Fbsm 2 - Hns fukebdmktns emh jnknjldlmktn jlmktäfljn - Mhmjjlúk em hb tmdâtljb `mkmrbh em

lkvmstl`bjlúk

 Jnstns y _rmsupumstns
Uutnr1 Ebyrn Lvbk Vbsqumz
@rupn1 2??2?:^23?

_rmsmktben pnr
Zbrb Ybdärmz Jbktmrn

JJ. 2?6=?22=?<

]klvmrslebe Kbjlnkbh Bilmrtb y b Elstbkjlb - ]KBE

Msjumhb em Jlmkjlbs Bedlklstrbtlvbs, Jnktbihms, Mjnkúdljbs y em Km`njlns -

MJBJMK

_rn`rbdb em Bedlklstrbjlúk em Mdprmsbs

 9?92
 

Lktrneujjlnk

Mh prmsmktm trbiban jndprmkemdns tbktn hns fukebdmktns emh jnknjldlmktn jlmktäfljn, jndn mh

 prnjmsn em jnkstrujjlúk
jnkstrujjlúk em uk prnymjtn em lkvmstl`bjlúk,
lkvmstl`bjlúk, b pbrtlr em hb mh
mhmjjlúk
mjjlúk em ukb tmdâtljb

`mkmrbh prnpumstb mk hb `uäb em bjtlvlebems.

 

Niamtlvns

 Ymjnknjmr hb ldpnrtbkjlb em hb lkvms`bjlúk mk tnens hns âdiltns


Lemkfjbr jubh snk hns pbsns pbrb mdpmzbr ukb lkvms`bjlúk

 Jnknjmr mh jnkjmptn em lkvms`bjlúk

 

Mh mamrjljln em lkvmstl`br

Ms fukebdmktbh jndprmkemr qum cby ukb smrlm em pbsns prmvlns bh emsbrrnhhn em ukb lkvmstl`bjlúk,

 ntrns lkcmrmktms bh prnjmsn em lkvmstl`bjlúk m lkjhusn bh`ukns pnstmrlnrms bh tìrdlkn em ìstm7 qum

hns lkvmstl`benrms emimk nismrvbr.

Hb lkvmstl`bjlúk tlmkm jndn prlkjlpbhms niamtlvns, hb `mkmrbjlúk em jnknjldlmktn, b trbvìs em hb

 prneujjlúk em kumvbs lembs7

lembs7 y hb snhujlúk em prnihmdbs prâjtljns.
prâjtljns. Zlk mdibr`n, cby qum pmksbr mk

mhhb jndn uk prnjmsn, mk mh qum cbk em tndbrsm mk jnkslemrbjlúk, y em fnrdb rl`urnsb, elfmrmktms

mtbpbs slk prmsjlkelr em klk`ukb em mhhbs. _nr mhhn, bktms em bphljbr ukb pbutb em hmjturb jrätljb b uk

brtäjuhn, ms fukebdmktbh mktmkemr qum cby emtrâs em mstbs cmrrbdlmktbs, mk qum sm ibsbrnk hns

butnrms pbrb `mkmrbrhbs, em enkem prnvlmkmk hns ätmds qum sm mvbhñbk, pnrquì sm mhl`lmrnk msns ätmds

y kn ntrns, mtj.

Jubken sm lktmktb rmbhlzbr lkvmstl`bjlúk slk jnkslemrbr mh "prnjmsn em lkvmstl`bjlúk", sumhm

jndmtmrsm uk mrrnr `rbvm y duy frmjumktm7 emilen b qum sm bsplrb b cbjmr lkvms.

Ms lkeuebihm qum pumemk mxlstlr dñhtlphms rmspumstbs pnslihms b mstb sldphm prm`uktb. Emsem

 bqumhhbs em jbrâjtmr pmrsnkbh jndn "pbrb tmkmr prmstl`ln prnfmslnkbh, n smktlrsm ilmk, n bhjbkzbr

rmjnknjldlmktn, n pbrb puihljbr, nitmkmr flkbkjlbdlmktn, n vlbabr b jnk`rmsns"7 pbsbken pnr ntrbs

duy knihms jndn "pbrb smr pbrtm emh jnknjldlmktn, n cbjmr jrmjmr kumstrb prnfmslúk, n fnrtbhmjmr

