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= XSL@DLXMFBT MXFLDMDLN@BT KB FNT OÌ[NKNT

@ROÌSLDNT
Fns oìtnkns `uoìrldns sn` ebrrmolb`tms ouy pnkbrnsms pmrm fm snfudlô` kb prncfboms.
Tn` dmpmdbs kb om`lpufmr slstboms kb bdumdln`bs arm`kbs, om`bimr `n fl`bmflkmkbs y
rbsnfvbr abnobtrïms dnopfldmkms, dnou`bs b` fm prídtldm kb fm l`ab`lbrïm y, m ob`ukn,
lopnslcfbs kb rbsnfvbr b` jnrom m`mfïtldm. Xnr fn tm`tn, muob`tm` fm emclflkmk kb qulb` fns
bstuklm pmrm rbsnfvbr prncfboms.

B`dn`trmons msï mpfldmdln`bs kb fns oìtnkns `uoìrldns b` fns íocltns oís klvbrsns
kbskb sbdtnrbs tbd`nfôaldns tm` dfísldns dnon fm l`ab`lbrïm bstrudturmf n fm mbrnkl`íoldm
kb mvln`bs, emstm mpfldmdln`bs oís snjlstldmkms dnon l`ab`lbrïm kb mflob`tns, l`ab`lbrïm
oìkldm, klsbýn kb jíromdns, clnfnaïm, btd.

=.= OBDÍ@LDM KB TÔFLKNT

Bxlstb` eny b` kïm, u` arm` `ùobrn kb bstrudturms b` l`ab`lbrïm dlvlf, qub sn` onkbfmkns
kbskb su dn`dbpdlô` utlflzm`kn tìd`ldms kb bfbob`tns jl`ltns. Fns oìtnkns `uoìrldns
tmoclì` pubkb` sbr utlflzmkns pmrm bstuklmr bf dnopnrtmolb`tn kb bstrudturms qub sn`
jmcrldmkms b` sbrlb. R` bibopfn tïpldn kb bstm mpfldmdlô` bs bf onkbfmkn `uoìrldn kb
dmsms emcltmdlô` kb l`tbrìs sndlmf. B` bstb dmsn bs ouy lopnrtm`tb emdbr bf onkbfmkn
l`tbarmf kb fm bstrudturm, pmrm vbr su dnopnrtmolb`tn dnon u` tnkn y pnkbr tnomr
mddln`bs tm`tn kb klsbýn dnon pnslcfbs rbpmrmdln`bs dum`kn sujrb kmýn b` dn`kldln`bs
kb sbrvldln.

=.3 OBDÍ@LDM KB JFRLKNT

R`m rmom ouy lopnrtm`tb kb fm l`ab`lbrïm bs bf bstukln kb fm obdí`ldm kb jfulkns, b`
kn`kb fms bdumdln`bs qub anclbr`m` bf jb`ôob`n jïsldn tlb`b` dlbrtms pbduflmrlkmkbs qub
fms emdb` kljïdlfbs kb mcnrkmr kbskb bf pu`tn kb vlstm `uoìrldn. Mquï sb prbsb`tm`
prncfboms kb cfnqubn `uoìrldn kb fm snfudlô` y kbcb` sbaulrsb dlbrtms mftbr`mtlvms pmrm
emdbr mcnrkmcfb bf prncfbom. R` tlpn kb prncfboms qub bs l`tbrbsm`tbs rbsnfvbr bs pnr
bibopfn kbtbrol`mr fms prbsln`bs qub prnvndm bf vlb`tn sncrb u`m bstrudturm kbtbrol`mkm.

=.4 OBKLNT KB [SM@TXNS[B B@ AB@BSMF

Xmrm fm dn`dbpdlô` y prnkuddlô` kb u` vbeïdufn (ym sbm u` mutnoôvlf, u` mvlô` n u`
cmrdn) bs ouy dnoù` utlflzmr onkbfns `uoìrldns kb kl`íoldm kb jfulkns pmrm sloufmr bf
dnopnrtmolb`tn kbf vbeïdufn b` onvlolb`tn (ym sbm b` tlbrrm, b` mlrb n b` mocns). Bstn
pbroltb nptlolzmr fm jnrom abnoìtrldm bxtbrlnr kbf olson kb om`brm qub su rbslstb`dlm mf
mvm`db sbm fm oï`lom pnslcfb, fn qub pbroltlrí tb`br u`m vlkm ùtlf oís fmram, ob`nr
dn`suon kb dnocustlcfb, qub sbm ob`ns dn`tmol`m`tb, qub sbm oís flabrn (oís cmrmtn
kb prnkudlr). Xbrn bf bstukln `n tbrol`m meï. Fns onkbfns m`tbrlnrob`tb kbsdrltns kbcb`
mdnpfmrsb dn` bstuklns qub pbroltm` bf onkbfmkn kb sltumdln`bs bxtrboms kb sbrvldln kbf
vbeïdufn qub pnkrïm` mjbdtmr fm sbaurlkmk kb sus ndupm`tbs, tmfbs dnon9 denqub, vubfdn,
mtbrrlzmib jnrznsn, btd., fn qub bxlab emdbr usn kb onkbfns mvm`zmkns kb kl`íoldm
bstrudturmf `n fl`bmf. Xnr ntrm pmrtb, dmkm vbz bs oís usumf utlflzmr sloufmdln`bs
`uoìrldms pmrm rbprnkudlr bf dldfn kb klsbýn y jmcrldmdlô` kb plbzms kb fns vbeïdufns.

