Anuario de Investigaciones

ISSN: 0329-5885
anuario@psi.uba.ar
Universidad de Buenos Aires
Argentina

Gómez Penedo, Juan M.; Juan, Santiago; Manubens, Rocio T.; Roussos, Andrés J.
EL ESTUDIO DEL CAMBIO EN PSICOTERAPIA: DESAFÍOS CONCEPTUALES Y
PROBLEMAS DE INVESTIGACIÓN EMPÍRICA
Anuario de Investigaciones, vol. XXIV, 2017, pp. 15-24
Universidad de Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires, Argentina

Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=369155966001

Cómo citar el artículo

Número completo
Sistema de Información Científica
Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal
Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto
 FACULTAD DE PSICOLOGÍA - UBA / SECRETARÍA DE INVESTIGACIONES / ANUARIO DE INVESTIGACIONES / VOLUMEN XXIV

EL ESTUDIO DEL CAMBIO EN PSICOTERAPIA:

DESAFÍOS CONCEPTUALES Y PROBLEMAS
DE INVESTIGACIÓN EMPÍRICA
THE STUDY OF CHANGE IN PSYCHOTHERAPY: CONCEPTUAL CHALLENGES
AND EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ISSUES
Gómez Penedo, Juan M.1; Juan, Santiago2; Manubens, Rocio T.3; Roussos, Andrés J.4

RESUMEN
Introducción:$SHVDUGHVXREYLRSURWDJRQLVPRH[LVWH
XQHVFDVRFRQVHQVRHQODIRUPDGHFRPSUHQGHU\HVWXGLDU
HO FDPELR HQ SVLFRWHUDSLD Objetivos y estructura: el
SUHVHQWH WUDEDMR RIUHFH XQD VtQWHVLV GH ODV SULQFLSDOHV
IRUPDVGHFRQFHSWXDOL]DU\DQDOL]DUHOFDPELRHQWUDWD-
ABSTRACT
Introduction:$OWKRXJKLWVLPSRUWDQFHLQSV\FKRWKHUDS\
WKHUHLVDVFDUFHFRQVHQVXVDERXWKRZFKDQJHPXVWEH
XQGHUVWDQG DQG VWXG\ Aims and structure: WKLV SDSHU
SUHVHQWDV\QWKHVLVRIWKHPDLQZD\VRIFRQFHSWXDOL]LQJ
DQG DQDO\]LQJ FKDQJH LQ SV\FKRWKHUDSHXWLF WUHDWPHQWV
PLHQWRVSVLFRWHUDSpXWLFRV6HGHVFULEHQWUHVFRQMXQWRVGH :HGHVFULEHWKUHHW\SHVRIFKDOOHQJHVLQWKLVWRSLF7KH
SUREOHPDVDVRFLDGRVFRQODWHPiWLFDDVDEHUORVGH- GHEDWHVDERXWZKDWLWVQHHGWRFKDQJHE\WKHWKHUDS\
EDWHVUHVSHFWRDTXpHOHPHQWRVGHEHPRGL¿FDUXQDSVL- WKHVWUDWHJLHVXVHGWRPHDVXUHWKH³FKDQJH´FRQVWUXFW 
FRWHUDSLD  ORV GLVWLQWRV HVIXHU]RV \ HVWUDWHJLDV SDUD  WKH PHWKRGRORJLFDO FULWHULD WR HVWDEOLVK LI WKH FKDQJH
PHGLUHOFRQVWUXFWR³FDPELR´\ORVGLIHUHQWHVFULWHULRV
PHWRGROyJLFRVSDUDHVWDEOHFHUVLHOFDPELRHIHFWLYDPHQWH
RFXUUH HQ XQD SVLFRWHUDSLD 6H DQDOL]D FDGD HMH WDQWR
GHVGHXQSXQWRGHYLVWDWHyULFRFRPRDODOX]GHORVUHVXO-
WDGRVGHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQHPStULFDDiscusión: Se presen-
WDQFRQFOXVLRQHVGHOWUDEDMR\VHGLVFXWHQODVLPSOLFDQFLDV
GHODUHYLVLyQHIHFWXDGDSDUDODSUiFWLFDFOtQLFD\ODLQYHV-
WLJDFLyQHQSVLFRWHUDSLD
Palabras clave:
3VLFRWHUDSLD&DPELR0HFDQLVPRVGHFDPELR,QYHVWL-
JDFLyQHPStULFD$QiOLVLVWHyULFR
RFFXUV:HDQDO\]HHDFKRIWKHVHD[HVIURPDWKHRUHWLFDO
SRLQWRIYLHZDQGDOVREDVHGRQWKHUHVXOWVRIHPSLULFDO
UHVHDUFK Discussion :H SUHVHQW FRQFOXVLRQV RI WKH
SDSHUDQGGLVFXVVWKHLULPSOLFDWLRQVIRUFOLQLFDOSUDFWLFH
DQGSV\FKRWKHUDS\UHVHDUFK
.H\ZRUGV:
3V\FKRWKHUDS\&KDQJH&KDQJHPHFKDQLVPV(PSLUL-
FDOUHVHDUFK7KHRUHWLFDODQDO\VLV

1
CONICET. Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Dr. en Psicología, Becario Postdoctoral. E-mail: jmgomezpenedo@gmail.com
2
Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Facultad de Psicología. Dr. en Psicología.
3
Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Facultad de Psicología. Estudiante de grado.
4
CONICET. Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Facultad de Psicología. Dr. en Psicología.

DE LA PÁGINA 15 A LA 24 15
EL ESTUDIO DEL CAMBIO EN PSICOTERAPIA: DESAFÍOS CONCEPTUALES Y PROBLEMAS DE INVESTIGACIÓN EMPÍRICA
THE STUDY OF CHANGE IN PSYCHOTHERAPY: CONCEPTUAL CHALLENGES AND EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ISSUES
Gómez Penedo, Juan M.; Juan, Santiago; Manubens, Rocio T.; Roussos, Andrés J.

Introducción: objetivos y estructura del presente SLD FRPR GLVSRVLWLYR QR EXVFD ORJUDU XQ FRQMXQWR GH
trabajo FDPELRVLQHVSHFt¿FRVVLQRTXHDSXQWDDORJUDUPRGL¿-
'HQWURGHOFDPSRGHODSVLFRORJtDFOtQLFDVHKDQGHVFULWR FDFLRQHVHQiUHDVGHWHUPLQDGDV\SUHHVWDEOHFLGDVTXH
PiVGHPRGHORVSVLFRWHUDSpXWLFRVYHUSRUHMHPSOR PHMRUHQ ODV FRQGLFLRQHV GH YLGD GH ORV SDFLHQWHV 'H
)HL[DV\0LUy(QHOORVVHSURSRQHQGLYHUVDVWHR- HVWDIRUPDXQDGHODVSULPHUDVGH¿QLFLRQHVTXHGHELH-
UtDVDFHUFDGHOIXQFLRQDPLHQWRPHQWDO\VXVIRUPDVSD- URQHVWDEOHFHUORVPRGHORVSVLFRWHUDSpXWLFRVIXHHOMu-
WROyJLFDVDVtFRPRGLVWLQWRVUHFXUVRVWpFQLFRVSDUDDERU- tatis mutandis GH VX SUiFWLFD (Q RWUDV SDODEUDV TXp
GDUHVWDVSUREOHPiWLFDV1RREVWDQWHFRPRD¿UPD2JOHV FRVDV GHEtDQ FDPELDU ORV SDFLHQWHV SDUD PHMRUDU VX
WRGRVHVWRVPRGHORVGHSVLFRWHUDSLDDPSOLDPHQ-
WH KHWHURJpQHRV WLHQHQ HQ FRP~Q XQ PLVPR REMHWLYR
SURGXFLUDOJXQDPRGDOLGDGGHFDPELRHQHOSDFLHQWHTXH
FRQVXOWD
'HVGH\DTXHHOWLSRGHFDPELREXVFDGRQRHVHOPLVPR
HQORVGLVWLQWRVDERUGDMHVFDGDPRGDOLGDGWLHQHVXVIR-
FRVGHFDPELR\VXPDQHUDGHFRQFHSWXDOL]DUORV3HUR
WRGDVODVSVLFRWHUDSLDVFRPSDUWHQODLQWHQFLyQGHORJUDU
PHGLDQWHVXVSURFHGLPLHQWRVDOJXQDPRGL¿FDFLyQHQOD
FRQGLFLyQFOtQLFD
Cambios priorizados por diferentes marcos teóricos.
$ OR ODUJR GH OD KLVWRULD ORV PRGHORV WHUDSpXWLFRV KDQ
SODQWHDGRGLIHUHQWHVREMHWLYRVGHFDPELRKDFLDORVFXDOHV
VHGLUHFFLRQDEDQORVDERUGDMHV$VXYH]ODVWHRUtDVWHUD-
SpXWLFDVKDQHVWDEOHFLGRFRQGLFLRQHVTXHGHEHQORJUDUVH
HQHOSDFLHQWHDOPRGRGHSDVRVLQWHUPHGLRVSDUDDOFDQ-
]DUHVWRVREMHWLYRVGHQRPLQDGRVPHFDQLVPRVGHFDPELR
FRQGLFLyQLQLFLDOGHOSDFLHQWH3RUHVWHPRWLYRHOFDPELR 'RVV&RPRD¿UPDQ.UDXVH\$OWLPLUHVWRV
VHKDFRQYHUWLGRHQODSULQFLSDOPHGLGDGHUHVXOWDGRVDO PHFDQLVPRV GH FDPELR SXHGHQ VHU LQWUDSVtTXLFRV HV
PRPHQWR GH HYDOXDU ORV HIHFWRV GH OD SVLFRWHUDSLD GHFLUDFRQWHFHUHQHOSDFLHQWHRWDPELpQSXHGHQVXFHGHU
2JOHV
$SHVDUGHOREYLRSURWDJRQLVPRGHOFDPELRSDUDODSVLFR-
WHUDSLD\GHOFUHFLPLHQWRH[SRQHQFLDOGHVXLQYHVWLJDFLyQ
HQODV~OWLPDVGpFDGDVH[LVWHXQHVFDVRFRQVHQVRHQOD
IRUPDGHFRPSUHQGHUHOFDPELR\VXQH[RFRQORVREMHWLYRV
~OWLPRVGHXQWUDWDPLHQWR$GHPiVHQODDFWXDOLGDGFRH-
[LVWHQ GLVWLQWRV GHEDWHV PHWRGROyJLFRV DO PRPHQWR GH
HVWDEOHFHUODVPHMRUHVIRUPDVGHHVWXGLDUOR
'HQWURGHHVWHPDUFRHOSUHVHQWHWUDEDMRWLHQHHOREMHWLYR
GHVLQWHWL]DU\GLVFXWLUODVGLIHUHQWHVIRUPDVGHFRQFHSWXD-
OL]DU\HVWXGLDUHOFDPELRHQSVLFRWHUDSLDEULQGDQGRWDP-
GHQWURGHODGtDGDSDFLHQWHWHUDSHXWD(VWRVFDPELRVLQ-
YROXFUDQDVXYH]ODWUD\HFWRULDGHOPHFDQLVPRGHQWURGHO
SURFHVR WHUDSpXWLFR$ FRQWLQXDFLyQ VH HIHFWXDUi XQD
VtQWHVLVGHORTXHODVSULQFLSDOHV³IDPLOLDV´GHHVFXHODVHQ
SVLFRWHUDSLDSULRUL]DQFRPRREMHWLYRV\PHFDQLVPRV GH
FDPELR
'DGR TXH UHFRUUHU OD HQRUPH H[WHQVLyQ GH GHVDUUROORV
WHyULFRVHVFDSDDORVOtPLWHVGHQXHVWURWUDEDMRVyORDSXQ-
WDPRVDXQDPX\EUHYHVtQWHVLVTXHVLUYDGHYLVLyQRUGH-
QDGRUDGHFRQMXQWR3DUDHOORHQFDGDFDVRDSHODPRVD
ORVSULPHURVUHIHUHQWHVGHFDGDPRGHORDXWRUHVFOiVLFRV
ELpQXQSDQRUDPDJHQHUDOGHODVSULQFLSDOHVLQYHVWLJDFLR- FRPR)UHXG%HFN\:DW]ODZLFNHWF\DVXYH]DDOJX-
QHV HPStULFDV VREUH HVWH WySLFR 6H GHVFULEHQ WUHV QRV DXWRUHV FRQWHPSRUiQHRV TXH SHUPLWLHUDQ GDU XQD
FRQMXQWRVGHSUREOHPDVDVRFLDGRVDOWHPDDVDEHUORV SHUVSHFWLYD KLVWyULFD \ D VX YH] DFWXDO GH OD YLVLyQ GHO
GHEDWHV UHVSHFWR D TXp HOHPHQWRV GHEH PRGL¿FDU XQD FDPELRVHJ~QFDGDPDUFRWHyULFR'HELGRDTXHDOJXQRV
SVLFRWHUDSLDORVGLVWLQWRVHVIXHU]RV\HVWUDWHJLDVSDUD PRGHORVFRPRHOSVLFRDQDOtWLFRRHOFRJQLWLYRFRQGXFWXDO
PHGLU RSHUDFLRQDOL]DU HO FRQVWUXFWR ³FDPELR´ \  ORV
GLIHUHQWHV FULWHULRV PHWRGROyJLFRV TXH SXHGHQ XVDUVH
SDUDHVWDEOHFHUVLHOFDPELRHIHFWLYDPHQWHRFXUUHHQXQD
SVLFRWHUDSLD6HDQDOL]DFDGDHMHWDQWRGHVGHXQSXQWRGH
YLVWDWHyULFRFRPRDODOX]GHORVUHVXOWDGRVGHODLQYHVWL-
JDFLyQHPStULFD)LQDOPHQWHLQWHJUDQGRORVHMHVDQDOL]D-
GRVVHGLVFXWHQODVLPSOLFDQFLDVGHODUHYLVLyQHIHFWXDGD
SDUDODSUiFWLFDFOtQLFD\ODLQYHVWLJDFLyQHQSVLFRWHUDSLD
(VWHWUDEDMRVHLQVHUWDHQXQSUR\HFWRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ
PiVDPSOLRRULHQWDGRDDQDOL]DUORVSURFHVRV\PHFDQLV-
PRVGHFDPELR\VXYtQFXORFRQHOfeedbackWHUDSpXWLFR1
WLHQHQPXFKDVPDQLIHVWDFLRQHVGLIHUHQFLDOHVTXHVHUtDQ
LPSRVLEOHVGHDEDUFDUHQXQWUDEDMRGHHVWDQDWXUDOH]D
QRVKHPRVFLUFXQVFULSWRDGHVFULSFLRQHVJHQHUDOHVGHORV
PLVPRVVLQODLQWHQFLyQGHUHDOL]DUXQGHVDUUROORH[KDXV-
WLYRSRUPHQRUL]DGRHQFDGDXQRGHHOORV
El cambio desde una perspectiva psicoanalítica.
'HVGHORVSULQFLSLRVGHVXSUiFWLFDHQ)UHXGVHSXHGHQ
XELFDUGRVREMHWLYRVIXQGDPHQWDOHVGHOWUDWDPLHQWR SVL-
FRDQDOtWLFR(QSULPHUOXJDUTXHODHQIHUPHGDGQRSHUVLV-
WDQLUHWRUQHORTXHLPSOLFDUtDXQDGHVDSDULFLyQVRVWHQLGD
HQ HO WLHPSR GH ORV VtQWRPDV TXH DTXHMDQ DO SDFLHQWH
Mutatis mutandis: ¿Qué se busca cambiar a partir de )UHXG(QVHJXQGROXJDUTXHORVSDFLHQWHV
una terapia? ORJUHQFDPELRVTXHOHVSHUPLWDQUHVWDEOHFHUVXVFDSDFL-
Mutatis mutandisHVXQDH[SUHVLyQODWLQDGHDPSOLRXVR GDGHVGH³UHQGLPLHQWR´HQWpUPLQRVODERUDOHV\SURGXFWL-
MXUtGLFRFX\RVLJQL¿FDGRHV³FDPELDUVyORORTXHVHGHEH YRV \ GH ³JR]DU´ D SDUWLU GH VX YLGD FRWLGLDQD )UHXG
FDPELDU´PDQWHQLHQGRDVXYH]DTXHOORTXHGHEHFRQ- S(VWRVFULWHULRVGHVDOXGYDQDDFRP-
VHUYDUVHLGpQWLFR&LVQHURV)DULDV/DSVLFRWHUD-
1
6XEVLGLR 8%$&\7 %$ ³/D SHUFHSFLyQ GHO SD-
FLHQWH VREUH HO FDPELR HQ SVLFRWHUDSLD SDUWH ,, (YDOXDFLyQ GH
XQ GLVSRVLWLYR GH feedback SDUD WHUDSHXWDV \ VX HIHFWR VREUH OD
DOLDQ]DWHUDSpXWLFD\ORVUHVXOWDGRVGHOWUDWDPLHQWR´SURJUDPDFLyQ
SDxDUD)UHXGDORODUJRGHWRGDVXREUD(QXQRGHVXV
~OWLPRVWH[WRV$QiOLVLVWHUPLQDEOHHLQWHUPLQDEOH)UHXG
UHD¿UPDHVWDLGHDGH¿QLHQGRDODSUiFWLFDDQDOtWLFDFRPR
HODFWRGH³OLEHUDUDXQVHUKXPDQRGHVXVVtQWRPDVQHX-
UyWLFRVGHVXVLQKLELFLRQHV\DQRUPDOLGDGHVGHFDUiFWHU
 )UHXGS´

