KNCW_@WN GH @KNJ]@CA@JHCWN IH[W@KBNC@F

KNCW_@W@G@< L. O. @. ],
], or`sbfhbr`, snfthbr`, dbsbnthr`phut` h gnuf`, pnrt`gnr` gn K_HDBWN
c¼ Q, ncgh kncst` _I c¼ Q h K]D c¼ Q, rhsbghcth h gnjbkbfb`g` c` Q.

KNCW_@W@CWH<< E. P. A.,
KNCW_@W@CWH A., c`kbnc`fbg`gh, hst`gn kbvbf, prndbssën, _I c¼ Q h K]D c¼ Q,

rhsbghcth h gnjbkbfb`g` hj Q.

 @s p`rths
p` rths `kbj` bghctbdbk`g`s tìj, hctrh sb, lustn h `khrt`gn n prhshcth knctr`tn
kn ctr`tn gh prhst`éën
gh shrvbéns, quh sh rhihrà phf`s kfàusuf`s h kncgbéøhs ghskrbt`s cn prhshcth.

KFÀX[XF@ 0ª - GN NOLHWN GN KNCW_@WN<

B ‛ Â nolhtn gn prhshcth
prhshcth knctr`tn ` prhst`éën
prhst`éën gh shrvbén
shrvbén gh `knjp`ca`jhctn
`knjp`ca`jhctn ihst`kbnc`f
ihst`kbnc`f
bckfubcgn prâ-c`t`f, p`rtn h pûs-p`rtn, quh kncsbstbrà<
 
 ]râ-C`t`f< ? (gnbs) hcknctrns prhshckb`bs nu ncfbch, knj gur`éën gh `prnxbj`g`jhcth
? anr`s. N prbjhbrn
prbjhbrn hcknctrn sh rh`fbz`rà hctrh ` ;=ª í ;7ª shj`c` gh ihst`éën,
ihst`éën, knj
`onrg`ihj gns shiubcths thj`s< prhp`r`éën gn p`rtn (hsphkbdbk`cgn `s d`shs gn
tr`o`fan gh p`rtn, jâtngns gh `fêvbn cën d`rj`knfûibkns, pnstur`s gh p`rtn, nrbhct`éën
snorh n pf`cn gh p`rtn) h kubg`gns knj n rhkâj-c`skbgn (prnkhgbjhctns rh`fbz`gns
fnin `pûs n c`skbjhctn). N shiucgn hcknctrn sh rh`fbz`rà hctrh ` ;8ª í ;9ª shj`c` gh
ihst`éën h `onrg`rà `s shiubcths thjàtbk`s< puhrpârbn (`g`pt`éën dbsbnfûibk` gn knrpn,
kubg`gns) h `j`jhct`éën (dbsbnfnib`, kubg`gns).
 ]`rtn< `knjp`ca`jhctn gn tr`o`fan gh p`rtn, `tâ ? anr`s `pûs n c`skbjhctn.
 ]û
]ûs-
s-]`
]`rt
rtn<
n< Tbsb
Tbsbt`
t` kn
knj
j gur`
gur`éë
éën
n gh `prn
`prnxb
xbj`
j`g`
g`jh
jhct
cth
h 0 an
anr`
r` `p
`pûs
ûs ;= gb`s
gb`s gn
c`skbjhctn.

BB ‛ [hrà ndhrhkbgn ` ihst`cth, í têtufn gh o÷cus ` p`rtbkbp`éën

p`rtbkbp`éën hj uj` rng` gh kncvhrs`
kncvhrs` knj
thj`
thj`ss bj
bjpnr
pnrt`
t`ct
cths
hs rhf`k
rhf`kbn
bnc`
c`gn
gnss í ihst
ihst`é
`éën
ën,, `n p`
p`rtn
rtn,, `n pu
puhr
hrpâ
pârb
rbn,
n, ` j`thr
j`thrcb
cbg`g
g`gh,
h, `
p`thrcbg`gh, hctrh nutrns `ssuctns.

