Está en la página 1de 9

Investigación y Ciencia

ISSN: 1665-4412
revistaiyc@correo.uaa.mx
Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes
México

Treviño-Alanis, Ma. Guadalupe; Jaramillo-González, Francisco


El Sistema Nervioso y su Relación con el Sistema Inmunológico
Investigación y Ciencia, vol. 13, núm. 33, julio-diciembre, 2005, pp. 14-21
Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes
Aguascalientes, México

Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=67403303

Cómo citar el artículo


Número completo
Sistema de Información Científica
Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal
Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto


(O6LVWHPD1HUYLRVR\VX5HODFLyQ
FRQHO6LVWHPD,QPXQROyJLFR
'UD0D*XDGDOXSH7UHYLxR$ODQtV
0HQ&)UDQFLVFR-DUDPLOOR*RQ]iOH]

,1752'8&&,Ð1 XQUROLPSRUWDQWHSDUDVXGHVDUUROOR2WUDGLVFLSOLQD
HV OD 3VLFRQHXURLQPXQRORJtD TXH HVWXGLD ODV
'HVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDLQPXQROyJLFRHOVLVWHPD LQWHUUHODFLRQHV HQWUH ORV VLVWHPDV QHUYLRVR \ HO
QHUYLRVR FHQWUDO 61&  WLHQH FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV LQPXQH H[SOLFD ODV DGDSWDFLRQHV D VLWXDFLRQHV
HVSHFLDOHV SRU HMHPSOR SRVHHU EDUUHUD FRPSOHMDV TXH LQFOX\HQ UHWRV LQPXQRJpQLFRV
KHPDWRHQFHIiOLFD TXH HQ DXVHQFLD GH XQ \ HVWLPXORV VHQVRULDOHV TXH LQWHUÀHUHQ FRQ OD
SURFHVRLQÁDPDWRULRHYLWDODHQWUDGDGHFpOXODV KRPHRVWDVLV GHO RUJDQLVPR FRPR OD DQVLHGDG
GHO VLVWHPD LQPXQH DO VLVWHPD QHUYLRVR FHQWUDO \ ORV UHWRV SRU HMHPSOR ORV DFDGpPLFRV $QWH
(Q HVWH VLVWHPD OD SULPHUD OtQHD  GH GHIHQVD OD UHVSXHVWD DO HVWUpV OD KRUPRQD OLEHUDGRUD
LQPXQROyJLFD HVWi FRQVWLWXLGD SRU OD PLFURJOtD GH FRUWLFRWURSLQD HV XQ LQWHJUDGRU PD\RU
TXHSHUWHQHFHDOVLVWHPDPRQRFLWRPDFUyIDJR GH ORV VLVWHPDV HQGRFULQRV DXWRQyPLFR H
ODPLFURJOLDHVDFWLYDGDSRUODVFpOXODVGHOVLVWHPD LQPXQH (O KLSRWiODPR UHJXOD OD VHFUHFLyQ
LQPXQHTXHWUDVXQSURFHVRLQÁDPDWRULRSXHGHQ DGUHQRFRUWLFRWUySLFDGHODKLSyÀVLVTXHDVXYH]
DWUDYHVDU OD EDUUHUD KHPDWRHQFHIiOLFD DO VHU HVWLPXOD OD VtQWHVLV DGUHQDO GH JOXFRFRUWLFRLGHV
DFWLYDGDV LQFUHPHQWDQ VX DFWLYLGDG IDJRFtWLFD WHQHPRV HQWRQFHV XQ HMH KLSRWDOiPRKLSyÀVLV
TXH ODV OOHYD D OD SURGXFFLyQ GH FLWRFLQDV TXH DGUHQDOFRQXQDLPSRUWDQWHDFFLyQFHQWUDODQWL
FRPSOHWDQ OD FDVFDGD LQÁDPDWRULD (Q ORV LQÁDPDWRULDODLQWHUDFFLyQGHIDFWRUHVJHQpWLFRV
~OWLPRV DxRV KD KDELGR XQ QRWDEOH GHVDUUROOR PHGLRDPELHQWHHLQPXQROyJLFRVGHVDUUROODQSRU
TXH KD JHQHUDGR QXHYRV GHVFXEULPLHQWRV HMHPSOR GHUPDWLWLV DWySLFD 6LOYHUPDQ (  
FRQ UHVSHFWR DO VLVWHPD QHUYLRVR \ DO VLVWHPD (QHVWHWUDEDMRVHH[SOLFDUiODUHODFLyQTXHWLHQH
LQPXQROyJLFR HVWR KD GHVDUUROODGR XQD QXHYD HOVLVWHPDQHUYLRVR\HOVLVWHPDLQPXQROyJLFR
GLVFLSOLQDHQHOiUHDGHODVFLHQFLDVGHODVDOXG
OD 1HXURLQPXQRORJtD TXH VH HVSHFLDOL]D HQ HO 3/$17($0,(172'(/352%/(0$
GLDJQyVWLFR \ WUDWDPLHQWR GH HQIHUPHGDGHV <685(/(9$1&,$
QHXUROyJLFDVHQODVFXDOHVHOVLVWHPDLQPXQHWLHQH
(Q ORV ~OWLPRV DxRV VH KDQ GHVDUUROODGR
QXHYDV HVSHFLDOLGDGHV HQWUH ODV TXH GHVWDFDQ

 'HSDUWDPHQWR GH &LHQFLDV %iVLFDV GH OD 'LYLVLyQ GH OD1HXURLQPXQRORJtD\OD3VLFRQHXURLQPXQRORJtD
&LHQFLDVGHOD6DOXGGHOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH0RQWHUUH\
FRQ ODV FXDOHV HV SRVLEOH GDU XQ WUDWR LQWHJUDO
7HO)D[HPDLOPDUWUHYLQR#XGHP
HGXP[
DO SDFLHQWH SRU OR TXH HV LPSRUWDQWH WHQHU OD


'HSDUWDPHQWR GH &LHQFLDV %iVLFDV GHO &HQWUR GH LQIRUPDFLyQSHUWLQHQWHVREUHGLFKRVWHPDV
0RUIRORJtD GH OD 8QLYHUVLGDG $XWyQRPD GH $JXDVFD
OLHQWHV7HOHPDLOIMDUDPLJ#XDDP[