16 DE LA PÁGINA 15 A LA 24
 FACULTAD DE PSICOLOGÍA - UBA / SECRETARÍA DE INVESTIGACIONES / ANUARIO DE INVESTIGACIONES / VOLUMEN XXIV

1RREVWDQWHORVFDPELRVTXHVHFRQVLGHUDEDQQHFHVDULRV HYDOXDFLyQ GHO FDPELR HQ WUDWDPLHQWRV SVLFRDQDOtWLFRV

SDUDDOFDQ]DUGLFKRVREMHWLYRV~OWLPRVVXIULHURQLPSRUWDQ- GHQRPLQDGR(O0RGHORGHORV7UHV1LYHOHV/0%HUQDU-
WHVPRGL¿FDFLRQHVDORODUJRGHODREUD)UHXGLDQD(QXQD GL0HGLDQWHJUXSRVGHXQPi[LPRGHSHUVRQDV
SULPHUDHWDSD)UHXGD¿UPDTXHHOIRFRIXQ- \FRQHVSDFLRVGHGHEDWHVGHHQWUHDKRUDVHVWH
GDPHQWDOGHOSVLFRDQiOLVLVVHFHQWUDHQ³FDQFHODUODVUHVLV- PRGHOR SODQWHD HYDOXDU WUHV IDFHWDV GHO FDPELR GH XQ
WHQFLDVLQWHUQDVSDUDPRGL¿FDUODYLGDDQtPLFDGHOSDFLHQ- WUDWDPLHQWRDSDUWLUGHODVQDUUDWLYDVGHORVWHUDSHXWDV\
WH´)UHXGS8QDYH]OOHQDGDVWRGDVODV VXV YLxHWDV GHO FDVR /RV WUHV QLYHOHV TXH HYDO~D HVWH
lagunas mnésicas\UHJLVWUDGDVODVRSRUWXQLGDGHVHQTXH PRGHORVRQLODGHVFULSFLyQIHQRPHQROyJLFDGHODVWUDQV-
ODUHSUHVLyQHMHUFLyVXHIHFWRHODQiOLVLVSRGtDGDUVHSRU IRUPDFLRQHVLL/DLGHQWL¿FDFLyQGHODVSULQFLSDOHVGLPHQ-
WHUPLQDGR)UHXGS(QXQDVHJXQGD VLRQHV GLDJQyVWLFDV GHO FDPELR SVLFRGLQiPLFR \ LLL (O
HWDSD)UHXGVRVWLHQHTXHHOWUDEDMRDQDOtWLFR WHVWHRGHKLSyWHVLVH[SOLFDWLYDVGHOFDPELR
RVFLODFRQVWDQWHPHQWHHQWUHGRVREMHWRVGHDQiOLVLVHOHOOR
\HO\R6HPDQWLHQHODLGHDGHKDFHUFRQVFLHQWHHOHPHQWRV Psicoterapia cognitiva estándar y mecanismos de
LQFRQVFLHQWHVGHOHOORSHURFRQHVWRQRDOFDQ]DHODQi- cambio. /DWHUDSLDFRJQLWLYDHVWiQGDUGHVGHVXVLQLFLRV
OLVLVGHEHWDPELpQ³FRUUHJLU´DOJRHQHO\R)UHXG VHFHQWUyHQODPRGL¿FDFLyQGH³VtQWRPDVREMHWLYRV\HV-
S(QHVWHVHQWLGROD~OWLPDIDVHGHODVWHRUL]DFLRQHV SHFt¿FRV´FRPRPHWDGHODWHUDSLD%HFN5XVK6KDZ\
IUHXGLDQDVSHUPLWHQSHQVDUHQHOUHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRGHODV (PHU\S(VWRVVtQWRPDVVRQFRQFHSWXDOL]DGRV
IXQFLRQHV\RLFDV\VXDXWRQRPtDFRPRXQPHFDQLVPRGH SRU%HFN\FRODERUDGRUHVFRPRTXHMDVKDELWXDOHV
FDPELRGHOWUDWDPLHQWR)UHXG7DPELpQFRPR GHORVSDFLHQWHVDOLQLFLDUODWHUDSLDTXHSXHGHQSODQWHDU-
SODQWHD%OHLFKPDUDSDUWLUGHODVHJXQGDWySLFD
IUHXGLDQDHOSVLFRDQiOLVLVQREXVFyVRODPHQWHKDFHUFRQV-
FLHQWHORLQFRQVFLHQWHVLQRGHVDUUROODUXQSURFHVRGHUHH-
ODERUDFLyQGHVLJQL¿FDGRV(OIHQyPHQRFXUDWLYRRSHUDUtD
DVtSRUXQDUHRUJDQL]DFLyQFRQFHSWXDOTXHUHGXQGDHQ
VH FRPR SUREOHPDV UHVROXEOHV PHGLDQWH XQ DERUGDMH
FRJQLWLYR$PRGRGHHMHPSORDOJXQRVGHORVVtQWRPDV
TXHSUHVHQWDQORVDXWRUHVVRQODWULVWH]DYHUJHQ]DFy-
OHUDDQVLHGDGFXOSDELOLGDGHQWUHRWURV
(QXQSULPHUPRPHQWRGHOWUDWDPLHQWRODWHUDSLDFRJQLWLYD
XQDUHVLJQL¿FDFLyQGHODH[SHULHQFLD%OHLFKPDU(Q HVWiQGDUDSXQWDDPRGL¿FDUODVGLVWRUVLRQHVOyJLFDVTXH
UHODFLyQDHVWDHVWHSXQWRYDOHODSHQDUHVDOWDUHOPRGHOR OOHYDQDOSDFLHQWHDFRQGXFWDV\HPRFLRQHVGHVDGDSWDWL-
GHLQGLFDGRUHVJHQpULFRVGHFDPELRGHVDUUROODGRHQ&KLOH YDV TXH FRQ¿JXUDQ ORV VtQWRPDV GHO SDFLHQWH %HFN \
SRU.UDXVH$OWLPLU3pUH]\'H/D3DUUDTXHFRP- :HLVKDDU(VWDVGLVWRUVLRQHVOyJLFDVVRQGLVWLQWRV
SDUWHHOHVStULWXGHODLGHDSUHVHQWDGDSRU%OHLFKPDUDXQ- HUURUHVHQHOSURFHVDPLHQWRGHODLQIRUPDFLyQWDOHVFRPR
TXHGHVGHXQDSHUVSHFWLYDWUDQVWHyULFD.UDXVH\HTXLSR LQIHUHQFLDVDUELWUDULDVRSHQVDPLHQWRVGLFRWyPLFRVTXH
VRVWLHQHQTXHDSDUWLUGHODWHUDSLDVHSURGXFHQXQDVHULH SXHGHQKDFHUVXUJLU\PDQWHQHUGLIHUHQWHVWLSRORJtDVGH
GHWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVVXEMHWLYDVHQHOSDFLHQWHHQUHODFLyQ VLQWRPDWRORJtDSVLTXLiWULFD%HFNHWDO
DVXIRUPDGHLQWHUSUHWDUODH[SHULHQFLDTXHGHULYDQHQ 6HJ~QD¿UPD-XGLWK%HFNXQDYH]TXHODVSHUVR-
PRGL¿FDFLRQHVDQLYHOFRQGXFWXDO\HPRFLRQDO.UDXVHHW QDVDSUHQGHQDDQDOL]DUVXVSURSLDVFRJQLFLRQHV\SHQVD-
DO6HJ~QORVDXWRUHVGLFKDVPRGL¿FDFLRQHVVXE-
MHWLYDVUHSUHVHQWDUtDQXQPHFDQLVPRGHFDPELRFRP~QD
ORVGLVWLQWRVDERUGDMHVSVLFRWHUDSpXWLFRV\QRVRORDORV
SVLFRDQDOtWLFRV
9ROYLHQGRDORVGHVDUUROORVHVSHFt¿FRVHQHOPDUFR GHO
SVLFRDQiOLVLVDXWRUHVSRVWHULRUHV\DLQVHUWRVHQHODPSOLR
FDPSRGHODSVLFRWHUDSLDSVLFRDQDOtWLFDSODQWHDURQTXH
ORVPHFDQLVPRVGHFDPELRGHXQDWHUDSLDEDVDGDHQHO
PLHQWRVGHXQDPDQHUDPiVUHDOLVWD\DGDSWDWLYDVXUJHQ
ODVPHMRUtDVHQODVGLPHQVLRQHVHPRFLRQDOHV\FRQGXF-
WXDOHVHQWpUPLQRVGHDOLYLRVLQWRPiWLFR
&RQIRUPHODWHUDSLDDYDQ]D\ORVVtQWRPDVGHOSDFLHQWH
FRPLHQ]DQDGLVPLQXLUHOREMHWLYRGHOWUDWDPLHQWRPXWD/D
WHUDSLDGHEHHQIRFDUVHDFRQWLQXDFLyQHQPRGL¿FDUODV
FUHHQFLDV \ VXSXHVWRV LQFRUUHFWRV GHO SDFLHQWH TXH OR
OOHYDQDUHDOL]DUVHVJRVVLVWHPiWLFRVHQHOSHQVDPLHQWR
SVLFRDQiOLVLVVHPRYtDQHQWUHHOSRORGHOFDPELRHVWUXF- %HFNHWDO%HFN\:HLVKDDU/RVFDPELRV
WXUDO\ODLQWHJUDFLyQGHOFRQÀLFWRLQFRQVFLHQWHUHSULPLGR HQHVWRVSDWURQHV\VXSXHVWRVQXFOHDUHVSHUPLWLUiQHYLWDU
\HOSRORGHXQDUHRUJDQL]DFLyQDFRWDGD\SDUFLDOGHOD SRWHQFLDOHVUHFDtGDVGHOSDFLHQWH%HFNHWDO
HVWUXFWXUDSVtTXLFDHQE~VTXHGDGHFDPELRVVLQWRPiWL- (V DVt TXH HQ HVWD VHJXQGD HWDSD VHJ~Q -XGLWK %HFN
FRV UHOHYDQWHV 'LFKRV SRORV FRQIRUPDQ OR TXH KR\ VH  ORV WHUDSHXWDV GHEHQ WUDEDMDU HQ XQ QLYHO PiV
FRQRFHFRPRHOFRQWLQXRGH³DSR\RH[SUHVLYR´HQWHUDSLDV SURIXQGRGHFRJQLFLRQHV$OPRGL¿FDUODVFUHHQFLDV QX-
GLQiPLFDV YHU SRU HMHPSOR )LRULQL  .HUQEHUJ FOHDUHVTXHORVSDFLHQWHVWLHQHQUHVSHFWRGHORVRWURVGHO
$VtXQpQIDVLVHQORH[SUHVLYRUHFXSHUDODWUDGLFLyQ PXQGR\GHHOORVPLVPRVHVFRPRVHYDQDSRGHUSURGX-
IUHXGLDQDGHLQWHUSUHWDUVLJQL¿FDGRVRFXOWRVIDYRUHFLHQGR FLUPRGL¿FDFLRQHVFRQGXFWXDOHV\HPRFLRQDOHVPiVGXUD-
ODH[SUHVLyQGHFRQÀLFWRVGHOSDFLHQWHPLHQWUDVTXHXQ GHUDV(QHVWHSXQWR.HHJDQD¿UPDTXHJOREDO-
pQIDVLVHQHODSR\RPDUFDUtDXQDOtQHDHVWUDWpJLFDRULHQ- PHQWH HO FDPELR SULQFLSDO TXH GHEH KDFHU XQD WHUDSLD
WDGDDOVRVWpQ\UHVWDXUDFLyQGHIXQFLRQHVHVWUXFWXUDOHV FRJQLWLYDHVTXHHOSDFLHQWHSXHGDLQFRUSRUDUXQDIRUPD
GDxDGDVSDUDXQDVtQWHVLVDFWXDOYHU*UXSRGH7UDEDMR PiVÀH[LEOHGHYHUODUHDOLGDGHQFRQWUDVWHFRQODVIRUPDV
23'$PERVH[WUHPRVHQHVWHFRQWLQXRPDU- GHVLJQL¿FDUHOPXQGRTXHGXUDQWHVXELRJUDItDOHKDQ
FDQXQHVSHFWURGHPHFDQLVPRVGHFDPELRSRVLEOHVSDUD JHQHUDGRGLYHUVRVSUREOHPDV
ODSVLFRWHUDSLDSVLFRDQDOtWLFDDFWXDO3RURWUDSDUWHUHFLHQ-
WHPHQWHVHKDFUHDGRXQPRGHORGHDQiOLVLVJUXSDOSDUD