BBB ‛ Hcknctrns hxtr`s cën hstën bckfuêgns h, pnrt`ctn, sën knor`gns í p`rth.

KFÀX[XF@ ?ª - G@[ NO_BI@ÉØH[ G@ KNCW_@W@G@<

B ‛ ]rhst`r nrbhct`éën h s`c`r güvbg` g` KNCW_@W@CWH snorh ` ir`vbghz, snorh n quh
pf`chl` h ghshl` p`r` n shu p`rtn, snorh n tr`o`fan gh p`rtn, n p`rtn, `j`jhct`éën h kubg`gns
knj n ohoì.
 

BB ‛ ]rhst`r nrbhct`éën snorh ` kncstruéën gn ]f`cn gh ]`rtn. N rhdhrbgn pf`cn â uj` rhf`éën
gh hxbiìckb`s g` KNCW_@W@CWH hj rhf`éën `n shu p`rtn h `n c`skbjhctn gn ohoì,
kncsbghr`cgn `s su`s chkhssbg`ghs h ghshlns, h `s bcthrvhcéøhs h rntbc`s quh cën ghshl` sh
suojhthr.

BBB ‛ Dnrchkhr
Dnrchkhr í KNCW_@W@CW
KNCW_@W@CWH
H bcdnrj`éøhs
bcdnrj`éøhs o`sh`g`s hj hvbgìckb`s
hvbgìckb`s kbhctêdbk`s
kbhctêdbk`s snorh `s

bcthrvhcéøhs quh pnghj shr hvbt`g`s c` ihst`éën,

bcthrvhcéøhs ihst`éën, p`rtn, pûs-p`rtn h `j`jhct`éën,
`j`jhct`éën, `fâj gh
prnpnrkbnc`r gbk`s h `fthrc`tbv`s quh `ujhcthj `s ka`ckhs gh uj` hxphrbìckb` j`bs c`tur`f h
hjpnghr`gnr` pnssêvhf.

BT ‛ ]rhst`r í KNCW_@W@CWH supnrth dêsbkn-hjnkbnc`f, `cths, gur`cth h bjhgb`t`jhcth `pûs

n p`rtn. N d`jbfb`r h n prndbssbnc`f gh
gh s`ügh cën pnghj shr suostbtuêgns phf` KNCW_@W@G@.

T ‛ [uihrbr gur`cth ` ir`vbghz gbk`s nu tâkcbk`s cën bcv`sbv`s h cën d`rj`knfûibk`s, knjn
j`ss`ihcs, abgrnthr`pb`, hxhrkêkbns pnstur`bs, hctrh nutrns, p`r` `fbvb`r pnssêvhbs ghskncdnrtns
g` ir`vbghz, ohj knjn hxhrkêkbns h tâkcbk`s p`r` n rhpnsbkbnc`jhctn gn ohoì c` phfvh,
qu`cgn dnr n k`sn.

KNCW_@W@CWH   supnrth knctêcun gur`cth n tr`o`fan gh p`rtn, zhf`cgn phfn

TB ‛ Ndhrhkhr í KNCW_@W@CWH 
shu ohj-hst`r, `thcghcgn ís su`s chkhssbg`ghs h ghshlns, hcknr`l`cgn-` qu`cgn dnr prhkbsn
h tr`o`fa`cgn sbfhckbns`jhcth p`r` quh c`g` `tr`p`fah n shu jnjhctn.

TBB
TBB ‛ I`r`
I`r`ct
ctbr
br gh
ghct
ctrn
rn g`
g`ss su`s
su`s pn
pnss
ssbo
bobfbfbg
bg`g
`ghs
hs,, uj `job
`jobhc
hcth
th `k
`knf
nfah
ahgn
gnrr qu
quh
h ph
phrj
rjbtbt`
` í
KNCW_@W@CWH thr fbohrg`gh, shiur`cé`, tr`cqubfbg`gh h prbv`kbg`gh chkhssàrb`s p`r` quh
pnss` p`rbr n ohoì hj p`z.

