XLEPHQ^EIBI LBNEGLBK IH YQXFEKKG @EKEBK PBKKH FHRXHYH_HRXH

XLEPHQ^EI BHBI_ IHLELBMHNLEEHQGÊBLELBIXK^YQIEBKH
XLEPHQ^
YQXFEKKG

^HIH PBKKH FHRXHYH_HRXH

‛ _KBL IH JBQDHYELM _BQB HK

QH^YBXQBLYH _B― KKHLBQ ‚

NXQ^G6

Jbrdhtelm

IGNHLYH6

Mglzâkhs Pâsquhz, Fgh Bkhxes

ELYHMQBLYH^6

Ngrglbig Elgòbl, Jbmbkky

Hspelg Qgjbl, Fch`rhl
Xnhib Iêbz,
Vbruce
Phkb Pekkbluhvb, H^NXHKB BNBIÅJENG
Jbrêb @. _QG@H^EGLBK
IH ELMHLEHQÊB ELIX^YQEBK
KB KEAHQYBI
1?25   JBQDHYEL
M
NENKG6
 

XLEPHQ^EIBI LBNEGLBK IH YQXFEKKG @EKEBK PBKKH FHRXHYH_HRXH

HB_ IH ELMHLEHQÊB ELIX^YQEBK

‛QH^YBXQBLYH _B― KKHLBQ‚

JE^EÞL6 ‛Nrhbr y prgjgvhr ngjeibs ih hxnhkhlth sbagr y nbkeibi. Yrbabfbjgs pbrb

nrhnhr luhstrg lhmgneg ngl kb jesjb cglhsteibi h elthmreibi quh usbgs pbrb nrhbr 
luhstrgs prgiuntgs, phlsblig sbtes`bnhr
sbtes`bnhr b luhstrgs nkehlths ngl auhl sbagr y nâkeib
ih bthlneþl‚

PE^EÞL
PE^EÞL66 ‛ Bk 1?19 nglsgkeibrlgs ngjg ulb hjprhsb kêihr hl kb prgvelneb ih
_bnb
_bnbsj
sjby
byg,
g, th
thlh
lhrr bk
bktg
tgss hs
hstâ
tâli
libr
brhs
hs ih nbke
nbkeib
ibi
i hl kg
kgss prgi
prgiun
untg
tgss vb
vbre
rebi
bigs
gs
nbrbnthrezbigs pgr kb nrhbteveibi h ellgvbneþl‚

_BQYH E6 G_GQYXLEIBI

^hnneþl 2. ^etubneþl

2.2
.2.. Ihsn
Ihsnrrepne
epneþ
þl i
ihk
hk ^h
^hnt
ntg
gr6

Hk shntgr
shntgr Qhstbu
Qhstburbl
rblths
ths ngj
ngjprh
prhlih
lih kb bn
bntev
teveib
eibi,
i, rhs
rhstbu
tburbl
rblths
ths,, pgk
pgkkhr
khrêbs
êbs y
pbrrekkbs. Bsejesjg, hk shntgr elnkuyh kb vhltb ih ngjeibs y ahaeibs
prhpbrbibs pbrb hk nglsujg cujblg eljhiebtg, tbltg bk pöakeng hl mhlhrbk
ngjg, hxnkusevbjhlth, b b`ekebigs b ulb ihthrjelbib grmblezbneþl. Hk mrupg
Qhstburblths jgstrþ auhl ihshjphòg bk bujhltbr hl 1.0=% hl kg quh vb
ihk bòg rhnuphrblig su ejpuksg quh kg kkhvþ b rhmestrbr hk 1?28 ul bkzb ih
1.59% phrg quh hk 1?2= sh rhiufg cbstb ul 2.23%. Hl `harhrg 1?23, hk shntgr 
rhstburblths bujhltþ 1,0=%. Hsth rhsuktbig sh susthltþ hl kb hvgkuneþl
`bvgrbakh ih rhstburblths hl 1,90%, gtrbs bnteveibihs ih shrveneg ih ngjeibs

hl >,39%, sujelestrg ih ngjeibs pgr hlnbrmg hl >3,82% y shrveneg ih

ahaeibs hl 2,28%. Hk êlienh ihk shntgr rhstburblths rhmestrþ ulb vbrebneþl
bnujukbib ih 1,>=%. Hk mrupg ih rhstburblths rhmestrþ ul bujhltg ihaeig bk
bvblnh hl kgs lhmgnegs ih ngjeibs râpeibs, pgkkhrêbs, rhstburblths turêstengs,
ngjeib
ngjeib nre
nregkk
gkkb
b y nhv
nhvenc
enchrb
hrbs,
s, pgr kb nrhneh
nrhnehlth
lth ih
ihjbl
jblib
ib ih ngl
nglsuj
sujeig
eigrhs
rhs
lbneglbkhs y hxtrblfhrgs hl rhspuhstb b kb prhstbneþl ih shrvenegs hsphnebkhs,
nhlbs au``ht abekbakhs, grquhstb hl vevg, g`hrtbs hl pkbtgs y ahaeibs y kb
rhlgvbib prhshltbneþl ih nbrtbs mbstrglþjenbs.
Iglih kbs thjpgrbibs ih jbygr ihjblib sgl bsgnebibs bk `hrebig kbrmg ih

@ehstbs _btrebs, iêb ihk pgkkg b kb arbsb, hvhltgs hjprhsbrebkhs,

prhshltbneglhs hl scgws brtêstengs y kb pbrtenepbneþl hl `hrebs mbstrglþjenbs
ngjg Jesturb.
JBQDHYELM
 

Hltrh kgs `bntgrhs quh hxpkenbl hsth nrhnejehltg hstâ kb hxpblseþl

ih kgnbkhs y kb elneihlneb ihk turesjg elthrlg. _brb su jhieneþl, hk ELHE
rhbkezb kb Hlnuhstb Jhlsubk ih Qhstburblths bpkenbib b ulb juhstrb ih
28?? hjprhsbs ihienbibs b kgs shrvenegs ih bkejhltbneþl b levhk lbneglbk.

2.1. Ce
Cest
stg
gre
rebb ih kb Hjpr
jprhsb
Kb cestgreb shòbkb quh Fbejh Qgfbs Hspelg sh hlngltrbab ihshjpkhbig, hl
vestb ih su pbseþl pgr kb ngjeib y kb lhnhseibi ih ul puhstg ih ngjeibs hl
ul shntgr ih _bnbsjbyg, rhbkezb kb bnteveibi ih vhltb ih pbpetbs, fumgs4
pgsthregrjhlth cujetbs, nbptblig kb bthlneþl ih vhnelgs y trblshölths pgr hk
reng sbagr y nbkeibi ih sus prgiuntgs. _gr ievhrsgs jgtevgs ihfg kb pbseþl ih
kb ngnelb pbrb ihienbrsh b gtrgs lhmgnegs4 sel hjabrmg, hl bmgstg 1?23
rhbareþ y fultg b sus trbabfbigrhs, ihshb quh kb jbrnb shb hxthlieib pgr tgib
kb prgvelneb ih _bnbsjbyg barehlig hstrbtåmenbjhlth igs g jâs sunursbkhs.

2.
2.>.
>. Blâk
Blâkes
eses
es Hxth
Hxthrl
rlg
g (gp
(gpgr
grtu
tule
leib
ibih
ihss y bj
bjhl
hlbz
bzbs
bs))

Gpgrtuleibihs6 - Yrbabfg b gtrbs phrsglbs „ ^hntgr Bktg ih _bnbsjbyg lg

nuhltb ngl hstbakhnejehltg `efg pbrb ngjeibs râpeibs

 Bjhlbzb6 ngpeb ih kbs rhnhtbs - ngjphthlneb

ngjphthlneb

2.
2.9.
9. Blâk
Blâkes
eses
es Elth
Elthrl
rlg
g (`grt
(`grtbk
bkhz
hzbs
bs y i
iha
haek
ekei
eibi
bihs
hs))

@grtbkhzbs6 -Kb nbkeibi „ Kb bthlneþl

Ihaekeibi6 `bktb ih thnlgkgmêb h ejpkhjhltbneþl ih elstrujhltgs sg`estenbigs,

jhfgrb ih el`rbhstrunturb

^hnneþl 1. Gafhtevgs

1.
1.22. Gafh
fhte
tevg
vgss Hst
strrbt
btåm
åmen
eng
gs6
g @grjbkezbneþl ihk lhmgneg hl tgibs sus röarenbs.
g  Barer gtrgs puhstgs hl kb neuibi.
g @eihkezbr nkehlths.
1.1. Gafh
fhte
tevg
vgss ihk
ihk jbr
jbrdhte
dhtel
lm6
g Ibr b nglgnhr sgarh kb grmblezbneþl.
g Iemetbkezbr hk lhmgneg, prgpgrneglblig jbrdhtelm iemetbk.
 

g _rgpgrneglbr nulhtb ih @bnhaggd y ihthrjelbr nehrtg

mrbig ih trb`eng wha ngl elthrbnneglhs ih kgs nkehlths,
areliâligkhs el`grjbneþl y prgjgneglhs ihk prgiuntg.

_BQYH EE. JBQDHYELM H^YQBYÅMENG

^hnneþl >. Nglsujeigr 

>.2 _hr`ek
_hr`ek i
ihk
hk nnglsu
glsujeig
jeigr 
r 

Kgs nkehlths sgl kb absh `ulibjhltbk ih nubkquehr lhmgneg. _gihjgs

thlhr ul auhl pkbl ih jbrdhtelm, ulb jbrbvekkgsb eihb, thnlgkgmêbs g
ielhrg pbrb elvhrter, phrg se kgs nkehlths ihneihl lg ngjprbrth tgig kg
blthregr lg tehlh vbkeihz.

Hk rhstburblth pb― kkhlbr ngjg kb jbygrêb ih hjprhsbs bntubkhs kkhvb

b nbag ul jbrdhtelm rhkbneglbk absbig hl hk nkehlth. Kgs nglgnh,
sbah nuâkhs sgl y kg quh ausnb. Hstb hs kb nkbvh pbrb quh sh setöh hl
hk jhrnbig ngjg kb jhfgr hjprhsb g ulb ih kbs jhfgrhs ihienbibs b
kb vhltb ih ngjeib râpeib.

Kbs phrsglbs quh vbl cbaetubkjhlth bk rhstburblth pb― kkhlbr, suhkhl

shr phrsglhs ngl hibihs juy iesphrsbs, lg sh nhltrb b ul mrupg hl
nglnrhtg, se lg hl tgibs kbs phrsglbs quh kh mustb hsth tepg ih
ngjeib. Kb hibi ngjprhlieib shrêb hltrh 8 y jâs bògs. Hk shxg hs
elie`hrhlth, bnuihl ih emubk `grjb cgjarhs y jufhrhs y kb setubneþl
kbag
kbagrb
rbkk vbrê
vbrêb
b sh
shmö
möl
l nb
nbib
ib nkehl
kehlth
th,, yb qu
quh
h bn
bnui
uihl
hl hstu
hstuie
iebl
blth
thss y
trbabfbigrhs ngl elmrhsgs jhiegs g hkhvbigs. Bihjâs kkhvb b nbag
ulb nkbrb
nkbrb hst
hstrbt
rbthme
hmeb
b abs
absbib
bib hl kb sbl
sbleib
eibi
i ih kb bke
bkejh
jhltb
ltbneþ
neþl,
l,
rhngjphlsbib ngl prhjegs (ih nbkeibi), kg quh cbnh btrbhr b jâs
nkehlths quh lg ausnbl sgkg ngjhr, selg ngjhr sbkuibakh.

>.1 Ngjpgrtbj
Ngjpgrtbjehltg
ehltg ih ngjprb
ngjprb

Kgs nkehlths lg ngjprbl hl hk rhstburblth pb― kkhlbr pgr hk sejpkh

chncg ih ngjhr, selg pgr hk vbkgr bòbieig quh g`rhnh hsth lhmgneg.
 

_brb ngjhlzbr, ihahjgs lgjarbr kb ie`hrhlths nbrthrb ih

prgiuntgs quh pgshh, ihsih pbpetbs, fumgs, cujetbs, htn.

Gtrg `bntgr shreb kb sbleibi y kb nbkeibi ih sus prgiuntgs, yb quh hk

nkehlth hs nbib vhz jâs hxemhlth ngl rhsphntg b kb sbleibi. _hrg sel
hjabrmg, kg quh nbrbnthrezb bk rhstburblth pb― kkhlbr y cbnh quh thlmb
ulb nblteibi ih nkehlthkb nglseihrbakh hs kb rbpeihz y bjbaekeibi quh
kg nbrbnthrezb.

>.> Ihshgs
Ihshgs y lhnhseibi
lhnhseibihs
hs ihk nglsujeigr 
nglsujeigr 
Hl hk rhstburblth pb― kkhlbr, hk nkehlth sehjprh hs kg jâs ejpgrtblth. Hk
gafhtevg hs nglshmuer, hl tgig jgjhltg, hk 2??% ih sbtes`bnneþl ihk
nkehlth. Kb rbpeihz hl hk shrveneg, hk trbtg bjbakh y phrsglbk y kb
nglstblth bibptbneþl b kgs mustgs ihk nkehlth sgl kgs jhiegs pbrb
nglshmuerkg. Ngl hsth `el sh ihsbrrgkkb nbpbnetbneglhs ih `grjbneþl
pbrb hk ph
pbrb phrs
rsgl
glbk
bk ih
ihkk rh
rhst
stbu
burb
rblt
lth
h y blblbk
bkez
ezb
b phre
phreþi
þien
enbj
bjhl
hlth
th kb
kbss
lhnhseibihs y ihshgs ih quehlhs vesetbl hk hstbakhnejehltg jhieblth
sesthjbs ih ngltrgk ih gpeleþl, pbrb jhfgr bibptbrsh b kg quh kgs
nkehlths ihjblibl y hsphrbl ih lgsgtrgs.

>.9 Câaetgs
Câaetgs ih
ih usg y bntetuih
bntetuihss

Yhlh
Yhlhrr ul au
auhl
hl tr
trbt
btg
g ngl
ngl kg
kgss nk
nkeh
ehlt
lths
hs y pg
pgih
ihrr arel
arelib
ibrk
rkhs
hs ul au
auhl
hl
shrveneg ngjg tbjaeål thlhr ul jblthlejehltg bihnubig ihltrg ih kb

hjprhsb pgr hsg luhstrb jbygr pregreibi sh nglnhltrb hl luhstrb

nkehlthkb g`rhneåligkh ul mrbl shrveneg ngl bjbaekeibi, prhstblig ul
auhl shrveneg b kgs nkehlths ngltblig ngl hk jblthlejehltg rhquhreig y
quh
quh lu
luhs
hstr
trb
b nk
nkeh
ehlt
lthk
hkb
b sh sehl
sehltb
tb sbte
sbtes`
s`hn
hncb
cb pgr
pgr lu
luhs
hstrg
trg sh
shrv
rven
eneg
eg y
jblthlejehltg bihnubig.

>.
>.88 _bphkh
_bphkhss ih ngjpr
ngjprbb
Hk rhstburblth pb― kkhlbr g`rhnh b su nkehlthkb prgiuntgs quh hstål bk
bknblnh ih tgigs kgs usubregs iespuhstg b kb ngjprb ibig quh bk
jgjhltg ih nglsujer kb phrsglb thlmb kb nbpbneibi ih pbmbr ul
prhneg
 

quh hsth b su bknblnh ih su agknekkg

pbrb bsê pgihr sbtes`bnhr su lhnhseibi
hl nubltg b kb bkejhltbneþl.
Hk pbphk ih ngjprb hs juy ejpgrtblth pgrquh
el`kuyhl `bntgrhs prejgriebkhs hl hstb ihneseþl

hltrh hkkgs thlhjgs6

g Kgs `bntgrhs sgnebkhs6 Hsth hk mrupg
prejbreg, bquê sh hlnuhltrbl kgs mrupgs ih
trbabfg y bjemgs.
g Kgs `bntgrhs phrsglbkhs ih el`kuhlneb6
  Jgtevbneþl6 hs ulb lhnhseibi quh
hk sufhtg trbtb ih sbtes`bnhr,
lhnhseibi ih sgarhvevhlneb.
  Nbk
bkeibi66 Hl hk rhst
eibi rhstbu
burb
rblt
lth
h sh
pe
pehl
hlsb
sb qu
quh
h ul auhl
auhl prgi
prgiun
untg
tg y
shrveneg btrbh luhvgs nkehlths y
b`eblzb kgs quh yb cbl ngjprbig.