DE LA PÁGINA 15 A LA 24 17
EL ESTUDIO DEL CAMBIO EN PSICOTERAPIA: DESAFÍOS CONCEPTUALES Y PROBLEMAS DE INVESTIGACIÓN EMPÍRICA
THE STUDY OF CHANGE IN PSYCHOTHERAPY: CONCEPTUAL CHALLENGES AND EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ISSUES
Gómez Penedo, Juan M.; Juan, Santiago; Manubens, Rocio T.; Roussos, Andrés J.

El cambio en psicoterapia desde la perspectiva sisté- ¿Q~OWLPRGHODWHUDSLDFUHDGDSRU)UDQNODXQTXHVXFRQ-

mica.(QODWHUDSLDVLVWpPLFDVHDSXQWDDSURGXFLUFDPELRV VHFXFLyQFRQOOHYDUiVHJ~QHODXWRUDFDPELRVWDPELpQD
HQORVVtQWRPDVRSUREOHPDVLQGLYLGXDOHVGHORVSDFLHQWHV QLYHO GH OD FRQGXFWD GHO SDFLHQWH KDFLD XQD FRQGXFWD
SHURGHVGHXQHQIRTXHGLIHUHQWH0LQXFKLQD¿UPD FRQVLVWHQWHFRQHOVHQWLGRGHVXYLGD\DODSRVLELOLGDGGH
TXHORVVtQWRPDVRSUREOHPDVGHXQSDFLHQWHpaciente VREUHOOHYDUODVSDWRORJtDVTXHORDTXHMDQFRQPRGL¿FDFLR-
LGHQWL¿FDGR TXH OOHYDQ D XQD IDPLOLD D FRQVXOWDU VRQ
HOHPHQWRVTXHRSHUDQDOVHUYLFLRGHOPDQWHQLPLHQWR GH
XQDHVWUXFWXUDIDPLOLDUUtJLGD\HVWHUHRWLSDGD3RUHQGH
ORVVtQWRPDVLQGLYLGXDOHVGHORVSDFLHQWHVQRVRQFRP-
SUHQGLGRVFRPRSUREOHPDVH[FOXVLYDPHQWHGHHOORVVLQR
FRPRHPHUJHQWHVGHGLVIXQFLRQHVDQLYHOIDPLOLDU/DWHUD-
QHVDQLYHOVLQWRPiWLFR)UDQNO
¢&yPRPHGLUORVFDPELRVXQDYH]GH¿QLGRV"
Estrategias de operacionalización del cambio
psicoterapéutico
/D VHFFLyQ DQWHULRU GHMD HQ FODUR OD JUDQ GLYHUVLGDG GH
SLDVLVWpPLFDDSXQWDUiHQWRQFHVDSURGXFLUPRGL¿FDFLR- PHFDQLVPRVGHFDPELR'RVVTXHORVGLIHUHQWHV
QHVDQLYHOGHODHVWUXFWXUDIDPLOLDUGHQRPLQDGDVtrans- PRGHORVWHUDSpXWLFRVSURSRQHQ$VtODVGLVWLQWDVYDULDFLR-
formacionesSDUDTXHHOODVUHGXQGHQHQPRGL¿FDFLRQHV QHVGHHVWHFDPLQRWUD]DGRHQWUHSURFHGLPLHQWRVFOtQLFRV
HQODH[SHULHQFLDSHUVRQDOGHFDGDXQRGHVXVPLHPEURV PHFDQLVPRVGHDFFLyQ\FDPELRVHVSHUDGRVH[SOLFDQOD
\SRUFRQVLJXLHQWHHQVXVFRQGXFWDV\SURFHVRVSVtTXL- GLYHUVLGDGWHyULFRWpFQLFDDOPRPHQWRGHDERUGDU\SHQVDU
FRVLQWHUQRVGHQRPLQDGDVcambios6LELHQODVPRGL¿FD- HOFDPELRHQSVLFRWHUDSLD
FLRQHVVHSURGXFLUiQHQWRGRVORVLQWHJUDQWHVGHODIDPLOLD 'HQWURGHHVWHFRQWH[WRHOHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRGHXQDGLPHQ-
D\XGDUiQSDUWLFXODUPHQWHDOSDFLHQWHLGHQWL¿FDGRIDFLOL- VLyQGHFDPELRSDUDPHGLUORVUHVXOWDGRVGHXQDWHUDSLD
WiQGROHHOFRUULPLHQWRGHGLFKDSRVLFLyQ\ODPHUPDGHVXV LPSOLFDDVXYH]ODFRPSOHMLGDGGHGH¿QLUODRSHUDFLRQDO-
VtQWRPDV0LQXFKLQ PHQWHDEULHQGRODVSXHUWDVKDFLDXQHVWXGLRHPStULFRGHO
:DW]ODZLFN:HDNODQG\)LVFKSRUVXSDUWHLGHQWL¿- HYHQWR 'HVGH \D TXH HO FRQWHQLGR GHO FDPELR TXH VH
FDURQGRVWLSRVGHFDPELRVHQORVVLVWHPDV$TXHOORVTXH TXLHUDHYDOXDUDSDUWLUGHVXVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVSDUWLFXODUHV
GHQRPLQDQFDPELRVGHWLSRTXHVRQPRGL¿FDFLRQHVTXH LPSOLFDGLVWLQWRVQLYHOHVGHFRPSOHMLGDGSRVLEOHV6WUXSS
VHSURGXFHQGHQWURXQVLVWHPDGDGR\TXHHQYH]GHPR-
GL¿FDUODHVWUXFWXUDGHOVLVWHPDWLHQGHQDKDFHUODSHUGXUDU
<SRUFRQWUDSRVLFLyQORVFDPELRVGHWLSRTXHLPSOLFDQ
FDPELRVHVWUXFWXUDOHVHQGLFKRVVLVWHPD6HJ~QORVDXWR-
UHVORVFDPELRVGHWLSRVRQVROXFLRQHVLQWHQWDGDVSRUORV
VLVWHPDVSDUDVREUHOOHYDUFLHUWRVGHVDItRVTXHWLHQHQXQ
GREOHHIHFWRSDUDGyMLFRREVWDFXOL]DQHOFDPELRGHOVLVWHPD
\SHUSHW~DQHOSUREOHPDTXHLQWHQWDQVROXFLRQDU(VSRUHVR
TXHHOYHUGDGHURFDPELRDOTXHGHEHUtDQDSXQWDUODVWHUD-
SLDVVLVWpPLFDVHVHOFDPELRGHWLSRHVGHFLU³XQFDPELR
1RHVORPLVPRHVWXGLDUVLSHUVLVWHHOLQVRPQLRHQ
XQSDFLHQWHTXHGHWHUPLQDUVLXQVXMHWRKDHQFRQWUDGRXQ
VHQWLGR SDUD YLYLU HQ FRQVRQDQFLD FRQ VXV YDORUHV PiV
tQWLPRV(QODVHFFLyQVLJXLHQWHVHDERUGDUiHVWHSUREOH-
PDYLQFXODGRFRQODPHGLFLyQGHOFDPELRWHUDSpXWLFR
(Q FRQWLQXLGDG FRQ OD KHWHURJHQHLGDG GH REMHWLYRV GH
FDPELRTXHSXHGHWHQHUXQDWHUDSLDH[LVWHXQDDPSOLD
KHWHURJHQHLGDG GH SRVWXUDV UHVSHFWR GH FyPR GHEHQ
HYDOXDUVHHVRVFDPELRV&RQHOSDVRGHORVDxRVVHKDQ
GLVHxDGR\DFXPXODGRGLYHUVDVHVWUDWHJLDVSDUDRSHUDFLR-
GHOFDPELR´:DW]ODZLFNHWDOSTXHOLEHUHDO QDOL]DUPRGL¿FDFLRQHVWHUDSpXWLFDVTXHHQODDFWXDOLGDG
VLVWHPDGHODWUDPSDSDUDGyMLFDHQODTXHVHHQFXHQWUD FRQYLYHQHQODSUiFWLFDHLQYHVWLJDFLyQFOtQLFDHQXQYHU-
GHELGRDODVVROXFLRQHVLQWHQWDGDVTXHHQFDUQDQORVFDP- GDGHURFULVROGHPHWRGRORJtDVSDUDHYDOXDUHOFDPELR
ELRVGHWLSR&RPRH[SOLFD:DLQVWHLQODVWHUDSLDV (QORTXHVLJXHVHDSHODUiDOWUDEDMRGH%HQMDPLQ2JOHV
VLVWpPLFDVEXVFDQLQWHUYHQLUHQHVWRVFLUFXLWRVFRQIRFRHQ
ODFRPXQLFDFLyQ\ODFRQGXFWDD¿QGHJHQHUDUFDPELRV
VDOXGDEOHVHQORVVLVWHPDVKXPDQRV
El cambio desde la psicoterapia humanístico-exis-
³Midiendo el cambio en psicoterapia´FRPRIXHQ-
WH SULQFLSDO SDUD GHOLPLWDU HO UHFRUULGR KLVWyULFR SRU ODV
GLVWLQWDVHVWUDWHJLDVGHRSHUDFLRQDOL]DFLyQGHOFDPELRHQ
SVLFRWHUDSLD(ODXWRUSODQWHDTXHODVSULPHUDVIRUPDVGH
PHGLFLyQGHOFDPELRIXHURQDSDUWLUGHODVLPSUHVLRQHVGH
tencial3RU~OWLPRDGLIHUHQFLDGHOSVLFRDQiOLVLVODWHUD- ORVWHUDSHXWDVUHVSHFWRGHORVUHVXOWDGRV2JOHV
SLDFRJQLWLYRFRQGXFWXDO\ODWHUDSLDVLVWpPLFDORVPRGH- PHQFLRQDHOHMHPSORGHORVGDWRVUHFDEDGRVHQODGpFDGD
ORVKXPDQtVWLFRH[LVWHQFLDOHVQRWLHQHQVXIRFRSULQFLSDO GHOHQHO,QVWLWXWR3VLFRDQDOtWLFRGH%HUOtQ%HUJLQ
HQODPRGL¿FDFLyQGHODVLQWRPDWRORJtD\VXVFRQVHFXHQ-  HQ GRQGH SVLFRDQDOLVWDV UHYLVDQGR DUFKLYRV \
FLDVIXQFLRQDOHVHQODYLGDFRWLGLDQDVLQRTXHFHQWUDQVXV QRWDVGHODVVHVLRQHVGHEtDQFODVL¿FDUDORVSDFLHQWHVHQ
REMHWLYRVGHFDPELRHQODH[LVWHQFLDGHOKRPEUH\HOVHQ- EDVH D LPSUHVLRQHV FXDOLWDWLYDV HQ FXDWUR FDWHJRUtDV
WLGRGHVXYLGD$VtYHPRVHMHPSORVFRPRODORJRWHUDSLD FXUDGRVFRQPHMRUtDLPSRUWDQWHFRQXQDPHMRUtDRQR
HODERUDGDSRU9LNWRU)UDQNOTXHEXVFDFDPELRVGH
QDWXUDOH]DH[LVWHQFLDOHQORVSDFLHQWHVSDUDTXHSXHGDQ
GHVDUUROODUYLGDVGRWDGDV GH VHQWLGR 'H HVWDIRUPDOD
ORJRWHUDSLDEXVFDORJUDUTXHHOSDFLHQWHSXHGDHQSULPH-
UD LQVWDQFLD VREUHOOHYDU VX FULVLV H[LVWHQFLDO \ GH HVD
FXUDGRV
0iVDGHODQWHVHGHVDUUROODURQPpWRGRVHVWDQGDUL]DGRV
SDUDPHGLUHOFDPELRGHVGHODSHUVSHFWLYDGHOWHUDSHXWD
SHURPHGLDQWHPHWRGRORJtDVGRWDGDVGHPD\RUULJXURVLGDG
8QRGHORVSULPHURVHVIXHU]RVHQHVWHVHQWLGRIXHHOWUDED-
PDQHUDRULHQWDUVHDEXVFDUXQVHQWLGRSDUDVXYLGD(Q MRGH.QLJKWTXLpQSURSXVRFLQFRFULWHULRVHVSHFt¿-
VHJXQGR WpUPLQR HVWH DERUGDMH EXVFD TXH HO SDFLHQWH FRVSDUDTXHORVWHUDSHXWDVDQDOL]DUDQHQVXVSDFLHQWHVDO
HQFXHQWUHXQVHQWLGRTXHSURSRUFLRQHXQYDORUFLHUWRDVX PRPHQWRGHPHGLUHOFDPELRUHFXSHUDFLyQVLQWRPiWLFD
H[LVWHQFLD)UDQNO(VWHREMHWLYRGHFDPELRHVHO DXPHQWRGHSURGXFWLYLGDGPHMRUtDVHQODYLGDVH[XDOPH-