TBBB ‛ ]rhst`r supnrth hxkfusbvn h knctêcun í KNCW_@W@CWH, shj `kujuf`r ducéøhs tâkcbk`s
quh, s`obg`jhcth, cën sën g` su` `fé`g` h knjprnjhthj ` qu`fbg`gh gn shu `thcgbjhctn.

BQ ‛ @pfbk`r tâkcbk`s cën bcv`sbv`s h cën d`rj`knfûibk`s p`r` `fbvb`r ` gnr h ghskncdnrtns
dêsb
dêsbkn
kns,
s, `f
`fâj
âj gh prnpnr
prnpnrkb
kbnc
nc`r
`r `fth
`fthrc`
rc`tbtbv`
v`ss qu
quh
h pn
pngh
ghj
j vb`o
vb`obfbfbz
bz`r
`r h d`
d`kb
kbfbfbt`r
t`r n p`rtn
p`rtn g`
KNCW_@W@CWH.

Q ‛ Hst`r gbspncêvhf p`r` `knjp`ca`r gur`cth tngn n phrêngn prnvàvhf gn p`rtn (g` ;9ª í 7=ª
shj`c` gh ihst`éën), n c`skbjhctn gn ohoì g` KNCW_@W@CWH. @ gbspncbobfbg`gh p`r`
`knjp`ca`jhctn sh hsthcgh c` abpûthsh gn p`rtn prhj`turn nu pûs thrjn.

QB ‛ @kncshfa`r í KNCW_@W@CWH qu`cgn n p`rtn sh tnrc`r j`bs bcthcsn, snorh n jnjhctn gh

br `n anspbt`f, k`sn hsth shl` n fnk`f gh p`rtn hsknfabgn.
 

QBB ‛ D`kbfbt`r ` knjucbk`éën g` KNCW_@W@CWH knj ` hqubph jâgbk` h n anspbt`f.

QBBB ‛ @ KNCW_@W@G@ cën `tu`rà knjn p`rthbr` h cën `ssujbrà t`rhd`s tâkcbk`s g` àrh` g`
s`ügh, knjn `uskuft`r n ohoì h rh`fbz`r tnquhs v`ibc`s p`r` vhrbdbk`r ` gbf`t`éën. Hsth p`phf
ghvh shr hxhkut`gn pnr uj hcdhrjhbrn nosthtr`, nosthtrbz nu jâgbkn-nosthtr`. W`joâj â p`phf
ghsshs prndbssbnc`bs kubg`r g` s`ügh g` KNCW_@W@CWH, h tnj`r `s `éøhs chkhssàrb`s hj

k`sn gh bcthrknrrìckb`s nu hjhriìckb`s.

QBT ‛ @ KNCW_@W@G@
KNCW_@W@G@ cën brà bcthrdhrbr cns prnkhgbjhct
prnkhgbjhctns
ns rh`fbz`gns
rh`fbz`gns phf` hqubph jâgbk`
jâgbk`
hsknfabg` phf` KNCW_@W@CWH.

QT ‛ @uxbfb`r í KNCW_@W@CWH, sh snfbkbt`gn pnr hf`, ` tnj`g` gh ghkbsøhs bjpnrt`cths quh

cën dnr`j prhvbst`s cn pf`cn gh p`rtn.

QTB ‛ ]rhst`r `knjp`ca`jhctn `tâ ? anr`s `pûs n p`rtn, bstn â, `tâ n ohoì rhtnrc`r g`
`v
`v`f
`fb`
b`éë
éën
n ch
chnc
nc`t
`t`f
`f h `tâ
`tâ quh
quh sh hst`
hst`oh
ohfh
fhé`
é` ` prb
prbjh
jhbr
br`
` j`j`
j`j`g`
g`,, jnjhc
jnjhctn
tn hj qu
quh
h `
KNCW_@W@G@ prhst`rà í KNCW_@W@CWH nrbhct`éøhs oàsbk`s snorh ` `j`jhct`éën p`r` n

sukhssn gn `fhbt`jhctn.