^hnneþl 9. Jhrnbig

9.2. Cestgreb
Xlb ih kbs ngsbs quh bpgrtþ kb öktejb iånbib, rhsphntg b
tgig kg quh yb sh sbah ih kb cestgreb y hk gremhl ih kb pbpb
y ih nþjg sh hxpblieþ b 282 pbêshs hl hk julig, hs quh
ngl`er
ngl`erjþ
jþ quh kg
kgss gr
grêmh
êmhlhs
lhs ihk tua
tuaårn
årnuk
ukg
g hstuv
hstuveh
ehrgl
rgl hl

suhkg phrublg y sh rhjgltbl b =,??? bògs hl kb ngriekkhrb

ih kgs Blihs, nhrnb ihk kbmg Yetenbnb hl hk sur ihk _hrö,
ig
igli
lih
h sh rh
rhbk
bkez
ezbr
brgl
gl bl
blâk
âkes
eses
es mhlå
mhlåteteng
ngss ih hsph
hsphne
nehs
hs
se
sekv
kvhs
hstrh
trhss y vb
vbre
rehi
hibi
bihs
hs lb
lbtetevb
vbss quh
quh kg ngl`
ngl`er
erjb
jbrg
rgl
l
(Ruhvhig 1??=6 2). Bihjâs, sh hlngltrbrgl hl iencb
zglb
zglb rh
rhst
stgs
gs ih nhrâ
nhrâje
jeng
ngss y `emu
`emurb
rbss prh-
prh-El
Elnb
nbss ngl
ngl
semle`enbigs sgarh kb pbpb. Kgs hstuiegs mhlåtengs `uhrgl
rhbkezbigs pgr Ibvei ^pgglhr, agtâleng ihk ^hrveneg ih
Elvh
Elvhst
stem
embn
bneþ
eþl
l Bm
Bmrê
rêng
ngkb
kb,, ng
ngkb
kbag
agrb
rbig
igrh
rhss ihk
ihk Elst
Elstetetut
utg
g
Hsngnå
Hsngnåss ih Elv
Elvhs
hstem
tembne
bneþl
þl hl Nu
Nukte
ktevgs
vgs y ne
nehlt
hltê`e
ê`engs
ngs ihk
ihk
Nhltrg
Nhltrg Elth
Elthrl
rlbn
bneg
eglb
lbkk ih kb _b_bpb
pb ngjg
ngjg hk bmrþ
bmrþlg
lgjg
jg
 Bkahrtg ^bkbs, hl trbabfgs rhbkezbig
rhbkezbigss hltrh kgs bògs 1??9
 

y 1??8 hl kbs zglbs bktg blielbs ihk _hrö. Kb pbpb sh

nuktevb hl hk _hrö hl kb mrbl jbygrêb ih pesgs hngkþmengs
(ngl
(ngl bk
bktetetu
tuih
ihss ih cb
cbst
stb
b 9,??
9,???
? j.s.
j.s.l.
l.j.
j.),
), hl suhk
suhkg
g
prg`ulig, grmâleng, abfg ulb cujhibi jhlgr b =8%, hl
nke
nkejb
jb thj
thjpkb
pkbig-
ig-`rê
`rêg,
g, pg
pgrr kg quh
quh kbs
kbs thj
thjph
phrbt
rbtur
urbs
bs jâ
jâss
`bvgrbakhs pbrb hsth nuktevg hstâl hltrh 2> y 23 ¿N. Ngjg
pbês ih gremhl ih hsth prgiuntg jekhlbreg
jekhlbreg,, hk _hrö pgshh 5
hsphnehs
nuktevbibs (Gncgb 255?6 8?>), bulquh pbrb hk NE_ hl
rhbkeibi sgl 3 hsphnehs y tehlh kb jbygr nblteibi ih
vbrehibihs ngl jâs ih >,3??. Hk Jelesthreg ih Bmrenukturb
ihk _hrö usb ulb nkbse`enbneþl ihk nuktevg hl nubltg b su
gremhl hl pbpbs lbtevbs quh sh sehjarbl b pbrter ih kgs
>,??? j.s.l.j. y pbpbs jgihrlbs g tbjaeål
ihlgjelbibs cêareibs g akblnbs, quh sgl prgiuntg ihk
nrunh ih igs g jâs vbrehibihs. Hl hk _hrö, sh nuktevb ulb
mrbl nblteibi ih vbrehibihs hltrh bjags tepgs (jgihrlbs
g cêareibs y lbtevbs) yb shb pgr su ejpgrtblneb hnglþjenb
ngjg pgr kb semle`enblneb quh pgshhl hl kgs jhrnbigs
rhmeglbkhs.

9.
9.1.
1. Yb
Ybjb
jbòg
òg ihk
ihk jhrn
jhrnbi
big
g
  Ybakb 26 Ybjbòg ih jhrnbig
Mhgmrâ`enbs
Qhmeþl g pbês _hrö
Neuibi _bnbsjbyg
Ihlseibi pgakbneglbk  W cbaetblths

Nkejb
Gtrbs mhgmrâ`enbs Yhjpkbig

Ngliuntubkhs
Gnbseglhs Lgrjbkhs (bkejhltbneþl iebreb)
Ahlh`enegs Pbrehibi hl prgiuntgs
_gseneþl ihk usubreg Xsubreg hl pgthlneb
Êlienh ih utekezbneþl Juncg usg (ngnelb)
Hstbig ih khbktbi Jhieblb khbktbi b ul shrveneg
Mrbig ih nglgnejehltg El`grj
El`grjbig
big ih bkm
bkmul
ulbb vb
vbreh
rehibi
ibi
ih ngjeibs
 Bntetui cbneb hk prgiun
prgiuntg
tg Hltusebstb pgr kbs g`hrtbs.
Gtrbs ngliuntubkhs
Ihjgmrâ`enbs
Hibi Hltrh 22 y 0? bògs
 

^hxg @hjhlelg y jbsnukelg

Ybjbòg ih `bjekeb Hltrh 1 y > elthmrblths
Nenkg ih veib `bjekebr  0? bògs
Elmrhsg 22 b 21 bògs
Gnupbneþl hstuieblths
Hiunbneþl shnulibreb
Qhkemeþl Kb jbygrêb nbtþkenb
Qbzb Akblnb, jhstezb, ncgkb, lhmrb, htn.
Lbneglbkeibi phrublb
Gtrbs ihjgmrâ`enbs

Levhk sgneghnglþjeng Jhieblg y abfb

Hstekg ih veib ^bkuibakh
_hrsglbkeibi Ievhrsbs
@uhlth6 _rgpeb

9.>.. Blâkes
9.> Blâkeses
es i
ihh kb ihjbli
ihjblibb
 Hk hstuieg ihk jhrnbig.-  hs ulb elenebtevb hjprhsbrebk, quh
sh hlnbrmb ih `grjbr ulb eihb sgarh kb vebaekeibi ngjhrnebk
ih ul prgiuntg g shrveneg.
 Blâkeses ihk nglsujeigr.-  ihnej
ihnejgs
gs quh
quh hk
hk ng
nglsuj
lsujeigr 
eigr 
biqu
biqueh
ehrh
rh hk pr
prgi
giun
untg
tg pg
pgrq
rquh
uh sg
sgl
l ih
ihken
keneg
egsb
sbs,
s, lu
lutr
tretetev
evbs
bs,,
bphretevbs, ngl auhl sbagr, y lgs hkemhl ngjg hjprhsb pgr 
quh g`rhnhjgs ul prgiuntg ih nbkeibi.

9.
9.9.
9. Hstb
Hstbne
negl
glbk
bkei
eibi
bi66

Hk bl
blâk
âkes
eses
es ih hs
hstb
tbne
negl
glbk
bkei
eibi
bi ih
ihkk prgi
prgiun
untg
tg sh ih
ihth
thrj
rjel
elþ
þ
jhieblth kbs hltrhvestbs prg`ulieibi rhbkezbibs b kgs nkehlths.
Kgss rh
Kg rhsu
suktktbi
bigs
gs qu
quh
h sh ih
ihtb
tbkkb
kkbl
l b ng
nglt
ltel
elub
ubne
neþl
þl ph
phrj
rjete
eterâ
râl
l
nbknukbr hl quh `hncbs cbarâ jbygr nglsujg.
Ybakb 16 Hstbneglbkeibi 

H^YBNEÞL NBLYEIBI %
Phrblg 3 1?.8?%
Gtgòg 2?3 1=.??%
Elvehrlg 211 >?.8?%
_rejbvhrb 33 11.??%
YGYBK IH 9?? 2??%
_HQ^GLB^
 

 
@uhlth6 _rgpeb
Kgs ibtgs jgstrbigs kêlhbs brreab ihjuhstrbl quh cby
ul jbygr nglsujg hl elvehrlg y hk jhlgr nglsujg hs
hl vhrblg yb quh kbs phrsglbs sh nglnhltrbl hl
nglsujg ih bkejhltgs iehtåtengs.

9.
9.8.
8. Ejpb
Ejpbnt
ntg
g ih
ih kb
kb thnl
thnlgk
gkgm
gmêb
êb
Hk retjg ih ellgvbneþl thnlgkþmenb sh bnhkhrb nbib

vhz jâs y bpbrhnhrâl mrbl nblteibi ih bvblnhs. Kgs

usubregs ihahjgs hstbr bthltgs pbrb lg quhibrlgs
bk jbrmhl, phrg ngl jbygr jgtevg kgs quh ihahl
bibptbrsh b hstgs nbjaegs sgl kbs hjprhsbs.

_brb quh ulb hjprhsb puhib cbnhrkh `rhlth bk rhstg

ih sus ngjpht
ngjphteig
eigrhs
rhs tehlh
tehlh quh hstbr
hstbr hl ng
nglte
ltelub
lub
aösquhib ih luhvbs chrrbjehltbs quh kh `bnekethl su
suphrvevhlneb hl hk jhrnbig.

Kbs luhv
luhvbs
bs thnlgkgmê
thnlgkgmêbs,
bs, rhkbn
rhkbneglbi
eglbibs
bs ngl luhs
luhstrg
trg
hltgrlg, hstâl bmekezblig, gptejezblig y
phr`hnneglblig bkmulbs bnteveibihs quh rhbkezbjgs
hl luhstrg iêb b iêb. Kb ngjulen
enb
bneþl hl kb
bntubk
bntubkeib
eibi
i hs bkmg
bkmg quh
quh cb bvb
bvblzb
lzbig
ig jun
juncg,
cg, ulb
ngjulenbneþl quh hs juncg jâs râpeib quh blths.
Xl hfhjpkg ih ngjulenbneþl bntubk, hl nglnrhtg b
trbvås ih Elthrlht, hl hk nbsg ih trblsjeter jhlsbfhs,

ejâmhlhs, vêihgs y tgig tepg ih ignujhltgs ihsih

ie`hrhlths pbrths ihk julig iurblth kbs 19 cgrbs ihk
 

iêb hs bkmg quh cb ihspkbzbig ih`eletevbjhlth hk

hlvê
hlvêg
g ih ig
ignu
nujh
jhlt
ltgs
gs pg
pgrr gtrg
gtrgss jh
jhie
iegs
gs,, ng
ngjg
jg hk
shrveneg pgstbk nglvhlneglbk.

Hs pgr hsg quh sh usþ ih hstb thnlgkgmêb jhieblth

ulb
ulb pâ
pâme
melb
lb quh
quh tetehl
hlh
h ng
ngjg
jg `el
`el pg
pgih
ihrr g`rh
g`rhnh
nhrr kb
vbrehibi ih prgiuntgs, bsê jesjg ngjg kgs ibtgs ih
kb hjprhsb, kgs ngstgs ihk prgiuntg y kbs g`hrtbs quh
sh puhibl kblzbr cbneb hk pöakeng.

9.0
.0.. Ngjpht
jphtei
eigr
grhs
hs
_gihjgs ihner quh hl hsth jhrnbig ngjpeth ngl6
 Jhrnbig
  Bjaukblths
 _bpetbs abribkhs
 _bpetbs ih Dbtnel

9.=
.=.. _brte
brtene
nep
pbne
neþ
þl ih jhr
jhrnbig
big
Ygtbk
gtbk ih uleibih
uleibihss vhlieibs
vhlieibs pgr
pgr kb hjprh
hjprhsb
sb
jhrnbig hl uleibihs ( % ):
 _brtenepbneþl ih jhrnbighl
Ygtbk
gtbk ih uleibih
uleibihss vhlieib
vhlieibss pgr hkjhrn
hkjhrnbig
big

 21??
·
8???

· 19 %

9.3.. ^hm
9.3 ^hmjhl
jhltbn
tbneþl
eþl ih jhrn
jhrnbig
big y jh
jhrnb
rnbig
ig jht
jhtbb
^hmjhltbneþl ih jhrnbig

Mhgmrâ`enb6 sh cb gptbig pgr utekezbr hstb vbrebakh,

yb quh lgs phrjeth pgseneglbrlgs hl ul kumbr ngl
abstblth `kufg ih phrsglbs. Ngliuntubk6 `rhnuhlneb
ih nglsujg, aösquhib ihk ahlh`eneg ihk prgiuntg
pbrb hk nglsujeigr, levhk ih `eihkeibi, bntetui cbneb hk

prgiuntg.
Ihjgmrâ`enb6  shmjhltbrhjgs hk jhrnbig thlehlig
 

hl nuhltb tgibs bquhkkbs vbrebakhs ihjgmrâ`enbs quh

el`kuybl hl hk nglsujg ih luhstrg prgiuntg g jbrnb.
_sengmrâ`enb6 Ibjgs ul phr`ek ihthrjelbig cbneb ul
hltgrlg, kkhmblig b ul levhk jbygr ih prg`ulieibi,
hl hk quh hl
hltr
trbj
bjgs
gs hl nglt
ngltbn
bntg
tg ng
ngl
l kb pb
pbrt
rth
h

hjgneglbk ihk nglsujeigr.

Jhrn
Jhrnbi
big
g Jhtb
Jhtb66  lu
luhs
hstr
trg
g prgi
prgiun
untg
tg vb ie
iere
reme
meig
ig
hsphnebkjhlth b phrsglbs ih 23 b =? bògs, quh sgl
phrs
phrsgl
glbs
bs qu
quh
h th
thlh
lhjg
jgss hs
hstb
tbak
akhn
hnei
eibs
bs yb pb
pbrb
rb hk
nglsujg ih luhstrbs pbpbs rhkkhlbs.

9.
9.5.
5. _r
_rgy
gyhn
hnne
negl
glhs
hs ihk
ihk jhrn
jhrnbi
big
g

Lgs prgyhntbjgs ngjg hjprhsb pgihr thlhr jâs

ku
kumb
mbrh
rhss hst
stb
bakh
khnnei
eigs
gs pgr _bnb
_bnbsj
sjby
byg
g y pgi
gih
hr 
ejpkhjhltbr jâs vbrebneglhs hl kb prhshltbneþl ih
pbpbs rhkkhlbs, bsê pgihr mhlhrbr jâs elmrhsgs y
pgihr sbker b jâs kumbrhs.

  _BQYH EEE.

JBQDHYELM YÂNYENG

^hnneþl =.

_rgiuntg

=.2. Cestgreb
Kb pb
pbpb
pb g pb
pbtb
tbtb
tb (l
(lgj
gjar
arh
h ne
nehl
hltê
tê`e`eng
ng66 ^g
^gkb
kblu
luj
j
tuahrgsuj) hs ulb pkbltb phrthlhnehlth b kb `bjekeb
ih kbs sgkblânhbs, gremelbreb ih Bjårenb ihk ^ur y
nuktktev
nu evbi
bib
b hl tg
tgig
ig hk ju
juli
lig
g pg
pgrr su
suss tuaå
tuaårn
rnuk
ukgs
gs
ngjhsteakhs. Igjhstenbib hl hk bktepkblg blielg pgr 
sus cbaetblths cbnh ulgs =.??? bògsT2Z `uh kkhvbib b
Hurgpb pgr kgs nglquestbigrhs hspbògkhs jâs ngjg
 

ulb
ulb nu
nure
regs
gsei
eibi
bi agtâ
agtâle
lenb
nb qu
quh
h ng
ngjg
jg ul
ulb
b pk
pkbl
bltb
tb
bkejhlteneb.

