AIWB^UKMJAK EL@ JBMU^B@ W^LZ\W\LZUK^AB LM @K OLZUAÚM

LIW^LZK^AK@

Kmoal Krrbykvl

\m prlsupulstb ls um p`km sufltb k `bs rljursbs el umk liprlsk, qul sl p`kmtlk pkrk `borkr

lm um plrabeb lspljadajb `bs bnfltavbs prbpulstbs y sl elmbtk lm táriambs ibmltkrabs8 lstb qualrl

eljar, ls um p`km qul amtlork y jbbreamk el dbrik lm táriambs damkmjalrbs jbm rlspljtb k `ks

bplrkjabmls y rljursbs qul dbrikm pkrtl el umk liprlsk lm um eltlriamkeb plrabeb, jbm l` dam el

juip`ar jbm `bs bnfltavbs dafkebs pbr `k k`tk earljjaúm.

earljjaúm .

l` prlsupulstb ‐ls `k lstaikjaúm prborkikek, el ikmlrk sastliëtajk,

Wkrk Nurnkmb (>77<) l`

el `ks jbmeajabmls el bplrkjaúm y el `bs rlsu`tkebs k bntlmlr pbr um brokmasib lm um plrabeb

eltlriamkeb’. Ukinaám eajl qul l` prlsupulstb ‐ls

‐ls umk lxprlsaúm jukmtatktavk dbrik` el `bs

bnfltavbs qul sl prbpbml k`jkmzkr `k keiamastrkjaúm el `k liprlsk lm um plrabeb, jbm `k kebpjaúm

el `ks lstrktloaks mljlskraks pkrk `borkr`bs.’ (Nurnkmb, >77<)

@k kjjaúm el prlsupulstkr elnaú cknlr lstkeb aip`éjatk lm `ks kjtavaekels cuikmks lm `bs

amajabs `ks prailrks java`azkjabmls (Nurnkmb F. , >77<), plrb jbib tlriamb tájmajb l` prlsupulstb

amajab jbib um ebjuilmtb prlpkrkeb

p rlpkrkeb pbr l` obnalrmb juyb dam lrk kmtajapkrsl k `bs amorlsbs y okstbs

el` prúxaib kûb, elspuás el `k prailrk oulrrk iumeak` sl jbmsaelrú su usb jbib umk ikmlrk

vlmtkfbsk el jbmtrb`kr `bs okstbs el `ks liprlsks.

 Zloöm Hbbmtz y _lacrajc, `bs prlsupulstbs sbm lstkebs el rlsu`tkebs kmtajapkebs, yk slk

lm táriambs damkmjalrbs jbib `bs prlsupulstbs el okstbs l amorlsbs y el jkpatk` b mb damkmjalrbs

jbib `bs prlsupulstbs el ikmb el bnrk earljtk, iktlrak`ls, vb`uilm el vlmtks désajks b umaekels

el prbeujjaúm. (Hbbmtz & _lacrajc, ;113)

@bs prlsupulstb sl jkrkjtlrazkm pbr su p`kmlkjaúm amtlorkek y jbbreamkek, eltk``kmeb lm

táriambs ljbmúiajbs, `ks bplrkjabmls el umk liprlsk jbm rlspljtb k um plrabeb eltlriamkeb y

juyb dam ls k`jkmzkr `ks iltks lstkn`ljaeks pbr `k k`tk olrlmjak, ksé iasib nusjk prbyljtkr `bs

rlsu`tkebs el `k brokmazkjaúm lm eamlrb y vb`öilmls, l` jbmtrb` el` ikmlfb el amorlsbs y lorlsbs,

jbbreamkr l amtlrrl`kjabmkr `ks kjtavaekels el `ks brokmazkjabmls y `borkr `bs rlsu`tkebs el `ks

bplrkjabmls plraúeajks. (Kmoulrk, >777)

@b prlsupulstbs sl pulelm j`ksadajkr lm pön`ajbs b pravkebs, yk slkm el `krob b jbrtb

plrabeb, lstbs pulelm slr d`lxan`ls b dafbs, el aouk` ikmlrk sloöm l` sljtbr el `k liprlsk, `borkm

slr prlsupulstbs el obnalrmb y prlsupulstbs brokmazkjabmk`ls, aouk`ilmtl sloöm slk l` jkipb el

kp`ajkjaúm el `k liprlsk lmjbmtrkibs prlsupulstb iklstrb, damkmjalrb, el vlmtk, el bplrkjaúm,

lmtrl btrbs.