2%-(7,92 VDQJXtQHRV \ VH GHVDUUROODQ ORV FURS~VFXORV GH


+DVVDO  VHPDQDV GH YLGD LQWUDXWHULQD \
(OSUHVHQWHWUDEDMRWLHQHFRPRREMHWLYRUHDOL]DU WLHQHFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHOWLPRDGXOWR  &DUOVRQ%
XQD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ ELEOLRJUiÀFD VREUH OD UHODFLyQ  
PRUIRIXQFLRQDOTXHJXDUGDQORVVLVWHPDVQHUYLRVR
HLQPXQROyJLFR (OVLVWHPDQHUYLRVRVHRULJLQDGHUHJLRQHVGH
HFWRGHUPR QHXUDO HO WXER QHXUDO TXH RULJLQD
0e72'2 DO VLVWHPD QHUYLRVR FHQWUDO \ QHUYLRV PRWRUHV
VRPiWLFRV\QHUYLRVDXWRQyPLFRVSUHJDQJOLRQDUHV
(O PpWRGR HPSOHDGR SDUD OD UHDOL]DFLyQ ODFUHVWDQHXUDOTXHRULJLQDHOHVWURPDGHOWLPR
GH HVWH WUDEDMR HV OD E~VTXHGD ELEOLRJUiÀFD ODVFpOXODVFURPDÀQHVGHODPpGXODVXSUDUUHQDO
DFWXDOL]DGD /D UHYLVLyQ HVWi EDVDGD HQ XQD ODV QHXURQDV HQWpULFDV SOH[RV SDUDVLPSiWLFRV 
E~VTXHGDGHDHQIRFDGDHQODUHODFLyQ QHXURQDV VLPSiWLFDV JDQJOLRV VLPSiWLFRV 
GHO VLVWHPD QHUYLRVR \ HO LQPXQROyJLFR 3DUD QHXURQDV VHQVLWLYDV JDQJOLRV UDTXtGHRV  FpOXODV
UHDOL]DUODVE~VTXHGDVHVQHFHVDULRSULPHURWHQHU SLJPHQWDULDV \ SOH[RV SUHYHUWHEUDOHV \ ODV
XQD SUHJXQWD HVSHFtÀFD VHJXQGR VDEHU FXiO SODFRGDVHFWRGHUPDOHVTXHGDQOXJDUDJDQJOLRV
HV HO PHMRU VLWLR SDUD LQYHVWLJDU OD LQIRUPDFLyQ VRPiWLFRVVHQVRULDOHVGHORVQHUYLRVFUDQHDOHVOD
DFWXDOPHQWHORVPHMRUHVVLWLRVVRQHOLQWHUQHWORV KLSyÀVLV \ DOJXQRV FRPSRQHQWHV GHO RMR  \ RtGR
&'UP \ ODV UHYLVWDV 3DUD HVWH WUDEDMR VH HOLJLy &DUOVRQ%\0HQWOHLQ5 
HO LQWHUQH HVSHFtÀFDPHQWH OD ELEOLRWHFD GH OD
8QLYHUVLGDG $XWyQRPD GH $JXDVFDOLHQWHV HO (V FRQRFLGR TXH ODV ÀEUDV QHUYLRVDV VH
VLWLR 0' &RQVXOW KWWSKRPHPGFRQVXOWFRP SUR\HFWDQ GHQWUR GH FDGD yUJDQR GHO FXHUSR
GDVVHDUFK TXH SURSRUFLRQD DUWtFXORV GH WH[WR \ TXH VH LQYROXFUDQ HQ PRQLWRUHDU HO DPELHQWH
FRPSOHWR %UDYR5  LQWHUQR\H[WHUQRFRQWURODUODVHFUHFLyQJODQGXODU
\ HO VLVWHPD P~VFXORHVTXHOpWLFR DOJXQDV
5HODFLyQHQWUHORVVLVWHPDVQHUYLRVRH LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV VXJLHUHQ QXHYDV IXQFLRQHV SDUD
LQPXQROyJLFRHQFXDQWRDVXRULJHQ HO VLVWHPD QHUYLRVR FRPR HO PRQLWRUHR ORFDO OD
PRGXODFLyQ  \ OD FRRUGLQDFLyQ GH OD DFWLYLGDG
*UDFLDVDODLQYHVWLJDFLyQPpGLFDHOGRJPD GHGHIHQVDGHOKXpVSHG 'RZQLQJ-\0L\DQ-
GHTXHHOVLVWHPDQHUYLRVRHVLQGHSHQGLHQWHGHO  
VLVWHPDLQPXQROyJLFRVHHVWiWHUPLQDQGR\DTXH
DOJXQRV LQYHVWLJDGRUHV KDQ GHPRVWUDGR TXH ORV
OLQIRFLWRV VHFUHWDQ IDFWRUHV TXH QRUPDOPHQWH (OVLVWHPDLQPXQHGHOHQFpIDOR
HVWDEDQ DVRFLDGRV FRQ HO HMH KLSRWiODPR
KLSRÀVLDULR 0HQWOHLQ5\.HQGDOO0  (O WHMLGR QHUYLRVR VDQR FDUHFH GH FpOXODV GH
ODVHULHEODQFD\DTXHpVWDVVHFUHWDQVXVWDQFLDV
8QD GH ODV OtQHDV GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ VREUH HVWH FDSDFHV GH GHVWUXLU FpOXODV QHUYLRVDV VLQ
WHPDHVTXHHOWLPR\HOFHUHEURWLHQHQXQDEDVH HPEDUJR FRQWLHQH ODV FpOXODV FRQRFLGDV FRPR
HPEULROyJLFDFRP~QSDUDDOJXQDVIXQFLRQHVSRU PLFURJOLD 6WUHLW:\.LQFDLG&ROWRQ& /DV
ORTXHVHFRQVLGHUDTXHHOSRWHQFLDOGHODFUHVWD FpOXODVGHODPLFURJOLDIRUPDQSDUWHGHODVFpOXODV
QHXUDO VHD HO HOHPHQWR JLUDWRULR TXH XQH D ORV GHODJOtDHQHO61&VRQFpOXODVLQPLJUDQWHVTXH
VLVWHPDV QHUYLRVR H LQPXQROyJLFR 0HQWOHLQ 5 VHRULJLQDQDSDUWLUGHPRQRFLWRVVDQJXtQHRVTXH
  PLJUDQDOWHMLGRQHUYLRVRIHWDOGXUDQWHHOGHVDUUROOR
GH OD EDUUHUD KHPDWRHQFHIiOLFD &RVVPDQ 3+
3DUD HO GHVDUUROOR GHO WLPR SDUWLFLSDQ HO (JJLO36 
HQGRGHUPR GH OD  EROVD IDUtQJHD TXH GDUi
OXJDU D OD HVWUXFWXUD HSLWHOLDO OD FUHVWD QHXUDO /DPLFURJOLDSDUWLFLSDHQHOPDQWHQLPLHQWRGH
TXH GHVDUUROODUi OD FiSVXOD GH WHMLGR FRQHFWLYR ODKRPHRVWDVLVHQHO61&\DTXHMXHJDXQSDSHO
GHODFXDOVHIRUPDQORVWDELTXHV\FRQGLFLRQDQ PX\ LPSRUWDQWH FRPR FpOXOD GH OD UHVSXHVWD
HO GHVDUUROOR GH OD HVWUXFWXUD HSLWHOLDO OD FXDO VH LQPXQH IDJRFLWRVLV SURGXFFLyQ GH IDFWRUHV
GLIHUHQFLDUi D FRUGRQHV HSLWHOLDOHV \ HO WHMLGR QHXURWUyÀFRVRSUHVHQWDFLyQGHDQWtJHQRV SHUR
KHPDWRSR\pWLFR TXH GHVDUUROOD ORV SURWLPRFLWRV WDPELpQ SXHGH RFDVLRQDU FRWLWR[LFLGDG SRU OD
³HVWRVDVXYH]LQYDGHQORVFRUGRQHVHSLWHOLDOHV OLEHUDFLyQ GH UDGLFDOHV OLEUHV \ QHXURWR[LQDV
ORV GHVSOD]D \ VH RUJDQL]DQ ODV ]RQDV FRUWLFDO GHSHQGLHQGR GHO PLFURDPELHQWH HQ TXH VH
\ PHGXODU D HVWiV ]RQDV OOHJDQ ORV YDVRV HQFXHQWUHQ(VWDVFpOXODVIRUPDQXQDUHGH[WHQVD


