Phrgh 2. Juf`higftas `g lh Hccdóf ^sdcasacdhl.

^rgsgfth`a ^ar;
Jhdsdury Ig`dfh Ayalh
Có`doa;
88>0030840

^rgsgfth`a H;
Kuhf Ihcéhs

Orupa Calhbarhtdva
Calhbarhtdva;;
0>3>28 – =:

Wfdvgrsd`h` Fhcdafhl Hbdgrth y h @dsthfcdh –WFH@

Gscuglh `g cdgfcdhs Sacdhlgs, Hrtg y Muihfd`h`gs

^raorhih `g ^sdcalaoéh

Ia`glas `g Dfvgstdohcdóf gf ^sdcalaoéh

28/>2/2>28
 

DFPRA@WCCDAF

Lh ^sdcalaoéh, gf su vgrtdgftg tgórdch y hpldch`h, gs ufh cdgfcdh hl sgrvdcda `gl

bdgfgsthr `g lhs pgrsafhs, orupas y `g caiufd`h`gs sdtuh`hs `gftra `g uf
`gtgridfh`a caftgxta. Gstg gs gl juf`higfta `g lh dftgrvgfcdóf thl y caia lh
gftgf`gias h la lhroa `g gstg `acuigfta, gf gl qug sg pgridtg rgspaf`gr
étgis plhfghf`a cafacdidgftas caiprgf`d`a h la lhroa `g lhs lgcturhs
prapugsths, hsé idsia `gs`g gl pufta `g vdsth pgrsafhl fas pgridtdias
hrouigfthr gf lh diparthfcdh y gfsgøhfzh rgcdbd`h gf lhs lgcturhs.
Jdfhligftg ta`as gstas hrouigftas sg gfcugftrhf sukgtas gf gl hfgxa
gxpugsta h caftdfuhcdóf.
 

Hfgxa 8
Jdcmh `g LgcturhQPhrgh 2

JDCMH @G 
LGCPWRH
Ia`glas `g Dftgrvgfcdóf gf ^sdcalaoéh

 Jhrdøhs, O, y Ohrcéh, @.
@htas bdbldaorèjdcas `g
(2>>:). Lhs thrghs `g lh
lhs lgcturhs bhsg phrh
psdc
psdcal
alao
aoéh
éh hchctu
tuhl
hl gf gl
`hr rgspugsth h las
chi
chipa `g lh lhss cd
cdgf
gfcd
cdhhs
étgis. sacdhlgs (ufh
hpra
hp raxd
xdih
ihcdcdóf
óf `g `gs`
s`gg gl
gfjaqug `g lh
caiplgkd`h`). ^sdcalaoéh;
Pgaréh g ^rèctdch,
=(8),8
=(8 ),8>?-8
>?-82=.
2=. RgvRgvdsh
dsh`a
`a
`g; mttps;//www.rg`hl
yc.aro/p`j/843=/843=
8=:2:>>?.p`j 
 mttps;//www.
mttps;/ /www.scdgla.
scdgla.br/p`j/
br/p`j/
mcsi/v2f8/h>0v2f8.p`j 

Faibrg `g qudgf glhbarh  Jhdsdury Ig`dfh Ayalh

lh jdcmh;

Rgspaf`a las sdoudgftgs cugstdafhidgftas;

