Polochic Biologia

6
OLKMKJÀF
Mf rcgfhhlød gc cstc mlork, cstuvk f hfrjk
gcm cqulpk rcgfhtkr gcm LHC_. Mf fgfptfhlød
y rcvlslød pfrf Juftc`fmf cstuvk f hfrjk
gcm cqulpk rcgfhtkr gcm LJC_.
66 Fvcdlgf 65-73, Hlugfg Ducvf, zkdf ?

Hlugfg gc Juftc`fmf.
YOU> ?76? 2222

Bfx> ?76? 2:97
Hkrrck cmchtrødlhk> ljcrIljcr.cgu.jt

Yæjldf wco> www.ljcr.cgu.jt
Cglhlød ?99<
L`prcsk cd mks tfmmcrcs gcm LJC_
Høgljk> 9?-69-97-6
_cscrvfgks tkgks mks gcrcheks. Vucgf rljurksf`cdtc

prkelolgf mf rcprkguhhlød tktfm k pfrhlfm gc cstc `ftcrlfm
cguhftlvk, pkr hufmqulcr `cglk k prkhcgl`lcdtk, sld mf
futkrlzfhlød gcm Ldstltutk Juftc`fmtchk gc Cguhfhlød
_fglkbødlhf, LJC_. Xcjþd frtàhumk 7? gc mf Hkdstltu-
hlød Ykmàtlhf gc Juftc`fmf quc sc rcbcrc f mf futkràf.
?
Yrcscdtfhlød
Cm `ftcrlfm quc fquà mc prcscdtf`ks, dfhlø hk`k mfs krcs

quc fpfrchcd cd cm hf`ldk>
«Cm vlcdtk trfnk mf sc`lmmf, hfyø cd mf tlcrrf,

vldk mf mmuvlf, orlmmø cm skm y mucjk dfhlø mf bkr.
Fmjudfs skd okdltfs, ktrfs ùy ldtcrcsfdtcs

pcrk tfòlìd, ktrfs ùy hkùdcs.±
Cm vlcdtk gc mks fhkdtchl`lcdtks trfnk mf sc`lmmf gc mf ldqulc-

tug, mf pmfdtø cd tlcrrf bìrtlm, orlmmø cm cdtuslfs`k, hfyø mf mmuvlf gc
mfs lgcfs y dfhlcrkd mfs krcs.
Olcdvcdlgk fm mlork gc Olkmkjàf huyk konctlvk prldhlpfm cs

quc ustcg scf cm prktfjkdlstf gcm prkhcsk gc mf cdscöfdzf y
fprcdglzfnc. Cspcrf`ks quc nudtks pkgf`kshkdstrulr cm hkdk-
hl`lcdtk quc dks pcr`ltf hfòlfr gc fhtltug y gcsfrrkmmfr,
hfgf vcz `æs, cm pcdsf`lcdtk.
Glvlglrc`ks cm cstuglk gc OLKMKJÀF cd mfs sljulcdtcs

udlgfgcs.
v Sdlgfg L> Mf vlgf y sus prkhcsks

Cd cstf udlgfg efrc`ks ud rchucdtk gc mks fspchtks elstø-
rlhks gc mf Olkmkjàf efstf fmhfdzfr udf vlslød `kgcrdf gc mf
`ls`f. Koscrvfrc`ks mks hf`pks gc cstuglk quc fofrhf y
cm `ìtkgk gc cstuglk quc utlmlzf.
_chkdkhcrc`ks mks glvcrsks fpkrtcs y mf utlmlgfg gc mks gls-

tldtks tlpks gc `lhrkshkplks quc sc efd usfgk pfrf mkjrfr
mks fvfdhcs.
Cstuglfrc`ks mks hk`pkdcdtcs gc mf `ftcrlf vlvf y mf cstruh-

turf hcmumfr.
v Sdlgfg LL> Wkgk cs tkgk
Cd cstf udlgfg koscrvfrc`ks mf ldtcrfhhlød cdtrc mf `ftcrlf

y mf cdcrjàf gcdtrk gcm tkgk gc mf dfturfmczf y su utlmlgfg pfrf
hkdscrvfr mf vlgf.Fdfmlzfrc`ks mks prkhcsks `ctfoømlhks.
8
v SDLGFG LLL> _cprkguhhlød y gcsfrrkmmk gc mks krjfdls`ks
_cvlsfrc`ks mf rcprkguhhlød hk`k ud prkhcsk þdlhk gc mks

scrcs vlvks.
Glstldjulrc`ks cdtrc rcprkguhhlød scxufm y fscxufm. Gcstf -

hfrc`ks fmjudks fspchtks l`pkrtfdtcs gc mf rcprkguhhlød y
gcm cqulmlorlk eu`fdk u ek`ckstfsàf.
Ldtcrprctfrc`ks fmjudks fspchtks skorc mf jcdìtlhf y sus

fvfdhcs.
v Sdlgfg LR> Cvkmuhlød, Wfxkdk`àf y Olkglvcrslgfg
_csu`lrc`ks mks fspchtks `æs jcdcrfmcs gc cstfs ærcfs gc

mf Olkmkjàf tfmcs hk`k mfs cvlgcdhlfs gcm prkhcsk cvkmutlvk y
fmjudfs gc mfs elpøtcsls skorc cm krljcd gc mf vlgf.
_chkdkhcrc`ks cm hf`pk gc cstuglk gc mf Wfxkdk`àf y cm

krgcd gc mks jrupks tfxkdø`lhks, fsà hk`k mks fpkrtcs echeks
pkr Mlddck.
Fgc`æs, gldstldjulrc`ks mfs prldhlpfmcs hfrfhtcràstlhfs gc

mks rcldks hkd vlgf y gc fmjudks krjfdls`ks quc dks slrvfd
hk`k cnc`pmks gc cmmks. Fsà hk`k mf uolhfhlød gcm scr eu`fdk
cd cm rcldk fdl`fm y su dkòrc hlcdtàhk.
Cd sàdtcsls pkgc`ks gchlr quc cm mlork scræ udf oucdf ecrrf-

`lcdtf, pcrk dk kmvlgc quc cm prktfjkdlstf cs ustcg.
Fm dfm gc hfgf tc`f cdhkdtrfræ cm rcsu`cd rcspchtlvk quc

mc kbrchcræ udf vlslød hkdnudtf, pcrk sl`pmc, gc mks prldhlpfmcs
fspchtks rcvlsfgks, fgc`æs mks cncrhlhlks mc pcr`ltlræd hk`prkofr
su fprcdglzfnc cd rcmfhlød hkd fmjudks gc mks konctlvks.
Yfrf kotcdcr ìxltk, cs l`pkrtfdtc udf oucdf mchturf gcm tcxtk,

mf rcvlslød gc mks rcsþ`cdcs, mf rcfmlzfhlød gc mks cncrhlhlks y mf
hk`prkofhlød gc mks konctlvks.
Hk`k ud rchursk `æs, mc kbrchc`ks ud jmksfrlk quc hkdtlcdc

tìr`ldks c`pmcfgks cd hfgf vkmu`cd, hkd cm fbæd gc quc pucgf
hkdsumtfr y rcfr`fr fmjudks gc cstks hkdhcptks.
Sstcg pkgræ hkdr`fr sl mks cncrhlhlks quc rcskmvlø skd hk-
7
rrchtks, efhlcdgk usk gc mfs eknfs gc rcspucstfs quc fpfrchc fm
dfm gc hfgf vkmu`cd.
Bldfm`cdtc, tfòlìd efmmfræ mf olomlkjrfbàf, quc buc c`pmcfgf

hk`k bucdtc pfrf mf prkguhhlød gc cstc `ftcrlfm.
Gcscfdgk quc mf hkschef scf foudgfdtc, dks glspkdc`ks

pfrf fhk`pföfrmk f trfvìs gc tkgf cstf cxpcrlcdhlf.
3
2
Yrl`crf Sdlgfg
MF RLGF
\ XSX Y_KHCXKX
Dfturfmczf gc mf vlgf
”Wkgks ec`ks vlstk mf vlgf,

dk dks fskòrf`ks fdtc
mfs `fdlbcstfhlkdcs quc
gc cmmf hkdkhc`ks.
Ycrk dks qucgf`ks pcrpmcnks
fdtc mf ld`cdsf krjfdlzfhlød
quc mf efhc pkslomc.‐
M. _kgràjucz M.
Mks tc`fs quc dks khupfræd cd cstf udlgfg dks cxljcd ef-
hcr ud rchucdtk gc fmjudks fspchtks purf`cdtc elstørlhks, pcrk
fgc`æs dks fyugfræd f mkjrfr udf vlslød tktfm`cdtc `kgcrdf
gc mf Olkmkjàf.
:
Mks fdtljuks dfturfmlstfs cstuglfrkd f mks scrcs vlvks gcsgc
cm pudtk gc vlstf gc mf Elstkrlf Dfturfm, cs gchlr, nudtk f mk dk vlvk
k ldfdl`fgk, gc udf bkr`f `æs k `cdks `ctøglhf y cmfokrfdgk
tckràfs mksøhfs.
@kgcrdf`cdtc mf Olkmkjàf cs udf Hlcdhlf Cxpcrl`cdtfm.
Mks cspchlfmlstfs usfd cm `ìtkgk hlcdtàhk. Efd `cnkrfgk

mks ldstru`cdtks pfrf mf ldvcstljfhlød y hkdkhcd prkbudgf`cdtc
mf `ftcrlf vlvf.
Ykr tkgk mk fdtcrlkr, cd cstf prl`crf udlgfg rcvlsfrc`ks mks

tc`fs sljulcdtcs>
Mf hìmumf y mfs sustfdhlfs gcm prktkpmfs`f
L. Mf Olkmkjàf.
LL. Cm `ìtkgk hlcdtàhk.
LLL. Fpkrtcs prldhlpfmcs.
LR. Cm `lhrkshkplk
R. Hk`pkdcdtcs gc mf `ftcrlf vlvf.

RL. Cstruhturf hcmumfr.
5
KONCWLRKX
6.6 Gcshrlolr huæm cs cm konctk gc cstuglk k hf`pk gc ldtcrìs

gc mf Olkmkjàf.
6.? Cxpmlhfr cm `ìtkgk gc cstuglk c`pmcfgk pkr mf Olkmkjàf

y su l`pkrtfdhlf.
6.8 Gcshrlolr mf glbcrcdhlf cdtrc mf ldvcstljfhlød hlcdtàhf

purf k oæslhf y mf ldvcstljfhlød fpmlhfgf gc mf Olkmkjàf
y mf l`pkrtfdhlf gc cmmfs pfrf mf vlgf `kgcrdf.
6.7 Hkdstrulr udf orcvc rcscöf elstørlhf skorc mks fpkrtcs

echeks f mf Olkmkjàf, efstf mmcjfr f mf bkrùmfhlød gc
mf Wckràf Hcmumfr.
6.3 Cxpmlhfr mf Wckràf Hcmumfr.
6.2 Hltfr fmjudks fpkrtcs pkstcrlkrcs f mf Wckràf Hcmumfr.
6.: _cfmlzfr udf sàdtcsls skorc cm gcsfrrkmmk gc mf Olkmkjàf

pkstcrlkr f mf ldvcdhlød gcm `lhrkshkplk.
6.5 Gcshrlolr mks glvcrsks `lhrkshkplks usfgks pkr mf Olkmk-

jàf f trfvìs gcm tlc`pk, su budhlkdf`lcdtk c l`pkrtfdhlf
cd cm gcsfrrkmmk gc csf hlcdhlf.
6.< Gcshrlolr mfs hfrfhtcràstlhfs slhk-quà`lhfs gcm prktk-

pmfs`f.
6.69 Fdfmlzfr mfs budhlkdcs y hk`pkslhlød gc mfs glvcrsfs

sustfdhlfs gc mf `ftcrlf vlvf (hk`pkdcdtcs krjædlhks,
fjuf y `ldcrfmcs).
6.66 Cxpmlhfr cm trfdspkrtc hcmumfr pfslvk y fmjudks bcdø`c-

dks rcmfhlkdfgks hkd ìm.
6.6? Cxpmlhfr mf glbcrcdhlf cdtrc scrcs udlhcmumfrcs y ùmtl-

hcmumfrcs (cnc`pmks).
6.68 Fdfmlzfr cm `kgcmk hcmumfr y su gcdlhlød.
6.67 Glbcrcdhlfr mks glvcrsks tlpks gc hìmumfs.
6.63 _chkdkhcr mf cstruhturf y budhlød gc mfs pfrtcs prldhl-

pfmcs gc mf hìmumf.
6.62 Gcshrlolr mf glbcrcdhlf cdtrc mks scrcs prkhfrl ktfs y

cuhfrlktfs y su rcmfhlød f trfvìs gc mf cvkmuhlød.
<
6.6: Cxpmlhfr mf glbcrcdhlfquc efy cdtrc mfs hìmumfs vcjctfmcs
y mfs hìmumfs fdl`fmcs.
6.65 Gcshrlolr mf cstruhturf, hk`pkslhlød y budhlød gc mf

`còrfdf hcmumfr, hltkpmfs`f y mfs glvcrsfs krjfdcmfs
hltkpmfs`ætlhfs.
6.6< Fdfmlzfr mf cstruhturf y mf slkmkjàf gc mks glbcrcdtcs

hk`pkdcdtcs gcm dþhmck hcmumfr.
FHWLRLGFGCX
6. Hk`prucoc fmjudfs hfrfhtcràstlhfsgc mks hk`pkdcdtcs

gc mf `ftcrlf vlvf.
?. Cmfokrc `kgcmks gc fmjudks tlpks gc hìmumfs.
8. Fdfmlhc mf Wckràf Hcmumfr.
69
L Mf Olkmkjàf
Mf hlcdhlf cs ud `ìtkgk pfrf kotcdcr hkdkhl`lcdtk fhcrhf

gc mks fdl`fmcs, mfs pmfdtfs, cm scr eu`fdk, mf tlcrrf, cs gchlr
pfrf kotcdcr ldbkr`fhlød gc mf dfturfmczf.
Mf Olkmkjàf cs cm cstuglk gc mf vlgf. Mf pfmforf Olkmkjàf sc

glvlgc cd gks pfrtcs olk - vlgf y mkjlf - cm cstuglk gc.
Mf Olkmkjàf cs udf hlcdhlf quc trftf gc mf vlgf.

Sdf hlcdhlf, pkrquc gcshuorc udf scrlc gc prkhcsks vltfmcs
f trfvìs gc mf koscrvfhlød ymf cxpcrl`cdtfhlød. Cstks prkhcsks,
gcsgc mks dlvcmcs `æs pcqucöks efstf mks dlvcmcs `æs jrfdgcs,
ldhmuycdgk tkgfs mfs cstruhturfs quc `fdlcstcd cstfr mljfgfs
hkd cmmks.
Mf Olkmkjàf cstfomchc hfrfhtcràstlhfs prkplfs gc mks scrcs

vlvks gc fhucrgk hkd sus cstruhturfs y budhlkdcs1 hkd mks fnustcs
k `chfdls`ks gc hkdtrkm quc mks `fdtlcdc cd cm `cglk cd cm hufm
skorcvlvcd k quc mks cxtldjuc y hfrfhtcràstlhfs rcmfhlkdfgfs hkd
sus fdhcstrks, k gc hfòlks prkguhlgks f trfvìs gcm tlc`pk.
Mf Olkmkjàf pkscc hf`pks gc ldtcrìs cspchlfmlzfgks. F cs-

tks hf`pks gc ldtcrìs cspchlfmlzfgks mks mmf`frc`ks Hlcdhlfs
Olkmøjlhfs (Oktædlhf, ^kkmkjàf, Fdftk`àf, Blslkmkjàf, Ctkmkjàf,
Còrlkmkjàf, Elstkmkjàf, Jcdìtlhf, Cvkmuhlød, Chkmkjàf, cth.).
66
Hfrfhtcràstlhfs gc mks scrcs vlvks
Yfrf quc ud krjfdls`k sc `fdtcdjf vlvk, rcqulcrc gcm

hkdsu`k gc jrfdgcs hfdtlgfgcs gc cdcrjàf.
Mks prkhcsks quà`lhks pkr `cglk gc mks hufmcs mks scrcs

vlvks rcfmlzfd mf hfpturf gc mf cdcrjàf, khurrcd f dlvcm hcmumfr y
cd mf `fykràf gc mfs vchcs, cs sl`lmfr pfrf tkgks mks krjfdls`ks.
_chkrgc`ks, pkr cnc`pmk, quc cm prkhcsk gc mf bktksàdtcsls

cs bucdtc gc cdcrjàf prl`frlf gc tkgks mksscrcs vlvks y gcpcdgc
gc mf muz skmfr.
Mks `chfdls`ks gc hkdtrkm k rcjumfhlød gc mks scrcs vlvks

gctcr`ldfd ktrf hfrfhtcràstlhf l`pkrtfdtc quc hkdkhc`ks hkd
cm dkòrc gc lrrltfolmlgfg1 ud cnc`pmk gc csf hfrfhtcràstlhf cs
hufdgk udf f`lof sc cdqulstf gcolgk f quc cm `cglk gcnf gc
scr fgchufgk k hufdgk ud dlök mmkrf pkrquc tlcdc efòrc y bràk.
Cstks tlpks gc `chfdls`ks skd rcjumfgks cd fmjudks hfsks

`cglfdtc cm slstc`f dcrvlksk, quc pcr`ltc fm krjfdls`k rcspkdgcr
f mks cstàùmks gcm `cglk.
Mf rcprkguhhlød cs ktrf hfrfhtcràstlhf vltfm gc mks scrcs

vlvks1 pkr `cglk gc cmmf sc krljldfd ducvks krjfdls`ks.
Cm Hrchl`lcdtk gc mfs hìmumfs pcr`ltc f mks krjfdls`ks
fu`cdtfr gc tf`fök, hrcfr ducvfs cstruhturfs y budhlkdcs.
6?
LL Cm `ìtkgk hlcdtàbhk
»Hø`k cdhkdtrfr rcspucstfs;
Fmjudfs prcjudtfs k prkomc`fs quc sc efd pmfdtcfgk mks

olømkjks, fþd dk tlcdcdudf rcspucstf dfm yùhefs ktrfs cstæd
sunctfs f pkslomcs hfòlks, yf quc mf vlgf cs ud prkhcsk gldæ-
`lhk. Xld còfrjk, mks jrfdgcs fvfdhcs gc mf Olkmkjàf `kgcrdf
skd mf rcspucstf f ùhefs prcjudtfs rcsucmtfs. Fvfdhcs quc

sc efd fmhfdzfgk pkr `cglk gc ud `ìtkgk k udf scrlc gc bfscs
slstc`ftlzfgfs c`pmcfgfs pkr mks olømkjks.
Mf fpmlhfhlød gcm `ìtkgk vfràf gc fhucrgk hkd hfgf sltuf-

hlød, cs gchlr, dk pucgc scr udf rchctf gc hkhldf quc cm olømkjk
gcsfrrkmmf pfsk f pfsk, sldk quc hfgf prkomc`f k ldvcstljfhlød
`frhfræ mf pfutf scjþd scf dchcsfrlk.
Cm `ìtkgk gc cstuglk c`pmcfgk pkr mf Olkmkjàf cs cm `ìtkgk

hlcdtàbhk.
Mk rcsu`lrc`ks gcshrlolcdgk udks hufdtks pfsks, fudquc

hk`k ec`ks glhek, dk skd scjulgks cstrlhtf`cdtc cd ud `ls`k
krgcd pkr cm ldvcstljfgkr.
Cm olømkjk pfrtc gc koscrvfhlkdcs gc ldtcrìs quc mc jcdc-

rfd udf ldqulctug, mf hufm sc pmfdtcf jcdcrfm`cdtc cd bkr`f gc
prcjudtf.
Mucjk rcþdc ldbkr`fhlød, bkrùmf fmjudfs lgcfs fm rcspchtk

y sc pmfdtcf udf k vfrlfs supucstfs rcspucstfs mmf`fgfs elpø-
tcsls.
Fyugfgk pkr cm cqulpk gc ldvcstljfhlød y cxpcrl`cdtfhlød

mf ,
rcþdc udf scrlc gc gftks.
Ykstcrlkr`cdtc efhc ud fdæmlsls gc mks rcsumtfgks y dfm-

`cdtc hk`prucof pfrfvcrlbhfr k rchefzfr mf elpøtcsls.
Mks olømkjks fpkrtfd, pkr `cglk gcm `ìtkgk hlcdtàhk, cx-

pmlhfhlkdcs f mfs ldtcrrkjfdtcs, pcrk tfòlìd, prcglhcd ducvks
echeks quc hkdguhcd f ducvfs màdcfs gc ldvcstljfhlød.
68
»Yfrf quì oushf`ks rcspucstfs;
Mfs pcrskdfs cd cm ùdgk `kgcrdk efhc`ks usk præhtlhk gc

mks hkdhcptks oæslhks gc mf Olkmkjàf pkrquc gcpcdgc`ks gc mks
cspchlfmlstfs gc mf fjrlhumturf, gc mf `cglhldf, gc mf hkdscrvfhlød
gcm `cglk y gc ùheks ktrks hf`pks.
Mf cspchlfmlzfhlød gc ùhefs pcrskdfs cd mf `cglhldf, mf

fjrlhumturf y mf hkdscrvfhlød gcm `cglk, hkdslstc prchlsf`cdtc,
cd mf fpmlhfhlød gcm hkdkhl`lcdtk gc mf Olkmkjàf, pkr `cglk gc
mf hufm fyugfd f rcskmvcr mks prkomc`fs olkmøjlhks quc fbrkdtfd
mfs skhlcgfgcs `kgcrdfs, cdtrc cmmks, mf fml`cdtfhlød, mf sfmug,
mf hkdtf`ldfhlød gcm `cglk (flrc, fjuf y ktrks). Xld còfrjk,
ùheks gc cstks prkomc`fs fþd dk cstæd rcsucmtks.
Gcoc`ks efhcr mf glbcrcdhlf cdtrc mf ldvcstljfhlød hlcdtàhf

purf k oæslhf y mf ldvcstljfhlød fpmlhfgf.
Sd olkquà`lhk, pkr cnc`pmk, sc ldtcrcsf pkr ud tlpk gc sus-

tfdhlf quc mlocrfd hlcrtks ldschtks. Yrkplf`cdtc, mf ldvcstljfhlød
sc hkdhcdtrf cd ud bcdø`cdk slkmøjlhk, pcrk sld ldtcrcsfrmc su
fpmlhfhlød præhtlhf. Cm ldtcrìs gcm olkquà`lhk cs mf hk`prcdslød
gcm ùdgk quc mk rkgcf, `lcdtrfs quc mf ldvcstljfhlød fpmlhfgf
trftf gc rcskmvcr prkomc`fs ld`cglftks, pkr cnc`pmk, cdhkdtrfr
ud fdtàgktk pfrf mfs plhfgurfs gcm ldschtk.
Mf ldvcstljfhlød fpmlhfgf pfrtc gc mf ldvcstljfhlød purf k

oæslhf, mk quc pcr`ltc hlcrtf ldtcrrcmfhlød.
Cnc`pmk>
”Mfs hk`pföàfs bfr`fhìutlhfs rcqulcrcd gc

mks scrvlhlks gc mks olkquà`lhks pfrf cmfokrfr
sus prkguhtks.‐
Mfs fpmlhfhlkdcs gc mf Olkmkjàf skd gc jrfd

l`pkrtfdhlf cd cm ùdgk `kgcrdk1 skd udf
bkr`f gc tchdkmkjàf k hlcdhlf fpmlhfgf.
Mks oktædlhks
skd ldvcstljfgkrcs hlcdtàhks.
67
»Vuì mc pfrchc sl
efhc`ks ud fmtk pfrf
FMWK
rccxlkdfr;
6. »Hø`k sc pucgc gcdlr mf vlgf;
?. Hltc hldhk hfrfhtcràstlhfs gc mks scrcs vlvks.
8. »Huæm cs mf glbcrcdhlf cdtrc ud scr vlvk y mf `ftcrlf ldcrtc;
7. »Ykr quì cm `ìtkgk hlcdtàhk dk pucgc scr udf rchctf gc

hkhldf quc sc pucgf scjulr pfsk f pfsk cd bkr`f jcdcrfm;
63
LLL Fpkrtcs prldhlpfmcs
Fdtcs gc mf tckràf hcmumfr
Mf supcrstlhlød y mf ljdkrfdhlf, ùhefs vchcs, bucrkd of-

rrcrfs cd mf oþsqucgf gcm sfocr. Csf sltufhlød sc supcrø hkd cm
dfhl`lcdtk gc mf hlcdhlf, mf hufm glk sus prl`crks pfsks gcsgc
mks kràjcdcs gc mf eu`fdlgfg.
Mks ekòrcs gc mfs hfvcrdfs efhc ?9 999 föks gctfmmfofd

mks fdl`fmcs oæslhks pfrf su fml`cdtfhlød.
Cd cm _cdfhl`lcdtk mks fvfdhcs hlcdtàhks bucrkd tk`fdgk

bucrzf efstf hkdvcrtlrsc cd udf hfrrcrf vcrtljldksf hk`k mf quc
vlvl`ks cd mf fhtufmlgfg.
Cm hf`pk gc mf Olkmkjàf dk cs mf cxhcphlød.
Cd mf elstkrlf gc mf Olkmkjàf cxlstcd fmjudks `k`cdtks cd

mks hufmcs sc glcrkd mks jrfdgcs fpkrtcs quc hkdbkr`fd cm hk-
dkhl`lcdtk gc mf Olkmkjàf `kgcrdf.
Mf Olkmkjàf dk sc scpfrf gc mfs ktrfs hlcdhlfs. Cstrchef mfzks

hkd mf Fstrkdk`àf, mf Khcfdkjrfbàf, mf Jckmkjàf y ùhefs `æs.
Wkgk cstk pcr`ltc quc mf Olkmkjàf efyf trfzfgk ud mfrjk rchkrrlgk
ldtcdtfdgk gcshuorlr fmjk `æs skorc mf vlgf.
Frlstøtcmcs. Cstc jrfd møskbk
dfturfmlstf dfhlø cd cm dkrtc gc J rchlf
857 f. gc H.
62
Mf Cgfg @cglf buc udf ìpkhf gc mcdtk fvfdhc.
Cm _cdfhl`lcdtk
Cm _cdfhl`lcdtk cs ud ìpkhf gc gcspcrtfr pfrf mf hlcdhlf1

pkgc`ks hltfr f Rcsfmlk (6367 - 6327), f Efrvcy (63:5 - 623:),
y f N. Eudtcr (6:?5 - 6:<8), hlcdtàhks quc fyugfrkd f gcs-
hrlolr mf cstruhturf y mfs budhlkdcs gc mks fdl`fmcs c ldhmusk gcm
scr eu`fdk. Cs gchlr, gcshrlolcrkd mf fdftk`àf y slkmkjàf gc
fmjudks krjfdls`ks.
Cd cm sljmk URLL sc ldvcdtø cm `lhrkshkplk. Fdtkdy Rfd Mccu-

wcdekca, cstuglø fmjudks tcnlgks y scrcs udlhcmumfrcs.
_kocrt Ekkac vlk pkr prl`crf vcz mfs pfrcgcs gc mfs hìmumfs
ùcrtfs cd mæ`ldfs gc hkrhek, f trfvìs gcm `lhrkshkplk y mcs glk
cm dkòrc gc hìmumfs.
Cd cm sljmk ULU sc mkjrø f`pmlfr mks hkdkhl`lcdtks, y cd

cm sljmk UU, jrfhlfs f mks fgcmfdtks tìhdlhks y hlcdtàhks gc mf
Vuà`lhf y mf Bàslhf, dfhlø mf Olkmkjàf `kmchumfr ofsfgf cd cm
gcshuorl`lcdtk gcm FGD.
6:
_cvlsc`ks fmjudfs bchefs
v Cd 659< Nufd Ofutlstf Mf`frha cxprcsø> ”Dldjþd hucrpk

pucgc tcdcr vlgf, sl sus pfrtcs hkdstltutlvfs dk skd tcnlgk
hcmumfr.‐
v Cd 65?7 cm olømkjk brfdhìs Gutrkhect gcdlø, ”Wkgks mks

tcnlgks krjædlhks skd cd rcfmlgfg hìmumfs jmkoumksfs cxtrc- Mf`frha
`fgf`cdtc pcqucöfs, quc pfrchcd udlgfs sømk pkr sl`pmcs
bucrzfs fgecslvfs1 pkr mk tfdtk tkgks mks tcnlgks y ørjfdks gc
ud fdl`fm skd tcnlgk hcmumfr quc efd subrlgk `kglhfhlkdcs
glvcrsfs.‐
Fgc`æs, Gutrkhect cxpmlhø quc cm hrchl`lcdtk crf cm rcsumtfgk

gcm fu`cdtk gc vkmu`cd gc mfs hìmumfs ldglvlgufmcs y gc mf
fglhlød gc ducvfs hìmumfs pcqucöfs.
v Cd 6586 _kocrt Orkwd gcshuorlø mf prcscdhlf gcm dþhmck

gcdtrk gc mf hìmumf. Mccuwcdekca
v Cd 6585 @ftelfs Xhemclgcd (oktædlhk) y Weckgkrk Xhewfdd

(zkømkjk), fòks fmc`fdcs,cdudhlfrkd y cxpuslcrkdmf Wckràf
Hcmumfr.
Cm fpkrtc echek pkr Xhemclgcd y Xhewfdd buc gc jrfd fhcp -

tfhlød pkr mks olømkjks gc mf ìpkhf. WCK_ÀF HCMSMF_
Xhemclgcd
Xhewfdd Hefrmcs Gfrwld
65
WCK_ÀF HCMSMF_
6. Wkgk scr vlvk (fdl`fmcs, pmfdtfs y ofhtcrlfs)

cstæ bkr`fgk pkr hìmumfs y prkguhtks hcmumfrcs.
?. Mfs hìmumfs ducvfs sc bkr`fd pkr glvlslød gc

hìmumfs prccxlstcdtcs.
8. Mfs fhtlvlgfgcs gc ud krjfdls`k skd mf su`f

gc mfs fhtlvlgfgcs c ldtcrfhhlkdcs gc sus udl-
gfgcs hcmumfrcs ldgcpcdglcdtcs.
F`pmlfhlød gc mf tckràf
hcmumfr Fpkrtcs pkstcr lkrcs f mf Wckràf Hcmumfr
Sd `ìglhk fmc`æd mmf`fgk

_ugkmpe Rlrhekw (65?6-6<9?), F dcs gcm sljmk ULU y prldhlplks gcm sljmk UU pkgc`ks hltfr
ofsfgk cd mks trfofnks gc fmjudks fpkrtcs gc jrfd l`pkrtfdhlf, cdtrc cmmks>
Xhemclgcd y Xhewfdd, fr`ø
mk sljulcdtc> v Cd 653< Hefrmcs Gfrwld bkrùmø mf Wckràf gc mf Xcmchhlød
«Mf hìmumf cs mf udlgfg bud-
Dfturfm pfrf cxpmlhfr cm bcdø`cdk gc mf cvkmuhlød.
gf`cdtfm gc mf vlgf, tkgks

mks krjfdls`ks vlvlcdtcs skd v Cd 6522 Jrcjkrlk @cdgcm fpkrtø mfs mcycs gc mf ecrcdhlf
hìmumfs k hkdnudtks gc cmmfs y (rchkdkhlgfs pkstcrlkr`cdtc).
mf hìmumf cs mf `cdkr udlgfg
gc mf vlgf hfpfz gc rcprkguh-
v Cd 6<99 Hkrrcds, gc Rrlcs y Rkd Wshecr`fha rchkdkhcd mfs
hlød ldgcpcdglcdtc±.
mcycs gc @cdgcm gc bkr`f ldgcpcdglcdtc.
v Cd 6<38 N. Zftskd y B. Hrlha prkpuslcrkd ud `kgcmk gc mf

cstruhturf gc udf `kmìhumf gc FGD.
Cs l`pkrtfdtc rchkdkhcr quc cm hkdkhl`lcd-

tk gc mf Olkmkjàf cs ldhfmhumfomc y prkhcgc gc
mfs koscrvfhlkdcs y cxpcrl`cdtfhlkdcs echefs
pkr ùheks ekòrcs gcglhfgks f hkdkhcr

slc`prc fmjk `æs gc mf vlgf.
_ugkmpe Rlrhekw
M. _kgràjucz M.
6<
LR Cm `lhrkshkplk
»Huæmcs skd mfs ecrrf`lcdtfs;
Mf Olkmkjàf ljufm quc ktrfs hlcdhlfs rcqulcrc gc ldstru`cd-

tfhlød cspchlfmlzfgf pfrf mf ldvcstljfhlød.
Krljldfm`cdtc, cm ldstru`cdtk quc pcr`ltlø gfr mks prl`crks

pfsks f mf Olkmkjàf, buc cm `lhrkshkplk.
Cm prldhlplk gcm `lhrkshkplk rfglhf cd mfs mcdtcs scdhlmmfs quc

sc usfrkd cd mf Cgfg @cglf.
Mks `lhrkshkplks quc sc usfrkd fm prldhlplk, fpcdfs mkjrfofd

fu`cdtfr gc 69 f ?9 vchcs mf l`fjcd.
\f cd 63<9 mks ecr`fdks Nfdsscd (ekmfdgcscs bforlhfd-

tcs gc fdtcknks), hkdstruycrkd udf cspchlc gc ”ofrrlm‐, ud tuok
gcdtrk gc ktrk quc hkdtcdàf udf mcdtc cd ud cxtrc`k y ktrf cd
cm ktrk cxtrc`k. F cstc ldstru`cdtk sc mc hkdkhc hk`k cmprl`cr
`lhrkshkplk hk`pucstk.
Fdtkdy Rfd Mccuwcdekca(628?- 6:?8) mmcjø f hkdstrulr udks

?39 `lhrkshkplks cspchlfmcs pfrf koscrvfr konctks cspchàhks.
Fmjudks gc cmmks f`pmlhfofd efstf udfs 899 vchcs mf l`fjcd.
Mf Olkmkjàf `kgcrdf ldvcstljf hkd vfrlfgks tlpks gc `lhrks-

hkplks, cdtrc cmmks mks `lhrkshkplks øptlhks y mks cmchtrødlhks.
?9
Cm `lhrkshkplk f trfvìs gcm tlc`pk
v Cd cm fök 899 f. H., Cuhmlgcs, `ftc`ætlhk jrlcjk, fgcmfdtø

ldvcstljfhlkdcs skorc mfs supcrhlcs quc rccnfd konctks
(cspcnks).
v Cd cm fök 23 g. H., Xìdchf, møskbk mftldk, koscrvø quc mfs

csbcrfs gc vlgrlk mmcdfs gc fjuf fu`cdtfofd mf l`fjcd gc
mks konctks.
v Cd 6?83 _øjcr Ofhkd, hlcdtàhk ldjmìs glscöø mks prl`crks

”mcdtcs‐ pfrf vcr mfs cstrcmmfs.
v Cd 6753 Mckdfrgk Gf Rldhl, ltfmlfdk, dktø mf utlmlgfg gc mks

mcdtcs pfrf hkdtc`pmfr konctks pcqucöks.
v Cd 63<9 mks ecr`fdks ^. y E. Nfdsscd puslcrkd udf mcdtc

hødhfvf y udf hkdvcxf cd ud `ls`k tuok y fsà hkdstruycrkd
ud tcmcshkplk.
?6
v Cd 629< Jfmlmck Jfmlmcl, ltfmlfdk, bforlhø cm prl`cr tcmcshkplk
pfrf koscrvfr cm Sdlvcrsk.
v Cdtrc 628? y 6:?8 cm ekmfdgìs Fdtkdy Rfd Mccuwcdekca,

ldvcdtø ud `lhrkshkplk hkd mupfs quc usfof pfrf vcr mf hf-
mlgfg gc mfs tcmfs.
v Cdtrc 6283 y 6:98 _kocrt Ekkac, ldjmìs, gcshrlolø mf prl`crf

hìmumf fm cxf`ldfr cm tcnlgk gcm hkrhek. Buc ìm qulcd utlmlzø cm
tìr`ldk ”hìmumf‐ pkr prl`crf vcz y ofutlzø fsà f csfs cstruh-
turfs pkr su sc`cnfdzf hkd mfs hcmgfs gc mfs focnfs.
v Cd 6586 _kocrt Orkwd, cshkhìs, gcshrlolø mks dþhmcks gc mfs

hìmumfs.
v Cd 6<89 Crdcst _usaf (Ocrmàd) hkdstruyø mcdtcs cmchtrk`fj-

dìtlhks.
v Cd 6<86 Xl``cds pftcdtø cm prl`cr `lhrkshkplk cmchtrødlhk.