GHGHIHQVD\VLUYHQVLQGDxDUDODVQHXURQDVSHUR UDPLÀFDFLyQ SDUD HYLWDU ORV HVSDFLRV HQWUH ODV


SXHGHQSHUGHUVXFDUiFWHUEHQLJQR\RFDVLRQDU FpOXODV YHFLQDV WDPELpQ OLEHUD EDMRV QLYHOHV
\R H[DFHUEDU SDWRORJtDV FRPR HO DFFLGHQWH GH IDFWRUHV GH FUHFLPLHQWR GH ÀEUREODVWRV \
YDVFXODU FHUHEUDO OD HQIHUPHGDG GH $O]KHLPHU GH QHUYLRV  SDUD OD PDGXUDFLyQ GH OD QHXURQD
OD HVFOHURVLV P~OWLSOH \ RWUDV HQIHUPHGDGHV \ SDUD OD VREUHYLGD GH OD JOtD /D PLFURJOtD HQ
QHXURGHJHQHUDWLYDV UHSRVR UHVSRQGH HQ PLQXWRV D GLVWXUELRV HQ HO
PLFURDPELHQWH \ VH SUHSDUD SDUD URGHDU D ODV
)XH KDVWD  FXDQGR VH LGHQWLÀFDURQ QHXURQDVGDxDGDV\DRWUDVFpOXODV/RVVLJQRVGH
DVWURFLWRVROLJRGHQGURFLWRV\PLFURJOLDHQ TXH VH DFWLYy OD PLFURJOtD VRQ UHWUDFFLyQ GH VXV
ORV LQYHVWLJDGRUHV SHQVDURQ TXH OD PLFURJOLD UDPLÀFDFLRQHVFDPELRVHQVXIRUPDSURGXFFLyQ
IXQFLRQDED FRPR PDFUyIDJR SDUD  IXH GHSURWHtQDVTXHQRVHHQFXHQWUDQHQVXHVWDGR
HYLGHQWHTXHDVWURFLWRV\ROLJRGHQGURFLWRVWHQtDQ GH UHSRVR \ VtQWHVLV DFHOHUDGD GH SURWHtQDV
ODVUHVSRQVDELOLGDGHVTXHKDVWDKR\FRQRFHPRV TXH HQ IRUPDV DQWHULRUHV HVWDED HQ SHTXHxDV
SDUD ORV DVWURFLWRV XQLU SURWHJHU \ KDFHU TXH FDQWLGDGHV 6WUHLW: 
ODV QHXURQDV UHFLEDQ PD\RU HVWtPXOR \ SDUD ORV
ROLJRGHQGURFLWRVODIRUPDFLyQGHODPLHOLQDHQHO
VLVWHPDQHUYLRVRFHQWUDO(QHVHWLHPSRVHHVSHFXOy 5HODFLyQHQWUHODPLFURJOtD\HQIHUPHGDG
TXH OD PLFURJOLD WHQtD IXQFLRQHV LQPXQROyJLFDV
SHURIXHKDVWDFXDQGRVHWXYRODWHFQRORJtD (OVtQGURPHGHLQPXQRGHÀFLHQFLDDGTXLULGDQR
SDUD YDOLGDUOR \ VH GHPRVWUy TXH IRUPDEDQ DWDFDDODVQHXURQDVSHURVLLQIHFWDDODVFpOXODV
H[WHQVLRQHV UDPLÀFDGDV TXH HPLJUDQ \ IRUPDQ GH OD PLFURJOtD RFDVLRQDQGR TXH SURGX]FDQ
JUXSRVHQDOJXQDVSDUWHVGHO61&\HVWDEOHFHQ QLYHOHVHOHYDGRVGHFLWRFLQDVLQÁDPDWRULDV\RWUDV
FRQWDFWRVFRQODVQHXURQDV\ORVDVWURFLWRVHVWRV PROpFXODV TXH VRQ WR[LFDV SDUD ODV QHXURQDV
~OWLPRV UHVSRQGHQ GUDPiWLFDPHQWH DO GDxR GDQGROXJDUDODGHPHQFLDTXHSDGHFHQDOJXQRV
FHUHEUDO UHWUD\HQGR VXV UDPLÀFDFLRQHV KDVWD SDFLHQWHVFRQHOVtQGURPHGHLQPXQRGHÀFLHQFLD
OD IRUPD UHGRQGD H LQPDGXUD HV HQWRQFHVTXH DGTXLULGD 6WUHLW: 
VH SDUHFHQ DO PDFUyIDJR /RV GHVFXEULPLHQWRV
FRPHQWDGRV ORV KDEtDQ UHDOL]DGR FRQ FRUWHV /D PLFURJOtD WDPELpQ SDUHFH HVWDU DVRFLDGD
KLVWROyJLFRVWHxLGRVFRQVDOHVGHSODWDTXHIXHURQ FRQ ODV SODFDV QHXUtWLFDV TXH DSDUHFHQ HQ OD
UHHPSOD]DGRVSRUHVWXGLRVLQPXQRKLVWRTXtPLFRV HQIHUPHGDG GH $O]KHLPHU /RV SDFLHQWHV FRQ
FRPSUREDQGR TXH OD PLFURJOLD VRQ FpOXODV TXH HVWDHQIHUPHGDGSUHVHQWDQHQVXFHUHEURSODFDV
SDUWLFLSDQ HQ ORV PHFDQLVPRV GH UHVSXHVWD VHQLOHV IRUPDGDV SRU GHSyVLWRV GH IUDJPHQWRV
LQPXQHHQHOVLVWHPDQHUYLRVRFHQWUDO\TXHLJXDO GH SURWHtQD FRQRFLGD FRPR EHWD DPLORLGH
TXH ORV PDFUyIDJRV VRQ FpOXODV SUHVHQWDGRUDV PLFURJOtD DVWURFLWRV QHXURQDV GDxDGDV \
GH DQWtJHQRV /RV LQYHVWLJDGRUHV FRQFOX\HURQ DJUHJDGRV LQWUDFHOXODUHV GH ÀODPHQWRV GHO
TXH HVWDV FpOXODV VRQ PDFUyIDJRV PX\ PyYLOHV FLWRVTXHOWR 6WUHLW:\$ÀÀ (VWDVSODFDV
SURSLHGDGGHODVFpOXODVIDJRFtWLFDV \SURGXFHQ VHQLOHV \ DJUHJDGRV LQWUDFHOXODUHV FRQWULEX\HQ
VXVWDQFLDVTXtPLFDVVLPLODUHVDODVVLQWHWL]DGDVSRU D OD PXHUWH QHXURQDO TXH D VX YH] RFDVLRQD HO
ORVPDFUyIDJRV 6WUHLW:  GHWHULRURPHQWDOFRQVLGHUDQGRTXHODPLFURJOtD
VHFUHWDQLYHOHVHOHYDGRVGHLQWHUOHXFLQD_\RWUDV
&yPRWUDEDMDODPLFURJOLD FLWRFLQDV\TXHpVWDVFDXVDQHOGDxRQHXUROyJLFR
6WUHLW: 
/D PLFURJOLD HV LPSRUWDQWH SDUD HO GHVDUUROOR
GHO VLVWHPD QHUYLRVR FHQWUDO JUDFLDV D TXH /DV SHUVRQDV FRQ VtQGURPH GH 'RZQ IRUPDQ
VHFUHWDIDFWRUHVGHFUHFLPLHQWRQHFHVDULRVSDUD WHPSUDQDPHQWH SODFDV VHQLOHV \ DJUHJDGRV
WDOHIHFWR2WUDIXQFLyQLPSRUWDQWHHVHOUROTXH LQWHUFHOXODUHVDOJXQRVLQYHVWLJDGRUHVFLWDGRVSRU
MXHJD HQ OD HOLPLQDFLyQ GH ORV SURGXFWRV GH 6WUHLW :   H[SORUDQ OD SRVLELOLGDG GH TXH
GHVHFKR RFDVLRQDGRV SRU OD PXHUWH QHXURQDO \ HVWRVHDUHVSRQVDELOLGDGGHODPLFURJOtD
JOLDOHVSRQWiQHDTXHRFXUUHGXUDQWHHOGHVDUUROOR
SDUD HOOR VLQWHWL]D HQ]LPDV OODPDGDV SURWHDVDV \ 6WUHLW:  FLWDDXQWUDEDMRGHpOPLVPR
ODVFLWRFLQDVFRPRODLQWHUOHXFLQD\HOIDFWRUGH HQ HO TXH GHVFXEULy TXH HQ ORV SDFLHQWHV FRQ
QHFURVLVWXPRUDO$OÀQDOL]DUHOGHVDUUROORGHOVLVWHPD DFFLGHQWH YDVFXODU FHUHEUDO OD PLFURJOtD VH
QHUYLRVR FHQWUDO GHVDSDUHFH OD QHFHVLGDG GH DFWLYD FDPELRVHQODPRUIRORJtDFHOXODU PLQXWRV
GHJUDGDUJUDQGHVQ~PHURVGHFpOXODVOOHJDQGR GHVSXpVFRQREMHWLYRGHSURWHJHUDODVQHXURQDV
OD PLFURJOtD D VX HVWDGR GHÀQLWLYR GH UHSRVR \ SDUD HOOR VHFUHWD IDFWRUHV GH FUHFLPLHQWR