ukb elsjlphlkb, n imkmfljlbr b hb pnihbjlúk, u nfrmjmr hn dmanr b kumstrns usubrlns"7 cbstb bh`ukbs

duy prnfukebs y em sl`klfljben duy tìjkljn jndn "pbrb `mkmrbr jnknjldlmktn ñtlh, n fukebdmktbr

kumstrbs bjjlnkms, n lkvmrtlr mk hn kmjmsbrln, n mvltbr rlms`ns, n fukebdmktbr hbs prlnrlebems mk

sbhue, n lkfhulr mk hb mjnkndäb", mtj.

 Kn nistbktm, tnebs hbs

hbs pnslihms dntlvb
dntlvbjlnkms,
jlnkms, ms lkeuebihm qum
qum pbrb jndmkzbr sm rmqulmrm em ukb

lemb em lkvmstl`bjlúk, hb qum pumem bpbrmjmr em dñhtlphms fumktms, jndn emh jnktbjtn jnk hns

 pbjlmktms, em hb hmjturb em ilihln`rbfäb

ilihln`rbfäb mspmjlbh
mspmjlbhlzbeb,
lzbeb, b pbrtlr em ukb elsjuslúk
elsjuslúk jnk jnhm`bs, em hb

bslstmkjlb b jnk`rmsns, em hb mxpmrlmkjlb emh lkvmstl`benr, mtj.

_brb elsjurrlr mh quì lkvmstl`br, ms fukebdmktbh jnknjmr bh`ukns bktmjmemktms snirm mh tmdb mk
 

jumstlúk7 pums mxlstmk bh`ukns mk hns qum sm cb emsbrrnhhben dujcb lkvmstl`bjlúk, ntrns mk hns qum

cby lkvmstl`bjlúk, pmrn slk ukb mstrujturb emflkleb, y ntrns duy pnjn lkvmstl`bens n sldphmdmktm

kn lkvmstl`bens. Mstm jnknjldlmktn prmvln ms ldpnrtbktm mktrm ntrbs jnsbs, pbrb mvltbr hb utlhlzbjlúk

em dmtnenhn`äbs y elsmòns yb rmpnrtbens mk mh ârmb em kumstrn lktmrìs, pums bh hldltbrkns b rmpmtlr

mxpmrlmkjlbs yb rmbhlzbebs, pumem kn súhn qum kn `mkmrmdns jnknjldlmktn, slkn qum, bemdâs

`bstmdns ukb jbktlebe kn emsprmjlbihm em rmjursns y mkmr`äb, jnk pnirms rmsuhtbens

r msuhtbens y ukb `rbk

ensls em frustrbjlúk (Cmrkâkemz Zbdplmrl mt bh., 2<<3).

Mk hbs prldmrbs mtbpbs emh prnjmsn em lkvmstl`bjlúk

lkvmstl`bjlúk,, hbs lembs sumhmk smr vb`bs, lkmxbjtbs, duy

bistrbjtbs7 y hbs fumktms emsem enkem pnemdns nitmkmr lembs pbrb lkvmstl`br snk1 hb nismrvbjlúk

 pmrlúeljb em cmjcns mspmjlbhms,

mspmjlbhms, hbs mxpmrlmkjlbs lkelvleubhms, hbs sldphm
sldphm jnkvmrsbjlnkms em
em pbslhhns

(mspmjlbhdmktm "bqumhhb emh ñhtldn jnk`rmsn" n "hb emh sldpnsln bqumh"), hbs mxpnsljlnkms em

jnhm`bs mk hns elfmrmktms jnk`rmsns, smdlkbrlns n tbhhmrms, bsä jndn hbs jnkfmrmkjlbs, y mh dbtmrlbh

qum bpbrmjm pnr jlmrtn mk tmxtns y rmvlstbs7 y mspmjlbhdmktm ìstm ñhtldn, pums ms b pbrtlr em ìstb

fumktm emsem enkem sm `mkmrb y rm`lstrb hb mxpmrlmkjlb y mh jnknjldlmktn, y, pnr mkem, ms ìstb hb qum

emim smr mspmjlbhdmktm julebensb mk sus jnkjhuslnkms em dnen tbh em kn `mkmrbr sms`ns

lkfnrdbtlvns.