QTBB ‛ ]rnjnvhr uj hcknctrn `tâ ;= (trbct`) gb`s `pûs n p`rtn, p`r` prhst`r nrbhct`éøhs hj
rhf`éën í `j`jhct`éën, puhrpârbn h kubg`gns knj n ohoì, ohj knjn p`r` quh shl` `pnct`gn
phf` KNCW_@W@CWH `s su`s bjprhssøhs snorh n `knjp`ca`jhctn rh`fbz`gn.

QTBBB
QTBBB ‛ [h ` KNCW_@
KNCW_@W@G
W@G@
@ pnr jntbvn
jntbvn bjphrb
bjphrbnsn
nsn cën pughr
pughr prhst`
prhst`rr n shrvbé
shrvbén
n prhvbs
prhvbstn
tn c`
kfàusuf` 0ª, n `knjp`ca`jhctn ihst`kbnc`f shrà rh`fbz`gn pnr uj` gnuf` gh o`keup.

QBQ ‛ Â ghvhr g` KNCW_@W@G@ bcgbk`r í KNCW_@W@CWH ` gnuf` gh o`keup, quh shrà

`prhshct`g` cn o÷cus ndhrhkbgn (rng` gh kncvhrs`). @fthrc`tbv`jhcth, ` `prhshct`éën pnghrà
nknrrhr gh dnrj` bcgbvbgu`fbz`g` hj uj` kncsuft` prhshckb`f nu ncfbch.

QQ - A`vh
A`vhcg
cgn
n bcgb
bcgbsp
spnc
ncbo
bobfbfbg
bg`g
`gh
h g` gnuf
gnuf`
` gh o`
o`ke
keup
up,, pn
pnrr jntb
jntbvn
vn bjph
bjphrb
rbns
nsn,
n, hs
hstà
tà sh
knjprnjhthrà ` knct`kt`r nutr` gnuf`,
gnu f`, k`sn ` KNCW_@W@CWH thca` bcthrhssh.

QQB ‛ N shrvbén quh pnghrà shr prhst`gn phf` gnuf` gh o`keup hstà bckfusn c`s kncgbéøhs
p`ktu`g`s c` kfàusuf` 7ª.

KFÀX[XF@ ;ª - G@ NO_BI@ÉËN G@ KNCW_@W@CWH<

 

B ‛ Hdhtu`r n p`i`jhctn c` dnrj` h kncgbéøhs hst`ohfhkbg`s c` kfàusuf` 7ª, h hck`jbca`r `

KNCW_@W@G@, c` abpûthsh gh ghpûsbtn o`ckàrbn nu tr`csdhrìckb` hfhtr÷cbk` gbspncêvhf (WHG),
n knjprnv`cth gh p`i`jhctn, vb` h-j`bf nu Ya`ts@pp.

BB ‛ Â ghvhr g` KNCW_@W@CWH jnstr`r ` KNCW_@W@G@ gh dnrj` prhshckb`f nu ncfbch ns

k`jbcans quh pnghrà phrknrrhr cn bcthrbnr gh su` rhsbgìckb`, qu`cgn hstbvhr hj tr`o`fan gh

p`rtn.

BBB ‛ @ KNCW_@W@CWH ghvhrà bcdnrj`r ` hqubph jâgbk` snorh n `knjp`ca`jhctn ihst`kbnc`f

knctr`t`gn, ohj knjn kbhctbdbkà-fns snorh ` prhshcé` g` KNCW_@W@G@ gur`cth h `pûs n
tr`o`fan gh p`rtn. Â bjpnrt`cth quh ` hqubph jâgbk` h n anspbt`f `pnbhj hsth tbpn gh
`k
`knj
njp`
p`ca
ca`j
`jhc
hctn,
tn, là quh
quh ` rhskb
rhskbsë
sën
n knct
knctr`
r`tu
tu`f
`f sn
sno
o ` `fhi`
`fhi`éë
éën
n gh bj
bjpns
pnssb
sbob
obfbfbg`g
g`gh
h gh
`knjp`ca`jhctn gur`cth h `pûs n tr`o`fan gh p`rtn bjpfbk`rà c` rhskbsën bjntbv`g`.