SRWHQFLDOHVSHURVHFUHHTXHODTXtPLFDDOWHUDGD /RVHIHFWRVGHOHVWUpVHQODLQPXQLGDG$QGUpV
HQODUHJLyQFRQYLHUWHODPLFURJOtDHQSHOLJURVD )   PHQFLRQD TXH HO HVWUpV HV GHÀQLGR
FRPR XQD FRQGLFLyQ GLQiPLFD HQ ODV TXH OD
KRPHRVWDVLV QRUPDO R HTXLOLEULR GHO HVWDGR GHO
3VLFRQHXURLQPXQRORJtD PHGLR GH QXHVWUR RUJDQLVPR VH DOWHUD HV SXHV
XQDVLWXDFLyQDJUHVLYDSDUDHORUJDQLVPR
/DSVLFRQHXURLQPXQRORJtDHVHOHVWXGLRGHODV
LQWHUUHODFLRQHVHQWUHHOVLVWHPDQHUYLRVRFHQWUDO\ /D FRPXQLFDFLyQ HQWUH HO VLVWHPD QHUYLRVR
HOVLVWHPD LQPXQH FRQVLGHUDQGR TXH HO WpUPLQR FHQWUDO\HOVLVWHPDLQPXQROyJLFRRFXUUHDWUDYpV
LQWHUUHODFLyQ HV XVDGR SRUTXH VH DVXPH TXH OD GH PHQVDMHURV TXtPLFRV VHFUHWDGRV SRU FpOXODV
UHODFLyQ HV ELGLUHFFLRQDO &RKHQ 6 \ +HUEHUW 7 QHUYLRVDVyUJDQRVHQGRFULQRV\FpOXODVLQPXQHV
  \HOHVWUpVSVLFROyJLFRSXHGHURPSHUHOHTXLOLEULR
HQHVWDUHGGHLQWHUDFFLRQHV 9LVVRFL( 
'HVGHKDFHGpFDGDVVHKDREVHUYDGRFyPR
GLVWLQWRVIDFWRUHVSVLFROyJLFRV³FRPRHOHVWDGRGH /RV HVWXGLRV HQ HVWH FDPSR GHO HVWUpV \ OD
iQLPR³ HVWiQ UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ HQIHUPHGDGHV LQPXQLGDGXWLOL]DQWRGRWLSRGHHVWtPXORVH[WHUQRV
HQ ODV TXH VH LQYROXFUD HO VLVWHPD LQPXQROyJLFR TXHLQWHUÀHUHQFRQODKRPHRVWDVLVGHORUJDQLVPR
GH HVWDV HYLGHQFLDV VH RULJLQy HO WpUPLQR GH FRPR HO HVWUpV PHWDEyOLFR OD DQVLHGDG ORV
SVLFRQHXURLQPXQRORJtD iUHD HQ OD TXH VH KDQ HYHQWRV GLVUXSWLYRV ORV UHWRV DFDGpPLFRV ORV
GHVDUUROODGR GLYHUVRV FDPSRV GH HVWXGLR FRPR UHWRV VRFLDOHV HO HMHUFLFLR OD GHSUHVLyQ HWF
ORV IDFWRUHV SVLFRVRFLDOHV  \ OD LQPXQLGDG ODV HQFRQWUDQGR HIHFWRV GLYHUVRV HQ HO VLVWHPD
PROpFXODVFRPXQHVDDPERVVLVWHPDV DQWLFXHUSRV LQPXQHGHSHQGLHQGRGHODGXUDFLyQ\HOPRGHOR
\QHXURWUDQVPLVRUHV LQPXQRHQGRFULQRORJtDFRPR GHOHVWUpVTXHVHXWLOLFH (VSLQRVD( 
ODUHJXODFLyQGHODLQÁDPDFLyQSRUJOXFRFRUWLFRLGHV
HQGyJHQRV QHXURDQDWRPtD SRU HMHPSOR (O HVWUpV DJXGR LQFUHPHQWD ODV FpOXODV
OD LQHUYDFLyQ  GH yUJDQRV OLQIRLGHV PRGHORV VDQJXtQHDV GH OD VHULH EODQFD OLQIRFLWR 7 &'
SVLFROyJLFRV H[SHULPHQWDOHV \ OD UHJXODFLyQ GH \ ODV DVHVLQDV QDWXUDOHV DVt FRPR GLVPLQXFLyQ
OD FRQGXFWD SRU OD UHVSXHVWD LQPXQH (VSLQRVD HQ HO Q~PHUR GH FpOXODV % 7DPELpQ H[LVWHQ
( %HUPXGH] )   /RV SURGXFWRV LQPXQHV \ SXEOLFDFLRQHV TXH PXHVWUDQ FRUUHODFLyQ HQWUH
QHXURHQGRFULQRVTXHFRH[LVWHQHQWHMLGRVOLQIRLGHV YDULDEOHV FDUGLRYDVFXODUHV SRU DFWLYDFLyQ GHO
HQGRFULQRV \ QHXUDO VRQ SDUD HO WHMLGR OLQIRLGH ODV VLVWHPDVLPSiWLFRPpGXODDGUHQDO\HOLQFUHPHQWR
KRUPRQDVQHXURWUDQVPLVRUHV\QHXURSpSWLGRVSDUD GHODVFpOXODVDVHVLQDVQDWXUDOHVPLHQWUDVTXHHO
ORVWHMLGRVHQGRFULQR\QHXUDOODVFLWRFLQDV $QGUpV HVWUpVFUyQLFRFDXVDXQLQFUHPHQWRHQHOQ~PHUR
)   /DV FLWRFLQDV VRQ SURWHtQDV UHJXODGRUDV GH FpOXODV VDQJXtQHDV GH OD VHULH EODQFD \ XQD
VHFUHWDGDV SRU ODV FpOXODV VDQJXtQHDV GH OD VHULH GLVPLQXFLyQ HQ HO Q~PHUR GH FpOXODV DVHVLQDV
EODQFD\XQDYDULHGDGGHRWUDVFpOXODVGHOFXHUSR QDWXUDOHVFpOXODV7\FpOXODV% 2·%ULHQ6 
SXHGHQ VHU FODVLÀFDGDV HQ SURLQÁDPDWRULDV R
DQWLLQÁDPDWRULDV 2·%ULHQ6  &XDQGR ORV IDFWRUHV HVWUHVDQWHV VREUHSDVDQ
XQFLHUWRXPEUDOLQGXFHQXQJUXSRGHUHVSXHVWDV
/RV IHQyPHQRV SVLFRQHXURLQPXQROyJLFRV FRRUGLQDGDV GH DGDSWDFLRQHV ItVLFDV PHQWDOHV
VRQ DGDSWDFLRQHV D VLWXDFLRQHV DPELHQWDOHV \ FRQGXFWXDOHV HQ XQ LQWHQWR GH FRQWUDUUHVWDU
FRPSOHMDV TXH LQFOX\HQ UHWRV LQPXQRJpQLFRV R QHJDWLYL]DU ORV HIHFWRV GHO HVWUpV  $QGUpV )
\ HVWtPXORV VHQVRULDOHV 3DUD OD FRPXQLFDFLyQ  
QHXURLQPXQH VH FRQVLGHUDQ FXDWUR PRGHORV
GH HVWXGLR  /RV HIHFWRV GHO HVWUpV HQ OD (Q KXPDQRV VH FRQRFHQ GRV WLSRV GH
LQPXQLGDG  (O FRQGLFLRQDPLHQWR FRQGXFWXDO HVWUpV FRQ HIHFWRV LQPXQRVXSUHVRUHV HO HVWUpV
GH OD UHVSXHVWD LQPXQH  /D DFWLYDFLyQ GHO DFDGpPLFR H[iPHQHV \HOHVWUpVPDULWDO SDUHMD
HMH KLSRWiODPRKLSyÀVLVDGUHQDOHV \ ORV HIHFWRV HQIHUPD  FRLQFLGLHQGR FRQ HIHFWRV HQGRFULQRV
FRQGXFWXDOHV GH OD DFWLYDFLyQ GHO VLVWHPD FRPRODHOHYDFLyQGHORVQLYHOHVSODVPiWLFRVGH
LQPXQH/DUHJXODFLyQGHODUHVSXHVWDLQPXQH ODKRUPRQDDGUHQRFRUWLFRWUySLFDDQWHHOHVWUpV
SRU HO VLVWHPD QHUYLRVR DXWyQRPR DIHUHQWH GHO PDULWDOGHVWDFDODGLVPLQXFLyQGHODFDSDFLGDG
VLVWHPD LQPXQH DO VLVWHPD QHUYLRVR  \ HIHUHQWH GHODVFpOXODVDVHVLQDVQDWXUDOHVGHVHUDFWLYDGDV
GHOVLVWHPDQHUYLRVRDOVLVWHPDLQPXQH  (VSLQRVD SRU OD LQWHUOHXFLQD  R SRU HO LQWHUIHUyQ J ,)1
(  J  /DV DOWHUDFLRQHV HQ OD DFWLYLGDG GH FpOXODV
DVHVLQDV QDWXUDOHV VRQ LPSRUWDQWHV SXHV VH KDQ