Ngl hk tehjpg su nglsujg `uh nrhnehlig y su nuktevg

sh hx
hxpb
pblilieþ
eþ b tg
tgig
ig hk juli
juligg cb
cbst
stb
b pg
pgse
sene
negl
glbr
brsh
sh
ngjg ulg ih kgs prelnepbkhs bkejhltgs pbrb hk shr 
cujblg.
Hsth
Hsth tu
tua
aår
årnu
nukg
kg ng
ngl
ltel
telöb seh
ehl
lig kb absh ih kb
bkejhltbneþl ih jekkglhs ih phrsglbs, hs ulb ihkeneb
nukekelb
nu lbre
reb
b hl ju
junc
ncbs
bs rh
rhme
megl
glhs
hs ihk
ihk mk
mkga
gag
g quh
quh cb
mhl
mhlhr
hrbi
big
g ihnhl
nhlbs ih pkb
kbtg
tgss quh kb teteh
hlhl
lhl ih
prgtbm
prgtbmgle
glestb
stb y, bih
bihjâs
jâs,, rhp
rhprhs
rhshlt
hltb
b ul vhribi
vhribihrg
hrg

ihsb`êg
ihsb`êg pbr
pbrbb nehltê
nehltê`en
`engs
gs ih vb
vbreb
rebss ies
iesnep
nepkel
kelbs,
bs, quh
trbtbl ih iekuneibr su gremhl, mhlåtenb y `esegkgmêb.
Ybjaeål, ihltrg ihk nbjpg ih kb thnlgkgmêb, åstgs lg
nhsbl ih hlngltrbr ulb mrbl nblteibi ih
bpkenb
bpkenbneg
neglhs
lhs jâs bkk
bkkâ
â ih kbs ngl
nglvhl
vhlneg
neglbk
lbkhs
hs pbr
pbrb
b
hsth tuaårnukg, ihsih kgs ngsjåtengs y hk bkngcgk
cbstb hk pbphk prhlsb.
  Kb pbpb hs
hs ulb pkbl
pkbltb
tb gremelbreb
gremelbreb ih kgs
kgs Blih
Blihs.
s. Kgs
pr
prgn
gnhs
hsgs
gs ih igjh
gjhst
sten
enb
bne
neþl
þl y prgnh
rgnhssbjeh
bjehl
ltg

br
brth
thsb
sblb
lbkk ih su nu
nuktktev
evg
g `u
`uhr
hrgl
gl rhbk
rhbkez
ezbi
bigs
gs pg
pgrr kb
kbss
nukturbs prhcespâlenbs, nglstetuyhlig kb absh ih su
iehtb bkejhlteneb. Bihjâs fumþ ul pbphk semle`enbtevg
hl kb tr
trb
bien
eneþ
eþl
l y ngs
gstu
tuja
jarh
rhss ih kgs bltetem
mug
ugss
pgakbigrhs ih kgs Blihs.
  Hk _hrö hs h
hkk prelne
prelnepbk
pbk nhltrg
nhltrg ih gremhl
gremhl ih kb pbp
pbpb
b
lbtevb, nuyb bltemûhibi ibtb ih =??? bògs blths ih
kbs nukturbs prh elnbs h elnbs. B kb vhz, luhstrg pbês
hs hk nhl
nhltr
trg
g ih jb
jbyygr aeg
egi
iev
evh
hrsei
rseibi
bi,, ngl 2??

hsphnehs y 13?? vbrehibihs ih kbs >5?? quh hxesthl

hl hk julig.
 

  Hk bòg 1?
1??8
?8,, Ibve
Ibvei
i ^pgg
^pgglh
lhr,
r, elv
elvhs
hstetemb
mbig
igrr ih
ihkk
Ihpbrtbjhltg ih Bmrenukturb ih kgs Hstbigs Xleigs,
prhshltþ kgs rhsuktbigs ih ulb elvhstembneþl sgarh hk
gremhl ih kb pbpb. ^gstehlh quh hs gremelbreb ihk sur 
ih _hr
_hrö
ö y abs
absb
b sus cbkkbz
cbkkbzmgs
mgs hl elv
elvhst
hstemb
embneg
neglh
lhss

rhbkezbibs bk BIL ih 102 vbrehibihs sekvhstrhs y 53

vbrehibihs nuktevbibs ih pbpb.
  Hl hk tehjpg ih kbs nukturbs prhcespâlenbs kb pbpb
 fumþ ul pbphk ejpgrtblth hl kb bkejhltbneþl ihk
pgakbigr. Hk prejhr prgnhsbjehltg ih pbpb kg rhbkezþ
hk pgakbigr blielg, ihsceirbtblig kgs tuaårnukgs pbrb
hkbagrbr hk ncuòg.
  _hrg hk semle`e
e`enbig ih kb pbpb hl hk julig
prhcespâl
prhcespâleng
eng trbsn
trbsnehli
ehlih
h kg hngl
hnglþjeng
þjeng y lutren
lutreneglbk
eglbk

pbrb nglv
pbrb nglvhr
hrter
tersh
sh hl ul hkhj
hkhjhl
hltg
tg qu
quh
h hx
hxpk
pken
enb
b kb
ngsjgveseþl blielb y hk ihsbrrgkkg ih hstb sgnehibi.

Hl tehjpgs prhcespâlengs kb prhshlneb ihk tuaårnukg

hr
hrb
b tb
tbl
l `u
`uhr
hrth
th hl kb veib
veib ngte
ngteie
iebl
blb
b quh
quh hl
hltr
trh
h kb
kbss
uleibihs ih tehjpg quh sh hjpkhbabl cbaêb ulb quh
hquevbkêb b kb iurbneþl ih kb ngnneþl ih ulb gkkb ih

pbpbs.
^hmöl nuhltb kb cestgreb, hl 23=5, hl pkhlb Muhrrb
ihkk _bne
ih _bne`en
`eng,
g, kg
kgss sgki
sgkibi
bigs
gs ph
phru
rubl
blgs
gs thlê
thlêbl
bl qu
quh
h
nbjelbr y vebfbr pgr ârhbs abstblth hxthlsbs, pgr 
nbjelgs bkhfbigs ih kbs neuibihs y pgakbneglhs, pbrb
quh
quh kg
kgss sgk
gkib
ibig
igss nce
cekh
khlg
lgss lg biver
iverteteh
hrbl
rbl sus
pgseneglhs y lg puhibl ihthrjelbr iglih shrêb hk
pr
prþx
þxej
ejg
g bt
btbq
bquh
uh.. Hl hs
hstg
tgss ph
phre
repk
pkgs
gs,, kg
kgss sg
sgki
kibi
bigs
gs
thlêbl quh kkhvbr su bkejhltg phrg lg hxestêbl agksbs

le ngjg
ngjg rhrh`r
`rem
emhr
hrbr
br,, pg
pgrr hk
hkkg
kg,, ng
ngl
l ju
junc
ncgg el
elmh
mhle
leg
g
ngne
ngnelb
lbab
abl
l kb nb nbrl
rlh
h ih rh rhss u ih gtrg
gtrgss bl
blej
ejbk
bkhs
hs
 

(penbib y b jhieg jgkhr), kb sbzglbabl y cbnêbl ulb

hsph
hsphne
neh
h ih pb
pbst
stb
b ng
ngl
l kbs
kbs pb
pbpb
pbss sb
sbln
lngn
gncb
cbib
ibs,
s,
ngkgnbabl kb nbrlh ihltrg y kuhmg kb `rhêbl pbrb quh
tgjh nglsesthlneb. Ygig hsg hrb hlvuhktg hl thkbs
ngjg
ngjg pb
pbòuh
òuhkgs
kgs mrb
mrblih
lihs,
s, ih hsb jbl
jblhrb
hrb,, nub
nublig
lig

kkhm
kkhmba
bab
b kb cgr grbb ihk bkju
kjuhrzg
hrzg,, sbn
bnb
bab
abl
l hs
hstg
tgss
hlvgktgregs y sh kbs ngjêbl.

=.1. Nbrbnthrêstenbs

 @Ê^ENB^
Hk pr
prgi
giu
unt
ntg
g sh prh
rhsh
shl
ltb
tbrâ
râ bk ngl
glssuj
ujei
eig
gr ngl
ie`h
ie`hrh
rhlt
lths
hs tetepg
pgss ih rh
rhkkkkhl
hlg
g y nb
nbib
ib ul
ulg
g ih hk
hkkg
kgss
prhshltbrâ ul lgjarh ie`hrhlth ngl hk gafhtevg quh
kkbjh kb bthlneþl ihk nglsujeigr.

=.
=.>.
>. Iesh
Ieshòg
òg i
ihk
hk prg
prgiu
iunt
ntg,
g, hjp
hjpbq
bquh
uhss y hteq
htequh
uhtb
tbig
ig
 

=.>.2. _rgiuntg6
 Hk prgiuntg quh sh vb b hkbagrbr hs ul aehl
ih tepg tblmeakh bkejhltbreg6 Kb prgiunneþl
ih kbs _bpbs Qhkkhlbs.
=.>.1. Hlvbsbig6
 Hk prgiuntg sh servh hl pkbtgs bjpkegs, se
hsth
hsth sh ngls
nglsuj
ujh
h hl hk hs
hstb
tbak
akhn
hnej
ejeh
ehlt
ltg,
g,
jehltrbs quh, se hs pbrb kkhvbr, sh
prgpgrneglbrbl hlvbshs ih Yhnlgpgr quh
sgl abstblths prântengs.
=.>.>. Hjpbquhs
 ^h ut
utekekez
ezbr
brâl
âl ag
agks
ksbs
bs pk
pkâs
âstetenb
nbss ih ng
ngkg
kgr 
r 
akblng.
=.>.9. Hjabkbfh
 ^h iestreauyh pgr ihkevhry y kbs sbkeibs sgl
rh
rhm
mest
estrbibs hl ulb muêb ih vhltbs,
jblhfbib pgr kb hjprhsb.
=.>.8. Htequhtbig
 Hstâ
Hstâ rh
rhpr
prhs
hshl
hltb
tbig
ig pg
pgrr hk kg
kgmg
mgtetepg
pg ih
ihkk
prgiuntg.
 

=.9..
=.9 _rgnh
_rgnhsg
sg pr
prgiu
giunte
ntevg
vg (su
(sujel
jelest
estrgs
rgs,, elst
elstbkb
bkbneg
neglh
lhss y
hspbneg, hquepgs, phrsglbk tånleng, pruhabs,
pruhabs, htn.)

b) ^XJE
^XJELE
LE^Y
^YQG
QG^
^
 KXV

  BMXB

  MB^

a) EL^YBK
EL^YBKBNE
BNEGLH
GLH^
^ U H^_B
H^_BNEG
NEG

  Ngnelb

  Bkjbnål ih Jbthreb _rejb

  ^bkb ih Bthlneþl

n) HRXE_G^

JBRXELBQEB G HRXE_G^

  KENXBIGQB

  NGNELB ELIX^YQEBK

  ABKBLVB

CHQQBJEHLYB^ U XYHL^EKEG^
  GKKB

XLE@GQJH IHK _HQ^GLBK

  ^BQYÅL

  NXNCBQÞL

  ABKIH

  ABLIHFB^

  ABKÞL IH MB^
 

  _QHL^BIGQB

  NXNCBQB^

  NXNCEKKG^

JXHAKH^ U HL^HQH^

  ABLRXEYG^

  ^EKKB^

  H^YBLYH^

i) _HQ^
_HQ^GL
GLBK
BK Y
YÅN
ÅNLE
LENG
NG

  _rgpehtbreg

  Ngnelhrg

Jhshrb
=.8. Nbkeibi

  Nbkeibi
Nbke ibi ihk tuaårnuk
tuaå rnukg
g
Kb nbkeibi ihk tuaårnukg, su nglthleig ih jbthreb
shnb, nglthleig ih bkjeiþl, ihsþrihlhs elthrlgs g
nubkeibihs ih ngnneþl, hs juy ejpgrtblth pbrb hk
nglsujeigr `elbk. Letrþmhlg hstejukb hk nrhnejehltg
ih kgs
kgs tu
tuaå
aårn
rnuk
ukgs
gs y jb
jbxe
xeje
jezb
zb kb prgi
prgiun
unne
neþl
þl ih
bkjeiþl. @þs`grg jbltehlh hk nrhnejehltg ih cgfbs y
tuaårnukgs h el`kuyh hl hk nglthleig y kb nbkeibi ih
bkjeiþl. _gtbseg jbxejezb kb basgrneþl ih bmub y kb
pr
prgi
giun
unne
neþl
þl ih jbth
jbthre
reb
b shnb
shnb,, y pu
puhi
hih
h rhiu
rhiune
nerr kg
kgss
jgrhtglhs. Hk nbkneg rhiunh kb elneihlneb ih jblncbs
elthrlbs jbrrglhs y lhmrbs, jbmlhseg bshmurb ulb
nbpbneibi `gtgseltåtenb `uhrth y nrhnejehltg sblg, hk
agrg rhiunh jblncbs jbrrglhs y hllhmrhnejehltg
hlzejâteng.

  Nbkeibi
Nbke ibi ih kb pehk
 

Kb nbkeibi ih kb pehk ih kb pbpb sh vuhkvh nbib iêb

jâs ejpgrtblth ngjg kgs nglsujeigrhs ihjblibl
pbpbs ngl pehk kejpeg y btrbntevg, sgarh tgig nublig
kbs ngjprbl prh-hjpbnbibs g b mrblhk. Yuaårnukgs
ngl hl`hrjhibihs hl kb pehk lg sgkg sgl jhlgs

btrbntevg
btrbntevgs,
s, tbjaeå
tbjaeål
l sgl prg
prgphl
phlsgs
sgs b ul
ulb
b veib
veib ih
bkjbnhlbfh jâs ngrtb.
Lutr
Lutren
eneþ
eþl
l vhm
hmht
htbk
bk ae
aehl
hl hq
hque
uekekear
arbi
bib
b rhiu
rhiune
nerâ
râ kb
elneihlneb ih ihsþrihlhs ih kb pehk ih kb pbpb y
jhfgrb kb nbkeibi mhlhrbk ih kb pehk.

Nbkn
bkneg prg
rgi
iunh
unh ulb pe
peh
hk jâ
jâss rhse
rhsest
sth
hlth
lth b kb
kbss
hl`hrjhibihs, hk agrg jhfgrb hk h`hntg ihk nbkneg

jhfgrblig kb basgrneþl y hl hsb jblhrb rhiunerâ kgs

levhkhs ih sbrlb ngjöl y gtrbs hl`hrjhibihs. Veln
pgirâ rhiuner kbs elneihlnebs ih sbrlb pgkvgrehltb y hk
bzu`
bzu`rh
rh rh
rhi
iuner
unerâ
â el
el`h
`hnn
nneg
eglh
lhss ih tbl
tbltg kb sbr
sbrlb
pgkvgrehltb ngjg kb sbrlb ngjöl

=.
=.0.
0. Ah
Ahlh
lh`e
`ene
negs
gs pb
pbrb
rb hk ngls
nglsuj
ujei
eigr 
gr 

Ihltrg ih kgs ahlh`enegs ihk nglsujeigr hlngltrbjgs

b kgs ahlh`enegs `ulneglbkhs ihaeig b quh kb hjprhsb

ausnb hk ihshjphòg hsphne`eng ihk prgiuntg, yb quh
bsêê sh kg
bs kgmr
mrbr
brâ
â ie`h
ie`hrh
rhln
lneb
eb lu
luhs
hstr
trg
g prgi
prgiun
untg
tg hl hk
jhrnbig. Kgs ahlh`enegs sejaþkengs sgl kbs vhltbfbs
suphr`enebkhs ihk prgiuntg, puhstg quh hk rhstburblth
rhneah kb bprgabneþl, elthmrbneþl ih sus prgiuntgs y
kb bprgabneþl ihk jhrnbig.
Kgs ahlh`enegs hjgneglbkhs sgl kg quh kgs nkehlths
hxtrbhl ih su prgpeb hxphrehlneb y ngjg yb så cb

jhlneglbib blths, hk rhstburblth tehlh kb bnhptbneþl

ih kb zglb.
 

Kgs ahlh`enegs ih kb pbpb pbrb kb sbkui

 _rgjuhvh hk bujhltg ih phsg . Ihaeig b su
bk
bktg
tg ng
nglt
lthl
hlei
eig
g ih nbra
nbragc
gcei
eirb
rbtg
tgs,
s, kb pb
pbpb
pb
`bvgrhnh hk bujhltg ih phsg. Kbs phrsglbs

quh sgl juy ihkm kmbi

bibs
bs g quh lhn
hnhs
hsetetbl
bl
bujh
ujhltb
tbrr sus rh
rhsshrvbs
rvbs ih hlhrmê
hrmêb,
b, pg pgr 
r 
hfhjpkg, kgs ihpgrtestbs ih bktg rhliejehltg,
puhihl elngrpgrbr kb pbpb ngjg ulg ih kgs
bkejhltgs aâsengs hl su iehtb. Kb vetbjelb N y
kbs vetbjelbs ihk ngjpkhfg A prhshlths hl hsth
tuaårnukg jhfgrbl kb basgrneþl ih kgs
nbragceirbtgs hl hk grmblesjg.


Hs `ânek ih iemhrer. Lg sgkg hs `ânek ih iemhrer,
selg quh tbjaeål `bneketb kb iemhsteþl ih gtrgs
bk
bkej
ejhl
hltg
tgs.
s. Kb pb
pbtb
tbtb
tb hs ul bk
bkej
ejhl
hltg
tg ju
juyy
rhngjhlibig pbrb kgs ahaås, pbrb phrsglbs
quh lg puhihl iemhrer bkejhltgs iurgs g quh
hstâl hl`hrjbs.