18 DE LA PÁGINA 15 A LA 24
 FACULTAD DE PSICOLOGÍA - UBA / SECRETARÍA DE INVESTIGACIONES / ANUARIO DE INVESTIGACIONES / VOLUMEN XXIV

MRUtDVHQVXVUHODFLRQHVLQWHUSHUVRQDOHV\KDEHUORJUDGR GHO FDPELR QR VROR EHQH¿FLD D DPEDV SDUWHV VLQR TXH
niveles de insightTXHOHSHUPLWDQVREUHOOHYDUFRQÀLFWRV WDPELpQEULQGDXQFRQWH[WRLGHDOSDUDHOGHVDUUROORGHHV-
SVLFROyJLFRV\HVWUpVFRWLGLDQRV.QLJKW SDFLRVGHLQWHUDFFLyQ\SURGXFFLyQFRQMXQWDHQWUHFOtQLFRV
$SDUWLUGHODVFUtWLFDVPHWRGROyJLFDVDHVWDHVWUDWHJLD HLQYHVWLJDGRUHVVDOGDQGRODEUHFKD&RQVWDQWLQR&R\QH
GHELGR D TXH XWLOL]DED OD YLVLyQ GH ORV WHUDSHXWDV SDUD \*RPH]3HQHGR7RPDQGRDODQiOLVLVGHOFDPELR\
HYDOXDU OD H¿FDFLD GH VXV SURSLDV SUiFWLFDV VXUJLHURQ VXVPHFDQLVPRVVHSRGUtDQGHVDUUROODUPRGHORVFRPRORV
PHGLGDVHVWUXFWXUDGDVSDUDDQDOL]DUHOFDPELRPHGLDQWH GHOD,QYHVWLJDFLyQ2ULHQWDGDDOD3UiFWLFD325SRUVX
ODSHUVSHFWLYDGHOSDFLHQWH$VLPLVPRIUHQWHDORVSRVLEOHV
VHVJRVTXHSRGUtDQH[LVWLUDOHYDOXDUHOFDPELRPHGLDQWH
HODXWRUHSRUWHGHORVSDFLHQWHVVXUJLHURQPHGLGDVEDVD-
GDVHQODREVHUYDFLyQGHMXHFHVH[WHUQRVSDUDHYDOXDU
LQGLFDGRUHV GH FDPELR HQ ODV VHVLRQHV .UDXVH HW DO
VLJODHQLQJOpV&DVWRQJXD\HWDOTXHLQYROXFUDQ
JUXSRVGHWUDEDMRGHLQYHVWLJDGRUHV\FOtQLFRVGHGLFDGRVD
SURGXFLUSLH]DVGHLQIRUPDFLyQTXHDOPLVPRWLHPSRWHQJDQ
XQ¿QWHUDSpXWLFR\DFDGpPLFR$HVWRV¿QHVHVQHFHVDULR
TXHH[LVWDQLQVWUXPHQWRVYDOLGDGRVHQHOiPELWRGRQGHVH
$VXYH]VHKDQGHVDUUROODGR\XWLOL]DGRLQVWUXPHQ- GHVHDQGHVDUUROODUHVWRVHVIXHU]RVFRQMXQWRV
WRVGHHYDOXDFLyQSVLFRGLDJQyVWLFDFRPRHVHOFDVRGHO
5RUVFKDFKSDUDHYDOXDUHOFDPELRFRPSDUDQGRFDUDFWH- Instrumentos de medición del cambio disponibles en
UtVWLFDVGHSHUVRQDOLGDGGHORVSDFLHQWHVDOLQLFLR\DO¿QDO la región. $FRQWLQXDFLyQVHSUHVHQWDUiQDOJXQDVUHFR-
GHORVWUDWDPLHQWRV:HLQHU\([QHU
3RURWUDSDUWHPLHQWUDVTXHODVSULPHUDVPHGLGDVGHUHVXO-
WDGRHYDOXDEDQHOFDPELRGHORVSDFLHQWHVHQIRUPDJOREDO
FRQHOSDVRGHOWLHPSRVHIXHURQGHVDUUROODQGRLQVWUXPHQ-
WRVGHPHGLFLyQPiVHVSHFt¿FRVSDUDODVSUREOHPiWLFDVGH
ORV SDFLHQWHV 0HGLDQWH SURFHGLPLHQWRV WDOHV VH SXGR
HPSH]DUDHVWDEOHFHUVLXQSDFLHQWHTXHWHQtDXQGLDJQyV-
WLFRGHWHUPLQDGRDOSULQFLSLRGHXQDWHUDSLDVHJXtDFRQWDQ-
PHQGDFLRQHVGHLQVWUXPHQWRVSDUDHYDOXDUHOFDPELR\
PHFDQLVPRV GH FDPELR YDOLGDGRV HQ /DWLQRDPpULFD
EXVFDQGRUHDOL]DUXQDSRUWHDORVFOtQLFRVDORVLQYHVWL-
JDGRUHV\DODSRWHQFLDOFUHDFLyQGHHVSDFLRVGHLQWHUDF-
FLyQHQWUHDPERV
6LELHQHQVXVRUtJHQHVODVSULPHUDVIRUPDVGHPHGLFLyQ
GHO FDPELR UHFDtDQ VREUH OD ¿JXUD GHO WHUDSHXWD HQ OD
DFWXDOLGDGQRVHUHFRPLHQGDXWLOL]DUHVDIXHQWHSDUDHYD-
GRFRQDTXHOORVFULWHULRVGLDJQyVWLFRVDOFXOPLQDUOD
$VXYH]DOSULQFLSLRODVPHGLGDVGHFDPELRVHHQFRQWUD-
EDQHVWUHFKDPHQWHYLQFXODGDVDODVWHUDSLDV\PRGHORV
WHyULFRV SDUWLFXODUHV KDVWD TXH HPSH]DURQ D FUHDUVH
PpWRGRVPHQRVDFRWDGRVDODHVSHFL¿FLGDGWHyULFDGHXQ
PDUFRLQWHQWDGRHYDOXDUFDPELRVFRPXQHVTXHSRGtDQ
DFRQWHFHUHQGLVWLQWRVDERUGDMHV
(QORV~OWLPRVDxRVVHKDUHYDORUL]DGRDVXYH]ODHYD-
OXDFLyQGHOFDPELRPHGLDQWHODLQGDJDFLyQGHODH[SHULHQ-
OXDUHOFDPELRIUHQWHDSRVLEOHVVHVJRV2JOHV3RU
HOORHQHVWHDSDUWDGRVRORSUHVHQWDUHPRVUHFRPHQGDFLR-
QHVSDUDPHGLUHOFDPELRGHVGHODSHUVSHFWLYDGHOSDFLHQ-
WHRDSDUWLUGHMXHFHVLQGHSHQGLHQWHV
'HQWURGHODVPHGLGDVGHDXWRUHSRUWHGHOSDFLHQWHSDUD
HYDOXDUHOFDPELRHQODUHJLyQVHHQFXHQWUDQYDOLGDGRV
GLYHUVRVLQVWUXPHQWRVFRQREMHWLYRVGLIHUHQWHVLQVWUXPHQ-
WRVGHHYDOXDFLyQJHQHUDOGHODVHYHULGDGFRPRHO&XHV-
WLRQDULR GH 5HVXOWDGRV  YRQ %HUJHQ \ GH OD 3DUUD
FLDIHQRPHQROyJLFDGHOSDFLHQWHDWUDYpVGHHQWUHYLVWDV 2PHGLGDVSXUDPHQWHVLQWRPDWROyJLFDVFRPRHO,Q-
HQSURIXQGLGDG\DQiOLVLVFXDOLWDWLYRVGHODVPLVPDVDO¿- YHQWDULRGH6tQWRPDV&DVXOOR\3HUH]\PHGL-
QDOL]DUODWHUDSLD$OWLPLUHWDO2OLYHUD%UDXQ*y- GDVGHGL¿FXOWDGHVLQWHUSHUVRQDOHVFRPRHO,QYHQWDULRGH
PH]3HQHGR\5RXVVRV 3UREOHPDV ,QWHUSHUVRQDOHV 0DULVWDQ\ 7DPELpQ
H[LVWHQLQVWUXPHQWRVYDOLGDGRVSDUDPHGLUVLQWRPDWRORJtD
El análisis del cambio como estrategia para saldar la HVSHFt¿FDFRPRSXHGHVHUDQVLHGDG,QYHQWDULRGH$QVLH-
brecha entre la clínica y la investigación. +LVWyULFDPHQ- GDG(VWDGR5DVJR$FXxDRGHSUHVLyQ,QYHQWDULR
WHVHKDGRFXPHQWDGRXQDEUHFKDPDUFDGDHQWUHORVHV- GH'HSUHVLyQGH%HFN,,&RQWUHUDV9DOGH]+HUQiQGH]
IXHU]RV\GLVFXUVRVGHODSVLFRORJtDFOtQLFD\ODLQYHVWLJD- *X]PiQ\)UH\UH
FLyQ&DVWRQJXD\%DUNKDP/XW]\0F$OHDYH\(Q (QFXDQWRDIRUPDVGHHYDOXDUHOFDPELRPHGLDQWHREVHU-
VtQWHVLV VH VRVWLHQH TXH ORV FOtQLFRV QR FRQVXPHQ ODV YDGRUHVH[WHUQRVORVLQVWUXPHQWRVGLVSRQLEOHVVRQPiV
SURGXFFLRQHVGHORVLQYHVWLJDGRUHV\TXHORVLQYHVWLJDGR- HVFDVRV(QWUHHOORVFDEHGHVWDFDUDOPRGHORGHLQGLFDGR-
UHVSRVHHQVXVSURSLDVDJHQGDVVLQGDUOHLPSRUWDQFLDD UHVJHQpULFRVGHFDPELR\DFLWDGRGH.UDXVH\FRODERUD-
ODVLQTXLHWXGHVGHORVFOtQLFRV GRUHV\HOPRGHORFOiVLFRGHO2UGHQDPLHQWR4GHO
'H¿QLWLYDPHQWHHODQiOLVLVGHOFDPELR\ORVHIHFWRVGHOD 3URFHVR3465RXVVRV$GHPiVGHHVWRVHVIXHU-
WHUDSLDQRVRQDMHQRVDHVWHGLYRUFLRHQWUHFOtQLFRVHLQYHV- ]RVWUDQVWHyULFRVH[LVWHQWDPELpQLQVWUXPHQWRVGLVHxD-
WLJDGRUHV0FZLOOLDPV6LQHPEDUJRODVHVWUDWHJLDV GRVGHVGHSHUVSHFWLYDVWHyULFDVSDUWLFXODUHVFRPRSXH-
GLVHxDGDVSDUDPHGLUHOFDPELR\VXVPHFDQLVPRVUHSUH- GHQVHUORVWDPELpQ\DFLWDGRV23'\/0GHVGHORV
VHQWDQHOHMHPSORGHXQiPELWRFRP~QGHLQWHUpVHQWUH PRGHORVSVLFRDQDOtWLFRV
LQYHVWLJDGRUHV\FOtQLFRV\DTXHDPERVDFWRUHVGHVHDQ
VDEHUVLORVSDFLHQWHVUHVSRQGHQRQRXQDWHUDSLD6LELHQ
ORVSURSyVLWRVTXHH[SOLFDQHVWHGHVHRVRQGLIHUHQWHVHQ
FDGDFDVRSDUDORVFOtQLFRVHVDLQIRUPDFLyQWLHQHXQ¿Q
WHUDSpXWLFR PLHQWUDV TXH SDUD ORV LQYHVWLJDGRUHV VLUYH
SDUDFUHDUPRGHORVTXHH[SOLTXHQVXYDULDELOLGDGODH[LV- 2
(QFDGDXQRGHORVLQVWUXPHQWRVUHFRPHQGDGRVVHSUHVHQWDQVR-
WHQFLDGHLQVWUXPHQWRVYiOLGRV\FRQ¿DEOHVSDUDPHGLFLyQ ODPHQWHODVFLWDVGHVXVYDOLGDFLRQHVHQSDtVHV/DWLRQDPHULFDQRV

DE LA PÁGINA 15 A LA 24 19
EL ESTUDIO DEL CAMBIO EN PSICOTERAPIA: DESAFÍOS CONCEPTUALES Y PROBLEMAS DE INVESTIGACIÓN EMPÍRICA
THE STUDY OF CHANGE IN PSYCHOTHERAPY: CONCEPTUAL CHALLENGES AND EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ISSUES
Gómez Penedo, Juan M.; Juan, Santiago; Manubens, Rocio T.; Roussos, Andrés J.