Lm l` sljtbr pön`ajb, `k l`knbrkjaúm el` prlsupulstb plriatl lstaikr `bs rljursbs jbm `bs

juk`ls sl jbmtkrkm y slrëm eastranuar`bs el kjulreb k `ks prabraekels el` obnalrmb jbm `ks eastamtks

amstatujabmls, el lstk ikmlrk sl iulstrk l` `éiatl el okstb el jkek lmtaeke, pkrk lfljutkr `ks

kjtavaekels rlqulraeks y ksé k`jkmzkr sus p`kmls y bnfltavbs k trkvás el sus prborkiks y prbyljtbs8

ls ksé jbib jbipbml l` usb el `bs rljursbs pön`ajbs nkfb l` pramjapab el `k trkmspkrlmjak, plriatl
jbmbjlr el ikmlrk brelmkek l` elstamb el` eamlrb rlk`azkeb pbr `ks lmtaekels pön`ajks, y el lsk

dbrik plriatl lvk`ukr `bs rlsu`tkebs el `k olstaúm pön`ajk.

@borkr umk nulmk olstaúm liprlskrak` kpbykek l` prbjlsb prlsupulstkrab, olmlrk um prbjlsb

jbmstkmtl qul sl rl`kjabmk jbm um mulvb prbjlsb prlsupulstkrab jkek kûb8 el dbrik qul jukmeb sl

lstë lfljutkmeb l` prlsupulstb el` plrabeb kjtuk` sl lstë p`kmadajkmeb l` prlsupulstb el` plrabeb

saoualmtl, ls eljar, qul ls um prbjlsb jbmtamub

jbmtamub el ltkpks qul juip`l jkek prlsupulstb kmuk`. Lstks

ltkpks sbm6 dbriu`kjaúm, easjusaúm y kprbnkjaúm, lfljujaúm, lvk`ukjaúm y jbmtrb`. Ukinaám julmtk

jbm trls l`lilmtbs nësajbs lm su prborkik el prlsupulstb qul sbm `k p`kmadajkjaúm, l` jbmtrb` y `k

jbbreamkjaúm, k` iasib talipb jbiprlmel : l`lilmtbs pramjapk`ls qul sbm prlsupulstb amtlorkebr,

jbbreamkebr, y el bplrkjabmls. El aouk` ibeb l` prlsupulstb jbmtalml el ;> pramjapabs

dumekilmtk`ls `bs juk`ls sbm6 Wrborkikjaúm, Amtlork`aeke, \mavlrsk`aeke, Lxj`usavaeke, \maeke,

Kjujabsaeke, J`kraeke, Lspljadajkjaúm, Wlrabeajaeke, jbmtamuaeke, d`lxana`aeke y lqua`anrab.

@ks brokmazkjabmls dbrikm pkrtl el um ilrjkeb ebmel prlebiamk `k amjlrtaeuinrl, pbr

l``bs elnlm p`kmlkr iamujabskilmtl sus kjtavaekels sa prltlmelm ikmtlmlrsl lm l` ilrjkeb

jbipltatavb, pulstb qul jukmtb ikybr slk `k amjlrtaeuinrl, ikybrls slrëm `bs ralobs pbr ksuiar y
jukmtb ilmbr slk l` orkeb el kjalrtb el prleajjaúm, ikybr slrë `k amvlstaokjaúm qul elnl rlk`azkrsl

sbnrl `k amd`ulmjak qul lflrjlrëm `bs dkjtbrls mb jbmtrb`kn`ls pbr `k olrlmjak sbnrl `bs rlsu`tkebs

damk`ls el um mlobjab. (Nurnkmb F. , s.d.)

