have enough available funds in artículo de sobregiro es cuando no tiene suficientes
your account to cover an item and we authorize and pay fondos disponibles en su cuenta para cubrir un artículo y
the item and overdraw your account. An NSF returned nosotros autorizamos y pagamos el artículo y
item is when we decline and return the item unpaid. See sobregiramos su cuenta. Un artículo NSF es devuelto
your Deposit Agreement and Disclosures and Personal cuando rechazamos y devolvemos el artículo sin pagar.
Schedule of Fees for additional information. Para obtener información adicional, consulte su Acuerdo
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Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate
de Depósito y Divulgaciones y el Programa Personal de
Cargos.
Overdraft protection. Protección de sobregiro.
Overdraft Settings. The overdraft setting for your Configuraciones de sobregiro. La configuración de
checking account determines how the bank handles your sobregiro para su cuenta de cheques determina cómo el
transactions when you don’t have enough money in your banco maneja sus transacciones cuando no tiene
checking account or your eligible linked Overdraft suficiente dinero en su cuenta de cheques o en su cuenta
Protection account at the time of the transaction. We de Protección de Sobregiros vinculada elegible al
pay overdrafts at our discretion based on factors such as momento de la transacción. A nuestra discreción,
the purchase or withdrawal amount and your account pagamos sobregiros según factores como el monto de la
history, which means we don’t guarantee that we’ll compra o el retiro y el historial de su cuenta, lo que
always authorize and pay any type of transaction. We significa que no garantizamos que siempre autorizaremos
typically don’t pay overdrafts if your account isn’t in good y pagaremos cualquier tipo de transacción. Por lo general,
standing or you aren’t making regular deposits. We no pagamos sobregiros si su cuenta no está al día o si
reserve the right to require you to pay overdrafts usted no realiza depósitos regularmente. Nos reservamos
immediately. See your Deposit Agreement and el derecho de exigirle que pague sobregiros
Disclosures for additional information. inmediatamente. Consulte su Acuerdo de Depósito y
Divulgaciones para obtener información adicional.
Overdraft. When the amount of money withdrawn from Sobregiro. Cuando la cantidad de dinero que se retira de
a bank account is greater than the amount actually una cuenta bancaria es mayor que la cantidad realmente
available in the account, the excess is known as an disponible en la cuenta, el exceso se conoce como
overdraft, and the account is said to be overdrawn. sobregiro, y se dice que la cuenta está sobregirada.
Overdraw. To write a check for an amount that exceeds Sobregiro. Para escribir un cheque por un monto que
the amount on deposit in the account. exceda el monto depositado en la cuenta.
Over limit. An open‐end credit account in which the Sobre el límite. Una cuenta de crédito abierta en la que se
assigned dollar limit has been exceeded. ha excedido el límite de dólares asignado.
Owner Financing. A transaction in which the property Financiamiento del propietario. Una transacción en la que
seller provides all or part of the financing for the buyer's el vendedor de la propiedad proporciona todo o parte de
purchase of the property. la financiación para la compra de la propiedad por parte
del comprador.
Owner‐Occupied Property. A property that serves as the Propiedad ocupada por el propietario. Una propiedad que
borrower's primary residence. sirve como residencia principal del prestatario.
Partial Payment. A payment that is less than the Pago parcial. Un pago que es menor que el pago mensual
scheduled monthly payment on a mortgage loan. programado de un préstamo hipotecario.
Participating Community. A community for which the Comunidad participante. Una comunidad para la cual la
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has Agencia Federal de Manejo de Emergencias (FEMA) ha
authorized the sale of flood insurance under the National autorizado la venta de seguros contra inundaciones bajo
Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). el Programa Nacional de Seguros contra Inundaciones
(NFIP).
Passbook. A book in ledger form in which are recorded all Libreta de depósitos. Un libro en forma de libro mayor en
deposits, withdrawals, and earnings of a customer's el que se registran todos los depósitos, retiros y ganancias
savings account. de la cuenta de ahorros de un cliente.
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Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate
Past Due Item. Any note or other time instrument of Artículo vencido. Cualquier nota u otro instrumento de
indebtedness that has not been paid on the due date. vencimiento que no haya sido pagado en la fecha de
vencimiento.
Payday Loans. A small‐dollar, short‐term loan that a Préstamos de día de pago. Un préstamo a corto plazo de
borrower promises to repay out of their next paycheck or un dólar pequeño que un prestatario promete reembolsar
deposit of funds. de su próximo cheque de pago o depósito de fondos.
Payee. The person or organization to whom a check, Portador. La persona u organización a quien se le paga un
draft, or note is made payable. cheque, giro o nota.
Paying (Payor) Bank. A bank upon which a check is drawn Banco pagador (pagador). Un banco en el que se extrae
and that pays a check or other draft. un cheque y que paga un cheque u otro giro.
Payment Cap. For an adjustable‐rate mortgage (ARM) or Techo de pago. Para una hipoteca de tasa ajustable
other variable rate loan, a limit on the amount that (ARM) u otro préstamo de tasa variable, un límite en la
payments can increase or decrease during any one cantidad que los pagos pueden aumentar o disminuir
adjustment period. durante cualquier período de ajuste.
Payment Change Date. The date on which a new monthly Fecha de cambio de pago. La fecha en que un nuevo
payment amount takes effect, for example, on an monto de pago mensual entra en vigencia, por ejemplo,
adjustable‐rate mortgage (ARM) loan. en un préstamo hipotecario de tasa ajustable (ARM).
Payment Due Date. The date on which a loan or Fecha de vencimiento del pago. La fecha en la cual un
installment payment is due. It is set by a financial pago de préstamo o pago a plazos vence. Es establecido
institution. Any payment received after this date is por una institución financiera. Cualquier pago recibido
considered late; fees and penalties can be assessed. después de esta fecha se considera tarde; Las tarifas y
multas pueden ser gravadas.
Payoff Statement. A formal statement prepared when a Declaración de pago. Una declaración formal preparada
loan payoff is contemplated. It shows the current status cuando se contempla el pago de un préstamo. Muestra el
of the loan account, all sums due, and the daily rate of estado actual de la cuenta del préstamo, todas las sumas
interest. debidas y la tasa diaria de interés.
Payoff. The complete repayment of a loan, including Saldar. El pago completo de un préstamo, incluido el
principal, interest, and any other amounts due. Payoff principal, los intereses y cualquier otra cantidad
occurs either over the full term of the loan or through adeudada. La liquidación se produce a lo largo del plazo
prepayments. completo del préstamo o mediante pagos anticipados.
Payor. The person or organization who pays. Pagador. La persona u organización que paga.
Periodic rate. A rate (such as interest) set on an account Tasa periódica. Una tasa (como el interés) establecida en
over a specific amount of time. una cuenta durante un período de tiempo específico.
Periodic Statement. The billing summary produced and Declaración periódica. El resumen de facturación
mailed at specified intervals, usually monthly. producido y enviado por correo a intervalos específicos,
generalmente mensuales.
Personal identification number (PIN). The unique number Número de identificación personal (PIN). El número único
you must use to access your account at an ATM or make que debe usar para acceder a su cuenta en un cajero
a purchase with a debit card. Your PIN should always be automático o hacer una compra con una tarjeta de
kept confidential. débito. Su PIN siempre debe mantenerse confidencial.