Cd 6<23 sc vcdgc cd cm `crhfgk.
v Cd 6<59 Mcwls y Akpcm`fd gcsfrrkmmfd cm @C@, `lhrkshkplk

gc «muz hk`prl`lgf± hkd cm hufm sc pucgcd glstldjulr `kmì-
humfs cd hìmumfs vlvfs.
Cm `lhrkshkplk cs ud ldstru`cdtk
øptlhk hkd cm quc sc hkdsljuc
koscrvfr konctks cxtrc`fgf`cdtc
pcqucöks, quc f sl`pmc vlstf dk
sc pkgràfd pcrhlolr.
Jrfhlfs fm `lhrkshkplk sc efd

echek jrfdgcs c l`pkrtfdtcs
fvfdhcs cd `cglhldf, quà`lhf,
ldjcdlcràf, cth.
??
Cm `lhrkshkplk øptlhk
L`fjcd
Khumfr
L`fjcd
Mcdtcs gc mks konctlvks
@ucstrf
Bucdtc mu`l-Efz mu`l-

dksf dksk Cspcnk
Yfrtcs gc ud `lhrkshkplk øptlhk
Cd cm `lhrkshkplk efy quc glstldjulr gks pfrtcs budgf`cd -

tfmcs>
6. Xlstc`f k tuok øptlhk
?. Xkpkrtc k pfrtc `chædlhf.
6. Xlstc`f k tuok øptlhk>

Fhtþf hk`k udf mcdtc ùy pktcdtc, rcfmlzf cm fu`cdtk gc
mks konctks pcqucöks.
Cm tuok øptlhk mmcvf cd su pfrtc supcrlkr udf mcdtc khumfr,

gkdgc cm koscrvfgkr pkdc cm knk, y cd mf pfrtc ldbcrlkr, udfs mcdtcs
gc jrfd fu`cdtk, gcdk`ldfgfs konctlvks.
Cm `lhrkshkplk f`pmàf mf l`fjcd cd gks ctfpfs1 prl`crk, cd

cm konctlvk1 gcspuìs vucmvc f f`pmlfrmf cd cm khumfr.
Ykr csk, sl cm fu`cdtk gcm konctlvk cs ?9 y cm gcm khumfr 69,

cm tktfm gcm fu`cdtk cd cm `lhrkshkplk scræ ljufm f ?99. Cs gchlr,
vcrc`ks ?99 vchcs `æs jrfdgc mf l`fjcd cd cm khumfr.
?8
?. Xkpkrtc k pfrtc `chædlhf>
Xkstlcdc fm tuok øptlhk y efhc `æs hø`kgf mf koscrvfhlød.
Cm skpkrtc tlcdc ud plc `ctæmlhk gkdgc sc frtlhumf hkd ud orf-

zk1 cstc orfzk cs udf plczf `ctæmlhf gc bkr`f hurvf quc skstlcdc
cd su cxtrc`k supcrlkr cm tuok øptlhk.
Cd mf pfrtc ldbcrlkr sc cdhucdtrf mf pmftldf, sltufgf cd pksl-

hlød ekrlzkdtfm, hkd ud krlhlk hcdtrfm pkr cm quc pfsf mf muz. Cd
mf ofsc gcm skpkrtc cstæ sltufgk ud cspcnk gkdgc sc rccnf mf muz,
gc tfm bkr`f quc ftrfvlcsf cm krlhlk gc mf pmftldf.
»Hø`k c`pmcf`ks cm `lhrkshkplk;
6. Cm konctk quc qucrc`ks koscrvfr dk pucgc scr hkmkhfgk gl-

rchtf`cdtc skorc mf pmftldf1 cs prchlsk prcpfrfrmk. Yfrf mmcvfr
f hfok cstf kpcrfhlød cs dchcsfrlk udf mæ`ldf gc vlgrlk quc
sc mmf`f pkrtfkonctks k skmf`cdtc pkrtf y ktrf mæ`ldf gc
vlgrlk dk quc sc mmf`f huorckonctks, k huorc. Fm hkmkhfr cm
huorc sc gcoc tcdcr hulgfgk gc quc mf ùcstrf sc cxtlcdgf pkr
ljufm cdtrc mfs gks mæ`ldfs gc vlgrlk y quc dk qucgc dldjudf
ourounf gc flrc.
?7
Sdf vcz echef mf prcpfrfhlød mf hkmkhf`ks cd mf pmftldf, gc
bkr`f quc qucgc skorc cm krlhlk quc tlcdc cd su hcdtrk pfrf
pcr`ltlr cm pfsk gc mf muz.
?. Jlrf`ks cm glshk cd cm quc vfd `ctlgks mks konctlvks. C`pc-

zf`ks pkr cm gc `cdkr pkgcr f`pmlhfgkr (cm `æs hkrtk).
Cstc gcoc qucgfr cd màdcf rchtf hkd cm tuok khumfr y cd pkslhlød

hkrrchtf, mk quc sc hkdkhc pkrquc fm mmcjfr f glhef pkslhlød
sucdf ud mcvc «hmlha±.
8. Mucjk pkdc`ks mks konctlvks gc `fykr pkgcr efstf quc vcf-

`ks mf prcpfrfhlød hkd hmfrlgfg.
7. F hkdtldufhlød `kvc`ks mcdtf`cdtc cm tkrdlmmk `lhrk`ìtrlhk

pfrf quc cm tuok øptlhk suof k ofnc (mk `æs f ud hcdtà`ctrk).
3. Fhcrhf`ks cm knk fm khumfr y `lrf`ks.
2. @kvc`ks cm cdbkquc efstf quc mf l`fjcd fpfrczhf olcd hmfrf.
:. Ykr þmtl`k, jlrf`ks mcdtf`cdtc, efhlf ud mfgk y efhlf cm ktrk,

cm cdbkquc gc prchlslød, quc pcr`ltc koscrvfr mf prcpfrfhlød
cd tkgf su dltlgcz.
Cshtruhturf hcmumfr gcm hkrhek
_kocrt Ekkac gcoc efocr echek prcpfrfhlkdcs ùy sl`pmcs
hk`k mf quc koscrvf`ks cd mf lmustrfhlød.
_chucrgc>
Cm `lhrkshkplk øptlhk rcqulcrc udf bucdtc gc

muz.
?3
Cm `lhrkshkplk
cmchtrødlhk
Cstc ldstru`cdtk lddkvf-

gkr dks pcr`ltc prkbudglzfr
fþd `æs cd cm ùdgk gc mks
scrcs vlvks, quc gc pkr sà, yf
dks gcnf pcdctrfr cm `lhrkshk-
plk øptlhk.
Cm `lhrkshkplk cmchtrødlhk
budhlkdf pkr `cglk gc efhcs
cmchtrødlhks quc sustltuycd
mf bucdtc gc muz y utlmlzf cmch-
trkl`fdcs cd vcz gc mcdtcs
krgldfrlfs.
Sd `lhrkshkplk cmchtrødlhk budhlkdf fsà>
Hætkgk (tudjstcdk)
Ædkgk
Mcdtcs (hkdgcdsfgkrcs
`fjdìtlhks)
@ucstrf Mcdtcs konctlvks (hkdgcdsfgk-

rcs `fjdìtlhks)
Mcdtcs Yrkychtkrcs (hkdgcdsf-

gkrcs `fjdìtlhks)
L`fjcd dfm
Sd hkdgcdsfgkr `fjdìtlhk, quc cs udcmchtrkl`æd, hkdhcdtrf

ud efz gc cmchtrkdcs skorc cm`ftcrlfm cd cstuglk. Sdks cmchtrkdcs
ftrfvlcsfd mf ùcstrf, ktrks sc glspcrsfd. Ktrk cmchtrkl`æd cdbkhf
f mks cmchtrkdcs quc dk sc glspcrsfd y ìstks ldhlgcd skorc udf
pmfhf bktkjræhf k pfdtfmmf ukrcshcdtc. Hufdgk cstk khurrc sc
prkguhc mf l`fjcd vlslomc.
?2
Cm `lhrkshkplk cmchtrødlhk pucgc f`pmlhfr gcsgc 699 `lm
efstf 399 `lm vchcs mf l`fjcd.
Hkd cm `lhrkshkplk cmchtrødlhk gc ofrrlgk k gc rfstrck sc

mkjrfd cxhcmcdtcs rcsumtfgks cd mks cstuglks olkmøjlhks, pkrquc
gcnfd vcr mfs l`æjcdcs trlgl`cdslkdfm`cdtc. Ycr`ltc hkdkhcr
krjfdls`ks hk`k vlrus, ofhtcrlfs y mf cstruhturf ldtcrdf gc mfs
hìmumfs.
_chucrgc>
6. Mf Olkmkjàf cstuglf mf `ftcrlf vlvf y tkgks

sus dlvcmcs gc krjfdlzfhlød.
?. Mf Olkmkjàf c`pmcf cm `ìtkgk hlcdtàhk

pfrf fgqulrlr cm hkdkhl`lcdtk.
8. Mf Olkmkjàf cs udf rf`f gc mf hlcdhlf.
7. Xkd ùheks mks olømkjks quc efd echek

fpkrtcs.
3. Cm `lhrkshkplk cs cm ldstru`cdtk quc `frhø

udf pfutf l`pkrtfdtc cd cm gcsfrrkmmk gc mf
Olkmkjàf.
2. Jrfhlfs fm `lhrkshkplk sc mkjrø cm gcshu-

orl`lcdtk gc mf hìmumf.
?:
Cncrhlhlks L - LR
6. Mf Olkmkjàf sc cdhfrjf gc cstuglfr mks

F. fstrks.
O. `ldcrfmcs.
H. vkmhfdcs.
G. scrcs vlvks.
?. »Huæm csmf l`pkrtfdhlfgcm `ìtkgkc`pmcfgk pkr mksolømkjks;
8. Lgcdtlquc huæm cs udf ldvcstljfhlød purf k oæslhf>

F. Fdæmlsls quà`lhk gcm vcdcdk gc udf cspchlc gc frföfs.
O. Oushfr ud fdtàgktk pfrf cm vcdcdk gc hlcrtfs frföfs.
H. Oushfr ud quà`lhk pfrf cxtcr`ldfr frföfs.
G. Fpmlhfr cm vcdcdk gc mfs frföfs hk`k fdtàgktk pfrf mf
plhfgurf gc ktrfs cspchlcs gc frföfs.
7. Huæm cs cm fpkrtc gc `fykr l`pkrtfdhlf pfrf mf Olkmkjàf rcf-

mlzfgk pkr>
F. Ekkac
O. Mccuwcdekcha
H. Xhemclgcd y Xhewfdd
3. Hltc gksglbcrcdhlfs cdtrccm `lhrkshkplk øptlhky cm cmchtrødlhk.

f.
o.
?5
R Hk`pkdcdtcs gc mf
`ftcrlf vlvf
Mf vlgf sc prkguhc cd udf bfsc fhuksf
Jrfd pfrtc gc mfs hìmumfs cstæd bkr`fgfs pkr fjuf. Sdfs

gks tcrhcrfs pfrtcs gcm pcsk gc ducstrk hucrpk cs fjuf. Cd udf
`cgusf, cm <3% gc su pcsk tfòlìd cs fjuf. Cm fjuf nucjf ud
pfpcm l`pkrtfdtc cd mks scrcs vlvks, glsucmvc mf `fykr pfrtc gc
mfs gc`æs sustfdhlfs gc mf `ftcrlf vlvf.
Ykgc`ks hkdhmulr cdtkdhcs quc>
Mf `ftcrlf vlvf cs udf sustfdhlf

dfturfm bkr`fgf pkr hk`pkdcdtcs
krjædlhks, fjuf y `ldcrfmcs.
Hk`pkdcdtcs krjædlhks
»Huæmcs skd mks hk`pkdcdtcs krjædlhks;
Mks prldhlpfmcs hk`pkdcdtcs quc cdhkdtrf`ks cd tkgf `f -

tcrlf vlvf sc hkdkhcd hkd cm dkòrc gc hfrokelgrftks, prktcàdfs,
màplgks, cstcrklgcs y æhlgks duhmìlhks. Cstks hk`pucstks cstæd
bkr`fgks pkr `kmìhumfs, fmjudfs ùy jrfdgcs y ktrfs ùy pc-
qucöfs.
Hufdgk mfs `kmìhumfs gc udf sustfdhlf skd ùy pcqucöfs

bkr`fd `czhmfs mmf`fgfs glskmuhlkdcs. Ycrk sl mfs `kmìhumfs skd
ùy jrfdgcs bkr`fd `czhmfs mmf`fgfs suspcdslkdcs.
?<
Mf jcmftldf y mf hmfrf gc eucvk hrugf skd cnc`pmks gc sus -
tfdhlfs cd suspcdslød.
Rcf`ks ktrks cnc`pmks>
Mf tlcrrf sc suspcdgc cd cm fjuf pcrk mucjk sc gcpksltf cd

cm bkdgk gcm rchlplcdtc, cs gchlr, sc scgl`cdtf.
Mf jcmftldf cs udf glskmuhlød gc ktrk tlpk, pkrquc mfs pfrtàhu- Mfs suspcdslkdcs pucgcd
mfs pcr`fdchcd suspcdglgfs cd cm fjuf gc `fdcrf cstfomc (dk scr gc vfrlks tlpks
sc scgl`cdtfd). F cstc tlpk gc suspcdslød sc mcmmf`f Hkmklgc.
-
_kocrt Orkwd koscrvø quc mfs `lhcmfs k hþùmks gc `kmìhu
mfs gc ud hkmklgc sc `kvàfd cd zljzfj. Fhtufm`cdtc f cstc `kvl-
`lcdtk mk hkdkhc`ks hkd cm dkòrc gc `kvl`lcdtk Orkwdlfdk.
Ktrf hfrfhtcràstlhf gc mkshkmklgcs cs cm cbchtk gc Wydgfmm, quc

hkdslstc cd quc mf `czhmf glspcrsf mf muz,hufdgk ìstf mf ftrfvlcsf.
Fjuf hkd tlcrrf
Glspcrslød gc mf
Xkmuhlød vcr- muz fm ftrfvcsfr
gfgcrf ud hkmklgc
Ykgràf`ks gchlr cdtkdhcs quc>
Sd hkmklgc cs udf glskmuhlød

bkr`fgf pkr hþùmks gc pfrtàhumfs
k `lhcmfs, quc pcr`fdchcd
suspcdglgfs, pcrk quc dk
skd `còrfdf
hfpfhcs gcpcr`cfomc.
ftrfvcsfr udf
Mf `fykdcsf cs ud
hkmklgc
89
Mf bfsc quc bkr`fd mfs `lhcmfs sc gcdk`ldf bfsc glspcrsf
k glshkdtlduf. @lcdtrfs quc mf bfsc cd mf hufm sc suspcdgcd mfs
`lhcmfs sc gcdk`ldf glspcrsfdtc k hkdtlduf.
Mks hkmklgcs skd gc jrfd ldtcrìs pfrf mf Olkmkjàf pkrquc mf

`ftcrlf vlvf cstæ hkdstltulgf pkr hk`pkdcdtcs krjædlhks quc
bkr`fd suspcdslkdcs hkmklgfmcs. Mf`ftcrlf vlvf prcscdtf jcdc-
rfm`cdtc ud fspchtk jcmftldksk f vchcs ùy ulgk (”skm‐) y ktrfs
vchcs ùy gcdsk (”jcm‐) gcolgk f mf hkdglhlød hkmklgfm quc pkscc.
Mf `ftcrlf vlvf cs ud hkmklgc

bkr`fgk pkr sustfdhlfs krjædlhfs,
fjuf y ktrks `ldcrfmcs.
Mks hk`pkdcdtcs krjædlhks gc mf `ftcrlf
-
Mks hk`pkdcdtcs krjædlhks gc mf `ftcrlf vlvf cstæd hkdstl
tulgks pkr hfrokdk ”H‐ hk`k cmc`cdtk prldhlpfm.
Cm hfrokdk bkr`f hfgcdfs udlìdgksc cdtrc sà y tfòlìd hkd

ktrks ætk`ks gc ktrks cmc`cdtks hk`k cm elgrøjcdk (E), kxàjcdk
(K), dltrøjcdk (D), fzubrc (X), elcrrk (Bc) y ktrks `æs.
86
Cdtrc mks hk`pkdcdtcs `æs l`pkrtfdtcs tcdc`ks>
f. Mks hfrokelgrftks
MF HCMSMKXF (Sd cnc`pmk gc hfrokelgrftk)
Mf hcmumksf cs udf sustfdhlf foudgfdtc cd mks vcjctfmcs,

bkr`f mf `fykr pfrtc gc mf `ftcrlf schf gc mf `fgcrf y hfsl mf
þdlhf gc mfs orfs vcjctfmcs (fmjkgød, mldk…).
Mfs prl`crfs `kmìhumfs krjædlhfs gc mks scrcs vlvks quc

sc puglcrkd rchkdkhcr hk`k tfmcs, sc cstuglfrkd cd trkzks gc
`fgcrf y fm`lgød.
Xc mcs mmf`ø hfrokelgrftks. Hfrokelgrftk sljdlhf elgrftk

(fjuf) gc hfrokdk.
Fmjudks hfrokelgrftks skd prkguhlgks cd mf bktksàdtcsls,

pkr csk sc cdhucdtrfd cd jrfd hfdtlgfg cd mfs pmfdtfs. Cstæd
bkr`fgks pkr ætk`ks gc H(hfrokdk), E(elgrøjcdk), K(kxàjcdk).
Xu børùmf jcdcrfm sc ldglhf fsà>
(HE? K) d
8?
Mks hfrokelgrftks sc pucgcd hmfslhfr cd trcs jrupks.
Koscrvc`ks cm hufgrk sljulcdtc>
WLYKX GC HF_OKELG_FWKX
HMFXLBLHFHLØD CNC@YMK BSCDWC
@KDKXFHÆ_LGKX- jmuhksf uvfs y `lcm

(fzþhfr sl`pmc) - jfmfhtksf
- bruhtksf
GLXFHÆ_LGKX - sfhfrksf brutfs, hföf gc

(udlød gc gks (bruhtksf + jmuhksf) fzþhfr,
`kdksfhærlgks) rc`kmfhef
YKMLXFHÆ_LGKX
- hcmumksf pmfdtfs
(ùheks fzþhfrcs) (udlød gc jmuhksfs)
-fm`lgød (vcjctfm) pmfdtfs
-jmuhøjcdk (fdl`fm) fdl`fmcs y
pcrskdfs.
Gcoc`ks fhmfrfr quc mf sfhfrldf cs ud fzþhfr sldtctlzfgk y

fudquc scf ud cgumhkrfdtc (quc cdgumzf) dk cs ud hfrokelgrftk.
88
Mks hfrokelgrftks sc hkdkhcd tfòlìd hkd cm dkòrc gc
sustfdhlfs cdcrjìtlhfs pkrquc skd bucdtc gc cdcrjàf pfrf mf
`ftcrlf vlvf.
Wkgks mks hfrokelgrftks quc hkdsu`l`ks sc trfdsbkr`fd cd

jmuhksf. Cd cm eàjfgk y cd mks `þshumks, sc fm`fhcdfd cd bkr`f
gc jmuhøjcdk.
Mfs pmfdtfs tfòlìd fm`fhcdfd hfrokelgrftks, pkr cnc`pmk,

cm fm`lgød.
o. Mfs prktcàdfs
Ktrf hmfsc gc hk`pkdcdtcs skd mfsprktcàdfs. Xkd hkdkhlgfs

hkd cm dkòrc gc sustfdhlfs hkdstruhtkrfs k bkr`fgkrfs gc mf
`ftcrlf vlvf. Fmjudfs kpcrfd hk`k cdzl`fs1 cs gchlr
, sustfdhlfs
quc fhcmcrfd mfs rcfhhlkdcs quà`lhfs gcm prktkpmfs`f.
Mks ætk`ks quc hk`pkdcd mfs prktcàdfs skd H(hfrokdk),

E(elgrøjcdk), K(kxàjcdk), D(dltrøjcdk), y f vchcs fzubrc (X) y
bøsbkrk (Y).
Mfs prktcàdfs cstæd bkr`fgfs pkr udlgfgcs mmf`fgfs f`l-

dkæhlgks. Csks f`ldkæhlgks sc udcd cdtrc sà, `cglfdtc cdmfhcs
pcptàglhks (udlød cdtrc cm hfrokdk gcm jrupk æhlgk y cm dltrøjcdk

gcm jrupk f`ldk, vcr sljulcdtc pæjldf). Ykr csk gchl`ks quc mfs
prktcàdfs skd hfgcdfs gc f`ldkæhlgks.
Mfs prktcàdfs sc hkdslgcrfd mfs `fykrcs `kmìhumfs quc

bkr`fd mfs hìmumfs.
Cnc`pmks gc prktcàdfs l`pkrtfdtàsl`fs pfrf mf vlgf gc mfs

pcrskdfs skd mf ec`kjmkoldf (trfdspkrtf cm kxàjcdk gc mf sfd-
jrc) y mf `lksldf (prktcàdf ùshumfrquc dks pcr`ltc `kvcrdks).
Ktrf prktcàdf olcd hkdkhlgf cs mf fmoþ`ldf, hk`pkdcdtc gc

mf hmfrf gc eucvk.
87
Koscrvc`ks mf børùmf gc ud f`ldkæhlgk>
Cstc f`ldkæhlgk cstæ bkr`fgk pkr udjrupk f`ldk(-DE?) y ud

jrupk hfrokxlmk (-HKKE), fòks udlgks f ud ætk`k gc hfrokdk
(H), hkdkhlgk hk`k hfrokdk fmbf.
Mfs prktcàdfs sc bkr`fd f pfrtlr gc ?9 f`ldkæhlgks dfturfmcs.
Fmjudks gc cmmks dk mks pkgc`ks sldtctlzfr, pkr csf rfzød cm

scr eu`fdk gcoc hkdsu`lrmks cd su glctf.
Cstks sc hkdkhcd hkd cm dkòrc gc f`ldkæhlgks cscdhlf-

mcs.
Hkdkzhf`ks fmjudks gc sus dkòrcs>
F@LDKÆHLGKX CXCDHLFMCX
Rfmldf @ctlkdldf
Bcdlmfmfdldf Frjldldf
Mlsldf Wrlptøbfdk
Mcuhldf Lskmcuhldf
Wrckdldf Elstlgldf
83
Mfs prktcàdfs foudgfd cd mfs hfrdcs, eucvks, skyf y brlnkmcs
.
Mfs glbcrcdtcs cspchlcs pksccd prktcàdfs hfrfhtcràstlhfs,

cs gchlr, cd mfs hìmumfs gc udf `ls`f cspchlc cxlstcd prktcàdfs
lgìdtlhfs, pcrk dk fsà cd mfs hìmumfs gc krjfdls`ks gc cspchlcs
glbcrcdtcs.
Sstcg sc prcjudtfræ>
»Cdtkdhcs, hø`k dks pkgc`ks fml`cdtfr; »Hkd ud olstch

hkd brlnkmcs y frrkz;
Mk quc suhcgc cs quc hufdgk ldjcrl`ks y gljcrl`ks mks

fml`cdtks, mfs prktcàdfs sc gcsgkomfd cd mks f`ldkæhlgks quc
mf hk`pkdcd y mucjk cd mks tcnlgks sc vucmvcd f hkòldfr pfrf
bkr`fr mfs prktcàdfs eu`fdfs.
_csu`lrc`ks glhlcdgk quc>
6. Mfs prktcàdfs skd hk`pkdcdtcs cstruhturfmcs y cdcrjì-

tlhks gc mfs hìmumfs.
?. Fmjudfs tfòlìd budhlkdfd hk`k cdzl`fs y ktrfs hk`k

ekr`kdfs.
Hmfslhfhlød gc mfs prktcàdfs
Gc fhucrgk hkd mks hk`pkdcdtcs gc mfs prktcàdfs, sc hmf

-
slhfd cd sl`pmcs k efmkprktcàdfs mfs hufmcs cstæd bkr`fgfs
skmf`cdtc pkr f`ldkæhlgks, y cd hk`pmcnfs k ectcrkprktcàdfs,
tfòlìd mmf`fgfs prktcàdfs hkdnujfgfs, huyf hkdstltuhlød cstæ
gfgf tfdtk pkr f`ldkæhlgks hk`k pkr ktrfs sustfdhlfs k jrupk
prkstìtlhk (vltf`ldf k plj`cdtk quc hkdtlcdc ud `ctfm).
82
s Yrktcàdfs sl`pmcs k efmkprktcàdfs
Cdtrc cmmfs tcdc`ks>
6. Mfs fmoþ`ldfs> mfs cdhkdtrf`ks cd mks eucvks.
?. Mfs jmkoumldfs> skd mfs prktcàdfs gcm pmfs`f sfdjuàdck.
8. Mfs jmutcmldfs> fmjudfs mfs cdhkdtrf`ks cd cm `fàz y cm trljk.
7. Mfs elstkdfs y prktf`ldfs> sc cdhucdtrfd cd mks dþhmcks

hcmumfrcs.
3. Cshmcrkprktcàdfs> skd prktcàdfs fdl`fmcs, quc bkr`fd pfrtc

gc mfs cstruhturfs hk`k mks tcdgkdcs (hkmæjcdk), mfs frtcrlfs
(cmfstldfs), cm pcmk, mfs uöfs y mks hucrdks (qucrftldf).
2. Vultldf> cs mf quc cdgurchc fmjudks tcnlgks fdl`fmcs, pkr

cnc`pmk mks cxkcsqucmctks gc mks frtrøpkgks.
Hkdtlcdcd prktcàdfs sl`pmcs.
s Yrktcàdfs hkdnujfgfs k ectcrkprktcàdfs
6. Duhmckprktcàdfs> prktcàdfs hkòldfgfs hkd FGD y F_D.
?. Jmuhkprktcàdfs y @uhkprktcàdfs> hkdtlcdcd hfrokelgrftks.

Mfs cdhkdtrf`ks cd mf sfdjrc quc lgcdtlhfd f mks jrupks
sfdjuàdcks (F, O, y FO.)
8. Bksbkprktcàdfs> hkdtlcdcd bksbftks. Ykr cnc`pmk, mf pcpsldf

(cdzl`f gljcstlvf).
7. Mlpkprktcàdfs>hkdtlcdcd jrfsfs. Ykr cnc`pmk, mfs quc bkr`fd

mf `còrfdf hcmumfr.
3. @ctfmkprktcàdfs> skd prktcàdfs hkòldfgfs hkd `ctfmcs

hk`k elcrrk y hkorc, cdtrc cmmfs efy vfrlfs cdzl`fs.
2. Hrk`kprktcàdfs> hkdtlcdcd udf brfhhlød dk prktclhf,

jcdcrfm`cdtc ud plj`cdtk. Ykr cnc`pmk, mf ec`kjmkoldf
(jmkoumldf + ec`)1 gkdgc cm ec` cs udf sustfdhlf quc hkdtlcdc
elcrrk. Ktrfs hrk`kprktcàdfs skd mfs hmkrkmfs.
8:
Ktrfs prktcàdfs rchlocd cm dkòrc gc cdzl`fs, hufdgk gc
`fdcrf cspchàhf, fhtþfd fhcmcrfdgk ud prkhcsk, pcrk sld pfr-
tlhlpfr gc ìm. Xc pucgc fr`fr quc pfrf tkgk hfòlk olkquà`lhk
k prkhcsk slkmøjlhk sc rcqulcrc gc udf cdzl`f cspchlfm.
Mfs cdzl`fs sc cdhucdtrfd sk`ctlgfs f mf lducdhlf gc

fhtlvfgkrcs c ldelolgkrcs cspchàhks.
Mf sltufhlød y budhlød gc mfs cdzl`fs cs efhcr quc sc prk-

guzhfd hfòlks quà`lhks cd mfs sustfdhlfs gc mf `ftcrlf vlvf,
sld bkr`fr pfrtc gc cmmks. Ykr cnc`pmk, mf f`lmfsf cs udf cdzl`f
prcscdtc cd mf sfmlvf, fhtþf trfdsbkr`fdgk mks fm`lgkdcs quc
hk`c`ks cd `fmtksf.
Mfs cdzl`fs ldtcrvlcdcd cd tkgks mks prkhcsks vltfmcs. Xc

glhc quc cstfs sustfdhlfs ldlhlfd mf vlgf, mf `fdtlcdcd y mf hkd-
guhcd f su dfm.
h. Mks màplgks
Wfòlìd skd hk`pkdcdtcs quc bkr`fd mf `ftcrlf vlvf.

Cstæd hkdstltulgks pkr ætk`ks gc H(hfrokdk), E(elgrøjcdk) y
K(kxàjcdk).
Mks màplgks sc hmfslhfd cd fhcltcs, jrfsfs y hcrfs. Mfs

jrfsfs sc hkdslgcrfd sustfdhlfs cdcrjìtlhfs y flsmfdtcs. Ykr
cnc`pmk, mf jrfsf gcofnk gc mf plcm dks fàsmf gcm bràk.
Cm scok gc rcs y cm tkhldk skd jrfsfs quc sc cdhucdtrfd

sømlgfs f tc`pcrfturf fòlcdtc. Ktrks skd cm fhcltc gc kmlvf y cm
fhcltc gc ofhfmfk quc sc cdhucdtrfd màqulgks. Mfs jrfsfs cstæd
bkr`fgfs pkr udf `kmìhumf gc jmlhcrldf y trcs æhlgks jrfsks.
85
Cstæd prcscdtcs cd mf jrfd vfrlcgfg gc pmfdtfs y fdl`fmcs.
g. Mks cstcrklgcs
Ktrks hk`pkdcdtcs krjædlhks gc mf `ftcrlf vlvf skd mks

cstcrklgcs.
Fmjudks cstcrklgcs gc jrfd l`pkrtfdhlf olkmøjlhf skd mf

vltf`ldf G, mfs ekr`kdfs scxufmcs, mfs ekr`kdfs gc mf hkrtczf
suprfrrcdfm, mfs sfmcs olmlfrcs y cm hkmcstcrkm.
Cm hkmcstcrkm cs ud hk`pkdcdtc cstruhturfm gc mfs pfrcgcs

hcmumfrcs y gc mks tcnlgks dcrvlksks, pcrk sl mk hkdsu`l`ks cd
cxhcsk, dks pucgc hfusfr prkomc`fs hfrglkvfshumfrcs. Xl ìstc
cs su prkomc`f, hkdsumtc f su `ìglhk.
c. Mks æhlgks duhmclhks
Cd mf `ftcrlf vlvf tfòlìd cdhkdtrf`ks ktrfs sustfdhlfs

krjædlhfs mmf`fgfs æhlgks duhmclhks, hk`k cm æhlgk rlokduhmclhk
(F_D) y cm æhlgk gcskxlrrlokduhmclhk (FGD).
Mks æhlgks duhmclhks cstæd bkr`fgks pkr udlgfgcs gcdk`l-
dfgfs duhmcøtlgks. Mfs `kmìhumfs gc mks æhlgks duhmclhks skd

hfgcdfs gc duhmcøtlgks.
8<
Mf cstruhturf gc ud duhmcøtlgk sc pucgc rcprcscdtfr fsà>
Ofsc + Fzþhfr + Jrupk

Dltrkjcdfgf gc 3 hfrokdks bksbftk
U
Duhmcøtlgk
Mfs ofscs dltrkjcdfgfs sc hmfslhfd cd gks jrupks>
f. Yurldfs> fgcdldf y jufdldf.

o. Ylrl`lgldfs> hltksldf, urfhlmk y tl`ldf.
Mks fzþhfrcs quc fpfrchcd cd mks æhlgks duhmclhks skd gc

gks hmfscs glbcrcdtcs>
f. _loksf (prcscdtc cd cm F_D).

o. Gcskxlrrloksf (prcscdtc cd cm FGD).
Cm FGD cs gc jrfd l`pkrtfdhlf pfrf mf `ftcrlf vlvf pkrquc

cs mf sustfdhlf rcspkdsfomc gc mf trfds`lslød gc mks hfrfhtcrcs
ecrcgltfrlks.
Ktrf hfrfhtcràstlhf gcm FGD cs mf hfpfhlgfg gc rcprkguhlrsc.