Metodologías para determinar si el cambio buscado FRVSDUDODLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHHVDVGLIHUHQFLDV

ha ocurrido $ SHVDU GH UHFRQRFHUODV FRPR XQ DYDQFH -DFREVRQ \
&RPRVHPHQFLRQyPiVDUULEDODVSULPHUDVIRUPDVGH
SRQGHUDUHOFDPELRHQSVLFRWHUDSLDHUDQHYDOXDUDO¿QDO
GHO WUDWDPLHQWR FyPR HVWDEDQ ORV SDFLHQWHV GHVGH OD
SHUVSHFWLYDGHORVWHUDSHXWDV3RVWHULRUPHQWHFRQHOVXU-
JLPLHQWRGHPHGLGDVGHDXWRUHSRUWHSDUDORVSDFLHQWHV\
PpWRGRV GH HYDOXDFLyQ PHGLDQWH MXHFHV H[WHUQRV VH
HPSH]DURQDLQFRUSRUDUPHGLGDVDQWHVGHODWHUDSLDFR-
7UXD[SODQWHDURQTXHODVPHGLGDVGHWDPDxRGH
HIHFWRFRQWDEDQFRQPXFKDVGHODVPLVPDVOLPLWDFLRQHV
TXH OD VLJQL¿FDQFLD HVWDGtVWLFD QR DQDOL]DEDQ FDPELRV
LQGLYLGXDOHVHQWUHORVSDFLHQWHV\VRORHVWDEOHFtDQPDJQL-
WXGHVGHGLIHUHQFLDVLQFULWHULRVSDUDYDORUDUVXLPSDFWR
FOtQLFR/DREVHUYDFLyQGHHVWDVIDOHQFLDVGLROXJDUDGH-
VDUUROORVTXHDSXQWDURQDOHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRGHFULWHULRVGH
QRFLGDVFRPROtQHDGHEDVHRSUHWHVWTXHOXHJRHUDQ VLJQL¿FDQFLDFOtQLFDGHORVUHVXOWDGRVGHXQDWHUDSLD(V-
UHSHWLGDVDO¿QDOL]DUHOWUDWDPLHQWRSRVWWHVW\FRPSDUD- WDVPHWRGRORJtDVHVWDEOHFHQFULWHULRVa priori acerca de
GDV2JOHV/DGLIHUHQFLDHQWUHODPHGLGDLQLFLDO\ FyPRWLHQHTXHWHUPLQDUXQSDFLHQWHHQWHUDSLDSDUDVHU
OD¿QDOHVORTXHFRQFHSWXDOPHQWHVHFRQVLGHUDUtDFRPR FRQVLGHUDGRXQWUDWDPLHQWRH[LWRVR(OPRGHORFOiVLFRGH
HOFDPELRSURGXFLGRSRUPHGLRGHODERUGDMH VLJQL¿FDQFLDFOtQLFDGH-DFREVRQ\7UXD[HVWDEOHFH
1RREVWDQWHSRGtDQH[LVWLUSDFLHQWHVTXHKDEtDQFDPELD- GRVFRQGLFLRQHVQHFHVDULDVTXHHOSDFLHQWHORJUpXQ
GRHVSRQWiQHDPHQWHVREUHUHSUHVHQWDQGRORVFDPELRV FDPELRORVX¿FLHQWHPHQWHJUDQGHFRPRSDUDVHUFRQVL-
DWULEXLGRVDODSVLFRWHUDSLD1DWKDQ6WXDUW\'RODQ GHUDGRGHVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDHVWDGtVWLFRFRQ¿DEOH
'HHVWDIRUPDVHHPSH]yDFRPSDUDUODHYROXFLyQGH TXHHOSDFLHQWHDO¿QDOL]DUODWHUDSLDVHHQFXHQWUHPiV
SDFLHQWHV TXH UHDOL]DEDQ SVLFRWHUDSLD FRQ RWURV TXH FHUFDGHODPHGLDGHIXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHODSREODFLyQQRU-
FRQWDQGRFRQFRQGLFLRQHVSVLFRSDWROyJLFDVVLPLODUHVQR PDOTXHGHODSREODFLyQSDWROyJLFDHQODGLPHQVLyQVH-
UHDOL]DEDQQLQJ~QWUDWDPLHQWRJUXSRGHFRQWURORFRPSD- OHFFLRQDGDSDUDODPHGLGDGHFDPELR$TXHOORVSDFLHQWHV
UDFLyQ $ FRQWLQXDFLyQ VH FRQGXFtDQ SURFHGLPLHQWRV
HVWDGtVWLFRV SDUD REVHUYDU VL H[LVWtDQ GLIHUHQFLDV HQ HO
FDPELRDOFDQ]DGRSRUDPERVJUXSRV3DUDHOORVHXWLOL]D-
EDQFULWHULRVGHVLJQL¿FDQFLDHVWDGtVWLFDORVFXDOHVSHU-
PLWtDQGHWHUPLQDUVLODVGLIHUHQFLDVREVHUYDGDVHQWUHORV
JUXSRVSRGtDQVHUFRQVLGHUDGDVUHDOHVRHQFDPELRVHU
TXHFXPSOHQDPERVFULWHULRVKDQORJUDGRXQFDPELRFOt-
QLFDPHQWH VLJQL¿FDWLYR \ SXHGHQ VHU FRQFHSWXDOL]DGRV
FRPR recuperados /D VLJQL¿FDQFLD FOtQLFD SHUPLWH HQ-
WRQFHVYDORUDUFDVRVLQGLYLGXDOHV\SRUHQGHSHUPLWHXQ
DQiOLVLVVLQJXODUGHORVUHVXOWDGRVGHODWHUDSLDHYDOXDQ-
GR FDPELRV intra-sujeto \ QR VROR FDPELRV inter-sujeto
DWULEXLGDVDOD]DU.UDHPHUHWDO6LELHQHVWDPH-
WRGRORJtDHVWDGtVWLFDHVODTXHPiVSUROLIHUDFLyQKDWHQL-
GRHQODLQYHVWLJDFLyQFOtQLFD\VXVUHVXOWDGRV\HVWUDWH-
JLDVKDQVHUYLGRFRPREDVHIXQGDPHQWDOSDUDHOGHVD
UUROOR\FUHFLPLHQWRGHODSVLFRWHUDSLD\VXHVWXGLRHPSt-
ULFRHQODV~OWLPDVGpFDGDVVHKDQDFXPXODGRXQDVHULH
FRPSDUDFLyQGHJUXSRV
$GHPiVGHODLQIRUPDFLyQTXHSXHGHDSRUWDUODFRPSDUD-
FLyQGHSXQWDMHVSUHWUDWDPLHQWR\SRVWWUDWDPLHQWRHQOD
TXHVHEDVDURQIXHUWHPHQWHORVPRGHORVGHVLJQL¿FDQFLD
FOtQLFDDOJXQRVDXWRUHVSODQWHDURQODQHFHVLGDGGHHYD-
OXDUWRGDODWUD\HFWRULDGHFDPELRTXHVHSURGXFtDGXUDQWH
GHFUtWLFDVUHVSHFWRDVXVDOFDQFHV HODERUGDMH7VFKDFKHU\5DPVH\HU/DHYDOXDFLyQ
(QXQWUDEDMRSLRQHUR-DFREVRQ\7UXD[DUJXPHQ-
WDURQTXHHOKHFKRGHTXHORVSDFLHQWHVGHXQDWHUDSLDVH
GLIHUHQFLDUDQVLJQL¿FDWLYDPHQWHGHXQJUXSRGHFRQWURO
QRGDEDXQDPHGLGDGHODPDJQLWXGGHHVDGLIHUHQFLDQL
GH VX LPSRUWDQFLD GHVGH XQD SHUVSHFWLYD FOtQLFD /RV
SDFLHQWHV SRGtDQ GLIHUHQFLDUVH GH PDQHUD FRQ¿DEOH \
GLFKDGLIHUHQFLDVHUPX\SHTXHxDRQRWHQHUQLQJXQDUH-
OHYDQFLD FOtQLFD$GHPiV ORV DXWRUHV VRVWXYLHURQ TXH
HVWDIRUPDGHPHGLUHOFDPELRQRDSRUWDEDLQIRUPDFLyQ
VREUHODPHMRUtDLQGLYLGXDOGHORVSDFLHQWHVVLQR~QLFD-
GHORVUHVXOWDGRVPHGLDQWHGRVPHGLGDVXQDDOLQLFLR\
RWUDDO¿QDOGHOWUDWDPLHQWRQRSHUPLWtDGLYLVDUFyPRIXH
ODWUD\HFWRULDGHOFDPELRGXUDQWHWRGRHODERUGDMH6RORVH
FRQWDEDHQHVWRVFDVRVFRQXQLQGLFDGRUGHVDOLGD\GH
OOHJDGDSHURQRVHSRGtDVDEHUFyPRKDEtDVLGRHOUHFR-
UULGRGHHYROXFLyQGHODYDULDEOH$SDUWLUGHHVWRVDUJX-
PHQWRVDOJXQRVDXWRUHVKDQVRVWHQLGRODQHFHVLGDGGH
HVWDEOHFHUPHGLGDVUHSHWLGDVDORODUJRGHWRGRHOWUDWD-
PLHQWRGHODVYDULDEOHVTXHVRQXWLOL]DGRVFRPRPHGLGD
GHFDPELR5DPVH\HU.XSSHU&DVSDU=QRM\7VFKDFKHU
PHQWHGHORVJUXSRV (VWDSRVLFLyQVRVWLHQHHOHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRGHPRGH-
-DFREVRQ\7UXD[LGHQWL¿FDURQHQHOFiOFXORGHta-
maños de efectoHQWUHORVJUXSRVGHSDFLHQWHV\JUXSRV
GHFRQWURODXQRGHORVSULPHURVLQWHQWRVGHVXSHUDUODV
OLPLWDFLRQHVGHOPHURHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRGHODVLJQL¿FDQFLD
HVWDGtVWLFD3DUDHOFiOFXORGHHVWRVHIHFWRVGLIHUHQFLDOHV
VHXWLOL]DURQIyUPXODVFRPRODGHOHVWDGtVWLFRd GH&RKHQ
ORVLQGLYLGXDOHVGHHYROXFLyQFRPRXQUHFXUVRSDUD GDU
FXHQWDQRVRORGHODPDJQLWXGGHOFDPELR\VXYDORUDFLyQ
VLQRWDPELpQGHFyPRVHSURGXMRHVHFDPELRHQWpUPLQRV
GHWUD\HFWRULDV3DUDHOORVHXWLOL]DQPRGHORVHVWDGtVWLFRV
RULHQWDGRV D HVWXGLDU VLPXOWiQHDPHQWH WHQGHQFLDV GH
FDPELRHQORVSDFLHQWHV\HQODPXHVWUDFRPRORVPRGH-
HQGRQGHODVGLIHUHQFLDVHQWUHORVGRVJUXSRVVRQ ORVGHFXUYDGHFUHFLPLHQWR*yPH]3HQHGR0XLxRV\
SRQGHUDGDVHQIXQFLyQGHVXGHVYLDFLyQHVWiQGDU(VWDV 5RXVVRV5DXGHQEXVK\%U\N
HVWUDWHJLDVSHUPLWLHURQHVWDEOHFHUQRVRORVLORVJUXSRVGH
SVLFRWHUDSLD VH GLIHUHQFLDEDQ GH ORV JUXSRV GH FRQWURO El estudio del cambio desde la investigación empírica
VLQRWDPELpQHQTXpPHGLGDORKDFtDQ-DFREVRQ\7UXD[ (QHODxR6PLWK\*ODVVVLQWHWL]DURQORVUHVXOWDGRV
.LUNGHQRPLQyDHVWRVSURFHGLPLHQWRVFULWH- GH  LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV TXH FRPSDUDEDQ WUDWDPLHQWRV
ULRV GH VLJQL¿FDQFLD SUiFWLFD HQ WDQWR SHUPLWtDQ WRPDU SVLFRWHUDSpXWLFRVFRQJUXSRVGHFRQWUROUHDOL]DQGRDVtHO
GHFLVLRQHVSDUDODSUiFWLFDHQEDVHDSDUiPHWURVFLHQWt¿- SULPHUPHWDDQiOLVLVGHOTXHVHWLHQHUHJLVWURHQODKLVWRULD