^u bp
bpgr
grth
th ng
ngls
lsei
eihr
hrba
bakh
kh ih `ear
`earb
b ie
ieht
htåt
åten
enb
b
byuib b hstejukbr hk jgvejehltg phrestâkteng y
bujh
bujhlt
ltb
b kb sh
shnr
nrhn
hneþ
eþl
l ih fu
fumg
mgss mâ
mâst
stre
reng
ngs,
s,
hvetblig prgakhjbs ngjg hk hstrhòejehltg y
hl`hrjhibihs mrbvhs ngjg hk nâlnhr 
ngkg
ngkgrrh
rrhnt
ntbk
bk.. Kb `ear
`earb
b tbja
tbjaeå
eål
l prgj
prgjuh
uhvh
vh kb
hkej
hkejel
elbn
bneþ
eþl
l ih
ihkk ngkh
ngkhst
sthr
hrgk
gk ih kb
kbss brth
brthre
rebs
bs y
vbsgs sblmuêlhgs, kg quh jhfgrb kb sbkui ihk
ngrbzþl.
 

 Byuib b prgthmhr kb pehk . Kbs vetbjelbs N y

ihk ngjp
gjpkh
khfg
fg A, bsê
bsê ngj
gjg
g hk pg
pgtb
tbsseg
eg,, hk
jbmlhseg, hk `þs`grg y hk zeln, sgl lutrehlths
juyy auhl
ju auhlgs
gs pb
pbrb
rb kb pe
pehk
hk.>
.> Kb pbpb
pbpb nrui
nruib
b
tr
tretetur
urbi
bib
b hs ul hxnh
hxnhkh
khlt
lth
h el
elmr
mrhi
hieh
ehlt
lth
h pb
pbrb
rb

hkbagrbr jbsnbrekkbs nbshrbs, yb quh byuib b

nurbr mrblgs, ihsvblhnh kbs jblncbs ih kb
pehk, prgpgrneglb bkeveg y nurbneþl jâs râpeib
ih kbs quhjbiurbs.

 _rhv
_rhveh
ehlh
lh hk hsng
hsngra
raut
utg.
g.  Kb vetbjelb N
prh
rhsshlth hl kbs pbpbs puhih byuibr b
prhvhler hsth trbstgrlg, nbusbig prhnesbjhlth
pgr kb ih`enehlneb ih vetbjelb N.

 Byuib b trbtbr hk rhujbtesjg.  Ahahr hk bmub

quh sh gatehlh bk chrver pbpbs hs ul rhjhieg
utekezbig trbieneglbkjhlth pbrb bkevebr hk igkgr y
kb el
el`k`kbj
bjbn
bneþ
eþl
l ihk
ihk rh
rhuj
ujbt
btes
esjg
jg ih
ihae
aeig
ig b su
nglthleig ih nbkneg y jbmlhseg.

 Yehlh pgihr blte-

te-el`kbjbtgreg. Kgs
ngjpuhstgs ih kb pbtbtb sgl h`hntevgs pbrb
rh
rhiu
iune
nerr kb el
el`k`kbj
bjbn
bneþ
eþl
l hl hk nuhr
nuhrpg
pg8,
8, tblt
tbltg
g
elthrlb ngjg hxthrlb. Kb vetbjelb N
(bltegxeiblth quh rhpbrb hk ihsmbsth ih kgs
th
thfefeig
igs)
s),, hk pg
pgtb
tbse
seg
g y kb ve
vetb
tbje
jelb
lb A0 bk
bkev
eveb
eb
nubkqu
nubkquehr
ehr el`kbj
el`kbjbne
bneþl
þl hl kgs elt
elthst
hstelg
elgss y hk
sesthjb iemhstevg.
 

 Byuib b prhvhler y trbtbr hk nâlnhr. Nehrtgs

tetepg
pgss ih pbpb
pbpbs,
s, pbrte
pbrtenu
nukb
kbrj
rjhl
hlth
th kb
kbss pb
pbpb
pbss
rgfbs, ngltehlhl bktgs levhkhs ih bltegxeiblths

`kbvglgeihs y vetbjelb B, ngjg kb zhbxbltelb y

kgs nbrgthlgs. Hstgs ngjpuhstgs prgthmhl bk
nuhrpg
nuhrpg ngl
ngltrb
trb juncg
juncgss tep
tepgs
gs ih nâl
nâlnhr
nhr.. Xl
hstuieg0 ihk Bmrenukturbk Qhshbrnc ihjgstrþ
quh kbs pbpbs ngltehlhl quhrnhtelb, lutrehlth
quh cb jgstrbig prgpehibihs
bltenblnhrêmhlbs y bltetujgrbkhs.

 Byuib b abfbr kb prhseþl brthrebk.   Kb `earb

prhshlth hl hsth tuaårnukg hs juy ötek pbrb

rh
rhiu
iune
nerr hk ng
ngkh
khst
sthr
hrgk
gk hl sblm
sblmrh
rh,, jh
jhfg
fgrb
rbrr hk
`ulneglbjehltg ih kb elsukelb hl hk nuhrpg y
rhmukbr kb prhseþl brthrebk. _gr gtrb pbrth, hk
pgtbseg ih kb pbpb `ulneglb ngjg
vbsgiekbtbigr nbpekbr.

 _rgjuhvh hk `ulneglbjehltg bihnubig ihk

nhrharg.   Hk `u
`uln
lneg
eglb
lbje
jehl
hltg
tg ng
ngrr
rrhn
hntg
tg ih
ihkk

nhrharg ihphlih hl mrbl jhieib ihk levhk ih

mkungsb hl sblmrh, ihk sujelestrg ih gxêmhlg,
hk ngls
lsu
ujg ih vbreg
bregss ngjpg
jpglhl
hlth
thss ih
ihkk
ngjpkhfg ih A, ih nehrtbs cgrjglbs,
bjelgâneigs y âneigs mrbsgs, ngjg hk gjhmb-
>, hltrh gtrgs `bntgrhs. Kbs pbpbs nuarhl nbse
tgibs kbs lhnhseibihs jhlneglbibs
blthre
blthregrj
grjhlt
hlth.
h. Yeh
Yehlhl
lhl ul bkt
bktg
g ng
nglth
lthlei
leig
g ih
nbragceirbtgs (auhlgs levhkhs ih mkungsb hl

kb sblmrh), bpgrtbl cehrrg (prgiunneþl ih kb

chjg
hjgmkg
kga
ael
elb
b quh rbl blsp
spggrtb
rtb gx
gxêm
êmh
hlg bk
 

nhrharg), tehl
ehlhl pgtbseg (prgpehibihs
vbsgiekbtbigrbs quh sh cbl rhkbneglbig ngl kb
hstejukbneþl ih kb `ulneþl nhrharbk), bsê ngjg
gt
gtrg
rgss lu
lutr
treh
ehlt
lths
hs hs
hshl
hlne
nebk
bkhs
hs (vet
(vetbj
bjel
elb
b A0
A0,,
`þs`grg, vetbjelb N)

 Byuib b trbtbr kbs pehirbs hl kgs reòglhs.

Kb pbtbtb hs renb hl jbmlhseg, jelhrbk quh
elceah kb bnujukbneþl ih ihpþsetgs ih nbkneg
(nbkne`enbneþl) hl hk reòþl y gtrgs thfeigs4 pgr 
hsg cby hveihlnebs ih quh su nglsujg puhih
shrr ahlh
sh ahlh`en
`eneg
egsg
sg pbrb
pbrb hk trbt
trbtbj
bjeh
ehlt
ltg
g ih kg
kgss
nâknukgs rhlbkhs.

 Byui
Byuibb b tr
trbt
btbbr kb ieb
iebrr
rrhhb.  Ng
Ngjh
jhrr pb
pbpb
pb
iurblt
iurblth
h ul hpesgi
hpesgieg
eg ih ieb
iebrrh
rrhbs
bs byu
byuibr
ibrâ
â b
bujhltbr kgs levhkhs ih hlhrmêb, `bneketbrâ kb
ie
iemh
mhst
steþ
eþl
l y bp
bpgr
grtb
tbrâ
râ `ear
`earb
b ie
ieht
htåt
åten
enb
b pbrb
pbrb
jhfgrbr kb `ulneþl ihk elthstelg.

 Gtrgss ahlh
Gtrg ahlh`eneg
`enegss jhienelbkhs.  Hk fu
jhienelbkhs. fumg
mg ih
pbpb
pbpb hs ul hxnh
hxnhkh
khlt
lth
h trbt
trbtbj
bjeh
ehlt
ltg
g pb
pbrb
rb kb
kbss
quhjbiurbs, kgs chjbtgjbs, kgs hsmuelnhs,
kg
kgss pr
prga
gakh
khjb
jbss ih kb pe
pehk
hk,, kb
kbss ök
öknh
nhrb
rbs,
s, kg
kgss
h`hntgs nbusbigs pgr kgs lbrnþtengs, hk nâlnhr 
ih prþstbtb, hk nâlnhr ih öthrg y kb `grjbneþl
ih quesths g tujgrhs.

=.=. Nen
enkg
kg ih vei
eibb

Eltrgiunneþl6 hs kb `bsh ih kblzbjehltg ih luhstrgs

prgiuntgs, bk eleneg luhstrbs vhltbs hrbl juy abfbs y
bsê luhstrg ahlh`eneg lg hrb juy auhlg. _hrg luhstrg
 

gafhtevg pregretbreg sehjprh cb seig ibr b nglgnhr 

luhstr
luhstrg
g prgiun
prgiuntg,
tg, mhl
mhlhrb
hrbrr ihjbl
ihjblib
ib y hxp
hxpbli
blier
er hk
jhrnbig, pbrb kg quh ihah rhnurrer b chrrbjehltbs
ngjg kb _uakeneibi y/g prgjgneþl.
Nrhnejehltg6 hs hl hstb htbpb hl quh luhstrbs

vhltbs ngjehlzbl b nrhnhr b auhl retjg y ahlh`eneg

hs ihner luhstrgs prgiuntgs kkhmbl b shr rhltbakhs.
_uhstg quh luhstrg gafhtevg cb seig hk ih phlhtrbr 
tgig kg pgseakh hl hk jhrnbig. _gng b pgng chjgs
eig
eig elnr
elnrhj
hjhl
hltb
tbli
lig
g lu
luhs
hstr
trb
b pb
pbrt
rten
enep
epbn
bneþ
eþl
l hl hk
jhrnbig, mhlhrblig auhlgs rhsuktbigs.
Jbiurhz6 ihaeig b quh luhstrg prgiuntg yb cb seig
nglsgkeibig y cb bpgrtbig ulb ejpgrtblth ne`rb y
nrhnejehltg ih vhltbs, puhs hs jgjhltg ih ih`hlihr 

luhstrb pbrtenepbneþl hl hk jhrnbig blth kgs

ngjphteigrhs ngl chrrbjehltbs ih _rhneg y
_uakeneibi.

=.
=.3.
3. Jbtr
Jbtrez
ez Ag
Agst
stgl
gl Ngls
Nglsuk
ukte
telm
lm Mrgu
Mrgup
p (J
(JAN
ANM)
M)

H^YQHKKB^ ^EMLG^ IH
ELYHQQGMBNEÞL

Nglshrvbr kb Ihsbrrgkkbr hk lhmgneg

 
  Bktb ngjphthlneb hl
pbrtenepbneþl ihk su ârhb
jhrnbig.

PBNB^ _HQQG^
KHNCHQB^
 

  ^hkhnneglbr shmjhltgs   Qhhstrunturbr hk lhmgneg

y/g ievhrse`enbr 
  Ngjpeth hl ul
  Bpkenbr hstrbthmebs jhrnbig bjpkeg
ih ihsbrrgkkg ihk

prgiuntg
=.5. Jbrnb
  ‛_B― KKHPBQ‚ hs kb jbrnb ih luhstrb hjprhsb, ngl `elbkeibi
`e lbkeibi ih
hl`btezbr hk prgiuntg quh sh hstâ prgiunehlig.
  KGMGYE_G6
Hk ieaufg shrêb ul nch` ngl jgstbncg hs ihner ul nch` ngl
aemgth ngl hk lgjarh ih kb hjprhsb (_b― Kkhlbr), hstg hs
bkmg nrhbtevg y `bnteakh b kkbjbr kb bthlneþl ihk pöakeng
ihaeig b quh hk jgstbncg hstâ ih jgib.

=.
=.2?
2?.. ^hrv
^hrven
eneg
egss y mbr
mbrbl
bltê
têbb
^HQPENEG^

Hk shrveneg ih mrbl vbkgr quh arelib kb hjprhsb b sus nglsujeigrhs

hs bjpkeg ihaeig b quh hk nkehlth puhih bnnhihr b hk juy `ânekjhlth.

MBQBLYÊB

_rgiuntg 2??% ngl`ebakh, chncg ngl kgs nueibigs aâsengs y

lhnhsbregs quh sh rhquehrhl pbrb kb sbkui.

 

=.
=.22
22.. @grj
@grjbs
bs ih
ih Xsg
Xsg y nue
nueib
ibig
ig
Xsgs6
- ^btes`bnhr ulb lhnhseibi aâsenb6 hk cbjarh
Nueibigs6
- Nglsuktbr kgs elmrhiehlths g jbthreb prejb quh hk prgiuntg
nglthlmb y blbkezbr se puhih biquerer bkmulb bkhrmeb.
- Nglsujer hk prgiuntg abfg prgpeb rhspglsbaekeibi.
 

=.21.
=.21. Ihsbrr
Ihsbrrgkk
gkkg
g ihk prgiu
prgiuntg
ntg
 
 

=.2>.
=.2>. Elvhst
Elvhstemb
embneg
neglhs
lhs pr
prhve
hvebs
bs
 Qhbkezbjgs ulb elvhstembneþl prhveb yb shb bk kgnbk y kgs prgiuntgs
quh sh vbl b arelibr blths ih kb cgrb ihk trbabfg, pgr jgtevg ih
thlhr tgig b kb jblg y quh lg cbmb `bktb hl hk jgjhltg, hstg
byuib b quh hk nkehlth thlmb auhlb phrnhpneþl ihk kumbr bk quh hstâ
yhlig y ihk prgiuntg.
 Kb grmblezbneþl tehlh quh vhr juncg hl ngjg hk nkehlth th gashrvb.

=.29.
=.29. Hstrbt
Hstrbthme
hmebs
bs ih jbr
jbrdht
dhtelm
elm

  Hstrbthmeb ih _gseneglbjehltg6

^hmöl Dgtkhr y Dhkkhr (1?21), pbrb ihsbrrgkkbr ul pgseneglbjehltg

h`enbz hs prhnesg quh kbs hjprhsbs blbkenhl b sus ngjphteigrhs
bsê ngjg b sus nkehlths bntubkhs y pgthlnebkhs. _brb ihsbrrgkkbr ul
pgse
pgsene
negl
glbj
bjeh
ehlt
ltg
g sh ih
ihah
ah ih
ihth
thrj
rjel
elbr
br ul jb
jbrn
rng
g ih rh`h
rh`hrh
rhln
lneb
eb
jhieblth kb eihlte`enbneþl ihk jhrnbig jhtb y kb lbturbkhzb ih kb
ngjphthlneb, y kgs pultgs ih pbreibi y ie`hrhlneb hl bsgnebneglhs
ih kb jbrnb.

Kbs bs
Kbs bsgn
gneb
ebne
negl
glhs
hs ih
ihkk pu
pult
ltg
g ih pbpbre
reib
ibi
i ih kb nbth
nbthmg
mgrê
rêb
b sg
sgl
l
bsgnebneg
bsgnebneglhs
lhs quh kgs nglsu
nglsujeigr
jeigrhs
hs ngls
nglseihrb
eihrbl
l lhnh
lhnhsbreb
sbrebjhlt
jhlth
h
ulb
ulb g`
g`hr
hrtb
tb ih pr
prgi
giun
untg
tgss kh
khme
metetejb
jb y nrhê
nrhêak
akh
h hl ul
ulb
b nb
nbth
thmg
mgrêb
rêb
ihthrjelbib. Kbs bsgnebneglhs ihk pultg ih pbreibi ngjphtetevg
sgl bquhkkbs quh hstâl ieshòbibs pbrb elvbkeibr kgs pultgs ih
ie`hrhlneb ih kb ngjphthlneb g pbrb suphrbr kbs ihaekeibihs g
vuklhrbaekeibihs phrneaeibs
phrneaeibs ih kb jbrnb (Dgtkhr y Dhkkhr 1?21).

^HNNEÞL 3. _QHNEG
 

E. H^YQXNYXQB I
IH
HNNG
G^YG^
Hs hk ngstg quh sh elnurrh iurblth hk prgnhsg ih prhpbrbneþl
ih kb pbpb rhkkhlb. Chjgs nglseihrbig pbrb 2?? pbpbs
rhkkhlbs (ngl rhkkhlg ih pgkkg) y sh rhquehrh kgs semuehlths
elsujgs.