Zu aipbrtkmjak lm `k olstaúm rkeajk lm rlk`azkr umk prbyljjaúm trkmspkrlmtl y dumekek lm

`bs ibvaialmtbs ljbmúiajbs, ibmltkrabs y damkmjalrbs qul jkrkjtlrazkrëm k `k brokmazkjaúm qul `b

rlk`azk. Ksé, sam l` prlsupulstb sl pulel dëja`ilmtl lmtrkr lm jkbs k` olmlrkrsl iës okstbs el `b
mljlskrab b amj`usb k` mb jbmtrb`kr `ks okmkmjaks b lmtrkeks el jkpatk` qul sl rlk`ajlm, ls pbr l``b

qul mbs sarvl pkrk kmtajapkr, prlvlmar y rlou`kr mulstrbs okstbs, lvatkr prbn`liks el ldljtavb,

rlk`azkr prlvasabmls el okstbs, kcbrrb b amvlrsaúm, keliës `b l`knbrkibs k pkrtar el `bs amorlsbs y

okstbs `b qul nramek lstkna`aeke k mulstrk ljbmbiék.

Zl pulel lmjbmtrkr ebs orkmels vlmtkfks k` p`kmlkr y ckjlr prlsupulstbs, lstl dkja`atk `k

uta`azkjaúm keljukek el `bs rljursbs, prbpbrjabmk ldajalmjak lm `ks bplrkjabmls, kyuek k `borkr umk

nulmk olstaúm brokmazkjabmk` y ibstrkr `bs rlsu`tkebs qul sl bntlmerëm el pbmlr lm prëjtajk `bs

p`kmls. Zam linkrob, kumqul ckjlr prlsupulstbs kyuek k ikmlfkr umk liprlsk, tkinaám

talml `aiatkjabmls, pbrqul lstëm nkskebs lm lstaikjabmls, lm prbyljjabmls, y sa mb sl rlk`azkm

jbrrljtkilmtl, mb sl bntlmerëm rlsu`tkebs qul olmlrlm nlmldajabs.

Wkrk `borkr umk nulmk olstaúm liprlskrak`, l` jbmtrb` prlsupulstkrab lstaiu`k `k

kmtajapkjaúm k` elskrrb``b el `k liprlsk. Dbilmtk l` lqua`anrab el `ks kjtavaekels y plriatl

lvaelmjakr quá k`tlrmktavks pulelm rlk`azkrsl. L` jbmtrb` prlsupulstk` elnl jbmsaelrkrsl tkmtb umk

ileaek el prbjlsb y um sastlik jbib umk clrrkialmtk el olstaúm pkrk `k keiamastrkjaúm.

Jbmstatuyl l` mlxb ileakmtl l` juk` `ks pb`étajks, `bs bnfltavbs y mbriks sl pulelm k`jkmzkr. Ls `k
nksl pkrk iö`tap`ls dumjabmls jbib l` jbmtrb`, `k lvk`ukjaúm el` elsliplûb, `ks kjtavaekels el

jbbreamkjaúm y `k aip`lilmtkjaúm el` p`km. (Cljckvkrrak, >7;<)

 ^LDL^LMJAKZ

Nurnkmb, F. (>77<). Kcbrk6 Lsjul`k el Lstueabs Wrbdlsabmk`ls . Bntlmaeb el Lmdbqul Ibelrmb el

W`kmlkjaúm y Jbmtrb` el ^ljursbs6 cttp6//nat.`y/:j@3eip

Nurnkmb, F. (s.d.). kikzbmkws.jbi . Bntlmaeb el W^LZ\W\LZUBZ6 Lmdbqul el Olstabm,

W`kmlkjaúm y Jbmtrb` el ^ljursbs.6 cttps6//ob.kws/::jZIz4

Hbbmtz, C., & _lacrajc, C. (;113). Keiamastrkjaúm6 \mk plrspljtavk o`bnk`. Ilxajb E.D6

IjOrkw Ca``.