Personal Property. Any property that is not real property. Propiedad personal. Cualquier propiedad que no sea
propiedad real.
Phishing. The activity of defrauding an online account Suplantación de identidad. La actividad de estafar a un
holder of financial information by posing as a legitimate titular de cuenta en línea de información financiera
entity. haciéndose pasar por una entidad legítima.
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Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate
PITI Reserves. A cash amount that a borrower has Reservas PITI. Un monto en efectivo que un prestatario
available after making a down payment and paying tiene disponible después de hacer un pago inicial y pagar
closing costs for the purchase of a home. The principal, los costos de cierre por la compra de una casa. Las
interest, taxes, and insurance (PITI) reserves must equal reservas de capital, intereses, impuestos y seguros (PITI)
the amount that the borrower would have to pay for PITI deben ser iguales a la cantidad que el prestatario tendría
for a predefined number of months. que pagar por PITI por un número predefinido de meses.
PITI. Common acronym for principal, interest, taxes, and PITI. Acrónimo común de capital, intereses, impuestos y
insurance—used when describing the monthly charges seguros: se utiliza para describir los cargos mensuales de
on a mortgage. una hipoteca.
Planned Unit Development (PUD). A real estate project in Desarrollo de unidades planificadas (PUD). Un proyecto
which individuals hold title to a residential lot and home de bienes raíces en el que los individuos tienen títulos de
while the common facilities are owned and maintained propiedad de un lote residencial y de una vivienda,
by a homeowners' association for the benefit and use of mientras que las instalaciones comunes son propiedad de
the individual PUD unit owners. una asociación de propietarios para el beneficio y uso de
los propietarios de las unidades de PUD.
Point of Sale (POS). 1) The location at which a transaction Punto de Venta (POS). 1) La ubicación en la que se lleva a
takes place. 2) Systems that allow bank customers to cabo una transacción. 2) Sistemas que permiten a los
effect transfers of funds from their deposit accounts and clientes del banco realizar transferencias de fondos de sus
other financial transactions at retail establishments. cuentas de depósito y otras transacciones financieras en
establecimientos minoristas.
Point. One percent of the amount of the mortgage loan. Punto. El uno por ciento del monto del préstamo
For example, if a loan is made for $50,000, one‐point hipotecario. Por ejemplo, si se hace un préstamo por $
equals $500. 50,000, un punto equivale a $ 500.
Points. A loan discount used to adjust the yield on a loan. Puntos. Un descuento de préstamo utilizado para ajustar
Points may adjust a loan to what market conditions el rendimiento de un préstamo. Los puntos pueden
demand. ajustar un préstamo a lo que las condiciones del mercado
demandan.
Power of attorney. A legal document that authorizes Poder legal. Un documento legal que autoriza a otra
another individual to act on the behalf of another person persona a actuar en nombre de otra persona en caso de
in the event that they cannot act for themselves. que no pueda actuar por sí misma.
Pre‐Approval Letter. A letter from a mortgage lender Carta de Pre‐Aprobación. Una carta de un prestamista
indicating that you qualify for a mortgage of a specific hipotecario que indica que usted califica para una
amount. It also shows a home seller that you're a serious hipoteca de un monto específico. También le muestra a
buyer. un vendedor de casas que usted es un comprador serio.
Preauthorized Electronic Fund Transfers. An EFT Transferencias electrónicas de fondos previamente
authorized in advance to recur at substantially regular autorizadas. Un EFT autorizado de antemano para que se
intervals. repita a intervalos sustancialmente regulares.
Preauthorized Payment. A system established by a Pago Autorizado. Un sistema establecido por un acuerdo
written agreement under which a financial institution is por escrito según el cual una institución financiera está
authorized by the customer to debit the customer's autorizada por el cliente para debitar la cuenta del cliente
account in order to pay bills or make loan payments. para pagar facturas o realizar pagos de préstamos.
Predatory Lending. Abusive lending practices that include Préstamos abusivos. Prácticas abusivas de préstamos que
making mortgage loans to people who do not have the incluyen otorgar préstamos hipotecarios a personas que
income to repay them or repeatedly refinancing loans, no tienen ingresos para pagarlos o refinanciarlos en
charging high points and fees each time and "packing" repetidas ocasiones, cobrar puntos altos y tarifas cada vez
credit insurance onto a loan. y "empacar" el seguro de crédito en un préstamo.
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Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate
Preferred Risk Policy (PRP). A policy that offers fixed Política de Riesgo Preferido (PRP). Una póliza que ofrece
combinations of building/contents coverage or contents‐ combinaciones fijas de cobertura de contenido / edificio o
only coverage at modest, fixed premiums. The PRP cobertura de solo contenido con primas modestas y fijas.
generally is available for property located in B, C, and X Generalmente, el PRP está disponible para las
Zones in Regular Program Communities that meets propiedades ubicadas en las zonas B, C y X en las
eligibility requirements based on the property’s flood comunidades del programa regular que cumplen con los
loss history. requisitos de elegibilidad según el historial de pérdidas
por inundación de la propiedad.
Prepayment Clause. A clause in a mortgage allowing the Cláusula de Prepago. Una cláusula en una hipoteca que
mortgagor to pay off part or all of the unpaid debt before permite que el deudor hipotecario pague parte o la
it becomes due. totalidad de la deuda impaga antes de su vencimiento.
Prepayment Penalty. A penalty imposed on a borrower Pena de prepago. Una multa impuesta a un prestatario
for repaying the loan before its due date. (In the case of a por pagar el préstamo antes de su fecha de vencimiento.
mortgage, this applies when there is not a prepayment (En el caso de una hipoteca, esto se aplica cuando no hay
clause in the mortgage note to offset the penalty). una cláusula de pago anticipado en la nota de la hipoteca
para compensar la multa).
Prepayment. The payment of a debt before it actually Pago por adelantado. El pago de una deuda antes de su
becomes due. vencimiento.
Pre‐Qualification Letter. A letter from a mortgage lender Carta de Precalificación. Una carta de un prestamista
that states that you're pre‐qualified to buy a home but hipotecario que indica que está precalificado para
does not commit the lender to a particular mortgage comprar una casa, pero que no compromete al
amount. prestamista a un monto de hipoteca en particular.
Pre‐Qualification. A preliminary assessment by a lender Precalificación. Una evaluación preliminar por parte de un
of the amount it will lend to a potential home buyer. The prestamista de la cantidad que prestará a un posible
process of determining how much money a prospective comprador de vivienda. El proceso de determinar la
home buyer may be eligible to borrow before he or she cantidad de dinero que un posible comprador de vivienda
applies for a loan. puede ser elegible para pedir prestado antes de que él o
ella solicite un préstamo.
Previous Balance. The cardholder's account balance as of Balance anterior. El saldo de la cuenta del titular de la
the previous billing statement. tarjeta a partir del estado de cuenta anterior.
Primary or principal residence. The permanent residence Residencia primaria o principal. La residencia permanente
where a person claims to reside. donde una persona reclama residir.
Prime rate. An interest rate charged by a financial Tasa de interés preferencial. Una tasa de interés cobrada
institution for loans made to larger business borrowers. por una institución financiera por préstamos hechos a
Prime is typically the best rate available. prestatarios comerciales más grandes. “Prime” es
típicamente la mejor tarifa disponible.