Hb smhmjjlúk em hb hltmrbturb, ms ldpnrtbktm pnrqum pmrdltm bjhbrbr lembs y `mkmrbr clpútmsls, pnr mstn

mh lkvmstl`benr emim tmkmr jlmrtn `rben em jnknjldlmktn y mxpmrlmkjlb snirm mh tmdb mk qum vb b

trbibabr, pums bsä pnerâ sbimr qum em knvmensn pumem emdnstrbr.

Mk emflkltlvb, hb ldpnrtbkjlb em hb lkvmstl`bjlúk rbeljb mk qum mstb cb slen uk lkstrudmktn jhbvm

 pbrb mh prn`rmsn

 em hb cudbklebe.

Emimdns tmkmr mk jumktb qum hb lkvmstl`bjlúk kn sm hldltb b hb jlmkjlb, tnebs hbs ârmbs emh

jnknjldlmktn snk niamtn em jnkstbktm lkvmstl`bjlúk.

lkvmstl`bjlúk. Em mstb dbkmrb sm bhjbkzb mh prn`rmsn. Bsä

tmkmdns qum, mk mjnkndäb, meujbjlúk, emrmjcn, y cbstb mk mh brtm, hb lkvmstl`bjlúk mstlduhb mh

emsbrrnhhn emh bjmrvn prnfmslnkbh.

 

Austlfljbjlúk em pnrqum ms ldpnrtbktm lkvmstl`br snirm hb Zbhue _uihljb

Mk mh duken bjtubh hb ldpnrtbkjlb em hb lkvmstl`bjlúk jlmktäfljb mstâ fumrb em elsjuslúk. Unens, n

jbsl tnens, jrmmdns qum ms iumkn lkvmstl`br y snhmdns ms`rldlr dñhtlphms br`udmktns qum austlfljbk

mstb lemb. Hb lkvmstl`bjlúk jlmktäfljb ms kmjmsbrlb pnrqum jnktrliuym b elsdlkulr kumstrb l`knrbkjlb,

 pnrqum bpnrtb jnknjldlmktns

jnknjldlmktns snirm mh bdilmktm
bdilmktm qum kns rnemb, pnrqum emsjuirm
emsjuirm kumvns fmkúdmkns

 pnrqum jrmb snhujlnkms

snhujlnkms b kumstrns prnihmdbs, pn
pnrqum
rqum dmanrb kumstrb jbhlebe
jbhlebe em vleb

 pnrqum `mkmrb kumvbs tmjknhn`äbs,

tmjknhn`äbs, pnrqum jurb mk
mkfmrdmebems
fmrdmebems y pnrqum prnhnk`b
prnhnk`b hb vleb em qulmkms

qumrmdns, mk flk, pnrqum lkjrmdmktb mh jnknjldlmktn jlmktäfljn y dmanrb kumstrbs vlebs.

B mstn emimdns b`rm`br qum hb lkvmstl`bjlúk

lkvmstl`bjlúk jlmktäfljb ms iumkb sl mstâ ilmk cmjcb. Mstn sl`klfljb

qum kn sm prneujm jnknjldlmktn jlmktäfljn em jubhqulmr dnen. Lkvmstl`br supnkm hb prâjtljb em uk

 prnjmsn slstmdâtljn em
em rmjnplhbjlúk, emsjrlpjlúk
emsjrlpjlúk y bkâhlsls em ebtns, jnk mh niamt
niamtlvn
lvn em rmspnkemr

ukb prm`uktb n ebr snhujlúk b uk emtmrdlkben prnihmdb, b trbvìs em hb bphljbjlúk emh dìtnen

jlmktäfljn.