Ybakb >6 _rhsupuhstg ih ngstgs ih prgiunneþl

PBKGQ NBLYEIBI XLEIBI NG^YG

XLEYBQEG QHRXHQEIB IH YGYBK
QXAQG HL ^/. JHIEI
B
JBYHQEB _QEJB   >=.1
_bpb akblnb   2.8 3 Dm 21
Cbrelb   1 2 dm 1
Bnheth   0 1 Ketrgs 21
21

Cuhvgs   ?.> 2? Xleibi >

pgkkg   = 2 D
Dmm =
^bk   2.1 2 Agksb 2.1
JBLG IH GAQB   20
Ngnelhrgs   ?.20 2?? Xleibi 20
MB^YG^   >=
ELIEQHNYG^
Mbs   >= 2 >=
NG^YG YGYBK  
_BQB 2?? XLI.
5?.1
  @uhlth6 _rgpeb

EE. H^YQXNYX
H^YQXNYXQB
QB IH _QHNEG
_QHNEG U JÂQMHLH^
JÂQMHLH^ IH MBLBL
MBLBLNEB
NEB

Hk prhneg ih kbs pbpbs rhkkhlbs shrâ ih bnuhrig bk ngstg ih

pr
prgi
giun
unne
neþl
þl,, hs ih
ihne
ner,
r, th
thle
lehl
hlig
ig hl nuhl
nuhltb
tb kg
kgss prhn
prhneg
egss ih kg
kgss
elsujgs quh vb b utekezbr hl kb prgiunneþl ih kb pbpb rhkkhlb. Hk
prhneg ih vhltbs vbrebrb shmöl hk prgiuntg g`rhneig, pbrb kkhmbr bk
ngls
nglsuj
ujei
eigr
gr,, phrg
phrg ng
ngl
l ul vb
vbkg
kgrr bm
bmrh
rhmb
mbig
ig qu
quh
h sb
sbtetes`
s`bm
bmb
b bk
nglsujeigr.
 

Hs bsê quh hk prhneg ih luhstrg prgiuntg ablihrb hs ih s/. 2.??, b

ngltelubneþl sh ihtbkkb kgs prhnegs ih kgs ie`hrhlths prgiuntgs quh

g`rhnhjgs6
Xlb pbpb rhkkhlb ngl rhkkhlg ih quhsg s/2.8?
Xlb pbpb rhkkhlb ngl rhkkhlg ih pgkkg s/2.??
Xlb pbpb rhkkhlb ngl rhkkhlg ih nbrlh rhs s/2.??

  Ybakb ?96 Jbrmhl ih mblblneb

NG^YG YGYBK  
_BQB 2??

XLEIBIH^
Elmrhsgs   2??
Ngstg tgtbk   5?.1
Jbrmhl ih 5.3
Mblblneb
  @uhlth6 _rgpeb

EE
EEE.
E. NG
NGJ_
J_BQ
BQBN
BNEÞ
EÞL
L IH
IH _
_QH
QHNE
NEG^
G^ NG
NGL
L KB
KB N
NGJ
GJ_H
_HYH
YHLN
LNEB
EB
Luhstrb hjprhsb ngjpeth ngl6
- Jhrnbig
-  Bjaukblths
- _bpetbs abribkhs
- _bpetbs ih Dbtnel
 

  Ybakb ?86 Jbrmhl ih mblblneb

NGJ_BQBNEÞL IH _QHNEG^ NGL KB NGJ_HYHLNEB

GYQB^ HJ_QH^B^ QH^YBXQBLYH _B―

KKHLBQ ‚

HJ_QH^B _QHNE _QGIXNYG _QHNEG ^/.

G ^/.
Jhrnbig - Xlb pbpb rhkkhlb 2
ngl rhkkhlg ih
quhsg
Bjaukblths 2 Xlb pbpb rhkkhlb 2
ngl rhkkhlg ih pgkkg
_bpbs 2 Xlb pbpb rhkkhlb 2
Abribkhs ngl rhkkhlg ih
nbrlh rhs
_bpetbs ih 2 Gtrgs 2
Dbtnel

  @uhlth6 _rgpeb

EP
EP.. JÂ
JÂQM
QMHL
HLH^
H^ IH
IH NGJ
NGJHQ
HQNE
NEBK
BKEV
EVBN
BNEÞ
EÞL
L IH KG^
KG^ NBL
NBLBK
BKH^
H^
IH PHLYB
 Nblbkhs.- Kb hjprhsb sgkg thlirâ ngjg nblbk ih iestreauneþl,
kb jesj
jesjb
b hjpr
hjprhs
hsb
b (i
(ier
erhn
hntg
tg)) qu
queå
eål
l sh hlnb
hlnbrm
rmbr
brâ
â qu
quh
h hk
prgiuntg kkhmuh bk nglsujeigr `elbk.
 Ngahrturb.- ^h nuarerâl tgigs kgs kumbrhs b kgs quh sh puhih
kkhmbr4 hl hsphnebk _bnbsjbyg, hvhltgs sgnebkhs, bsê ngjg

pgr hlnbrmg pbrb hvhltgs.

 

Kgs hkhjhltgs quh cbnhl quh hsth prgiuntg thlmb vhltbfb

ngjphtetevb6
- Kb ie`hrhlnebneþl hl hltrhmb `elbk ihk prgiuntg6  Kb hltrhmb
ih luhstrg prgiuntg sh rhbkezbrb hl prântengs pkbtetgs, hstg
`bneketbrb bk nglsujeigr.
- Kb ieie`h
`hrh
rhln
lneb
ebne
neþl
þl ih
ihkk phrs
phrsglglbkbk66  ^hk
^hkhnn
hnnegl
eglbrh
brhjgs
jgs bk
phrsglbk eiþlhg shmöl hk phr`ek ihk nbrmg, y shrâl nbpbnetbigs
nglstblthjhlth pbrb arelibr ulb jhfgr bthlneþl bk nkehlth.
- Kb ie`hr
ie`hrhlneb
hlnebneþl
neþl ihk prgiuntg66  G`r
prgiuntg G`rhnh
hnhrhj
rhjgs
gs kbs pb
pbpbs
pbs
rhkkhlbs ngl ie`hrhlths rhkkhlgs, quh kb ngjphthlneb lg kg
rhbkezb.
- Kb ie`hrhlnebneþl ihk shrveneg6 Ngl ulb bthlneþl hsjhrbib,
bjbakh, y hltrhmb râpeib ngl ul elthrvbkg ih 2 b 8 jelutgs.

P. IH^
H^NNXH
XHLY
LYG^
G^ LG _QGJG
GJGNEGNEGLBK
LBKH^
Kgs ihsnuhltgs sgl ulb vbkegsb chrrbjehltb quh elnhltevb kb
ngjprb ih ihthrjelbig shrveneg g prgiuntg, rbzþl pgr kb
nubk sgl hjpkhbigs ngl mrbl `rhnuhlneb ihltrg ihk jhrnbig.
Hl hsth nbsg lg sh rhbkezbl ihsnuhltgs prgjgneglbkhs le
ihsn
ihsnuh
uhlt
ltgs
gs lg pr
prgj
gjgn
gneg
eglb
lbkh
khss hs pg
pgrr sh
shrr ul lh
lhmg
mgnneg
trbieneglbk.

PE. NGLYQGK IH
IH _Q
_QHNEG^
Hk ng
nglt
ltrg
rgkk ih pr
prhn
hneg
egss ih lu
luhs
hstr
trg
g prgi
prgiun
untg
tg sh ib ngngll kb
`elbkeibi ih jblthlhr kb iespgleaekeibi ih kbs pbpbs rhkkhlbs
pbrb
pbrb kg
kgss ngls
nglsuj
ujei
eigr
grhs
hs,, y hv
hvetb
etbrr el
elnr
nrhj
hjhl
hltg
tgss ih prhn
prhneg
eg
iurblth phregigs ih hsnbshz, htn. Gtrb `grjb ih hfhnutbr 
luhstrg ngltrgk ih prhnegs nglsesth hl kb `efbneþl ih prhnegs
jâxejgs g prhnegs jêlejgs ih luhstrg prgiuntg.

PEE. NGLIENEGLH^ IH
IH _B
_BMG
 

Kbs ngl
ngliene
ieneg
glh
lhss ih pb
pbmg
mg sg
sgl
l kg
kgss tårj
tårjel
elg
gs ih pbm
bmg
g
bngr
bngrib
ibig
igss hl
hltr
trh
h ul vh
vhli
lihi
higr
gr y ul ng
ngjp
jprb
rbig
igrr pg
pgrr ul
elthrnbjaeg ngjhrnebk.

Hl hs
hsth
th nb
nbsg
sg lg
lgsg
sgtr
trgs
gs ng
ngls
lsei
eihr
hrbj
bjgs
gs kg
kgss sem
emue
uehl
hlth
thss
bsphntgs6

g Nþjg sh vb b h`hntubr hk pbmg ih kb gphrbneþl.

Hk pbmg sh rhbkezbrâ bk ngltbig, y hl h`hntevg.
g Nuâlig sh vb b h`hntubr.
Hl kb jesjb `hncb y cgrb ih nglsujg ihk prgiuntg.

PEEE. @ELBLNEBJEHLYG
Hk `elblnebjehltg shrâ prgpeg ih kb hjprhsb ‛pb kkhlbr‚
Hstg rhquehrh rhnurrer b sus prgpegs bntevgs pbrb `elblnebr kb
hjprhsb y shmuer cbneåligkg ih bnuhrig ngl kbs utekeibihs
quh kb hjprhsb mhlhrh iurblth kgs bògs ih `ulneglbjehltg.

ES.
ES. ELPH
ELPH^Y
^YEM
EMBN
BNEG
EGL
LH^ _QHPE
QHPEB^
B^
_brb pgihl hstbakhnhr ul prhneg b luhstrg prgiuntg tuvejgs
quh rhbkezbr elvhstembneglhs prhvebs bk kblzbjehltg yb quh
tu
tuve
vejg
jgss qu
quh
h ng
ngls
lsei
eihr
hrbr
br hk prhn
prhneg
eg ih
ihkk jhrn
jhrnbi
big
g y ih kb
ngjphthlneb, pbrb pgihr g`rhnhr b luhstrgs ngjhlsbkhs ul
prgiuntg bk bknblnh ih sus agksekkgs.
U bi
bihj
hjâs
âs by
byui
uib
b b qu
quh
h lu
luhs
hstr
trgs
gs nk
nkeh
ehlt
lths
hs lg sg
sgkg
kg lg
lgss
pr
prh`
h`eh
ehrb
rbl
l pgr kb nbkeib
keibi
i y sbag
agrr sel
elg
g tbja
tbjaeå
eål
l pgr kb
bnnhseaekeibi jglhtbreb.

S. H^YQBYHMEB^ I
IH
H JB
JBQDHYELM

Kb `grjb pbrb kkhmbr b luhstrgs nkehlths shrâ jhieblth kb

puakeneibi, b trbvås ih luhstrg nbrthk uaenbig hl kb hltrbib
ih luhstrg kgnbk hl hk nubk sh ihtbkkbl kgs bnnhseakhs prhnegs
ih luhstrgs prgiuntgs y bk bknblnh ih tgigs, gtrb `grjb ih
 

pr
prgj
gjgn
gneg
eglb
lbrr lu
luhs
hstrg
trg pr
prgi
giun
untg
tg sh
shrâ
râ jh
jhie
iebl
blth
th kb
kbss rhih
rhihss
sgnebkhs.

Ngjg tbjaeål pgirêbjgs cbnhr kb puakeneibi b trbvås ih

vgkb
vgkblt
lths
hs,, ng
ngl
l hk jhls
jhlsbf
bfh
h ih lu
luhs
hstr
trg
g prgi
prgiun
untg
tg ih su
suss
ie`hrhlths prhshltbneglhs.
Kgs vgkblths sh rhpbrterâl hl kbs zglbs jâs nglnurreibs pgr 
kbs phrsglbs y hl kbs zglbs bkhibòbs bk kgnbk ih vhltb.

^HNNEÞL 56 IE^YQEAXNEÞL

5.2_ultg ih Phltbs6

Hk öleng pultg ih vhltb quhib uaenbig hl ^ekvb ^bltesthabl

L¿910-_bnbsjbyg nhrnb bk gvbkg ^bl Jbrtel y sh nbrbnthrezb
pgrquh tehlh ul tgkig lhmrg pbrb ibr sgjarb b sus nkehlths.

  5.1. Nblbkhs ih Iestreauneþl6

Nblbk Ierhntg6 kb prgpeb hjprhsb `barenblth sh hlnbrmb ih

cbnhr kkhmbr su prgiuntg bk nkehlth `elbk
`e lbk sel elthrjhiebregs.

5.>. Qhkbneglhs ngl kgs nblbkhs6

 

Hk `barenblth vhlih ierhntbjhlth hk prgiuntg bk nglsujeigr 

`elbk,
`elbk, lg hxesth
hxesthl
l elthrj
elthrjhie
hiebre
bregs,
gs, pg
pgrr kg tbltg,
tbltg, hk prgiun
prgiuntgr 
tgr 
ihshjphòb kb jbygr pbrth ih kbs `ulneglhs ih
jhrnbigthn
jhrnbigthnleb6
leb6 ngjh
ngjhrnebk
rnebkezbn
ezbneþl,
eþl, trbls
trblspgrth
pgrth y bkjbn
bkjbnhlbf
hlbfh,
h,
hltrh gtrgs. Bsê, hstb
hstb nbihlb ih
ih iestreauneþl ierhntb
ierhntb ejpkenb kb

vhltb nbrb b nbrb y vhltb glkelh, phrg lg ejpkenb b lelmöl gtrg

iestreaueigr bihjâs ihk prgiuntgr gremelbk.
5.9. Kgmêstenb elthrlb y hxthrlb6

Kb kgmêstenb elthrlb6 sþkg hs mhsteglbr hk ngltrgk ihk stgnd

Kgmêst
Kgmêstenb
enb hxt
hxthrl
hrlb6
b6 pbupår
pbupårrej
rejb
b yb qu
quh
h lg tehlh
tehlh jgv
jgvekei
ekeibi
bi
prgpeb pbrb bthlihr b phieigs ngl rbpeihz.

5.8. Mhsteþl ih elvhltbregs6

Ihthrjelbneþl
Ihthrjelbn eþl ih jåtgig
jåtgig ih rhmestrg
rhmestrg nglv
nglvhlneg
hlneglbk
lbk pbrb
ihsbrrgkkbr jåtgig ih ngltrgk.
Kgs gafhtevgs `ulibjhltbkhs ih kb mhsteþl ih elvhltbregs sgl6
 
 Qhiuner bk jêlejg "pgseakh" kgs levhkhs ih hxesthlnebs y
  Bshmurbr kb iespgleaekeibi ih hxesthlnebs (prgiuntg
thrjelbig, prgiuntg hl nursg, jbthreb prejb, elsujg,
htn.) hl hk jgjhltg fustg.

5.0. Bkjbnhlbjehltg6
^h bkjbnhlb kgs prgiuntgs hl kb pbrth trbshrb ihk kgnbk, hk
jbêz
jbêz jg
jgrb
rbig
ig hl ul bj
bjae
aehl
hlth
th vh
vhlt
ltekekbi
big
g y kb
kbss pb
pbpb
pbss hl
nglthlhigrhs ngl bmub. Bsê jesjg, sh tehlh ul ârhb ngl ul
rh`remhrbigr pbrb kgs elsujgs ih kbs nrhjbs y gtrgs quh sh
lhnhsethl pbrb hkbagrbr hsth prgiuntg.
 

5.=. Yrblspgrth6
^gkg sh utekezb trblspgrth ih elsujgs y jbthreb prejb ihk
jhrnb
jhrnbig
ig cbneb
cbneb hk bkjbn
bkjbnål
ål quh sh hln
hlnuhl
uhltrb
trb hl hk jesjg
nhltrg ih kbagrhs
5.3 Elvhstembneglhs prhvebs6

Lg sh hlnuhltrb rhmestrbib hl kb hjprhsb lelmulb

elvhstembneþl prhveb hl rh`hrhlneb b iestreauneþl ihk prgiuntg.
5.5. Hstrbthmebs ih jbrdhtelm6
Hstrbthmeb ih iestreauneþl hxnkusevb
Hstb hstrbthmeb tehlh ngjg absh kb iestreauneþl hl ul öleng
pultg ih vhltb, ih jblhrb tgtbkjhlth hxnkusevb. Ybltg, quh
el
elnk
nkus
usg
g hk iest
iestre
reau
auei
eigr
gr lg pu
puhi
hih
h vh
vhli
lihr
hr prgi
prgiun
untg
tgss ih kb
ngjphthlneb. Hs ulb auhlb chrrbjehltb pbrb ie`hrhlnebr hk
prgiuntg hl hk jhrnbig y ibrkh ul pgseneglbjehltg ih kufg y

prhstemeg b kb jbrnb.