Principal Balance. The outstanding balance on a loan, Saldo principal. El saldo pendiente de un préstamo,
excluding interest and fees. excluyendo intereses y comisiones.
Principal. The amount borrowed, or the amount still Cantidad Principal. La cantidad prestada, o la cantidad
owed on a loan, separate from the interest. aún adeudada en un préstamo, separada del interés.
Seguro hipotecario privado (PMI). Seguro escrito por una
Private mortgage insurance (PMI). Insurance written by a
private company that protects the mortgage lender compañía privada que protege al prestamista hipotecario
against a potential loss incurred by a mortgage default contra una posible pérdida incurrida por un
(when a borrower stops making mortgage payments). incumplimiento hipotecario (cuando un prestatario deja
de hacer los pagos de la hipoteca).
Promissory note. A written agreement between people in Pagaré. Un acuerdo por escrito entre personas en las que
which a person or company agrees to pay another person una persona o compañía acepta pagarle a otra persona o
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Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate
or company a specific amount of money by a certain compañía una cantidad específica de dinero para una
date. fecha determinada.
Property Appreciation. See "Appreciation." Apreciación de la propiedad. Ver "Apreciación".
Purchase and Sale Agreement. information about the Contrato de compra y venta. información sobre la
property to be sold, sale price, down payment, earnest propiedad que se venderá, precio de venta, pago inicial,
money deposit, financing, closing date, occupancy date, depósito de efectivo, financiación, fecha de cierre, fecha
length of time the offer is valid, and any special de ocupación, tiempo de validez de la oferta y cualquier
contingencies. contingencia especial.
Purchase Money Mortgage. A mortgage loan that Compra de Hipoteca de Dinero. Un préstamo hipotecario
enables a borrower to acquire a property. que permite a un prestatario adquirir una propiedad.
Qualifying Guidelines. Criteria used to determine Pautas de calificación. Criterios utilizados para determinar
eligibility for a loan. la elegibilidad para un préstamo.
Qualifying Ratios. Calculations that are used in Ratios de calificación. Los cálculos que se utilizan para
determining the loan amount that a borrower qualifies determinar el monto del préstamo para el cual califica un
for, typically a comparison of the borrower's total prestatario, por lo general, comparan los ingresos
monthly income to monthly debt payments and other mensuales totales del prestatario con los pagos
recurring monthly obligations. mensuales de la deuda y otras obligaciones mensuales
recurrentes.
Quality Control. A system of safeguards to ensure that Control de calidad. Un sistema de salvaguardas para
loans are originated, underwritten and serviced garantizar que los préstamos se originen, se suscriban y
according to the lender's standards and, if applicable, the se administren de acuerdo con las normas del prestamista
standards of the investor, governmental agency, or y, si corresponde, las normas del inversionista, agencia
mortgage insurer. gubernamental o aseguradora hipotecaria.
Radon. A toxic gas found in the soil beneath a house that Radón. Un gas tóxico que se encuentra en el suelo debajo
can contribute to cancer and other illnesses. de una casa que puede contribuir al cáncer y otras
enfermedades.
Rate Cap. The limit on the amount an interest rate on an Tasa de Cap. El límite en el monto de una tasa de interés
adjustable‐rate mortgage (ARM) can increase or decrease en una hipoteca de tasa ajustable (ARM) puede aumentar
during an adjustment period. o disminuir durante un período de ajuste.
Rate Lock. An agreement in which an interest rate is Tasa final. Un acuerdo en el que una tasa de interés está
"locked in" or guaranteed for a specified period of time "bloqueada" o garantizada por un período de tiempo
prior to closing. específico antes del cierre.
Ratified Sales Contract. A contract that shows both you Contrato de venta ratificado. Un contrato que demuestra
and the seller of the house have agreed to your offer. que tanto usted como el vendedor de la casa han
This offer may include sales contingencies, such as aceptado su oferta. Esta oferta puede incluir
obtaining a mortgage of a certain type and rate, getting contingencias de ventas, como obtener una hipoteca de
an acceptable inspection, making repairs, closing by a cierto tipo y tasa, obtener una inspección aceptable,
certain date, etc. hacer reparaciones, cerrar en una fecha determinada, etc.
Real Estate Professional. An individual who provides Profesional Inmobiliario. Un individuo que presta servicios
services in buying and selling homes. The real estate en la compra y venta de viviendas. El vendedor paga a un
professional is paid a percentage of the home sale price profesional de bienes raíces un porcentaje del precio de
by the seller. Unless you've specifically contracted with a venta de la vivienda. A menos que haya contratado
buyer's agent, the real estate professional represents the específicamente a un agente del comprador, el
interest of the seller. Real estate professionals may be profesional de bienes raíces representa el interés del
able to refer you to local lenders or mortgage brokers but vendedor. Los profesionales de bienes raíces pueden
are generally not involved in the lending process. referirlo a prestamistas locales o agentes hipotecarios,
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Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate
pero generalmente no están involucrados en el proceso
de préstamo.
Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (RESPA). A federal Ley de Procedimientos de Liquidación de Bienes Raíces
law that requires lenders to provide home mortgage (RESPA). Una ley federal que requiere que los
borrowers with information about transaction‐related prestamistas proporcionen a los prestatarios de hipotecas
costs prior to settlement, as well as information during hipotecarias información sobre los costos relacionados
the life of the loan regarding servicing and escrow con las transacciones antes de la liquidación, así como
accounts. RESPA also prohibits kickbacks and unearned información durante la vida del préstamo en relación con
fees in the mortgage loan business. el servicio y las cuentas de garantía. RESPA también
prohíbe los sobornos y los cargos no devengados en el
negocio de préstamos hipotecarios.
Real Property. Land and anything permanently affixed Propiedad real. Terrenos y cualquier cosa
thereto ‐ including buildings, fences, trees, and minerals. permanentemente colocada en ellos, incluidos edificios,
cercas, árboles y minerales.
Reconciliation. The process of analyzing two related Reconciliación. El proceso de analizar dos registros
records and, if differences exist between them, finding relacionados y, si existen diferencias entre ellos,
the cause and bringing the two records into agreement. encontrar la causa y lograr que los dos registros
Example. Comparing an up‐to‐date check book with a concuerden. Ejemplo. Comparación de un libro de
monthly statement from the financial institution holding cheques actualizado con un estado de cuenta mensual de
the account. la institución financiera que posee la cuenta.
Recorder. The public official who keeps records of Oficial de Registro. El funcionario público que mantiene
transactions that affect real property in the area. registros de transacciones que afectan a bienes
Sometimes known as a "Registrar of Deeds" or "County inmuebles en el área. A veces se le conoce como
Clerk." "Registrador de hechos" o "Secretario del condado".
Recording. The filing of a lien or other legal documents in Registro. La presentación de un gravamen u otros
the appropriate public record. documentos legales en el registro público
correspondiente.
Redlining. The alleged practice of certain lending Zona Roja. La supuesta práctica de ciertas instituciones
institutions of not making mortgage, home improvement, crediticias de no otorgar hipotecas, mejoras para el hogar
and small business loans in certain neighborhoods‐ y préstamos para pequeñas empresas en ciertos
usually areas that are deteriorating or considered by the vecindarios, usualmente áreas que están deteriorando o
lender to be poor investments. que el prestamista considera inversiones pobres.