BT ‛ Â ghvhr g` KNCW_@
KNCW_@W@C
W@CWH
WH bcdnrj`r
bcdnrj`r ` KNCW_@
KNCW_@W@G
W@G@
@ n fnk`f
fnk`f hj quh n p`rtn
p`rtn shrà
rh`fbz`gn.

T ‛ Â ghvhr
ghvhr g` KNCW_@
KNCW_@W@C
W@CWH
WH snfbkb
snfbkbt`r,
t`r, prhdhr
prhdhrhck
hckb`f
b`fjhc
jhcth
th pnr thf
thfhdn
hdnch,
ch, ` prhshcé
prhshcé`
` g`
KNCW_@W@G@ qu`cgn n tr`o`fan gh p`rtn sh bcbkb`r.

KFÀX[XF@ 7ª - GN ]_HÉN H G@[ KNCGBÉØH[ GH ]@I@JHCWN<

B ‛ @ prhst`éën gh shrvbén gh `knjp`ca`jhc

`knjp`ca`jhctn
tn ihst`kbnc`f
ihst`kbnc`f kncst`cth c` kfàusuf`
kfàusuf` 0ª shrà
rhjuchr`g` phfn v`fnr tnt`f gh _$QQ
_$QQ `ssbj
 `ssbj gbskrbjbc`gn<

 ]râ-C`t`f< _$QQ
 ]`rtn< _$QQ
 ]ûs-]`rtn< _$QQ

BB ‛ N v`fnr tnt`f bcgbk`gn `kbj` ghvhrà shr p`in snjhcth hj gbcahbrn, ghpûsbtn o`ckàrbn nu
(WHG),  í vbst` knj
`tr`vâs gh tr`csdhrìckb` hfhtr÷cbk` gbspncêvhf (WHG), í vbst` knj vhckbjhctn hj QQ.

BBB ‛ Bcdnrj`éøhs O`ckàrb`s<

O`ckàrb`s< QQ

KFÀX[XF@ 8ª - GN BC@GBJ]FHJHCWN<

B ‛ A`vhcgn bc`gbjpfhjhctn pnr p`rth g` KNCW_@W@CWH qu`ctn `s kncgbéøhs hst`ohfhkbg`s

c` Kfàusuf` 7ª, bckbgbrà snorh n prhshcth knctr`tn juft` phkucbàrb` gh ?%, `fâj gh lurns gh
jnr` gh 0% `n jìs h knrrhéën jnchtàrb`.
 

BB ‛ Hj k`sn gh knor`cé` lugbkb`f, ghvhj shr `krhskbg`s kust`s prnkhssu`bs h ?=% gh

ancnràrbns `gvnk`têkbns.

KFÀX[XF@ 4ª - G@ _H[KB[ËN BJNWBT@G@ H JNWBT@G@<

B ‛ ]nghrà n prhshcth bcstrujhctn shr rhskbcgbgn pnr qu`fquhr uj` g`s p`rths, hj qu`fquhr uj
gns ; jnjhctns ghskrbtns c` kfàusuf` 0ª. Chss` abpûthsh, ` p`rth quh ghr k`us` ` rhskbsën
ghvhrà knjucbk`r prhvb`jhcth pnr hskrbtn ` nutr` p`rth, cn pr`zn gh 0= gb`s.

BB ‛ [h ` KNCW_@W@CWH rhquhrhr ` rhskbsën bjntbv`g`<

 [hj quh chcauj gns jnjhctns ghskrbtns c` kfàusuf` 0ª thca`j `kncthkbgn ,

` KNCW_@W@G@
KNCW_@W@G@ ghvnfvhrà
ghvnfvhrà í KNCW_@W@CWH 1=%
KNCW_@W@CWH 1=% g`
 g` qu`ctb` p`ktu`g`, `tâ
8 gb`s knct`gns g` knjucbk`éën.