SURSXHVWRFRPRPHGLDGRUDVGHOULHVJRGHFiQFHU DVt FRPR HO HVWUpV DXPHQWD ORV QLYHOHV GH


DVRFLDGRDHYHQWRVGLVUXSWLYRV (VSLQRVD(  FLWRFLQDV SURLQÁDPDWRULDV SXHGH UHODFLRQDUVH
/DV FRQGXFWDV GH HVWUpV HPRFLRQDO HVWUpV ItVLFR FRQ XQD UHDFWLYDFLyQ GH YDULDV HQIHUPHGDGHV
R LQPXQROyJLFR VH DFRPSDxDQ GH FRPSOHMRV LQÁDPDWRULDV H[SOLFDQGR OD ÀVLRSDWRORJtD GH
SDWURQHV GH FDPELRV QHXURLQPXQRHQGRFULQRV DOJXQDV HQIHUPHGDGHV QHXURLQÁDPDWRULDV GH
$QGUpV)  OD SLHO FRPR OD GHUPDWLWLV DWySLFD \ OD SVRULDVLV
TXH VH H[DFHUEDQ SRU HO HVWUpV /DV VHxDOHV
/DHYLGHQFLDSDUDFRQMXQWDUORVVLVWHPDVQHUYLR TXH KDFHQ HVWRV HIHFWRV SURYLHQHQ GHO VLVWHPD
VR HQGRFULQR H LQPXQH GHULYD GH REVHUYDFLRQHV QHUYLRVR FHQWUDO \ VRQ OD VXVWDQFLD 3 HO SpSWLGR
GH OD LQWHJUDFLyQ HQWUH QHXURWUDQVPLVRUHV QHXURWUDQVPLVRU GHO VLPSiWLFR 3DUD GHPRVWUDU OD
FRPR OD QRUHSLQHIULQD QHXURSpSWLGRV SRU FRPXQLFDFLyQ QHXURLQPXQH KDQ GHVDUUROODGR
HMHPSOR HQFHIDOLQDV QHXURKRUPRQDV FRPR OD HQ IRUPD H[SHULPHQWDO HO PRGHOR GH DERUWR SRU
DGUHQRFRUWLFRWURSLQD \ KRUPRQDV DGUHQDOHV (VWD HVWUpV PHGLDGR SUREDEOHPHQWH SRU OD VXVWDQFLD
LQWHJUDFLyQDIHFWDODIXQFLyQLQPXQHWDQWRLQYLYR 3\ODVFLWRFLQDVSURLQÁDPDWRULDVHVWDVHYLGHQFLDV
FRPRLQYLWUR\ORVUHFHSWRUHVSDUDHVWiVPROpFXODV VXJLHUHQ XQD YtD GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ QHXURLQPXQH
HVWiQSUHVHQWHVHQOLQIRFLWRV\PDFUyIDJRV 9LVVRFL PHGLDGD SRU QHXURWUDQVPLVRUHV \ FLWRFLQDV
(  SURSRQLHQGR OR VLJXLHQWH DSOLFDU HO DJHQWH
HVWUHVDQWH OOHYD D HVWLPXODU DO VLVWHPD QHUYLRVR
$OJXQRV HIHFWRV LQPXQRVXSUHVRUHV VRQ DWULEXL FHQWUDOpVWHLQYROXFUDDOVLPSiWLFR\ODVHFUHFLyQ
GRV D OD DFFLyQ GH ORV JOXFRFRUWLFRLGHV \ ODV GH VXVWDQFLD 3 TXH D VX YH] HVWLPXODQ D ORV
FDWHFRODPLQDV KRUPRQDV GH HVWUpV  \D TXH HO PDFUyIDJRVTXHDXPHQWDQHOIDFWRUGHQHFURVLV
HVWUpVDFWLYDHOHMHKLSRWiODPRKLSyÀVLVDGUHQDOHV WXPRUDO\EDMDQDODLQWHUOHXFLQDORDQWHULRUOOHYD
\ ORV JOXFRFRUWLFRLGHV LQGXFLGRV WLHQHQ GLYHUVRV DUHDEVRUFLyQIHWDO (VSLQRVD( 
HIHFWRVDQWLLQÁDPDWRULRVHLQPXQRVXSUHVRUHVFRPR
UHGXFLUODLQWHUOHXFLQD\DXPHQWDUODLQWHUOHXFLQD /RV HOHPHQWRV SULQFLSDOHV TXH PHGLDQ HQ HO
 HO HVWUpV WDPELpQ DFWLYD DO VLVWHPD VLPSiWLFR FRQWUROGHODUHVSXHVWDDOHVWUpVVRQ/DKRUPRQD
\ pVWH HVWLPXOD D ODV JOiQGXODV VXSUDUUHQDOHV OLEHUDGRUDGHODFRUWLFRWURSLQDHOD[LVKLSRWiODPR
SDUD OD VHFUHFLyQ GH DGUHQDOLQD TXH LQHUYD D KLSyÀVLVDGUHQDOHVODVJyQDGDVHOVLVWHPDQHUYLRVR
ORV yUJDQRV OLQIRLGHV (VSLQRVD (   $OJXQRV DXWyQRPR VLPSiWLFR \ HO ORFXV FHU~OHRV GHO WDOOR
HVWXGLRV VXJLHUHQ TXH HO FHUHEUR WLHQH XQ URO FHUHEUDO(OKLSRWiODPRMXHJDXQSDSHOSULPRUGLDO
LQPXQRUUHJXODGRU\HOVLVWHPDLQPXQHXQDIXQFLyQ HQ OD LQWHJUDFLyQ GH ODV UHVSXHVWDV GH HVWUpV \D
VHQVRULDO 9LVVRFL(  TXHWLHQHFRQH[LRQHVELGLUHFFLRQDOHVFRQHOOyEXOR
OtPELFR Q~FOHRV GHO WDOOR \ Q~FOHR GH ORV ULWPRV
(Q XQ PRGHOR GH UHVSXHVWD D OD LQIHFFLyQ FLUFDGLDQRV $QGUpV) 
YLUDO VH GHPRVWUy OD DFFLyQ GH OD DFWLYDFLyQ GHO
VLPSiWLFR\GHOHMHKLSRWiODPRKLSyÀVLVDGUHQDOHV (O FRQGLFLRQDPLHQWR FRQGXFWXDO GH OD
VH HQFRQWUy TXH OD FRUWLFRVWHURQD VH LQYROXFUD UHVSXHVWD LQPXQH (VWH WHPD WLHQH FRPR
HQ OD GLVPLQXFLyQ HQ OD UHVSXHVWD  SUROLIHUDWLYD DQWHFHGHQWHHOUHÁHMRFRQGLFLRQDGRGHVFXELHUWR
\ GH FLWRFLQDV DO YLUXV PLHQWUDV TXH WDQWR OD SRU 3DYORY \ SXHGH VHU LQPXQRVXSUHVRU R
FRUWLFRVWHURQD FRPR ORV DJRQLVWDV DGUHQpUJLFRV LQPXQRDFWLYDGRU (O FRQGLFLRQDPLHQWR FOiVLFR
VRQ QHFHVDULRV SDUD TXH VH Gp OD UHGXFFLyQ HQ HVXQIHQyPHQRGHDSUHQGL]DMH\PHPRULDTXH
OD UHVSXHVWD FLWROtWLFD DO YLUXV GHPRVWUDQGR GH LPSOLFD DVRFLDFLyQ SRU HO FHUHEUR GHO HVWtPXOR
HVWD PDQHUD TXH HO HVWUpV HV XQ LQPXQRVXSUHVRU FRQGLFLRQDGR H LQFRQGLFLRQDGR DGHPiV
VLQHPEDUJRRWURVHVWXGLRVGHPXHVWUDQDXPHQWR LPSOLFDODPHPRULDDODUJRSOD]R
GH SURFHVRV LQÁDPDWRULRV R GH ORV QLYHOHV GH
FLWRFLQDV SURLQÁDPDWRULDV DVRFLDGDV DO HVWUpV (Q HO FRQGLFLRQDPLHQWR LQPXQRVXSUHVRU OD
SRU HMHPSOR VH KD GHPRVWUDGR HQ KXPDQRV H[SRVLFLyQ D XQ VDERU X RORU HV DSDUHDGD FRQ
TXH HO HVWUpV DFDGpPLFR GLVPLQX\H ORV QLYHOHV OD H[SRVLFLyQ D XQ DJHQWH LQPXQRVXSUHVRU
GH LQPXQRJOREXOLQD $ HQ OD VDOLYD \ OD DFWLYLGDG FLFORIRVIDPLGD  3RVWHULRUPHQWH HV SRVLEOH
GH ODV FpOXODV DVHVLQDV QDWXUDOHV SHUR TXH HVWi REVHUYDU XQD LQPXQRVXSUHVLyQ FRPR UHVSXHVWD
DVRFLDGRDXQDXPHQWRVLJQLÀFDWLYRGHORVQLYHOHV FRQGLFLRQDGD D OD VLPSOH UHH[SRVLFLyQ DO HVWtPXOR
GH LQWHUOHXFLQD  SHULRGRQWDO (VWRV GDWRV KDQ VHQVRULDO (VSLQRVD( 
PRVWUDGRTXHHOHVWUpVWLHQHHIHFWRVGXDOHV\TXH
GHEHPRVFRQVLGHUDUORVDOSODQHDULQYHVWLJDFLRQHV (QODLQPXQRDFWLYDFLyQSRUFRQGLFLRQDPLHQWR
VREUH HO WHPD (V LPSRUWDQWH PHQFLRQDU TXH VH KDQ GHVFULWR DXPHQWRV FRQGLFLRQDGRV GH


