OIFCSB LB HE FE\BSME7
MO[\SRFBO\EKMÛO

QSÅK\MKE ;7 EKI
 EKIOLMKMIOEFMBO\I
OLMKMIOEFMBO\I ]
FIOM\ISBI LB [BO[IS SB[M[\MPI 

OIFCSB LBH QSI@B[IS(E)7

F.K. [EOLSE GEURBHMOB HÛQBW KBSPBSE

OIFCSB
OIFCSB LB HI[
H I[ EH
EHRFO
RFOI[7
I[7
CESSÛO FRÕIW BSM DIOWEHI
SRMW ÅPMHE GB[×[ EHBGEOLSI
\IHBLI HÛQBW GREO GB[×[

@BKNE LB BO\SBDE7
HROB[ 55 LB OIPMBFCSB LBH 315>.

KEHM@MKEKMÛOYYYYYYY
 

ICGB\MPI DBOBSEH
Ephmker 3 ekiolmkmioefmbotis pere uo sbosir rbsmstmvi \brfmstir, rbehmzer bh
fiomtirbi lb he vermechb tbfpbreture utmhmzeoli uoe tergbte lb elqumsmkmûo lb letis
y bh si`twerb HecPmbw, esæ tefcmío eoehmzer his kifpirtefmbotis lbh sbosir kio
efcis ekiolmkmioefmbotis lb sbõehbs.

FE\BSMEHB[
5. Ro tbrfmstir qub tbode uoe rbsmstbokme e tbfpbreture efcmbotb bo Jέ  (jmhi-
infs). Lb prb`brbokme O\K.
5. Sbsmstbokmes verme
vermes,
s, lb ekubrli eehh eoåhmsms rbehm
rbehmzeli
zeli bo bh ekio
ekiolmkmioefmb
lmkmioefmboti
oti
lb sbõeh.
3. @ubotb lb ehmfbotekmûo lb KL.
;. \ergbte lb Elqumsmkmûo lb letis
<. Heptip pere si`twerb HecPmbw mosteheli kirrbktefbotb,
kirrbktefbo tb, esæ kifi bh lrmvbr lb
he LEU mosteheli prbvmefbotb tefcmío.
2. Heptip kio si`twerb pere rbehmzer drå`mkes, publb sbr Bxkbh, Fethec, btk.
0. Kåfere `itidrå`mke pere bvmlbokmer bo bh rbpirtb hes ekkmiobs rbehmzeles bo
he pråktmke.

FESKI \BÛSMKI
\BSFM[\ISB[
(Sefûo Qehhes) [io rbsmstirbs vermechbs e he tbfpbreture, bståo ceselis bo
sbfmkioluktirbs, sm su kib`mkmbotb lb tbfpbreture bs obdetmvi sb lboifmoeo O\K
(Obdetmvb \bfpbreturb
\bfpbreturb Kib``mkmbot), fmbotres qub sm bs pismtmvi sb lboifmoeo Q\K
(Qismtmvb \bfpbreturb Kib``mkmbot). His sæfcihis kirrbspiolmbotbs sio his qub sb
fubstreo bo he `mdure 5, liolb his trezis nirmziotehbs bo bh bxtrbfi lb he hæobe
mokhmoele molmke qub sb trete lb uoe vermekmûo oi hmobeh.

@mdure 5. [æfcihi lb his tbrfmstirbs O\K y Q\K  

Bh `uolefboti lb his tbrfmstirbs bstå bo he lbpbolbokme lb he rbsmstbokme lb

his sbfmkioluktirbs kio he tbfpbreture, lbcmli e he vermekmûo kio bste lbh o÷fbri
lb pirtelirbs. Eh eufboter he tbfpbreture
tbfpbretu re hi nekb tefcmío bh o÷fbri lb pirtelirbs
rblukmíolisb he rbsmstbokme, y lb enæ qub sb prbsbotbo kib`mkmbotb lb tbfpbreture
obdetmvi. Bste lbpbolbokme verme kio he prbsbokme lb mfpurbzes, y sm bh lipeli bs
fuy motbosi, bh sbfmkioluktir elqumbrb pripmblelbs fbtåhmkes kio kib`mkmbotb lb
tbfpbreture pismtmvi (Q\K) bo uo ferdbo lb tbfpbretures hmfmteli.
Qere hes O\K, bo uo ferdbo lb tbfpbreture rblukmli (21±K), he lbpbolbokme sb
publb kiosmlbrer lb `irfe bxpiobokmeh lb he `irfe

S 6 S₁∓∓₁₁  5 
 
 


Liolb
6 Bs he rb`brbokme qub tmbob bh tbrfmstir e uoe tbfpbreture lb rb`brbokme.


γ 6 Kiosteotb lb tbfpbreture. 
 6 \bfpbreture ecsihute lb rb`brbokme (Drelis Jbhvmo).
6 \bfpbreture qub sb kihike bo bh tbrfmstir, bs he qub veræe.

 6 rbsmstbokme lbh tbrfmstir.

Oite7 γ lbpbolb lbh fetbrmeh lb tbrfmstir y bh reodi bo bh qub sb bokubotrb he


tbfpbreture (<1;>).

Bh vehir lb he cbte sb publb bokiotrer fmlmboli he rbsmstbokme lbh tbrfmstir e lis

tbfpbretures kioikmles \5 y \3. [m hes rbsmstbokmes rbspbktmves bs S5 y S3,
tbobfis he bkuekmûo 3.

(5.5)

 EKIOLMKMIOE FMBO\I LB RO [BO[IS

 EKIOLMKMIOEFMBO\I
(Motrilukkmûo e he fbketrûomke ‛ 30 lb oivmbfcrb lbh 3153) He sbõeh lb sehmle
lbh sbosir lb uo smstbfe lb fblmkmûo bo dbobreh sb lbcb prikbser lb uoe `irfe
elbkuele pere he smdumbotb btepe lb he ipbrekmûo. He sbõeh publb sbr, pir bgbfphi,
lbfesmeli pbqubõe, y sbræe obkbsermi efphm`mkerhe: pilræe kiotbobr motbr`brbokmes
qub bhmfmoer: sbr oi hmobeh y rbqubrmr su hmobehmzekmûo: sbr eoehûdmke y rbqubrmr su
lmdmtehmzekmûo: sbr lmdmteh y kiovbrtmrhe bo eoehûdmke: sbr uo kefcmi bo bh vehir lb he
rbsmstbokme, y kiovbrtmrhe e uo kefcmi bo kirrmbotb: kiosmstmr bo uo kefcmi lb vihtegb
y kiovbrtmrhe bo uo kefcmi lb kirrmbotb lb fedomtul elbkuele, btkítbre. E tiles
bstes film`mkekmiobs sb hbs lbsmdoe bo dbobreh kio bh tírfmoi ekiolmkmioefmboti
lb sbõeh. Qir bgbfphi, he sehmle lb uo tbrfiper bs uo pbqubõi vihtegb lb uois
kueotis fmhmvihts. Qir hi teoti, bs obkbsermi utmhmzer uo fûluhi ekiolmkmioelir lb
sbõeh pere film`mker lmkne sehmle y kiovbrtmrhe bo uoe sbõeh lb kirrmbotb lb tefeõi
elbkueli, kioter kio uo fblmi pere rbknezer rumli, hidrer uoe hmobehmzekmûo, y uoe
kifpbosekm
kifpbosekmûo
e 1 ±K). ûo pir uomûo `ræe (bs lbkmr, he kifpbosekmûo kueoli he uomûo `ræe oi bstå