 Kncs
Kncsbg
bghr
hr`c
`cgn
gn ` rh`fb
rh`fbz`
z`éë
éën
n gn 0¼ jnjhc
jnjhctn
tn gh
ghsk
skrb
rbtn
tn c` kfàu
kfàusu
suf`
f` 0ª, `

KNCW_@W@G@ ghvnfvhrà í KNCW_@W@CWH 48%

48% g`
 g` qu`ctb` p`ktu`g`, `tâ 8
gb`s knct`gns g` knjucbk`éën.

 Kncsbg
Kncsbghr`
hr`cgn
cgn ` rh`fbz`
rh`fbz`éën
éën gn 0¼ h ?¼ jnjhctn
jnjhctn ghskrbtn
ghskrbtn c` kfàusu
kfàusuf`
f` 0ª, `
KNCW_@W@G@
KNCW_@W@G@ ghvnfvhrà
ghvnfvhrà í KNCW_@W@CWH 8%
KNCW_@W@CWH 8% g`
 g` qu`ctb` p`ktu`g`, `tâ 8
gb`s knct`gns g` knjucbk`éën.

BBB ‛ K`sn ` rhskbsën bjntbv`g` vhca` ` shr rhquhrbg` phf` KNCW_@W@G@, ghvhrà shr 
ghvnfvbgn n v`fnr bcthir`f p`in rhdhrhcth `ns shrvbéns quh cën dnr`j prhst`gns, `krhskbgn gh
uj` juft` gh 0=% gn v`fnr gn knctr`tn.

BT - ]ngh
]nghrà
rà n prhs
prhshc
hcth
th bcst
bcstruj
rujhc
hctn
tn shr
shr rhskb
rhskbcgb
cgbgn
gn phf`
phf` KNCW
KNCW_@ _@CW
CW@C
@CWH
WH,, pn
pnrr jntb
jntbvn
vn
 lustbdbk`gn, h `fahbn ` su` vnct`gh, t`f knjn n ûobtn dht`f. Chss` abpûthsh, ` rhskbsën ghvhrà shr 
knjucbk`g` pnr hskrbtn, cn pr`zn gh 0= gb`s `pûs n d`tn quh hcshlnu ` rhskbsën, `knjp`ca`gn
gn f`ugn jâgbkn h ghvhrà ` KNCW_@W@G@
KNCW_@W@G@ ghvnfvhr í KNCW_@W@CWH
KNCW_@W@CWH n v`fnr bcthir`f p`in
rhdhrhcth `n shrvbén quh cën dnb prhst`gn.

T ‛ [h ` rhskbsën dnr rhquhrbg` phf` KNCW_@W@CWH, phf` bjpnssbobfbg`gh g` KNCW_@W@G@

h g` gnuf`
gnuf` gh o`keup
o`keup prhst`
prhst`rhj
rhj n shrvbé
shrvbén
n p`ktu`
p`ktu`gn
gn c` kfàusuf
kfàusuf`
` 0ª, hj vbrtug
vbrtugh
h gh jntbvn
bjphrbnsn, ghvhrà ` KNCW_@W@G@ ghvnfvhr í KNCW_@W@CWH n v`fnr bcthir`f p`in rhdhrhcth
`n shrvbén quh cën dnb prhst`gn.

KFÀX[XF@ 9¼ - GN DN_N<
 

]`r` gbrbjbr qu`bsquhr knctrnvârsb`s nrbucg`s gn prhshcth knctr`tn, `s p`rths hfhihj n dnrn g`
knj`rk` gh QQQ.

]nr hst`rhj `ssbj lustns h knctr`t`gns, dbrj` n prhshcth bcstrujhctn, hj gu`s vb`s gh biu`f
thnr, luct`jhcth knj ? (gu`s) thsthjuca`s.

QQ, QQ gh QQQ gh ?=?Q.

 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
KNCW_@W@G@

 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
KNCW_@W@CWH

 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
WH[WHJXCA@ 0

 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
WH[WHJXCA@ ?