Cm FGD cs mf þdlhf sustfdhlf quc pkscc cstf prkplcgfg.
Mf prkplcgfg gcm FGD gc futkrrcprkguhlrsc sc gcdk`ldf

gupmlhfhlød.
79
Xcjþd Zftskd y Hrlha mf `kmìhumf gc FGD tlcdc bkr`f gc
udf gkomc hfgcdf rctkrhlgf, bkr`fgf pkr mks duhmcøtlgks, mfs of-
scs dltrkjcdfgfs fgcdldf, jufdldf, hltksldf y tl`ldf, quc sc
hkdkhcd forcvlfgf`cdtc pkr sus ldlhlfmcs F, J, H yW. Xc hkmkhfd
Cxlstcd gks tlpks gc udfs f hkdtldufhlød gc ktrfs.
udlød cdtrc mfs ofscs
dltrkjcdfgfs gc mks
duhmcøtlgks> Ktrk cnc`pmk>
v cdtrc mf F y W sc F- F - J - H- W - W - H - F - W
prcscdtf udf gkomc
udlød (F W) W W H J F F J W F
v cdtrc mf H y J sc
gf udf trlpmc udlød Cm F_D cs ktrk æhlgk duhmclhk quc sc cdhucdtrf cd tkgf mf
(H J)
hìmumf, `lcdtrfs quc cm FGD sc cdhucdtrf skorc tkgk cd mks hrk-
`ksk`fs. Ykscc hkglhfgks mks hfrfhtcrcs ecrcgltfrlks pcrk
Cd cm F_D fgc`æs, pcr`ltc mf prkguhhlød gc mfs prktcàdfs.
gkdgc cm urfhlmk
Mf sàdtcsls gc mfs prktcàdfs khurrc cd mks rloksk`fs, rfzød pkr
sustltuyc f mf
tl`ldf, mf udlød mf quc mf `fykr hkdhcdtrfhlød gc F_D cstæ feà fudquc tfòlìd
mk pkgc`ks cdhkdtrfr cd mks duhmìkmks.
cdtrc F y S cs
gkomc.
Fgc`æs, cs glbcrcdtc gcm FGD pkrquc dk pkscc mf ofsc dltrk-
jcdfgf tl`ldf sldk quc cd su mujfr cstæ cmurfhlmk.
(F S)
_chkrgc`ks tfòlìd quc cm fzþhfr gcm F_D sc gcdk`ldf

rloksf gc feà su dkòrc ”æhlgk rlokduhmclhk‐.
Jcdcrfm`cdtc cm F_D sc prcscdtf hk`k ud skmk mf`cdtk y

dk udf csplrfm gkomc hk`k cm FGD.
76
Xc hkdkhcd vfrlks tlpks gcF_D mks hufmcs rcfmlzfd budhlkdcs
glbcrcdtcs cd cm prkhcsk gcdk`ldfgk trfguhhlød k sàdtcsls gc
prktcàdfs.
6. Cm F_D `cdsfncrk (F_D`)
Wrfdspkrtfr cm høgljk gcm FGD, gcsgc cm dþhmck f mks rlok-

sk`fs pfrf mf sàdtcsls gc mfs prktcàdfs, cs udf budhlød ùy
l`pkrtfdtc.
Cstf budhlød mf rcfmlzf cm F_D`.
Ykr su budhlød gc trfdspkrtc cm F_D` sc gcdk`ldf `cdsf-

ncrk.
F_D` 0 Æhlgk rlokduhmclhk `cdsfncrk
?. Cm F_D rloksø`lhk (F_Dr )
Hk`k su dkòrc ldglhf sc mkhfmlzf cd mks rloksk`fs.
8. Cm F_D gc trfdsbcrcdhlf (F_Dt )
Xkd udfs `kmìhumfs fgfptfgkrfs cd mf sàdtcsls gc prktcàdfs

y fhfrrcfd efhlf mks rloksk`fs mks f`ldkæhlgks quc scrvlræd pfrf
prkguhlr mfs prktcàdfs.
Hk`k pkgc`ks vcr, mks scrcs vlvks cstæd hkdstltulgks gc

`ftcrlf vlvf y ìstf, f su vcz, mf bkr`fd hldhk jrupks oæslhks gc
sustfdhlfs krjædlhfs huyk hk`pkdcdtc prldhlpfm skd mks ætk`ks
gc hfrokdk.
Mks hldhk hk`pkdcdtcs krjædlhks oæslhks gc mf `ftcrlf vlvf

sc gcdk`ldfd> hfrokelgrftks, prktcàdfs, màplgks, cstcrklgcs y
æhlgks duhmclhks.
7?
Cm ætk`k gc hfrokdk bkr`f `kmìhumfs hufdgk sc udc hkdsl -
jk `ls`k k hkd ktrks ætk`ks gc elgrøjcdk, kxàjcdk, dltrøjcdk,
fzubrc y bøsbkrk.
Hk`pkdcdtcs ldkrjædlhks
Fgc`æs gc mfs sustfdhlfs krjædlhfs, cm fjuf y mks `ldcrfmcs

skd hk`pkdcdtcs oæslhks gc mf `ftcrlf vlvf.
Mks `ldcrfmcs
Mks `ldcrfmcs fyugfd f mf bkr`fhlød gc tcnlgks (eucsks,

sfdjrc y ktrks). _cjumfd cm budhlkdf`lcdtk hcmumfr.
Cdtrc mks `æs l`pkrtfdtcs tcdc`ks cm elcrrk, cm bøsbkrk, cm

`fjdcslk, cm hfmhlk, cm pktfslk, cm skglk y cm ykgk.
Mks fml`cdtks skd bucdtc gc `ldcrfmcs dchcsfrlks pfrf mf

sfmug.
Cm fjuf cs udf sustfdhlf `ldcrfm ldglspcdsfomc pfrf cm oucd

budhlkdf`lcdtk gc mks tcnlgks.
78
Cdtrc mfs budhlkdcs `æs l`pkrtfdtcs quc rcfmlzf cm fjuf
cstæd mfs sljulcdtcs>
6. Cs glskmvcdtc.
?. Xlrvc hk`k `ftcrlfm gc trfdspkrtc.
8. _cjumf mf tc`pcrfturf hkrpkrfm.
7. Xlrvc hk`k muorlhfdtc cdtrc mks ørjfdks.
3. Bkr`f pfrtc gc mf `fykràf gc mfs cstruhturfs

gc ducstrk hucrpk.
Ykr tkgfs mfs rfzkdcs fdtcrlkrcs, gcoc`ks tk`fr pkr mk `c-

dks huftrk vfsks gc fjuf fm gàf.
»Huædtf fjuf tk`f ustcg glfrlf`cdtc;
_chucrgc quc cm :9% gc ducstrk hucrpk cs fjuf. Dk sc
gcshulgc, `fdtìdjfsc olcd elgrftfgk, cspchlfm`cdtc hufdgk

sc trftf gc mks dlöks.
Cd hfsk gc corc k gc glfrrcf mf ftcdhlød gcoc scr ùy

hulgfgksf, pucs ùheks dlöks ùcrcd pkr gcselgrftfhlød.
Cd mks krjfdls`ks cxlstc udf vfrlcgfg gc sfmcs `ldcrfmcs

gcdtrk y bucrf gc mfs hìmumfs, fgc`æs gcm fjuf.
Mks prldhlpfmcs lkdcs hkd hfrjf pksltlvf (hftlkdcs) gc cstfs

sfmcs skd cm skglk, hfmhlk, pktfslk y `fjdcslk (Df +, Hf++, A+,
@j++)1 y mks prldhlpfmcs (fdlkdcs) lkdcs hfrjfgks dcjftlvf`cdtc
‘
`æs l`pkrtfdtcs skd cm hmkrurk, olhfrokdftk, bksbftk y sumbftk (Hm,
‘ ‘ -?
E?HK8 , E?YK7 , XK7 ).
Yfrf quc mf `ftcrlf vlvf sc hkdscrvc olcd y rcfmlhc mks prkhc

-
sks vltfmcs fgchufgf`cdtc, gcoc hkdtcdcr hlcrtfs sfmcs`ldcrfmcs
y mf hkdhcdtrfhlød fgchufgf gc cmmfs.
77
Xl mf hkdhcdtrfhlød gc mfs sfmcs `ldcrfmcs gc mf `ftcrlf vlvf
hfòlf, sc fmtcrfd mks prkhcsks y prkvkhf cbchtks ùy bucrtcs,
ldhmusk pucgcd mmcvfr fm krjfdls`k f mf ùcrtc.
Rcf`ks ud cnc`pmk>
Yfrf quc cm hkrfzød sc hkdtrfljf

dkr`fm`cdtc gcoc cxlstlr ud
cqulmlorlk fgchufgk gc lkdcs gc
skglk, pktfslk y hfmhlk.
Mks hk`pkdcdtcs `ldcrfmcs gc mf `ftcrlf vlvf skd tfd l`pkr-

tfdtcs, hk`k mks hk`pkdcdtcs krjædlhks, quc skd tfd hk`pmcnks.
Fmjudfs vchcs sc cdhucdtrfd hkòldfgks hkd prktcàdfs,

màplgks y hfrokelgrftks1 pcrk glsucmtks cd cm fjuf sc glskhlfd cd
sus hk`pkdcdtcs mmf`fgks fdlkdcs (lkdcs gc hfrjf dcjftlvf) y
hftlkdcs (lkdcs gc hfrjf pksltlvf). Cd mf sfm hk`þd huyf børùmf
cs DfHm cm fdlød cs Hm‘ y cm hftlød cs Df +.
Wrfdspkrtc hcmumfr pfslvk
Cd mf `ftcrlf vlvf, cm kxàjcdk y cm oløxlgk gc hfrokdk skd

jfscs quc pucgcd glbudglrsc cd mfs hìmumfs, gcolgk f quc mfs
`kmìhumfs sc ùcvcd hkdtlduf`cdtc.
Cm `kvl`lcdtk gc mfs `kmìhumfs vfràf gc fhucrgk hkd mf tc`-

pcrfturf y cm cstfgk gc mf `ftcrlf.
Koscrvc`ks cm glounk fm mfgk.
Cm frk`f gc mks pcrbu`cs sc prkpfjf `cglfdtc glbuslød

`kmchumfr cd cm flrc, pkr csk pkgc`ks pcrhlolrmks fudquc dk
dchcsfrlf`cdtc cstc`ks nudtk fm brfshk k nudtk f mf pcrskdf
quc mk usf. Mf glbuslød gcm pcrbu`c cd cm flrc khurrc pkrquc mfs
`kmìhumfs sc ùcvcd.
73
Cd mf glbuslød, cm `kvl`lcdtk gc mfs pfrtàhumfs khurrc gcsgc
gkdgc cstæd `æs hkdhcdtrfgfs efstf ktrk mujfr gkdgc efy `c -
dks hkdhcdtrfhlød k dk efy `kmìhumfs gc csf `ls`f sustfdhlf.
Cstc prkhcsk dk rcqulcrc jfstk gc cdcrjàf pkr pfrtc gc mf hìmumf.
Mf hkrrlcdtc k `kvl`lcdtk hkdtlduk quc sc gf cd mfs `kmìhumfs

pcr`ltc ud ldtcrhfòlk efstf fmhfdzfr ud cqulmlorlk gldæ`lhk cd
mf hkdhcdtrfhlød gc mfs sustfdhlfs.
Cd cm glounk gc mf lzqulcrgf pkgc`ks koscrvfr udf `fdcrf

gc rcprcscdtfr mf glbuslød gc ud jfs cd ktrk jfs, gcsgc quc sc
ldlhlf mf hkrrlcdtc, efstf quc sc fmhfdzf cm cqulmlorlk.
Cdtrc mfs hìmumfs y cm `cglk quc mfs rkgcf, tfòlìd sc gf

cstc bcdø`cdk.
Mfs sustfdhlfs bkr`fgfs pkr `kmìhumfs pcqucöfs hk`k cm

fjuf, cm kxàjcdk, cm gløxlgk gc hfrokdk y mfs sfmcs `ldcrfmcs,
tlcdcd mf hfpfhlgfg gc ftrfvcsfr mkspkrks gc mf `còrfdf hcmumfr.
Mfs sustfdhlfs quc pksccd `kmìhumfs `æs jrfdgcs dk puc-

gcd efhcrmk. Cdtrc cmmfs mks hfrokelgrftks, mfs prktcàdfs y mks
æhlgks duhmclhks.
Ycrk sà pkr `cglk gcm trfdspkrtc fhtlvk, cs gchlr, hufdgk mf

hìmumf rcfmlzf trfofnk pfrf foskrocr, cxpumsfr k rctcdcr sustfdhlfs
hkdtrf udf jrfglcdtc gc hkdhcdtrfhlød. Ykr cnc`pmk, mf cxhrchlød
gc mf krldf y mf bfjkhltksls.
Fmhfdzf cm cqulmlorlk cd mf
hkdhcdtrfhlød
Cm fjuf pucgc cdtrfr k sfmlr bæhlm`cdtc gc mfs hìmumfs
Mf glbuslød f trfvìs gc mf `còrfdf hcmumfr pcr`ltc mf cdtrfgf

gc mf hfdtlgfg fgchufgf gc fjuf, pcrk mks `ftcrlfmcs glsucmtks
cd cm ldtcrlkr gc mf hìmumf, dk pucgcd sfmlr gc cmmf.
Cstc bcdø`cdk sc hkdkhc hkd cm dkòrc gcøs`ksls.
72
Øs`ksls cs mf glbuslød gc ud
skmvcdtc, pkr mk jcdcrfm fjuf,
f trfvìs gc udf `còrfdf
sc`lpcr`cfomc (quc gcnf pfsfr sømk
fmjudfs sustfdhlfs).
@kstrfr cd cstc mlork cm bcdø`cdk gc øs`ksls

gcdtrk gc mf hìmumf, dks rcsumtf glbàhlm pcrk pkgc`ks
hrcfr ud `kgcmk pfrf ldtcrprctfr mk quc khurrc.
Koscrvc`ks cm cnc`pmk sljulcdtc>
Rcf`ks>
Cm fzþhfr dk pucgc ftrfvcsfr mf`còrfdf, pcrk

cm fjuf sà, pkr csk sc cstfomchc udf hkrrlcdtc gc
fjuf efhlf mf zkdf gc fjuf fzuhfrfgf.
Mf hkrrlcdtc gcm fjuf sc prkguhc pkr øs`ksls.
7:
Fekrf koscrvc`ks mf lmustrfhlød sljulcdtc>
Mfs hìmumfs sc eldhefd sl sc hkmkhfd cd udf glskmuhlød gkdgc

mf hkdhcdtrfhlød cs `cdkr quc mf quc efy cd cm ldtcrlkr gc mfhìmumf.
Csk khurrc pkrquc ud unk gc fjuf hkrrc efhlf gkdgc efy

`fykr hkdhcdtrfhlød gc skmutk.
Mf hfdtlgfg foudgfdtc gc fjuf quc cdtrf f mf hìmumf efhc
quc mf pmfdtf prcscdtc csf fpfrlcdhlf brcshf, mkzfdf (turjlgcz).

Mf fpfrlcdhlf hfòlf hufdgk mf pmfdtf sc `frheltf y csk
khurrc pkrquc mfs hìmumfs skd hkmkhfgfs cd ud `cglk huyf hkd-
hcdtrfhlød cs `cdkr quc mf quc efy gcdtrk gc mf hìmumf.
Hufdgk csk suhcgc, sc prkguhc udf hkrrlcdtc gcsgc mf hì-

mumf efhlf cm `cglk cxtcrlkr. Cs gchlr, mf sfmlgf gcm fjuf prkvkhf
quc mfs hìmumfs sc cdhknfd, gc feà mf fpfrlcdhlf gc `frheltf cd
fmjudfs pmfdtfs scòrfgfs cdsucmks schks. F cstc bcdø`cdk
sc mc mmf`f pmfs`ømlsls.
Wfdtk mf turjlgcz hk`k mf fpfrlcdhlf `frheltf skd cm rcsumtfgk

gcm bcdø`cdk ks`øtlhk k `kvl`lcdtk pfslvk gcm fjuf f trfvìs
gc udf `còrfdf (hcmumfr) sc`lpcr`cfomc.
Mfs hìmumfs sc `fdtlcdcd turjcdtcs (eldhefgfs) pkr mf glbuslød

gcm fjuf efhlf fgcdtrk. \ sc frrujfd pkr mf glbuslød gcm fjuf
efhlf fbucrf (pmfs`ømlsls).
75
»_chucrgf hø`k `ftfr ofoksfs;
Mks dlöks pkr trfvcsurf fhkstuòrfd pkdcrmcs ud puök gc

sfm cdhl`f.
Cd rcfmlgfg, cstc `ìtkgk budhlkdf. Mf sfm prkvkhf cd mfs

hìmumfs gc mf ofoksf udf hkrrlcdtc gc fjuf efhlf cm cxtcrlkr, quc
prkvkhf mf ùcrtc gc mf ofoksf pkr gcselgrftfhlød.
Hufdgk cd mfs pmfdtfs sc prcscdtf pmfs`ømlsls sc `frheltfd y
prcscdtfd udfprkhcsk
tlc`pk, cstc fpfrlcdhlf
pucgcgkomfgf y hfàgf. sc
scr rcvcrslomc1 Xl rcjf`ks mfcdtrfgf
prkguhc mf pmfdtf f
gc fjuf y efhc quc mfs hìmumfs sc eldhecd gc ducvk (turjcdhlf).
Fòks prkhcsks skd ks`øtlhks y sc hkdkhcd hkd cm dkòrc

gc trfdspkrtc hcmumfr pfslvk gcm fjuf.
Cd cm trfdspkrtc hcmumfr pfslvk mf hìmumf dk rcqulcrc gcm jfstk

gc cdcrjàf.
Ykr mk tfdtk…
Yucgc gchlrsc quc cm fjuf
cs cm skpkrtc gc mf vlgf. Dk sømk
pkrquc mf vlgf `ls`f sc krljldø
cd cm fjuf, sldk pkrquc
sld cmmf mf vlgf cs l`pkslomc.
Nked Gc Foftc
_chucrgc>
6. Mf `ftcrlf vlvf cstæ bkr`fgf pkr hk`pk-
dcdtcs krjædlhks, fjuf y `ldcrfmcs.
?. Mks prldhlpfmcs hk`pkdcdtcs krjædlhks
skd>
f. hfrokelgrftks
o. prktcàdfs
h. màplgks
g. cstcrklgcs
c. æhlgks duhmclhks.
8. Mks hk`pkdcdtcsldkrjædlhks gcmf `ftcrlf
vlvf skd cm fjuf y mks `ldcrfmcs.
7. Mfs hìmumfs pksccd>
f. trfdspkrtc hcmumfr pfslvk
o. trfdspkrtc hcmumfr fhtlvk.
7<
Cncrhlhlks R
6. Gcdf mks hkdhcptks sljulcdtcs>
f. Yrktkpmfs`f
o. Hkmklgc
?. Hltc ud cnc`pmk gc hfgf tlpk gc hfrokelgrftks y cm fml`cdtk

quc mks hkdtlcdc>
f. `kdksfhærlgk
o. glsfhærlgk
h. pkmlsfhærlgk
8. Gcshrlof mf l`pkrtfdhlf gc mfs prktcàdfs.
7. Cxpmlquc cm pcdsf`lcdtk sljulcdtc>

”Yucgc gchlrsc quc cm fjuf cs cm skpkrtc gc
mf vlgf. Dk sømk pkrquc mf vlgf `ls`f sc krl-
jldø cd cm fjuf, sldk pkrquc sld cmmf mf vlgf
cs l`pkslomc.‐
Nked Gc Foftc
39
3. Gcdf mks tìr`ldks sljulcdtcs>
FGD
gupmlhfhlød
duhmcøtlgk
purldf
æhlgk rlokduhmclhk
plrl`lgldf
F_D `cdsfncrk
F_D gc trfdsbcrcdhlf
2. Fdfmlhc pkr quì fm FGD sc mc mmf`f ”mf hmfvc gc mf vlgf‐.
36
:. »Huæmcs skd mfs gks glbcrcdhlfs cstruhturfmcs cdtrc cm F_D
y cm FGD;
5. Cxpmlquc mf budhlød gcm F_D `cdsfncrk cd mf sàdtcsls gc

prktcàdfs.
<. »Hø`k hkdtrlouyc cm F_D gc trfdsbcrcdhlf f mf sàdtcsls gc

prktcàdfs;
69. »Huæm cs mf budhlød gc mks rloksk`fs;
66. »Ykr quì cs l`pkrtfdtc mf schucdhlf cspchàhf gc mksf`l-

dkæhlgks;
3?
RL Cstruhturf hcmumfr
Xfmf`fdgrfs «ld vltrk±
Cd 6<9: _kss Efrrlskd mkjrø humtlvfr hìmumfs gc sfmf`fdgrf

cd ud `cglk frtlhlfm. Mf tìhdlhf c`pmcfgf cd cm cxpcrl`cdtk sc
gcdk`ldf «ld vltrk±.
Cd mf fhtufmlgfg mks olømkjks efd mkjrfgk rcfmlzfr, f trfvìs

gc mf tìhdlhf «ld vltrk±, cxpcrl`cdtks hkd hìmumfs gc krjfdls`ks
vcjctfmcs, fdl`fmcs c ldhmusk eu`fdfs. Yfrf cmmk usfd ud rchl-
plcdtc jcdcrfm`cdtc gc vlgrlk, gc feà su dkòrc.
Cstk cs fskòrksk skorc tkgk sl sfoc`ks quc buc efstf

efhc udks trcs sljmks quc _kocrt Ekkac gcshrlolø mks cspfhlks
vfhàks gcm hkrhek y mks mmf`ø hìmumfs1 quc cd 6585 bkrùmfrkd
mf Wckràf Hcmumfr y quc efstf 658< Yuraldjc ldtrkgunk cm tìr`ldk
prktkpmfs`f pfrf rcbcrlrsc f mf `ftcrlf vlvf.
Wkgks cstks fvfdhcs efd lgk `frhfdgk mf rutf f mks olømk-

jks pfrf gcshrlolr hfgf vcz `cnkr y `æs gctfmmfgf`cdtc mk quc
hkdslgcrf`ks udf hìmumf k mf udlgfg gc `ftcrlf vlvf.
38
Mf hìmumf
Wkgks mks scrcs vlvks cstæd bkr`fgks pkr hìmumfs
Xc ef glhek quc mks scrcs udlhcmumfrcs skd mks krjfdls`ks

`æs pcqucöks y scdhlmmks pkrquc cstæd bkr`fgks pkr udf skmf
hìmumf.
Mks scrcs `æs hk`pmcnks hk`k mfs pmfdtfs, mks pchcs, mks
pænfrks, cm jfdfgk y cm scr eu`fdk, tkgks cstæd bkr`fgks pkr
ùhefs hìmumfs.
Ykr csk rchlocd cm dkòrc gc scrcs ùmtlhcmumfrcs . Efy

ldglvlguks bkr`fgks gc udf, gks, trcs, hlcd, `lm, `lmmkdcs y ù-
heàsl`fs `æs hìmumfs.
Mf udlgfg gc mf vlgf
Sd scr vlvk, udlhcmumfr k pmurlhcmumfr, cstæ bkr`fgk pkr pkr-

hlkdcs ùy pcqucöltfs quc pksccd vlgf. Ycrk sl prctcdglìrf`ks
rcudlr tkgfs mfs hfrfhtcràstlhfs gc tkgks mks tlpks, bkr`fs y tf-
`föks gc hìmumfs quc pkscc ud scr vlvk y, fgc`æs, gc tkgfs mfs
hmfscs gc scrcs vlvks,rcsumtfràf l`pkslomc.
37
Koscrvc`ks cm glounk sljulcdtc>
Rcf`ks cm gctfmmc gcdtrk gc mks hàrhumks. Cdtrc mf hfsf y

cm ærokm rcsumtf glbàhlm efhcr udf hk`pfrfhlød, pcrk gcscf`ks
ldtcdtfrmk.
»Vuì rcprcscdtfd mks glounks quc cstæd gcdtrk gc mks hàr-
humks;
Sd omkquc y udf hìmumf gc mks tcnlgks gcm ærokm.
Dk cs bæhlm hk`pfrfrmks pkrquc mf hfsf dk cs ud scr vlvk,

`lcdtrfs quc cm ærokm sà. Xld còfrjk, fòks pksccd udf cs-
truhturf gcdlgf.
Wfdtk cm omkquc hk`k mf hìmumf, skd mfs udlgfgcs gc hfgf udk

rcspchtlvf`cdtc.
Ykr csk gchl`ks quc mf hìmumf cs udf udlgfg.
33
Mf hìmumf> udlgfg oæslhf
»Ykr quì usf`ks cm tìr`ldk udlgfg;
Ykrquc cs mf pkrhlød `àdl`f quc hu`pmc hkd mfs hfrfhtcràs-

tlhfs gc mf vlgf.
Wkgk scr vlvk cstæ bkr`fgk pkr

udlgfgcs mmf`fgfs hìmumfs.
Mf hìmumf cs mf udlgfg cstruhturfm, cs gchlr, quc pkscc su

prkplf cstruhturf y bkr`f pfrtc gc mf cstruhturf gc hfgf scr vlvk.
Fgc`æs, pkrquc pucgc hkdbkr`fr cstruhturfs `æs hk`pmcnfs.
Wkgk scr vlvk cstæ bkr`fgk

pkr udlgfgcs cstruhturfmcs
mmf`fgfs hìmumfs.
Fekrf fjrcjfrc`ks ktrf pfmforf> .

”budhlkdfm‐ Vulcrc gchlr
quc hu`pmc budhlkdcs, quc rcfmlzf fhtlvlgfgcs. Mfs fhtlvlgfgcs k
budhlkdcs vltfmcs skd> dfhcr, hrchcr, dutrlrsc, rcprkguhlrsc y `krlr.
Mfs hìmumfs, pkr pcqucöfs quc scfd k gcm tlpk quc scfd,
hu`pmcd budhlkdcs vltfmcs.
Cd ud ærokm gc dfrfdnf hfgf udf gc mfs hìmumfs hu`pmc udfs

budhlkdcs prkplfs, tfòlìd cd hfgf udf gc cmmfs sc rcfmlzfd ktrfs
budhlkdcs vltfmcs, pkr csk gchl`ks quc mfshìmumfs skd budhlkdfmcs.
Wkgk scr vlvk cstæ bkr`fgk

pkr udlgfgcs cstruhturfmcs y
budhlkdfmcs mmf`fgfs hìmumfs.
32
Gcdf`ks cdtkdhcs cm hkdhcptk gc hìmumf>
Hìmumf cs mf udlgfg cstruhturfm,

budhlkdfm y rcprkguhtlvf gc tkgk
scr vlvk.
Bkr`f y tf`fök gc mf hìmumf
Koscrvc`ks cm glounk gc mf lzqulcrgf>
Cd cm glounk rcprcscdtf`ks mf hìmumf. Ycrk

udf hìmumf sc pucgc rcprcscdtfr gc ùhefs
ktrfs `fdcrfs pkrquc efy vfrlcgfg gc bkr`fs y
tf`föks.
Hufdgk skd hìmumfs mlorcs k hkdstltuycd ud scr

udlhcmumfr pucgcd tcdcr bkr`fs rcgkdgcfgfs hkd
mætljks (fjcmks) k pcstföfs (hlmlks).
Glftk`cf
Cujmcdf
F`lof
Ofhtcrlfs
Cspcr`ftkzklgc
Hìmumfs mlorcs
3:
Xl pcrtcdchcd f udf pmfdtf pucgcd scr hþolhfs, cstrcmmfgfs,
prls`ætlhfs, hlmàdgrlhfs k gc ktrfs bkr`fs.
Jcdcrfm`cdtc, mf bkr`f gc mfs hìmumfs gc mks fdl`fmcs y scrcs

eu`fdks cstæ rcmfhlkdfgf hkd mf budhlød quc gcsc`pcöfd1 fmju-
dfs skd lrrcjumfrcs, jmkoumfrcs, rcgkdgfs, fmfrjfgfs k fpmfdfgfs.
Cm tf`fök gc mf hìmumf jcdcrfm`cdtc cs `lhrkshøplhk. Xld

còfrjk, cxhcphlkdfm`cdtc, fmjudfs gc cmmfs pucgcd `cglr efstf
89 h` gc mkdjltug (fmjudfs fmjfs, orfs gc mldk y gc fmjkgød).
35
Mf bkr`f y cm tf`fök gc mf hìmumf k udlgfg oæslhf dk cs cxfh-
tf pfrf tkgks mks scrcs vlvks, pcrk dksktrks, pfrf sl`pmlhfr cm
cstuglk gc su cstruhturf jcdcrfm, mf rcprcscdtfrc`ks fsà>
Xcjþd mks olømkjks, ìstks skd mks dkòrcs gc mfs pfrtcs

prldhlpfmcs gc udf hìmumf>
6. @còrfdf.
?. Hltkpmfs`f.
8. Dþhmck.
6. @còrfdf Hcmumfr
Cs cm mà`ltc gc cstf pkrhlød tfd pcqucöf gc vlgf.
Hu`pmc hkd budhlkdcs tfmcs hk`k> cdvkmvcr, gfr bkr`f y

prktcjcr mf hìmumf. Wfòlìd pucgc scmchhlkdfr sustfdhlfs. Cs
hk`k mf plcm gc cstc hucrpk pcqucöltk.
?. Hltkpmfs`f
Xc`cnfdtc f ud `ldþshumk khìfdk, bkr`f cm hucrpk gc mf hì-

mumf. Cd ìm cstæd suspcdglgks udf scrlc gc hucrpks pcqucöàsl`ks
mmf`fgks krjfdcmfs hltkpmfs`ætlhfs.
3<
8. Dþhmck
Cs ud hkrpþshumk quc sc cdhucdtrf gcdtrk gcm hltkpmfs`f,

pcrk budhlkdf hk`k cm hcrcork gc mfs hìmumfs, yf quc hkdtrkmf
tkgf mf fhtlvlgfg hcmumfr.
Cm dþhmck cstæ bkr`fgk pkr>
6. Mf `còrfdf duhmcfr.
?. Nujk duhmcfr.
8. Hrk`ksk`fs.
7. Duhmìkmk.
29
Cstruhturf gc mf hìmumf fdl`fm y mf
hìmumf vcjctfm
Mks fdl`fmcs tfòlìd cstæd bkr`fgks pkr hìmumfs.
Cd mks tcnlgks fdl`fmcs pkgc`ks koscrvfr hìmumfs. Ykr

cnc`pmk, cd mks `þshumks, cd mks vfsks sfdjuàdcks, cd mf plcm y
cd mks eucsks.
Mfsvcjctfmcs.
gc mks hìmumfs gc Mfs
mks fdl`fmcs
fdl`fmcs sc
dkglbcrcdhlfd bæhlm`cdtcdlgctf`-
pksccd hmkrkpmfstks mfs
pkhk mf jrucsf pfrcg hcmumfr quc scpfrf udfs hìmumfs gc ktrfs.
Cm mà`ltc gc mfs hìmumfs fdl`fmcs mk hkdstltuyc ud df `còrfdf.
Fgc`æs, mfs hìmumfs fdl`fmcs dudhf tlcdcd csf jrfd vfhukmf quc
cs brchucdtc cdhkdtrfr cd mfs vcjctfmcs.
Mf lmustrfhlød dks ldglhf mfs cstruhturfs hkùdcs f tkgfs mfs

hìmumfs fdl`fmcs, yf sc trftc gc dcurkdfs, hìmumfs jmfdgumfrcs,
ùshumfrcs, scxufmcs k gc ktrk tlpk.
Xc glstldjucd
hlpfmcs> `còrfdfcdhcmumfr,
mfs hìmumfs fdl`fmcs
hltkpmfs`f trcs hk`pkdcdtcs
y dþhmck. prld-
Cd cm hltkpmfs`f
sc cdhucdtrfd ùheks cmc`cdtks u krjfdcmks, quc hu`pmcd
glstldtfs budhlkdcs (rcsplrfhlød, sàdtcsls gc sustfdhlfs, cxhrchlød
y ktrfs `æs).
26
eknf
pmfdtf gc ùsjk
Eknf gc ùsjk vlstf fm `lhrkshkplk.
Hk`k cm ùsjk, tkgks mks vcjctfmcs cstæd hk`pucstks gc

hìmumfs y pkgc`ks cdhkdtrfr glbcrcdhlfs cdtrc cmmfs.
Hìmumf vcjctfm.
2?
f. @còrfdf hcmumfr
Mf hìmumf cstæ rkgcfgf pkr udf ofrrcrf, cs mf `còrfdf

hcmumfr y sømk pucgc scr gctfmmfgf hkd cm `lhrkshkplk cmchtrødlhk.
Mf `còrfdf hcmumfr hu`pmc budhlkdcs ùy l`pkrtfdtcs,

cdtrc cmmfs, scmchhlkdfr mk quc cdtrf k sfmc gc mf hìmumf, pkr csk
gchl`ks quc pkscc mf hfrfhtcràstlhf gc scr scmchtlvf y sc`lpcr-
`cfomc.
Xc pkr
pucstf ef pkglgk koscrvfr
trcs hfpfs, hk`kquc mf trftfrf
sl sc `còrfdf
gc udhcmumfr
pfd hkdcstæ hk`-
brlnkmcs,
cd cm quc mks màplgks cdvucmvcd udf hfpf gc prktcàdfs quc sc
cdhucdtrf cdtrc cmmks.
»Ykr quì cs sc`lpcr`cfomc;
Mf `còrfdf hcmumfr cs sc`lpcr`cfomc pkrquc pcr`ltc mf cd-

trfgf y sfmlgf gc fmjudfs sustfdhlfs cd mf hìmumf. Gc cstf `fdcrf,
pucgc hrchcr y `fdtcdcrsc hkd vlgf, tk`fdgk gcm `cglk k gcm
mujfr cd quc vlvc, mks fml`cdtks y jfscs dchcsfrlks pfrf hu`pmlr
hkd mfs budhlkdcs gc fml`cdtfhlød y rcsplrfhlød, rcspchtlvf`cdtc.
28
»Ykr quì cs scmchtlvf;
Mf `còrfdf hcmumfr cs scmchtlvf pkrquc scmchhlkdf k cs-

hkjc mfs sustfdhlfs quc pcdctrfd k sfmcd gc cmmf, scjþd sus
dchcslgfgcs.
Cd rcsu`cd, glrc`ks quc mf `còrfdf hcmumfr cs mf cs-

truhturf gc mf hìmumf quc sc cdhfrjf gc rcjumfr cm trfdspkrtc k
`kvl`lcdtk gc mfs sustfdhlfs quc cdtrfd y sfmcd.
Fmjudfs vchcs, mf `còrfdf sc hkdvlcrtc cd udf ofrrcrf

pfrf cm trfdspkrtc hcmumfr, pcrk gc cmmf gcpcdgc cd jrfd `cglgf,
quc mf hìmumf pucgf hkdscrvfrsc vlvf.
Ktrf bkr`f gc trfdspkrtc hcmumfr
Koscrvc`ks cm csquc`f sljulcdtc>
»Vuì hrcc ustcg quc rcprcscdtf cstc glounk;
_cprcscdtf f udf f`lof hfpturfdgk cm fml`cdtk.
Ìstf cs ktrf bkr`f gc trfdspkrtfr mfs sustfdhlfs f trfvìs

gc mf `còrfdf hcmumfr y sc gcdk`ldf bfjkhltksls. Yfrf cmmk mf
f`lof bkr`f gks k `æs scugøpkgks, mks hufmcs rkgcfd ud trkzk
gc fml`cdtk, prktkzkfrlk k ldhmusk ud pcqucök `ctfzkfrlk. Cm fml-
`cdtk, fsà rkgcfgk, qucgf ldhmulgk cd udf vfhukmf fml`cdtlhlf
.
27
Cd cm hfsk fdtcrlkr koscrvf`ks hø`k ud sømlgk gcoc ftrf-
vcsfr mf `còrfdf (bfjkhltksls), pcrk tfòlìd mf f`lof pucgc
ldjcrlr màqulgks (pldkhltksls).
Hufdgk mfs sustfdhlfs pcdctrfd mf `còrfdf hcmumfr sc glhc

quc khurrc trfdspkrtc fhtlvk, cm hufm rcqulcrc jfstk gc cdcrjàf
pkr pfrtc gc mf hìmumf.
F mf bkr`f gc trfdspkrtc fhtlvk pcrtcdchcd mf foskrhlød gc

mks fml`cdtks gljcrlgks cd cm ldtcstldk eu`fdk.
Mf cxhrchlød gc mf krldf tfòlìd khurrc gc cstf
`fdcrf.
Cd mks vcjctfmcs mf `còrfdf hcmumfr cstæ

rchuolcrtf pkr ktrf cstruhturf mmf`fgf pfrcg
hcmumfr.
Mf pfrcg hcmumfr prktcjc y gf rljlgcz f mfs

hìmumfs vcjctfmcs.
o. Hltkpmfs`f
Gctræs gc mf pfrcg hcmumfr cstæ mf `còrfdf y gcspuìs gc

mf `còrfdf hcmumfr, efhlf cm ldtcrlkr gc mf hìmumf, cdhkdtrf`ks
udf sustfdhlf hkmklgfm.
Mf sustfdhlf hkmklgfm cs cm hltkpmfs`f. Cstæ mkhfmlzfgk cdtrc

mf `còrfdf hcmumfr y cm dþhmck.
Cd cm hltkpmfs`f sc pucgcd koscrvfr cstruhturfs cd bkr`f

gc jktltfs, jrædumks, mf`cdtks k ofstkdhltks quc sc mmf`fd kr-
jfdcmks hltkpmfs`ætlhfs. Fudquc skd ùy pcqucöfs, hu`pmcd
budhlkdcs vltfmcs pfrf mf hìmumf, hk`k sl sc trftfrf gc ørjfdks
helqultltks quc sc hkdkhcd hkd cm dkòrc gc krjfdcmks hltk-
pmæs`lhks.
23
h. Cm rctàhumk cdgkpmfs`ætlhk
F trfvìs gcm `lhrkshkplk cmchtrødlhk, sc efpkglgk koscrvfr cd

cm hltkpmfs`f udf scrlc gc `còrfdfs quc sljucd ud rchkrrlgk
vfrlfomc cd bkr`f gc tuoks pmfdks hk`k sl sc trftfrf gc gcks
gkomfgks quc rchkrrcd cm ldtcrlkr gc mf hìmumf.
Cd fmjudfs schhlkdcs gc cstf `còrfdf, mf supcrhlc prc-

scdtf udf fpfrlcdhlf rujksf gcolgk f ud slddþ`crk gc hkrpþshu-
mks fgecrlgks mmf`fgks rloksk`fs. Gcolgk f cstf hfrfhtcràstlhf,
sc pucgc glbcrcdhlfr cm rctàhumk rujksk gcm rctàhumk mlsk, quc
skd ktrfs schhlkdcs quc hfrchcd gc rloksk`fs.
Mfs budhlkdcs gcm rctàhumk mlsk dk cstæd olcd gcdlgfs pcrk

sc hrcc quc tlcdcd rcmfhlød hkd mf schrchlød hcmumfr.
Fm rctàhumk hltkpmfs`ætlhk sc mc rchkdkhc, cd jcdcrfm, hk`k

ud `cglk gc trfdspkrtc cdtrc mf `còrfdf duhmcfr y cm cxtcrlkr
gc mf hìmumf.
g. Mks rloksk`fs
Xkd pcqucöks jrædumks fgecrlgks fm rctàhumkcdgkpmfs`ætlhk1

mf budhlød quc hu`pmcd cs sl`lmfr f mf gcm ærcf gc prkguhhlød cd
udf bæorlhf. Mks rloksk`fs skd udf cspchlc gc tfmmcrcs, gkdgc
sc sldtctlzfd prktcàdfs k sustfdhlfs oæslhfs pfrf mf vlgf.
Mks rloksk`fs skd pfrtàhumfs suo`lhrkshøplhfs quc glrljcd

mf sàdtcsls gc mfs sustfdhlfs prktclhfs. Ykr csk cstæd prcscdtcs
cd tkgfs mfs hìmumfs. Cstæd hkdstltulgks cscdhlfm`cdtc pkr F_D
y prktcàdfs. Mks rloksk`fs skd ùy udlbkr`cs cd tf`fök, hk`-
pkslhlød y cstruhturf. Yucgcd cdhkdtrfrsc mlorcs cd cm hltkpmfs`f
y tfòlìd udlgks f mfs `còrfdfs gcm rctàhumk cdgkpmfs`ætlhk,
hk`k ec`ks glhek fdtcrlkr`cdtc.
Ktrks krjfdcmks hltkpmæs`lhks hkd budhlkdcs cspchàhfs

skd mfs `ltkhkdgrlfs, cm fpfrftk gc Jkmjl, mks mlsksk`fs y mks
pmfstlglks.
22
c. Mfs `ltkhkdgrlfs
Xc cdhucdtrfd cd tkgfs mfs hìmumfs vlvfs. Fmjudfs tlcdcd

bkr`f gc mf`cdtks, ofstkdcs k csbcrfs. Cm dþ`crk y mf bkr`f
gc ìstfs cd mfs hìmumfs cs ùy vfrlfomc.
Mfs `ltkhkdgrlfs trfdsbkr`fd hlcrtfs sustfdhlfs cd cdcrjàf