=.; NX[LOLYMDLÔ@ ORF[LNCIB[LZN

Bs l`kukmcfb qub fms tìd`ldms kb nptlolzmdlô` sn` mftmob`tb mpfldmcfbs m fm arm` omynrïm
kb fns prndbsns l`kustrlmfbs. Tl` bocmran, emy mfau`ms tìd`ldms kb nptlolzmdlô` qub
rbqulbrb` mfau`ms dn`kldln`bs ouy dmrmdtbrïstldms qub fns prndbsns rbqulbrb` duopflr
pmrm pnkbr sbr bdn`ôoldmob`tb vlmcfbs. Bs kb tnkns dn`ndlkn qub fms tìd`ldms kb
nptlolzmdlô` dn` vmrlns ncibtlvns em` tb`lkn u` kbsmrrnffn suomob`tb lopnrtm`tb b` fns
ùftlons mýns, oís mù` dum`kn bxlstb u` dnoprnolsn b`trb fns ncibtlvns qub sb cusdm`.
R`m kb fms arm`kbs vlrtukbs kb fms tìd`ldms kb dnoputmdlô` ouftlncibtlvn bs qub pbroltb`
nptlolzmr vmrlms ju`dln`bs kb dnstn sl` lopnrtmr bf tmomýn kbf bspmdln kb cùsqubkm `l fm
bxlstb`dlm kb vmrlns oï`lons fndmfbs. Ntrm kb sus vlrtukbs bs qub pubkb trmcmimr dn`
rbstrlddln`bs, fms dumfbs pubkb` bstmr n `n lopfïdltms b` fm ju`dlô` kb dnstn kbf prncfbom.
R`m mpfldmdlô` l`obklmtm kb bstb tlpn kb prncfboms bs fm nptlolzmdlô` kb jnroms. B` bstb
prncfbom sb kbsbm nctb`br fm obinr jnrom pnslcfb pmrm u`m plbzm obdí`ldm qub amrm`tldb
dn`kldln`bs kb ju`dln`mflkmk y qub sbm fn oís bdn`ôoldm pnslcfb. Bstb prncfbom kb
cmstm`tb l`tbrìs mdtumfob`tb, b` bf dumf bstí` trmcmim`kn vmrlns l`vbstlamknrbs b` bf
ou`kn. R` bibopfn tïpldn kb bstb tlpn kb mpfldmdln`bs bs nptlolzmr fm jnrom kb u` pub`tb.

=.2 XSNDBTMOLB@[N KB LOÍAB@BT OÌKLDMT.

Bf prncfbom kb rbalstrn b` loíab`bs, u` prncfbom rbfbvm`tb kb prndbsmolb`tn kb
loíab`bs oìkldms dn`slstb b` b`dn`trmr fm trm`sjnromdlô` abnoìtrldm qub pn`am kns
loíab`bs kmkms b` fm obinr dnrrbspn`kb`dlm pnslcfb. R`m kb sus mpfldmdln`bs oís
l`obklmtms bs rbmflzmr bf rbalstrn kb u` dbrbcrn bspìdlob` dn` bf kb u` mtfms m`mtôoldn
b` bf qub sb dn`ndb pbrjbdtmob`tb m quì dnrrbspn`kb dmkm u`n kb fns vnxbfbs qub
jnrom` fm lomab`. Bxlstlrí` zn`ms kb`trn kb fms loíab`bs qub rbqulbrm` kbjnromrsb pndn
y ntrms qub rbqulbrm` kb arm`kbs dmopns kb kbjnromdln`bs. Mkboís, kldems zn`ms
pubkb` bstmr dn`tlaums fn qub prnvndmrïm armklb`tbs ouy arm`kbs kbf dmopn kb
kbjnromdln`bs. Tl tnomons b` dub`tm qub bf `ùobrn kb vnxbfbs qub kbcbons om`bimr
bs ouy arm`kb (kbdb`ms kb olffn`bs), bf klsbýn kb mfanrltons ôptlons rbsuftm b` u`
sustm`dlmf menrrn kb tlbopn kb dôoputn.

=.: JRB@[BT
ettp9//mrtbolsm.u`ldmudm.bku.dn/~dmrklfm/Demprm.pkj

ettps9//www.dlomt.ox/Bvb`tns/tmffbro`/loa/cntbffn^rln`km.pkj