Refinance. Replacing an old loan with a newer loan, Refinanciar. Reemplazar un préstamo anterior por un
generally offering better terms. préstamo más nuevo, generalmente ofreciendo mejores
términos.
Refund. An amount paid back because of an Reembolso. Una cantidad reembolsada por un pago
overpayment or because of the return of an item excesivo o por la devolución de un artículo vendido
previously sold. anteriormente.
Regular Program Community. A community wherein a Programa regular de la comunidad. Una comunidad en la
Flood Insurance Rate Map is in effect and full limits of que un Mapa de tasa de seguro contra inundaciones está
coverage are available under the Flood Disaster vigente y los límites completos de cobertura están
Protection Act (FDPA or Act). disponibles en virtud de la Ley de protección en caso de
desastre por inundación (FDPA o Ley).
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Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate
Regulation E. Regulation E carries out the purposes of the Regulación E. La Regulación E cumple con los propósitos
Electronic Fund Transfer Act, which establishes the basic de la Ley de Transferencia Electrónica de Fondos, que
rights, liabilities and responsibilities of consumers who establece los derechos, responsabilidades y
use electronic fund transfer services and of financial responsabilidades básicas de los consumidores que
institutions that offer these services. The primary utilizan los servicios de transferencia electrónica de
objective of the act and Regulation E is the protection of fondos y de las instituciones financieras que ofrecen estos
individual consumers engaging in electronic fund servicios. El objetivo principal de la ley y el Reglamento E
transfers. Electronic fund transfer systems include es la protección de los consumidores individuales que
automated teller machine transfers, telephone bill‐ realizan transferencias electrónicas de fondos. Los
payment services, point‐of‐sale (POS) terminal transfers sistemas de transferencia electrónica de fondos incluyen
in stores and preauthorized transfers from or to a transferencias automatizadas de cajeros automáticos,
consumer’s account (such as direct deposit and social servicios de pago de facturas telefónicas, transferencias
security payments). The term “electronic fund transfer” de terminales en puntos de venta (POS) en tiendas y
(EFT) generally refers to a transaction initiated through transferencias preautorizadas desde o hacia una cuenta
an electronic terminal, telephone, computer or magnetic del consumidor (como depósito directo y pagos de
tape that instructs a financial institution to either credit seguridad social). El término "transferencia electrónica de
or debit a consumer’s asset account. fondos" (EFT) generalmente se refiere a una transacción
iniciada a través de un terminal electrónico, teléfono,
computadora o cinta magnética que le indica a una
institución financiera que acredite o debite la cuenta de
activos de un consumidor.
Rehabilitation Mortgage. A mortgage loan made to cover Rehabilitación Hipotecaria. Un préstamo hipotecario
the costs of repairing, improving, and sometimes hecho para cubrir los costos de reparación, mejora y, a
acquiring an existing property. veces, adquisición de una propiedad existente.
Release of Lien. To free a piece of real estate from a Levantamiento de Gravamen. Para liberar un pedazo de
mortgage. bienes raíces de una hipoteca.
Remaining Term. The original number of payments due Plazo restante. El número original de pagos adeudados
on the loan minus the number of payments that have por el préstamo menos el número de pagos realizados.
been made.
Renewal. A form of extending an unpaid loan in which Renovación. Una forma de extender un préstamo impago
the borrower's remaining unpaid loan balance is carried en el cual el saldo restante del préstamo impago del
over (renewed) into a new loan at the beginning of the prestatario se transfiere (se renueva) a un nuevo
next financing period. préstamo al comienzo del próximo período de
financiamiento.
Repayment Plan. An arrangement by which a borrower Plan de pago. Un acuerdo mediante el cual un prestatario
agrees to make additional payments to pay down past acuerda realizar pagos adicionales para pagar los montos
due amounts while still making regularly scheduled vencidos mientras aún realiza pagos programados
payments. regularmente.
Replacement Cost. The cost to replace damaged personal Costo de remplazo. El costo de reemplazar la propiedad
property without a deduction for depreciation. personal dañada sin una deducción por depreciación.
Rescission. The cancellation or annulment of a Rescisión. La cancelación o anulación de una transacción
transaction or contract by operation of law or by mutual o contrato por ley o por mutuo consentimiento. Los
consent. Borrowers have a right to cancel certain prestatarios tienen el derecho de cancelar ciertas
mortgage refinance and home equity transactions within transacciones de refinanciamiento de hipotecas y de
three business days after closing, or for up to three years capital de la vivienda dentro de los tres días hábiles
in certain instances. posteriores al cierre, o por hasta tres años en ciertos
casos.
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Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate
Residual Interest. Interest that continues to accrue on Interés residual. Los intereses que continúan
your credit card balance from the statement cycle date acumulándose en el saldo de su tarjeta de crédito desde
until the bank receives your payment. For example, if la fecha del ciclo del estado de cuenta hasta que el banco
your statement cycle date was January 10 and the bank recibe su pago. Por ejemplo, si la fecha del ciclo de su
received your payment on January 20, there were ten estado de cuenta fue el 10 de enero y el banco recibió su
days for which interest accrued. This amount will be pago el 20 de enero, hubo diez días para los cuales se
posted on your next statement. devengaron intereses. Esta cantidad será publicada en su
próxima declaración.
Return Item. A negotiable instrument—principally a Objeto Devuelto. Un instrumento negociable,
check—that has been sent to one bank for collection and principalmente un cheque, que se ha enviado a un banco
payment and is returned unpaid by the sending bank. para su cobro y pago y el banco remitente lo devuelve sin
pagar.
Reverse Mortgage. A reverse mortgage is a special home Hipoteca opuesta. Una hipoteca inversa es un producto
loan product that allows a homeowner aged 62 or older especial de préstamo hipotecario que permite a un
the ability to access the equity that has accumulated in propietario de 62 años o más tener la posibilidad de
their home. The home itself will be the source of acceder al capital acumulado en su vivienda. La propia
repayment. The loan is underwritten based on the value casa será la fuente de reembolso. El préstamo se suscribe
of the collateral (home) and the life expectancy of the con base en el valor de la garantía (casa) y la expectativa
borrower. The loan must be repaid when you die, sell de vida del prestatario. El préstamo debe devolverse
your home, or no longer live there as your principal cuando usted muere, venda su casa o ya no viva allí como
residence. su residencia principal.
Revolving account. A specified line of credit that can be Cuenta rotativa. Una línea de crédito específica que se
used repeatedly. puede utilizar repetidamente.
Revolving Credit. A credit agreement (typically a credit Crédito rotativo. Un acuerdo de crédito (generalmente
card) that allows a customer to borrow against a una tarjeta de crédito) que permite a un cliente pedir
preapproved credit line when purchasing goods and prestado contra una línea de crédito pre‐aprobada al
services. The borrower is only billed for the amount that comprar bienes y servicios. Al prestatario solo se le
is actually borrowed plus any interest due. (Also called a factura la cantidad que realmente se toma prestada más
charge account or open‐end credit.) cualquier interés adeudado. (También se llama una
cuenta de cargo o crédito abierto).