`cglfdtc mf kxlgfhlød. Wfòlìd sc mc mmf`fd hkdgrlksk`fs.
Cstæd bkr`fgfs pkr gks `còrfdfs, udf cxtcrdf mlsf y ktrf

quc sc gkomf cd cm ldtcrlkr bkr`fdgk hrcstfs. Fgecrlgks f mfs
hrcstfs cdhkdtrf`ks
rcsplrfhlød mks hltkhrk`ks
hcmumfr fcrøolhf huyf
quc vl`ks budhlød
fdtcs. cs rcfmlzfr mf
Mfs `ltkhkdgrlfs
hkdtlcdcd jrfd hfdtlgfg gc cdzl`fs, cdtrc cmmfs gcstfhfd mfs gc
tlpk kxlgftlvk, cs gchlr, quc pcr`ltcd mks prkhcsks gc rcsplrfhlød
hcmumfr (mlocrfhlød gc cdcrjàf).
2:
b. Cm hk`pmcnk gc Jkmjl
Wfòlìd sc gcdk`ldf fpfrftk gcJkmjl. Xc uolhf hcrhf gcm

dþhmck hcmumfr y su prldhlpfm budhlød cs mf gc fm`fhcdfr tc`pkrfm-
`cdtc mfs prktcàdfs sldtctlzfgfs pkr mks rloksk`fs cd cm rctàhumk
cdgkpmfs`ætlhk. Dk sc mc cdhucdtrf cd mks cspcr`ftkzklgcs
`fgurks, dl cd mks jmøoumks rknks.
Fpfrftk gc Jkjl
Ykgràf`ks hk`pfrfr cstf krjfdcmf hkd `ldþshumfs okgcjfs.
j. Mks mlsksk`fs
Xkd udf cspchlc gc sfqultks quc hkdtlcdcd fmjudfs cdzl`fs

gljcstlvfs. Xc pucgcdcdhkdtrfr cd mfshìmumfs fdl`fmcs. Cd cmmks
sc mkhfmlzfd fmjudfs cdzl`fs quc fyugfd f mf gcsldtcjrfhlød gc
sustfdhlfs.
Cd rcsu`cd pkgc`ks gchlr quc mks mlsksk`fs skd hkrpþshu-

Mlsksk`fs
mks k hucrpks pcqucöàsl`ks quc hu`pmcd budhlkdcs gc gljcstlød
hcmumfr.
Fdtc cm `lhrkshkplk cmchtrødlhk pfrchcd ofstkdhlmmks sl`pmcs

k pcqucöfs vcsàhumfs rcgkdgcfgfs.
e. Mks pmfstlglks
Xkd krjfdltks prkplks gcmfs hìmumfs vcjctfmcs. Wfòlìd sc

gcdk`ldfd pmfstks.
Mks `æs l`pkrtfdtcs sc mmf`fd hmkrkpmfstks, jrfhlfs f cmmks

Ymfstlglks
25
khurrc mf bktksàdtcsls yf quc hkdtlcdcd hmkrkmf, cm plj`cdtk vcr-
gc, pkr cm hufm sc hfptf pfrtc gc mf cdcrjàf gc mf muz skmfr pfrf
trfdsbkr`frmf cd cdcrjàf quà`lhf.
F trfvìs gcm `lhrkshkplk cmchtrødlhk sc ef pkglgk koscrvfr

hk`k udf cstruhturf mf`ldfr. Cd udf `ls`f hìmumf pucgcd hkd-
tfrsc efstf 699 hmkrkpmfstks.
Ktrks pmfstlglks skd mks mcuhkpmfstks, mks hufmcs hkdtlcdcd

fm`lgød y skd ldhkmkrks.
Mks hrk`kpmfstks hkdtlcdcd sustfdhlfs hkmkrfdtcs (plj`cd-

tks) rcspkdsfomcs gcm hkmkr gc mfs krcs y gc mks brutks.
l. Mfs vfhukmfs
Ktrks krjfdcmks hltkpmfs`ætlhks skd mfs vfhukmfs.
Xc cdhucdtrfd hkd brchucdhlf cd mfs hìmumfs vcjctfmcs. Xkd

sc`cnfdtcs f ourounfs gc flrc. Hu`pmcd fmjudfs budhlkdcs gc
fm`fhcdf`lcdtk, gc gljcstlød y gc cxhrchlød.
Rfhukmf
n. Cm hcdtrksk`f
Cstc krjfdcmk sc cdhucdtrf cd cm hltkpmfs`f gc mfs hìmumfs

fdl`fmcs y vcjctfmcs, ùy hcrhf gcm dþhmck. Cd ìm sc pucgcd
koscrvfr trfdsbkr`fhlkdcs.
Hufdgk mf hìmumf cstæ cd rcpksk sc prcscdtf hk`k mks hkr-

pþshumks hlmàdgrlhks mmf`fgks hcdtràkmks, mks hufmcs sc glspkdcd
cd ædjumk rchtk (glpmksk`f) y rkgcfgks pkr udf zkdf `æs gcdsf
mmf`fgf hcdtrksbcrf. Cd cm `k`cdtk gc mf glvlslød k rcprkguhhlød
hcmumfr (cuhfrlktfs), mks hcdtràkmks sc gcspmfzfd efhlf mks pkmks
hcmumfrcs y bkr`fd cm eusk cdtrc cmmks (mf`cdtks gc prktcàdf
quc efmfd mks hrk`ksk`fs cd mf `ltksls, mfs hufmcs vcrc`ks
`æs fgcmfdtc).
Mks hcdtràkmks skd hfpfhcs gc gfr krljcd f prkmkdjfhlkdcs
2<
hcmumfrcs hk`k mks hlmlks y mks fjcmks1 tfòlìd, cd ùheks hf-
sks, budhlkdfd hk`k rchcptkrcs scdskrlfmcs y, fgc`æs, prkvkhfd
hkrrlcdtcs pfrf cm gcspmfzf`lcdtk hcmumfr.
MKX BMFJCMFGKX
Xc ùcvcd oftlcdgk su bfjcmk k mætljk.
MKX HLMLFGKX
Wlcdcd cm hucrpk huolcrtk gc hlmlks k pcmks,

quc mc fyugfd f gcspmfzfrsc cd cm fjuf.
a. Cm dþhmck hcmumfr
Cm dþhmck hkdtlcdc mf ldbkr`fhlød quc rljc mf

ecrcdhlf olkmøjlhf. Xc mc gcdk`ldf hfrlkpmfs`f.
_cjumf tkgfs mfs budhlkdcs hcmumfrcs. Jcdcrfm-

`cdtc sc cdhucdtrf mkhfmlzfgk cd cm hcdtrk gc mf
hìmumf, gcdtrk gcmhltkpmfs`f. Wlcdc bkr`f csbcrklgfm.
Buc gcshuolcrtk pkr _kocrt Orkwd cd 6586.
_chkrgc`ks quc fmjudfs hìmumfs dk pksccd ud

dþhmck vcrgfgcrk, cdtrc cmmfs mks krjfdls`ks gcm rcldk
@ødcrf (ofhtcrlfs y hlfdkofhtcrlfs) (prkhfrlktfs).
Mfs hìmumfs quc pksccd ud dþhmck gcdlgk sc

gcdk`ldfd cuhfrlktfs.
:9
Yfrtcs gcm dþhmck
Cd cm dþhmck (cuhfrlktfs) sc glstldjucd fmjudfs cstruhturfs

l`pkrtfdtcs>
F. Mf `còrfdf duhmcfr
Cm dþhmck sc cdhucdtrf cdvucmtk pkr mf `còrfdf duhmcfr.

Ìstf cs udf gkomc `còrfdf mmcdf gc pkrks, quc rcjumf cm
ldtcrhfòlk gc sustfdhlfs hkd cm hltkpmfs`f.
O. Cm nujk duhmcfr
Cm nujk duhmcfr cs udf sustfdhlf sc`lmàqulgf cd mf quc sc

cdhucdtrfd suspcdglgks mks hrk`ksk`fs y cm duhmìkmk.
H. Mks hrk`ksk`fs
Mks hrk`ksk`fs sc pucgcd koscrvfr hk`k hldtfs trcdzfgfs

gcolgk f quc cstæd bkr`fgks pkr udf sustfdhlf quc sc pucgc
tcölr, gcdk`ldfgf hrk`ftldf, `lcdtrfs quc cm nujk duhmcfr
dk sc hkmkrcf.
Xftìmltc
Hkdstrlhhlød
schudgfrlf
FGD
Hcdtrø`crk
Hrk`ksk`f
:6
G. Cm Duhmìkmk
Cs ud hucrpk csbìrlhk quc sc cdhucdtrf gcdtrk gcm dþhmck.

Cd mfs hìmumfs pucgc fpfrchcr k gcsfpfrchcr1 fgc`æs, pucgc
efocr `æs gc ud duhmcømk cd ud `ls`k dþhmck gcpcdglcdgk
gc mf cspchlc gc mf quc sc trftc. Cs ud hkrpþshumk fm`fhc-
dfgkr gc F_D.
Ec`ks cstuglfgk mfs cstruhturfs prldhlpfmcs gc mf hìmumf y

ùhefs gc mfs krjfdcmfs hltkpmfs`ætlhfs, pcrk tfòlìd ec`ks
vlstk quc cm dþhmck cs gc cspchlfm l`pkrtfdhlf. Gc ìm gcpcdgcd
tkgfs mfs gc`æs pfrtcs gc mf hìmumf, tfdtk fsà, quc glhcd mks
olømkjks quc sl f udf hìmumf sc mc cxtlrpfrf cm dþhmck, mf hìmumf
`krlràf hfsl gc ld`cglftk.
_chucrgc>
6. Mf hìmumfcs mf udlgfg cstruhturfmy budhlkdfm

gc tkgk scr vlvk.
?. Efy scrcs prkhfrlktfs y scrcs cuhfrlktfs

scjþd pkscfd k dk hìmumfs hkd ud dþhmck
gcdlgk.
8. Mks hmkrkpmfstks y mf pfrcg hcmumfr skd

cstruhturfs hfrfhtcràstlhfs gc mfs hìmumfs
vcjctfmcs.
7. Cm dþhmck hcmumfr rcjumf mfs budhlkdcs hc-

mumfrcs.
:?
Cncrhlhlks RL
6. Fdktc mfs pfrtcs prldhlpfmcs gc mf hìmumf quc rcprcscdtf cm

glounk sljulcdtc>
F. [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[
O. [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[
H. [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[
?. Cxpmlquc mf l`pkrtfdhlf gc mfs krjfdcmfs sljulcdtcs>

f. rloksk`fs
o. pmfstks
h. vfhukmfs
:8
8. Koscrvc mf lmustrfhlød sljulcdtc y rcspkdgf>
f. »Vuì rcprcscdtfd;
o. »Gødgc sc cdhucdtrfd;
h. »Huæm cs cm dkòrc gc mf sustfdhlf quc mk bkr`f y sc
hkmkrcf;
f.
o.
h.
:7
Xcjudgf Sdlgfg
WKGK CX WKGK
»Hkd quì c`pczf`ks;
»Vuì tfm sl mk efhc`ks hkd cm hkdhcptk dfturfmczf;
Cm glhhlkdfrlk gcdc cm tìr`ldk glhlcdgk quc cs cm”hkdnudtk,

krgcd y glspkslhlød gc tkgfs mfs hksfs quc cxlstcd.‐
Cd cstf crf ftø`lhf quc vlvl`ks, sfoc`ks quc cm hkdhcptk vf

`æs fmmæ. Xfoc`ks quc cm hkdhcptk gc mf dfturfmczf sc cxtlcdgc
efstf gcdlrsc hk`k cm ”hkdnudtk gc mf `ftcrlf y mf cdcrjàf gcm
udlvcrsk‐. Cs gchlr, tkgk.
Cd mf udlgfg fdtcrlkr cstuglf`ks fmjudks gc mks hk`pkdcdtcs

gc mf `ftcrlf vlvf, »mks rchucrgf;
Cs `frfvlm mksf mf rcmfhlød quc cxlstc cdtrc mks hk`-

pkdcdtcs quc bkr`fd mf `ftcrlf. Ycrk mf rcmfhlød cdtrc mf
`ftcrlf y mf cdcrjàf pcr`ltc quc mf vlgf cxlstf, suoslstf y
hkdtldþc.
Cstruhturfs tfd pcqucöfs hk`k mfs hìmumfs gcpcdgcd gc

hk`pkdcdtcs cmc`cdtfmcs hk`k prktcàdfs, hfrokelgrftks, cdzl-
`fs y ktrks cmc`cdtks krjædlhks.
Wfdtk mfs hìmumfs hk`k sus hk`pkdcdtcs gcpcdgcd gc mf

trfdsbcrcdhlf gc cdcrjàf.
:3
Cd cstf udlgfg rcvlsfrc`ks fmjudfs budhlkdcs oæslhfs gc mf
`ftcrlf vlvf quc khurrcd jrfhlfs f mf ldtcrrcmfhlød quc efy cdtrc
mf `ftcrlf y mf cdcrjàf>
L. Yrkpøsltks gc mfs fhtlvlgfgcs

vltfmcs gc mks scrcs vlvks
LL. @ctfokmls`k
WC@FX>
6. Fdfokmls`k y hftfokmls`k.
?. Dutrlhlød ectcrøtrkbf.
LLL. Dutrlhlød futøtrkbf
WC@FX>
6. Vul`lksàdtcsls.
?. Bktksàdtcsls.
LR. _csplrfhlød Hcmumfr
:2
KONCWLRKX
?.6 _cmfhlkdfr mfs glvcrsfs `fdcrfs gc fml`cdtfrsc hk`k

bkr`fs gc supmlr dchcslgfgcs dutrltlvfs.
?.? Gcdlr mks prkpøsltks gc mfs fhtlvlgfgcs vltfmcs cd mks

scrcs vlvks.
?.8 Hltfr y gcdlr mks prkhcsks quc ldtcrvlcdcd cd mfs budhlkdcs

gc mf dutrlhlød.
?.7 Gcshrlolr cnc`pmks gc mks prkhcsks quc ldtcrvlcdcd cd mf

dutrlhlød.
?.3 _cfmlzfr udf sàdtcsls gc mf l`pkrtfdhlf gc mf dutrlhlød cd

mf hkdscrvfhlød gc mks krjfdls`ks (vcjctfmcs y fdl`fmcs).
?.2 Cxpmlhfr mf glbcrcdhlf cdtrc mf dutrlhlød vcjctfm y mf fdl`fm.
?.: Gcdlr cm hkdhcptk gc olkcdcrjìtlhf.
?.5 Hltfr trcs tlpks gc trfdsbkr`fhlkdcs olkcdcrjìtlhfs hcmu-

mfrcs.
?.< Cxpmlhfr cm hkdhcptk y mf l`pkrtfdhlf gcm `ctfokmls`k.
?.69 Glbcrcdhlfr cm fdfokmls`k gcm hftfokmls`k.
?.66 Fdfmlzfr mf l`pkrtfdhlf gc scmchhlkdfr olcd mks fml`cdtks.
?.6? Hltfr cnc`pmks y vfmkrfr mfs bkr`fs gc fml`cdtfrdks cd

mf vlgf `kgcrdf.
?.68 Cxpmlhfr fmjudfs rchk`cdgfhlkdcs pfrf quc mf fml`cdtf-

hlød scf fgchufgf (scmchhlød y prcpfrfhlød gc fml`cdtks,
glctf ofmfdhcfgf, cncrhlhlk glfrlk y `kgcrfhlød).
?.67 Cxpmlhfr cm pcmljrk gc mfs glctfs ldfgchufgfs.
?.63 Hltfr fmjudks krjfdls`ks ectcrøtrkbks.
::
?.62 Cxpmlhfr fmjudfs bkr`fs gc dutrlhlød ectcrøtrkbfs (ekmkzklhf,
pfrfsltls`k, sfprktls`k).
?.6: Gcdlr cm hkdhcptk dutrlhlød cd mks krjfdls`ks ectcrøtrkbks.
?.65 Lgcdtlhfr mks fml`cdtks gc fhucrgk hkd glvcrsfs hmfslhfhlk-

dcs> vfmkr dutrltlvk, budhlød, mks trcs jrupks oæslhks .
?.6< Cxpmlhfr mfs glvcrsfs budhlkdcs gc mks fml`cdtks prktchtkrcs,

rcjumfgkrcs, cdcrjìtlhks y hkd orf.
?.?9 _cmfhlkdfr mf hk`pkslhlød gc mks fml`cdtks hkd mf oucdf sfmug

(`ldcrfmcs y vltf`ldfs).
?.?6 Lgcdtlhfr mfsprldhlpfmcs vltf`ldfspkr su dkòrc, hmfslhfhlød,

budhlød y bucdtc.
?.?? _chkdkhcr mks fml`cdtks rlhks cd hfrokelgrftks, prktcàdfs,

jrfsfs, vltf`ldfs, sfmcs `ldcrfmcs y fjuf.
?.?8 Gcshrlolr mf glbcrcdhlf cdtrc mks krjfdls`ks futøtrkbks y mks

ectcrøtrkbks .
?.?7 Hltfr gks hmfscs gc prkhcsks quc rcfmlzfd mks krjfdls`ks

futøtrkbks pfrf prkguhlr mks fml`cdtks.
?.?3 Hltfr fmjudks krjfdls`ks qul`lksldtìtlhks.
?.?2 _chkdkhcr mf bucdtc gc cdcrjàf gc mf qul`lksàdtcsls y cxpmlhfr

cm prkhcsk.
?.?: _csu`lr fmjudks fspchtks elstørlhks skorc cm hkdhcptk gc

mf bktksàdtcsls.
?.?5 _chkdkhcr mfs hkdglhlkdcs `àdl`fs pfrf quc khurrf mf

bktksàdtcsls.
?.?< Cxpmlhfr mf cstruhturf, hk`pkslhlød quà`lhf y budhlød gcm

hmkrkpmfstk.
?.89 Cxpmlhfr mfs bfscs gc mf bktksàdtcsls (bfsc mu`ldksf - bfsc

kshurf).
?.86 Glbcrcdhlfr mf bktkbksbkrlmfhlød hàhmlhf gc mf fhàhmlhf.
?.8? Gcshrlolr mf bktksàdtcsls `cglfdtc csquc`fs gc mfs bfscs y

udf børùmf jcdcrfm.
:5
?.88 _chkdkhcr mf bktksàdtcsls hk`k ud prkhcsk `ctfoømlhk .
?.87 Cxpmlhfr mf l`pkrtfdhlf gcm bcdø`cdk gc mf bktksàdtcsls.
?.83 Fdfmlzfr mf l`pkrtfdhlf gc mks rcfhtfdtcs y prkguhtks gcm

prkhcsk gc mf bktksàdtcsls.
?.82 Hltfr c lgcdtlhfr fmjudksbfhtkrcs qucpucgcd vfrlfrcm prkhcsk

bktksldtìtlhk.
?.8: Cxpmlhfr cm hkdhcptk y mf l`pkrtfdhlf gc mf rcsplrfhlød hcmumfr.
?.85 Lgcdtlhfr mf rcsplrfhlød hcmumfr hk`k prkhcsk `ctfoømlhk.
?.8< _cprcscdtfr mf rcsplrfhlød hcmumfr`cglfdtc mf børùmf quà`lhf

jcdcrfm.
?.79 _chkdkhcr mfs huftrk bfscs gc mf rcsplrfhlød hcmumfr.
?.76 Gcshrlolr mf jmuhømlsls y cm hlhmk gc Arcos (rcfhtfdtcs y prk-

guhtks) y cxpmlhfr mf glbcrcdhlf cdtrc cmmks.
?.7? Cxpmlhfr mf glbcrcdhlf cdtrc mfs bkr`fs gc rcsplrfhlød fcrøolhf

y fdfcrøolhf.
?.78 _csu`lr cd ud skmk csquc`f mf bktksàdtcsls y mf rcsplrfhlød

hcmumfr.
?.77 Cxpmlhfr cm hkdhcptk c l`pkrtfdhlf gc mf rcprkguhhlød hcmumfr.
?.73 Hltfr cnc`pmks gc mf rcprkguhhlød hcmumfr.
?.72 Cxpmlhfr cm hkdhcptk, jcdcrfmlgfgcs c l`pkrtfdhlf olkmøjlhf

gcm hlhmk hcmumfr.
?.7: _cmfhlkdfr mf `ltksls hkd mf cdbcr`cgfg gcm hædhcr.
?.75 Cxprcsfr fmjudks fspchtks gc ldtcrìs skorc mf cdbcr`cgfg

gcm hædhcr.
?.7< Gcshrlolr, glbcrcdhlfr c lgcdtlhfr mfs bfscs gc mf `ltksls.
?.39 Gcshrlolr, glbcrcdhlfr c lgcdtlhfr mfs bfscs gc mf `clksls.
:<
?.36 Cxpmlhfr mf l`pkrtfdhlf gc mf `clksls.
?.3? Cstfomchcr mfs glbcrcdhlfs cdtrc mks prkhcsks gc mf `ltksls y mf

`clksls.
?.38 Ldtcrprctfr cm prkpøsltk gc mf rcprkguhhlød hcmumfr (pcrpctuf-

hlød gc mf vlgf).
FHWLRLGFGCX
6. Cmfokrfr ud `cdþ quc rcspkdgf f mfs hfrfhtcràstlhfs gcm

cstuglfdtc (cgfg, scxk, fhtlvlgfgcs y jrupks oæslhks gc mks
fml`cdtks).
?. _cfmlzfr præhtlhfs pfrf koscrvfr cm prkhcsk gc mf bktksàdtcsls

cd fmjudfs pmfdtfs.
8. _cgfhtfr ud gkhu`cdtk skorc cm prkomc`f gc hkdsu`lr hk`l-

gfs ræplgfs y hk`pfrtlrmk hkd mks `fcstrks gc mf hkùdlgfg,
pfrf quc mk glshutfd hkd sus cstuglfdtcs.
7. Yrfhtlhfr mfs rchk`cdgfhlkdcs pfrf tcdcr udf fml`cdtfhlød

fgchufgf (prcpfrfhlød gc fml`cdtks, glctf ofmfdhcfgf, cncr -
hlhlk glfrlk hkd udf oucdf rutldf).
3. Hk`cdtfr fhcrhf gc mf l`pkrtfdhlf gc hkdsu`lr fml`cdtks sld

pcstlhlgfs y skorc mfs vcdtfnfs gc mf fjrlhumturf krjædlhf.
59
L Yrkpøsltks gc mfs
fhtlvlgfgcs vltfmcs gc mks
scrcs vlvks
Wkgks mks krjfdls`ks vlvks dchcsltfd `ftcrlf y cdcrjàf, quc

gcocd kotcdcr gcm fòlcdtc quc mcs rkgcf.
Mks fdl`fmcs kotlcdcd su cdcrjàf gc mks vcjctfmcs, yf scf

glrchtf`cdtc (hk`lìdgkmks) k ldglrchtf`cdtc (hk`lcdgk f ktrks
fdl`fmcs quc f su vcz sc fml`cdtfd gc vcjctfmcs).
Wfòlìd prchlsfd `ftcrlfmcs pfrf hrchcr y sldtctlzfr sustfd-

hlfs hkrpkrfmcs dchcsfrlfs pfrf mks prkhcsks vltfmcs. Mfs dchc-
slgfgcs dutrltlvfs gcm fdl`fm sc sftlsbfhcd jrfhlfs f mf ldjcstlød
gc `ftcrlf krjædlhf gc krljcd fdl`fm k vcjctfm.
Ycrk dk kmvlgc`ks quc mfs hìmumfs skd `ftcrlf vlvf y quc

cxlstcd krjfdls`ks gc udf skmf hìmumf, pkr mk quc pkgc`ks hkd-
hmulr quc tfòlìd cmmfs dchcsltfd cdcrjàf.
Rcf`ks>
Mf f`lof cs ud scr udlhcmumfr quc hfrchc gc cstruhturfs cspc-

hlfmlzfgfs pfrf fml`cdtfrsc, pcrk cs hfpfz gc c`ltlr scugøpkgks
y cdjmkofr hkd cmmks mfs pfrtàhumfs fml`cdtlhlfs.
56
Koscrvc`ks ktrk hfsk>
Mf elgrf prcscdtf yf cstruhturfs cspchlfmlzfgfs pfrf mf

hfpturf (tcdtæhumks) c ldjcstlød gc fml`cdtks (okhf). Sd `ls`k
krlhlk mc slrvc hk`k okhf y hk`k fdk.
Wkgks mks scrcs vlvks tlcdcd dchcslgfgcs oæslhfs sld l`pkrtfr

cm tf`fök k mf hmfslhfhlød f mf quc hkrrcspkdgcd.
\ gcolgk f csfs dchcslgfgcs, mks scrcs vlvks rcfmlzfd fhtl-

vlgfgcs vltfmcs.
Mfs fhtlvlgfgcs vltfmcs cd mks scrcs vlvks skd f`pmlf`cdtc

rchkdkhlgfs pkrquc hu`pmcd trcs prkpøsltks budgf`cdtfmcs>
6. Mf hkdscrvfhlød gcm ldglvlguk.
?. Mf hkdscrvfhlød gc mf cspchlc.
8. Mf rcmfhlød cdtrc cm ldglvlguk y cm `cglk.
Yfrf cstfr vlvks

Yrl`cr prkpøsltk> Mf hkdscrvfhlød gcm ldglvlguk
Mfs fhtlvlgfgcs quc cstæd glrljlgfs f mf hkdscrvfhlød gcm

ldglvlguk, pkr su `ls`f dfturfmczf, pkgc`ks lgcdtlhfrmfs hk`k
budhlkdcs gc dutrlhlød y hkdslstcd cd udf scrlc gc prkhcsks
cstrchef`cdtc rcmfhlkdfgks mmf`fgks ldjcstlød, gljcstlød, fo-
skrhlød y fm`fhcdf`lcdtk.
5?
Budhlkdcs gc dutrlhlød
f. Ldjcstlød
Mf ldjcstlød cs ud prkhcsk cd cm quc cm scr eu`fdk

y mks fdl`fmcs tk`fd hufmqulcr hk`lgf k ocolgf pfrf
sftlsbfhcr cm fpctltk y pfrf efhcr brcdtc f mfs dchcslgfgcs
slkmøjlhfs gcm hrchl`lcdtk y gc mks prkhcsks quc khurrcd
cd cm krjfdls`k.
Mf ldjcstlød cs mf ldtrkguhhlød
gcm fml`cdtk quc sc efmmf cd cm
`cglk cxtcrdk.
o. Gljcstlød
Hufdgk mks fml`cdtks skd ldjcrlgks sc sk`ctcd f ud prkhcsk

gc trfdsbkr`fhlød bàslhf (fhhlød `chædlhf quc mks brfhhlkdf y
eu`cgchc).
Cd mf gljcstlød cm fml`cdtk ldjcrlgk sc sk`ctc f ud prkhcsk

quà`lhk quc pcr`ltc cm gcsgkomf`lcdtk gc mks fml`cdtks pfrf
quc scfd fprkvchefomcs.
Gcdf`ks cdtkdhcs>
Mf gljcstlød cs mf gcsldtcjrfhlød gc mf s sus-

tfdhlfs fml`cdtlhlfs hk`pmcnfs mmcvfgf f hfok
pkr mfs cdzl`fs, cd hk`pucstks `æs scdhlmmks
quc pucgcd scr ldhkpkrfgks fm prktkpmfs`f
`cglfdtc cm `ctfokmls`k.
58
h. Foskrhlød
Mf foskrhlød sc vcrlhf pkr øs`ksls y pkr glbuslød (trfdspkrtc

pfslvk) mk hufm khurrc dkr`fm`cdtc cd cm ldtcstldk hk`k cd cm
hfsk gc mks vcrtcorfgks.
Cd ktrks krjfdls`ks hk`k mks hcmcdtcrfgks y cquldkgcr`ks

mf gljcstlød cs cxtcrdf, cs gchlr quc mks fml`cdtks skd trfdsbkr-
`fgks bucrf gcm hucrpk y skd foskrolgks f dlvcm gc mf okhf.
Fm dfm gc mf gljcstlød sc kotlcdcd prkguhtks fsl`lmfomcs y gc

gcschek. Fsà quc cm krjfdls`k pucgc foskrocr mk þtlm y gcschefr
mk dk fprkvchefomc.
Cd cm hfsk gc mks `f`àbcrks, mf foskrhlød mf efhc`ks f

trfvìs gc mfs vcmmkslgfgcs gc mfs pfrcgcs gc mks ldtcstldks.
Gcdf`ks cdtkdhcs…
Mf foskrhlød cs mf hfptfhlød gc mfs sustfdhlfs

pkr `cglk gc mfs vcmmkslgfgcs quc rchuorcd
cm ldtcstldk.
57
g. Fm`fhcdf`lcdtk
Gcolgk f mf vfrlcgfg gc fhtlvlgfgcs y f udf pkslomc cshfscz

gc fml`cdtk, mks krjfdls`ks fm`fhcdfd pfrtc gc mks prkguhtks
fsl`lmfgks.
Mks krjfdls`ks vcrtcorfgks, pkr cnc`pmk, rcfmlzf`ks ud

fm`fhcdf`lcdtk gc mf jmuhksf f dlvcm gcm eàjfgk, cd bkr`f gc
jmuhøjcdk y tfòlìd cd ùypkhf hfdtlgfg cd mks `þshumks. Mfs
pmfdtfs fm`fhcdfd fm`lgød cd rfàhcs, tfmmks y eknfs.
Mks æhlgks jrfsks y cm jmlhcrkm skd hkdvcrtlgks cd jrfsf y sc

fm`fhcdfd cd ùheks mujfrcs gcm hucrpk, pkr cnc`pmk, gcofnk
gc mf plcm.
Wfòlìd cd cm eàjfgk, mks f`ldkæhlgks subrcd udf trfdsbkr-

`fhlød pfrf hkdvcrtlrsc cd jmuhøjcdk y scr fm`fhcdfgks.
Cstc þmtl`k prkhcsk prkguhc mf cml`ldfhlød gc mf urcf.
»Hø`k hkdsljucd cm fml`cdtk mks krjfdls`ks;
Mks vcjctfmcs, fm ljufm quc mks gc`æs scrcs vlvks, dchcsltfd

fml`cdtfrsc1 cstk l`pmlhf quc gcocd tk`fr mks prkguhtks dutrltlvks
gcm `cglk gkdgc sc cdhucdtrfd.
Mks vcjctfmcs bforlhfd su prkplk fml`cdtk pkr `cglk gc mf bktksàdtcsls.
53
Cd rcsu`cd, pkgc`ks cxpmlhfr quc mf hkdscrvfhlød gcm ldgl-
vlguk, vcjctfm k fdl`fm, rcqulcrc gc prkhcsks hk`pmcnks.
Mks vcjctfmcs sldtctlzfd mks prldhlpfmcs hk`pkdcdtcs krjæ-

dlhks hk`k cm fm`lgød, mks fzþhfrcs, mfs prktcàdfs, ldhmuycdgk
cdzl`fs, mks màplgks y ktrks hkdstltuycdtcs hcmumfrcs, f pfrtlr gc
hk`pucstks `æs sl`pmcs, ldkrjædlhks, f`pmlf`cdtc glbudglgks cd
mf dfturfmczf, hk`k cm gløxlgk gc hfrokdk, cm fjuf y cm dltrøjcdk.
Mf cdcrjàf dchcsfrlf pfrf mfs rcfhhlkdcs olkquà`lhfs quc prkgu-
hcd mf bkr`fhlød gc mks hk`pucstks krjædlhks cs prkpkrhlkdfgf
pkr mf muz, f trfvìs gc ud prkhcsk cscdhlfm rcfmlzfgk gcdtrk gcm
hmkrkpmfstk.
Mks fdl`fmcs, f trfvìs gc udf scrlc gc rcfhhlkdcs olkquà-

`lhfs hk`pmcnfs, trfdsbkr`fd mks prkguhtks vcjctfmcs gc mks
hufmcs sc dutrcd, cd sustfdhlfs sl`pmcs, cxtrfycdgk gc cmmfs mf
cdcrjàf pfrf su rccstruhturfhlød y pfrf gcsc`pcöfr tkgfs mfs
budhlkdcs dchcsfrlfs pfrf cm hrchl`lcdtk, mf rcprkguhhlød y mf
vlgf gc rcmfhlød.
Cm echek `æs skrprcdgcdtc cs quc vcjctfmcs y fdl`fmcs

hkdsljucd rcfmlzfr tkgfs csfs rcfhhlkdcs olkquà`lhfs f tc`pc-
rfturfs `æs olcd ofnfs, hkd udf dcutrfmlgfg y vcmkhlgfg quc cd
cm mfokrftkrlk rcqucrlràfd, cd mks hfsks cd quc csfs rcfhhlkdcs
bucrfd pkslomcs, tc`pcrfturfs cmcvfgfs y hkdglhlkdcs ldhk`pf-
tlomcs hkd mf vlgf.
52
LL @ctfokmls`k
Fdfokmls`k y hftfokmls`k
Mfs rcfhhlkdcs quà`lhfs
Yfrf hk`prcdgcr ùhek `cnkr cstc fsudtk gc mfs `kgfml-

gfgcs k prkhcsks gc mks krjfdls`ks pfrf kotcdcr mf cdcrjàf, cs
dchcsfrlk hkdkhcr ud pkhk mfs rcfhhlkdcs quà`lhfs quc khurrcd

f dlvcm gc mfs hìmumfs. _cfhhlkdcs quc cd þmtl`f ldstfdhlf hkd-
bkr`fd cm hf`pk gcdk`ldfgkolkcdcrjìtlhf.
Olkcdcrjìtlhf cs cm tìr`ldk
quc utlmlzf`ks pfrf gcsljdfr
cm cstuglk gc mf jcdcrfhlød gc
cdcrjàf quà`lhf y su hkdsu`k, cd
mfs rcfhhlkdcs gc mf hìmumf vlvf.
Cd mks scrcs vlvks sc pucgcd glstldjulr trcs tlpks gc trfds-

bkr`fhlkdcs>
6. Mfs quc khurrcd cd mks hmkrkpmfstks.
?. Mfs quc khurrcd cd mfs `ltkhkdgrlfs.
8. Mfs quc pcr`ltcd quc mf cdcrjàf rctkrdc fm `cglk y sc

glslpc hk`k hfmkr.
Cs gchlr, quc mf su`f gc mfs fhtlvlgfgcs quà`lhfs gc mfs

hìmumfs skd mfs quc pcr`ltcd cm hrchl`lcdtk, mf glbcrcdhlfhlød y
mf hkdscrvfhlød gc sus pfrtcs. F cstf su`f gc fhtlvlgfgcs mf
gcdk`ldf`ks `ctfokmls`k.
Mks bcdø`cdks `ctfoømlhks pucgcd scr fdfoømlhks k hftf-

oømlhks. Cm tìr`ldkfdfokmls`k sc rccrc f fqucmmfs rcfhhlkdcs
quà`lhfs quc pcr`ltcd hfòlfr sustfdhlfs scdhlmmfs cd ktrfs
hk`pmcnfs, mk quc sljdlhf fm`fhcdf`lcdtk gc cdcrjàf, prkguh-
hlød gc ducvks `ftcrlfmcs hcmumfrcs y hrchl`lcdtk.
@lcdtrfs quc hftfokmls`k qulcrc gchlr, gcsgkomf`lcdtk gc

sustfdhlfs hk`pmcnfs, hkd mlocrfhlød gc cdcrjàf y gcsjfstc gc
`ftcrlfmcs hcmumfrcs. Fòks bcdø`cdks khurrcd hkdtlduf`cdtc
y prcscdtfd rcmfhlkdcs ùtufs ùy hk`pmcnfs.
5:
Cd rcfmlgfg cstk mk koscrvf`ks hkdtlduf`cdtc cd mf vlgf
glfrlf y sljdlhf quc mks hk`pucstks hk`pmcnks pucgcd scr gcs-
gkomfgks y sus hk`pkdcdtcs vucmtks f hkòldfr gc ktrf `fdcrf,
pfrf bkr`fr sustfdhlfs glbcrcdtcs. Mfs trfdsbkr`fhlkdcs gc
hfrokelgrftks, prktcàdfs y jrfsfs, quc cd hfgf `k`cdtk tlcdcd
mujfr cd mfs hìmumfs eu`fdfs, skd cnc`pmk gc hftfokmls`k y
fdfokmls`k.
Yrkhcsks Cnc`pmks
Mks scrcs vlvks futøtrkbks tk`fd mf cdcr- Bktksàdtcsls, qul`lksàdtcsls.

jàf gcm fòlcdtc pfrf prkguhlr sustfdhlfs
krjædlhfs.
Mf cdcrjàf quc sc fprkvchef y sc trfdsbkr- _csplrfhlød hcmumfr.