  ^HNNEÞL 2?. NGJXLENBNEÞL

2. _uakeneibi
Kb hjprhsb, utekezb puakeneibi trbieneglbk ngjg kb thkhveseþl y
rbieg, bihjâs tbjaeål usbl ablhrs y rhihs sgnebkhs, sehlig kb
thkhveseþl y kbs rhihs sgnebkhs kgs jâs `rhnuhlths. ^h g`rhnhl
tgigs kgs prgiuntgs b iespgseneþl ihk nglsujeigr.
1. _rgjgneþl
Kbss pr
Kb prgj
gjgn
gneg
eglh
lhss quh
quh ib kb hj
hjpr
prhs
hsb
b b su
suss nk
nkeh
ehlt
lths
hs,, sg
sgl
l
blulnebigs jhieblth sus rhihs sgnebkhs, thkhveseþl, iblig b
nglgnhr kbs vbrehibihs quh g`rhnhl hl hk iêb b ul prhneg jâs
nþjgig pbrb nhkharbr iesteltbs `hncbs bkusevbs yb shb b kb
hjprhsb g b kb ngjuleibi.
>. Qhkb
Qhkbne
negl
glhs
hs pöak
pöaken
enbs
bs
Kb hjprhsb pgihjgs ihner quh nuhltb ngl kgs nglgnejehltgs
sgarh jbrdhtelm, hstg kh byuib b pgseneglbrsh ngjg hjprhsb y
pgihr hstbakhnhrsh jhfgr hl hk jhrnbig.
9. Phltb
Phltb phrsgl
phrsglbk
bk y hque
hquepg
pg ih vh
vhltb
ltbss
 

Kbs vhltbs quh sh ibl sgl hxnkusevbjhlth ih igs jblhrbs, yb

shb ierhntbjhlth g ihkevhry, cbnhjgs hstg ngl hk `el ih quh hk
nkehlth sh sehltb jâs b mustg ngl kb hjprhsb y puhib nglgnhr 
tbjaeål kb nbkeibi ihk prgiuntg quh nglsujh.
8. Jbr
Jbrdht
dhtelm
elm ierhnt
ierhntg
g

Luhstrb hjprhsb hk öleng ngltbntg ierhntg quh sh tehlh hs ngl

hk nglsujeigr y hs ngl rhsphntg b kbs vhltbs phrsglbkhs yb
blths jhlneglbibs.
0. Jhrn
rnc
cbli
blies
esel
elm
m6
_gih
_gihjg
jgss ih
ihne
nerr quh
quh se nglt
ngltbj
bjgs
gs ng
ngl
l hs
hsth
th pu
pult
ltg,
g, yb qu
quh
h
lgsgtrgs arelibjgs kgs prgiuntgs ih auhlb nbkeibi, y hstg kg
rhethrb kb jblhrb hl ngjg uaenbjgs kbs pbpbs, y kgs abteigs bk
gfg ihk nkehlth, pbrb quh hkkgs puhibl vhr hk prgiuntg bk shrver y
shr kkhvbig b su jhsb.

=. Qhihs y wha6
Kb ejpg
ejpgrtb
rtbln
lneb
eb ih kb
kbss rh
rhih
ihss el
el`k`kuy
uyh
h ju
junc
ncg
g hl kb vhlt
vhltb
b y
pgseneglbjehltg quh quhrbjgs hstbakhnhr ngjg hjprhsb blth
kb sg
sgne
nehi
hibi
bi,, y pu
puhs
hs ng
nglt
ltbj
bjgs
gs ngl pâme
pâmelb
lbss wh
wha,
a, ig
igli
lih
h
g`rhnhjgs kbs ie`hrhlths prhshltbneglhs y prgiuntgs quh sh
puhihl
puhihl biquerer hl luhs
luhstrg
trg kgnbk g yb shb ih jblhrb ihkevhry
ihkevhry,,
kkbjblig.
  cttps6//wha.`bnhaggd.ngj/pbkkhlbr/
 

2. Hlig
Hligjb
jbrd
rdht
htel
elm6
m6

Ngltbjgs ngl bkmulbs hstrbthmebs6

- Cbnhr nhlbs hltrh kgs trbabfbigrhs

- Juncb ngjulenbneþl ih pbrth ih kgs iuhògs b kgs trbabfbigrhs

- _gihr nrhbr ulb nglvhrsbneþl prhveb bk hjphzbr kb kbagr, ihk

aehlhstbr ihk trbabfbigr 

Nglseihrbjgs quh hs ul pultg juy ejpgrtblth pgrquh sh tehlh

quh vbkgrbr hk tbkhltg cujblg.

1. Elvhst
Elvhstemb
embneg
neglhs
lhs p
prhv
rhvebs
ebs 6
Hs lhnhsbreg quh sh cbmb sehjprh ulb elvhstembneþl prhveb yb
shb bk kgnbk y kgs prgiuntgs quh sh vbl b arelibr blths ih kb
cgrb ihk trbabfg, pgr jgtevg ih thlhr tgig b kb jblg y quh lg

cbmb `bktb hl hk jgjhltg, hstg byuib b quh hk nkehlth thlmb

auhlb phrnhpneþl ihk kumbr bk quh hstâ yhlig y ihk prgiuntg.
Kb grmblezbneþl tehlh quh vhr juncg hl ngjg hk nkehlth th
gashrvb.

>. Hst
Hstrb
rbthm
thmebs
ebs ih jbrdht
jbrdhtelm
elm

Hstrbthmeb `ulneglbk(JBQDHYELM JES)6

Hk jbrdhtelm jex hstâ `grjbig pgr kbs semuehlths vbrebakhs6

- _rgiuntg6  _bpbs rhkkhlbs(quhsg, nbrlh jgkeib, htn) , fumgs y

abteigs
- _rhneg6  jg
jgie
ie`e`enb
nbne
neþl
þl ih prhn
prhneg
egs,
s, hs
hsnb
nbkb
kbss ih ihsn
ihsnuh
uhlt
ltgs
gs,,
nglieneglhs ih pbmg, htn
- Iestreauneþl6 hl luhstrg prgpeg kgnbk, ihkevhrys.
- Ngjulenbneþl6 puakeneibi jhieblth rhihs, thkhveseþl y rbiegs.
9. _rhsu
_rhsupuh
puhstg
stg ih ngjul
ngjulenb
enbneþ
neþl
l
Ybakb ?06 _rhsupuhstg ih ngjulenbneþl

X^G _QH^X_
XH^YG
 

QBIE 3?
G
YHKH 21?
PE^EÞ
L
PGKB 2??
LYH^
YGYB >??
K
Ybakb ?86 _rgpeb

22. Qhsuktbigs @elblnehrgs

2.Cepþthses6
-
Ihnejgs
hjprhsb quh
sgl6 kg quh pgirêb b`hntbr hl ulgs bògs b luhstrb
Kb ngjphthlneb6 luhvgs prgiuntgs , jbs ellgvbigrhs, jbs
puakeneibi, jhfgr uaenbneþl.
_rgiuntgs6 pgr hk bkzb ih prhnegs, hs kg quh puhih bkthrbr.
1.Qhsuktbigs6
- Elvhrseþl hl bntevgs `efgs tblmeakhs h eltblmeakhs6
ELPHQ^EÞL HL BNYEPG^ @EFG^ YBLMEAKH^
  PBKGQ XLEIBI XLEIBI IH
QXAQG   NG^YG YGYBK
XLEYBQEG QHRXHQEIBI JHIEIB
El`rbhstrunturb - - - -

  8>?
Jbquelbre y/g hquepgs
Ngnelb eliustrebk   >?? 2 Xleibi >??
Abkblzb   38 2 Xleibi 38
Kenubigrb   298 2 Xleibi 298
Chrrbjehltbs y
  21?3
uthlnekegs
Gkkb   58 > Xleibi 138
Xle`grjh pbrb hk   8? 1 Xleibi 2??
phrsglbk ih vhltbs
^brthl   >8 1 Xleibi =?
Nuncbrgl   18 1 Xleibi 8?
Abkih   1? > Xleibi 0?
 

Ablihfbs   98 8 Xleibi 118

Abkþl ih mbs   21? 2 Xleibi 21?
_rhlsbigrb   3? 1 Xleibi 20?
Nuncbrbs > >0 Xleibi 2?3
Nuncekkgs   2? > Xleibi >?
Juhakhs y hlshrhs 0>?
Ablquetgs   2? 0 Xleibi 0?
^ekkbs   28 20 Xleibi 19?
Jhsbs   88 0 Xleibi >>?
YGYBK IH BNYEPG @EFG
  1>03
YBLMEAKH
 
ELPHQ^EÞL HL BNYEPG^ @EFG^ ELYBLMEAKH^
Kenhlneb ih
`ulneglbjehltg y 91? 2 Ignujhltg 91?
bvesgs
Nbrlht sbletbreg 18 2 Ignujhltg 18
YGYBK IH BNYEPG @EFG
  998
ELYBLMEAKH

YGYBK
HLIH ELPHQ^EÞL  
BNYEPG^ 132>

- Ihprhnebneþl ih kgs hquepgs6

IH_QHNEBNEÞL IH KG^ HRXE_G^

  PBKGQ IH PEIB ÖYEK YB^B IH IH_QHNEBNEÞL

BNYEPG @EFG
NGJ_QB (BÒG^) IH_QH^EBNEÞL BLXBK
Jbquelbreb y/g
hquepg 8>? 8 ?.9 121
Chrrbjehltbs 21?3 9 ?.8 0?9
Juhakhs y hlshrhs 0>? 8 ?.9 181
YGYBK 1>03 2?03

- Phltbs lhtbs6
_QGIXNYG   NBLYEIBI _QHNEG YGYBK
 ^/ ^/
PHLYB^ AQXYB^ >0??? 2.?? >0,???.??
 ^/ ^/
IHPGKXNEGLH^ 19? 2.?? 19?.??
 ^/ ^/
QHABFB^ 0? 2.?? 0?.??
^/
YGYBK >8,31?.??
 

- Elmrhsgs y mbstgs gphrbneglbkh

gphrbneglbkhs6
s6
MB^YG^ G_HQBNEGLBKH^
MB^YG^ IH
BIJELE^YQBNEGL NBLYEIBI _QHNEG
KGNBK   ?   ^/ -
MB^YG^ IH PHLYB^  
NG^YG^ IH PHLYB^   >0???   ^/ 18,1??.??
IE^YQEAXNEGL   8??   ^/ 2,???.??
YGYBK ^/ 10,1??.??

ELMQH^G^ G_HQBNEGLBKH^
AEHLH^ NBLYEIBI _QHNEG
_B_B^ PHLIEIB^   >0???   ^/ >0,???.??
^HQPENEG^  
IHKEPHQU   8??   ^/ 8??.??
YGYBK ^/ >0,8??.??

- Elmrhsg y mbstgs lg gphrbneglbkhs6

MB^YG^ LG G_HQBNEGLBKH^
ELYHQH^ ^GLQH IELHQG
_QH^YBIG NBLYEIBI _QHNEG
_QH^YBJG^   ?   ^/ -
QHGQMBLEVBNEGL IH KB
 
HJ_QH^B
NHLB^   8   ^/ =8?.??
QHXLEGLH^   8   ^/ 18?.??
YGYBK ^/ 2,???.??

ELMQH^G^ LG G_HQBNEGLBKH^
NGJ_KHJHLYG^ NBLYEIBI _QHNEG
BMXB^   >8?   ^/ =??.??
MB^HG^B^   18?   ^/ 018.??
FXMG^   0??   ^/ 2,1??.??
YGYBK ^/ 1,818.??

- Xtekeibi blth ejpuhstgs6

XYEKEIBI IH EJ_XH^YG^
IHXIB^   _QHNEG YGYBK
KXV ^/ 1?.?? ^/ 19?.??
BMXB ^/ 1?.?? ^/ 19?.??
 

YH
YHKH
KH@G
@GLG
LG^^ ^/ 9?
9?.?
.??
? ^/ 9393?.
?.??
??
GYQG^ ^/ 2?.?? ^/ 21?.??
YGYBK ^/ 2,?3?.??

-  Bntevgs6
BNYEPG
  NBLYEIBI _QHNEG YGYBK
El`rbhstrunturb ? ^/ - ^/ -
Jbqu
quel
elbr
bree y/
y/g
g hqu
quep
epg
gs ^/ 8>?.?
>?.??
?
Ngnelb eliustrebk 2 ^/ >??.?? ^/ >??.??
 ^/ ^/
Abkblzb 2 38.?? 38.??
Kenubigrb 2 ^/ 298.?? ^/ 298.??
 ^/

Gkkbs > 58.??

 ^/ ^/ 138.??
Xle`grjh pbrb phrsglbk 1 8?.?? ^/ 2??.??
 ^/ ^/
sbrthl 1 >8.?? =?.??
 ^/ ^/
nuncbrgl 1 18.?? 8?.??
 ^/ ^/
abkih > 1?.?? 0?.??
 ^/
ablihfbs 8 98.?? ^/ 118.??
abkgl ih mbs 2 ^/ 21?.?? ^/ 21?.??
 ^/
prhlsbigrb 1 3?.?? ^/ 20?.??
 ^/
nuncbrbs >0 >.?? ^/ 2?3.??
 ^/ ^/
nuncekkgs > 2?.?? >?.??
juhakhs y hlshrhs ^/ 0>?.??
 ^/ ^/
ablquetgs 0 2?.?? 0?.??
 ^/
sekkbs 20 28.?? ^/ 19?.??
 ^/
jhsbs 0 88.?? ^/ >>?.??
kenhlneb y bvesgs 2 ^/ 91
91?.?? ^/ 9
91
1?.??
 ^/ ^/

nbrlht sbletbreg 2 18.?? 18.??

 ^/
YGYBK >,5=>.??
 

- _bsevgs6
_B^EPG
IHXIB^   _QHNEG YGYBK
KXV ^/ 1?.?? ^/ 19?.??
BMXB ^/ 1?.?? ^/ 19?.??
YH
YHKH
KH@G
@GLG
LG^^ ^/ 9?.?
9?.??
? ^/ 93?.
93?.??
??
GYQG^ ^/ 2?.?? ^/ 21?.??
YGYBK ^/ 2,?3?.??

-  Bntevgs nernukblths6
nernukblths6

BNYEPG^ NEQNXKBLYH^
AEHLH^ NBLYEIBI _QHNEG
_B_B^ >0??? ^/ >0,???.??
BMXB^ >8?   ^/ =??.??
MB^HG^B^ 18?   ^/ 018.??
FXMG^ 0??   ^/ 2,1??.??
YGYBK ^/ >3,818.??

- _bsevgs nernukblths6
_B^EPG^ NEQNXKBLYH^
IHXIB^   _QHNEG YGYBK
KXV ^/ 1?.?? ^/ 19?.??
BMXB ^/ 1?.?? ^/ 19?.??
YH
YHKH
KH@G
@GLG
LG^^ ^/ 9?
9?.?
.??
? ^/ 93?.
93?.??
??
GYQG^ ^/ 2?.?? ^/ 21?.??
YGYBK ^/ 2,?3?.??
 

22.> Hstbig ih Mblblnebs y _årieibs

H^YBIG IH MBLBLNEB^ U _ÅQIEIB^ IH _B' KKHLBQ

Phltbs  
(+)
(+) Phlt
Phltbsbs bk Ngl
gltbtbig
ig ^/.
^/. 8,??
8,???.
?.??
??
(+)
(+) Phl
Phltbs
tbs bk Nr
Nrååietg
ietg ^/.
^/. 2??.
2??.??
??
Ygtbk Phltbs ^/. 8,2??.??
8,2??.??
Ngstg ih Phltbs  
(+)
(+) El
Elvh
vhlt
ltbr
breg
eg El
Elen
eneb
ebkk ^/.
^/. 8
8,,2??.
2??.??
??
(+) Mbstgs
Mbstgs iurblt
iurblthh hk _hregi
_hregig
g ^/. 2,=??.
2,=??.????

(-) Elvhltbreg @elbk ^/

^/.. 9,0?
0??
?.??
Ygtbk Ngstg ih Phltbs ^/. 1,1??.??
1,1??.??
Xkeibi Arutb   ^/. 1,5??.??
Mbstgs Mhlhrbkhs   ^/. 2,=??.??
Xkeibi Gphrbvb   ^/. 2,1??.??
Ejpuhstgs   ^/. 2??.??
Xkeibi Lhtb   ^/. 2,2??.??
Ieveihligs   ^/. 2,???.??
Xkeibihs Qhthleibs   ^/. 2??.??

22.9 Blâkeses ih rhtgrlg ih kb elvhrseþl

Hk bnrþlejg QGE (Qhturl gl Elvhstjhlt) cbnh rh`hrhlneb b kb jåtrenb quh hxprhsb kb
rhkbneþl hltrh kg elvhrteig hl ul lhmgneg y hk ahlh`eneg gathleig prgvhlehlth ih iencb
elvhrseþl. ^uhkh utekezbrsh b jhluig pbrb nbke`enbr se kb elvhrseþl vbkh kb phlb ihsih
hk pultg ih vestb `elblnehrg.
Hs ihner, hk QGE hs ulb jåtrenb mhlhrbk ihk phr`grjblnh `elblnehrb ih tu lhmgneg
eihlte`enblig se tu prgiuntg g shrveneg hs rhbkjhlth rhltbakh y se kbs hstrbthmebs ih
jbrdhtelm utekezbibs hstâl elnkusg trbyhlig kgs rhsuktbigs hsphrbigs.
_brb nbknukbr hk QGE kh rhstbs bk vbkgr tgtbk ih kb elvhrseþl hk vbkgr gathleig, y ieveihs
hsh tgtbk hltrh hk vbkgr ih kb elvhrseþl luhvbjhlth.