Revolving Debt. Credit that is extended by a creditor Deuda Rotativa. Crédito que es extendido por un
under a plan in which (1)the creditor contemplates acreedor bajo un plan en el cual (1) el acreedor
repeated transactions; (2) the creditor may impose a contempla transacciones repetidas; (2) el acreedor puede
finance charge from time to time on an outstanding imponer un cargo financiero de vez en cuando en un
unpaid balance; and (3) the amount of credit that may be saldo pendiente de pago; y (3) la cantidad de crédito que
extended to the consumer during the term of the plan is se puede otorgar al consumidor durante el término del
generally made available to the extent that any plan generalmente se pone a disposición en la medida en
outstanding balance is repaid. que se reembolse cualquier saldo pendiente.
Right of First Refusal. A provision in an agreement that Derecho de tanteo. Una disposición en un acuerdo que
requires the owner of a property to give another party requiere que el propietario de una propiedad le brinde a
the first opportunity to purchase or lease the property otra parte la primera oportunidad de comprar o arrendar
before he or she offers it for sale or lease to others. la propiedad antes de que la ofrezca para su venta o
arrendamiento a otros.
Right of Offset. Banks' legal right to seize funds that a Derecho de compensación. El derecho legal de los bancos
guarantor or debtor may have on deposit to cover a loan a confiscar los fondos que un garante o deudor puede
in default. It is also known as the right of set‐off. tener en depósito para cubrir un préstamo en mora.
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Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate
Right of Rescission. Right to cancel, within three business Derecho de rescisión. Derecho a cancelar, dentro de los
days, a contract that uses the home of a person as tres días hábiles, un contrato que utiliza la vivienda de
collateral, except in the case of a first mortgage loan. una persona como garantía, excepto en el caso de un
There is no fee to the borrower, who receives a full préstamo hipotecario de primera. No hay ningún cargo
refund of all fees paid. The right of rescission is para el prestatario, que recibe un reembolso completo de
guaranteed by the Truth in Lending Act (TILA). todos los cargos pagados. El derecho de rescisión está
garantizado por la Ley de Veracidad en los Préstamos
(TILA).
Routing number. A 9‐digit number used to identify a Número de ruta. Un número de 9 dígitos utilizado para
financial institution. identificar una institución financiera.
Rural Housing Service (RHS). An agency within the U.S. Servicio de Vivienda Rural (RHS). Una agencia dentro del
Department of Agriculture (USDA), which operates a Departamento de Agricultura de los Estados Unidos
range of programs to help rural communities and (USDA, por sus siglas en inglés), que opera una variedad
individuals by providing loan and grants for housing and de programas para ayudar a las comunidades rurales e
community facilities. The agency also works with private individuos mediante préstamos y subvenciones para
lenders to guarantee loans for the purchase or viviendas y centros comunitarios. La agencia también
construction of single‐family housing. trabaja con prestamistas privados para garantizar
préstamos para la compra o construcción de viviendas
unifamiliares.
Safe (or Safety) Deposit Box. A type of safe usually Caja de seguridad (o seguridad). Un tipo de caja fuerte
located in groups inside a bank vault and rented to generalmente ubicada en grupos dentro de la bóveda de
customers for their use in storing valuable items. un banco y alquilada a los clientes para su uso en el
almacenamiento de artículos valiosos.
Safekeeping. A service provided by banks where Custodia. Un servicio proporcionado por bancos donde
securities and valuables are protected in the vaults of the los valores y los objetos de valor están protegidos en las
bank for customers. bóvedas del banco para los clientes.
Sale‐Leaseback. A transaction in which the buyer leases Venta de subarriendo. Una transacción en la que el
the property back to the seller for a specified period of comprador arrienda la propiedad al vendedor por un
time. período de tiempo específico.
Satisfaction of Mortgage. A document issued by a Satisfacción de la hipoteca. Un documento emitido por un
mortgagee (the lender) when a mortgage is paid in full. acreedor hipotecario (el prestamista) cuando la hipoteca
se paga en su totalidad.
Savings account. An account that has the purpose of Cuenta de ahorros. Una cuenta que tiene el propósito de
saving money and accumulating funds. ahorrar dinero y acumular fondos.
Second Mortgage. A mortgage that has a lien position Segunda hipoteca. Una hipoteca que tiene una posición
subordinate to the first mortgage. de gravamen subordinada a la primera hipoteca.
Secondary Mortgage Market. The market in which Mercado hipotecario secundario. El mercado en el que se
mortgage loan and mortgage‐backed securities are compran y venden préstamos hipotecarios y valores
bought and sold. respaldados por hipotecas.
Secured Loan. A loan that is backed by property such as a Préstamo asegurado. Un préstamo que está respaldado
house, car, jewelry, etc. por propiedades como una casa, un automóvil, joyas, etc.
Securities. Financial forms that shows the holder owns a Valores. Formularios financieros que muestran que el
share or shares of a company (stocks) or has loaned titular posee una acción o acciones de una empresa
money to a company or government organization (acciones) o ha prestado dinero a una empresa u
(bonds). organización gubernamental (bonos).
Security. The property that will be given or pledged as Seguridad. La propiedad que se otorgará o prenda como
collateral for a loan. garantía para un préstamo.
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Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate
Seller Take‐Back. An agreement in which the seller of a La devolución del vendedor. Un acuerdo en el cual el
property provides financing to the buyer for the home vendedor de una propiedad proporciona financiamiento
purchase. al comprador para la compra de la vivienda.
Service Charge. A charge assessed by a depository Cargo por servicio. Un cargo evaluado por una institución
institution for processing transactions and maintaining de depósito para procesar transacciones y mantener
accounts. cuentas.
Servicemembers Civil Relief Act. A federal law that Service members Civil Relief Act. Una ley federal que
restricts the enforcement of civilian debts against certain restringe la aplicación de deudas civiles contra ciertos
military personnel who may not be able to pay because militares que no pueden pagar debido al servicio militar
of active military service. It also provides other activo. También proporciona otras protecciones a cierto
protections to certain military personnel. personal militar.
Servicer. A firm that performs servicing functions, Firma Servicer Una firma que realiza funciones de
including collecting mortgage payments, paying the servicio, incluida la recolección de pagos hipotecarios, el
borrower's taxes and insurance and generally managing pago de los impuestos y el seguro del prestatario y, en
borrower escrow accounts. general, la administración de las cuentas de garantía del
prestatario.
Servicing. The tasks a lender performs to protect the Mantenimiento. Las tareas que realiza un prestamista
mortgage investment, including the collection of para proteger la inversión de la hipoteca, incluida la
mortgage payments, escrow administration, and cobranza de los pagos de la hipoteca, la administración de
delinquency management. custodia y la administración de morosidad.
Settlement Statement. A document that lists all closing Declaración de establecimiento. Un documento que
costs on a consumer mortgage transaction. enumera todos los costos de cierre de una transacción
hipotecaria al consumidor.
Settlement. The process of completing a loan transaction Asentamiento. El proceso de completar una transacción
at which time the mortgage documents are signed and de préstamo en el momento en que los documentos de la
then recorded, funds are disbursed, and the property is hipoteca se firman y luego se registran, los fondos se
transferred to the buyer (if applicable). Also called closing desembolsan y la propiedad se transfiere al comprador (si
or escrow in different jurisdictions. corresponde). También se llama cierre o custodia en
diferentes jurisdicciones.
Signature Card. A card signed by each depositor and Tarjeta de firma. Una tarjeta firmada por cada
customer of a bank which may be used as a means of depositante y cliente de un banco que puede utilizarse
identification. The signature card represents a contract como medio de identificación. La tarjeta de firma
between the bank and the depositor. representa un contrato entre el banco y el depositante.