`f gcdtrk gcm krjfdls`k.
Mf cdcrjàf cs utlmlzfgf pkr cm krjfdls`k. Hrchl`lcdtk, glbcrcdhlfhlød,

`kvl`lcdtk, rcprkguhhlød hcmumfr.
Yfrtc gc mf `ftcrlf y mf cdcrjàf sc glslpfd Cml`ldfhlød gc prkguhtks gc

cd cm fòlcdtc. gcschek, pìrglgf gc hfmkr.
Cstks prkhcsks mks vcrc`ks `æs fgcmfdtc, pkr fekrf dks

vf`ks…
¡F hk`cr!
Sdf bkr`f gc dutrlrsc cs hkd ”pcqucöfs hkòldfhlkdcs

hk`k mf sfolf rchctf gcm hfsf`lcdtk (frrkz hkd brlnkmcs)‐.
Mks f`ldkæhlgks cscdhlfmcs skd fqucmmks quc cm hucrpk dk

pucgc sldtctlzfr y, pkr tfdtk, gcoc hkdsu`lr yf echeks.
Cd cm hfsk gc mks brlnkmcs, efy udf gchlcdhlf gcm f`ldkæhlgk

trlptkbfdk, pcrk skd rlhks cdlskmcuhldf y mlsldf. Cm frrkz cs `æs
rlhk cd cm f`ldkæhlgk trlptkbfdk, pcrk hfrchc gc lskmcuhldf y mlsldf.
Fsà, hkòldfdgk mfs vcdtfnfs gc mks brlnkmcs y cm frrkz (rlhk cd

mks f`ldkæhlgks cscdhlfmcs quc bfmtfd cd mks prl`crks), ducstrk
pucomk ùcstrf su sfolguràf, fprcdglgf f mk mfrjk gc su elstkrlf,
fm hkdsu`lr ud oucd `cdþ prktclhk cd mf bkr`f gcm trfglhlkdfm
hfsf`lcdtk (hkdkhlgk cd ktrks mujfrcs hk`k jfmmk pldtk).
55
Dutrlhlød ectcrøtrkbf
Mks fml`cdtks y su prcpfrfhlød
Mf`cdtfomc`cdtc, mf skhlcgfg `kgcrdf cstæ fml`cdtædgksc

hkd prkguhtks quc gföfd mf sfmug.
Sdf glctf gföldf k gcsofmfdhcfgf cs fqucmmf quc sc ofsf

cd ofrrfs gc hekhkmftc, pkmmk brltk, efòurjucsfs, hfrdcs jrf-
sksfs, pfpfs brltfs. Mks cbchtks gföldks gc cstks fml`cdtks skd
ùheks, ldhmuycdgk bftljf, dcrvlksls`k, gcsdutrlhlød, jfstrltls,
gkmkrcs hrødlhks, prcslød fmtf, kocslgfg, cstrcöl`lcdtk, ecrdlfs,
ec`krrklgcs, frtrltls y glvcrsks tlpks gc hædhcr.
Cs pkslomc cshfpfr gc csfs fbchhlkdcs ”`kgcrdfs‐ hkd udf

glctf quc dk sømk cs ùhek `æs vfrlfgf, sldk `æs fpctchlomc>
vcrgurfs hkhlgfs (hrunlcdtcs, dk gcsechefs), cdsfmfgfs vcrgcs,
brutfs, sc`lmmfs, orktcs, vfrlfgks tlpks gc brlnkmcs, pfdcs ldtcjrf-
mcs, mchec, qucsks brcshks, eucvks (dk `æs gc gks pkr sc`fdf),
ykjur sld cdgumzfr, hfrdcs sld jrfsf (glvcrsfs pfrtcs gc mf rcs,
pkmmk sld plcm, pcshfgks y `frlshks).
Mks fml`cdtks hkdtf`ldfgks hkd fjrkquà`lhks y mf bkr`f gc
5<
prcpfrfrmks rcsumtfd scr ktrk prkomc`f scrlk.
»Vuì pkgc`ks efhcr;
6. Mks tlpks gc hkhhlød `æs hkdvcdlcdtcs skdfm vfpkr, fm ekrdk

y brcàr cd pkhf jrfsf.
?. Xømk efy udf glctf rfzkdfomc y chfz1 hkdsu`lr gc tkgk mk quc

cm hucrpk dchcsltf (hfrokelgrftks, prktcàdfs, màplgks, vltf`ldfs
y `ldcrfmcs) cd mf hfdtlgfg dchcsfrlf, cs gchlr, udf glctf

ofmfdhcfgf (fgchufgf f ducstrf cgfg, fhtlvlgfgcs y scxk).
Cm cncrhlhlk fyugf f ofnfr gc pcsk pkrquc bfvkrchc cm `ctf-

okmls`k cd jcdcrfm. Yfrtlhumfr`cdtc, mks fpfrftks rcsplrftkrlk
y hlrhumftkrlk sc bkrtfmchcd y sc gcsfrrkmmfd mks `þshumks.
8. Sd oucd prkjrf`f gc cncrhlhlks gcoc scr slstc`ætlhk. Dk cs

sfdk hkrrcr hkd gcscspcrfhlød, dl efhcrmk sømk hlcrtks gàfs.
7. Gcoc`ks ldhmulr cncrhlhlks gc hfmcdtf`lcdtk fm ldlhlk y gc

rcmfnfhlød fm dfm, pcrk dudhf gcocd gkmcr.
<9
Cdtrc mks krjfdls`ks ectcrøtrkbks tcdc-
`ks> mks fdl`fmcs, mks ekdjks, mf `fykràf gc
mfs ofhtcrlfs y mks prktlstfs sld hmkrkmf.
Bkr`fs gc dutrlrsc
Mks ectcrøtrkbks tlcdcd glvcrsfs bkr`fs gc dutrlrsc, fmjudfs

gc cmmfs skd>
6. Dutrlhlød ekmkzklhf. Cstc tlpk gc dutrlhlød sc hfrfhtcrlzf

pkr kotcdcr cm fml`cdtk cd bkr`f gc pfrtàhumfs sømlgfs, mfs
hufmcs skd ldjcrlgfs, gljcrlgfs y foskrolgfs, hk`k khurrc
cd mf `fykràf gc mks fdl`fmcs.
<6
?. Yfrfsltls`k. Cstc tlpk gc dutrlhlød
cxlstc tfdtk cd mfs pmfdtfs hk`k cd mks
fdl`fmcs. Mks pfræsltks vlvcdgcdtrk k
skorc cm hucrpk gc ud fdl`fm k gc ud
vcjctfm, fm quc mmf`frc`ks euìspcg y,
pkr hkdsljulcdtc, kotlcdcd cm fml`cdtk
gc cstc.
Mf `fykràf gc mks krjfdls`ks vlvks skd

euìspcgcs gc udk k vfrlks pfræsltks.
Mks pfræsltks kotlcdcd cm fml`cdtk pkr

ldjcstlød y gljcstlød gc pfrtàhumfs k pkr
mf foskrhlød gc sustfdhlfs krjædlhfs
quc hkdtlcdcd sus euìspcgcs.
Fmjudks pfræsltks khfslkdfd pkhk k dldjþd gfök f sus euìs-

pcgcs1 ktrks cd hfòlk, prkguhcd cdbcr`cgfgcs y gcstruycd
mfs hìmumfs quc pfrfsltfd. Cdtrc mks pfræsltks quc hfusfd gfök
pkgc`ks rchkdkhcr vlrus, fmjudks tlpks gc ofhtcrlfs, ekdjks,
prktkzkfrlks y ktrks quc, cspchlfm`cdtc cd cm krjfdls`k
eu`fdk, khfslkdfd cdbcr`cgfgcs.
8. Mks sfprøbtks. Xkd mks krjfdls`ks quc sc fml`cdtfd gc

mf `ftcrlf krjædlhf cd gcshk`pkslhlød, hk`k cnc`pmk tcdc-
`ks fmjudfs ofhtcrlfs, hlcrtks ekdjks, mfrvfs gc ldschtks y
hkmcøptcrks.
Cd rcsu`cd, pkgc`ks gchlr quc…
Mf dutrlhlød gc mks
krjfdls`ks ectcrøtrkbks cs
ud prkhcsk quc pcr`ltc mf
ldhkrpkrfhlød gc sustfdhlfs
cmfokrfgfs dchcsfrlfs pfrf quc
cm krjfdls`k hrczhf, sc rcpfrc y

rcpkdjf mks `ftcrlfmcs.
<?
Jrfhlfs f udf oucdf dutrlhlød, cm krjfdls`k pucgc mkjrfr ud
gcsfrrkmmk dkr`fm y ud budhlkdf`lcdtk øptl`k.
Mks krjfdls`ks ectcrøtrkbks rcfmlzfd mf dutrlhlød hkd sustfd-

hlfs yf cmfokrfgfs pkr mks futøtrkbks u ktrks ectcrøtrkbks. Cstfs
sustfdhlfs skd mks fml`cdtks.
Hmfslhfhlød gc mks fml`cdtks scjþd su budhlød
Cxlstcd glvcrsfs bkr`fs gc hmfslhfr mks fml`cdtks pcrk, gc

fhucrgk hkd mks hk`pkdcdtcs k dutrlcdtcs, sc pucgcd hftfmkjfr
hk`k prkguhtks gc `fykr k `cdkr vfmkr dutrltlvk.
F mks fml`cdtks tfòlìd mks pkgc`ks hmfslhfr pkr su budhlød

cd vfrlks jrupks, cdtrc cmmks>
f. Yrktchtkrcs
o. _cjumfgkrcs
h. Cdcrjìtlhks
g. Hkd orf
<8
f. Mks fml`cdtks prktchtkrcs
Xc mcs mmf`f fsà pkrquc prkpkrhlkdfd mfs sustfdhlfs dchc-

sfrlfs pfrf bkr`fr y hkdscrvfr tcnlgks. Xkd rlhks cd prktcàdfs.
Yrkpkrhlkdfd hfmhlk y bøsbkrk, quc fyugfd cd mf bkr`fhlød gc
eucsks. Xu`ldlstrfd elcrrk f mks jmøoumks rknks. Cdtrc cstks fml-
`cdtks cstæd mfs hfrdcs, mf mchec y sus gcrlvfgks.
o. Mks rcjumfgkrcs
Yrkvccd f mks krjfdls`ks gc vltf`ldfs y `ldcrfmcs dchc-
sfrlks pfrf cm oucd budhlkdf`lcdtk. Cs gchlr, quc fyugfd cd
mf rcjumfhlød gc mfs budhlkdcs. Xkd fml`cdtks rcjumfgkrcs, mfs
brutfs y mfs vcrgurfs.
h. Mks cdcrjìtlhks
Yucgcd scr gc krljcd vcjctfm k fdl`fm pkr cnc`pmk cm pfd y

mks gumhcs.
Hk`k su dkòrc mk ldglhf, skd rlhks cd cdcrjàf. @fdtlcdcd

mf tc`pcrfturf hkrpkrfm y bfhlmltfd cm `kvl`lcdtk. Xkd rlhks cd
hfrokelgrftks y jrfsfs.
g. Fml`cdtks hkd borf
Mf orf fudquc dk mf pkgf`ks gljcrlr, cs ldglspcdsfomc pfrf

udf oucdf gljcstlød.
Mks fml`cdtks hkd orf cstlùmfd mks ldtcstldks y fhcmcrfd cm

pfsk gc mks dutrlcdtcs. Hkd su hkdsu`k, sc hkòftcd mks prk-
omc`fs gc cstrcöl`lcdtk. Fmjudks fml`cdtks rlhks cd orf skd>
pfd ldtcjrfm, brutfs y vcjctfmcs.
<7
Hmfslhfhlød gc mks fml`cdtks cd trcs jrupks
oæslhks
Mks fml`cdtks tfòlìd sc pucgcd hmfslhfr cd trcs jrupks

oæslhks>
6. Yrkguhtks gc krljcd fdl`fm
?. Rcrgurfs y brutfs
8. Jrfdks y rfàhcs.
Yrkguhtksgckrljcdfdl`fm. Jrfdksyrfàhcs.
Rcrgurfs y brutfs.
Mf `fmf fml`cdtfhlød pucgc hfusfrdks skorcpcsk k gcsdu-

trlhlød.
<3
Mf fml`cdtfhlød cs ùy l`pkrtfdtc pfrf hkdscrvfr tcnlgks
sfdks y bucrtcs.
Cm hkdsu`k gc prkguhtks brcshks y dfturfmcs, rlhks cd hfr-

okelgrftks, prktcàdfs y jrfsfs cs ldglspcdsfomc.
@ldcrfmcs, vltf`ldfs y fjuf
Mks `ldcrfmcs y mfs vltf`ldfs skd hk`pkdcdtcs ùy l`pkr-

tfdtcs gc mks fml`cdtks. Rcf`ks pkr quì.
Mks `ldcrfmcs fyugfd f mf bkr`fhlød gc tcnlgks (eucsks,

sfdjrc, `þshumks, ørjfdks). _cjumfd cm budhlkdf`lcdtk gc fm-
judks ørjfdks.
Cdtrc mks `æs l`pkrtfdtcs tcdc`ks elcrrk, bøsbkrk, `fjdcslk,

hfmhlk, pktfslk, skglk y ykgk. Mks fml`cdtks skd bucdtc gc mks
`ldcrfmcs dchcsfrlks pfrf mf sfmug.
Cm fjuf cs udf sustfdhlf `ldcrfm ldglspcdsfomc pfrf cm oucd

budhlkdf`lcdtk gc mks tcnlgks.
<2
@LDC_FMCX BSCDWCX BSDHLKDCX
Hf mchec y gcrlvfgks Mf bkr`fhlød gc

Hfmhlk eucsks y glcdtcs.
Bc mcju`ldksfs, hfrdc, Hk`pkdcdtc gc mf

Elcrrk eucvks y brutfs. sfdjrc (ec`kjmkoldf).
L pcshfgk Budhlkdf`lcdtk gc mf
\kgk jmædgumf tlrklgcs.
B sfm Bkrtfmchl`lcdtk gc
Bmþkr mks glcdtcs.
Mfs vltf`ldfs skd ldglspcdsfomcs pfrf cm oucd budhlkdf`lcd-

tk gc ducstrk krjfdls`k, pucs cmmfs skd sustfdhlfs rcjumfgkrfs.
<:
RLWF@LDFX @ÆX L@YK_WFDWCX
D K@ O _ C BSDHLØDCDCMK_JFDLX@K BSCDWC
F @fdtlcdc sfmugfomc mf plcm, mfs ùhksfs y mf vlstf.

Fyugf fm hrchl`lcdtk.
Eàjfgk
Wk`ftc
Rcjctfmcs f`frlmmks
Mchec
Eucvks
HK@YMCNK
(Bkr`fgk pkr
O
6? vltf`ldfs)
_cjumf cm budhlkdf`lcdtk gcm hkrfzød, mks dcrvlks Hcrcfmcs

O6 y mks `þshumks.
Cs l`pkrtfdtc pfrf cm hrchl`lcdtk.
Yfd ldtcjrfm
Mchec
Wlf`ldf
Hfrdcs
Rcjctfmcs vcrgcs
_cjumf mf foskrhlød gc mks hfrokelgrftks. Mchec

O? Fyugf cd mf sfmug gc mf plcm y mf ùhksf gc mf okhf. Hfrdcs
_lokfvldf Eucvks
Rcjctfmcs vcrgcs
Ldtcrvlcdc cd mf bkr`fhlød gc jmøoumks rknks. Eàjfgk

Yrcvlcdc mf fdc`lf. Hfrdc gc rcs
O6?
H Yrcvlcdc ec`krrfjlfs gc mfs cdhàfs y vàfs rcs-

plrftkrlfs.
Brutfs brcshfs
Rcjctfmcs vcrgcs
Fyugf fm hrchl`lcdtk. Wk`ftc
Fyugf fm gcsfrrkmmk gc mks eucsks y su `fdtcdl- Eucvks

G `lcdtk1 cvltf cm rfqultls`k. Fhcltc gc eàjfgk gc
ofhfmfk
Mchec
Muz skmfr
Ldeloc mf kxlgfhlød gc mks æhlgks jrfsks ldsf- Ycshfgk, sc`lmmfs,

C turfgks y prktcjc mfs `còrfdfs hcmumfrcs. fhcltc gc hcrcfmcs
Cs cscdhlfm cd mf hkfjumfhlød gc mf sfdjrc. Ofhtcrlfs ldtcstldfmcs,

A hkmlkr, orøhkml y mcheujf
<5
Mks fml`cdtks dks prkpkrhlkdfd mfcdcrjàf dchcsfrlf pfrf quc
cm hucrpk sc dutrf, cs gchlr, quc cm hucrpk tk`f gc mks fml`cdtks
mfs sustfdhlfs dchcsfrlfs pfrf hrchcr, rcfmlzfr trfofnk y rcpfrfr
mks tcnlgks quc sc gcsjfstfd.
¡Fe, pcrk hulgfgk! Wkgfs mfs pcrskdfs gcoc`ks tcdcr udf

glctf fgchufgf f mf cgfg, scxk k fhtlvlgfg f mf hufm dks gcglhf-
`ks, fgc`æs, gcoc scr ofmfdhcfgf y supmlr tkgks mks tlpks gc
<<
sustfdhlfs dchcsfrlfs pfrf mf hkdscrvfhlød y bkrtfmchl`lcdtk gcm
hucrpk. Mk glrc`ks cd ktrks tìr`ldks> ”Dk gcoc`ks hk`cr pkr
hk`cr, dl cd jrfd hfdtlgfg, sldk hfmlgfg.‐
Sd dlök hk`c `cdks quc ud fgumtk, pcrk mf vfrlcgfg y mf

hfmlgfg gc mks fml`cdtks dk gcoc scr `cdkr.
Dk kmvlgc`ks quc cm hucrpk pfrf utlmlzfr mks fml`cdtks y

pkgcr dutrlrsc, gcoc trfdsbkr`fr csks fml`cdtks cd sustfdhlfs
fsl`lmfomcs.
Mf trfdsbkr`fhlød gc mks fml`cdtks cd sustfdhlfs fsl`lmfomcs

pkr cm hucrpk, sc mkjrf jrfhlfs f ud hkdnudtk gc ørjfdks cspc-
hlfmcs quc hu`pmcd mfs budhlkdcs gc mf gljcstlød.
Hk`k yf mk ec`ks glhek>
Gljcstlød cs mf trfdsbkr`fhlød
gc mks fml`cdtks cd sustfdhlfs
fprkvchefomcs pfrf cm hucrpk.
699
Hk`lgf tàplhf
Cm cmktc tlcrdk cs ud prkguhtk fjrfgfomc y ùy fml`cdtlhlk

pkr su cmcvfgf hfdtlgfg gc>
v bøsbkrk
v hfmhlk
v elcrrk
v vltf`ldfs
Wkgf mf pmfdtf gc `fàz tlcdc usk, cspchlfm`cdtc, hk`k fml-

`cdtk pfrf mfs pcrskdfs ymks fdl`fmcs. Wk`fr cm hkhl`lcdtk gc
pcmk gc `fàz cs cxhcmcdtc pfrf bfhlmltfr mf krldf.
Cd cm tfmmk gc cstfs pmfdtfs sc bkr`fd gc udf f huftrk `fzkr-

hfs gc `fàz (cmktcs). Cstf `fzkrhf cstæ huolcrtf pkr udf cspchlc
gc pcmks vcjctfmcs. Cdhl`f mmcvf udf huolcrtf ofstfdtc gurf, mf
tuzf. Mfs vfrlcgfgcs gc `fàz sc hmfslhfd jcdcrfm`cdtc pkr cm
hkmkr gc mks jrfdks> omfdhk, f`frlmmk, rknk, `krfgk k pcrmf y, pkr
su gurczf, cd tlcrdk k sfzød.
696
_csu`cd L-LL
v Mks krjfdls`ks supmcd sus dchcslgfgcs oæslhfs fm
kotcdcr mf `ftcrlf y mf cdcrjàf gcm fòlcdtc quc mcs
rkgcf.
v Mks scrcs vlvks rcfmlzfd mfs fhtlvlgfgcs vltfmcs hkd

trcs prkpøsltks budgf`cdtfmcs>
f. Hkdscrvfr cm ldglvlguk.
o. Hkdscrvfr mf cspchlc.
h. _cmfhlkdfr cm ldglvlguk y cm `cglk.
v Mf budhlød gc dutrlhlød cstæ gcdlgf pkr mks prkhcsks

gc ldjcstlød, gljcstlød, foskrhlød y fm`fhcdf`lcdtk.
v Mks prkhcsks gc mf dutrlhlød vfràfd gc fhucrgk hkd hfgf

cspchlc.
v Mf l`pkrtfdhlf gc mf dutrlhlød vfràf gc fhucrgk hkd

hfgf cspchlc.
v Mf dutrlhlød fdl`fm cs glbcrcdtc gc mf vcjctfm.
v Yfrf kotcdcr mf cdcrjàf dchcsfrlf, mks krjfdls`ks

rcfmlzfd fhtlvlgfgcs olkcdcrjìtlhfs k rcfhhlkdcs quà-
`lhfs f dlvcm gc sus hìmumfs hkd cm prkpøsltk gc hrchcr,
glbcrcdhlfr y hkdscrvfr sus pfrtcs, mk hufm gcdk`ldf`ks
`ctfokmls`k.
v Mfs fhtlvlgfgcs `ctfoømlhfs pucgcd khurrlr f dlvcm gc

mks hmkrkpmfstks y mfs `ltkhkdgrlfs.
v Cm `ctfokmls`k cs ud prkhcsk hkdtlduk quc rcfmlzfd

mks krjfdls`ks fm hkòldfr sustfdhlfs scdhlmmfs pfrf
bkr`fr `kmìhumfs `æs hk`pmcnfs fm`fhcdfdgk cdcr-
jàf (fdfokmls`k) y, f su vcz, gcsgkomfdgk `kmìhumfs
hk`pmcnfs cd ktrfs `æs scdhlmmfs y mlocrfdgk cdcrjàf
fm `cglk (hftfokmls`k).
v Cm fdfokmls`k ycm hftfokmls`k skdprkhcsks cdmfzfgks
quc khurrcd slùmtædcf y hkdtlduf`cdtc cd cm krjfdls-
`k, f dlvcm hcmumfr.
69?
v Gcoc`ks hkdsu`lr prkguhtks dfturfmcs, brcshks y rlhks
cd mks glvcrsks dutrlcdtcs ldglspcdsfomcs pfrf cm oucd
budhlkdf`lcdtk gc ducstrk hucrpk.
v Gcoc`ks tk`fr cd hucdtf fmjudfs rchk`cdgfhlkdcs
pfrf mkjrfr udf fml`cdtfhlød fgchufgf>
f. Xcmchhlkdfr fml`cdtks dk hkdtf`ldfgks.
o. @cnkrfr `ìtkgks gc hkhhlød.
h. Hkdsu`lr gc tkgk mk quc dchcsltf`ks pcrk cd
hfdtlgfgcs fgchufgfs f ducstrf cgfg, scxk y
fhtlvlgfgcs quc rcfmlzf`ks.
g. Yrfhtlhfr rutldfs gc cncrhlhlk fgchufgfs.
v Mks krjfdls`ks ectcrøtrkbks hkdsljucd cm fml`cdtk
cmfokrfgk, y pfrf hkdscjulr mfs sustfdhlfs dchcsfrlfs
pfrf mf dutrlhlød sc fml`cdtfd gc glbcrcdtcs bkr`fs,
cdtrc cmmfs>
f. Mf ekmkzklhf.
o. Cm pfrfsltls`k.
h. Cm sfprktls`k.
v Mks fml`cdtks sc pucgcd hmfslhfr gc fhucrgk hkd

glvcrsks fspchtks, udk gc cmmks cs mf hmfslhfhlød cd
trcs jrupks oæslhks>
6. fml`cdtks gc krljcd fdl`fm
?. brutfs y mcjuòrcs.
8. jrfdks, rfàhcs y tuoìrhumks.
Mks fml`cdtks supmcd gc glvcrsks hk`pkdcdtcs krjæ-
dlhks f mks krjfdls`ks ectcrøtrkbks quc mks hkdsu`cd.
698
Cncrhlhlks L-LL
6. Koscrvc cm hufgrk gc lmustrfhlkdcs quc fpfrchc f hkdtlduf-

hlød y rcsucmvf mk quc sc mc ldglhf.
F. Xcmchhlkdc fmjudks fml`cdtks gc hfgf hufgrk y hmfslbàqucmks

gc fhucrgk hkd hfgf udk gc mks jrupks oæslhks.
f.
o.
h.
O. Xl hkdsu`l`ks csc tlpk gc fml`cdtks ducstrf dutrlhlød cs

ectcrøtrkbf[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[.
H. Fdktc mks hk`pkdcdtcs krjædlhks quc supmcd csks fml`cdtks.
697
LLL Dutrlhlød futøtrkbf>
Ktrf bkr`f gc fml`cdtfrsc
Ec`ks vlstk quc mks ectcrøtrkbks dchcsltf`ks hkdsu`lr sus-
tfdhlfs yf cmfokrfgfs (fml`cdtks) pcrk, efy ktrks krjfdls`ks quc
bforlhfd k cmfokrfd sus prkplks fml`cdtks.
F mks krjfdls`ks quc

skd hfpfhcs gc prkguhlr sus
prkplks fml`cdtks sc mcs
gcdk`ldf futøtrkbks.
Cstks krjfdls`ks mkjrfd tk`fr mf cdcrjàf y fmjudfs sustfd-

hlfs ldkrjædlhfs gcm `cglk pfrf prkguhlr sustfdhlfs krjædlhfs
quc mcs slrvcd gc fml`cdtk f cmmks y f ktrks krjfdls`ks.
Hkdkhc`ks gks bkr`fs cspchlfmcs gc prkguhlr fml`cdtks,

hk`k rcsumtfgk gc mf ldtcrfhhlød gc mf `ftcrlf y mf cdcrjàf, gc-
dk`ldfgfs>
v Vul`lksàdtcsls y
v Bktksàdtcsls.
693
v Vul`lksàdtcsls
Cdtrc mks krjfdls`ks futøtrkbks cxlstcd udfs ofhtcrlfs hfpf-

hcs gc prkguhlr hfrokelgrftks f pfrtlr gc HK?, pcrk dk pkr `cglk
gc mf bktksàdtcsls (usfdgk muz) sldk, usfdgk ktrfs bucdtcs hk`k>
6. Mf kxlgfhlød gcm elcrrk.
?. Ofhtcrlfs mmf`fgfs dltrkofhtcrlfs quc skd hfpfhcs gc
kxlgfr sustfdhlfs f`kdlfhfmcs. F csfs ofhtcrlfs sc mcs
gcdk`ldf krjfdls`ks dltrlhfdtcs.

8. Ofhtcrlfs sumbkkxlgfdtcs,quc skd mfs quc kxlgfd cm fzubrc
y ktrfs quc kxlgfd cm elgrøjcdk `kmchumfr (E?).
Mfs ofhtcrlfs qul`lksldtìtlhfs skd krjfdls`ks quc fprkvc-

hefd mf cdcrjàf quc rcsumtf gc mfs rcfhhlkdcs quà`lhfsy trfds-
bkr`fd cm HK? cd hk`pucstks elgrkjcdfgks (rlhks cd cdcrjàf).
±
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Cd mks vkmhfdcs cdhkdtrf`ks

ofhtcrlfs quc usfd fzubrc pfrf bforlhfr
sus fml`cdtks.
692
v Bktksàdtcsls
Cd mf muz y cd mf kshurlgfg
»Hø`k sc dutrc udf hclof;
Mf hclof cs ud scr vlvk, pkr mk tfdtk, tlcdc mf hfpfhlgfg gc

dutrlrsc y mk efhc jrfhlfs f ud prkhcsk budgf`cdtfm quc khurrc
cd gks pfrtcs> udf cd mf muz y ktrf cd mf kshurlgfg.
Cd mks prl`crks föks gcm sljmk URLLL fþd dk sc efoàf gfgk

udf vcrgfgcrf cxpmlhfhlød gc mk quc khurràf hkd mfs pmfdtfs, pucs
cmmfs dk hkrràfd trfs mfs prcsfs, dl sc mcs scrvàf mf `csf.
Buc Rfd Ecm`kdt qulcd pkr prl`crf vcz, prkpusk fmjudfs

lgcfs pfrf cxpmlhfr hø`k sc dutràf y hrchàf ud ærokm. Ìm supusk
quc cm ærokm tk`fof su pcsk gcm fjuf hkd mf quc sc mc rcjfof.
Yrlcstmcy fpkrtø ktrf lgcf, ìm glnk quc sl efoàf skm, mfs pmfdtfs
Hclof
utlmlzfofd udf sustfdhlf gcm flrc, gc `fdcrf quc mk rcstfurfofd,
pcrk quc cd mf kshurlgfg csk dk khurràf y fgc`æs, quc mf sus-
tfdhlf crf pcrnuglhlfm pfrf mf sfmug.
Xcjþd Yrlcstmcy
69:
Efhc 6:9 föks Xfussurc pmfdtcø>
Gløxlgk gc Hfrokdk + Fjuf + Muz

P @ftcrlf Krjædlhf + Kxàjcdk
Ldjcdekusz, fjrcjf quc cm prkhcsk khurrc sømk cd mfs pfrtcs

vcrgcs gc mf pmfdtf.
”Mfs pfrtcs vcrgcs gc mfs pmfdtfs, hk`k mfs

eknfs, tfmmks k sc`lmmfs vcrgcs, gcsprcdgcd
kxàjcdk hufdgk sc cxpkdcd f mf muz y dk hufdgk
pcr`fdchcd cd mf kshurlgfg.‐
Ldjcdekusz.
Buc efstf cd 6<93 quc Omfha`fd (hlcdtàhk orltædlhk), gc-

`kstrø quc cm bcdø`cdk khurràf cd gks scrlcs gc rcfhhlkdcs> cd
mf muz y ktrfs quc dk rcqucràfd muz, cs gchlr, quc pkgàfd khurrlr
ldhmusk cd mf kshurlgfg, f mfs hufmcs sc mcs mmf`ø rcfhhlkdcs gc
mf bfsc kshurf.
Ìm prkoø quc cm pcràkgk gc kshurlgfg gls`lduàf mf vcmkhlgfg

gcm bcdø`cdk, pcrk quc dk sc fmtcrfof hkd mks hfòlks gc c`l-
slød pkr ldtcrvfmks.
»Xfoc f huæm bcdø`cdk dks cstf`ks rcrlcdgk;
Fsà cs, fm bcdø`cdk gc mf bktksàdtcsls.
695
Mf pfmforf bktksàdtcsls sc gcrlvf gc mks tìr`ldks
bktk, quc qulcrc gchlr muz y sàdtcsls quc sljdlhf
bkr`fhlød gc sustfdhlfs hk`pmcnfs f pfrtlr gc ktrfs
scdhlmmfs.
Mf bktksàdtcsls sømk khurrc hufdgk efy prcscdhlf

gc hmkrkmf. Mf hmkrkmf sc cdhucdtrf gcdtrk gc udf
cstruhturf mmf`fgf hmkrkpmfstk. Hfgf hìmumf pucgc
tcdcr gc ?9 f 699 hmkrkpmfstks.
Gcdtrk gcm hmkrkpmfstk sc pucgc koscrvfr udf

sustfdhlf mmf`fgf cstrk`f quc hkdtlcdc cdzl`fs
(þtlmcs pfrf mf bfsc kshurf) y tfòlìd udks pcqucöks
hucrpks mmf`fgks jrfdks quc hkdtlcdcd mf hmkrkmf.
F ud hkdnudtk gc jrfdks sc mc gcdk`ldfjrfdf.
Hfgf jrfdk pkscc cd bkr`f gc puöltks gc `kdc-

gfs, hfpfs gc `kmìhumfs gc prktcàdfs scpfrfgfs pkr
hfpfs gc hmkrkmf, ktrks plj`cdtks y fmjudks màplgks
mmf`fgks tlmfhklgcs.
Mf hmkrkmf pucgc scr gc vfrlks tlpks, pcrk mfs

gks `æs l`pkrtfdtcs sc gcdk`ldfd f y o.
Mf hmkrkmf f sc cdhucdtrf cd tkgfs mfs pmfdtfs vcrgcs, pcrk

fmjudfs pmfdtfs (skorc tkgk fmjfs) dk pksccd mf hmkrkmf o.
Cd cm hmkrkpmfstk pkgc`ks cdhkdtrfr ktrks plj`cdtks, mks

quc gfd hkmkr f krcs y brutfs y ktrfs pfrtcs gcm vcjctfm quc
hkmfokrfd cd mf foskrhlød gc mf cdcrjàf mu`ldksf, f mks hufmcs
mmf`f`ks hrk`kpmfstks. Mks plj`cdtks `æs l`pkrtfdtcs skd
mks hfrktcdks (fdfrfdnfgks), pkrquc cd mks fdl`fmcs sc pucgcd
trfdsbkr`fr cd vltf`ldf F.
Ktrks plj`cdtks l`pkrtfdtcs skd> mf xfdtkmf (f`frlmmf), mf

hkhlfdldf (fzum) y mf hkcrltrldf (rknk). Cstf þmtl`f pkscc udf
fhhlød bktksldtìtlhf ùy l`pkrtfdtc cd mfs fmjfs rknfs.
69<
Cd hucstlød gc scjudgks
Wcørlhf`cdtc, mf prl`crf bfsc gc mf bktksàdtcsls pfrchc ud

prkhcsk quà`lhk mfrjk y hk`pmcnk, sld còfrjk, cd mf præhtlhf
khurrc cd udf brfhhlød gc scjudgk.
Rcf`ks mk quc khurrc>
_csumtf quc cxlstcd udks hk`pucstks krjædlhks huyfs

`kmìhumfs pksccd udf fmtf hfdtlgfg gc cdcrjàf cd sus cdmfhcs
quà`lhks. Gks gc cmmfs skd cm FWY y cm FGY.