20 DE LA PÁGINA 15 A LA 24
 FACULTAD DE PSICOLOGÍA - UBA / SECRETARÍA DE INVESTIGACIONES / ANUARIO DE INVESTIGACIONES / VOLUMEN XXIV

GHODVFLHQFLDV/RVDXWRUHVHQFRQWUDURQDWUDYpVGHHVWH WR GH FXiOHV GHEHQ VHU ORV FDPELRV ~OWLPRV TXH GHEH
SURFHGLPLHQWRHVWDGtVWLFRLQQRYDGRUHYLGHQFLDUREXVWDGH EXVFDUODWHUDSLDHQHOSDFLHQWHORVPHFDQLVPRVDWUDYpV
TXHODSVLFRWHUDSLDHVXQWUDWDPLHQWRH¿FD]HVGHFLUSUR- GHORVFXiOHVHVRVFDPELRVVHFRQVLJXHQKDQVLGRXQRGH
GXFHXQQLYHOGHFDPELRSRVLWLYRPD\RUDOGHODUHPLVLyQ ORVSXQWRVGHPD\RUGLVLGHQFLDHQWUHORVGLVWLQWRVPDUFRV
VLQWRPiWLFDHVSRQWDQHD6PLWK\*ODVVUHSRUWDQ
TXHODWHUDSLDWLHQHXQWDPDxRGHHIHFWRGHORTXH
HTXLYDOHDGHFLUTXHHOSDFLHQWHPHGLRGHSVLFRWHUDSLDDO
¿QDOL]DUHOWUDWDPLHQWRVHHQFXHQWUDPHMRUTXHHOGH
ORVVXMHWRVTXHFRQWDQGRFRQVLQWRPDWRORJtDHTXLYDOHQWH
WHyULFRV$VtHOFDPSRGHODSVLFRORJtDFOtQLFDFDUHFHGH
XQFRQVHQVRUHVSHFWRGHFXiOHVVRQVXVPHFDQLVPRVGH
FDPELR
<HQGRDORVGLVWLQWRVHVIXHU]RV\HVWUDWHJLDVSDUDPHGLUHO
FDPELRODJUDQGLYHUVLGDGGHPHWRGRORJtDVHLQVWUXPHQ-
QRUHDOL]DURQWHUDSLD6HJ~QFULWHULRVGH&RKHQ WRVSDUDHVWXGLDUHVWHFRQVWUXFWRSODQWHDXQGHVDItRHQ
HVHWDPDxRGHHIHFWRGHEHUtDLQWHUSUHWDUVHFRPRXQWD- WRUQR D OD VHOHFFLyQ GH ORV PiV DGHFXDGRV SDUD LQFOXLU
PDxRGHHIHFWRPHGLR WDQWRHQODFOtQLFDFRPRHQODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ(QHVWHVHQ-
A partir de este meta-análisis, y de sucesivas replicas y WLGRHQFRQVRQDQFLDFRQODVLGHDVGH2JOHVFUHH-
DFWXDOL]DFLRQHVDOGtDGHKR\ODSVLFRWHUDSLDHVFRQVLGHUD PRVHQODLPSRUWDQFLDGHLQFRUSRUDUGLIHUHQWHVYLVLRQHV
XQD SUiFWLFD H¿FD] SDUD HO DERUGDMH GH ODV SDWRORJtDV WHUDSHXWDSDFLHQWH\REVHUYDGRUHVH[WHUQRVGLIHUHQWHV
PHQWDOHVHQEDVHDORVFDPELRVWHUDSpXWLFRVTXHSURGXFH LQGLFDGRUHVJOREDOHV\HVSHFt¿FRVGHFXDGURVSVLFRSDWR-
HQVXVSDFLHQWHVVXSHUDQGRVLJQL¿FDWLYDPHQWHDODDX- OyJLFRV\GLIHUHQWHVLQVWUXPHQWRVDOJXQRVIXHUWHPHQWH
VHQFLDGHWUDWDPLHQWRDOHIHFWRSODFHERHLQFOXVRHQDO- D¿DQ]DGRVHQORVPDUFRVWHyULFRVGHORVWUDWDPLHQWRVTXH
JXQDV SDWRORJtDV D GLYHUVRV DERUGDMHV IDUPDFROyJLFRV VHDSOLFDQ\RWURVWUDQVWHyULFRVTXHIDYRUH]FDQODLQWH-
:DPSROG/DPEHUW$OGtDGHKR\VHFRQVL- JUDFLyQFOtQLFD\FRQFHSWXDO6LELHQHVWDVLWXDFLyQLGHDO
GHUDTXHHQGHFDGDSDFLHQWHVODSVLFRWHUDSLDIXQFLR- SODQWHDSUREOHPDVGHYLDELOLGDGHQQXHVWURPHGLRYLQFX-
QDPHMRUDQGRVLJQL¿FDWLYDPHQWHVXFRQGLFLyQ/DPEHUW ODGRVFRQODQHFHVLGDGGHUHGXFLUODFDUJDGHHVIXHU]R
(VWRVUHVXOWDGRVGHODWHUDSLDVXSHUDQHOWDPDxR VREUHORVSDFLHQWHV\WHUDSHXWDV\FRQORVHVFDVRVUHFXU-
GHO HIHFWR GH PXFKDV SUiFWLFDV PpGLFDV SUHVWLJLRVDV \ VRVFRQORVTXHFXHQWDQORVVLVWHPDVFOtQLFRV\ORVLQYHV-
DPSOLDPHQWHGLIXQGLGDVFRPRODVDQJLRSODVWtDVODDGPL- WLJDGRUHV'HOD3DUUDORVDXWRUHVGHHVWHWUDEDMR
QLVWUDFLyQGHEHWDEORTXHDQWHVODYDFXQDSDUDODJULSH\ HVWDPRVDERFDGRVDGLIHUHQWHVSUR\HFWRVTXHEXVFDQXQD
ODRSHUDFLyQGHFDWDUDWDVHQWUHRWUDV:DPSROG HYDOXDFLyQP~OWLSOHGHOFDPELRHQHOVHQWLGRDQWHVGHVFUL-
WRWDQWRHQSVLFRWHUDSLDSVLFRDQDOtWLFD-XDQ*yPH]3H-
Discusión QHGR\5RXVVRVFRPRFRJQLWLYD5RXVVRV*yPH]
$PRGRGHXQDUHYLVLyQWHyULFDVLQWHWL]DQGRORVDSRUWHV 3HQHGR\0XLxRV
GH GLYHUVDV SURSXHVWDV FRQFHSWXDOHV H LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV 2WURSXQWRDQDOL]DGRHQHVWHWUDEDMRIXHHOUHIHULGRDODV
HPStULFDVHOSUHVHQWHWUDEDMRWXYRHOREMHWLYRGHGHVFULELU PHWRGRORJtDVHVWDGtVWLFDVSDUDDQDOL]DUHQTXpPHGLGDHO
ODVGLVWLQWDVFRQFHSWXDOL]DFLRQHV\PHWRGRORJtDVLQYROX- FDPELRHQORVSDFLHQWHVRFXUUHGXUDQWHXQSURFHVRWHUD-
FUDGDVHQHOHVWXGLRGHOFDPELRHQSVLFRWHUDSLD6HRUJD- SpXWLFR&RPRVHxDODQ*yPH]3HQHGR\5RXVVRV
QL]yHODQiOLVLVGHOWHPDHQEDVHDWUHVFRQMXQWRVGHSUR- HOGHVDUUROORGHHVWUDWHJLDVSDUDVXSRQGHUDFLyQKDWHQLGR
EOHPDVORVGHEDWHVUHVSHFWRDTXpHOHPHQWRVGHEH XQDHYROXFLyQDFXPXODWLYDFRH[LVWLHQGRDOGtDGHKR\HQ
PRGL¿FDUXQDSVLFRWHUDSLDSDUDGLIHUHQWHVPRGHORVWHyUL- ODPD\RUSDUWHGHORVDUWtFXORVFLHQWt¿FRVHQODPDWHULD
FRVORVGLVWLQWRVHVIXHU]RV\HVWUDWHJLDVSDUDPHGLUHO PHGLGDVGHVLJQL¿FDQFLDHVWDGtVWLFDVLJQL¿FDQFLDSUiFWL-
FRQVWUXFWR³FDPELR´\ORVGLIHUHQWHVFULWHULRVPHWRGROy- FD VLJQL¿FDQFLD FOtQLFD \ HYDOXDFLyQ GH WUD\HFWRULDV GH
JLFRV TXH SXHGHQ XVDUVH SDUD HVWDEOHFHU VL HO FDPELR FDPELR1RREVWDQWHSDUDODSUiFWLFDFOtQLFDODVHVWUDWH-
HIHFWLYDPHQWHRFXUUHHQXQDSVLFRWHUDSLD JLDVPiVQRYHGRVDV±VLJQL¿FDQFLDFOtQLFD\HODQiOLVLVGH
(OHVWDGRGHODUWHPXHVWUDXQFRQVHQVRJHQHUDOL]DGRHQ WUD\HFWRULDVLQGLYLGXDOHV±VRQODVTXHSRGUtDQWHQHUPD\RU
XELFDUDODVPRGL¿FDFLRQHVDQLYHOGHODVLQWRPDWRORJtD\ DSOLFDELOLGDG*yPH]3HQHGRHWDO/DLQFRUSRUD-
DODVSUREOHPiWLFDVIXQFLRQDOHVIXQFLRQDPLHQWRVRFLDO FLyQGHDPEDVPHGLGDVDODSUiFWLFDDVLVWHQFLDOSRGUtD
LQWHUSHUVRQDOFDSDFLGDGGHRFLRHQWUHRWUDVFRPRORV IDFLOLWDUXQVHJXLPLHQWRGHODHYROXFLyQGHOSDFLHQWH\OD
SULQFLSDOHV REMHWLYRV GH FDPELR HQ GLIHUHQWHV PDUFRV LGHQWL¿FDFLyQGHFDVRVHQGRQGHHOSURFHVRWHUDSpXWLFR
WHyULFRV 0RGHORV FRPR ORV SVLFRDQDOtWLFRV FRJQLWLYR HVWiIXQFLRQDQGRPiVOHQWRGHORHVSHUDGRQRHVWiSUR-
FRQGXFWXDOHV\VLVWpPLFRVFRQVLGHUDQTXHGHEHREVHU- GXFLHQGRFDPELRVRHVWiOOHYDQGRDXQGHWHULRURGHOSD-
YDUVHXQDPHUPDHQGLFKDVIRUPDVGHPDOHVWDUHQORV
SDFLHQWHVSDUDTXHHOWUDWDPLHQWRSXHGDVHULQWHUSUHWDGR
FRPR H[LWRVR$OJXQD YDULDELOLGDG HQ HVWD SRVWXUD VH
HQFXHQWUD HQ ORV WUDWDPLHQWRV KXPDQLVWDH[LVWHQFLDOHV
(QpVWRVODPHUPDGHPDOHVWDUVLQWRPiWLFRRODPHMRUtD
FLHQWH%RVZHOO.UDXV0LOOHU\/DPEHUW
5HVSHFWRGHODVHYLGHQFLDVJOREDOHVVREUHHOFDPELRHQ
WHUDSLDTXHVXUJHQGHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQHPStULFDVLELHQ
UHVXOWDFODURTXHODSVLFRWHUDSLDHVXQDERUGDMHSVLFROyJL-
FRH¿FD]\HIHFWLYRSDUDWUDWDUSDWRORJtDVPHQWDOHV:DP-
GHOIXQFLRQDPLHQWRLQWHUSHUVRQDOVHYHQVXSHGLWDGDVDOD SROGXQSRUFHQWDMHLPSRUWDQWHGHORVSDFLHQWHVQR
FRQVHFXFLyQGHXQREMHWLYRGHFDPELRFRQVLGHUDGRPiV UHVSRQGHDGHFXDGDPHQWHDHVWHDERUGDMHD~Q/DPEHUW
WUDVFHQGHQWHYLQFXODGRFRQODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHXQDYLGD 'HHVWDPDQHUDVHREVHUYDXQiUHDGHYDFDQFLD
VLJQL¿FDWLYD HQ HO PDUFR HQ XQ SUR\HFWR YLWDO YDOLRVR WDQWRFLHQWt¿FDFRPRFOtQLFDSDUDGDUFXHQWDGHODUD]yQ
SDUDORVVXMHWRVTXHFRQVXOWDQ SRUODTXHGLFKRVSDFLHQWHVQRREWLHQHQORVHIHFWRVGHVHD-
$SHVDUGHODFXHUGRJHQHUDOHQDOJXQRVPRGHORVUHVSHF- GRVDSDUWLUGHXQDWHUDSLD\DVXYH]SDUDLQWHQWDUFDP-

DE LA PÁGINA 15 A LA 24 21
EL ESTUDIO DEL CAMBIO EN PSICOTERAPIA: DESAFÍOS CONCEPTUALES Y PROBLEMAS DE INVESTIGACIÓN EMPÍRICA
THE STUDY OF CHANGE IN PSYCHOTHERAPY: CONCEPTUAL CHALLENGES AND EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ISSUES
Gómez Penedo, Juan M.; Juan, Santiago; Manubens, Rocio T.; Roussos, Andrés J.