15?? ∑21??
22??
2=??
22??
 

289%
Hk QGE hs ih 289% y hs ul auhl löjhrg pbrb kb hjprhsb quh rhneål hstâ
ngjhlzblig
 

21. _kblhs ih bnneþl

21.2. Nrglgmrbjb ih bnteveibihs, rhspglsbakhs,
rhspglsbakhs, rhnursgs, elienbigrhs ih ngltrgk.

FXKEG IHK 1?25 BMG^YG IHK 1?25

L
     g      g      g      g      g      g      g      g      g      g      g      g      g      g      g      g
         k
     u
      F
       k
     u
      F
       k
     u
      F
       k
     u
      F
       k
     u
      F
       k
     u
      F
       k
     u
      F
       k
     u
      F
       k
     u
      F
       k
     u
      F
       k
     u
      F
       k
     u
      F
       k
     u
      F
       k
     u      g
      F      m
     g      g      g      g      g      g      g      g      m      m      m      m      m      m      m      m      m      m      m      m      m      m      m      m
     m      m      m      m      m      m      m      m       B       B       B       B       B       B       B       B       B       B       B       B       B       B       B       B
   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -       B       B       B       B       B       B       B       B       B    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -
¿ BN
BNYEP
YEPEIB
EIBI I       3
      2
      5
      2
      ?
      1
      2
      1
      1
      1
      >
      1
      9
      1
      8
      1
      0
      1
      =
      1
      3
      1
      5
      1
      ?
      >
      2    -
      >       2
   -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -       ?       2       1       >       9       8       0       =       3       5       ?       2       1       >       9       8
      1       >       9       8       0       =       3       5       2       2       2       2       2       2       2       2       2       2       1       1       1       1       1       1

Gashrvbneþ
2 l
Ngjpbrbneþ
1 l
Elvhsmbneþ
> l
Jble`hstbne
glhs
9 `grjbkhs
Blâkeses
( Elmrhsgs y
8 hmrhsgs)
Nglrjbneþ
0 l
Ngjprb ih
luhvgs
= prgi
prgiun
untg
tgss
Ejpkhjhltb
negl hl hk
3 ârhb
5 Elsp
Elsphn
hnne
neþl
þl
Nrglgmr 

  Qhspglsbakhs

 Iuhòg ih kb hjprhsb ih pbpbs rhkkhlbs ‛_b― kkhvbr‚.

  Qhnursgs

 Qhnursgs
Qhnursgs Cujblgs6
Cujblgs6  bk ng
nglf
lful
ultg
tg ih kg
kgss hj
hjpk
pkhb
hbig
igss g

ngkbagrbigrhs
ngkbagrbigrhs ih ulb grmblezbneþl
grmblezbneþl,, shntgr
shntgr hngl
hnglþjeng
þjeng g
 g ih
ulb hnglgjêb ngjpkhtb. @rhnuhlthjhlth tbjaeål sh utekezb
pbrb rh`hrersh bk sesthjb g prgnhsg ih mhsteþl quh sh gnupb
ih sh
shkh
khnn
nneg
eglb
lbr,
r, ng
nglt
ltrb
rbtb
tbr,
r, `grj
`grjbr
br,, hj
hjpk
pkhb
hbrr y rhth
rhthlh
lhrr bk
phrs
phrsgl
glbk
bk qu
quh
h kb gr
grmb
mble
lezb
zbne
neþl
þl lh
lhnh
nhse
setb
tb pb
pbrb
rb kg
kgmr
mrbr
br su
suss
gafhtevgs.
  Qhnursgs @elblnehrgs6Hk semle`enbig ih rhnursgs `elblnehrgs
sgl hk nglfultg ih bntevgs `elblnehrgs ih
`elblnehrgs ih ulb hjprhsb quh
nuhltbl ngl ul bktg mrbig ih kequeihz, bihjâs ihk h`hntevg.

Hltrh
Hltrh gtr
gtrbs
bs ng
ngsbs
sbs,, hstgs
hstgs rhn
rhnurs
ursgs
gs `el
`elbln
blnehr
ehrgs
gs sh ngj
ngjpgl
pglhl
hl ih
pr
prås
åstb
tbjg
jgss b th
thrn
rnhr
hrgs
gs,, ie
ielh
lhrg
rg hl h`hntevg,
h`hntevg, ihp
hpþs
þsetetgs
gs hl
hltei
hlteibi
bihs
hs ab
abln
lnbr
breb
ebs,
s, pr
prgp
gpeh
ehib
ibi
i ih bnneglhs 
bnneglhs  y aglgs, y
thlhlneb ih ievesbs, hltrh gtrbs ngsbs.

  Elienbigrhs ih ngltrgk

 ÂQHB IH BNNEÞL
BNNEÞL NBYHMGQÊB IH ELIENBIGQH^
@ELBLVB^    Qhliejehltg ih elvhrseþl
rhbkezbib
 Ybsb ih nrhnejehltg ih
vhltbs pgr shmjhltg ih
nkehlths
 % ih elmrhsgs pgr  
nkehlths rhphteigrhs
 Qhlt
Qh ltba
baekekei
eibi
bi pg
pgrr nb
nbib
ib
prgiuntg
NKEHLYH^    _rgpgrneþl ih vhltbs hl
 ul ihthrjelbig
jhrnbig.
 Pgkujhl ih rhthlneþl ih
nkehlths,

Levhk ih ^btes`bnneþl ih
kgs nkehlths
 Levhk ih Ejbmhl y
rhputbneþl.
 Nbkeibi ih kb hxphrehlneb
ih nglsujg ih kgs
prgiuntgs y shrvenegs.
_QGNH^G^ ELYHQLG^  _rgiunneþl6
 Kgmêstenb6 ngjprbs
 Ngnelb
  Ârhb ih bthlneþl

 Jbrdhtelm
 Ellgvbneþl
@GQJBNEÞL U  Levhk ih ^btes`bnneþl ih
NB_BNEYBNEÞL kgs hjpkhbigs.
 Levhkhs ih prgiunteveibi.
 Elnhltevg

21.1. _rhsupuhstg ih ejpkhjhltbneþl

ejpkhjhltbneþl ih pkblhs ih bnneþl

 Ârhb ih Ihspbncg g B
Bthlneþl
thlneþl bk pöakeng

·Rueål7 ·Ngl quå7 ·Nþjg7 ·_brb quå7

·Nuâlig7
Hstrbthmebs _kbzg (@hncb ih
Eleneg y Qhnursgs
Qhspglsbakh Bnne
Bn negl
glhs
hs Eljh
Eljhie
iebt
btbs
bs Ga
Gafh
fhtev
tevgs
gs
@elbkezbneþl Lhnhsbregs
)
2. Nrhbr g Hstbakhnhr ngstgs
 ellgvbr ngl `elblnehrgs.
luhvgs
luh vgs ies
ieshòg
hògss
Iuhòg ih kb  Btrbhr kb bthlneþl ihk
ih jhsbs, pgths
hjprhsb Cujblgs pöak
pöaken
eng,
g, tblt
tbltg g
g pkbtgs. Ihk ?2 bk >? ih Ngjprbr kgs
ih
pbpbs bmgstg @elblnehrgs
ihk
Jbthrebkhs jbthrebkhs ihk
ihk g prgi
nþj prgiu
hluntg
ntgkb,
1. Ejpkhjhltb 1?25 lhnhsbregs pbrb
rhkkhlbs Yhnlgkþmengs ejpkhjhltbneþl
r jâs jhsbs y kb
 ‛_b― kkhvbr‚ ihk kgnbk.
sekkbs. ejpkhjhltbneþl
.

_rhsupuhstg6
_rgiuntg Nblteibi _rhneg Ygtbk
Jhsbs 0 ^/>?.?? ^/23?.??
^ekkbs 19 ^/21.?? ^/133.??
_gths 2? ^/1.8? ^/18.??
_kbtgs 8? ^/2.8? ^/=8.??

_eltbig pgr jhsb 11 ^/0.?? ^/2>1.??

Membltgmrb`êb 1 ^/28.?? ^/>?.??

YGYBK ^/=>?.??

 Ârhb ih _rgiunneþl

·Rueål7 ·Ngl quå7 ·Nþjg7 ·_brb quå7

·Nuâlig7
Hstrbthmebs _kbzg (@hncb ih
Qhnursgs Bnneglhs
Qhspglsbakh Eleneg y Gafhtevgs
Lhnhsbregs Eljhiebtbs
@elbkezbneþl)
2. Ejpk
Ejpkhj
hjhlhltbtb Hstbakhnhr ngstgs
r ulb `elblnehrgs.
Jbygr rbpeihz bk
ngnelb. jgjhltg
Iuhòg ih kb
Ihk ?2 bk >?Cujblgs
ih ih kb
hjprhsb
1. Ng
Nglt
ltrb
rbtb
tbr 
r  bmgstg @elblnehrgs
ihk ^gkenetbr y/g ausnbr hk bthlneþl.
ih pbpbs
ul byuiblth 1?25 Jbthrebkhs phrsglbk ngl
rhkkhlbs
ih ngnelb. Yhnlgkþmengs kgs Ellgvbr ngl
 ‛_b― kkhvbr‚
rhquhrejehltgs luhvgs
quh sgkenethl prgiuntgs.
 _rhsupuhstg6

_rgiuntg Nblteibi _rhneg Ygtbk

Ngnelb Eliustrebk 2 ^/88?.?? ^/88?.??

_hrgk 1 ^/>?.?? ^/0?.??

 Byuiblth ih ngnelb
ngnelb 2 ^/=8?.?? ^/=8?.??

YGYBK ^/2,>0?.??

^HNNEÞL 2>
QH^XKYBIG^ H^_HQBIG^
2. _QGUHNNEÞL IH KG^ QH^XKYBIG^ H^_HQBIG^ NGL KB
EJ_KHJHLY
EJ_KHJHLYBNEÞL
BNEÞL IHK _KBL IH JBQD
JBQDHYELM
HYELM,, ABFG H^NHLBQE
H^NHLBQEG^6
G^6
_H^EJE^YB, JGIHQBIG U G_YEJE^YB.
2.2. _rhveseþl ih vhltbs
  _rhveseþl ih vhltbs - Gptejestb

Gpjestb Gpjestb

BÒG 1?25 BÒG 1?1?

  ^hjblb Jhs B òg ^hjblb Jhs Bòg
Pesetbs 0?? 19?? 13
133?? Pesetbs   =1? 133? >980?
 _hieigs 21 >0 9>1 _hieigs   19 =1 309
Ygtbk 151>1 Ygtbk >8919

_rhveseþl ih vhltbs
vhlt bs - Gpjestb
Gpjestb
9????

>8???

>????

18???

1????  BÒG 1?25

28???

2????

8???

Pese
Pesetb
tbss _hi
hiei
eig
gs Ygttbk
Yg

  _rhveseþl ih vhltbs - Jgihrbig

Jgihrbig Jgihrbig

BÒG 1?25 BÒG 1?1?

  ^hjblb Jhs Bòg ^hjblb Jhs Bòg
Pesetbs >0? 299? 2=13? Pesetbs   91? 203? 1?20?

_hieigs ? ? ? _hieigs   21 >0 9>1

Ygtbk 2=13? Ygtbk 1?851

_rhveseþl ih vhltbs - Jgihrbig

18???

1????

28???

2????

8???

Pese
Pesetb
tbss _hi
hiei
eig
gs Ygttbk
Yg

  _rhveseþl ih vhltbs - _hsejestb

 _hsejestb _hsejestb

BÒG 1?25 BÒG 1?1?

  ^hjblb Jh Bòg ^hjblb Jhs Bòg

Pesetbs 19? s50? 22

2281? Pesetbs   >?
> ?? 21?? 299??
_hieigs ? ? ? _hieigs   ? ? ?
Ygtbk 2281? Ygtbk   299??
?

_rhveseþl ih vhltbs - _hsejestb

20???
29???
21???
2????

3???
0???
9???
1???
?

Pese
Pesetb
tbss _hi
hiei
eig
gs Ygttbk
Yg

2.1. Elmrhsgs hsphrbigs

ELMQH^G^ H^_HQBIG^
  1?25 1?1?
G_YEJE^YB 151>1 >8919
JGIHQBIG 2=13? 1?
1?851
_H^EJE^YB 2281? 299??
YGYBK 83?>1 =?920
Elmrhsgs hsphrbig
hsph rbigss

YGYBK
3????
0???? _H^EJE^YB
9???? JGIHQBIG
1????
G_YEJE^YB
? 1. E
1?25 1?1?
L
G_YE
G_YEJ
JE^
E^YB
YB JGI
GIHQ
HQBI
BIG
G _H^
H^EJ
EJE^
E^YB
YB YGYB
YGYBKK
 I
ENBIGQH^6

1.2..
1.2 Elienb
Elienbigr
igrhs
hs i
ihh kb
kb se
setub
tubneþ
neþl
l `e
`elb
lblne
lnehrb
hrb ih kkbb hhjpr
jprhsb
hsb

 Bntubkjhlth, hl kb jbygrêb ih kbs hjprhsbs kgs elienbigrhs `elblnehrgs sh

ut
utekekez
ezbl
bl ng
ngjg
jg ch
chrr
rrbj
bjeh
ehlt
ltb
b el
elie
iesp
sphl
hlsb
sbak
akh
h pb
pbrb
rb ih
ihth
thrj
rjel
elbr
br su ng
ngli
lien
eneþ
eþl
l
`elblnehrb4 yb quh b trbvås ih su nâknukg h elthrprhtbneþl sh kgmrb bfustbr hk
ihshj
ihshjphò
phòg
g gphrbt
gphrbtevg
evg ih kb grm
grmble
blezb
zbneþ
neþl
l ph
phrjet
rjetehl
ehlig
ig eihlte
eihlte`en
`enbr
br bqu
bquhkk
hkkbs
bs
ârhbs ih jbygr rhliejehltg y bquhkkbs quh rhquehrhl shr jhfgrbibs.

Hltrh kgs elienbigrhs `elblnehrgs jâs ihstbnbigs y utekezbigs `rhnuhlthjhlth

pbrb
pbrb kkhv
kkhvbr
br b nb
nbag
ag hk bl
blâk
âkes
eses
es `e`elb
lbln
lneh
ehrg
rg,, sh hl
hlnu
nuhl
hltr
trbl
bl kg
kgss se
semu
mueh
ehlt
lths
hs66

elienbigrhs ih utekeibi, rhltbaekeibi y kgs elienbi

elienbigrhs
grhs ih kequeihz y sgkvhlneb.
1.
1.2.
2.2.
2. Xtek
Xtekei
eibi
bi

Xtekeibi kb hlthlihjgs ngjg hk elthrås g prgvhncg quh sh gatehlh ih bkmg .

_gihjgs cbnhr ulb prejhrb iestelneþl hltrh6

>. Xtekeibi tgtbk, sh trbtb ih kb utekeibi quh arelib kb nblteibi nglsujeib ih ul

aehl.
9. Xtekeibi jbrmelbk, quh sh rh`ehrh bk elnrhjhltg quh sh prgiunh hl kb utekeibi
tgtbk bk nglsujer kb öktejb uleibi ih iencg aehl.
 Xtekeibi Arutb
_gihjgs ih`eler b kb Xtekeibi arutb ngjg kb ie`hrhlneb hltrh kgs elmrhsgs ih ulb
hjprhsb y kgs ngstgs ih vhltbs.
Hs ejpgrtblth sbahr quh kb Xtekeibi arutb lg tgjb hl nuhltb kgs ngstgs `efgs (kgs
ngstgs kbagrbkhs ihk phrsglbk, ngstgs khmbkhs y ngstgs ih ngjhrnebkezbneþl y bkquekhr),
kgs ngstgs
ngstgs `el
`elbln
blnehr
ehrgs
gs ngj
ngjg
g sgl kgs ejp
ejpuhs
uhstgs
tgs g kgs pbm
pbmgs
gs ih elt
elthrh
hrhshs
shs sga
sgarh
rh
ihuib.
Nâknukg6
Phltbs lhtbs ih kb hjprhsb - Ngstg ih vhltbs iurblth hk hfhrneneg ngltbakh :
Xtekeibi Arutb

>831?∑ 1>03: ^ / . >>981 Xtekeibi Arutb

Xtekeibi Gphrbneglbk
Kg prejhrg b thlhr hl nuhltb hs quh kb Xtekeibi gphrbneglbk lg tehlh hl nuhltb tgigs
kgs nglnhptgs quh bpbrhnhl hl ul hstbig ih rhsuktbigs.
^h nhltrb hxnkusevbjhlth hl kgs elmrhsgs y mbstgs gphrbneglbkhs, quh sgl kgs quh

hstâl rhkbneglbigs ierhntbjhlth ngl kb bnteveibi prelnepbk ih kb hjprhsb.