Qrikbsis lbh ekiolmkmio

ekiolmkmioefmboti
efmboti
His smdumbotbs sio ehduois lb his prikbsis qub sb publbo prbsboter bo bh
ekiolmkmioefmboti lb uoe sbõeh7

5) Qritbkk
Qritbkkmûo
mûo pere bvm
bvmter
ter leõi eh smdumbotb bbhbfboti,
hbfboti, pir bgbfphi uo
fmkriprikbselir, kifi kiosbkubokme lb uo vihtegb i uoe kirrmbotb bhbvelis.
Qere teh b`bkti, sb kihikeo rbsmstbokmes hmfmtelires lb kirrmbotb, `usmchbs qub sb
`uolbo sm he kirrmbotb bs lbfesmeli ehte, kmrkumtis pere pritbkkmûo pir pihermlel
y hmfmtelirbs lb vihtegb.
 

3) Kiovbrtmr uoe sbõeh bo uo tmpi lb sbõeh elbkueli. [bræe bh kesi kueoli bs

obkbsermi kiovbrtmr uoe sbõeh e uo vihtegb lb kl, i e uoe kirrmbotb. Qir bgbfphi,
bh kefcmi bo he rbsmstbokme lb uo lb`irfæfbtri sb lbcb kiovbrtmr bo uo kefcmi
lb vihtegb. Qere bhhi sb utmhmze uo pubotb lb Tnbetstiob
Tnbetsti ob y sb eprivbkne bh vihtegb
lb lbsceheokb. Equæ tefcmío pilræe obkbsmtersb uoe sbõeh eoehûdmke i lmdmteh.

;) Ictbokmûo lbh omvbh elbkueli lb he sbõeh. Bo uo tbrfiper, he sbõeh lb sehmle bs

lb uois kueotis fmhmvihts. [m he sbõeh sb ve e ehmfboter e uo kiovbrtmlir eoehûdmki
eoehûdmki
e lmdmteh pere lbspuís botrer e uo fmkriprikbselir, sbrå obkbsermi efphmerhe bo
`irfe kiosmlbrechb, nekmíolihe lb uoe fedomtul lb fmhmvihts e itre lb vihts. Bo
he efphm`mkekmûo bs fuy kif÷o utmhmzer efphm`mkelirbs
efphm`mkelirbs ipbrekmioehbs.

<) Bhmfmoek
Bhmfmoekmûo
mûo i rblukkmûo lbh rumli. Qir bgbfphi, pere bhmfmoer bh rumli bo uoe
sbõeh sb utmhmzeo `mhtris.

2) Feompuhekm
Feompuhekmûoûo lb he sbõeh, pir bgbfphi, kiovbrtmr uoe vermechb bo uoe `uokmûo
hmobeh. Hes sbõehbs qub prilukbo ehduois sbosirbs, pir bgbfphi, his fblmlirbs
lb `hugi, sio ehmoíehbs y ney qub user uo ekiolmkmioelir lb sbõeh pere qub he
sbõeh qub sb ehmfbote, bo bh smdumbotb bhbfboti sbe hmobeh.

LMPM[IS
LMPM[ IS LB PIH\EG
PIH\EGB B
(Tmhhy FkEhhmstbr) Ro lmvmsir lb vihtegb bs uo kmrkumti sbokmhhi lb rbsmstirbs bo
sbrmb. [u vihtegb lb sehmle bs uoe `rekkmûo `mge lb su vihtegb lb botrele. He rezûo lb
he botrele e he sehmle bstå lbtbrfmoel
lbtbrfmoelee pir lis rbsmstirbs.

Bo he `mdure 3 sb eprbkme he bstrukture lb uo lmvmsir lb kirrmbotb.

@mdure 3. Lmvmsir lb kirrmbotb 

Oubstri icgbtmvi bs tbobr uoe bxprbsmûo qub rbhekmiob bh vihtegb lb sehmle

(Psehmle), kio bh vihtegb
vihteg b lb botrele (Pbotrele). Roe cuboe `irfe lb bfpbzer bs
bokiotrer he kirrmbotb
kirrmbotb pir fblmi lb S5 y S3.

[upismkmûo7  supûo qub uoe kirrmbotb lb 111 `huyb nekme e`ubre bh lmvmsir.
(Eotbs lb tbrfmoer vefis e rbvmser quí pese sm bste supismkmûo lb kbri kirrmbotb oi
sb feotmbob).
 

 
@mdure ;. Eoåhmsms lb kirrmbotbs lbh lmvmsir lb vihtegb 

Kio bste supismkmûo, S5 y S S33 tmbobo he fmsfe kirrmbotb y pilbfis

kiosmlbrerhes kifi qub bståo bo sbrmb.

m56m3 pir enire hheferbfis m

Qere bokiotrer he kirrmbotb,

kirrmbo tb, ephmkefis he hby lb Inf y hi qub secbfis ekbr
ekbrke
ke
lb his rbsmstirbs bo sbrmb (rbkirletirm
(rbkirletirmi7
i7 his rbsmstirbs bo sbrmb sb sufeo)7

v 6m S (Hby lb Inf)

Botiokbs Pbotrele sbrå

Pbotrele6m(S5+S3) (e)

Lbspbgeoli m
m6 (S5+S3) / Pbotrele (c)

Lbspbgefis he kirrmbotb m bo tírfmois lb Pbotrele y efcis rbsmstirbs.

E kiotmouekmûo, bskrmcmfis uoe bxprbsmûo pere Psehmle useoli he hby lb Inf7

Pbotrele 6m S3 (k)

P 6 P 
Qilbfis sustmtumr m lb he bkuekmûo eotbrmir pere ictbobr7

     3
  

] esæ nbfis ictbomli he bkuekmûo lbh lmvmsir lb vihtegb.

Bh vihtegb lb sehmle bqumvehb eh vihtegb lb botrele bskeheli pir he rezûo lb his

rbsmstirbs7 bh rbsmstir mo`brmir lmvmlmli botrb he sufe lb his rbsmstirbs.
 