ELDUHVDVFRQGLFLRQHVEXVFDQGRSRWHQFLDUORVUHVXOWDGRV ODFOtQLFDFRPRDODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ(QHVWHVHQWLGRHVWDV
GHHVWRVWUDWDPLHQWRV estrategias servirían para ir más allá de trazar puentes
HQWUHHVWDVGRVLQVWDQFLDVKDELWXDOPHQWHHVFLQGLGDVSX-
Conclusiones GLHQGRIDFLOLWDUODFUHDFLyQGHXQespacio comúnGHWUDEDMR
7HQLHQGRHQFXHQWDODKHWHURJHQHLGDGGHORVPHFDQLVPRV HLQWHUDFFLyQ&RQVWDQWLQRHWDO(ODUWtFXORGH$UHDV
GHFDPELRSURSXHVWRVSRUORVGLIHUHQWHVPDUFRVWHyULFRV
SDUDSRGHUHYDOXDUODHYROXFLyQGHORVSDFLHQWHVSRGUtDVHU
YDOLRVRGHVGHXQSXQWRGHYLVWDFOtQLFRLQFRUSRUDUDOD
SUiFWLFDSVLFRWHUDSpXWLFDQRVRORLQVWUXPHQWRVGHPRQLWR-
UHR GH ORV UHVXOWDGRV HYROXFLyQ VLQWRPiWLFD IXQFLRQD-
\FRODERUDGRUHVUHSUHVHQWDXQHMHPSORGHXQWUDED-
MRGHHVWDQDWXUDOH]DUHDOL]DGRHQ$UJHQWLQD
3RGHPRVFRQFOXLUTXHODSVLFRWHUDSLDVHSUHVHQWDFRPR
XQWUDWDPLHQWRH¿FD]SDUDSDWRORJtDPHQWDOHVSHURTXHHO
SRUFHQWDMHGHSDFLHQWHVDOTXHDIHFWDSRVLWLYDPHQWHOHMRV
PLHQWRLQWHUSHUVRQDOFDSDFLGDGODERUDOHWFVLQRWDP- HVWiGHVHUHOLGHDO/DPEHUW&RPRXQDSRVLELOLGDG
ELpQGHORVPHFDQLVPRVGHFDPELRKLSRWpWLFRVYHUSRU SDUDPHMRUDUODVUHVSXHVWDVDODSVLFRWHUDSLDVHUtDYDOLRVR
HMHPSOR-XDQ\3R]]L'HHVWDPDQHUDVHSRGUtD TXHIXWXUDVOtQHDVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQVHGHGLFDVHQDH[SOR-
FRQWDUFRQLQIRUPDFLyQUHVSHFWRGHODFRQVHFXFLyQGHORV UDUTXpSDVDFRQHOSRUFHQWDMHGHSDFLHQWHVTXHQRFDP-
REMHWLYRVGHODWHUDSLDSHURWDPELpQGHOSURJUHVRHQDTXH- ELDQDSDUWLUGHODWHUDSLDHVSHFLDOPHQWHHQSDWRORJtDV
OORVFDPELRVTXHUHSUHVHQWDQHOFDPLQRKDFLDGLFKRVRE- TXHKDQPRVWUDGRWDVDVGHPHMRUtDJOREDOHVPiVKXPLOGHV
MHWLYRV'RVV.UDXVHHWDO'HVGHOD
SHUVSHFWLYDGHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQSLH]DVGHLQIRUPDFLyQGH
HVDQDWXUDOH]DDEULUtDQODSRVLELOLGDGGHUHDOL]DUHVWXGLRV
GHPHGLDFLyQEXVFDQGRYDOLGDUHOUROGHGLFKRVPHFDQLV-
PRVGHFDPELRKLSRWpWLFRVXQDGHODVSULQFLSDOHVOtQHDV
/DPEHUW¢'LFKRVSDFLHQWHVFXHQWDQFRQFDUDFWH-
UtVWLFDVSDUWLFXODUHVTXHSRGUtDQOLPLWDUORVHIHFWRVGHOD
WHUDSLD"¢/RVWHUDSHXWDVFRPHWLHURQHUURUHVWpFQLFRVHQ
HVRVSURFHVRV"¢6XFHGLHURQFRVDVDQLYHOUHODFLRQDOTXH
SXGLHUDQH[SOLFDUHVDIDOWDGHp[LWRWHUDSpXWLFR"/DWHVLV
GHLQYHVWLJDFLyQFOtQLFDHQODDFWXDOLGDG+D\HV GRFWRUDOGHOSULPHUDXWRUGHHVWHWUDEDMRHVXQHVIXHU]RHQ
3RURWUDSDUWHGHELGRDODDPSOLDJDPDGHLQVWUXPHQWRV ODGLUHFFLyQTXHPDUFDQODVSUHJXQWDVFLHQWt¿FDVPHQFLR-
SDUD PHGLU HO FDPELR \ ORV GHVDItRV SDUD VX VHOHFFLyQ
FRQVLGHUDPRVFRPRXQGHULYDGRGHOUHFRUULGRUHDOL]DGR
ODQHFHVLGDGGHWULDQJXODUHVIXHU]RVGHVGHP~OWLSOHVSHUV-
SHFWLYDV\PHWRGRORJtDV'DGRTXHQXHVWUDVFRQGLFLRQHV
HQODUHJLyQODWLQRDPHULFDQDQRVREOLJDQDXQDVHOHFFLyQ
PiVSDUVLPRQLRVDGHPHWRGRORJtDVFRQVLGHUDPRVTXHXQ
DSRUWHGHODUHYLVLyQHIHFWXDGDHQHVWHDUWtFXORUDGLFDHQ
D\XGDUDFOtQLFRVHLQYHVWLJDGRUHVORFDOHVHQXQDVHOHF-
FLyQD¿DQ]DGDHQVXVSUHJXQWDVFLHQWt¿FDV\WHUDSpXWLFDV
\XQDPHMRUDSUHFLDFLyQGHODVOyJLFDVHLQVWUXPHQWRVD
XWLOL]DUSDUDPHGLUHOFDPELR
(QFXDQWRDODVPHWRGRORJtDVHVWDGtVWLFDVSDUDDQDOL]DUHO
FDPELRHQORVSDFLHQWHVHOUHFRUULGRELEOLRJUi¿FRPXHVWUD
ODLPSRUWDQFLDGHODLQFRUSRUDFLyQGHORV~OWLPRVGHVDUUR-
OORVDOUHVSHFWRWDOHVFRPRORVDQiOLVLVGHWUD\HFWRULDV\
DQiOLVLV GH VLJQL¿FDQFLD FOtQLFD /D XWLOL]DFLyQ GH HVWDV
PHWRGRORJtDVQRVRORSRGUtDQSURGXFLUXQDPD\RUUREXV-
WH]\YDORUFOtQLFRDORVUHVXOWDGRVGHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQVLQR
TXHWDPELpQSRGUtDQVHUPX\~WLOHVSDUDVHUDSOLFDGRVHQ
ODFOtQLFD3RUHMHPSORHODQiOLVLV\HVWLPDFLyQGHWUD\HFWR-
ULDVLQGLYLGXDOHVSRGUtDVHUYLUSDUDGDUfeedback DORVWHUD-
QDGDVYHUWDPELpQ2OLYHUDHWDO
$PRGRGHUHÀH[LyQ¿QDOFRQVLGHUDPRVTXHHODQiOLVLV\
ODUHYLVLyQHIHFWXDGRVDORODUJRGHHVWHWUDEDMRSXHGHQ
UHSUHVHQWDUXQDSRUWHFOtQLFR~WLOSDUDODUHÀH[LyQHQORV
WHUDSHXWDVUHVSHFWRGHORVREMHWLYRVTXHEXVFDQDOHMHUFHU
XQDWHUDSLD\GHODVIRUPDVDODVTXHDSHODQSDUDHYDOXDU-
ORV$OPLVPRWLHPSRGHVGHXQSXQWRGHYLVWDWHyULFRHO
SUHVHQWHDUWtFXORSXHGHVHUYLUSDUDWUD]DUSXHQWHVHQWUH
GLIHUHQWHVYLVLRQHVGHOFDPELRFUHDQGRPRGHORVGHLQWH-
UDFFLyQHLQWHJUDFLyQ3RU~OWLPRGHVGHXQiQJXORHPSt-
ULFRFUHHPRVTXHHVWHWUDEDMRSRGUtDD\XGDUDIRPHQWDU
HOHVWXGLRVLVWHPiWLFRGHOFDPELRHQSVLFRWHUDSLD\VXV
SURFHVRVDQLYHOORFDOVHQWDQGRODVEDVHVSDUDIXWXUDV
LQYHVWLJDFLRQHVHQODPDWHULD(QGH¿QLWLYDDOLOXVWUDUOD
FRPSOHMLGDG\GHQVLGDGTXHWLHQHHOWHPDGHOFDPELRHQ
SVLFRWHUDSLD\SUHVHQWDUHVWUDWHJLDVSDUDVXHYDOXDFLyQ
EXVFDPRVRIUHFHUXQDEUHYHYLVLyQGHFRQMXQWRTXHSXHGD
VHU~WLODOFOtQLFR\DOLQYHVWLJDGRULQWHJUDEOHWDPELpQDOD
IRUPDFLyQGHJUDGR\DOHQWUHQDPLHQWRGHWHUDSHXWDV
REFERENCIAS
SHXWDVXQUHFXUVRYDOLRVRSDUDDSRUWDULQIRUPDFLyQUHOH- $FXxD')“Evaluación de Ansiedad”. Datos normativos
YDQWHDORVSURIHVLRQDOHVVREUHHOGHVDUUROORGHODWHUDSLD del Inventario de Ansiedad Estado-Rasgo en Buenos Aires.
%RVZHOOHWDO'HKHFKRHVWHWUDEDMRGHUHYLVLyQ 7HVLQDGHJUDGR8QLYHUVLGDGGH%HOJUDQR&LXGDG$XWyQRPD
VHLQVFULEHHQHOPDUFRGHXQSUR\HFWRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ GH%XHQRV$LUHV$UJHQWLQD
PiVDPSOLRTXHWLHQHFRPRXQRGHVXVREMHWLYRVHOHVWXGLR $OWLPLU&.UDXVH0GHOD3DUUD*'DJQLQR37RPLFLF$
del feedbackDWHUDSHXWDVPHGLDQWHHOPRQLWRUHRGHOD 9DOGpV1«9LOFKHV2&OLHQWV¶WKHUDSLVWV¶DQGRE-
HYROXFLyQ JHQHUDO GH ORV SDFLHQWHV (O GREOH EHQHILFLR VHUYHUV¶ DJUHHPHQW RQ WKH DPRXQW WHPSRUDO ORFDWLRQ DQG
FRQWHQWRISV\FKRWKHUDSHXWLFFKDQJHDQGLWVUHODWLRQWRRXWFR-
FLHQWt¿FR\FOtQLFRGHODLQFOXVLyQGHHVWRVPRGHORVGH
PHPsychotherapy Research, 20±
DQiOLVLVGHOFDPELRIDYRUHFHUtDXQDPD\RULQWHJUDFLyQGH
$UHDV05RXVVRV$+LUVFK++LUVFK3%HFHUUD3*yPH]
ODFOtQLFD\ODLQYHVWLJDFLyQDSDUWLUGHODSRVLELOLGDGGH
3HQHGR-0Evaluación de un dispositivo de investi-
GHVDUUROODUSUR\HFWRVFRQMXQWRV/RV\DPHQFLRQDGRVPR- JDFLyQRULHQWDGRDODSUiFWLFDHQHOGHVDUUROORGHXQVLVWHPD
GHORV325&DVWRQJXD\HWDOVHUtDQXQFRQWH[WR de IHHGEDFN en psicoterapia.0DQXVFULWRHQHYDOXDFLyQ
LGHDOHQGRQGHODPHGLFLyQ\HVWLPDFLyQGHOFDPELRPH- %HFN-6Cognitive behavior therapy: Basics and beyond
GLDQWHDERUGDMHVHVWDGtVWLFRVFRPRORVDQiOLVLVGHWUD\HF- QGHG1HZ<RUN1<7KH*XLOIRUG3UHVV
WRULDVSRGUtDQLPSOLFDUDOPLVPRWLHPSRXQDSRUWHWDQWRD

22 DE LA PÁGINA 15 A LA 24
 FACULTAD DE PSICOLOGÍA - UBA / SECRETARÍA DE INVESTIGACIONES / ANUARIO DE INVESTIGACIONES / VOLUMEN XXIV