Nbknukg6
El
Elmr
mrhs
hsgs
gs gp
gphr
hrbn
bneg
eglb
lbkh
khss - Ng
Ngst
stgs
gs y mbst
mbstgs
gs gp
gphr
hrbn
bneg
eglb
lbkh
khss : Xt
Xtekekei
eibi
bi
gphrbneglbk

( )
>08??∑ 132>+ 101?? : ^ / .=93= Xteke
Xtekeibi
ibi Gphrbn
Gphrbneglbk
eglbk
 Bk lg elnkuer tgigs kgs elmrhsgs y mbstgs ih kb hjprhsb, kb Xtekeibi gphrbneglbk pgr kg
mhlhrbk shrâ jhlgr b kb utekeibi lhtb, phrg hxesth kb pgseaekeibi ih quh kb hjprhsb
thlmb ulb pårieib lg gphrbneglbk y hl hsh nbsg kb utekeibi lhtb shrêb jhlgr b kb
gphrbneglbk. 
Xtekeibi Lhtb
Kb utekeibi lhtb sh hltehlih ngjg kb utekeibi gathleib bk rhstbr y sujbr kb Xtekeibi
gphrbneglbk, kgs mbstgs h elmrhsgs lg gphrbneglbkhs, kgs ejpuhstgs y kb rhshrvb
khmbk. Hs ihner shrêb kb utekeibi quh sh rhpbrterêb b kgs sgnegs.
Nâknukg6
 Phltbs - Ihvgkuneglhs hl vhltbs : Phltbs Lhtbs
>0?0? „ 19? : >831?
Phltbs lhtbs - Ngstg ih vhltbs : Xtekeibi arutb
>831?- 151>1 : 0833
Xtekeibi arutb - Mbstgs gphrbneglbkhs : Xtekeibi gphrbneglbk
0833 „ 101?? : -25021
Xtekeibi gphrbneglbk + Elmrhsgs lg gphrbneglbkhs - Mbstgs lg gphrbneglbkhs
: Xtekeibi blths ih ejpuhstgs
e jpuhstgs y rhshrvbs
-25021 + 1818? „ 2??? : 88>3

Xtekeibi blths ih ejpuhstgs y rhshrvbs - Ejpuhstg ih rhltb - Qhshrvb Khmbk

: Xtekeibi lhtb
88>3 „ 2?3? „ 1???: 1983

9.2.2.
9.2.2. Qhltba
Qhltbaeke
ekeibi
ibi

cby quh ie`hrhlnebr hk tårjelg Xtekeibi ngl hk tårjelg rhltbaekeibi, pgr kg quh b

ngltelubneþl ih`elerhjgs hk tårjelg rhltbaekeibi pbrb hvetbr iuibs pgsthregrhs.

Kb rhltbaekeibi sh ih`elh ngjg kb nbpbneibi quh tehlh bkmg pbrb prgpgrneglbr

su`eneh
su`enehlth
lth utekei
utekeibi
bi g mblblneb,
mblblneb pgr hfhjpkg, ul nkehlth hs rhltbakh nublig
mhlhrb jâs elmrhsgs quh mbstgs.
Ybjaeål pgihjgs ihner quh kb rhltbaekeibi hs ul êlienh quh jeih kb rhkbneþl
hltrh kb utekeibi y kb elvhrseþl  quh sh utekezþ pbrb gathlhrkb.
Nâknukg6

9.2.1.
9.2.1. Kequei
Kequeihz
hz y sgkvhl
sgkvhlneb
neb

Juncgs butgrhs cbnhl rh`hrhlneb b kb kequeihz, pgngs b kb sgkvhlneb, phrg bkmulgs

rh`ehrhl hk nglnhptg ih kequeihz ngl hk tårjelg ih sgkvhlneb (Quaeg, 1??=)4 rbzþl pgr 
kb nubk hs lhnhsbreg iestelmuer hltrh hstbs ih`eleneglhs4 puhs, kb kequeihz ejpkenb
jblthlhr hk h`hntevg lhnhsbreg pbrb nujpker g pbmbr kgs ngjprgjesgs ngltrbêigs ngl
blthregreibi4 jehltrbs quh kb sgkvhlneb hstâ hl`gnbib hl jblthlhr aehlhs y rhnursgs
rhquhreigs pbrb
 rhsmubribr kbs (Xtekeibi / elvhrseþl)*2?? : Qhltbaekeibi
ihuibs biquereibs, bul
nublig hstgs aehlhs lg

hstål rh`hreig
eigs b (1983/132>)*2?? : 3=.>3??
h`hntevg.

_brb ulb hjprhsb thlhr kequeihz semle`enb nujpker ngl kgs ngjprgjesgs y
th
thlh
lhrr sg
sgkv
kvhl
hlne
neb
b rh
rh`k`khf
hfb
b kb ie
iesp
spgl
glea
eaekekei
eibi
bi qu
quh
h pg
pgsh
shh
h pb
pbrb
rb pb
pbmb
mbrr hs
hsgs
gs
ngjprgjesgs4 hstg elienb quh pbrb quh ulb hjprhsb prhshlth kequeihz hs
lhnhs
lhnhsbre
breg
g quh shb sg
sgkvh
kvhlth
lth ngl blt
bltene
enepbn
pbneþl
eþl.. ^el hjabrm
hjabrmg,
g, pbr
pbrb
b Met
Metjbl
jbl
(1??>), kb kequeihz sh jeih pgr kb nbpbneibi quh pgshh ulb hjprhsb pbrb
pbmbr sus gakembneglhs b ngrtg pkbzg hl kb jhieib quh sh vhlnhl. Hsth butgr 
nglseihrb quh kb kequeihz hstâ rh`hreib b kb sgkvhlneb ih kb pgseneþl `elblnehrb
mhlhrbk ih kb grmblezbneþl, kg quh sh trbiunh hl kb `bnekeibi quh tehlh kb
hjprhsb pbrb pbmbr sus ihuibs. Lg gastblth, kb kequeihz hs kb nbpbneibi
eljh
eljhie
iebt
btb
b ih pb
pbmg
mg ng
ngl
l kb nubk
nubk ul
ulb
b hjpr
hjprhs
hsb
b pu
puhi
hih
h rhsp
rhspgl
glih
ihrr b su
suss
bnrhhigrhs4 hl tbltg, kb sgkvhlneb hs kb nbpbneibi quh tehlh ulb hjprhsb ih
rhspglihr hl hk ngrtg pkbzg4 nuyb nbpbneibi sh rh`khfb hl kb pgshseþl ih

aehlh
aehlhss quh kb hjprhs
hjprhsb
b puhib
puhib iespgl
iespglhr
hr pbrb
pbrb nbl
nblnh
nhkbr
kbr kgs ngj
ngjprg
prgjes
jesgs
gs
ngltrbêigs hl ngrtg tehjpg.

_brb quh ulb hjprhsb shb sgkvhlth ihah hstbr iespuhstb b kequeibr kgs
pbsevgs ngltrbêigs bk vhlnejehltg ih kgs jesjgs4 bihjâs, ihah ihjgstrbr 
quh hstâ hl nbpbneibi ih ngltelubr ngl ulb trbyhntgreb lgrjbk quh kh phrjetb
jblthlhr
jblthlhr ul hltg
hltgrlg
rlg `elbl
`elblnehrg
nehrg bi
bihnub
hnubig
ig hl hk `uturg. Ih hsth jgig,
jgig, kb
sgkvhlneb sh rh`khfb hl kb thlhlneb ih nblteibihs ih aehlhs quh ulb hjprhsb
iespglh pbrb sbkibr sus ihuibs, phrg sê pbrb hsb hjprhsb lg hs `ânek
nglvhrter hsgs aehlhs hl h`hntevg pbrb rhbkezbr sus nblnhkbneglhs, hltglnhs
lg hxesth kequeihz4 pgr hkkg, hs ejpgrtblth ihstbnbr quh ulb hjprhsb ngl
 kequeihz hs sgkvhlth phrg lg sehjprh ulb hjprhsb sgkvhlth pgshh kequeihz.

Ihsih hk pultg ih vestb hnglþjeng, kb kequeihz hstâ ibib pgr kb `bnekeibi g

ie`enuktbi ih nglvhrter ul bntevg hl ielhrg h`hntevg hl `grjb eljhiebtb y sel

quh su`rb pårieib semle`enbtevb ih su vbkgr, hstg elienb quh jehltrbs jâs `ânek
shb nglvhrter ul bntevg hl h`hntevg jâs kêqueig shrâ hsh bntevg. Xlb hjprhsb
quh rhquehrb nblnhkbr kgs ngjprgjesgs ngltrbêigs puhih gathlhr rhnursgs
`elblnehrgs jâs râpeibjhlth jhieblth kb nglvhrseþl ih sus elvhltbregs y
nuhltbs pgr ngarbr hl h`hntevg4 puhstg quh, ulb hjprhsb sh nglseihrb kequeib
hl kb jhieib quh pgshh ulb jbygr prgpgrneþl ih sus bntevgs tgtbkhs abfg kb
jgibkeibi ih bntevgs nernukblths4 hstgs öktejgs, nglstetuyhl tgig hk ielhrg quh
sh hln
hlnuh
uhltr
ltrb
b ies
iespgl
pgleak
eakh
h hl h`hnte
h`hntevg
vg bk jgjhlt
jgjhltg
g ih hkb
hkbagr
agrbr
br hk abkbln
abkblnh
h

mhlhrbk ih kb hjprhsb, ngjg hk ielhrg hl ablngs y nbfb ncenb, kbs nuhltbs pgr 
ngarbr hl hk ngrtg pkbzg y kbs ngkgnbneglhs prþxejbs b su vhlnejehltg. Hl
rbzþl ih hkkg, kgs levhkhs ih kequeihz ih ulb hjprhsb sh puhihl ihthrjelbr 
jhie
jhiebl
blth
th kb bpke
bpkenb
nbne
neþl
þl ih
ihkk bl
blâk
âkes
eses
es `el
`elbl
blne
nehr
hrg,
g, hk nubk
nubk rhkb
rhkbne
negl
glbl
blig
ig kg
kgss
hkhjhltgs ih el`grjbneþl `elblnehrb bpgrtbigs pgr kgs hstbigs `elblnehrgs
phrjeth nbknukbr elienbigrhs hsphnê`engs quh jeihl kb kequeihz y sgkvhlneb hl

ulb hjprhsb, ngjg hk nbpetbk ih trbabfg, kb rbzþl nernukblth y kb rbzþl pruhab

ihk âneig, quh rh`khfbl kb nbpbneibi ih pbmg ih kb ihuib nernukblth b ngrtg
pkbzg.

Nbpetbk ih
trbabfg Bnvg nernukblths „ _bsevgs nernukblths

Qbzþl 
Qbzþl 
KERXEIHV nernukblth
Bnvg nernukblths / _bsevgs nernukblths

Qbzþl
Bnvg nernukblths „ Elvhltbregs / _bsevg
pruhab ih
nernukblths
âneig
 >3818∑ 2?3?: ^ / .>=998 Nbpe
Nbpetbk
tbk ih trbabfg
trbabfg

>3818
:^ / .>8.0=2> Qbzþl nernukblth
2?3?

>3818∑?
: ^ / .>8 .0=2> Qbzþl nernukblth
.0=2>
2?3?

HPEIHLNEB^ IH YQBABFG
 

AEAKEGMQB@ÊB

2. Brhkkblg
Brhkkblg Nuhvb, Qgkblig
Qgkblig (1???).
(1???). Jbrdhtelm
Jbrdhtelm,, hl`gquh
hl`gquh Bjårenb
Kbtelb. Jåxeng6 Jn Mrbw Cekk.
1. @hrlâlihz,
@hrlâlihz, Pbkeòbs
Pbkeòbs,, Qenbrig.
Qenbrig. (1??=).
(1??=). Jblubk pbrb
pbrb hkbagrbr
hkbagrbr ul
pkbl ih jhrnbigthnleb. Jåxeng I.@.6 Jn Mrbw Cekk.
>. @hrrhkk,
@hrrhkk, G.N.,
G.N., Cbrtkelh,
Cbrtkelh, Jencbhk
Jencbhk I. (1??0).
(1??0). Hstrbthmeb
Hstrbthmeb ih Jbrdh
Jbrdhtelm.
telm.
(>ª hieneþl) Jåxeng6 Ycgjsgl.
9. @esnchr,
@esnchr, Kburb
Kburb y Hsphfg,
Hsphfg, Fgrmh.
Fgrmh. (1??>)
(1??>) Jhrnbigthnl
Jhrnbigthnleb.eb. (>ª
hieneþl) Jåxeng.6 Jn Mrbw Cekk.
8. Muteårrhz,
Muteårrhz, Mbrnêb,
Mbrnêb, Qbök.
Qbök. (2555).
(2555). Phltbs
Phltbs y jhrnbigthnl
jhrnbigthnleb eb pbrb kb
phquhòb y jhieblb hjprhsb. (2ª hieneþl) Jåxeng, I.@.6
Xlevhrseibi Eahrgbjhrenblb.
0. Cehaelm,
Cehaelm, Qgjbl
Qgjbl M. Fr, Nggphr,
Nggphr, ^ngtt ] ].. (1??>) Ngjg
Ngjg prhpbrbr
prhpbrbr hk
hxetgsg pkbl ih jhrnbigthnleb. Jåxeng6 Jn Mrbw Cekk.
=. Dhrel,
Dhrel, Qgmhr B., Ahrdgwet
Ahrdgwetz,
z, Hren, L., Cbtkhy,
Cbtkhy, ^tvhl,
^tvhl, ]., Quihkeus,
Quihkeus,
]ekkebj. (1??>). Jbrdhtelm. (=ª. Hieneþl.) Jåxeng, I.@.6 Hiet. Jn
Mrbw Cekk.
3. Dgtkhr,
Dgtkhr, _cekep,
_cekep, Brjstrglm
Brjstrglm,, Mbry. (2553).
(2553). @ulibj
@ulibjhltgs
hltgs ih
Jhrnbigthnleb. (9ª hieneþl) Jåxeng6 _hbrsgl.
5. Dgtkhr,
Dgtkhr, _cekep
_cekep,, Brjstrglm
Brjstrglm,, Mbry.
Mbry. (1??=).
(1??=). Jbrdhtelm
Jbrdhtelm vhrseþl
vhrseþl pbrb
Kbtelgbjårenb. (29ª hieneþl) Jåxeng6 _hbrsgl.
2?. Kbja,
Kbja, Ncbr
Ncbrkhskhs ].
]. Fr,
Fr, Cb
Cber,
er, Fgshpc
Fgshpc @. Fr,Fr, JnIb
JnIbleh
lehk,k, Nbrk
Nbrk..
(1??0). @ulibjhltgs ih Jbrdhtelm. (9ª hieneþl) Jhxeng6
Ycgjsgl.
22. Jn Nbrt
Nbrtcy,
cy, H. Fhrgjh
Fhrgjh,, _hrrh
_hrrhbuk
buktt Fr,
Fr, ]e
]ekke
kkebj
bj I.
I. (2555
(2555). ).
Jbrdhtelm ‛Xl hl`gquh mkgabk‚ (2>ª hieneþl) Jåxeng I.@.6 Jn
Mrbw Cekk.
21. Jhrnbi
Jhrnbig, g, ^bkv
^bkvbig
bigr.
r. (1??
(1??9).
9). Jhrnbi
Jhrnbigth gthnle
nlebb _rgmr
_rgmrbj
bjbib bib..
Jåxeng6 Hietgrebk Kejusb.
2>. _brjhr
_brjhrkhh
khh,, Ibve
Ibvei.
i. ((1??
1??9).
9). Nþjg
Nþjg prhpb
prhpbrbr
rbr ul _kbl
_kbl ih
Jbrdhtelm. Hspbòb, Abrnhkglb6 Hieneglhs Mhsteþl 1???.
29. _reih,
_reih, ]ekk
]ekkebj
ebj J.,
J., @hrr
@hrrhk,
hk, G.
G. N.,
N., Qgsbs,
Qgsbs, Kgph
Kgphthm
thmue,
ue, M
Mkgr
kgreb
eb H.
(255=). Jbrdhtelm6 nglnhptgs y hstrbthmebs (5ª hieneþl) Jåxeng6
Jn Mrbw-Cekk.
28. Qgirêm
Qgirêmuhz
uhz,, ^bltg
^bltgyg,
yg, Bigk
Bigk`g
`g Q. (1??3)
(1??3).. Jhrnb
Jhrnbigt
igthnl
hnleb
eb kb
kb
thnlgkgmêb pbrb kb ngjphthlneb. Jåxeng6 Hieneglhs @bnuktbi ih
Nehlnebs Bijelestrbtevbs Xlevhrseibi ih Mublbfubtg.