¹Kûfi ictbobr he rbsmstbokme elbkuele bo uo lmvmsir lb vihtegb, lb teh `irfe

qub ictbodefis he fåxmfe vermekmûo lb vihtegb bo he sehmle y pir teoti he
rbsihuk mûo9  
fåxmfe rbsihuk
(Epuotbs lb khesb) Kioikbfis pbr`bktefbotb uo lmvmsir lb vihtegb, smo
bfcerdi, pilbfis kihiker bh vehir lb he rbsmstbokme S5 lb kueotis vehirbs sb ois
ikurreo. Qilbfis piobr bh vehir S5 kifi bh vehir lb he rbsmstbokme fæomfe lb
oubstri sbosir rbsmstmvi, pilbfis kihiker uo vehir ercmtrermi bo j℠, i vehir bs
bs
pbqubõis lb ;;1 ℠, btk.

[mo bfcerdi, sm pulmírefis fblmr his reodis lb vihtegb bo bh lmvmsir lb

vihtegb lbcmli e he vermekmûo lbh sbosir rbsmstmvi, pilræefis icsbrver qub bh reodi
lb vihtegb kefcme sm kihikefis uoi u itri vehir bo he rbsmstbokme S5 lbh lmvmsir lb
vihtegb. Qir bhhi, sm lbsbefis
lbsb efis tbobr bh fåxmfi reodi lb vihtegb pere tile he vermekmûo
lbh sbosir rbsmstmvi lbcbfis sbhbkkmioer uoe rbsmstbokme elbkuele.

Botrb fås reodi lb vihtegb tbodefis bo he sehmle, fås rbsihukmûo tbolrbfis

bo bh sbosir. Qir teoti, sb lbcb kihiker uo vehir lb rbsmstbokme S5 elbkuele pere
ictbobr he fåxmfe lm`brbokme lb vihtegb. [ecbfis qub pilbfis ictbobr his vehirbs
fæomfis i fåxmfis lb uoe bkuekmûo lbrmveoli bste b mduehåolihe e 1.

botiokbs oisitris qubrbfis ictbobr bh fåxmfi lb he lm`brbokme lb vihtegb

botiokbs lbrmverbfis he lm`brbokme lb vihtegb7

∀6 ;  

Bh vihtegb fåxmfi lbh lmvmsir lb vihtegb sbrå kueoli bh sbosir prbsbotb he

rbsmstbokme fåxmfe, pir bgbfphi, bo uo sbosir tbrfmstir Q\K, he rbsmstbokme fåxmfe
sb prbsboterå kio he fåxmfe tbfpbreture lb lbtbkkmûo lbh sbosir.

6 5
   ;.5  

Bh vihtegb
rbsmstbokme fæomfi
fæomfe, lbh lmvmsir
pir bgbfphi, lb sbosir
bo uo vihtegb tbrfmstir
sbrå kueoli
Q\K,bhhe sbosir prbsbotb
rbsmstbokme he
fæomfe
sb prbsboterå kio he fæomfe tbfpbreture lb lbtbkkmûo lbh sbosir tbrfmstir.

6 5   ;.3  

Eh ephmker he lbrmvele b mdueh e kbri

k bri (pere seker bh fåxmfi) e he lm`brbokme lb
vihtegb, sb ictmbob bh vehir qub lbcb tbobr he rbsmstbokme S5 pere hidrer he fåxmfe
lm`brbokme. Bsti bs7
∀ 6  
   61 ;.;  

5 5
[ustmtuyboli (;.5) y (;.3) bo (;.;).
 

 
  5 )61 ;.<
∀5 6 5 (5  

[b lbrmveo his lis tírfmois kiosmlbreoli tilis kifi kiosteotb e bxkbpkmûo

lb S5 y sb
s b lbspbge tefcmío S5.
 

5566 ∗  < 

Bsti bs, sb lbcb lb fblmr he rbsmstbokme lbh sbosir rbsmstmvi bo su fæomfi
vehir y he rbsmstbokme fåxmfe bo su fåxmfi vehir, pir bgbfphi, sm nechefis lbh
sbosir rbsmstmvi tbrfmstir Q\K, botiokbs Sfmo sbrå he rbsmstbokme qub tbode bh
sbosir kio he fæomfe tbfpbreture y Sfex sbrå he rbsmstbokme qub tbode bh sbosir
kio he fåxmfe tbfpbreture 

 EFQHM@MKELIS
 EFQH M@MKELIS IQBSE
IQBSEKMIOEH
KMIOEH
Bh `uolefboti lb oufbrisis fûluhis pere ekiolmkmioefmboti lb sbõeh bs
bh efphm`mkelir ipbrekmioeh. Bstb bs uo efphm`mkelir lb ehte deoeokme lb kl, bo
dbobreh lb 511 111 i fås, y bstå lmspiomchb kifi kmrkumti motbdreli bo knmps lb
smhmkmi. \mbob lis botreles7 botrele movbrsire (“) y botrele oi movbrsire (+). He

sehmle
hes lbpbolbbhlb
eotbrmirbs, kûfi sb nedeo
efphm`mkelir hes kiobxmiobs
ipbrekmioeh tmbob itreslb bstes botreles.
botreles7 Elbfås lb
uoe ehmfbotekmûo
vihtegb obdetmvi, uoe ehmfbotekmûo lb vihtegb pismtmvi y lis botreles kioikmles
kifi ouhi lbh vihtegb lb lbsvæi, kuyi pripûsmti bs ektmver hes kirrbkkmiobs qub sb
lbcbo nekbr pir bh kifpirtefmboti oi mlbeh lbh efphm`mkelir.

@mdure <. Kiobxmiobs lb hes tbrfmoehbs lb uo efphm`mkelir ipbrekmioeh 4<5 

Bo he `mdure < sb publb eprbkmer he letesnbbt lb uo IQEF bo uo kmrkumti motbdreli.

Qere bh eoåhmsms lb uo IQEF, tefcmío hhefeli esæ bh efphm`mkelir ipbrekmioeh,

ipbrekmi oeh, ceste
kio kioikbr hes 3 rbdhes lb iri lb bstis.

Sbdhe 5 Sbdhe 3

∓+ 6 1  
+ 6 ∓  
 

 
Kioikmboli bstes lis rbdhes, hi lbfås bs ephmker eoåhmsms oileh e kele refe
qub kio`irfe bh kmrkumti hes kuehbs hhbdeo e hes botreles + y  ‛ lbh IQEF.

QRBO\B LB TNBE[\IOB
(E-Bhbktriomks ‛ ; lb guhmi lbh 315>)Bh pubotb lb Tnbetstiob pbrfmtb
pbrf mtb e trevís
lb uoe kio`mdurekmûo sbokmhhe lb rbsmstbokmes kioikbr lb feobre prbkmse bh vehir lb
uoe fedomtul `æsmke kueoli bstb bs hhbveli e he kiolmkmûo lb bqumhmcrmi.