 ±Xuä sg gftdgf`g par sdstgihs caiplgkas y pgfshidgftas

caiplgkas1
Gl sdstgih caiplgka gstè caipugsta par vhrdhs phrtgs
dftgrcafgcth`hs a gftrglhzhs cuya véfculas crghf dfjarihcdóf
h`dcdafhl fa vdsdblg hftg gl absgrvh`ar caia rgsulth`a `g lhs
dftgrhccdafgs gftrg glgigftas, `g douhl jarih pasgg iès
dfjarihcdóf qug lh qug `h ch`h phrtg df`gpgf`dgftg.
Sdias (844>, p. 82:) sgøhlh h`giès qug cafsd`grh iès
caiplgka las sdstgihs qug gf las cuhlgs mhy iucmh iès
dftgr`gpgf`gfcdh gftrg las caipafgftgs5 las sdstgihs qug saf
 “df`gcd`dblgs’ (df`giastrhblgs a fa jarihligftg
jarihligftg chlculhblgs a
fa `gtgridfhftgs) y las sdstgihs caf iucmas caipafgftgs
`djgrgftgs. Sdiaf (844>, p. 82?), hl douhl qug vhlläg, ubdch lh
caiplgkd`h` gf gl sdstgih absgrvh`a, pgra thibdgf “gf gl aka
`gl absgrvh`ar’, y horgoh; “Huf cuhf`a uf sdstgih sgh par
fhturhlgzh sdiplg, gs `gcdr, `gscrdptdblg gf prdfcdpda gf
täridfas sdiplg, uf absgrvh`ar pug`g fa laorhr `gscrdbdr gsth
`gscrdpcdóf y pug`g fa sgr chphz `g chrhctgrdzhr gl sdstgih
iès `g ufh jarih caiplgkh.’ 
Cuhf`a sg trhth `g cafstrudr uf iäta`a fugva sabrg lh bhsg
`g lhs d`ghs caiplgkhs qug gihfhf `g lhs cdgfcdh y su
cafkuohcdóf caf gl pgfshidgfta muihfdsth, palétdca sacdhl y
 

jdlasójdca, thibdgf sg utdldzhf pgfshidgftas caiplgkas gf uf

sgftd`a iès
iès gstrgcma, phrh
phrh `gsdofhr las gstu`das cdgftéjdcas
qug dftgfthf gxpldchr lhs `dfèidchs caiplgkhs `g las abkgtas
gf gstu`da, sdf gxtrhgr `g gllas cafsgcugfcdhs casiavdsdvhs a
igta`alóodchs iès ogfgrhlgs.
Gl hpartg prdfcdphl `g gsths tgaréhs cafsdstg gf gl hvhfcg `gl
cafacdidgfta `g las sdstgihs gspgcéjdcas, y lh crghcdóf `g
ia`glas y sdiulhcdafgs caiputhcdafhlgs qug pgridtgf
caiprgf`grlas caia gftd`h`gs fa rg`ucdblgs h rglhcdafgs
chushlgs sdiplgs. G`ohr Iardf mh `gfaidfh`a gsth pasturh
caiplgkd`h` rgstrdfod`h, phrh `djgrgfcdhrlh `g hqugllh iès
hipldh y muihfdsth qug sastdgfg, `af`g la `gjdfg caia uf
iäta`a `g pgfshidgfta
fhturhlgzh, fugva, vèld`a
lh sacdg`h`, rgarohfdzhr lh phrh caiprgf`gr
vd`h muihfh, lh
y phrh
buschr salucdafgs h lhs crdsds
c rdsds `g lh muihfd`h` caftgiparèfgh.
Gf phlhbrhs `g G`ohr Iardf, cuhf`a sg mhblh `g
caiplgkd`h
caipl gkd`h`
` «… Sg trhth
trhth `g gfjr
gfjrgfthr
gfthr lh `djdcu
`djdculth`
lth` `g pgfshr
pgfshr y
`g vdvdr.µ

 ±Cuèlgs saf las juf`higftas tgórdcas `gl

pgfshidgfta caiplgka1
@g lhs jugftgs `g `af`g hbrgvó gl pgfshidgfta caiplgka `g
Iardf pa`gias cdthr.
Lh tgaréh `g sdstgihs y lh cdbgrfätdch5 sg rgcarthf gf ufh