%HFN$75XVK-6KDZ%\(PHU\*Cognitive the- *yPH]3HQHGR-00XLxRV5\5RXVVRV$-How to

rapy of depression1HZ<RUN1<*XLOIRUG3UHVV apply Hierarchical Linear Models for psychotherapy research?
%HFN $7 \ :HLVKDDU 0(  &RJQLWLYH WKHUDS\ (Q 5- A step-by-step guide to understand, run, and report these
&RUVLQL\':HGGLQJ(GVCurrent psychotherapiesWKHG analyses. 0DQXVFULWRHQHYDOXDFLyQ
SS,WDVFD,/)(3HDFRFN3XEOLVKHUV,QF *yPH]3HQHGR-0\5RXVVRV$-¢&yPRVDEHPRVVL
%HUJLQ$(7KHHYDOXDWLRQRIWKHUDSHXWLFRXWFRPHV(Q QXHVWURVSDFLHQWHVPHMRUDQ"&ULWHULRVSDUDODVLJQL¿FDQFLDFOt-
$(%HUJLQ\6/*DU¿HOG(GVHandbook of psychothera- QLFDHQSVLFRWHUDSLD8QGHEDWHTXHVHUHQXHYDRevista Ar-
py and behavior change. New York: Wiley gentina de Clínica Psicológica, 21,±
%HUQDUGL5/DHYDOXDFLyQGHORVFDPELRVGHOSDFLHQWH(O *UXSRGHWUDEDMR23''LDJQyVWLFRSVLFRGLQiPLFR
0RGHORGHORV7UHV1LYHOHV/05HYLVWDGH3VLFRDQiOLVLV< operacionalizado (OPD-2).Manual para el diagnóstico, indica-
Psicoterapia, 4± FLyQ\SODQL¿FDFLyQGHODSVLFRWHUDSLD%DUFHORQD+HUGHU
%OHLFKPDU+La Depresión: Un estudio psicoanalítico%XH- +D\HV $)  Introduction to mediation, moderation, and
QRV$LUHV1XHYD9LVLyQ conditional process analysis. 1HZ<RUN1<*XLOIRUG3UHVV
%RVZHOO-).UDXV'50LOOHU6'\/DPEHUW0-,P- -DFREVRQ16\7UXD[3&OLQLFDOVLJQL¿FDQFHDVWDWLVWLFDO
SOHPHQWLQJURXWLQHRXWFRPHPRQLWRULQJLQFOLQLFDOSUDFWLFH%H- DSSURDFK WR GH¿QLQJ PHDQLQJIXO FKDQJH LQ SV\FKRWKHUDS\ UH-
QH¿WV FKDOOHQJHV DQG VROXWLRQV Psychotherapy Research, VHDUFKJournal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, ±
25± -XDQ6*yPH]3HQHGR-0\5RXVVRV$3UR\HFWRGH
&DVWRQJXD\/%DUNKDP0/XW]:\0F$OHDYH\$ LQYHVWLJDFLyQ)RFRWHUDSpXWLFR\PHFDQLVPRVGHFDPELRHQ
3UDFWLFH2ULHQWHG 5HVHDUFK $SSURDFKHV DQG DSSOLFDWLRQV XQFDVR~QLFRGHSVLFRWHUDSLDSVLFRDQDOtWLFDRevista Diagno-
(Q 0 - /DPEHUW (G%HUJLQ DQG *DU¿HOGV¶V +DQGERRN RI sis(QKWWSZZZUHYLVWDGLDJQRVLVRUJDU
Psychotherapy and Behavior Change WD HG SS ± -XDQ6\3R]]L$/DLPSRUWDQFLDGHODQRFLyQGH³SUR-
1HZ-HUVH\:LOH\ FHVR´SDUDODSUiFWLFDFOtQLFD\ODLQYHVWLJDFLyQHQSVLFRWHUDSLD
&DVXOOR 0 \ 3HUH] $  El inventario de síntomas SVLFRDQDOtWLFD Aperturas Psicoanalíticas, 53 'LVSRQLEOH HQ
SCL-90-R de L. Derogatis. )DFXOWDG GH3VLFRORJtD8%$5H- KWWSZZZDSHUWXUDVRUJ
FXSHUDGR GH KWWSZZZIXQGDFLRQIRURFRPSGIVLQYHQWDULR- .HHJDQ(Escritos de psicoterapia cognitiva. %XHQRV$L-
GHVLQWRPDVSGI UHV(XGHED
&LVQHURV)DULDV*Diccionario de frases y aforismos lati- .HUQEHUJ2Desórdenes fronterizos y narcisismo patoló-
nos.0p[LFR')8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDO$XWyQRPDGH0p[LFR gico%DUFHORQD(GLWRULDO3DLGyV
&RKHQ -  Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral .LUN 5(  3UDFWLFDO VLJQL¿FDQFH $ &RQFHSW ZKRVH WLPH
Sciences. +LOOVGDOH1-/DZUHQFH(DUOEDXP$VVRFLDWHV KDVFRPHEducational and Psychological Measurement, 56,
&RQVWDQWLQR 0- &R\QH $( \ *RPH] 3HQHGR -0  ±
&RQWH[WXDOL]HGLQWHJUDWLRQDVDFRPPRQSOD\LQJ¿HOGIRUFOLQL- .QLJKW 52 (YDOXDWLRQ RI WKH UHVXOWV RI SV\FKRDQDO\WLF WKHUDS\
FLDQV DQG UHVHDUFKHUV &RPPHQW RQ 0F:LOOLDPV. Journal of American Journal of Psychiatry, 98,
Psychotherapy Integration, 27,  .UDHPHU+&0RUJDQ*$/HHFK1/*OLQHU-$9DVNH-
&RQWUHUDV9DOGH] -$ +HUQiQGH]*X]PiQ / \ )UH\UH 0$ - \ +DUPRQ 5-  0HDVXUHV RI &OLQLFDO 6LJQL¿FDQFH
9DOLGH]GHFRQVWUXFWRGHO,QYHQWDULRGH'HSUHVLyQGH Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent
%HFN,,SDUDDGROHVFHQWHVTerapia Psicológica, 33± Psychiatry, 42±
'H OD 3DUUD *  3V\FKRWKHUDS\ UHVHDUFK LQ GHYHORSLQJ .UDXVH0\$OWLPLU&,QWURGXFFLyQGHVDUUROORVDFWXDOHV
FRXQWULHV 7KH FDVH RI /DWLQ $PHULFD Psychotherapy Re- HQODLQYHVWLJDFLyQGHOSURFHVRSVLFRWHUDSpXWLFREstudios de
search, 23,± Psicologia, 37, ±KWWSGRLRUJ
'RVV%'&KDQJLQJWKHZD\ZHVWXG\FKDQJHLQSV\FKR- 
WKHUDS\Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11± .UDXVH0$OWLPLU&3pUH]-&\'HOD3DUUD**HQH-
)HL[DV*\0LUy07Aproximaciones a la psicoterapia. ULF FKDQJH LQGLFDWRUV LQ WKHUDSHXWLF SURFHVVHV ZLWK GLIIHUHQW
Una introducción a los tratamientos psicológicos.%DUFHORQD RXWFRPHVPsychotherapy Research, 25±KWWSGRL
(GLFLRQHV3DLGyV RUJ
)LRULQL+Teoría y Técnica de Psicoterapias. %XHQRV$LUHV /DPEHUW0-7KHHI¿FDF\DQGHIIHFWLYHQHVVRISV\FKR-
1XHYDYLVLyQ WKHUDS\(Q0-/DPEHUW(G%HUJLQDQG*DU¿HOGV¶V+DQG-
book of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change WD HG SS
)UDQNO 9(  El hombre en busca de sentido %DUFHORQD
±1HZ-HUVH\:LOH\
(GLWRULDO+HUGHU
0DULVWDQ\0Problemas en las relaciones interpersonales
)UHXG 6  (O PpWRGR SVLFRDQDOtWLFR GH )UHXG Obras
y Trastornos de la personalidad. 7HVLVGRFWRUDO8QLYHUVLGDGGH
Completas%XHQRV$LUHV$PRUURUWX(GLWRUHV9RO9,,
%HOJUDQR&LXGDG$XWyQRPDGH%XHQRV$LUHV$UJHQWLQD
)UHXG 6  D &RQIHUHQFLD /D WHUDSLD DQDOtWLFD
0F:LOOLDPV1,QWHJUDWLYHUHVHDUFKIRULQWHJUDWLYHSUDFWLFH
Obras Completas %XHQRV $LUHV $PRUURUWX (GLWRUHV 9RO
$SOHDIRUUHVSHFWIXOFROODERUDWLRQDFURVVFOLQLFLDQDQGUHVHDU-
;9,
FKHUUROHVJournal of Psychotherapy Integration, 27±
)UHXG6,QKLELFLyQVtQWRPD\DQJXVWLDObras Com-
0LQXFKLQ 6  Families & family therapy &DPEULGJH 0$
pletas%XHQRV$LUHV$PRUURUWX(GLWRUHV9RO;;
+DUYDUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVKWWSGRLRUJ
)UHXG6$QiOLVLVWHUPLQDEOHHLQWHUPLQDEOHObras
1DWKDQ36WXDUW6\'RODQ65HVHDUFKRQSV\FKRWKH-
Completas %XHQRV $LUHV $PRUURUWX (GLWRUHV 9RO ;;,,,
UDS\HI¿FDF\DQGHIIHFWLYHQHVV%HWZHHQ6F\OODDQG&KDUU\E-

GLV,Q$.D]GLQ(GMethodological issues and strategies in
clinical research7KLUGSS±:DVKLQJWRQ$PHULFDQ
3V\FKRORJLFDO$VVRFLDWLRQ

DE LA PÁGINA 15 A LA 24 23
EL ESTUDIO DEL CAMBIO EN PSICOTERAPIA: DESAFÍOS CONCEPTUALES Y PROBLEMAS DE INVESTIGACIÓN EMPÍRICA
THE STUDY OF CHANGE IN PSYCHOTHERAPY: CONCEPTUAL CHALLENGES AND EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ISSUES
Gómez Penedo, Juan M.; Juan, Santiago; Manubens, Rocio T.; Roussos, Andrés J.

2JOHV %0  0HDVXULQJ FKDQJH LQ SV\FKRWKHUDS\ UH- 6PLWK0/\*ODVV*90HWD$QDO\VLVRI3V\FKRWKHUDS\
VHDUFK (Q 0- /DPEHUW (G%HUJLQ DQG *DU¿HOGV¶V +DQG- 2XWFRPH6WXGLHVAmerican Psychologist, 32,±
book of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change WD HG SS 6WUXSS++7KHRXWFRPHSUREOHPLQSV\FKRWKHUDS\UHYL-
±1HZ-HUVH\:LOH\ VLWHGPsychotherapy, 50,
2OLYHUD-%UDXQ0*yPH]3HQHGR-0\5RXVVRV$ 7VFKDFKHU : \ 5DPVH\HU )  0RGHOLQJ SV\FKRWKHUDS\
$TXDOLWDWLYHLQYHVWLJDWLRQRIIRUPHUFOLHQWV¶SHUFHSWLRQRIFKDQ- SURFHVVE\WLPHVHULHVSDQHODQDO\VLV763$Psychotherapy
JHUHDVRQVIRUFRQVXOWDWLRQWKHUDSHXWLFUHODWLRQVKLSDQGWHU- Research, 19±
PLQDWLRQPsychotherapy, 50±
9RQ %HUJHQ $ \ 'H OD 3DUUD *  24 &XHVWLRQDULR
5DPVH\HU ) .XSSHU = &DVSDU ) =QRM + \ 7VFKDFKHU : SDUD HYDOXDFLyQ GH UHVXOWDGRV \ HYROXFLyQ HQ SVLFRWHUDSLD
7LPHVHULHVSDQHODQDO\VLV763$0XOWLYDULDWHPRGH- DGDSWDFLyQYDOLGDFLyQHLQGLFDFLRQHVSDUDVXDSOLFDFLyQHLQ-
OLQJRIWHPSRUDODVVRFLDWLRQVLQSV\FKRWKHUDS\SURFHVVJour- WHUSUHWDFLyQTerapia Psicológica, 20
nal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82±KWWS
:DLQVWHLQ0Intervenciones para el cambio.%XHQRV$L-
GRLRUJD
UHV-&(
5DXGHQEXVK 6: \ %U\N $6  Hierarchical linear mo-
:DPSROG %(  The Great Psychotherapy Debate: Mo-
dels: Applications and data analysis methodsQGHG7KRX-
dels, Methods, and Findings0DKZDK1-(UOEDXP
VDQG2DNV&$6DJH
:DPSROG %(  3V\FKRWKHUDS\ 7KH KXPDQLVWLF DQG
5RXVVRV$-La inferencia clínica y la elaboración de hi-
HIIHFWLYHWUHDWPHQWAmerican Psychologist, 62,±
pótesis de trabajo de los psicoterapeutas: estudio empírico
PHGLDQWHHOXVRGHWpFQLFDVGHDQiOLVLVGHSURFHVRVWHUDSpX- :DW]ODZLFN3:HDNODQG-+\)LVFK5Cambio. For-
ticos. 7HVLVGRFWRUDO8QLYHUVLGDGGH%HOJUDQR&LXGDG$XWy- mación y solución de los problemas humanos.%DUFHORQD(GL-
QRPDGH%XHQRV$LUHV$UJHQWLQD WRULDO+HUGHU
5RXVVRV$-*yPH]3HQHGR-0\0XLxRV5$WLPH
VHULHVDQDO\VLVRIWKHUDSHXWLFDOOLDQFHLQWHUYHQWLRQVDQGFOLHQW¶V
clinical status in an evidence-based single-case study: Eviden-
FH IRU HVWDEOLVKLQJ FKDQJH PHFKDQLVPV LQ SV\FKRWKHUDS\
Psychotherapy Research.3XEOLFDFLyQRQOLQHGHDYDQFH'LV-
SRQLEOHHQKWWSGRLRUJ
24
:HLQHU ,% \ ([QHU -(  5RUVFKDFK FKDQJHV LQ ORQJ
WHUP VKRUWWHUP SV\FKRWKHUDS\ Journal of Personality As-
sessment, 56±
)HFKDGHUHFHSFLyQGHPD\RGH
)HFKDGHDFHSWDFLyQGHRFWXEUHGH
DE LA PÁGINA 15 A LA 24