Bstb kmrkumti, vbr `mdure 2, sb bfphbe kifi uo lmspismtmvi pere kiovbrtmr

tbfpbreture, prbsmûo, siomli u itres vermechbs `æsmkes bo sbõehbs bhíktrmkes, qub
pbrfmteo su bstulmi y fblmkmûo lb feobre kio`mechb.

He `irfe cåsmke lbh pubotb lb Tnbetstiob tmbob uoe `ubotb lk y kele uoi
lb his kuetri crezis lbh pubotb bs uoe rbsmstbokme, kifi sb fubstre bo he `mdure 2.
Hes rbsmstbokmes bo his crezis lbh pubotb S5, S3, S; y S<, sb neo egusteli lb teh
feobre qub he sehmle lb he lm`brbokme lbh pitbokmeh Pi. sbe kbri. Kio bste kiolmkmûo
sb lmkb qub bh pubotb bste bqumhmcreli.
bqumhmcreli. 

@mdure 2. Lmedrefe lbh pubotb Tnbetstiob. 

Qere bh eoåhmsms y kehkuhi bo uo pubotb lb Tnbetstiob ceste kio kehkuher bh

vihtegb lb sehmle Pi.

Kecb lbsteker qub bo kuehqumbre lb hes rbsmstbokmes publb sustmtumrsb pir bh

sbosir rbsmstmvi lb motbrís.
 

 
QSIKBLMFMBO\I 
Bh tbrfmstir e user bs lb tmpi O\K kio uoe rbsmstbokme e tbfpbreture
efcmbotb lb 512 jέ, smboli bste lb 30±K. E uoe tbfpbreture lb >1±K bh tbrfmstir
prbsbotû uoe rbsmstbokme lb 0 j έ.

Hi eotbrmir sb lbtbrfmoû useoli uo keutæo pere bhbver he tbfpbreture lbh

tbrfmstir e >1±K guoti kio 3 fuhtæfbtris lb his kuehbs uoi tboæe uo tbrfiper y ois
pbrfmtmræe fblmr y icsbrver bstb eufboti y kio bh itri, pilbr fblmr he rbsmstbokme
prbsbotele pir bh tbrfmstir uoe vbz qub sb ehkeozû he tbfpbreture lb >1±K.

5. Ekiolmkmi oefmboti kio l mvmsir lb vihtegb.

@mdure 0. Ekiolmkmioefmboti kio lmvmsir lb vihtegb pere uo sbosir tbrfmstir  

Bh prmfbr ekiolmkmioefmboti e eoehmzer pere bh tbrfmstir sbrå bh lb lmvmsir

lb vihtegb, bh kueh pilbfis icsbrver bo he `mdure 0.

e) Ictbobr he rbsmstbokme elbkuele pere ictbobr he fåxmfe rbsihukmûo lbh

sbosi r bo bh lmvmsi
lmvmsirr lb vihtegb. K
Kios
iosmlbrb
mlbrb he e
ehmfbot
hmfbotekmûo
ekmûo e 2 P
P..
Qere ictbobr he rbsmstbokme elbkuele utmhmzefis he bkuekmûo (<) pere esæ
ictbobr he fåxmfe rbsihukmûo bo he sbõeh lb sehmle lbh tbrfmstir.

 6∗ 665125∗ 1232.32.jέ1=jέ0jέ 
 
  < 
 

jέ
He rbsmstbokme e user bo bh lmvmsir lb vihtegb sbrå lb 32 .

c) Ictbobr he bkuekmûo lb vihtegb lb sehmle lbh tbrfmstir .

Rseoli he bkuekmûo he bkuekmûo (3) y kiosmlbreoli he `mdure 0 tbolrbfis hi smdumbotb

P 6 P  3  

  
 

kk   2
66 5  

[ustmtuyboli (5) bo (2)


S 6 S₁   5
  ∓ 
₁  

 6   S₁S₁S₁∓∓∓₁₁₁₁    0   

He bkuekmûo (0) rbprbsbote bh vihtegb lb sehmle lbh tbrfmstir

k) Ictbobr he bkuekmûo lbsp bgeoli he ve vermechb

rmechb tbfpbreture (í
(íste
ste he utmhmzerå
pere bh fiomti rbi)
Lb he bkuekmûo ictbomle (0) sb lbspbgerå he vermechb .
  

    S₁
 6    S₁S₁ ∓₁    0
  ∓ ₁   

SS∓∓₁₁ ∓6  6S S∓∓₁₁∓  
 

 6 S ∓ S ∓ 

 6 S∓ 

S    
     6    ∓  
ho ZhoSZ V   6V   5\5 5\5 
S   6 \  \  

ho ZS  V   \5 6 \5  

ho Z     V      ∓
 

\ 6  S      \5   4

 

He bkuekmûo (4) sb utmhmzerå pere bh fiomtirbi bo HecPMBT.

l) Ictbobr he sbosmc mhml

mhmlel
el lbh sbosi r.

\ Qere ictbobr he sbosmcmhmlel lbh tbrfmstir, tbobfis qub lbrmver kio rbspbkti
e  ye qub bste bs he vermechb qub bsterå kefcmeoli lb vehir.
 ∓  

 6  S₁S∓∓    0
\ 6   
 6 kk  S₁∓₁   6 S₁ 
 
 ∓ 
  

66 ∓  ₁³  ₁     S₁ ∓₁  

 

[ustmtuyboli u, lu, v y lv tbolrbfis

   S   
 ∓ 
₁  kk  S₁  
 ∓ 
₁       
kkS₁
6
kkS₁ 6
 
 ∓ 
₁ ³
S₁  
 ∓ 
₁  
 6  
 
 
 S₁   ³   ∓   

[mfphm`mkeoli

kkS₅S₁ kk
  ∓ 
₁   
 ∓ 
kkS₁S₁  kkS₁S₁  
 ₁    
 ∓ 
₁
 

 6       S₁∓∓∓₁₁     

6
kkS₅ S ₁ 
 6   ∓₁     ₁
  S₁    

S  S     ∓

6    ∓   4.4.5  

   S   
 

Kifi sb publb icsbrver bo he bkuekmûo (4) ictbomle bh sbosir oi bs hmobeh.

b) Ictbobr bh i``s
i``sbt.
bt.

\ 6 \
Qere lbtbrfmoer sm bh sbosir rbsmstmvi tmbob i``sbt kiosmlbrbfis qub7
 

Bo he bkuekmûo (0) tbolrbfis botiokbs

 6  S₁S∓∓∓    0  

 6    S  
 
    S₁     

 
     S₁ 
 6    S    0.5
    

Bo he bkuekmûo (0.5) pilbfis lerois kubote qub kio bh ekiolmkmioefmboti

lb lmvmsir lb vihtegb sm sb tmbob i``sbt ye qub  

`) Ictbode bh reodi lb vihtegb lb sehmle lbh sbosir.  