zafh dfcdgrth
sdstgihs caiûf,
gs iucma ièsgfhipldh,
prdfcdpda gl
gl chipa
chsd `g lh
ufdvgrshl, gftgaréh `g
`g
uf sgftd`a
ta`h rghld`h` cafacd`h, `gs`g gl ètaia mhsth lh ohlhxdh,
phshf`a par lh ialäculh, lh cälulh, gl arohfdsia y lh sacdg`h`,
pug`g sgr cafcgbd`a caia sdstgih, gs `gcdr, caia hsacdhcdóf
caibdfhtardh `g glgigftas `djgrgftgs. Gl ihtgiètdca y jésdca
Farbgrt _dgfgr (8=40 - 84:0) glhbaró gl cafcgpta `g
cdbgrfätdch gf su abrh Cdbgrfätdch y sacdg`h`, sgoûf lh Rghl
hch`gidh gsphøalh sdofdjdch “Hrtg `g oabgrfhr ufh fhvg’.
Horgoh qug lh cdbgrfätdch gs gl “gstu`da `g lhs hfhlaoéhs gftrg
las sdstgihs `g caiufdchcdóf y caftral `g las sgrgs vdva y `g
las `g lhs ihqudfhs, gf phrtdculhr, gl `g lhs hpldchcdafgs `g las
igchfdsias `g rgoulhcdóf bdalóodch h lh tgcfalaoéh’ 
Pgaréh `g lh
`gl trhbhka `gdfjarihcdóf y lh caiufdchcdóf5
Smhffaf y _ghvgr  surodó
(84=8) cafacd`a caiahtgaréh
phrtdr
ihtgiètdch `g lh dfjarihcdóf, Sgoûf Iargfa (2>>2) su abkgta
`g gstu`da sg cgftrh gf gl hfèldsds `g lh gjdcdgfcdh `g lh
dfjarihcdóf y buschbh gsthblgcgr ig`d`hs cuhftdthtdvhs sabrg
lh chphcd`h` `g las sdstgihs `g trhfsidtdr, hlihcgfhr y
pracgshr dfjarihcdóf

 ±Cuèlgs saf lhs chrhctgréstdchs `g lh hccdóf psdcasacdhl1

Sg chrhctgrdzh par trhbhkhr igfas lh phrtg df`dvd`uhl y iès lh

calgctdvh, yh qug, gl gfjaqug qug sg gstè ihfgkhf`a gs gl sacdhl
y gl caiufdthrda, gs par glla, qug lh dftgrvgfcdóf pug`g sgr
`drdod`a gf
gf caftgxtas
caftgxtas caia arohfdz
arohfdzhcdafhl,
hcdafhl, g`
g`uchtdva,
uchtdva,
caiufdthrda y kuré`dca, hsé idsia gsths dftgrvgfcdafgs `gbgf
caftgfgr hspgctas diparthftgs caia lh phrtdcdphtdvh y lh
 

`drdod`h, caf gsta thibdgf pa`gias tgfgr `dstdftas gfjaqugs

caia5 gl tgórdca, aftalóodca, gpdstgialóodca, ätdca-palétdca y
igta`alóodca trhbhkhf`a `gs`g vhrdas hspgctas y htgfcdóf `g
las fdvglgs jarihtdvas dftgrpgrsafhlgs, sacda-palétdca y gl
mdstórdca- culturhl phrh tgfgr ufh vdsdóf iès hipldh `gs`g gl
gfjaqug sacdhl caiufdthrda.
 H trhväs `g uf gkgipla, d`gftdjdca caf clhrd`h` la qug
`djgrgfcdh gl hbar`hkg psdcasacdhl `g lh psdcalaoéh y `g atrhs
`dscdpldfhs.
Lh pgrspgctdvh `g vdoatsey `gs`g lh dftgrhccdóf `gl
pgfshidgfta y glpa`gias
`gl hprgf`dzhkg, lgfouhkgvgr
`gl qug
df`dvd`ua `gs`g gl igfthlgs
las trhstarfas pufta `g `g
vdsth
uf fdøa, pug`gf gsthr dftgorh`as caf lh sacdalaoéh, qug gs gl
gstu`da `g lh sacdg`h` y su gftarfa jhidldhr `gs`g las
cafcgptas rgldodasas, gcafóidcas y uf caftgxta mdstórdca-
culturhl qug pug`gf hjgcthr lh chld`h` `gl hprgf`dzhkg `gl fdøa.

 Rglhcdafa lhs `djgrgfcdhs gftrg lh hccdóf psdcasacdhl y lh

dftgrvgfcdóf tgrhpäutdch trh`dcdafhl.
Lh hccdóf psdcasacdhl saf lhs täcfdchs a gstrhtgodhs
gfjach`hs h trhbhkhr ufh prablgiètdch gf uf orupa a ufh
sacdg`h` gf thfta lh dftgrvgfcdóf tgrhpäutdch trh`dcdafhl,
gstè `drdod`a hl sukgta gf su phrtdcdphcdóf gf lh sacdg`h` y
ufh sgrdg `g täcfdchs qug gvhlûhf hl df`dvd`ua sgoûf sgh gl
chsa.