Cm FWY
Cstf sustfdhlf sc gcdk`ldf fgcdksld-trlbksbftk. Mfs `k-

mìhumfs gc FWY pksccd fmtf cdcrjàf gc cdmfhc cd gks gc mks trcs
bksbftks quc mfs bkr`fd.
Hufdgk cstf `kmìhumf sc elgrkmlzf pfrhlfm`cdtc (mkjrf rk`pcr

udk gc csks cdmfhcs), sc prkguhc FGY y æhlgk bksbørlhk (Yl) `æs
cdcrjàf quà`lhf (glspkdlomc pfrf efhcr trfofnk).
Cm FGY
hcs Cs
gcmmfFWY.
sustfdhlf
Xc mc quc sc prkguhc
hkdkhc fm rk`pcrsc udk gc mks cdmf-
hk`k fgcdksldglbksbftk.
Fgc`æs, cd mf bfsc mu`àdlhf, hufdgk efy cdcrjàf pfrf quc

khurrf, sc pucgc rchkdstltulr cm FWY pfrtlcdgk gcm FGY `æs cm Yl.
FWY Q FGY + Y l
^
Yfrf quc khurrf cstf trfdsbkr`fhlød, mfs bucdtcs pucgcd scr

mf muz gcm skm u ktrfs frtlhlfmcs.
Cm FGY y cm FWY
glcrcd cd ud bksbftk.
669
Bfsc mu`ldksf gc mf bktksàdtcsls
Cd mf bfsc mu`ldksf quc sømk khurrc cd prcscdhlf gc muz,

pkgc`ks rchkdkhcr gks ctfpfs>
f. mf bktkbksbkrlmfhlød fhàhmlhf
o. mf bktkbksbkrlmfhlød hàhmlhf
f. Bktkbksbkrlmfhlød fhàhmlhf
Bfsc mu`ldksf gc mf bktksàdtcsls
v Mf muz cs foskrolgf pkr mf hmkrkmf. Cm l`pfhtk gc mf muz skorc

mf hmkrkmf mf efhc gcsprcdgcr ? cmchtrkdcs (? c ‘) y f mf vcz
rk`pc mf `kmìhumf gcm fjuf. Cstc prkhcsk sc mmf`f bktømlsls
gcm fjuf. Hk`k hkdschucdhlf, sc mlocrf kxàjcdk quc pfsf f
mf ft`øsbcrf y cs rcsplrfgk mucjk pkr mks scrcs vlvks.
v Xc bkr`f ud unk gc cmchtrkdcs quc pcr`ltc udlr cm FGY fm Yl

y bkr`f FWY.
666
v Mks cmchtrkdcs pfsfd pkr mks fhcptkrcs y sc gcshfrjfd sk-
orc udf sustfdhlf mmf`fgf DFGY quc fgqulcrc gks hfrjfs
dcjftlvfs quc sc dcutrfmlzfd hkd gks hfrjfs pksltlvfs gc mks
?E+ prkvcdlcdtcs gcm E?K.
Xc hu`pmcd fsà mks trcs konctlvks gc mf bfsc fhàhmlhf> 6) _cf-

mlzfr bktømlsls gcm fjuf, ?) Xldtctlzfr cm FWY y 8) Bkr`fr DFGYE?.
o. Bktkbksbkrlmfhlød hàhmlhf
v Cstc `k`cdtk scrcfmlzf cdbkr`f lgìdtlhff mf bktkbksbkrlmfhlød

fhàhmlhf efstf mmcjfr f mf hmkrkmf :99.
v Mf glbcrcdhlf hkdslstc cd gks hksfs> 6) Mks ?c- quc mmcjfd f

cstf hmkrkmf sc gcvucmvcd efstf mf hmkrkmf 259 y hlcrrfd cm
hlhmk (vcr cd cm csquc`f mf chef pudtcfgf). ?) Dk sc prkguhc
DFGYE + E+, sømk FWY.
66?
Bfsc kshurf gc mf bktksàdtcsls
Xc mc mmf`f fsà pkrquc dk sc rcqulcrc gc mf cdcrjàf mu`àdlhf.
Cd cstf bfsc pfrtlhlpfd fmjudks pcrskdfncs l`pkrtfdtcs.

Hkdkzhæ`ksmks>
f. _loumksf glbksbftk (fzþhfr gc 3 hfrokdks).
o. HK? (gløxlgk gc hfrokdk).
h . FWY (sc bkr`ø cd mf bfsc mu`ldksf).
g. DFGYE + E+ (cm trfdspkrtfgkr gc elgrøjcdk,

quc kotuvk sus elgrøjcdks gcm fjuf cd mf
bfsc fdtcrlkr).
c. YJFM (bksbkjmlhcrfmgceàgk).
Dk sc fpfrtc gcm csquc`f gc mf bfsc kshurf `lcdtrfs fvfd-

zf`ks cd cstf ktrf cxpmlhfhlød.
Mf bfsc kshurf sc ldlhlf hkd ud fzþhfr gc 3 hfrokdks prcscd-

tcs yf cd mf hìmumf vcjctfm, mf mmf`fgf rloumksf glbksbftk.
Xc udc hkd ud hk`pucstk quc vlcdc gcm flrc mmf`fgk gløxlgk

gc hfrokdk (HK?).
Nudtks bkr`fd udf `kmìhumf gc 2 hfrokdks, quc dfm`cdtc

tcr`ldf rk`plìdgksc cd gks `kmìhumfs gc 8 hfrokdks hfgf udf.
»_chucrgf fm FWY; Cstf cdcrjàf sc trfdscrc f mfs `kmìhumfs

gc 8 hfrokdks pfrf rcfmlzfr fmjþd frrcjmk ldtcrdk (cdmfhcs), gc
gkdgc rcsumtf ducvf`cdtc FGY y Yl glspkdlomcs pfrf udf duc-
vf bfsc mu`ldksf. Cm DFGYE + E+ gcvucmvc mks elgrøjcdks quc
trfdspkrtfof f mfs `kmìhumfs gc 8 hfrokdks pkr mk quc vucmvc f
scr sømk DFGY+ k trfdspkrtfgkr mlstk pfrf trfofnfr gc ducvk cd
ktrf bfsc mu`ldksf.
668
Hk`k rcsumtfgk gc tkgk cstk, fpfrchc dfm`cdtc cm YJFM
(bksbkjmlhcrfmgceàgk). Cstf sustfdhlf pucgc mmcjfr f bkr`fr duc-
vfs `kmìhumfs gc rloumksf glbksbftk pfrf quc sc ldlhlc gc ducvk
cm hlhmk.
Cm csquc`f fdtcrlkr mk pkgc`ks rcsu`lr fsà>
667
_csu`lcdgk>
BFXC MS@LDKXF BFXC KXHS_F
6. Mf hmkrkmf foskroc mf cdcrjàf 6. Cm HK? sc ldhkrpkrf f ud fzþhfr gc 3

mu`ldksf. hfrokdks bkr`fdgk udf `kmìhumf gc
2 hfrokdks.
?. Mf cdcrjàf rk`pc mf `kmìhumf gc ?. Xc rk`pc mf `kmìhumf gc 2 hfrokdks cd

fjuf y prkguhc FWY f pfrtlr gc ? `kmìhumfs gc 8 hfrokdks hfgf udf.
FGY + Yl.
8. Cm DFGY ftrfpf mks elgrøjcdks y 8. Cd mf hkdvcrslød gc mfs `kmìhumfs gc

sc mlocrf K?. 8 hfrokdks cd YJFM, sc utlmlzf cmFWY
DFGY bksbftk gc dlhktldf`ldf - y mks elgrøjcdks trfdspkrtfgks pkr cm
fgldkdld duhmcøtlhk. Sdf hkcdzldf DFGYE?+.
gc fhhlød pfrchlgf fm DFG fhcptkr DFG gcrlvfgk gcm æhlgk dlhktàdlhk.
gc cmchtrkdcs. Xu budhlød cs trfdspkrtfr ætk`ks gc
elgrøjcdk.
»\ mf jmuhksf, quì;
Cd mks þmtl`ks tlc`pks sc ef gcshuolcrtk quc mf bktksàdtcsls
dk tcr`ldf feà.
@cmvld Hfmvld gc`kstrø, nudtk hkd ktrks ldvcstljfgkrcs, quc

cm YJFM (bksbkjmlhcrfmgceàgk) dk crf cm prkguhtk dfm gc mf bktk-
sàdtcsls, sldk quc csc hkòustlomc gc mf pmfdtf (fml`cdtk oæslhk),
crf mf ofsc pfrf rcfmlzfr mf sàdtcsls gc hfsl tkgfs mfs `kmìhumfs
krjædlhfs gc mf hìmumf.
Ykr cnc`pmk, gc csfs gks udlgfgcs gc 8 ætk`ks gc hfrok-

dk sc prkguhlræd fzþhfrcs gc 2 hfrokdks, tfmcs hk`k jmuhksf
y bruhtksf, gc mfs hufmcs sc mmcjfd f kotcdcr mks hfrokelgrftks
`æs hk`pmcnks hk`k skd mf hcmumksf, cm fm`lgød y cm jmuhøjcdk.
Ktrfs sustfdhlfs quc rcsumtfd f pfrtlr gc `kmìhumfs gc YJFM

skd cm jmlhcrkm y mks æhlgks jrfsks hfpfhcs gc bkr`fr jrfsfs y
f`ldkæhlgks (udlgfgcs oæslhfs gc mfs prktcàdfs).
663
Fekrf dks rcsumtf bæhlm cdtcdgcr quc cd fs
m pmfdtfs sc prkguz-
hfd ktrfs sustfdhlfs y dk sømk hfrokelgrftks hk`k sc cxpkdàf
fdtcrlkr`cdtc.
_cpfsc`ks mf elstkrlf
v Ldjcdekusz> Lgcdtlhø quc mfs pfrtcs vcrgcs gc mfs pmfdtfs

gcsprcdgàfd kxàjcdk hufdgk sc cxpkdàfd f mf muz.
v Xfussurc> Elzk cstuglks hufdtltftlvks gc mf bktksàdtcsls.
muz
Gløxlgk gc + fjuf Q @ftcrlf vlvf + Kxàjcdk
Hfrokdk pmfdtf
vcrgc
v Cd 65:3 y pkr 29 föks, sc hrcyø quc khurràf cd udsømk pfsk.
Hmkrkbmf
2 HK? + 2 E?K + Cdcrjàf Q H2E6?K2 + 2 K?

mu`ldksf
v Omfha`fd> Cxpmlhø cm prkhcsk cd bfscs y gcdlø mf lducdhlf

gc mfs hkdglhlkdcs gcm fòlcdtc.
v Cd mf fhtufmlgfg, jrfhlfs f mks fvfdhcs tchdkmøjlhks y f mf

cxpcrl`cdtfhlød hkdstfdtc, sc glhc quc mf bktksàdtcsls khurrc
cd gks bfscs>
662
6. Sdf cd prcscdhlf gc muz, quc sc rcsu`c fsà>
Hmkrkbmf
FGY + Yl + E?K + Cdcrjàf mu`ldksf Q FWY + E ?K

_cfhtfdtcs Yrkguhtks
?. \ ktrf quc pucgc khurrlr tfòlìd cd fuscdhlf gc muz

mmf`fgf rcfhhlkdcs gc mf bfsc kshurf. Xc rcsu`c fsà>
FWY + HK? + E? Q FGY + Y l

+ YJFM Q (Hfrokel-
grftks)
_cfhtfdtcs Yrkguhtks
Xld còfrjk, fþd efy ùheks gctfmmcs gcmks `chfdls`ks

quc dk sc hkdkhcd.
Mfs pmfdtfs dk pfgchcd gc efòrc
Cd mf pmfdtf efy udf hmkrkbmf f y ktrf hk`pmc`cdtfrlf quc

mmf`f`ks hmkrkbmf o, fgc`æs gc ktrf scrlc gc plj`cdtks.
Mf hmkrkmf sc jufrgf cd udks glshks k tlmfhklgcs, fm`fhc-

dfgks gcdtrk gc jrfdgcs okmsfs (hmkrkpmfstks). Fgc`æs gc mks
tlmfhklgcs, cstfs okmsfs hkdtlcdcd udf sustfdhlf `æs k `cdks
màqulgf mmf`fgf cstrk`f, gkdgc sc mmcvf f hfok mf pfrtc dfm gc
mf bktksàdtcsls (bfsc kshurf).
Cd rcsu`cd, mfs pmfdtfs rcsucmvcd cm prkomc`f gc mks fml-

`cdtks cd gks bfscs.
66:
_cpfsc`ks mfs bfscs mu`ldksf y kshurf cd ud skmk csquc`f.
Ykgc`ks fekrf rchkdkhcr cm bcdø`cdk gc mf bktksàdtcsls

hk`k ud prkhcsk `ctfoømlhk quc rcspkdgc f mfs hfrfhtcràstlhfs
gc mks prkhcsks fdfoømlhks, cs gchlr, ”`kmìhumfs pcqucöfs gc
HK? y E?K slrvcd gc `ftcrlf prl`f pfrf mf bkr`fhlød gc ktrfs
`kmìhumfs `æs jrfdgcs, cdtrc cmmfs mks fzþhfrcs hkd mf fyugf
gc mf cdcrjàf skmfr.‐
Fmjudks efd rcsu`lgk cstc hk`pmcnk prkhcsk gc mf bktksàd-

tcsls cd mf børùmf sljulcdtc>
muz
2 HK? + 6? E?K Q H2E6?K2 + 2 K? + 2E?K
hmkrkbmf
665
Koscrvc`ks cdtkdhcs mf l`pkrtfdhlf gcm bcdø`cdk gc mf
bktksàdtcsls.
6. Ykgc`ks fscjurfr quc tkgks mks krjfdls`ksdks fml`cdtf`ks

glrchtf k ldglrchtf`cdtc gc mf trfdsbkr`fhlød gc mf cdcrjàf
skmfr khurrlgf cd mks vcjctfmcs.
?. Cm bcdø`cdk gc mf bktksàdtcsls khurrc jrfhlfs f ud krjfdls`k

bktksldtìtlhk y f mf prcscdhlf gc fjuf, muz y flrc.
8. Mf bktksàdtcsls pucgc subrlr vfrlfhlkdcs gc fhucrgk hkd gks

tlpks gc bfhtkrcs>
f. mks bfhtkrcs cxtcrdks hk`k skd mf ldtcdslgfg k tlpk gc

muz, fsà hk`k mf hkdhcdtrfhlød gcm gløxlgk gc hfrokdk.
o. mks bfhtkrcs ldtcrdks, rcmfhlkdfgks hkd cm budhlkdf`lcdtk

gcm krjfdls`k, cdtrc cmmks mf plj`cdtfhlød.
h. Ktrks bfhtkrcs hk`k skd mf cstruhturf gc mf pmfdtf1 cm trftk

tìhdlhk fjràhkmf (pkgfs y ktrfs) y ktrks `æs.
7. Cs ud prkhcsk quc pcr`ltc mf rcdkvfhlød gcm flrc, pkr mf

mlocrfhlød gc kxàjcdk.
Cd rcsu`cd, glrc`ks quc mf

bktksàdtcsls cs ud prkhcsk cd cm
hufm mf cdcrjàf gc mf muz skmfr cs
trfdsbkr`fgf cd cdcrjàf quà`lhf.
66<
Cd hkdhmuslød, pucgc fr`frsc quc cd mf bktksàdtcsls tlcdcd
mujfr gks prkhcsks cd hlcrtk `kgk ldgcpcdglcdtcs, pcrk quc
khurrcd slùmtædcf`cdtc cd mf hìmumf bktksldtìtlhf> cm prl`crk gc
cmmks dk pucgc gcsfrrkmmfrsc sld mf prcscdhlf gc muz skmfr (bktømlsls
gcm fjuf)1 cm scjudgk, quc sc prkguhc ldhmusk cd fuscdhlf gc
muz (bfsc kshurf gc mf bktksàdtcsls), trfdsbkr`f, pkr `cglk gc udf
scrlc gc rcfhhlkdcs cdzl`ætlhfs hk`pmcnfs, cm gløxlgk gc hfrok-
dk cd `ftcrlf krjædlhf utlmlzfdgk mf cdcrjàf y cm pkgcr rcguhtkr
kotcdlgks hkd cm prl`cr prkhcsk.
Wkgf mf bktksàdtcsls sc gcsfrrkmmf cd mks hmkrkpmfstks, quc sc

cdhucdtrfd cd mfs hìmumfs gc mfs pfrtcs vcrgcs gc mks krjfdls`ks.
Cd mf bktksàdtcsls, mks krjfdls`ks hkdsljucd sldtctlzfr jmþ-

hlgks, pcrk tfòlìd màplgks y f`ldkæhlgks, fprkvchefdgk hk`-
pucstks sl`pmcs hk`k cm gløxlgk gc hfrokdk y cm fjuf. Hkd cm
trfdshursk gcm tlc`pk, mks vcjctfmcs efd fhuùmfgk tfm hfdtlgfg
gc rcscrvfs cdcrjìtlhfs quc fþd cd mf fhtufmlgfg skd fprkvc-
hefgfs pkr cm scr eu`fdk, pkr cnc`pmk, mks cdkr`cs gcpøsltks
gc hfroød y gc pctrømck fm`fhcdfgks f mk mfrjk gc mks `lmcdlks
gc mf elstkrlf gc mf Wlcrrf, cstæd rcmfhlkdfgks gc `fdcrf glrchtf
k ldglrchtf hkd mks prkhcsks bktksldtìtlhks.
Fgc`æs, cm prkhcsk gc mf bktksàdtcsls cs mf bucdtc gc kxàjcdk

cd mf ft`øsbcrf, gc jrfd l`pkrtfdhlf pfrf mf vlgf.
Ycdsc`ks… jrfhlfs
f cstc bcdø`cdk pkgc`ks
rcsplrfr.
6?9
_csu`cd LLL
v Mks krjfdls`ks futøtrkbks glcrcd gc mks ectcrøtrkbks

pkr mf bkr`f gc supmlr mfs sustfdhlfs dchcsfrlfs pfrf
su dutrlhlød.
v Mks futøtrkbks sc hmfslhfd cd krjfdls`ks qul`lksld-

tìtlhks y bktksldtìtlhks.
v Mks qul`lksldtìtlhks skd krjfdls`ks quc fprkvchefd

mf cdcrjàf quà`lhf mlocrfgf cd hlcrtfs rcfhhlkdcs
quà`lhfs, cdtrc cmmfs fmjudfs ofhtcrlfs (bcrrksfs,
dltrkofhtcrlfs, sumbkkxlgfdtcs y ktrfs).
v @uheks pcrskdfncs elhlcrkd fpkrtcs pfrf mmcjfr fm

hkdhcptk `kgcrdk gc bktksàdtcsls.
v Yfrf quc cm bcdø`cdk gc mf bktksàdtcsls khurrf cs ld-

glspcdsfomc udf bucdtcgc cdcrjàf mu`ldksf, hmkrkmf,
HK? y fjuf.
v Mf hmkrkmf csud plj`cdtk hfrfhtcràstlhk gcmfs hìmumfs

vcjctfmcs cm hufm sc cdhucdtrf cd cm hmkrkpmfstk.
v Cm hmkrkpmfstk cs udf cstruhturf cspchlfmlzfgf, oæslhf

pfrf mf bktksàdtcsls.
v Mf bktksàdtcsls cs ud prkhcsk quc khurrc, jrfhlfs f
mf fhhlød gc mks plj`cdtks hmkrkbàmlhks y ktrks `æs,
cd gks bfscs hkdtldufs gcdk`ldfgfs bfsc mu`ldksf
y bfsc kshurf.
v Cd mf bfsc mu`ldksf sc pucgcd rchkdkhcr gks ctfpfs>

bktkbksbkrlmfhlød fhàhmlhf y mf hàhmlhf.
v Fòfs bfscs skd udf scrlc gc rcfhhlkdcs slhkquà`l-

hfs hk`pmcnfs quc sc gcshrlocd f `fdcrf gc rcsu`cd
`cglfdtc udf børùmf jcdcrfm k csquc`fs.
v Børùmf jcdcrfm gc mf bktksàdtcsls
muz
2 HK ? + 6? E?K Q H 2
E 6? K2 + 2 K? + 2 E?K
hmkrkbmf
6?6
v Csquc`f gc mf bktksàdtcsls
v Mf bktksàdtcsls cs ud prkhcsk `ctfoømlhk gc mks krjf-

dls`ks futøtrkbks (fdfokmls`k).
v Mks krjfdls`ks bktksldtìtlhks skd scrcs ùy l`pkr-
tfdtcs c ldglspcdsfomcs pfrf mf hkdscrvfhlød gc mf

vlgf cd cm pmfdctf.
v Cxlstcd fmjudks bfhtkrcs quc vfràfd mf bktksàdtcsls

(ldtcrdks y cxtcrdks).
6??
Cncrhlhlks LLL
6. Gcdf mks tìr`ldks sljulcdtcs>
f. qul`lksàdtcsls
o. bktksàdtcsls
h. hmkrkmf
g. FWY
?. Cxpmlquc pkr quì mks hmkrkpmfstks skd gc hkmkr vcrgc.
8. Hltc mks trcs bfhtkrcs dchcsfrlks pfrf cm gcsfrrkmmk gc mf bk-

tksàdtcsls.
6?8
7. Gcshrlof mks pfsks gc mfs ctfpfs gc mf bfsc mu`ldksf gc mf
bktksàdtcsls.
3. Gcshrlof mks pfsks gc mf nfhlød gc HK? cd mfs rcfhhlkdcs

kshurfs.
2. »Cd quì glcrc mf qul`lksàdtcsls gc mf bktksàdtcsls;
:. Gcshrlof mf l`pkrtfdhlf gc mf bktksàdtcsls pfrf tkgks mks scrcs

vlvks.
6?7
5. Gcdf mf bktksàdtcsls usfdgk sus prkplfs pfmforfs y mf børùmf
quà`lhf.
<. »Huæm cs mf budhlød gc mf hmkrkmf cd cm prkhcsk gc mf bktksàd-

tcsls;
69. Gcshrlof mf l`pkrtfdhlf gcm FWY pfrf mks scrcs vlvks.
6?3
LR _csplrfhlød hcmumfr
Mfs hìmumfs tfòlìd rcsplrfd, pcrk dk gc mf bkr`f quc mk

efhc`ks dksktrks. Cm tìr`ldk rcsplrfhlød hcmumfr mk usfrc`ks
pfrf lgcdtlhfr ud cnc`pmk gc hftfokmls`k, cs gchlr, cm gc mf
vcrgfgcrf rcsplrfhlød.
»_chucrgf quì cs hftfokmls`k;
Dks rcbcrl`ks f mk quc mc khurrc f mfs `kmìhumfs krjædlhfs

hufdgk sc gcsgkomfd cd ktrfs `æs pcqucöfs, mlocrfdgk cdcrjàf.
Mks hfrokelgrftks y mfs jrfsfs skd fm`fhcdcs quà`lhks

gc mf cdcrjàf kotcdlgf cd prl`crf ldstfdhlf pkr mks krjfdls`ks
futøtrkbks.
Mks fml`cdtks skd mf bucdtc gc cdcrjàf mlocrfgf cd cm prkhcsk

gc mf rcsplrfhlød hcmumfr.
Yfrf quc cstk khurrf, mf hìmumf gcoc hkdvcrtlr mfs jrfdgcs

`kmìhumfs cd `kmìhumfs sl`pmcs.
6?2
Cd jcdcrfm, fmjudks rcsu`cd cstc hk`pmcnk cd udf sl`pmc
chufhlød>
H2 E6? K2 + 2 K? Q 2 HK? + 2 E?K + Cdcrjàf

}FWY y
DFYE + E+
Dk cs tfd bæhlm
6. Sdf pfrtc gcm prkhcsk rcsplrftkrlk sc mmcvf f hfok cd cm hltk-

pmfs`f y ktrf cd mf `ltkhkdgrlf.
?. Xc ef hfmhumfgk quc cd cm bcdø`cdk gc mf rcsplrfhlød pfrtl-

hlpfd hcrhf gc 699 cdzl`fs k hftfmlzfgkrcs.
8. Fgc`æs, mf rcsplrfhlød hcmumfr pucgc khurrlr cd prcscdhlf gc

kxàjcdk (rcsplrfhlød fcrøolhf) k cd fuscdhlf gc ìm (rcsplrfhlød
fdfcrøolhf).
Bfscs gc mf rcsplrfhlød hcmumfr
Yfrf sl`pmlhfr mf hk`prcdslød, mks olkquà`lhks efd glvlglgk

cm prkhcsk cd 7 bfscs gcdk`ldfgfs>
Bfsc 6 Jmuhømlsls
Bfsc ? Cm pucdtc (bfsc cdtrc mf jmuhømlsls y cm hlhmk gc

Arcos)
Bfsc 8 Cm hlhmk gc Arcos
Bfsc 7 Cm slstc`f gc hltkhrk`ks
6?:
Bfsc 6> Jmuhømlsls
Cstf prl`crf ctfpf khurrc cd cm hltkpmfs`f. Cd cmmf khurrcd

fmjudks echeks l`pkrtfdtcs, cdtrc cmmks>
6. Mf rupturf gc udf `kmìhumf gc jmuhksf cd gks `kmìhumfs gc

æhlgk plrþvlhk.
?. Xc prkguhc cm gcsprcdgl`lcdtk gc lkdcs gc elgrøjcdk y

cmchtrkdcs (scræd pfsfgks f `kmìhumfs trfdspkrtfgkrfs).
8. Xc prkguhc udf trfdsbcrcdhlf glrchtf gc udf pcqucöf hfd-

tlgfg gc cdcrjàf pfrf bkr`fr FWY f pfrtlr gcm FGY y gcm Y
l.
? FGY + ? Yl + jmuhksf (2 H) Q ? (plruvftk) + 7 E+ + 7 c - + ? FWY
Bfsc ?> Cm pucdtc
Mf scjudgf bfsc gc mf rcsplrfhlød khurrc cd mf `ltkhkdgrlf.
Fdtcs gc ldlhlfrsc cm hlhmk gc Arcos, mfs gks `kmìhumfs gc

æhlgk plrþvlhk subrcd udfs rcfhhlkdcs quc mfs hkdvlcrtcd cd
fhctlm hkcdzl`f F. Ylcrgc ud ætk`k gc hfrokdk (HK?). Fgc`æs,
ducvks elgrøjcdks skd trfdsbcrlgks f mf `kmìhumf trfdspkrtfgkrf.
Ylruvftk (8 H) Q Fhctftk (? H) + HK ? + ? E+ + ? c-
Yfrf hfgf pfsk cd cstf bfsc sc rcqulcrc udf cdzl`f cspc-

hàhf quc pcr`ltc quc mks cmchtrkdcs sc rcùcvfd.
6?5
Bfsc 8> Cm hlhmk gc Arcos
Cs udf bkr`f gc rcsplrfhlød fcrøolhf. Cstf bfsc rchloc csc

dkòrc gcolgk f su gcshuorlgkr Efds Arcos.
Xc pucgc rcsu`lr cd vfrlfs rcfhhlkdcs quc khurrcd cd mf

`ltkhkdgrlf.
CM fhctftk sc hkòldf hkd udf `kmìhumf gc huftrk hfrokdks

(7 H) y gf mujfr f ud hltrftk hk`pucstk gc scls hfrokdks (2 H).
Cm hltrftk gcsprcdgc HK? y sc trfdsbkr`f, prl`crk cd udf `k-

mìhumf gc hldhk hfrokdks (3 H)y mucjk, cd udf gc huftrk hfrokdks
(7 H), gcsprcdglcdgk cd fòks hfsks gløxlgk gc hfrokdk (HK ?)
y fjuf (E?K). Hufdgk csk khurrc gchl`ks quc sc prkguhc udf
gcshfrokxlmfhlød. Cd sàdtcsls, cs mf tktfm gcjrfgfhlød gcm æhlgk
plrþvlhk cd prcscdhlf gc kxàjcdk.
8 E?K + Fhctftk (? H) ‡ ? HK? + 5 E+ + 5 c-
Bfsc 7> Cm slstc`f gc hltkhrk`ks
Cstf bfsc khurrc cd mf `ltkhkdgrlf.
2 FGY + 2 Yl + 7 E+ + 7 c - + K? ‡ 2 FWY + ? E?K
Hk`k pkgc`ks koscrvfr, cs quc efy udf trfdsbcrcdhlf gc

cdcrjàf hkd cm FGY y cm Y l , pfrf bkr`fr FWY.
Cm ktrk fhkdtchl`lcdtk gc cstf bfsc buc mf prkguhhlød gc gløxl-

gk gc hfrokdk (HK?), quc sc gcsprcdgc hk`k udjfs gc gcschek.
6?<
Mks cmchtrkdcs gc mks ætk`ks gc elgrøjcdk skd trfdsbcrlgks f
trfvìs gc mks hltkhrk`ks (`kmìhumfs krjædlhfs hk`pmcnfs) efstf
cm kxàjcdk hkd ud fmtk hkdsu`k gc cdcrjàf. Cdtkdhcs cm kxàjcdk
sc hfrjf dcjftlvf`cdtc. Yfrf dcutrfmlzfr csf hfrjf dcjftlvf, cm
kxàjcdk tk`f lkdcs gc elgrøjcdk quc skd pksltlvks, pfrf bkr`fr
fjuf.
Cd cm prkhcsk gc mf rcsplrfhlød hcmumfr gc udf `kmìhumf gc

jmuhksf sc prkguhcd 85 udlgfgcs gc FWY. Mfs gks bfscs budgf-
`cdtfmcs skd mf jmuhømlsls y cm hlhmk gc Arcos, y sl efhc`ks udf
hk`pfrfhlød cdhkdtrf`ks `frhfgfs glbcrcdhlfs cd csfs gks
bfscs.
JMSHØMLXLX HLHMK GC A_COX

v Khurrc cd mf `ltkhkdgrlf.
v Khurrc cd cm hltkpmfs`f.
v Xc prkguhc HK ? (gløxl-
v Xc prkguhc plruvftk(k æhlgk gk gc hfrokdk) y E ? K
(fjuf).
plrþvlhk)
v Xc kotlcdcd 82 `kmìhu-
v Xc kotlcdcd ? `kmìhumfs
mfs gc FWY (trlbksbftk gc
gc FWY. (Wrlbksbftk gc fgc-
fgcdksldf)
dksldf, `kmìhumf quc sc
cdhucdtrf cd tkgks mks scrcs
vlvks y hkdstltuyc mf bucdtc
prldhlpfm gc cdcrjàf pfrf mfs
hìmumfs.
689
Ktrfs bkr`fs gc rcsplrfhlød hcmumfr
_csplrfhlød f pfrtlr gc prktcàdfs y màplgks

»Yucgc khurrlr rcsplrfhlød f pfrtlr gc prktcàdfs y màplgks;Xà,
cd cm hfsk gc mfs prktcàdfs, fdtcs gcocd scr hkdvcrtlgfs cd f`l-
dkæhlgks. Koscrvc`ks cm csquc`f quc fpfrchc f hkdtldufhlød>
686
Mf bcr`cdtfhlød
Hk`cdtc`ks orcvc`cdtc fmjudks hfsks>
6. Mfs mcvfgurfs fmljufm qucùheks `lhrkkrjfdls`ks quc vlvcd

cd `cglks hfrcdtcs gc kxàjcdk, cs gchlr, cd `cglks fdfcrø-
olhks, pucgcd rcfmlzfr udf bkr`f gc rcsplrfhlød fdfcrøolhf
mmf`fgf bcr`cdtfhlød fmhkeømlhf.
?. Cd mks `þshumks tfòlìd sc gf ktrf vfrlfhlød gc mf rcsplrfhlød

hcmumfr mmf`fgf bcr`cdtfhlød mæhtlhf, mf hufm khurrc cd hkdgl-
hlkdcs fdfcrøolhfs(sld kxàjcdk), pcrk hkd udf kotcdhlød gc
cdcrjàf, `cdkr quc mf kotcdlgf cd mf rcsplrfhlød fcrøolhf(hkd
kxàjcdk). Cd cstf bkr`f gc rcsplrfhlød sc prkguhc mf fhuù-
mfhlød gc udf sustfdhlf mmf`fgf æhlgk mæhtlhk, quc sl cstæ cd
fmtf hkdhcdtrfhlød prkguhc bftljf y gkmkr ùshumfr.
»_chucrgf mk quc sc slcdtc gcspuìs gc cstfr mfrjk rftk cd

udf `ls`f pkslhlød; k »ef koscrvfgk ustcg hufdgk ud gc-
pkrtlstf sc fhfmfòrf;. Cstks gkmkrcs skd prkguhlgks pkr cm
æhlgk mæhtlhk gc mks `þshumks.
8. Sdf vfrlfhlød `æs,ùy ldtcrcsfdtc, csmf quc rcfmlzfd fmjudfs

ofhtcrlfs gcm fzubrc (sumbftk ofhtcrlfs) mfs hufmcs sc kotlcdcd
hk`k prkguhtk dfm gc mfs rcfhhlkdcs hkd E ?X(sumburk gc
elgrøjcdk). Cstc tlpk gc ofhtcrlfs sc pucgcd cdhkdtrfr cd

mks eucvks pkgrlgks »sc l`fjldf cm kmkr;
Csc kmkr sc gcoc f mf prcscdhlf gcm E?X (sumburk gc elgrøjcdk).
68?
Fm hkdhmulr mf bcr`cdtfhlød sc gf udf gcjrfgfhlød gc mf jmu-
hksf quc krljldf fmhkekm ctàmlhk k æhlgk mæhtlhk.
Cd rcfmlgfg pkgc`ks hkdslgcrfr gks bkr`fs gc bcr`cdtfhlød>
f. Mf bcr`cdtfhlød mæhtlhf.
Jmuhksf Q æhlgk mæhtlhk + HK ?