 ≡ 1
Qere ictbobr bh reodi lb vihtegb lb sehmle lbh tbrfmstir, kiosmlbrbfis hes
bkuekmiobs (;.5) y (;.3)

6 5    ;.5  

  

665
 6
Bh reodi lbh vihtegb sbrå he lm`brbokme lb
5 
5   ;5.3
 y  
 

 6 5151222jjέέ512 32jέjέ  02jέjέ0 3jέ2 jέjέ

[ustmtuyboli his vehirbs ye kioikmlis tbolrbfis
 6  

 6
 6 <.1;>;> 1.=04  

  1 6;.10  
 

3. Ekiol mkm
mkmioefmboti
ioefmboti kio p ubotb lb T
Tnbetstiob
nbetstiob y IQEF
IQEF..

@mdure 4. Ekiolmkmioefmboti lbh sbosir tbrfmstir kio pubotb lb Tnbetstiob y IQEFQ. 

e) Ictbobr he bkuekmûo lb vihtegb lb sehmle lbh tbrfmstir .

eoehmzeolii bh kkmrkumti
eoehmzeol mrkumti lb he `mdure 4, supiolrb
supiolrbfis
fis lis kirrmbotbs

  

 
 
∓  

+
Bh vihtegb   hhbde e he refe lb S5 y S;. Bsti bs uo lmvmsir lb vihtegb botiokbs
pilbfis kehkuher bh vihtegb  useoli he bkuekmûo (3)

 + + 6 +3S₅6S₅∓6 3
Sbkirleoli he rbdhe 3 lb iri
 
 

Qir teoti
+ 6 ∓ 6 3  

Eoehmzeoli bh oili ∓  6 
 tbobfis qub
 

Liolb
 

 6 S    6 S₁∓₁ 
    ∓  ∓  

Sbbskrmcmboli tbolrbfis
S₅ ∓ 6 ∓∓₁  

[ecmboli botiokbs qub

+ 6∓ S₅3 6S₁3 ∓₁ 
 

S₁   

3S₅ 6 S₁3 ∓₁ 

 


∓₁  

Lbspbgeoli  
3S₅ 6∓3    >
  6 S₁ S
3 3S  

He bkuekmûo (>) rbprbsbote bh vehir lbh vihtegb lb sehmle lbh sbosir tbrfmstir.

c) Ictbobr he bkuekmûo lbspbgeoli he vermechb tbfpbreture (íste he utmhmzerå

pere bh fiomtirbi).
fiomti rbi).
Lb he bkuekmûo (>) lbspbgefis he vermechb   
 6 3  S 3S    >
 
∓
 ∓ 
  

S₁3S₅∓₁ 6 3    

  3S₅S₁
  ∓₁  6 3S₅3S₁  

 ∓₁   

 6 S₅S₁S₁ 3S₅S₁
 

) 6 S₅S₁  3S₅S₁

 (5  \₁5 )6  

(5  \₁5 ) 6   S₅S₁  3S₅S₁  


6
5 6 Z 
   ( S₅
S₁
S₁ 3S
S)V
)V  \
\₁
5 ₁  

5  S₅ 3S 
 6 Z\₁    (S₁  S )V   =∓  

He bkuekmûo (=) sbrå he qub ois pbrfmtmrå rbehmzbr bh fubstrbi bo HecPMBT.

k) Ictbobr he sbosmc mhml

mhmlel
el lbh sbosi r.


Qere ictbobr he sbosmcmhmlel lbh sbosir, lbrmvefis he bkuekmûo (>) kio rbspbkti e
 
  ∓ 
 6 3  S3S56   
 
 

> 
66 (5 ∓\5)  
 

Qir teoti
S₁  )  ( 5  5
\₁  

6 3S₅  
Kifi pilbfis icsbrver bo he bkuekmûo (51) bh sbosir oi tmbob uo
kifpirtefmboti hmobeh. 51
l) Ictbobr bh i``s
i``sbt.
bt.
Qere b lbtbrfmoer sm bh sbosir tmbob i oi i``sbt kiosmlbrbfis qub
lb he bkuekmûo >.
 
 6  . Botiokbs


 6  S   
3 3S5 >  ∓      

 6 3  S3S5  
 

 6 3  S3S5  >.>.5  

Bo he bkuekmûo (>.5) sb icsbrve qub e÷o bxmstb i``sbt bo bh ekiolmkmioefmboti

b) Ictbobr he rbsms
rbsmstbokme
tbokme pere qub b
bhh e
ekio
kiolmk
lmkmioefm
mioefmboti
boti oi tbode i``s bt.
Qere qub bh sbosir oi tbode i``sbt kio bstb ekiolmkmioefmboti, tbobfis qub
kiosmlbrer qub  

 6   6    
Lb bste `irfe, he bkuekmûo (>) sbræe botiokbs

 3 3
 6 1
]e oi bxmstb i``sbt bo bh ekiolmkmioefmboti.

Qir hi teoti
 

;. Sbe
Sbehmkb
puot i 5 y bh puoti 3. Rtmhmkb bh IQE
IQEF
 6 512512 jjέέ
hmkb he kiobxmûo lb his lis ekiolmkmioefmbotis l b sbõe
bh puoti F qub dust
dustb.
b.
sbõehh bxprbselis bo

Qere he rbehmzekmûo lb he pertb `æsmke lb his kmrkumtis, sb userio hes

rbsmstbokmes sbd÷o ictbomle bo his puotis 5 y 3 lbh prikblmfmboti.

Qere bh ekiolmkmioefmboti
ekiolmkmioefmboti kio lmvmsir lb vihtegb sb erfû bh smdumbotb kmrkumti.

Mhustrekmûo 5. Ekiolmkmioefmboti kio lmvmsir lb vihtegb

 

32 jέ Bo he mhustrekmûo 5 sb eprbkmeo 3 rbsmstbokmes bo huder lb uoe sihe lb vehir lb

31 jέ
, bsti pirqub oi sb kiotece kio he rbsmstbokme lb bstb vehir, botiokbs sb
kihikerio 3 bo sbrmb pere qub sb eprixmfere, smboli uoe lb  y itre lb . <.4 jέ
Qere bh ekiolmkmioefmboti kio IQEF y pubotb lb Tnbetstiob sb rbehmzerio
hes smdumbotbs kiobxmiob
kiobxmiobs.
s.

Mhustrekmûo 3. Ekiolmkmioefmboti kio IQEFQ y pubotb lb Tnbetstiob. 