Simple interest. The interest on an outstanding balance Interés simple. El interés sobre un saldo pendiente que
that produces a declining finance charge with each produce un cargo financiero decreciente con cada pago
payment of the installment loan made. del préstamo a plazos realizado.
Single‐Family Properties. One‐ to four‐unit properties Propiedades unifamiliares. Propiedades de una a cuatro
including detached homes, townhouses, condominiums, unidades, que incluyen viviendas unifamiliares, casas
and cooperatives, and manufactured homes attached to adosadas, condominios y cooperativas, y casas
a permanent foundation and classified as real property prefabricadas adheridas a una fundación permanente y
under applicable state law. clasificadas como bienes inmuebles según la ley estatal
aplicable.
Soft Second Loan. A second mortgage whose payment is Segundo préstamo blando. Una segunda hipoteca cuyo
forgiven or is deferred until resale of the property. pago se perdona o se aplaza hasta la reventa de la
propiedad.
Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA). An area defined on a Área especial de peligro de inundación (SFHA). Un área
Flood Insurance Rate Map with an associated risk of definida en un Mapa de tasa de seguro contra
flooding. inundaciones con un riesgo asociado de inundación.
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Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate
Split deposit. A transaction in which a portion of a Depósito dividido. Una transacción en la que una parte de
deposit is credited to a person’s account and the balance un depósito se acredita a la cuenta de una persona y el
is taken in cash. A split deposit can also be divided saldo se toma en efectivo. Un depósito dividido también
between 2 different accounts. se puede dividir entre 2 cuentas diferentes.
Stale‐Dated Check. Presented to the paying bank 180 Cheque con fecha de vencimiento. Presentado al banco
days (6 months) or more after the original issue date. pagador 180 días (6 meses) o más después de la fecha de
Banks are not required by the Uniform Commercial Code emisión original. Los bancos no están obligados por el
to honor stale‐dated checks and can return them to the Código de Comercio Uniforme a pagar cheques vencidos y
issuing bank unpaid. The maker of a check can discourage pueden devolverlos al banco emisor sin pagar. El
late presentment by writing the words "not good after X fabricante de un cheque puede desalentar la
days" on the back of the check. presentación tardía escribiendo las palabras "no es bueno
después de X días" en el reverso del cheque.
State Bank. A bank that is organized under the laws of a Banco estatal. Un banco que está organizado según las
State and chartered by that State to conduct the business leyes de un Estado y está constituido por ese Estado para
of banking. llevar a cabo el negocio de la banca.
State Banking Department. The organization in each Departamento de Banca del Estado. La organización en
State that supervises the operations and affairs of State cada estado que supervisa las operaciones y asuntos de
banks. los bancos estatales.
Statement. A summary of all transactions that occurred Declaración. Un resumen de todas las transacciones que
over the preceding month and could be associated with a ocurrieron durante el mes anterior y podría estar
deposit account or a credit card account. asociado con una cuenta de depósito o una cuenta de
tarjeta de crédito.
Stop Payment. An order not to pay a check that has been Detener el pago. Una orden de no pagar un cheque que
issued but not yet cashed. If requested soon enough, the se ha emitido pero que aún no se ha cobrado. Si se
check will not be debited from the payer's account. Most solicita lo suficientemente pronto, el cheque no se
banks charge a fee for this service. cargará en la cuenta del pagador. La mayoría de los
bancos cobran una tarifa por este servicio.
Student Loan. Loans made, insured, or guaranteed under Préstamo estudiantil. Préstamos hechos, asegurados o
any program authorized by the Higher Education Act. garantizados bajo cualquier programa autorizado por la
Loan funds are used by the borrower for education Ley de Educación Superior. Los fondos del préstamo son
purposes. utilizados por el prestatario para fines educativos.
Subordinate Financing. Any mortgage or other lien with Financiamiento subordinado. Cualquier hipoteca u otro
lower priority than the first mortgage. gravamen con menor prioridad que la primera hipoteca.
Substitute Check. A substitute check is a paper copy of Cheque Sustituto. Un cheque sustituto es una copia en
the front and back of the original check. A substitute papel de la parte delantera y trasera del cheque original.
check is slightly larger than a standard personal check so Un cheque sustituto es ligeramente más grande que un
that it can contain a picture of your original check. A cheque personal estándar para que pueda contener una
substitute check is legally the same as the original check imagen de su cheque original. Un cheque sustituto es
if it accurately represents the information on the original legalmente el mismo que el cheque original si representa
check and includes the following statement. "This is a con precisión la información del cheque original e incluye
legal copy of your check. You can use it the same way you la siguiente declaración. "Esta es una copia legal de su
would use the original check." The substitute check must cheque. Puede usarla de la misma manera que usaría el
also have been handled by a bank. Substitute checks cheque original". El cheque sustituto también debe haber
were created under Check 21, the Check Clearing for the sido manejado por un banco. Los cheques sustitutos se
21st Century Act, which became effective on October 28, crearon bajo el Cheque 21, la Ley de Compensación de
2004. Cheques para el Siglo 21, que entró en vigencia el 28 de
octubre de 2004.
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Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate
Survey. A precise measurement of a property by a Encuesta. Una medición precisa de una propiedad por
licensed surveyor, showing legal boundaries of a property parte de un topógrafo con licencia, que muestra los
and the dimensions and location of improvements. límites legales de una propiedad y las dimensiones y
ubicación de las mejoras.
Sweat Equity. A borrower's contribution to the down Sudor equidad. La contribución de un prestatario al pago
payment for the purchase of a property in the form of inicial por la compra de una propiedad en forma de mano
labor or services rather than cash. de obra o servicios en lugar de efectivo.
Taxes and Insurance. Funds collected as part of the Impuestos y seguros. Los fondos recaudados como parte
borrower's monthly payment and held in escrow for the del pago mensual del prestatario y mantenidos en
payment of the borrower's, or funds paid by the fideicomiso para el pago de los prestatarios, o los fondos
borrower for, state and local property taxes and pagados por el prestatario para los impuestos estatales y
insurance premiums. locales a la propiedad y las primas de seguro.
Termite Inspection. An inspection to determine whether Inspección de termitas. Una inspección para determinar si
a property has termite infestation or termite damage. In una propiedad tiene infestación de termitas o daño de
many parts of the country, a home must be inspected for termitas. En muchas partes del país, se debe inspeccionar
termites before it can be sold. una casa para detectar termitas antes de poder venderla.
Terms. The period of time and the interest rate arranged Condiciones. El período de tiempo y la tasa de interés
between creditor and debtor to repay a loan. acordados entre el acreedor y el deudor para pagar un
préstamo.
Third‐Party Origination. A process by which a lender uses Origen en terceros. Un proceso por el cual un prestamista
another party to completely or partially originate, utiliza a otra parte para originar, procesar, suscribir,
process, underwrite, close, fund, or package a mortgage cerrar, financiar o empaquetar total o parcialmente un
loan. préstamo hipotecario.
Thrift institution. Financial institutions, such as mutual Institución de ahorro. Instituciones financieras, como
savings banks, savings and loan associations and credit cajas de ahorros mutuas, asociaciones de ahorro y
unions. préstamo y cooperativas de crédito.