^hlhbrhs clhvg;
Cdbgrfätdch.
Culturh.
Gpdstgialóodca.
Mdstardh.
^alétdch.
^gfshidgftas
^gfshidgfta s caiplgkas.
Sdstgihs caiplgkas.

Caigfthrdas pgrsafhlgs;

lh psdcalaoéh fas brdf`h uf hpaya dftgr y trhf`dcdpldfhrda `g atrhs

cdgfcdhs sacdhlgs caia lh hftrapalaoéh y lh sacdalaoéh, phrh hsé
brdf`hr uf `dhofóstdca iès clhra hcgrch `gl caiparthidgfta y su
mdstardh, hsé idsia fugstrh jarihcdóf prajgsdafhl cgftrh`h
c gftrh`h gf gl
gfjaqug sacdhl-caiufdthrda `gs`g fugstra hctuhr `dhrdas tgfgr ufhs
hccdafgs psdcasacdhlgs y ufh dftgrvgfcdóf tgrhpäutdch qug `gbg
tgfgr ufh vdsdóf ogfgrhl phrh `hr
`hr h lh caiufd`h
caiufd`h` ` la igkar `g
fugstrh jarihcdóf, igkarhf`a fugstrh chld`h` `g vd`h y `g lh
pgrsafhs qug gf su iaigfta rgqudgrhf `g fugstra ral prajgsdafhl.
 

Jgcmh `g glhbarhcdóf; 28/>2/2>28

Ldfe Zd`ga;

mttps;//www.yautubg.cai/whtcm1v9LW-lgqO3H7I&jghturg9yautu.bg
mttps;//www.yautubg.cai/whtcm1v9LW-lgqO3H7I&jghturg9yautu.bg
 

CAFCLWSÓF.

Lhs lgcturhs `g lh ufd`h` 8. Fas pgridtdgraf caiprgf`gr gl cóia surog

lh psdcalaoéh gf gl trhbhka, pgridtdgf`a qug d`gftdjdqugias las mdtas
mdstórdcas qug `dgraf surodidgfta h gsth rhih `g lh psdcalaoéh tgihs
qug fas pgridtgf caftdfuhr caf fugstra pracgsa jarihtdva y
prajgsdafhl.
Hsd idsia lh ogstdóf `gl psdcólaoa vh iès hllè `g lh h`idfdstrhcdóf `g
lhs pgrsafhs iès bdgf gs lh h`idfdstrhcdóf caf lhs pgrsafhs, tgfdgf`a
caia rgta qug
phrtdcdphf`a las df`dvd`uas
hctdvhigftg sg sdgfthfcaftdfuas
gf pracgsas y hctûgf`g
caia sacdg`h`
`gshrralla pgrsafhl
y arohfdzhcdafhl sdgf`a las prathoafdsths `gl chibda y lhs igkargs gf
sus gftarfas.
 

Rgjgrgfcdhs.
Jhrdøhs, O, y Ohrcéh, @. (2>>:). Lhs thrghs `g lh psdcalaoéh hctuhl gf gl
chipa `g lhs cdgfcdhs sacdhlgs (ufh hpraxdihcdóf `gs`g gl gfjaqug `g
lh caiplgkd`h`). ^sdcalaoéh; Pgaréh g ^rèctdch, =(8),8>?-82=. Rgvdsh`a
`g;
mttps;//www.rg`hlyc.aro/p`j/843=/843=8=:2:>>?.p`j 
Zdllh, @. (2>82) Lh hccdóf y gl gfjaqug psdcasacdhl gf lh Dftgrvgfcdóf `g
las caftgxtas sacdhlgs. (pp. 307 - 3:7). Rgvdsh`a `g;
mttps;//`dhlfgt.ufdrdakh.gs/sgrvlgt/hrtdcula1ca`doa9077>234
Cmhlh, I. (2>8?). Lh hccdóf psdcasacdhl gf gl praorhih `g psdcalaoéh `g
lh WFH@. Wfdvgrsd`h` Fhcdafhl Hbdgrth y h @dsthfcdh WFH@. _aredfo
^hpgr GCSHM Fa. 8. Rgvdsh`a `g;
mttp;//mgigratgch.ufh`.g`u.ca/df`gx.pmp/wp/hrtdclg/vdgw/28>=