Bo he mhustrekmûo 3 sb icsbrve bh ekiolmkmioefmboti pir pubotb lb wnbestiob

y IQEFQ. [b usû bh efphm`mkelir ipbrekmioeh \H1>3 y bo his eobxis sb publb
rbvmser su letesnbbt pere he kiobxmûo lb kele pmo lbh kmrkumti motbdreli.

[bd÷o his kåhkuhis lbh puoti 3, sb obkbsmteræeo rbsmstbokmes lb  pere

he bhmfmoekmûo lbh i``sbt bo bh ekiolmkmioefmboti. \efpiki sb kiotece kio hes
512 jέ
rbsmstbokmes lb bstb vehir, pir hi qub sb iptû eprixmfersb kiobkteoli ; bo sbrmb,
smboli bstes .

511 jέ,< jέ y 5 jέ
<. Sbehmkb he pridrefekmûo bo HecPMBT pere bh fiomtirbi lb tbfpbreture lb
kele ekiolmkmioefmboti lb sbõeh, bo he peotehhe sb lbcb lb icsbrver his
drelis lb `irfe oufírmke y kio uo molmkelir tmp i teoqub i tbrfûfbtri .

 EKIOLMKMIOE FMBO\I KIO LMPM[IS LB PIH\EGB

 EKIOLMKMIOEFMBO\I PIH\EG B
Qere bh fiomtirbi lb bstb ekiolmkmioefmboti, sb utmhmzû bh oili `irfuhe lb
HecPMBT, bskrmcmboli equæ he bkuekmûo (4) ictbomle bo puoti 5c lbh lbserrihhi.

\ 6  ho Z S   

   V   ∓
 5    4   

 \
 

[ustmtuyboli his vehirbs kioikmlis

ho Z   512   V ∓
\ 6  32J32J<1;>2     3=0.552   4.3  

Mhustrekmûo ;. Lmedrefe lb chiqubs kio he pridrefekmûo bfphbele

bfphbele pere bh fiomtirbi lbh sbosir kio bh
ekiolmkmioefmboti
ekiolmkmioef mboti kio lmvmsir lb vihtegb.

Bo he mhustrekmûo
mhustrekm ûo ; sb eprbkme he pridrefekmûo bfphbele bo HecPMBT, useoli
he bkuekmûo (4.3) sustmtuyboli his vehirbs kioikmlis. [b mfphbfbotû uo kiovbrtmlir
lb drelis Jbhvmo e drelis Kbhsmus pere icsbrver lb fbgir feobre bh eufboti i
lmsfmoukmûo lb he tbfpbretur
tbfpbreture.e.
 

 
Mhustrekmûo <. Motbr`ez drå`mke lb HecPMBT pere rbehmzer bh fiomtirbi

He mhustrekmûo < fubstre bh peobh lb kiotrih liolb bh usuermi pilrå fiomtirber

he tbfpbreture pir fblmi lb uo molmkelir oufírmki y uo tbrfûfbtri
tbrfûfbt ri vmrtueh. Lb mdueh
`irfe, tefcmío sb mfphbfboti uo molmkelir oufírmki y uo teoqub pere icsbrver he
sbõeh lb sehmle P\.

Oubvefbotb sb usû bh feoueh krbeli pere he mfphbfbotekmûo lb LEU

Essmsteot. Bo he `mdure < ye qublû lb mdueh `irfe pridrefeli y kio`mdureli. He
kiobxmûo `æsmke rbehmzele sb icsbrve bo he mhustrekmûo 2.
 

 
Mhustrekmûo 2. Kiobxmûo `æsmke useoli he tergbte lb elqumsmkmûo lb letis. 

h e tergbte lb elqumsmkmûo lb letis 

Mhustrekmûo 0. Qmobs uselis bo he

He hustrekmûo 0 fubstre his pmobs qub sb userio pere he kio`mdurekmûo bo bh

esmstbotb lb he LEU pere he botrele lb vihtegb eoehûdmke P\. 

 EKIOLMKMIOE FMBO\I KIO QRBO\B LB TNBE\[\IOB ] IQEF

 EKIOLMKMIOEFMBO\I
Qere bh fiomtirbi lb bstb ekiolmkmioefmboti, lb feobre eoåhide eh
pridrefe mfphbfboteli bo bh ekiolmkmioefmboti pir lmvmsir lb vihtegb, sb userio
 

his fmsfis bhbfbotis e lm`brbokme qub he `irfuhe qub sb mosbrtû bo bh oili `irfuhe
bs he bkuekmûo (=) ictbomle bo bh puoti 3c lbh prikblmfmboti.

5  S₅ 3S  ∓
 6 Z\₁    (S₁  S)V   =
  

[ustmtuyboli
prikblmfmboti
έ 5  3 ∓
his vehirbs
sb lbtbrfmoû
bfphber `ubreo lb 512 .
qub, kioikmlis, rbkirleoli
pere oi tbobr i``sbt bo hequb bo hes
sbõeh, bh rbsmstbokmes
puoti 3c lbh e

 6 Z3=0.52 έ  <1;> (5 2 )V   =.5  

Bo HecPMBT, he pridrefekmûo bo bh lmedrefe lb chiqubs bs fuy smfmher e he lbh

ekiolmkmioefmboti eotbrmir e lm`brbokme qub equæ sb mosbrtû he bkuekmûo (=.5). vbr
mhustrekmûo 4.

Mhustrekmûo 4. Lmedrefe lb chiqubs pridrefeli. 

Bo he hustrekmûo 4 sb eprbkme he fmsfe pridrefekmûo,

pridrefek mûo, sihi kefcmi he bkuekmûo
lbh oili `irfuhe. Kiotmbob su LEU Essmsteot pere he botrele eoehûdmke lbh vihtegb
P\ y bh kiovbrsir lb drelis Jbhvmo e Kbhsmus.
 

 
Mhustrekmûo >. Qeobh lb kiotrih lbh PM krbeli pere bh fiomtirbi lb he sbõeh

He mhustrekmûo > fubstre bh peobh lb kiotrih kifpubsti pir lis molmkelirbs

oufírmkis y lis molmkelirbs lb vmrtuehbs (tbrfûfbtri y vihtæfbtri) uoi pere
vmsuehmzer bh vihtegb P\  y itri pere vmsuehmzer bh eufboti i lmsfmoukmûo lb he
tbfpbreture.

Oi `ub obkbsermi mfphbfboter itri LEU Essmsteot, kio bh fmsfi eotbrmir sb

hidrû nekbr bh fiomtirbi, pubs bo efcis sb qubræe kio`mdurer he botrele eoehûdmke
pere P\ y hes kiobxmiobs e he LEU `ubrio hes fmsfes.

He smdumbotb mhustrekmûo =, fubstre he kiobxmûo `æsmke lbh kmrkumti bfphbeoli

ye he tergbte lb elqumsmkmûo lb letis.
 