Time Certificate of Deposit. A time deposit evidenced by Certificado de depósito a plazo. Un depósito a plazo
a negotiable or nonnegotiable instrument specifying an evidenciado por un instrumento negociable o no
amount and maturity. negociable que especifica un monto y vencimiento.
Time deposit or CD. A deposit that cannot be withdrawn Depósito a plazo o CD. Un depósito que no puede ser
for a certain period of time without hefty penalties being retirado por un cierto período de tiempo sin que se
applied. apliquen fuertes multas.
Title Insurance. Insurance that protects lenders and Seguro de título. Seguro que protege a los prestamistas y
homeowners against legal problems with the title. propietarios contra problemas legales con el título.
Title Search. A check of the public records to ensure that Búsqueda de título. Una verificación de los registros
the seller is the legal owner of the property and to públicos para garantizar que el vendedor es el propietario
identify any liens or claims against the property. legal de la propiedad e identificar cualquier embargo o
reclamación contra la propiedad.
Title. The right to, and the ownership of, property. A title Título. El derecho a, y la propiedad de, la propiedad. Un
or deed is sometimes used as proof of ownership of land. título o escritura se usa a veces como prueba de
propiedad de la tierra.
Trade Equity. Real estate or assets given to the seller as Equidad comercial. Bienes raíces o bienes entregados al
part of the down payment for the property. vendedor como parte del pago inicial de la propiedad.
Transaction limitations. Limits imposed by law on the Limitaciones de la transacción. Límites impuestos por la
number of electronic and telephone withdrawals and ley sobre el número de retiros y transferencias
transfers from a deposit account. Federal law limits electrónicas y telefónicas desde una cuenta de depósito.
electronic and telephone transactions from all U.S. La ley federal limita las transacciones electrónicas y
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Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate
savings and money market accounts to 6 per statement telefónicas de todas las cuentas de ahorros y del mercado
cycle. monetario de EE. UU. A 6 por ciclo de estado de cuenta.
Transaction limitations. Refers to a Federal Reserve Limitaciones de la transacción. Se refiere a un reglamento
Board regulation that limits certain types of withdrawals de la Junta de la Reserva Federal que limita ciertos tipos
and/or transfers you can make from your savings and/or de retiros y / o transferencias que puede hacer desde sus
money market deposit accounts. With such accounts, no cuentas de depósito de ahorros y / o mercado monetario.
more than 6 preauthorized or automatic transfers Con tales cuentas, no se pueden realizar más de 6
(including check, draft and point‐of‐sale transactions, if transferencias preautorizadas o automáticas (incluidas las
checks or debit cards are allowed on the account) or transacciones de cheques, giros y puntos de venta, si se
telephone/PC transfers (including bill payments) may be permiten cheques o tarjetas de débito en la cuenta) o
made each month. While an unlimited number of transferencias por teléfono / PC (incluidos los pagos de
withdrawals may be made at ATMs and teller windows, facturas) mes. Si bien se puede hacer un número ilimitado
fees may apply. Please view your Deposit Agreement and de retiros en cajeros automáticos y ventanillas, es posible
Disclosures and Personal Schedule of Fees for additional que se apliquen tarifas. Para obtener información
information. adicional, consulte su Acuerdo de Depósito y
Divulgaciones y el Programa de Cargos Personal.
Transfer Tax. State or local tax payable when title to Impuesto de transferencia. Impuesto estatal o local
property passes from one owner to another. pagadero cuando el título de propiedad pasa de un
propietario a otro.
Transfer. The movement of funds from one account to Transferir. El movimiento de fondos de una cuenta a otra.
another.
Traveler’s checks. A check that functions just like cash Cheques de viajero. Un cheque que funciona igual que el
and is protected if lost or stolen, often used during travel.
efectivo y está protegido en caso de pérdida o robo, que
se utiliza a menudo durante el viaje.
Treasury bills. A short‐term debt obligation backed by the Letras del Tesoro. Una obligación de deuda a corto plazo
U.S. government with a maturity of less than 1 year. respaldada por el gobierno de los Estados Unidos con un
vencimiento inferior a 1 año.
Treasury Index. An index that is used to determine Índice del Tesoro. Un índice que se utiliza para
interest rate changes for certain adjustable‐rate determinar los cambios en la tasa de interés para ciertos
mortgage (ARM) plans. It is based on the results of planes de hipoteca de tasa ajustable (ARM). Se basa en
auctions by the U.S. Treasury of Treasury bills and los resultados de las subastas de los bonos y valores del
securities. Tesoro del Tesoro de los Estados Unidos.
Trust Account. A general term that covers all types of Cuenta de fideicomiso. Un término general que cubre
accounts in a trust department, such as estates, todos los tipos de cuentas en un departamento de
guardianships, and agencies. fideicomiso, como estados, tutelas y agencias.
Trust Administrator. A person or institution that manages Administrador del fideicomiso. Una persona o institución
trust accounts. que gestiona las cuentas fiduciarias.
Trust. A person who holds property for the benefit of Fideicomitente. Una persona que tiene propiedades en
someone else. beneficio de otra persona.
Truth in Lending Act (TILA). The Truth in Lending Act is a Ley de Verdad en los Préstamos (TILA). La Ley de
Federal law that requires lenders to provide standardized Veracidad en los Préstamos es una ley federal que
information so that borrowers can compare loan terms. requiere que los prestamistas proporcionen información
In general, lenders must provide information on what estandarizada para que los prestatarios puedan comparar
credit will cost the borrowers, when charges will be los términos de los préstamos. En general, los
imposed, and what the borrower's rights are as a prestamistas deben proporcionar información sobre
consumer. cuánto le costará el crédito a los prestatarios, cuándo se
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Glossary of Banking, Financial, and Real Estate
impondrán los cargos y cuáles son los derechos del
prestatario como consumidor.
Two‐ to Four‐ Family Property. A residential property that Propiedad familiar de dos a cuatro. Una propiedad
provides living space (dwelling units) for two to four residencial que proporciona espacio habitable (unidades
families, although ownership of the structure is de vivienda) para dos a cuatro familias, aunque la
evidenced by a single deed; a loan secured by such a propiedad de la estructura se evidencia en una sola
property is considered to be a single‐family mortgage. escritura; un préstamo garantizado por dicha propiedad
se considera una hipoteca unifamiliar.
Uncollected Funds. A portion of a deposit balance that Fondos no recaudados. Una parte de un saldo de
has not yet been collected by the depository bank. depósito que aún no ha sido cobrado por el banco
depositario.
Underwriting. The process used to determine loan Suscripción. El proceso utilizado para determinar la
approval. It involves evaluating the property and the aprobación del préstamo. Implica evaluar la propiedad y
borrower's credit and ability to pay the mortgage. el crédito y la capacidad del prestatario para pagar la
hipoteca.
Uniform Commercial Code (UCC). A set of statutes Código Comercial Uniforme (UCC). Un conjunto de
enacted by the various States to provide consistency estatutos promulgados por los diversos estados para
among the States' commercial laws. It includes brindar consistencia entre las leyes comerciales de los
negotiable instruments, sales, stock transfers, trust and estados. Incluye instrumentos negociables, ventas,
warehouse receipts, and bills of lading. transferencias de acciones, fideicomisos y recibos de
almacén, y conocimientos de embarque.