OD DFWLYLGDG GH FpOXODV DVHVLQDV QDWXUDOHV UHJXODFLyQ GH OD UHVSXHVWD LQPXQH (VSLQRVD (
OLEHUDFLyQGHKLVWDPLQD\SURWHDVDSRUODVFpOXODV  
FHEDGDV OD KLSHUVHQVLELOLGDG UHWDUGDGD OD
SURGXFFLyQ GH DQWLFXHUSRV HWF (Q HO PRGHOR (Q UHODFLyQ D ORV FDPELRV FRQGXFWXDOHV OD
SDUD DXPHQWDU DQWLFXHUSRV KDQ DGPLQLVWUDGR UHVSXHVWD D OD IDVH DJXGD FRQVLVWH HQ XQD VHULH
DQWtJHQRV DSDUHDGD FRQ XQ HVWtPXOR JXVWDWLYR GHHIHFWRVHQGRFULQRVÀVLROyJLFRV\FRQGXFWXDOHV
X ROIDWR GRQGH OD UHH[SRVLFLyQ DO VDERU X RORU GH OD LQÁDPDFLyQ /RV VLJQRV GLVWLQWLYRV DGHPiV
GD OXJDU D OD UHDFWLYDFLyQ GH ORV QLYHOHV GH GH OD DFWLYDFLyQ GH HMH KLSRWiODPRKLSyÀVLV
DQWLFXHUSRV (VSLQRVD( /DDFWLYDFLyQGHO DGUHQDOHVHVWiQODÀHEUH\ODOODPDGDFRQGXFWD
HMH KLSRWiODPRKLSyÀVLVDGUHQDOHV \ ORV HIHFWRV GHHQIHUPHGDGTXHFRQVLVWHHQXQDGLVPLQXFLyQ
FRQGXFWXDOHV GH OD DFWLYDFLyQ GHO VLVWHPD GH OD H[SORUDFLyQ VRFLDO UHGXFFLyQ GH OD
LQPXQH DFWLYLGDG VH[XDO KLSRIDJLD GHFUHPHQWR HQ HO
FRQVXPRGHDJXD\RWURVHIHFWRVFRQGXFWXDOHV
/D UHODFLyQ HQWUH HO HMH KLSRWiODPRKLSyÀVLV HQ HOOD SDUWLFLSDQ HO IDFWRU GH QHFURVLV WXPRUDO
DGUHQDOHV HV OD PHMRU SUXHED GH TXH H[LVWH DOID ODV LQWHUOHXFLQDV  \  \ OD ÀHEUH FRPR
XQD FRPXQLFDFLyQ IXQFLRQDO HVSHFtÀFD \ FRQ PDQLIHVWDFLRQHV GHSHQGLHQWHV GHO VLVWHPD
LPSRUWDQFLD ELROyJLFD HQWUH HO VLVWHPD QHUYLRVR QHUYLRVRFHQWUDO (VSLQRVD( 3DUDH[SOLFDU
FHQWUDO\HOVLVWHPDLQPXQH (VSLQRVD(  FyPR GHWHFWD HO FHUHEUR ODV PROpFXODV VH KD
SURSXHVWR/DWUDQVPLVLyQGHVHxDOHVQHXUDOHVGH
(OIDFWRUOLEHUDGRUGHODDGUHQRFRUWLFRWURSLQD RULJHQ SHULIpULFR LQGXFLGDV SRU OD LQWHUOHXFLQD 
GHO KLSRWiODPR MXHJD XQ SDSHO SULPRUGLDO HQ HO KDVWDHOVLVWHPDQHUYLRVRFHQWUDOYtDKHPDWyJHQD
FRQWURO GH DOHUWD DFWLYD HO HMH KLSyÀVLV DGUHQDO /D FRPXQLFDFLyQ  D WUDYpV GHO VLVWHPD QHUYLRVR
TXHOLEHUDODKRUPRQDDGUHQRFRUWLFRWUySLFDTXH SHULIpULFRpVWDWLHQHPiVDFHSWDFLyQ\DTXHKD\
HVWLPXODDODDGUHQDOSDUDODVHFUHFLyQGHFRUWLVRO HYLGHQFLDVLPSRUWDQWHVFRPRSRUHMHPSORD(O
/D KRUPRQD OLEHUDGRUD GH OD FRUWLFRWURSLQD QHUYLRYDJRSDUWLFLSDHQODLQGXFFLyQGHODIDVH
DFWLYD ORV Q~FOHRV GHO WDOOR HO ORFXV FHU~OHR \ HO DJXGD OD YDJRWRPtD VXEGLDIUDJPiWLFD UHGXFH
VLPSiWLFR VHFUHWD DGUHQDOLQD \ QRUDGUHQDOLQD  VXVWDQFLDOHPQWHYDULRVHIHFWRVGHODLQWHUOHXFLQD
FRQVHFXHQWHPHQWH VH HOHYD OD JOLFHPLD OD FRPRODDQRUH[LDODKLSHUWHUPLDHODJRWDPLHQWR
WHQVLyQDUWHULDOODIUHFXHQFLDFDUGLDFD\VHLQKLEH GH OD QRUHSLQHIULQD KLSRWDOiPLFD \ OD HOHYDFLyQ
OD UHVSXHVWD LQÁDPDWRULD VH DFWLYDQ VHxDOHV GHFRUWLFRVWHURQDSODVPiWLFDE(OQHUYLRYDJR
VHFUHWRUDVGHVHURWRQLQD\DFHWLOFROLQDDVtFRPR SXHGH GHWHFWDU LQWHUOHXFLQD  KDQ HQFRQWUDGR
GHPHODWRQLQD\SpSWLGRVRSLRLGHV/RVSULPHURV XQDDOWDGHQVLGDGGHVLWLRVGHXQLyQHVSHFtÀFRV
VRQH[LWDWRULRV\ORVVHJXQGRVLQKLELWRULRV $QGUpV SDUDLQWHUOHXFLQDHQORVSDUDJDQJOLRVYDJDOHV
)  HVWUXFWXUDVTXHURGHDQDODVWHUPLQDOHVGHOYDJR
(VWRVVLWLRVGHXQLyQSRGUtDQVHUIXQFLRQDOHVSXHV
(O PRGHOR SDUD HVWXGLDU HVWH FLUFXLWR OD LQWHUOHXFLQD  DFWLYD ODV QHXURQDV SULPDULDV
KLSRWiODPRKLSyÀVLVDGUHQDOHVHVODLQIHFFLyQSRU DIHUHQWHVGHHVWDYtD
YLUXVGH1HZFDVWOHHQHVWHPRGHORVHREVHUYDQ
QLYHOHV HOHYDGRV GH JOXFRFRUWLFRLGHV DVRFLDGRV (VWDVHYLGHQFLDVVHKDLQWHJUDGRHQXQPRGHOR
D XQ DXPHQWR HQ ORV QLYHOHV GH FRUWLFRWURSLQD VHJ~Q HO FXDO OD LQWHUOHXFLQD  HV GHWHFWDGD HQ
GHRULJHQKLSRÀVLDULRPHGLDGDSRUODLQWHUOHXFLQD SDUDJDQJOLRVYDJDOHVFXDQGRVHXQHDUHFHSWRUHV
 TXH SRGtD VHU SURGXFLGD SRU FpOXODV HVSHFtÀFRV JHQHUiQGRVH XQD VHxDO QHXUDO TXH
PRQRQXFOHDUHVGHODVDQJUHHQUHVSXHVWDDOYLUXV DFWLYD HO HMH KLSRWiODPRKLSyÀVLVDGUHQDOHV \
/DLQWHUOHXFLQDHVFDSD]SRUVtPLVPDGHDFWLYDU RFDVLRQD ORV GHPiV HIHFWRV GH OD IDVH DJXGD
DO HMH KLSRWiODPRKLSyÀVLVDGUHQDOHV SRU OR TXH ([LVWHQ RWUDV YtDV GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ \D TXH SRU
HV FRQVLGHUDGD HO PiV SUREDEOH HVWLPXODGRU HMHPSORHOQ~FOHRSDUDYHQWULFXODUGHOKLSRWiODPR
HQGRFULQRGHRULJHQLQPXQHPHGLDGDSRUHOIDFWRU HV HVWLPXODGR WDQWR SRU VHxDOHV QHXUDOHV
OLEHUDGRU GH OD KRUPRQD DGUHQRFRUWLFRWUySLFD RULJLQDGDV YDJDOPHQWH FRPR SRU OD LQWHUOHXFLQD
KLSRWiODPLFD HVWD DFWLYDFLyQ SXHGH SURYHQLU  GH RULJHQ FHQWUDO \ SURVWDJODQGLQDV $OJXQRV
GH OD UHVSXHVWD LQPXQH D XQD LQIHFFLyQ ([LVWH DXWRUHVSURSRQHQTXHODVFLWRFLQDVVRQFDSDFHV
XQ FLUFXLWR GH UHJXODFLyQ PXWXD HQWUH HO HMH GH DYLVDU DO FHUHEUR SDUD JHQHUDU FDPELRV
KLSRWiODPRKLSyÀVLVDGUHQDOHV \ ODV FpOXODV QHXURTXtPLFRV QHXURHQGyFULQRV \ FRQGXFWXDOHV
SURGXFWRUDVGHLQWHUOHXFLQDFX\DLPSRUWDQFLD TXHSRGUtDQH[SOLFDUORVHIHFWRVQHXURSVLTXLiWULFRV
ELROyJLFD KDFH QHFHVDULR FRQVLGHUDU OD DFFLyQ REVHUYDGRVHQSDFLHQWHVWUDWDGRVFRQLQWHUIHURQHV
GHO VLVWHPD QHUYLRVR GHQWUR GH PHFDQLVPRV GH RLQWHUOHXFLQDV (VSLQRVD( 