 
Mhustrekmûo =. Kiobxmûo `æsmke lbh kmrkumti useoli he tergbte lb elqumsmkmûo lb letis. 
elqumsmkmûo

2. Sbehmzer uo fubstrbi lbh kifpirtefmboti lbh sbosir pere efcis

ekiolmkmioefmbotis, rbehmkb eh fbois ;1 fubstres pere kele uoi. Dre`mker
tbfpbreture vs vihtegb.

Qistbrmirfbotb lb necbr krbeli bh mostrufboti vmrtueh (PM) sb prikblmû kio he

tife lb fubstres pere icsbrver bh kifpirtefmboti lbh sbosir drå`mkefbotb kio
kele ekiolmkmioefmboti.

Qere he rbehmzekmûo lb bsti, bh tbrfmstir `ub sifbtmli e he tbfpbreture lbh

keutæo icsbrveoli
pere lbspuís vbrhiesæbobh peuses
eufbotiy lb
esætbfpbreture. Kio lb
hidrer eprbkmer uo kbhuher sb drecûkifi
fbgir feobre bsti
eufbotele he tbfpbreture y quí vehir tifele bh vihtegb P \ kele qub bsti sukblæe.

[b tiferio ;1 fubstres lb kele ekiolmkmioefmboti, hes kuehbs sb publbo eprbkmer

bo he teche 5 y 3 lb e kiotmouekmûo.
 

PIH\EGB DS
SE
ELI[ ±K PIH\EGB D SE
SELI[ ±K
<.35 32.2= 1. 5; 3<.35

<.5; 34.=> 1. <2 34.<

<.13 ;5.=3 1. 0< 3=.04

;.=2 ;;.34 1. >< ;3.5=

;.4= ;4.04 5. 1< ;2.3>

;.04 <1.02 5. 3< ;>.>;

;.22 <;.4< 5.< <3.13

;.<5 <0.=> 5. <> <<.15

;.; <=.0> 5. 03 <4.0=

;.54 23.24 5. 0> <=.0

;.1< 22.23 5. 40 23.52

3.= 2>.4 5. >3 2<.<=

3.4< 03.;; 5. >2 22.05

3.05 02.5= 5. >= 24.2>

3.2 04.42 5. =0 01.45

3.;= 41.34 5. == 03.34

3.34 4;.14 3. 1; 0<.>5

3.5> 42.34 3. 14 04.3

3.1> 44.44 3. 55 0=.4=

5.== 4=.>= 3. 53 45.50

5.=5 >3.5> 3. 52 4;.3=

5.>; ><.5> 3.3 4>.5=

5.42 >0.<0 3. 32 ><.;4

5.0> >>.<5 3. 3> >4.<<

5.03 =1.5 3.; =1.05

5.20 =3 3. ;5 =3.42

5.23 =;.;3 3. ;3 =2.<=

5.<2 =2.<> 3. ;< ==.;>

5.;4 =>.5< 3. ;0 513.20

5.; 511.2 3. ;4 512.;3

\eche 5. ;1 fubstres lbh ekiolmkmioe
ekiolmkmioefmboti
fmboti kio lmvmsir
lb vihtegb.
\eche 3. ;1 fubstres kio bh ekiolmkmioefmboti kio
Tnbetstiob y IQEF. 
 pubotb lb Tnbetstiob
 

Dre`mkeoli hes teches 5 y 3 sb icsbrve bh smdumbotb kifpirtefmboti lbh sbosir

kio kele ekiolmkmioefmboti bfphbeli.

KIFQIS\EFMBO\I LBH [BO[IS KIO EKIOLMKMIEFMBO\I

KIO LMPM[IS
LMPM[ IS LB PIH
PIH\
\EGB

531

511

   K
   ± >1
   [
   I 01
   L
   E
   S <1
   D
31

1
1 1.2 5 5.2 3 3.2 ; ;.2 < <.2

PIH\EGB

Drå`mke 5. Kifpirtefmboti lbh sbosir kio ekiolmkmioefmboti kio lmvmsir lb vihtegb 

ekiolmkmioefmboti

KIFQIS\EFMBO\I
KIFQIS\EFMBO\I LBH [BO[IS KIO
EKIOLMKMIOEFMBO\I KIO QRBO\B LB TNBE\[\IOB ]
IQEF

531

511

   K
   ± >1
   [
   I 01
   L
   E
   S <1
   D
31

1
1 1.2 5 5.2 3 3.2

PIH\EGB

Drå`mke 3. Kifpirtefmboti lbh sbosir kio ekiolmkmioefmboti kio pubotb lb Tnbetstiob y IQEF 
 

SB[RH\E
SB[RH\ELI[
LI[ ] EOEHM[M[
EOEH M[M[ LB SB[RH\ELI[
SB[RH\ELI[ 
His rbsuhtelis ictbomlis bo bste pråktmke `ubrio7

QESE BH EKIOLMKMIOEFMBO\I KIO QESE BH EKIOLMKMIOEFMBO\I KIO

LMPM[IS LB PIH\EGB QRBO\B LB TNBE\[\IOB ] IQEF

Bkuekmûo lbhtbrfmstir
vihtegb lb sehmle lbh Bkuekmûo lbhtbrfmstir
vihtegb lb sehmle lbh
   
 S     ∓     

     S₁
 6 3  3S   >  6    S₁S₁ ∓₁    0   ∓ ₁  

Bkuekmûo
Bkue
5  S₅
kmûo kio h e vermechb
3S  

 lbspbgele
∓  
  
Bkuekmûo
Bkue

  
kmûo kio he vermechb
∓
 6 Z\₁    (S₁  S)V  = \ 6 ho ZS   V   \5   4  lbspbgele

[bosmcm
[bosmcmhmlel
hmlel lbh sbosir [bosmcm
[bosmcmhmlel
hmlel lbh sbosir

 (
(
 ∓ 
  )
6 S 3S   5151
6S       6
  S  S   
 ∓



  S∓ ∓
    44..5  

 S 
I``sbt lbh sbosir (
 6 3  3S5  >.5   6 
 
)
S₁
I``sbt lbh sbosir (
 6     0.5   6 
 
 )

Sbsmst
Sb
 6  6  6 512512 jέ
smst bokmes e bfphbe
bfphberr bo bh kmrkum ti
 
Sbsmstbokme
Sb
 6 32.32.1= jέjέ
smstbokme e bfphber bo bh kmr
 
kmrkumti
kumti

\eche ;. Sbsuhtelis eoehætmkis ictbomlis 

Eoehmzeoli his rbsuhtelis eoehætmkis ictbomlis bo kifperetmve kio his

rbsuhtelis errigelis pir bh fubstrbi pilbfis icsbrver qub teoti bo bh prmfbr
ekiolmkmioefmboti
ekiolmkmioef mboti kifi bo bh sbduoli bxmstb e÷o i``sbt y e pbser lb qub sb kehkuhû
he rbsmstbokme elbkuele pere qub bh sbduoli ekiolmkmioefmboti tuvmbre uo i``sbt lb
kbri, bstb smdumû tbomboli uo vehir.