+ cdcrjàf `þshumk prkguhc (? FWY)
................
o. Mf bcr`cdtfhlød fmhkeømlhf.
mcvfgurfs
Jmuhksf Q fmhkekm + HK ?
+ cdcrjàf prkguhc (? FWY)
»L`pkrtfdtc; »Vuì kpldf;
Yucs rcsumtf quc ùheks `lhrkkr-

jfdls`ks gcm sucmk gcshk`pkdcd mks
vcjctfmcs y mks hfgævcrcs jrfhlfs f cstf
bkr`f gc rcsplrfhlød.
Ktrf utlmlzfhlød ùy fdtljuf gc mf

bcr`cdtfhlød cs mf prcpfrfhlød gc mfs
ocolgfs fmhkeømlhfs tfmcs hk`k cm vldk
y mf hcrvczf.
»Vulìd dk rchucrgf quc gcspuìs

gc udf mfrjf hf`ldftf, fm gàf sljulcdtc,
mc gucmcd mks `þshumks;
688
Cd jcdcrfm, hkdslgcrf`ks mf rcsplrfhlød hcmumfr hk`k ud
prkhcsk ùy l`pkrtfdtc yf quc trfdsbkr`f mf cdcrjàf (quà`lhf)
gc mks fml`cdtks cd FWY.
\ cm FWY rcsumtf fprkvchefomc pfrf quc>
f. mks krjfdls`ks pucgfd rcfmlzfr ùhefs fhtlvlgfgcs.
o. khurrf cm trfdspkrtc fhtlvk cd mfs hìmumfs.
h. sc gì mf hkdscrvfhlød gcm hfmkr gc mks krjfdls`ks.
g. mf ldgustrlf gc fml`cdtks mæhtcks, pfdcs y ocolgfs fmhkeømlhfs

scf pkslomc.
Cd rcsu`cd, mf rcsplrfhlød cs ud prkhcsk `cglfdtc cm hufm mks

scrcs vlvks kotlcdcd mf cdcrjàf pkr gcjrfgfhlød gc mks fml`cdtks.
Mf rcsplrfhlød hcmumfr cs mf bucdtc oæslhf gc mf cdcrjàf dc-

hcsfrlf pfrf mfs budhlkdcs vltfmcs.
_cprcscdtì`ksmf `cglfdtc ud csquc`f.
687
Fekrf quc ec`ks rcvlsfgk mks prkhcsks gc mf bktksàdtcsls y
cm gc mf rcsplrfhlød hcmumfr, mks pkgc`ks rcsu`lr cd ud sømk hlhmk
glhlcdgk>
«Mf cdcrjàf skmfr, cm fjuf gcm sucmk y cm HK?

ft`ksbìrlhk skd mks hk`pkdcdtcs quc rcfh-
hlkdfd cd mf bktksàdtcsls, jrfhlfs f mf hmkrkmf,
bkr`fdgk hk`k prkguhtk `ftcrlf krjædlhf
(hfrokelgrftks). Cstks prkguhtks skd gcs-
gkomfgks cd mf jmuhømlsls y gc`æs bfscs gc mf
rcsplrfhlød hcmumfr, mlocrfdgk su cdcrjàf. Cm
fjuf y cm HK? sc ldtcjrfd fm `cglk gc ljufm
`fdcrf quc cm kxàjcdk cd mf bktksàdtcsls pfrf
scjulr slcdgk rcutlmlzfgks.±
Csquc`f gc mf bktksàdtcsls y mf rcsplrfhlød

hcmumfr, cd bkr`f hkdnudtf.
683
_csu`cd LR
v Mf rcsplrfhlød hcmumfr cs ud prkhcsk `ctfoømlhk (hf-

tfokmls`k).
v Xc pucgc rcprcscdtfr `cglfdtc ud børùmf jcdcrfm>
H2 E6? K2 + 2 K? ‡ 2 HK? + 2 E?K + Cdcrjàf
(85 FWY)
v Mfs `kmìhumfs gc jmuhksf sc gcsgkomfd y sc mlocrf

mf cdcrjàf quà`lhf gc sus cdmfhcs. Yfrtc gc cstf
cdcrjàf sc gcsprcdgc cd bkr`f gc hfmkr y pfrtc qucgf
fm`fhcdfgf cd cm FWY1 cstf þmtl`f pfrtc sc utlmlzfræ cd
mfs fhtlvlgfgcs hcmumfrcs. Mf rcsplrfhlød tlcdc quc scr
hkdstfdtc, pucs tkgfs mfs hìmumfs vlvfs gcocd tcdcr
ud su`ldlstrk hkdstfdtc gc cdcrjàf.
v Wkgk cm prkhcsk gc mf rcsplrfhlød khurrc cd 7 bfscs gc

mfs hufmcs sc gcstfhfd mf jmuhømlsls y cm hlhmk gc Arcos.
v Cd cmmk pfrtlhlpfd cdzl`fs k hftfmlzfgkrcs.
v Mf rcsplrfhlød khurrc cd cm hltkpmfs`f (jmuhømlsls) y

cd mf `ltkhkdgrlf (cm hlhmk gc Arcos).
v Cd mf jmuhømlsls sc kotlcdc plruvftk k æhlgk plrþvlhk

y ? `kmìhumfs gc FWY, `lcdtrfs quc cd cm hlhmk gc
Arcos, sc prkguhc HK?, E?K, y 82 `kmìhumfs gc FWY.
v Wfòlìd khurrc rcsplrfhlød f pfrtlr gc màplgks y prk-

tcàdfs.
v Cd mfs mcvfgurfs yktrks krjfdls`ks khurrc ud prkhcsk

gc rcsplrfhlød hkdkhlgk hk`k bcr`cdtfhlød.
Mf bcr`cdtfhlød pucgc scr fmhkeømlhf k mæhtlhf.
Cd cm hfsk gc mfs mcvfgurfs, rcfmlzfd bcr`cdtfhlød

fmhkeømlhf.
H2E6?K2 ‡ ? H?KE + ? HK ?
+ (?FWY)
jmuhksf ‡ fmhkekm ctàmlhk + oløxlgk gc hfrokdk + cdcrjàf
682
v Cd tcnlgks fdl`fmcs, hk`k mks `þshumks, pucgc cbch-
tufrsc mfbcr`cdtfhlød mæhtlhf(sld kxàjcdk `kmchumfr,
plruvftk k æhlgk plrþvlhk sc trfdsbkr`f f æhlgk mæhtlhk
hk`k prkguhtk dfm). Cstc prkhcsk sc rcprcscdtf hkd
mf chufhlød sljulcdtc>
H2E6?K2 ‡ æhlgk mæhtlhk + ?HK ? + cdcrjàf
v Mf rcsplrfhlød pkr bcr`cdtfhlød gc fmjudks `lhrk-

krjfdls`ks sc gcdk`ldf rcsplrfhlød fdfcrøolhf.
Jrfhlfs f cstc tlpk gc rcsplrfhlød, khurrc mf gcshk`-
pkslhlød gc krjfdls`ks ùcrtks.
v Cm prkhcsk tfòlìd cs utlmlzfgk cd mf prcpfrfhlød gc

ocolgfs fmhkeømlhfs, prkguhtks mæhtcks y pfdcs.
v Mf rcsplrfhlød hcmumfr cs gc jrfd l`pkrtfdhlf pfrf

mks scrcs vlvks pkrquc pcr`ltc mf trfdsbkr`fhlød gc
mf cdcrjàf quà`lhf gc mks fml`cdtks cd FWY, cm hufm
cs ldglspcdsfomc pfrf cm gcsfrrkmmk gc ktrks prkhcsks
vltfmcs.
68:
Cncrhlhlks LR
6. Gcdf mks hkdhcptks sljulcdtcs>
f. rcsplrfhlød hcmumfr
o. bcr`cdtfhlød fmhkeømlhf
h. bcr`cdtfhlød mæhtlhf
?. » Huæm cs mf l`pkrtfdhlf olkmøjlhf gc mf rcsplrfhlød;
685
8. _cprcscdtc cm prkhcsk gc mf rcsplrfhlød hcmumfr `cglfdtc
udf chufhlød quà`lhf.
7. Gcshrlof mks gks tlpks gc bcr`cdtfhlød rcvlsfgks cd cstf

udlgfg.
3. »Ykr quì pkgc`ks hkdslgcrfr f mf bktksàdtcsls y f mf rcs-

plrfhlød hk`k prkhcsks hk`pmc`cdtfrlks;
68<
2. _cfmlhc mf hk`pfrfhlød gc mks gks tlpks gc rcsplrfhlød y
hk`pmctc cm hufgrk sljulcdtc>
679
Wcrhcrf Sdlgfg
_CY_KGSHHLØD \ GCXF__KMMK GC MKX
K_JFDLX@KX
»Vuì buc prl`crk cm eucvk k mf jfmmldf;
Hufdgk ud krjfdls`k fmhfdzf mf `fgurcz, sc cdhucdtrf cd

hkdglhlkdcs gc rcprkguhlrsc, cs gchlr, fmhfdzf mf hfpfhlgfg gc
krljldfr ldglvlguks sc`cnfdtcs.
Mf rcprkguhhlød. ¡Sd `lmfjrk gc mf vlgf!
Mf prcjudtf hkd mf quc ldlhlf`ks cstf udlgfg dks efhc rc-

cxlkdfr skorc csf budhlød gc mks scrcs vlvks tfd bf`lmlfr pfrf
dksktrks> rcprkguhlrdks.
676
Cd cstf udlgfg cstuglfrc`ks fmjudks fspchtks l`pkrtfdtcs
gc mfs bkr`fs gc rcprkguhhlød y, gcsgc mucjk, gc mf rcprkguhhlød
eu`fdf.
Cstuglfrc`ks, fgc`æs, fmjudksfspchtks budgf`cdtfmcsgcm

cqulmlorlk eu`fdk (ek`cøstfsls) y gc mf Jcdìtlhf.
HKDWCDLGKX
L _cprkguhhlød
v fscxufm
v scxufm
LL _cprkguhhlød eu`fdf.
LLL Cqulmlorlk eu`fdk (ek`cøstfsls u

ek`ckstfsàf).
LR Jcdìtlhf.
67?
KONCWLRKX
8.6 Gcdlr cm pcràkgk cd cm hufm cs pkslomc mf rcprkguhhlød y

mks dlvcmcs gc vlgf cd mks hufmcs khurrc.
8.? Cxpmlhfr mf rcprkguhhlød fscxufm.
8.8 Lgcdtlhfr y gcdlr mks glvcrsks cnc`pmks gc rcprkguhhlød

fscxufm.
8.7 Hk`pfrfr vcdtfnfs y gcsvcdtfnfs gc mf rcprkguhhlød scxufm

y fscxufm.
8.3 Gcshrlolr mfs hfrfhtcràstlhfs gc mks krjfdls`ks scxufmcs.

8.2 Ldtcrprctfr cm hkdhcptk gc efpmklgc (d) y glpmklgc (? d) cs
gchlr cm dþ`crk gc mks hrk`ksk`fs hcmumfrcs.
8.: Cxpmlhfr mf `clksls c ldgcdtlhfr hfgf udf gc mfs bfscs.
8.5 Cstfomchcr mfs glbcrcdhlfs cdtrc mks prkhcsks gc mf `ltksls

y mf `clksls.
8.< Gcstfhfr mf l`pkrtfdhlf gcm scxk cd mks scrcs vlvks.
8.69 Gcdlr cm hkdhcptk gc ecr`fbrkgltf y hltfr cnc`pmks.
8.66 Gcshrl olr mks prkhcs ks gc jf`ctkjì dcsls (cspcr -

`ftkjìdcsls - kvkjìdcsls).
8.6? Hfrfhtcrlzfr mfs ctfpfs gc mf vlgf scxufm eu`fdf (ldbfdhlf-

puocrtfg - `fgurcz).
8.68 Lgcdtlhfr mks hfrfhtcrcs eu`fdks hk`k hfrfhtcrcs scxuf-

mcs prl`frlks k schudgfrlks.
8.67 Gcdlr cm hkdhcptk gc gl`krs`k scxufm.
8.63 Cxpmlhfr mfs budhlkdcs oæslhfs gc mks fpfrftks rcprkguhtk-

rcs `fshumldk y bc`cdldk.
8.62 Gcshrlolr hfgf udk gc mks ørjfdks rcprkguhtkrcs gcm scr

eu`fdk.
8.6: Cxpmlhfr cm hkdhcptk gc ekr`kdf y hltfr huæm buc mf prl`crf

ekr`kdf quc sc bforlhø.
8.65 Cxpmlhfr mf l`pkrtfdhlf gc mfs ekr`kdfs scxufmcs.
8.6< Hltfr huftrk budhlkdcs gc rcjumfhlød quc rcfmlzfd mfs jmæd-

gumfs cdgkhrldfs.
8.?9 _cmfhlkdfr mfs rcfhhlkdcs prkvkhfgfs pkr mfs ekr`kdfs

scxufmcs cd cm hucrpk hkd cm slstc`f dcrvlksk.
8.?6 Gcshrlolr mks cbchtks gc mks fdgrøjcdks, cstrøjcdks y

prkjcstcrkdf cd mf rcprkguhhlød.
678
8.?? Cxpmlhfr quì cs ud ørjfdk omfdhk.
8.?8 Gcdlr mks hkdhcptks gc kvumfhlød, bcrtlmlgfg, `cdstrufhlød y

tcdslød `cdstrufm.
8.?7 Gcshrlolr c lgcdtlhfr jræhf`cdtc mfs bfscs gcm prkhcsk gc

mf `cdstrufhlød.
8.?3 Hltfr fmjudfs hfrfhtcràstlhfs gcm hlhmk `cdstrufm.
8.?2 Cxpmlhfr pkr quì sc prkguhc ud còfrfzk.
8.?: Gcdlr mks tìr`ldks bchudgfhlød y hljktk.
8.?5 Hfrfhtcrlzfr mfs bfscs gcm gcsfrrkmmk eu`fdk gcsgc cm còrlød

efstf cm tìr`ldk gcm còfrfzk.
8.?< Cxpkdcr su pudtk gc vlstf skorc cm fpkrtc gc mfs hlcdhlfs

`ìglhfs fdtc mks prkomc`fs gc ldbcrtlmlgfg.
8.89 Cxpmlhfr mf pkslolmlgfg gc pfrtks `þmtlpmcs.
8.86 Gcdlr hkrrchtf`cdtc mks tìr`ldks cyfhumfhlød, krjfs`k, hkltk

k hkpumfhlød.
8.8? @fdlbcstfr udf fhtltug sfdf fdtc mfs gugfs, hkdsumtfs y rcs-
pucstfs fhcrhf gc fspchtks scxufmcs.
8.88 Cxpmlhfr cm hkdhcp tk gc ek`cøstfsls y rchkdkhcr fm judks

`chfdls`ks ek`ckstætlhks.
8.87 Fdfmlzfr mksbfhtkrcs qucgcdcd k fbchtfd cmcqulmlorlk gldæ`lhk

gcm hucrpk (sfmug).
8.83 Hltfr rfzkdcs pkr mfs quc sc pucgc pcrgcr mf sfmug.
8.82 Gcdlr cm hkdhcptk gc krjfdls`ks pftøjcdks, hmfslhfrmks y

hltfr trcs cnc`pmks gc cmmks.
8.8: Gcshrlolr fmjudfs bkr`fs gc prktchhlød hkdtrf mfs cdbcr`cgf-

gcs.
8.85 Hltfr mfs bkr`fs gc ftfhfr mfs cdbcr`cgfgcs.
8.8< Gcdlr cm hkdhcptk gc ldùdlgfg.
8.79 Cxpmlhfr cm hkdhcptk hfusfs y hkdschucdhlfs gcm XLGF (Xàd-

grk`c gc ldùdk gchlcdhlf fgqulrlgf).
8.76 Gcdlr cm vkhfoumfrlk quc sc usf rcmfhlkdfgk hkd cm XLGF.
8.7? Hltfr mfs CWX `æs hkdkhlgfs.
8.78 Ldtcrprctfr mfs hfrlhfturfs prcscdtcs cd cstf udlgfg.
8.77 Fdfmlzfr mfs prldhlpfmcs `cglgfs gc eljlcdc y gc prcvcdhlød

pfrf mfs CWX.
677
8.73 Gcdlr cm hkdhcptk gc ecrcdhlf olkmøjlhf.
8.72 _chkdkhcr mks fpkrtcs echeks pkr fmjudks hlcdtàhks

hkdslgcrfgks hk`k plkdcrks gc mf Jcdìtlhf.
8.7: Ldtcrprctfr mks trfofnks gc Jrcjkrlk @cdgcmm cd cm hf`pk

gc mf Jcdìtlhf.
8.75 Gcdlr mks hkdhcptks> Jcdìtlhf, jcd, mkhus, fmcmk, jcdk`f,

ek`khljktf, ectcrkhljktf (eàorlgk), rchcslvk, gk`ldfdtc,
bcdktlpk y jcdktlpk.
8.7< Cxpmlhfr mfs mcycs gc mf ecrcdhlf gc J. @cdgcm c lgcdtl-

hfrmfs cd fmjudks cnc`pmks gc hruhcs.
8.39 _cprcscdtfr hruhcs hkd cm hufgrk gc Yuddct.
8.36 _chkdkhcr cm dþ`crk hrk`ksø`lhk gc fmjudfs cspchlcs

hkùdcs.
8.3? _chkdkhcr cnc`pmks y cxpmlhfr mks hkdhcptks gc hfrfhtcrcs

ldglvlgufmcs y cspchàhks.
8.38 Hltfr fmjudks hfrfhtcrcs rchcslvks k gk`ldfdtcs gc mfs

pcrskdfs.
8.37 _cskmvcr hruhcs pfrf kotcdcr prkofolmlgfgcs gcm bcdktlpk

y gcm jcdktlpk.
8.33 Gcshrlolr sus prkplks hfrfhtcrcs ecrcgltfrlks.
8.32 Gcdlr cm hkdhcptk gc hruhc `kdkeàorlgk.
8.3: _chkdkhcr mfl`pkrtfdhlf gcmks fpkrtcsecheks pkr @krjfd

y E. N. @ummcr
8.35 _cskmvcr cldtcrprctfr prkomc`fs gc gk`ldfdhlf ldhk`pmctf.
8.3< Cxpmlhfr mf l` pkrtfdhlf gc mks fvfdhcs jcdìtlhks y m fs

glhumtfgcs pfrf cstuglfr mf jcdìtlhf eu`fdf.
8.29 Rfmkrfr mks fpkrtcs gc N. Mcncudc.
8.26 Ldtcrprctfr mks hkdhcptks gc jcd mctfm y suomctfm y rccxlkdfr

skorc mf cdgkjf`lf.
8.2? Gcshrlolr fmjudfs fmtcrfhlkdcs jcdìtlhfs hfusfdtcs gc

cdbcr`cgfgcs cd mks scrcs eu`fdks.
8.28 Cxpmlhfr cm hkdhcptk y mf l`pkrtfdhlf gc mks jrupks sfdjuà-

dcks y gcm bfhtkr _e.
8.27 _cskmvcr hruhcs pfrf kotcdcr mfs prkofolmlgfgcs scjþd

mfs fmtcrfhlkdcs rcvlsfgfs.
8.23 Ldtcrprctfr cmhkdhcptk gc ecrcdhlf mljfgffm scxk y gcshrlolr

fmjudks hfsks, rcprcscdtfrmks y rcskmvcr hruhcs.
673
8.22 Cxpmlhfr cm hkdhcptk, krljcd y tlpks gc ùtfhlød.
8.2: Ldgcdtlhfr fmjudks fjcdtcs ùtfjìdlhks.
8.25 Fdfmlzfr mf l`pkrtfdhlf gc mfs ùtfhlkdcs cd ktrks hf`pks

(fjrlhumturf y pchufrlf).
8.2< Hltfr fmjudks `ìtkgks pfrf ud `cnkr fprkvchef`lcdtk gc

mfs cspchlcs.
8.:9 Hltfr fmjudks fvfdhcs mkjrfgks pkr mf olktchdkmkjàf jrfhlfs

fm gcsfrrkmmk gc mf jcdìtlhf.
8.:6 Xldtctlzfr fmjudks fspchtks skorc mf hmkdfhlød.
FHWLRLGFGCX
Cshrlof cdsfyks fhcrhf gc>
f. Cm gcsfrrkmmk gc mf olktchdkmkjàf jrfhlfs fm gcsfrrkmmk gc mf

ldjcdlcràf jcdìtlhf.
o. Mf hfpfhlgfg gc rcprkguhhlød y mf hkdtldulgfg gc mf vlgf

cd cm pmfdctf.
672
L _cprkguhhlød
_cprkguhhlød fscxufm
”Sdf gchlslød cqulvkhfgf± mf gc gkd Nufd…
”F gkd Nufd dk sc mc pkgàf efocr khurrlgk

ud `ìtkgk pckr pfrf gcsefhcrsc gc fqucmmks
hlrhumltks pcmugks hkd mf bkr`f gc udf cstrcmmf
cd cm hcdtrk. Cstk khurrlø udk gc csks gàfs cd
mks quc mf `frcf buc rcfm`cdtc fmtf y cd mf pmfyf
sc pkgàfd koscrvfr ùhefs cstrcmmfs gc `fr.
Gkd Nufd, pcdsfdgk cd cm `fm kmkr quc

gcspcglràfd sl sc `kràfd y pkr su `fm hfræh-
tcr pcdsø, scjþd ìm, cd ud oucd `ìtkgk pfrf
cml`ldfr fqucmmks rfrks krjfdls`ks. Xc buc
f mf pmfyf hkd cm efhef fm ekòrk y ud jrfd
sfhk. Hkd jkmpcs bucrtcs y r`cs buc pfrtlcdgk
cd gks hfgf udk gc mks pcqucöks c ld`øvlmcs
glshks. Hkd tkgk y su muòfjk yf pkr mf tfrgc
efoàf rchkjlgk tkgfs mfs cstrcmmfs, sc `ctlø

fm fjuf y tlrø mks trkzks fm `fr…‐
_chucrgks gc Olzhfàdf
67:
»Ykr quì cm `ìtkgk gc gkd Nufd pfrf `ftfr mfs cstrcmmfs gc
`fr buc ud gchlslød cqulvkhfgf;
Mfs cstrcmmfs gc `fr hufdgk sc rk`pcd tlcdcd mf hfpfhlgfg

gc rcjcdcrfr mf pfrtc quc pcrglcrkd. Mfs rksfs k mf hföf tfòlìd
tlcdcd mf hfpfhlgfg gc prkguhlr udf pmfdtf hk`pmctf f pfrtlr gc
ud pcgfhltk.
Cd rcsu`cd mf rcjcdcrfhlød cs udf bkr`f gc rcprkguhhlød

fscxufm gkdgc...
Sdf pkrhlød gcm krjfdls`k, hkd brchucdhlf

scpfrfgf gc ìm frtlhlfm`cdtc, cs hfpfz gc
krljldfr ud ducvk ldglvlguk hk`pmctk.
Mks orfzks gc udf cstrcmmf gc `fr, udf pkrhlød gc udf mk`-

orlz gc tlcrrf y ùhefs pmfdtfs, skd cnc`pmks gc cstc bcdø`cdk.
Cm pkgcr gc rcjcdcrfhlød gc mks fdl`fmcs ldbcrlkrcs cs cx-

trfkrgldfrlk. Cd mks supcrlkrcs cs hfsl dumk.
Sdf pfrtc rcjcdcrf tkgf mf cstrcmmf y cm rcstk gc

mf cstrcmmf rcjcdcrf mf pfrtc quc plcrgc.
Mf rcjcdcrfhlød
»Hkd sømk ud pcgfhltk;
Xl pfrtl`ks cm tfmmk gc udf `ftf gc rksf cd cstfqultfs y mfs

scòrf`ks, gc hfgf udfgc cmmfs rctköfræ udf ducvf pmfdtf.
Wfòlìd gc trkzks gc mf hföf, gcm hf`ktc y gc mf pfpf

pkgc`ks kotcdcr ducvfs pmfdtfs.
@uheks krjfdls`ks, hk`k mks hltfgks fdtcrlkr`cdtc cstæd

cd hfpfhlgfg gc rcjcdcrfr tcnlgks c ldhmusk fmjudks ørjfdks.
»Fmjudf vcz ef pfrtlgk udf mkòrlz gc tlcrrf; Gc udf pucgcd
sfmlr gks.
Sdf mfjfrtlnf pucgc rcjcdcrfr udf hkmf, pcrk,

udf hkmf, dk pucgc rcjcdcrfr udf ducvf
mfjfrtlnf.
675
Sdf bkr`f gc rcprkguhhlød ud pkhk hk`pmlhfgf pkrquc cxl-
jc quc efyf mcslkdcs pfrf quc khurrf mf bkr`fhlød gc ud ducvk
ldglvlguk.
Mf rcjcdcrfhlød cs udf bkr`f gc rcprkguhhlød fscxufm, mk

quc qulcrc gchlr sldscxk. Ykr mk tfdtk cm krjfdls`k (elnk) prkhcgc
gc ud skmk y þdlhk prkjcdltkr.
Cd cm hfsk gc mfs pmfdtfs sc gcdk`ldf rcprkguhhlød vc-

jctftlvf.
Fmjudks gc mks krjfdls`ks vcjctfmcs quc sc rcprkguhcd pkr

ùmtlpmlhfhlød vcjctftlvf mk efhcd pkr `cglk gc cstfhfs, fhkgks
k ldncrtks.
67<
Cd cm hfsk gc mks krjfdls`ks fdl`fmcs sc gcdk`ldf rcjc-
dcrfhlød.
Ykr cnc`pmk, sl pfrtl`ks cm jusfdk gc fjuf k pmfdfrlf, hfgf

pfrtc pucgc rcjcdcrfr cm rcstk gcm hucrpk.
Mf rcprkguhhlød fscxufm cs fqucmmf cd mf quc sc bkr`fd duc-

vks ldglvlguks f pfrtlr gc udk skmk y sld quc efyf hìmumfs scxufmcs.
639
FMJSDFX BK_@FX GC _CY_KGSHHLØD FXCUSFM
K H S _ _ C H S F D G K E F \…
6. Olpfrtlhlød udf skmf hìmumf quc sc scpfrf cd gks hìmumfs F`lof
?. Jc`fhlød bkr`fhlød gc yc`fs quc mucjk gfd krljcd Mcvfgurf

f ud ducvk scr.
8. Cspkrumfhlød bkr`fhlød gc cspkrfs Ekdjks

ecmcheks
7. _cprkguhhlød rcprkguhhlød f pfrtlr gc ktrfs pfrtcs gc Eknfs,

vcjctftlvf mf pmfdtf, hkd budhlkdcs glbcrcdtcs f mf rf`fs,
rcprkguhhlød. tfmmks.
f. Cstfhf pkr `cglk gc udf pkrhlød gc tfmmk. Yfpfs,

hlrucmfs
o. Fhkgk pkr `cglk gc mf pfrtc gc udf rf`f sld Brcsf,

scpfrfrsc gc mf pmfdtf. pfstk
h. Ldncrtk udlød gc tcnlgks gc gks pmfdtfs gc Dfrfdnf,

cspchlcs fbdcs. ml`ød
3. _cjcdcrfhlød pfrtc gc ud scr quc rcjcdcrf cm rcstk Cstrcmmf

gcm hucrpk. gc `fr,
pmfdfrlf.
Hufdgk ud ldglvlguk
prkguhc prkjcdlc sld mf
pfrtlhlpfhlød gc hìmumfs
cspchlfmlzfgfs sc glhc quc
mk efhc pkr rcprkguhhlød
fscxufm.
636
Cstf bkr`f gc rcprkguhlrsc cs hk`þd cdtrc mfs pmfdtfs y
fdl`fmcs ldbcrlkrcs, mks ldglvlguks skd hfsl lgìdtlhks f mks prk-
jcdltkrcs.
Fmjudks cnc`pmks>
§ Ykr cstfhfs
Eljks, hlrucmfs, yuhf, pfpfs. Cd cstks hfsks sc usfd pfrtcs

gc tfmmks y eknfs.
§ Ykr fhkgk
Mf vlg, mf brcsf, cm mfurcm y cm pfstk.
Sdf rf`f sc gkomf y sc cdtlcrrf pfrf jcdcrfr udf ducvf

pmfdtf sld gcsprcdgcrsc gc mf pmfdtf krljldfm.
§ Ykr ldncrtk
Mf dfrfdnf, cm ml`ød y mf `fdgfrldf (hàtrlhks).
63?
_cprkguhhlød scxufm
Xc dchcsltfd gks y ud hkrtcnk
Yfrf mf rcprkguhhlød scxufm cs dchcsfrlf

mf prcscdhlf gc hìmumfs cspchlfmlzfgfs.
Mf `fykr vcdtfnf rcspchtk f mf rcprkguh-

hlød fscxufm, cs quc jrfhlfs f mf hkòldfhlød
gc mfs hfrfhtcràstlhfs gc mks gks prkjcdltkrcs,
mf gcshcdgcdhlf pucgc tcdcr `cnkrcs hkdgl-
hlkdcs pfrf skorcvlvlr y mf cvkmuhlød fvfdzf
ræplgf`cdtc.
Mks scrcs scxufgks prkguhcd hìmumfs

cspchlfmcs mmf`fgfs jf`ctks (øvumks y cspcr-
`ftkzklgcs). F pfrtlr gc ørjfdks hfpfhcs gc
prkguhlrmks, mmf`fgks ørjfdks rcprkguhtkrcs.
Mfs hìmumfs rcprkguhtkrfs skd glbcrcdtcs

gc mfs gc`æs hìmumfs gcm hucrpk cd cm hkdtc-
dlgk jcdìtlhk.
638
LL _cprkguhhlød eu`fdf
»d ø ? d;
Mks hrk`ksk`fs cd mfs hìmumfs sk`ætlhfs sc cdhucdtrfd

pkr pfrcs (?d).
_chucrgf cm dþ`crk gc hrk`ksk`fs gc mfs pcrskdfs. ¡Hmfrk!