5HJXODFLyQGHUHVSXHVWDLQPXQHSRUHOVLVWHPD H[WHUQRV FRQYHUJHQ DO VLVWHPD QHUYLRVR FHQWUDO


QHUYLRVRDXWyQRPRDIHUHQWH\HIHUHQWH TXH SURFHVD OD LQIRUPDFLyQ DSUHQGH DQWLFLSD
\ SODQLÀFD LJXDOPHQWH HO VLVWHPD LQPXQH
/D FRPXQLFDFLyQ PHGLDQWH PROpFXODV UHFLEH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ OD SURFHVD DSUHQGH \
OLEHUDGDV SRU HO VLVWHPD QHUYLRVR GLUHFWDPHQWH OR UHFXHUGD GH HVWD PDQHUD QRV GHÀHQGHQ GH
HQ HO VLVWHPD LQPXQH HV RWUD YtD SRU PHGLR GH DJHQWHV SDWyJHQRV  $QGUpV )   /D PD\RU
OD FXDO HO FHUHEUR SXHGH LQGXFLU FDPELRV HQ HO YtD QHXUDO DFWLYDGD SRU IDFWRUHV HVWUHVDQWHV HV
IXQFLRQDPLHQWR GHO VLVWHPD LQPXQH EXVFDQGR HO HMH KLSRWiODPRKLSyÀVLVDGUHQDO \ HO VLVWHPD
XQD H[SOLFDFLyQ D HVWR KDQ GHVFXELHUWR OD QHUYLRVR VLPSiWLFR SDUD OR FXDO VH LQYROXFUD HO
H[LVWHQFLDGHWHUPLQDOHVDXWyQRPDVVLPSiWLFDVHQ Q~FOHR KLSRWDOiPLFR SDUDYHQWULFXODU \ HO FHQWUR
ORVyUJDQRVOLQIRLGHVVHFXQGDULRVHQFRQWUDQGRHQ OODPDGR ORFXV FHUXOHXV QRUDGUHQHUJLFR  HQ
HOED]R\JDQJOLRVOLQIiWLFRVWHUPLQDOHVVLPSiWLFDV UHVSXHVWDHOKLSRWiODPRVHFUHWDIDFWRUOLEHUDGRU
TXH KDFHQ FRQWDFWRV SDUHFLGRV D VLQDSVLV FRQ GH FRUWLFRWURSLQD \ DUJLQLQD YDVRSUHVLQD
PDFUyIDJRVFpOXODV7DOJXQDVFpOXODV%FpOXODV DFWLYiQGRVH HO HMH KLSRWiODPRKLSyÀVLVDGUHQDO
GH /DQJHUKDQV GH OD SLHO WUDFWR UHVSLUDWRULR \ OD DFWLYDFLyQGHO VLVWHPD QHUYLRVRVLPSiWLFR SRU
WLPR 7DPELpQ KD\ HVWXGLRV TXH VXJLHUHQ TXH HOIDFWRUOLEHUDGRUGHFRUWLFRWURSLQDHVPHGLDGD
HO VLVWHPD VLPSiWLFR WLHQH OD FDSDFLGDG GH SRU LQHUYDFLyQ GLUHFWD GHO ORFXV FHUXOHXV SHUR
LQÁXLU HQ HO EDODQFH 7K7K (VWD LQÁXHQFLD WDPELpQ SDUWLFLSD HO Q~FOHR SDUDYHQWULFXODU
KDFH SRVLEOH TXH HVWtPXORV DPELHQWDOHV FRPR 9LVVRFL( 
HO HVWUpV DFWLYHQ HO VLVWHPD VLPSiWLFR \ VHDQ
LQPXQRUUHJXODGRUHV 2WURV HVWXGLRV GHPXHVWUDQ +D\ HQIHUPHGDGHV GRQGH VH LQYROXFUD OD
TXH OD UDPD SDUDVLPSiWLFD WDPELpQ VH LQWHJUDFLyQ GH ORV VLVWHPDV LQPXQH QHUYLRVR \
LQYROXFUD HQ OD QHXURLQPXQRPRGXODFLyQ LQ YLWUR ODSVLTXH3RUHMHPSORODGHUPDWLWLVDWySLFDTXH
LQKLELHQGR OD H[SUHVLyQ \ VHFUHFLyQ GH FLWRFLQDV HV XQD UHVSXHVWD DO HVWUpV PHQWDO 6WHSKDQ 0
SURLQÁDPDWRULDV SRU FpOXODV PRQRQXFOHDUHV LQ  HODVPDSDWRORJtDHQODTXHODKRUPRQD
YLYRODHVWLPXODFLyQHOpFWULFDYDJDOWLHQHHIHFWRV OLEHUDGRUD GH FRUWLFRWURSLQD VH LQYROXFUD SRU VX
DQWLLQÁDPDWRULRV (VSLQRVD(  DFFLyQSHULIpULFDHQVLWLRVGHLQÁDPDFLyQGRQGH
VHSRWHQFLDODUHVSXHVWDLQPXQHORFDO VHDVRFLD
$QGUpV)  PHQFLRQDTXHHOFRQWUROQHXUDO FRQHODVPDSRUTXHHVWLPXODODGHJUDQXODFLyQGHO
GH OD IXQFLyQ LQPXQH VH UHDOL]D IXQFLRQDOPHQWH PDVWRFLWR  6LOYHUPDQ( HQHQIHUPHGDGHV
YtDGLUHFWDKDFLHQGRFRQWDFWRORVQHUYLRVFRQODV QHXURGHJHQHUDWLYDV TXH FDXVDQ HQ OD
FpOXODV\WHMLGRVLQPXQHV\YtDLQGLUHFWDPHGLDQWH LQWHUDFFLyQD[RQJOtDFDPELRVHQVXLQWHUDFFLyQ
VHxDOHVGHFLWRFLQDV\KRUPRQDVFLUFXODQWHV TXH D VX YH] RFDVLRQDQ OD SURSLD GHIHQVD GHO
VLVWHPD QHUYLRVR \ SXHGH OOHYDU D RWUDV OHVLRQHV
3URWHFFLyQGHORUJDQLVPRSDSHOGHORVVLVWHPDV SDWROyJLFDV 0DUWLQR* 
QHUYLRVRHLQPXQH