Kecb lbsteker qub hi eotbrmir fbokmioeli publb sbr pir hes rbsmstbokmes
rbsmstb okmes qub
sb userio ye qub bstes veræeo fukni su vehir y oi fmlbo bxektefbotb hi qub bh
kûlmdi lb kihirbs molmke, tmbobo uoe tihbreokme y eh oi sbr bxektefbotb lbh fmsfi
vehir kehkuheli bsti ikesmioe qub smde bxmstmboli i``sbt.
 

Bh fbgir ekiolmkmioefmboti e user sbræe bh sbduoli y euoqub bh prmfbri sb

kifpirte lb feobre fås hmobeh, rbsuhte fås `åkmh bhmfmoer
bhmf moer bh i``sbt lbh sbduoli pubs
sihi cesteræe kio user rbsmstbokmes lb prbkmsmûo i qub tbodeo fbois tihbreokme lb
sus vehirbs.

Hes drå`mkes 5 y 3 ois fubstreo bh kifpirtefmboti lbh sbosir kio kele

ekiolmkmioefmboti
ekiolmkmioef mboti bfphbeli. Enæ pilbfis eprbkmer lb fbgir
fbg ir feobre qub teo hmobeh
sb kifpirte bh sbosir y kueoti bs su I``sbt.
KIOKHR[MIOB[
KIOKHR[MIOB[ \ÍKOMKE[
Efcis tbrfmstirbs e÷o kio his ekiolmkmioefmbotis rbsuhterio oi sbr
hmobehbs, bsti sbdurefbotb lbcmli e he bkuekmûo kerektbræstmke lbh sbosir rbsmstmvi
bfphbeli.

Bh tbrfmstir prbsbotû i``sbt bo efcis ekiolmkmioefmbotis, pbri sihefbotb

bo he kiobxmûo `æsmke, ye qub bo his kåhkuhis eoehætmkis sb puli hhbder e qub bh
sbduoli ekiolmkmioefmboti tuvmbre uo i``sbt lb P\61.

KIOKHR[MI
KIOKHR[MIOB[
Bo bsteOB[ QBS[IOEH
QBS[IO
pråktmke EHB[
tuvmfisB[vermis icståkuhis, prmokmpehfbotb eh lbspbger b
modrbser he bkuekmûo eh si`twerb HecPMBT, elbfås elqumrmfis lmvbrsis
kioikmfmbotis prmokmpehfbotb bo he pertb lb ekiolmkmioefmboti lbh sbosir
(tbrfmstirbs) fblmeotb lmvmsirbs lb vihtegb y hi IQEF, fblmeotb bstis fítilis
icsbrvefis y kirrbdmfis brrirbs qub bh sbosir prbsboti, etbrrmzeoli his
kioikmfmbotis
kioikmfmbot is prbvmis vmstis bo khesbs.
Cerrûo Fuõiz Brm Diozehi

[b ehkeozû bh icgbtmvi pripubsti bo bste pråktmke kio ehduoes hmfmtekmiobs,

he fås khere pere fæ `ub qub eh rbehmzer he prubce lbh pridrefe nbkni bo HecPMBT
`uokmioece cmbo kueoli sb nekæe
nek æe pere uo sbosir lb 511j y ku
kueoli
eoli sb kefcmû e uoi
21j, ístb pripirkmioece hbktures lm`brbotbs om smqumbre pripirkmioehbs: `ub fuy
lm`ækmh elbkuer bh pridrefe e÷o lbspuís lb vermes film`mkekmiobs y eh `moeh he
sihukmûo `ub user bh tbrfmstir qub sb bfphbû he lbslb uo momkmi.
Sumz Åvmhe Gbs÷s Ehbgeolri

[b hidri ehkeozer bh icgbtmvi lb bste prektmke e pbser lb hes lm`mkuhtelbs

prbsboteles, bstes lbcmles e qub hes bkuekmiobs mfphbfboteles bo HecPMBT breo
lbfesmeli herdes y bo ikesmiobs sb pbrlæe bh irlbo botiokbs sb iptû pir piobrhes
pir pertbs y sb hidrû bvmter bste lm`mkuhtel. Lb mdueh `irfe ehduois rbsuhtelis oi
`ubrio his bspbrelis bsti lbcmli e qub sb userio rbsmstbokmes bo sbrmb pere
eprixmfersb eh vehir kehkuheli, pbri bstes vermeceo fukni su vehir y, pir teoti, oi
sb lmbrio his rbsuhteli
rbsuhteliss bspbrelis.
\ihbli
\ihbli Hûpbz Gueo Gbs÷s
 

SB@BSBOKME[
- Qehhås, S. [bosirbs y ekiolmkmioelir
ekiolmkmioelirbs
bs lb sbõeh. Blmtirmeh7 Ferkifci. <te
Blmkmûo.

- Motrilukkm
Motrilukkmûo
ûo e he fbketrûomke (30 lb oivmbfcrb lbh 3153). 3.3
 Ekiolmkmioefmboti
 Ekiolmkmi sbõehbs. Sbkupbreli lb7
oefmboti lb sbõehbs.
nttp7//52;><<2.chidspit.kif/3153/55/33-ekiolmkmioefmboti-lb-
sboehbs.ntfh  
sboehbs.ntfh

- Tmhhy FkEhhmstbr. Jneo Ekelbfy. Lmvmsir lb vihtegb. Sbkupbreli lb7

nttps7//bs.jneoekelbfy.ird/skmbokb/b
nttps7//bs.jneoekelbfy .ird/skmbokb/bhbktrmkeh-bodmo
hbktrmkeh-bodmobbrmod/bb-kmr
bbrmod/bb-kmrkumt-
kumt-
eoehysms-tipmk/bb-rbsmstir-
eoehysms-tipmk/bb-rbsmstir-kmrkumts/e/bb-vih
kmrkumts/e/bb-vihtedb-lmvml
tedb-lmvmlbr 
br  

- E-Bhbktriomks ((;
; lb guhmi lb
lbhh 315>
315>).). E-Bhbktriomks. BH QRBO\B LB
TNBE\[\IOB. Sbkupbreli lb7  lb7 nttp7//e-bh
nttp7//e-bhbktriomks.kif.
bktriomks.kif.fx/chid/bh-pu
fx/chid/bh-pubotb-
botb-
lb-wnbetstiob/  
lb-wnbetstiob/

- Epuotbs lb khesb lbh læe vmbrobs 5= lb sbptmbfcrb lbh 315>