Uniform Gift to Minors Account. A UGMA provides a child Cuenta de Regalo Uniforme a Menores. Un UGMA
under the age of 18 (a minor) with a way to own proporciona a un niño menor de 18 años (un menor de
investments. The money is in the minor's name, but the edad) una forma de poseer inversiones. El dinero está a
custodian (usually the parent) has the responsibility to nombre del menor, pero el custodio (generalmente el
handle the money in a prudent manner for the minor's padre) tiene la responsabilidad de manejar el dinero de
benefit. The parent cannot withdraw the money to use manera prudente para el beneficio del menor. El padre no
for his or her own needs. puede retirar el dinero para usarlo para sus propias
necesidades.
Uniform Residential Loan Application. A standard Solicitud de préstamo residencial uniforme. Una solicitud
mortgage application you will have to complete. The de hipoteca estándar que tendrá que completar. El
form requests your income, assets, liabilities, and a formulario solicita sus ingresos, activos, pasivos y una
description of the property you plan to buy, among other descripción de la propiedad que planea comprar, entre
things. otras cosas.
Unsecured Loan. A loan that is not backed by collateral. Préstamo no asegurado. Un préstamo que no está
respaldado por garantía.
Usury Rates. The maximum rate of interest lenders may Tasas de usura. La tasa máxima de interés que los
charge borrowers. The usury rate is generally set by State prestamistas pueden cobrar a los prestatarios. La tasa de
law. usura es generalmente establecida por la ley estatal.
Usury. Charging an illegally high interest rate on a loan. Usura. Cobrar una tasa de interés ilegalmente alta en un
préstamo.
VA Guaranteed Loan. A mortgage loan that is guaranteed Préstamo Garantizado VA. Un préstamo hipotecario que
by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). está garantizado por el Departamento de Asuntos de
Veteranos de los Estados Unidos (VA).
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Variable rate. A loan plan in which the interest charged Tasa variable. Un plan de préstamo en el que el interés
over the life of the loan may vary. cobrado durante la vida del préstamo puede variar.
Veterans Affairs (U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs). A Asuntos de Veteranos (Departamento de Asuntos de
federal government agency that provides benefits to Veteranos de los Estados Unidos). Una agencia del
veterans and their dependents, including health care, gobierno federal que brinda beneficios a los veteranos y
educational assistance, financial assistance, and sus dependientes, que incluyen atención médica,
guaranteed home loans. asistencia educativa, asistencia financiera y préstamos
garantizados para viviendas.
Virtual card. A virtual card is the digital form of your Tarjeta virtual. Una tarjeta virtual es la forma digital de su
physical credit card and has a unique card number that's tarjeta de crédito física y tiene un número de tarjeta
stored within a digital wallet. único que se almacena dentro de una billetera digital.
Walk‐Through. A common clause in a sales contract that Recorrido. Una cláusula común en un contrato de venta
allows the buyer to examine the property being que le permite al comprador examinar la propiedad que
purchased at a specified time immediately before the se está comprando en un momento determinado
closing, for example, within the 24 hours before closing. inmediatamente antes del cierre, por ejemplo, dentro de
las 24 horas antes del cierre.
Warranties. Written guarantees of the quality of a Garantías. Garantías escritas de la calidad de un producto
product and the promise to repair or replace defective y la promesa de reparar o reemplazar las piezas
parts free of charge. defectuosas de forma gratuita.
Wire transfer. A method of transferring funds Transferencia bancaria. Un método para transferir fondos
electronically from one person or institution to another. electrónicamente de una persona o institución a otra.
Withdrawal. The removal of funds from an account. Retiro. La eliminación de fondos de una cuenta.
Zero fraud liability. The practice of preventing an account Cero responsabilidades contra el fraude. La práctica de
holder from being held responsible for charges incurred evitar que el titular de una cuenta sea responsabilizado
on a lost or stolen card. por los cargos incurridos en una tarjeta perdida o robada.
Zero Liability Protection. If your credit or debit card is lost Protección Cero Responsabilidad. Si pierde o le roban su
or stolen, and you report the loss promptly, you may not tarjeta de crédito o de débito, y la denuncia es puntual, es
be responsible for fraudulent purchases made with your posible que no sea responsable de las compras
card. fraudulentas realizadas con su tarjeta.
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October 2015
The CFPB’s
Glossary of English-
Spanish Financial Terms
Table of contents
Table of contents......................................................................................................... 1
Introduction ................................................................................................................. 2
Glossary ....................................................................................................................... 4
CFPB Divisions and Offices ............................................................................... 4
Legislation…… ................................................................................................... 5
Frequently referenced organizations ................................................................ 7
Commonly used phrases and words ................................................................. 9
The Bureau understands that this engagement is strengthened by efforts to include limited
English proficient persons (individuals who do not speak English as their primary language and
who have a limited ability to speak, write, or understand English). According to a 2010 Census
Report, there are over 24 million people in the United States who do not speak English “very
well.” This includes people who classify themselves as speaking English “not well” and people
who do not speak English at all. Studies by Federal agencies and other stakeholders have
highlighted that receipt of materials in consumers' native languages is essential to increasing
these consumers' knowledge about financial products and services.
This glossary of common financial terms was created and is used by the Bureau for translating
consumer education materials from English to Spanish. The Bureau is publically sharing it in an
effort to further the accessibility of financial information to limited English proficient persons. It
is the vision of the CFPB that other stakeholders seeking to financially educate or serve limited
English proficient consumers may use the glossary of terms as a resource. The glossary of terms
is not mandated, nor is it guidance or a requirement for any stakeholder.
Limited English proficient persons can submit complaints to the CFPB in more than180
languages via telephone at 855-411-2372.
The CFPB is a 21st century agency that helps consumer finance markets work by making rules
more effective, by consistently and fairly enforcing those rules, and by empowering consumers
to take more control over their economic lives. To learn more and access additional resources,
visit www.consumerfinance.gov.
English Spanish
TABLE 2: DIVISIONS
English Spanish
English Spanish
Legislation
TABLE 4: LEGISLATION
English Spanish
Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Ley Dodd-Frank de Reforma de Wall Street y
Protection Act of 2010 Protección al Consumidor del 2010
Women’s Business Ownership Act of 1988 Ley de Propiedad Comercial de la Mujer del 1988
English Spanish
English Spanish
TABLE 7: TITLES
English Spanish
“Money Smart for Older Adults” “Money Smart para Personas Mayores”
TABLE 8: WORDS
English Spanish
accountants contadores
add-ons adicionales
Arbitration arbitraje
article before CFPB always put the article “El” before CFPB
bonds bonos
broker corredor
brokers corredores
company compañía
complaint queja
consumer consumidor
costs costos
deed escritura
empower empoderar
expenses gastos
federal consumer protection law ley federal para la protectíon del consumidor
full faith and credit plena fe y el crédito (full faith and credit)
hackers hackers
home hogar
investor(s) inversionista(s)
mortgage hipoteca
origination originación
password contraseñas
phishing phishing
pre-approved pre-aprobado
pre-qualified pre-calificado
rent renta
retirees jubilados/pensionado
scammer estafador
scams estafa
sheriff alguacil
spoofing spoofing
stagnation estancamiento
stocks acciones
sweepstakes sorteos
title título
to refer remitir
trustees fideicomisarios
winnings ganancias