(O VLVWHPD QHUYLRVR \ HO VLVWHPD LQPXQH HVWiQ &21&/86,21(6


HQYXHOWRVHQODVUHVSXHVWDVLQWHJUDGDVGHGHIHQVD
\ FRQWULEX\HQ D OD KRPHRVWDVLV FRQ UHVSXHVWDV  /DPLFURJOLDVHLQYROXFUDHQHOGHVDUUROORGHO
LQPHGLDWDVDQWHHOHVWUpVDJXGR ItVLFRSVtTXLFR VLVWHPD QHUYLRVR FHQWUDO SDUWLFLSDQGR HQ OD
RLQPXQROyJLFR \UHVSXHVWDVGHPDQWHQLPLHQWR UHDEVRUFLyQGHQHXURQDV\FpOXODVJOLDOHVTXH
/DVUHVSXHVWDVLQPHGLDWDVVRQFRRUGLQDGDVHQHO QRVRQXVDGDVHQHOGHVDUUROORRELHQTXH\D
KLSRWiODPR \ FRQOOHYD UHVSXHVWDV LQÁDPDWRULDV FXPSOLHURQ VX IXQFLyQ SDUD HOOR XWLOL]D VXV
H LQPXQHV HQ ODV UHVSXHVWDV GH PDQWHQLPLHQWR SURWHDVDV\FLWRFLQDV
WDQWR HO VLVWHPD QHUYLRVR FRPR HO LQPXQROyJLFR  /DV FpOXODV GH OD PLFURJOLD FRUUHVSRQGHQ
H[DPLQDQ \ UHSDUDQ ORV GDxRV HQ FRODERUDFLyQ D FpOXODV GH GHIHQVD GHO VLVWHPD QHUYLRVR
FRQ RWURV VLVWHPDV 3DUD OD SURWHFFLyQ GHO FHQWUDO VLQ HPEDUJR HQ VX OXFKD SRU
RUJDQLVPR ORV VLVWHPDV QHUYLRVR H LQPXQH IDYRUHFHU D ODV QHXURQDV DOJXQDV YHFHV VXV
DSUHQGHQ\UHFXHUGDQORVHVWtPXORVLQWHUQRV\R VHFUHFLRQHVGDxDQDODVFpOXODVQHUYLRVDV
 $QWH ORV GLVWXUELRV GHO PLFURDPELHQWH GHO

 /DV FpOXODV 7 VH GLYLGHQ HQ ODV VXESREODFLRQHV
FHUHEUR PDGXUR OD PLFURJOLD UHVSRQGH HQ
IXQFLRQDOHV7K\7KFDGDXQDFRQXQSDWUyQWtSLFR PLQXWRV FRQ FDPELRV PRUIROyJLFRV FRPR OD
GHH[SUHVLyQGHFLWRFLQDVLQYROXFUDGDVHQGLIHUHQWHV UHWUDFFLyQGHVXVUDPLÀFDFLRQHVFDPELRVHQ
IXQFLRQHVHIHFWRUDVGHODUHVSXHVWDLQPXQH VX IRUPD VtQWHVLV \ SURGXFFLyQ GH SURWHtQDV


TXHHQHOyUJDQRVDQRHVWDEDQHQSHTXHxDV HQ KRUDULR FDOLGDG \ FDQWLGDG GH FRQVXPR


FDQWLGDGHV GH DOLPHQWRV D DXPHQWDGR HO XVR \ DEXVR GH
 ([LVWH XQD UHODFLyQ HQWUH HO VLVWHPD QHUYLRVR IiUPDFRVFRQÀQHVDGLFWLYRVFRPRHOWDEDFRHO
\ HO VLVWHPD LQPXQH &XDQGR KDEODPRV DOFRKRO\GURJDV
GHO VLVWHPD QHUYLRVR VH LQFOX\H HO VLVWHPD
OtPELFR SRU OR WDQWR KD\ XQD UHODFLyQ 7RGRV HVWRV IDFWRUHV LQÁX\HQ HQ HO VLVWHPD
SVLFRQHXURLQPXQH SVLFRQHXURLQPXQROyJLFR HQ SDFLHQWHV GHVGH
 8QDYtDGHFRPXQLFDFLyQHQWUHHOFHUHEUR\ SHGLDWUtD KDVWD HQ JHULDWUtD SRU OR TXH KD\
OD LQPXQLGDG HV HO HMH KLSRWiODPRKLSyÀVLV QHFHVLGDG GH QXHYRV HQIRTXHV GH DWHQFLyQ HQ
DGUHQDOVLVWHPDLQPXQH\VLPSiWLFR FXDQWR DO GLDJQyVWLFR \ WUDWDPLHQWR GH HVWRV
SDFLHQWHV SDUD OR TXH VH KDQ GHVDUUROODGR
3HUVSHFWLYDVDIXWXUR HVSHFLDOLGDGHV FRPR OD 3VLFRQHXURLQPXQRORJtD
\OD1HXURLQPXQRORJtD'HEHPRVWHQHUSUHVHQWH
$FWXDOPHQWHORVFDPELRVVRFLDOHVSRUHMHPSOR TXH D ORV SDFLHQWHV KD\ TXH WUDWDUORV HQ IRUPD
ODQHFHVLGDGGHWUDEDMDUGHDPERVSDGUHVIXHUD LQWHJUDOHLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDULDFXDQGRDVtORUHTXLHUH
GHFDVDKDOOHYDGRDGHMDUDORVKLMRVHQJXDUGHUtDV HOFDVR
\DORVDEXHORVHQDFLORVKDQFDPELDGRORVKiELWRV

%,%/,2*5$)Ì$

‡ $ÀÀ$\%HUJPDQ5  1HXURDQDWRPtDIXQFLRQDO ‡ 0DUWLQR *   ´+RZ WKH EUDLQ UHSDLUV LWVHOI
0p[LFR')(G0F*UDZ+LOO,QWHUDPHULFDQD(GLWRUHV QHZ WKHUDSHXWLF VWUDWHJLHV LQ LQÁDPPDWRU\ DQG
6$GH&9 GHJHQHUDWLYH&16GLVRUGHUVµ7KH/DQFHW1HXURORJ\

‡ $QGUpV )   ,PSOLFDFLRQHV LQPXQRQHXUR
HQGRFULQDVHQODSDWRJHQLDGHOD(VFOHURVLV0~OWLSOH ‡ 0HQWOHLQ 5 \ .HQGDOO 0   ´7KH EUDLQ DQG
5HFXSHUDGRRFWXEUHGHKWWSZZZIHGHP WK\PXVKDYHPXFKLQFRPPRQDIXQFWLRQDODQDO\VLV
RUJUHYLVWDQLPSOLFDFLRQHVKWPO RI WKHLU PLFURHQYLURQPHQWVµ ,PPXQRORJ\ 7RGD\

‡ %UDYR 5   ´*XtD SDUD OD E~VTXHGD HÀFD] GH
LQIRUPDFLyQ PpGLFD DFWXDOµ - $OGUHWH H , 9iVTXH] ‡ 5DPtUH]([SRVLWR 0- 0DUWtQH] 0DUWRV -0  
(GV  0DQXDO GH 0HGLFLQD %DVDGD HQ OD (YLGHQFLD ´0RGLÀFDFLRQHV PRUIROyJLFDV \ IXQFLRQDOHV GH OD
SS 0p[LFR')(G(O0DQXDO0RGHUQR6$ PLFURJOLDHQUHVSXHVWDDSURFHVRVQHXURGHJHQHUDWLYRV
GH&9 HQ HO VLVWHPD QHUYLRVR FHQWUDOµ $UFK 1HXURFLHQFLDV
9RO1R
‡ &DUOVRQ%  (PEULRORJtDKXPDQD\GHVDUUROOR
HG0DGULG(VSDxD(G+DUFRXUW6$ ‡ 6LOYHUPDQ(%UHDXOW'9DOORQH-6XEUDPDQLDQ6
<LOPD]$0DWKHZ66XEUDPDQLDP97DQWLVLUD.
‡ &RKHQ 6 \ +HUEHUW 7   ´+HDOWK SV\FKRORJ\ 3DFiN.:HLVV6\0DM]RXE-  ´&RUWLFRWURSLQ
3V\FKRORJLFDO IDFWRUV DQG SK\VLFDO GLVHDVH IURP WKH UHOHDVLQJ KRUPRQH GHÀFLHQF\ LQFUHDVHV DOOHUJHQ
SHUVSHFWLYD RI KXPDQ SV\FKRQHXURLPPXQRORJ\µ LQGXFHG DLUZD\ LQÁDPPDWLRQ LQ D PRXVH PRGHO RI
$QQX5HY3V\FKRO DVWKPDµ-$OOHUJ\&OLQ,PPXQRO

‡ 'RZQLQJ-\0L\DQ-  ´1HXUDOLPPXQRUHJX ‡ 6WHSKDQ 0 -DHJHU % /DPSUHFKW ) .DSS $
ODWLRQHPHUJLQJUROHVIRUQHUYHVLQLPPXQHKRPHRVWDVLV :HUIHO7\6FKPLG*  -$OOHUJ\&OLQ,PPXQRO
DQGGLVHDVHµ,PPXQRORJ\7RGD\ 

‡ (VSLQRVD ( \ %HUP~GH]5DWWRQL )   ´5HODFLyQ ‡ 6WUHLW : \ .LQFDLG&ROWRQ &   ´7KH EUDLQV
FRQGXFWDLQPXQLGDG HO SDSDHO GH ODV FLWRFLQDVµ LPPXQHV\VWHPµ6FLHQWLÀF$PHULFDQ
5HYLVWDGH,QYHVWLJDFLyQ&OtQLFD

También podría gustarte