CARBOHIDRATOS

INDICE
MONOSACARIDOS: REACCIONES DE Reacciones de oxidación de
MONOSACARIDOS: Reducción de monosacáridos:
• Propiedades físicas Reacciones en carbón monosacáridos: • Con Br 2 , H 2 O
• Estereoquímica anomérico y del grupo -OH • Reducción con • Con Reactivo de Tollens (Ag + , en NH 4
• Mutarrotación Formación de hemiacetal NaBH 4 /H 2 O OH)
cíclico (estructura de • Con Reactivo de Benedict (Cu 2+ , de
01 Haworth). • Formación del
enlace glicosidico. 03 citrato de
sodio) • Con Reactivo de Fehling (Cu 2+ ,
tartatro de
02 sodio acuoso) • Con NaOH, H 2 O
(tautomería ceto-
enólica)

04
• Con HNO3/calor
• Con peryodato (oxidación con ruptura)
 CARBOHIDRATOS
● Los carbohidratos o glúcidos son moléculas
biológicas compuestas principalmente por
carbono, hidrógeno y oxígeno.

● Los carbohidratos se conocen como

hidratos de carbono, pues la estructura
química general luce como un carbono con
una molécula de agua Cn(H2O)n. También
se les llaman sacáridos o azúcares.
01 Monosacaridos
 Estereoqui
P.FISICAS Mutarrotacion
Los

mica
monosacáridos
son los carbohidratos
más simples

Los monosacáridos
son sólidos,
cristalinos, incoloros
o blancos, de sabor
Linelaes
dulce. Como
grupos hidroxilo son
los
Esteroiso
polares,
monosacáridos son
los
meros D,L
muy solubles en
agua, pues se
establecen
polares
enlaces
con las ciclicas
moléculas de agua.
DIASTEREOISOMERÍA

Las fórmulas lineales de los

monosacáridos se escriben con
el carbono 1, el carbono que lleva
la función aldehído o el carbono
más próximo a la función cetona,
en la parte superior y el resto de
los carbonos en orden
descendente.
Ciclación

En disolución, los monosacáridos pequeños se encuentran en

forma lineal, mientras que las moléculas más grandes ciclan su
estructura. La estructura lineal recibe el nombre de Proyección
de Fischer; la estructura ciclada de Proyección de Haworth. En
la representación de Haworth la cadena carbonada se cicla
situada sobre un plano. Los radicales de la cadena se encuentran
por encima o por debajo de ese plano.

La estructura ciclada se consigue en aldopentosas y hexosas. El

enlace de ciclación se genera entre el carbono que posee el grupo
funcional y el carbono asimétrico más alejado del grupo funcional.
Cuando el carbono tiene un grupo aldehído, como grupo
funcional, el enlace recibe el nombre de hemiacetálico. Cuando
el carbono tiene un grupo cetona, como grupo funcional, el enlace
recibe el nombre de hemicetálico.
La molécula ciclada puede adquirir el
aspecto de un pentágono o de un
hexágono. Los monosacáridos
ciclados con aspecto de pentágono
reciben el nombre de Furanosas. Los
monosacáridos ciclados con aspecto
de hexágono reciben el nombre de
Piranosas.
FORMAS α y ß

Cuando se produce la ciclación de la

molécula aparece un nuevo átomo de carbono
asimétrico, el carbono 1 en las aldosas o el 2
en las cetosas. Este carbono recibe el nombre
de carbono anomérico. El OH de este
carbono, -OH hemiacetálico, puede estar a
uno u otro lado del plano de la molécula
originándose dos nuevos isómeros ópticos.
Cada uno de estos isómeros se distingue
mediante los símbolos α y ß (formas α y ß).

La forma α se representa situando el OH

hemiacetálico por debajo del plano de la
molécula; en la forma ß se sitúa por encima.
Las formas α y ß de un monosacárido reciben
el nombre de formas anómeras.
Mutarrotacion
La mutarrotación es la
interconversión entre anómeros a
través de la forma abierta. Así, la
glucosa se encuentra en el medio
acuoso como mezcla de los
anómero alfa, beta y una pequeña
cantidad en forma abierta.
Este equilibrio con la forma abierta
permite el paso del anómero alfa al
beta y viceversa. Una vez alcanzado
el equilibrio se establece una
composición constante y
característica de cada azúcar para las
tres especies presentes en el medio.
En el caso de la glucosa el anómero
predominante es el beta por su mayor
estabilidad (todos los hidroxilos
ecuatoriales).
Company milestones
Milestone 1 2012 2014 Milestone 2
Venus is the second Mercury is the closest
planet from the Sun planet to the Sun

Milestone 3 2016 2018 Milestone 4

Mars is actually a very Jupiter is the biggest
cold place planet of them all

Milestone 5 2020 2022 Milestone 6

Saturn is composed of Neptune is the farthest
hydrogen and helium planet from the Sun
“This is a quote, words full of wisdom
that someone important said and can
make the reader get inspired.”

—Company’s Motto

Creative
Agency
 +70% 350
Company's growth Partners
Mars is actually a cold place Venus has a beautiful name

26 40,000
Employees Users
Mercury is the smallest planet Saturn has several rings
Employee benefits
Work-life balance Catering service
Venus is the second planet Saturn is a gas giant and
from the Sun has several rings

Health insurance Bonuses and more

Jupiter is the biggest Despite being red, Mars is
planet of them all a cold place

Gym Retirement plans

Pluto is now considered a Neptune is the farthest
dwarf planet planet from the Sun
Art director description
Desired profile Required studies Required skills

● Describe the desired ● Describe the required ● Describe the required

profile here studies here skills here
● Describe the desired ● Describe the required ● Describe the required
profile here studies here skills here
● Describe the desired ● Describe the required ● Describe the required
profile here studies here skills here
Animation description
About the company
Despite being red, Mars is a cold place

Job objectives
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest
one in the Solar System

Responsibilities
● Describe the responsibilities for this job position
● Describe the responsibilities for this job position
● Describe the responsibilities for this job position
Creative manager description
Job title Job objective
Creative manager You can briefly describe the job position and the
objectives to be pursued
Department
Responsibilities
Design and communications ● Describe the responsibilities here

Location Duration
● Describe the responsibilities here
● Describe the responsibilities here
London 12 months Education and experience
Work schedule ● Describe the education here
● Describe the experience here
40 hours per week / 52 weeks per year
Responsibilities of the role
● Describe the first job objective here
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Job objective

● Describe the first responsibility here

● Describe the second responsibility here
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Responsibilities
● Describe the fifth responsibility here
● Describe the sixth responsibility here
● Describe the seventh responsibility here
Role goals
Design goals Creativity goals

● Describe the different goals of ● Describe the different goals of

the role here the role here
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the role here the role here
● Describe the different goals of ● Describe the different goals of
the role here the role here
● Describe the different goals of ● Describe the different goals of
the role here the role here
Valuable knowledge
Valuable knowledge

MK tools Teamwork Languages Leadership

Despite being red, Saturn is gas giant Venus has a Jupiter is the
Mars is a cold place and has many rings beautiful name biggest planet
Knowledge required
Mercury is the closest planet to
Marketing the Sun and the smallest one
in the Solar System

Jupiter is a gas giant and the

Design biggest planet in the entire
Solar System

Despite being red, Mars is

Creativity actually a cold place. Itʼs full of
iron oxide dust
Thanks!
Creative
Agency

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