Hb lkvmstl`bjlúk mk sbhue ms uk prnjmsn slstmdâtljn pnrqum b pbrtlr em ukb prm`uktb em

lkvmstl`bjlúk sm rmjn`mk ebtns y sm bkbhlzbk m lktmrprmtbk pbrb dnelfljbr n bòbelr kumvns

jnknjldlmktns b hns yb mxlstmktms, em uk dnen nr`bklzben. \ nr`bklzben sl`klfljb qum tnens hns

dlmdirns emh mqulpn lkvmstl`benr jnknjmk hn qum emimk cbjmr mk mh mstueln, bphljbk hbs dlsdbs

emflkljlnkms y jrltmrlns y bjtñbk em fnrdb leìktljb bktm emtmrdlkbens sujmsns

Mk pbrtljuhbr, `rbjlbs b hb lkvmstl`bjlúk mk sbhue, sm cbk emsjuilmrtn dnens em jurbr n prmvmklr

dujcbs em hbs mkfmrdmebems qum mk mh pbsben mrbk hmtbhms n qum njbslnkbrnk `rbvms pbemjldlmktns
pbemjldlmktns..

Hb `mkmrbjlúk em kumvns jnknjldlmktns jlmktäfljns mk sbhue cb jnktrliulen b elsdlkulr mh

sufrldlmktn, b lkjrmdmktbr mh ilmkmstbr y prnhnk`br hb vleb em hbs pmrsnkbs

 

Jnkjhuslnkms

Mk emflkl
emflkltl
tlvb,
vb, hb lkvmst
lkvmstl`b
l`bjlú
jlúk
k tlmkm
tlmkm dujcb
dujcb ldpnr
ldpnrtbk
tbkjlb
jlb yb qum pmrdlt
pmrdltmm bdphlb
bdphlbrr hns

jnknjldlmktns em hbs pmrsnkbs mk fnrdb jnkjrmtb y jmrtmrb, birlmken bsä pnslilhlebems mk

tnen tlpn jndn hns snk mk mh jbdpn em hn snjlbh, juhturbh, mdprmsbrlbh, kbturbh, mtj.
 

Ilihln`rbfäb.

Cmrkâkemz Zbdplmrl, Y. (9?25). Dmtnenhn`äb em hb lkvmstl`bjlú

lkvmstl`bjlúk.
k. Jluebe em Dìxljn1 Dj @rbw Clhh.
Jbpätuhn 9, : y 29. Ymjupmrben em cttps1//mhlirn-
kmt.ilihlntmjbvlrtubh.ukbe.meu.jn/ms/
kmt.ilihlntmjbvlrtubh.ukbe.meu.jn/ms/hj/ukbe/tltuhn
hj/ukbe/tltuhns/0:669
s/0:669

Rulktbkb, B. (9??3). _hbktmbdlmktn emh prnihmdb em lkvmstl`bjlúk1 mrrnrms em hb hmjturb supmrfljlbh

em hlirns em tmxtn em dmtnenhn`äb. Mk Ymvlstb LL_ZL, Fbjuhtbe em _sljnhn`äb. ]klvmrslebe Kbjlnkbh
Dbynr em Zbk Dbrjns, _mrñ ‚ ]KDZD. Ymjupmrben em cttps1//www.`nn`hm.jnd/urh>
sb4t&rjt4a&q4&msrj4s&snurjm4wmi&je45&jbe4ra
sb4t&rjt4a&q4&msrj4s&sn urjm4wmi&je45&jbe4rab&ubjt43&vme49bc]G
b&ubjt43&vme49bc]GMwaCtqqc<bkpB
MwaCtqqc<bkpBcPl
cPl
duBGCQ?tEe?RFaBEm`RLIYBI&urh4cttp
duBGCQ?tEe?R FaBEm`RLIYBI&urh4cttps%:B%9F%9Felbhkm
s%:B%9F%9Felbhkmt.uklrlnab.ms%9Fems
t.uklrlnab.ms%9Femsjbr`b
jbr`b
%9Fbrtljuhn%9F9050:6:.pef&us`4BN
%9Fbrtljuhn%9F90 50:6:.pef&us`4BNvVbw9DdrHFJPhHHf_cS
vVbw9DdrHFJPhHHf_cSmEk0E3@ mEk0E3@

Qbpbtb, N. (9??=). ¾Jndn mkjnktrbr uk tmdb y jnkstrulr uk prnihmdb em lkvmstl`bjlúk> Mk

Lkknvbjlúk Meujbtlvb, vnh. =, kñd. 9<, knvlmdirm ‚ eljlmdirm 9??=. Ymjupmrben
em cttps1//www
cttps1//www.rmebhyj.nr`/pef/20<5
.rmebhyj.nr`/pef/20<5/20<592509??5
/20<592509??5.pef 
.pef