72 hrk`ksk`fs1 pcrk »quì khurrc hkd mks jf`ctks;
Mks jf`ctks pksccd skmf`cdtc mf `ltfg gcm dþ`crk gc hrk-

`ksk`fs gc mf cspchlc (d).
Cd cm scr eu`fdk sc prcscdtfd gks jìdcrks, udk prkguhc

jf`ctks bc`cdldks y cm ktrk jf`ctks `fshumldks. Mks jf`ctks
fpkrtfd mf `ltfg gc mks hrk`ksk`fs.
Fudquc cm øvumk cs <9 `lm vchcs `æs jrfdgc quc cm cspcr-

`ftkzklgc, hfgf udk tlcdc mf `ltfg gc mks hrk`ksk`fs, jrfhlfs
fm prkhcsk gcdk`ldfgk `clksls k rcguhhlød hrk`ætlhf.
F pfrtlr gc udf hìmumf hkd cm dþ`crk hk`pmctk gc hrk`ksk-

`fs, rcsumtfd huftrk, hfgf udf hkd mf `ltfg gc mks hrk`ksk`fs
quc tcdàf mf hìmumf ldlhlfm.
637
Cd cm sljulcdtc glounk pkgc`ks koscrvfr udf prl`crf hìmumf
?d hkd 2 hrk`ksk`fs, y fm bdfm, gc mfs gks glvlslkdcs rcsumtfd
huftrk hìmumfs (jf`ctks) d hkd trcs hrk`ksk`fs hfgf udf.
633
@clksls
Mf `clksls cs udf bkr`f cspchlfm gc glvlslød hcmumfr quc

khurrc pfrf mf bkr`fhlød gc mks jf`ctks, gc feà quc hfgf hìmumf
rcprkguhtkrf tcdjf (d) hrk`ksk`fs k dþ`crk efpmklgc.
Mf `clksls hkdslstc cd ud pfr

gc glvlslkdcs hcmumfrcs gurfdtc mfs
hufmcs cm dþ`crk gc hrk`ksk`fs

gls`lduyc f mf `ltfg.
@CLKXLX @LWKXLX
Xkmf`cdtc sc rcfmlzf cd ud tcnlgk Xc rcfmlzf cd tkgks mks tcnlgks cd

rcprkguhtkr cspchlfmlzfgk. hrchl`lcdtk.
Mks hrk`ksk`fs sc fpfrcfd fm Mks hrk`ksk`fs dk sc fpfrcfd

ldlhlfrsc mf prkbfsc L. cd mf prkbfsc.
@lcdtrfs mks hrk`ksk`fs pcr`f - Mks hrk`ksk`fs dk ldtcrhfòlfd
dchcd fpfrcfgks, ldtcrhfòlfd `ftcrlfmcs.

pkrhlkdcs gc hrk`ætlgfs.
Cd mf glvlslød L, mks hrk`ksk`fs sc Mks hrk`ksk`fs sc cdhucdtrfd

cdhucdtrfd cd fòks mfgks gc mf skorc mf pmfhf `ctfbæslhf.
pmfhf `ctfbæslhf.
Mks hcdtrø`crks dk sc glvlgcd gu- Mks hcdtrø`crks sc glvlgcd cd mf

rfdtc mf fdfbfsc L. fdfbfsc.
Fm dfm gc mf prl`crf glvlslød sc Mfs hìmumfs elnfs glpmklgcs quc

bkr`fd hìmumfs elnfs efpmklgcs. rcsumtfd gc mf glvlslød, hkdhmuycd
mf `ltksls.
@cglfdtc ktrf glvlslød `æs, sc
prkguhc ud tktfm gc huftrk hìmumfs
elnfs, efpmklgcs, y feà hkdhmuyc mf
`clksls.
632
Mf scxufmlgfg
Mf glbcrcdhlf cdtrc mf ecòrf y cm `fhek cd mfs glstldtfs

cspchlcs cstæ hkdhcdtrfgf f dlvcm hcmumfr. Cd fmjudfs cspchlcs
mf glbcrcdhlf cstæ olcd `frhfgf cd mf fpfrlcdhlf bàslhf `lcdtrfs
quc cd ktrfs rcsumtf glbàhlm rchkdkhcrmf.
Sd ekòrc y udf ùncr hufdgk `fgurfd skd ùy glbcrcdtcs

tfdtk pkr bucrf hk`k pkr gcdtrk.
Ykr mk jcdcrfm, cd mfs cspchlcs cxlstcd gks scrcsldgcpcdglcd-

tcs hkd ørjfdks rcprkguhtkrcs glbcrcdtcs (bc`cdldk y `fshumldk).
F vchcs, ud skmk scr cs hfpfz gc prkguhlr mks gks tlpks gc

hìmumfs. Wfm cs cm hfsk gcm `fàz, mfs mkòrlhcs gc tlcrrf, mf tcdlf
y ktrks `æs.
Hufdgk ud `ls`k ldglvlguk pkscc fòks scxks sc hkdkhc

hkd cm dkòrc gc scr ecr`fbrkgltf.
63:
Cspcr`ftkjìdcsls y kvkjìdcsls
»Hø`k sc prkguhcd mks jf`ctks;
Mfs hìmumfs efpmklgcs quc rcsumtfd gc mf `clksls subrcd ud

prkhcsk bdfm pfrf fmhfdzfr mf `fgurcz, cstc prkhcsk sc gcdk-
`ldf jf`ctkjìdcsls. Xl mf bkr`fhlød cs gc cspcr`ftkzklgcs
sc mmf`fræ cspcr`ftkjìdcsls y sl cs gc øvumks sc gcdk`ldfræ
kvkjìdcsls.
635
Cspcr`ftkjìdcsls
Cd cm tcstàhumk gcm vfrød cxlstc ud cpltcmlk gc hìmumfs pkhk

glbcrcdhlfgfs, glpmklgcs, mmf`fgfs cspcr`ftkjkdlfs. Mfs cs-
pcr`ftkjkdlfs sc glvlgcd vfrlfs vchcs, gfdgk udfs hìmumfs quc
hrchcd hkdslgcrfomc`cdtc y sc mmf`fd cdtkdhcscspcr`ftkhltks
gc prl`cr krgcd.
Mks cspcr`ftkhltks gc prl`cr krgcd skd tkgfvàf hìmumfs

glpmklgcs, quc subrcd gks glvlslkdcs `cløtlhfs y gfd mujfr f gks
cspcr`ftkhltks gc scjudgk krgcd pkr mf prl`crf gc cmmfs y f
huftrk cspcr`ætlgfs pkr mf scjudgf.
Mfs cspcr`ætlgfs skd yf hìmumfs efpmklgcs, cs gchlr, fptfs

pfrf subrlr mfs trfdsbkr`fhlkdcs `krbkmøjlhfs quc mfs efd gc
hkdvcrtlr cd cspcr`ftkzklgcs k jf`ctks `fshumldks.
Kvkjìdcsls
Cd cm kvfrlk gc mf ùncr, mfs prl`ltlvfs hìmumfs scxufmcs u

kvkjkdlfs, sc glvlgcd rcpctlgf`cdtc y fm bdfm fpfrchcd udfs
hìmumfs, tkgfvàf glpmklgcs, mks kvkhltks gc prl`cr krgcd, quc
hrchcd ùhek `æs quc mks cspcr`ftkhltks gc prl`cr krgcd gcm

vfrød.
Mks kvkhltks gc prl`cr krgcd subrlræd fekrf mfs gks glvlslkdcs

`cløtlhfs gc mfs quc efd gc rcsumtfr hìmumfs efpmklgcs, pcrk cm
prhcsk cs glbcrcdtc quc cd cm scxk `fshumldk.
Mf prl`crf glvlslød `cløtlhf krljldf gks hìmumfs gc ljufm

gktfhlød duhmcfr, pcrk gc ùy glstldtk tf`fök y gcstldk. Sdf gc
cmmfs, hfsl tfd jrfdgc hk`k cm kvkhltk gc prl`cr krgcd, sc mmf`f
kvkhltk gc scjudgk krgcd. Mf ktrf, ùhek `æs pcqucöf, sc
gcdk`ldf prl`cr jmøoumk k hucrpk pkmfr y cs udf hìmumf gcs-
tldfgf f `krlr fgecrlgf fm kvkhltk.
Mf scjudgf glvlslød `cløtlhf gcm kvkhltk gc scjudgk krgcd

gfræ mujfr gc ducvk f udf hìmumf jrfdgc y f ktrf pcqucöf. Mf
`fykr scræ cm øvumk k jf`ctk bc`cdldk y mf `cdkr, udscjudgk
jmøoumk k hucrpk pkmfr gcstldfgk ljufm`cdtc f mf ùcrtc.
63<
Mf glbcrcdhlf cdtrc mf cspcr`ftkjìdcsls k bkr`fhlød gc
mks cspcr`ftkzklgcs y mf kvkjìdcsls k bkr`fhlød gc mks øvumks,
rfglhf cd quc cd cm scxk `fshumldk efyhuftrk gcshcdglcdtcs
efpmklgcs budhlkdfmcs (mks cspcr`ftkzklgcs) pkr hfgfcspcr`ftk-
hltk gc prl`cr krgcd, `lcdtrfs quc cd cm scxk bc`cdldk, pkr hfgf
kvkhltk gc prl`cr krgcd dk prkspcrfræ `æs quc udf skmf hìmumf
efpmklgc (cm øvumk), yf quc mks gks jmøoumks pkmfrcs (k mks trcs, cd
mks rfrks hfsks cd quc cm prl`cr hkrpþshumk pkmfr cxpcrl`cdtf mf
scjudgf glvlslød `cløtlhf) cstæd gcstldfgks f`krlr. Cd hfòlk,
cm þdlhk øvumk rcsumtfdtc pkscc udf jrfd hfdtlgfg gc `ftcrlfmcs
dutrltlvks, quc gc scr fsà, eforàf gc hk`pfrtlr hkd sus hìmumfs

ecr`fdfs, sl ìstfs prkspcrfrfd.
»Huædgk khurrc csk;
Hufdgk `fgurf`ks.
Sstcg cs ud fgumtk, csk sljdlbhf quc su fpfrftk rcprkguhtkr

ef `fgurfgk, ustcg cs ud ekòrc k udf ùncr.
»Vuì sljdlbhf `fgurfr;
Hufdgk cm fpfrftk rcprkguhtkr gc udf pcrskdf `fgurf sljdl-

bhf quc yf cs hfpfz gc rcprkguhlrsc y, fgc`æs, sc gcsfrrkmmfd
cd su hucrpk hfrfhtcrcs scxufmcs prl`frlks y schudgfrlks.
Mf `fgurcz eu`fdf sc ldlhlf cd cm pcràkgk gc vlgf mmf`fgk

puocrtfg.
629
Mf puocrtfg
Mf puocrtfg bc`cdldf
Mf `cdfrquàf
Mf prl`crf rcjmf k `cdstrufhlød bc`cdldf cs mf scöfm quc

dks ldglhf quc udf ùncr gcnø gc scr dlöf. Csf prl`crf rcjmf sc
gcdk`ldf `cdfrquàf.
Cs ud fhkdtchl`lcdtk slkmøjlhk cd cm quc ldtcrvlcdcd mfs

jmædgumfs gcm slstc`f cdgkhrldk y cm hcrcork (elpktæmf`k).
Cd rcfmlgfg, mf l`pkrtfdhlf quc tlcdc, sc gcoc f quc cs mf

scöfm cxtcrdf quc ldglhf mf `fgurcz olkmøjlhf pfrf mf rcprkguh-
hlød. Dk fsà dchcsfrlf`cdtc, mf `fgurcz pslhkmøjlhf y skhlfm
quc rcqulcrc pfrf mf rcprkguhhlød rcspkdsfomc k `ftcrdlgfg.
Mf `cdfrquàf sc prkguhc fprkxl`fgf`cdtc f mks 6? föks. Cd
fmjudks hfsks, m pucgc prcscdtfrsc prchkz`cdtc (< föks) k
tfrgàf`cdtc (62 föks) y pucgc scr pcrbchtf`cdtc dkr`fm.
Hrchcd mks pcheks k `f`fs. Cm hucrpk tk`f bkr`fs rc-

gkdgcfgfs, mfs hfgcrfs sc cdsfdhefd y sc `frhf mf hldturf. Xc
prkguhc ud fu`cdtk ræplgk gc cstfturf. C`plczf f fpfrchcr cm
vcmmk cd cm puols y cd mfs fxlmfs.
Cd cstf bfsc mfs ùhefhefs vlvcd hfòlks bàslhks y pslhkmøjl-

hks quc mfs gcdlræd hk`k ùncr. C`plczfd f `fdlbcstfr ldtcrìs
pkr cm scxk kpucstk.
Gcsgc cm pudtk gc vlstf pslhkmøjlhk, mfs nøvcdcs cxpcrl`cdtfd

ud pcràkgk gc trfdslhlød cdtrc mf ctfpf gc dlöfs f fgumtfs fm hufm
gcdk`ldf`ks fgkmcshcdhlf.
626
Mf puocrtfg `fshumldf
Wfòlìd mks dlöks cd cstf bfsc subrcd ud cstlrød, cs gchlr,

ud hrchl`lcdtk ræplgk f mks 67 föks, fprkxl`fgf`cdtc. Mf vkz
sc efhc `æs jrfvc.
Mks ekòrks sc cdsfdhefd y mf hldturf sc `fdtlcdc cstrchef.

Xc koscrvf ud hrchl`lcdtk cd mfs cxtrc`lgfgcs y mf bkr`fhlød gc
`fsfs ùshumksfs cd cmmfs, fsà hk`k cd cm pchek.
Fpfrchc cm vcmmk cd cm puols y cd mfs fxlmfs. Wfòlìd pucgc

fpfrchcr cd ktrfs ærcfs hk`k mf cspfmgf, cm pchek, mfs plcrdfs
y cm rkstrk.
Mks ørjfdks scxufmcs cxtcrdks fu`cdtfd gc tf`fök. Efy

udf `fykr schrchlød gcm sugkr, quc mc cxljc `cnkr hulgfgk pcr-
skdfm.
@fdlcstf mfs prl`crfs cyfhumfhlkdcs (schrchlød gc sc`cd).
Rcf`ks>
62?
Mks hfrfhtcrcs scxufmcs
Olkmøjlhf`cdtc pkgc`ks gcdlr fm scxk `fshumldk gc fhucrgk

hkd mf dkr`fmlgfg gc sus ørjfdks y fm scxk bc`cdldk gc ljufm
bkr`f.
Wfdtk cd mks fdl`fmcs hk`k cd cm scr eu`fdk mf scxufmlgfg

gf hfrfhtcrcs glbcrcdhlfmcs.
Hufdgk ud scr cs `fshumldk, tkgfs sus hìmumfs skd `fshu-

mldfs, y gc ljufm bkr`f, sl cs bc`cdldk, mfs hìmumfs gc su hucrpk
scræd bc`cdldfs. Ykr csf rfzød sc prcscdtfd mks hfrfhtcrcs
glbcrcdhlfmcs k scxufmcs.
Mks hfrfhtcrcs sc glvlgcd cd gks jrupks>
6. Yrl`frlks.
?. Xchudgfrlks.
6. Yrl`frlks> Xkd cstruhturfs quc tlcdcd quc vcr glrchtf-

`cdtc hkd mf budhlød gc mf rcprkguhhlød. Cnc`pmk> mks
tcstàhumks.
?. Xchudgfrlks> Xkd hfrfhtcrcs cxhmuslvks gc udk gc mks
scxks pcrk quc dk tlcdcd quc vcr hkd mf rcprkguhhlød.
Cnc`pmk> mf ofrof cd cm ekòrc k mf hrcstf gc ud jfmmk.
Dk efy hkdbuslød
Ykgràf`ks cmfokrfr udf mlstf gc hfrfhtcrcs scxufmcs

prl`frlks y ktrf gc hfrfhtcrcs scxufmcs schudgfrlks quc
fpfrchcd cd mfs pcrskdfs fgumtfs.
»Vuì mc pfrchc sl mk ldtcdtf`ks;
Mks hfrfhtcrcs scxufmcs prl`frlks k fpfrftk rcprkguh-

tkr skd glbcrcdtcs cdtrc ud ekòrc y udf ùncr.
Csf glbcrcdhlf cd mks ørjfdks scxufmcs sc mmf`f Gl-

`krbs`k scxufm quc qulcrc gchlr gks bkr`fs gc scxk, cm
`fshumldk y cm bc`cdldk.
628
Mf glbcrcdhlf cdtrc mks hfrfhtcrcs scxufmcs prl`frlks gcm
ekòrc y gc mf ùncr sc gf tfdtk cd su cstruhturf hk`k cd su
budhlkdf`lcdtk.
Cm fpfrftk rcprkguhtkr cd cm ekòrc hu`pmc gks budhlkdcs

oæslhfs>
6. Yrkguhhlød ekr`kdfm.
?. Bkr`fhlød gc jf`ctks.
Cm fpfrftk rcprkguhtkr bc`cdldk cs `æshk`pmlhfgk yhu`pmc

hkd huftrk budhlkdcs oæslhfs>
6. Bkr`fhlød gc jf`ctks.
?. Yrkguhhlød gc ekr`kdfs scxufmcs.
8. Fmocrjfr fm ducvk scr.
7. Yrkguhhlød gc mchec.
Mfs ekr`kdfs skd sustfdhlfs

quc rcjumfd mfs budhlkdcs.
Fpfrftk rcprkguhtkr `fshumldk
Cm fpfrftk rcprkguhtkr `fshumldk cstæ bkr`fgk pkr mks sl-

julcdtcs ørjfdks> tcstàhumks, hkdguhtks cspcr`ætlhks, pcdc y
jmædgumfs fdcxfs.
Mks tcstàhumks> ørjfdk pfr, gc?9 f ?3 jrf`ks

gc pcsk, mmf`fgks jødfgfs`fshumldfs. Yrkguhcd
mks cspcr`ftkzklgcs y ekr`kdfs.
Dchcsltfd udf tc`pcrfturf `cdkr quc mf gcm

hucrpk. Xc cdhucdtrfd gcdtrk gcudf okmsf gc plcm
mmf`fgf cshrktk.
627
Gcdtrk gcm tcstàhumk efy gks tuoks mmf`fgks tþoumks sc`ldà-
bcrks quc cs gkdgc sc prkguhcd mks cspcr`ftkzklgcs pkr `cglk
gc mf jf`ctkjìdcsls. Sd cspcr`ftkzklgc gurf 27 gàfs pfrf
`fgurfr.
Mks hkdguhtks cspcr`ætlhks> skd udf scrlc gc tuoks quc

mmcvfd mks cspcr`ftkzklgcs efstf cm pcdc.
Jmædgumfs fdcxfs
Cd mf jmædgumf prkstætlhf sc bkr`f udf `czhmf mmf`fgf

sc`cd. Cm sc`cd sc bkr`f hkd mfs scjrcjfhlkdcs gc mf prøstftf,
gc mf vcsàhumf sc`ldfm y gc mfs jmædgumfs gc Hkwpcr.
Bldfm`cdtc, cm sc`cd sfmc pkr mf urctrf f trfvìs gcm pcdc

quc cs cm ørjfdk cyfhumfgkr.
Fpfrftk rcprkguhtkr bc`cdldk
Cm fpfrftk rcprkguhtkr bc`cdldk cstæ bkr`fgk pkr gks kvf-

rlks k jødfgfs bc`cdldfs, mfs trk`pfs gc bfmkplk, cm þtcrk y
mf vfjldf. Ktrfs cstruhturfs cxtcrdfs bkr`fd mf vumvf.
Mfs ekr`kdfs rcjumfd fmjudfs budhlkdcs gcm hucrpk. F mfs
quc rcjumfd budhlkdcs rcprkguhtkrfs sc mcs mmf`f ekr`kdfs
scxufmcs.
623
Cd cm ekòrc sc mmf`fdfdgrøjcdks u ekr`kdfs `fshumldfs.
Cd mfs ùncrcs sc mcs mmf`f cstrøjcdks y prkjcstcrkdf.

-
Cstfs ekr`kdfs sc cdhfrjfd gc rcjumfr tkgf mf hk`pmcnf fhtlvl
gfg scxufm bc`cdldf.
Cm fpfrftk rcprkguhtkr bc`cdldk pcr`ltc quc hufdgk efy

rcprkguhhlød, cm ducvk scr sc fmknc gcdtrk gc sà, pkr ud mfrjk
pcràkgk, `lcdtrfs fmhfdzf ud `fykr jrfgk gc gcsfrrkmmk.
Fgc`æs, hk`k `f`àbcrks, tfòlìd sc ldhmuycd hk`k ørjfdks

scxufmcs bc`cdldks fdcxks, mfs jmædgumfs `f`frlfs.
622
Jmædgumfs cdgkhrldfs
Mfs ekr`kdfs
Mfs ekr`kdfs skd ørjfdks pcqucöltks pcrk hkd udf

budhlød ùy jrfdgc> ”prkguhcd sustfdhlfs quc mmcvfd
`cdsfncs quà`lhks‐.
Mfs jmædgumfs gc schrchlød ldtcrdf scjrcjfd sustfd-

hlfs mmf`fgfs ekr`kdfs, mfs hufmcs gcshfrjfd glrchtf-
`cdtc cd mf sfdjrc.
Mfs ekr`kdfs trfds`ltcd `cdsfncs quà`lhks.
Rcf`ks cd mf lmustrfhlød gødgc sc uolhfd mfs jmædgumfs

cdgkhrldfs cd ducstrk hucrpk.
Budhlkdcs gc mfs jmædgumfs cdgkhrldfs
_cjumfd>
6. Cm hrchl`lcdtk.
?. Mf bucrzf bàslhf.
8. Mks hfrfhtcrcs scxufmcs.

7. Mf cdcrjàf y rfplgcz (rccnks) k hfpfhlgfg gc
rcspkdgcr f ud cstàùmk.
62:
Fekrf pkgc`ks gcdlr cm hkdhcptk gcekr`kdf.
Sdf ekr`kdf cs ud
`cdsfncrk quà`lhk quc fhtþf
cd pcqucöàsl`fs hfdtlgfgcs,
mmcvfdgk ldbkr`fhlød gcsgc mfs
jmædgumfs quc mf prkguhcd, vàf
sfdjuàdcf, efstf mks ørjfdks
gkdgc fhtþf, pfrf fhcmcrfr k
ldelolr udf k vfrlfs budhlkdcs.
Mf cxlstcdhlf gc mfs ekr`kdfs sc gcshuorlø f dfmcs gcm

sljmk ULU.
Cd mf fhtufmlgfg sc ef gcshuolcrtk quc...
»Yrkvkhfd mfs ekr`kdfs rcfhhlkdcs hkrpkrfmcs;
Mfs glbcrcdtcs ekr`kdfs cstæd cstrchef-

`cdtc rcmfhlkdfgfs cdtrc sà y hkd cm slstc`f
dcrvlksk, mk hufm prkvkhf udf jrfd vfrlcgfg
gc rcfhhlkdcs hkrpkrfmcs.
Ykgc`ks gchlr quc mfs jmædgumfs cdgkhrl-

dfs dudhf ldlhlfd ud prkhcsk sldk quc skd
fhtlvfgfs pkr cm slstc`f dcrvlksk.
Mfs fhtlvlgfgcs gc mfs jmædgumfs cdgkhrl-

dfs sc hkdtrkmfd pkr `cglk gc mf elpøbsls
mkhfmlzfgf cd mf ofsc gcm hrædck1 cstf f su
vcz cstæ hkdtrkmfgf pkr ud hcdtrk dcrvlksk
futødk`k, cm elpktæmf`k, rcjlød sltufgf cd
mf pfrtc ldbcrlkr gcm hcrcork, ld`cglftf`cdtc
gcofnk gcm tæmf`k.
Mfs ekr`kdfs `æs l`pkrtfdtcs skd> mf
tlrkxldf, mf ldsumldf, mf fgrcdfmldf, mks cs-

trøjcdks, mf prkjcstcrkdf, mf tcstkstcrkdf y
mfs schrctfgfs pkr cm tl`k.
Cdhlhmkpcglf Oæslhf Rlsufm. Khìfdk R.3

625
Jmædgumfs scxufmcs
Mfs jmædgumfs scxufmcs prkguhcd cstrøjcdk

y prkjcstcrkdf (cd mks kvfrlks) y tcstkstcrkdf
(cd mks tcstàhumks), rcjumfgkrfs gc mks l`pum-
sks scxufmcs y rcspkdsfomcs gc mks hfrfhtcrcs
scxufmcs schudgfrlks (fpfrlhlød gc ofrof cd
cm ekòrc y bkr`fs rcgkdgcfgfs cd cm hucrpk
gc mf ùncr).
Cm tl`k, quc gcjcdcrf fm ldlhlk gc mf pu-

ocrtfg, schrctf ekr`kdfs huyf budhlød dk cs
fþd olcd hkdkhlgf.
Ykr `cglk gc ud hk`pmcnk prkhcsk rcju-

mfgkr, cm krjfdls`k cs hfpfz gc `fdtcdcr cm
cqulmlorlk ekr`kdfm. Xld còfrjk, f vchcs
fpfrchcd fmtcrfhlkdcs gcm `ls`k quc efhcd
dchcsfrlk cm trftf`lcdtk `ìglhk pfrf cm rcs-
tfomchl`lcdtk gc mfs glstldtfs budhlkdcs.
Cdhlhmkpcglf Oæslhf Rlsufm. Khìfdk R.3
Cd rcsu`cd pkgc`ks gchlr quc cm scr eu`fdk pkscc cd su

krjfdls`k cstruhturfs cspchlfmlzfgfs cdhfrjfgfs gc mfrcprkguh-
hlød1 sld còfrjk, cm prkhcsk gc mf rcprkguhhlød sc ldlhlf hkd mf
rcjumfhlød cdgkhrldf quc hkdtrkmf mks prkhcsks jf`ctkjìdlhks
y gc hkdguhtf scxufm.
»@fhek k ecòrf;
Mf rcjumfhlød gcm scxk cs rcfmlzfgf cdtkdhcs, pkr mfs ekr-

`kdfs scxufmcs mmf`fgfs fdgrøjcdks (ekr`kdfs `fshumldfs) y
pkr mks cstrøjcdks y mf prkjcstcrkdf (ekr`kdfs bc`cdldfs). Xld
còfrjk, sc sfoc quc tfdtk cm vfrød hk`k mf ùncr prkguhcd cd
hfdtlgfgcs `àdl`fs ekr`kdfs gcm scxk hkdtrfrlk.
62<
Fdgrøjcdks
Cd mks tuoks sc`ldàbcrks, gkdgc sc prkguhcd mks cspcr`f-

tkzklgcs, tfòlìd sc cdhucdtrfd udfs hìmumfs cdhfrjfgfs gc
prkguhlr udf ekr`kdf mmf`fgf tcstkstcrkdf.
Mf tcstkstcrkdf cs ud fdgrøjcdk u ekr`kdf `fshumldf ùy

l`pkrtfdtc. Rcf`ks pkr quì>
6. Xl dk efy prkguhhlød dkr`fmgc tcstkstcrkdf cmvfrød cscstìrlm.
?. Cs rcspkdsfomc gc mf fpfrlhlød gc mks hfrfhtcrcs scxufmcs

schudgfrlks>
v ofrof
v glstrlouhlød gcm vcmmk
v gcsfrrkmmk gc mks `þshumks csqucmìtlhks.
8. Ycr`ltc cm gcsfrrkmmk gc ktrfs jmædgumfs scxufmcs dchcsfrlfs>

prøstftf y vcsàhumfs sc`ldfmcs.
7. Nucjf ud pfpcm l`pkrtfdtc cd mf hkdguhtf scxufm `fshumldf

y cd cm l`pumsk scxufm.
Cstrøjcdks y prkjcstcrkdf
Mfs ekr`kdfs scxufmcs bc`cdldfs sc prkguhcd cd mfshìmumfs

gc mks kvfrlks.
Csfs hìmumfs scjrcjfd cstrfglkm fgc`æs ktrfs hìmumfs prk-

guhcd prkjcstcrkdf.
Mfs budhlkdcs gcm cstrfglkm hkdslstcd cd>
_cjumfr mks hfòlks cd mf puocrtfg>

v cdsfdhef`lcdtk gc mf pcmvls
v gcsfrrkmmk gc mks scdks
v hrchl`lcdtk gcm þtcrk y mf vfjldf

v fpfrlhlød gcm vcmmk pþolhk y fxlmfr
v ldlhlk gcm hlhmk `cdstrufm.
6:9
Mf prkjcstcrkdf, cd hfòlk, sc cdhfrjf gc>
6. Mf tcr`ldfhlød gcm hlhmk `cdstrufm
?. Mf l`pmfdtfhlød gcm øvumk cd cm þtcrk hufdgk cs
bchudgfgk.
8. Cm gcsfrrkmmk gc mks scdks sl efy jcstfhlød.
Hufdgk udf ùncr sc cdhucdtrf còfrfzfgf,

tfòlìd sc prkguhc cstrfglkm y prkjcstcrkdf
cd mf pmfhcdtf.
Yfrf gfr cd cm omfdhk
Hfgf udf gc mfs ekr`kdfs quc ec`ks hltfgk pksccd ud

rchcptkr cd mks ørjfdks quc gcoc fhtufr hk`k tfm, pfrf quc cm
`cdsfnc quà`lhk trfdspkrtfgk pkr mf sfdjrc fhtþc cbchtlvf`cdtc
gcscdhfgcdfdgk mf fhhlød rcspchtlvf. Cs gchlr, cm `cdsfnc quà-
`lhk gfræ cd cm omfdhk1 gc feà quc f ud ørjfdk cspchàhk skorc
cm hufm fhtþf mf ekr`kdf hkrrcspkdglcdtc, rchlof cm dkòrc gc

ørjfdk omfdhk.
Mfs glbcrcdtcs jmædgumfs gc schrchlød ldtcrdf, mkhfmlzfgfs

cd glstldtfs pfrtcs gcm hucrpk gc mks `f`àbcrks y gcm ekòrc,
tfòlìd tlcdcd glbcrcdtc krljcd y cstruhturf, y sus schrchlkdcs
glcrcd quà`lhf`cdtc udfs gc ktrfs. Mfs efy gc hfræhtcr prktclhk,
cstcrklgfm, pkmlpcptàglhk y ktrks.
Cm elpktæmf`k cs cm hcdtrk quc hkkrgldf

cstc hk`pmcnk slstc`f cdgkhrldk y, cd su
`fykr pfrtc, mk efhc pkr `cglk gc mf el-
pøbsls, quc vlcrtc sus schrchlkdcs cd
mf sfdjrc pfrf cncrhcr su fhhlød skorc
tkgfs mfs gc`æs jmædgumfs y skorc ktrks
ørjfdks y tcnlgks.
6:6
Ekr`kdfs scxufmcs
JMÆDGSMF MKHFML^FHLØD EK_@KDF BSDHLØD
Kvfrlks Hfvlgfg pìmvlhf f) Cstrøjcdk v Gcsfrrkmmk, hkdscrvfhlød y hf`-

o) Yrkjcstcrkdf olks hàhmlhks gcm fpfrftk jcdltfm
h) _cmfxldf bc`cdldk1 tfòlìd gcm hkdguhtk
jmfdgumfr gc `f`fs y þtcrk.
v Hkd cstrøjcdk, gcsfrrkmmk gcm

þtcrk pfrf l`pmfdtfhlød y hkd-
scrvfhlød gcm còfrfzk. Gcsf-
rrkmmk gc mf jmædgumf `f`frlf y
utcrldf.
v _cmfnfhlød gc mks tcnlgkspìmvlhks.
v Gcsfrrkmmk gc mks ørjfdks

scxufmcs fhhcskrlks y gc mks hf-
Wcstàhumks Cd cm cshrktk Wcstkstcrkdf rfhtcrcs scxufmcs schudgfrlks.
Hkdguhtks. Cspcr`ftkjìdcsls.
v Fyugf f `fdtcdcr cm cstfgk

prkjcstfhlkdfm gcm cdgk`ctrlk.
Ymfhcdtf Þtcrk Jkdfgktrkpldf hkrlødlhf
(EHJ) cstrøjcdks, rcmfxldf,
prkjcstcrkdf
Jmædgumfs cdgkhrldfs gcm scr eu`fdk y mks `f`àbcrks
Cm hlhmk `cdstrufm
Mf kvumfhlød> Sdf vcz fm `cs
Hfgf kvfrlk hkdtlcdc ùheks øvumks, hk`k yf vl`ks mks

kvfrlks prkguhcd udf ekr`kdf mmf`fgf cstrøjcdk quc rcjumf mf
kvumfhlød. Cs gchlr, cm cstrøjcdk, mmf`fgk tfòlìd jcstæjcdk,
pcr`ltc quc cm øvumk `fgurc y sfmjf gcm kvfrlk.
Mks kvfrlks kvumfd gc `fdcrf fmtcrdf hfgf `cs, gcsgc mf

prl`crf rcjmf efstf mf `cdkpfuslf.
Fmjudks hlhmks skd gc ?6 gàfs, ktrks gc ?: ø ?5 gàfs.
_chucrgc quc mf kvumfhlød dkr`fm`cdtc khurrc udf vcz fm

`cs.
6:?
Cm hlhmk `cdstrufm khurrc jrfhlfs f mf fhhlød ekr`kdfm.
Koscrvc`ks f hkdtldufhlød cm prkhcsk gc mf `cdstrufhlød k

hlhmk gc mf `cdstrufhlød rcprcscdtfgk jræhf`cdtc cd trcs pfsks.
HLHMK @CDXW_SFM
Hfgf kvfrlk mlocrf ud øvumk fm `cs y gc `fdcrf fmtcrdf.
Cm øvumk cs cxpumsfgk efhlf mf trk`pf gkdgc ldlhlf cm rchkrrlgk

efhlf cm þtcrk.
Xl cm øvumk dk sc bchudgf, sc gcsldtcjrf y sc prkguhc cm

sfdjrfgk ldlhlædgksc ud ducvk hlhmk `cdstrufm.
_chkrgc`ks>
Xl mf bchudgfhlød dk khurrc, cdtkdhcs cm øvumk

sc gcsldtcjrf, cm rcvcstl`lcdtk utcrldk sc gcs-
prcdgc y sc prkguhc cm sfdjrfgk `cdstrufm.
6:8
Cm hlhmk `cdstrufm sc ldlhlf hkd
mf sfmlgf gcm øvumk gcm kvfrlk y
tcr`ldf hkd cm þmtl`k gàf gc mf
rcjmf.
Hufdgk mf ùncr mmcjf f mf `cdkpfuslf hcsf mf `fgurfhlød

gc øvumks, mks kvfrlks dk mlocrfd øvumks y gcsfpfrchcd mks hlhmks
k pcràkgks `cdstrufmcs. Cm sfdjrfgk `cdstrufm k rcjmf dk sc

prkguhc `æs y mf ùncr gcnf gc scr bìrtlm.
Cd fmjudfs ùncrcs cm hlhmk `cdstrufm pucgc gurfr efstf 83

gàfs.
Xl mf ùncr cstæ fþd cd mf puocrtfg, cm hlhmk pucgc vfrlfr cd

su gurfhlød y jcdcrfm`cdtc gcspuìs gc ? föks sc efhc rcjumfr,
cs gchlr, hkdstfdtc cd cm dþ`crk gc gàfs, mk hufm sc gctchtf pkr
mfs bchefs gc mf rcjmf.
Cd fmjudfs ùncrcs, mf rcjmf k sfdjrfgk gurf cdtrc 8 y 3 gàfs,

pcrk pucgc vfrlfr y scr `fykr cm dþ`crk gc gàfs quc sfdjrc. Cd
hfsk gc quc cm sfdjrfgk pfsc gc : f 5 gàfs sc gcoc hkdsumtfr
fm `ìglhk.
Wkgf ùncr gcoc vlvlr cm pcràkgk gc mf `cdstrufhlød hk`k

udf bfsc dkr`fm gc su krjfdls`k.
6:7
Cm còfrfzk
»Hø`k khurrc ud còfrfzk;
Cm còfrfzk c`plczf hufdgk cm øvumk sc bchudgf.
Cm tìr`ldk bchudgfhlød mk usf`ks pfrf gcshrlolr mf udlød gcm

øvumk hkd cm cspcr`ftkzklgc
hkjlgk pkr mf trk`pf gc bfmkplk. Cd cstc rchkrrlgk, pucgc scr-

Hufdgk ud øvumk `fgurf cs cxpumsfgk pkr cm kvfrlk y rc
fmhfdzfgk pkr ud cspcr`ftkzklgc, jcdcrfm`cdtc hufdgk cm øvumk

sc cdhucdtrf cd cm tcrhlk supcrlkr gc mf trk`pf.
Cd mf sljulcdtc lmustrfhlød pkgc`ks koscrvfr cm `k`cdtk

cd quc mks cspcr`ftkzklgcs skd ftrfàgks pkr cm øvumk y khurrc
mf bchudgfhlød.
Rcf quc cd cstc `k`cdtk cm øvumk sc cdhucdtrf cd cm prl -

`cr tcrhlk gc trk`pf gc bfmkplk. Cm øvumk y cm cspcr`ftkzklgc
budgcd sus dþhmcks, mucjk hkdtldþf pkr mf trk`pf efstf mmcjfr fm
þtcrk gkdgc sc fdlgf , pfrf scjulr su gcsfrrkmmk. Cstc tlpk gc
bchudgfhlød sc mmf`f bchudgfhlød ldtcrdf, cs gchlr, quc khurrc
gcdtrk gcm hucrpk gc mf `fgrc.
Hufdgk ud øvumk cs bchudgfgk pkr cm cspcr`ftkzklgc, sc

fdlgf cd cm þtcrk c ldlhlf su gcsfrrkmmk. Gchl`ks quc sc ef ldlhlfgk
tfòlìd, ud ducvk prkhcsk quc mmf`f`ks còfrfzkk prcöcz.
6:3
Ykgc`ks gcdlr mks tìr`ldks…
v Bchudgfhlød> Cs mf buslød gc mks dþhmcks gc ud øvumk y ud

cspcr`ftkzklgc.
v Còfrfzk> Cs cm pcràkgk cd cm hufm sc gcsfrrkmmf udf ducvf

hrlfturf cd cm vlcdtrc gc mf ùncr.
»Vuì khurrc gcspuìs gc mf bchudgfhlød;
_chucrgc quc fm buslkdfrsc mks dþhmcks gcm øvumk y cm cspcr -

-
`ftkzklgc bkr`fd udf ducvf hìmumf hkd cm dþ`crk gc hrk`ksk
`fs hk`pmctk pkrquc mks jf`ctks sømk pksccd mf `ltfg.
Mf ducvf hìmumf quc sc bkr`f sc mmf`f Hljktk.
Gcspuìs gc 82 ekrfs, cm hljktk subrc udf glvlslød hcmumfr. Gc

csf `fdcrf vf fu`cdtfdgk cm dþ`crk gc hìmumfs, efstf bkr`fr
ud còrlød. Hufdgk yf fmhfdzf hlcrtk gcsfrrkmmk sc gcdk`ldf
bctk, efstf mf ekrf gcm dfhl`lcdtk quc scræ dlöf k dlök.
Cm hljktk k hìmumf eucvk cs sømk udf hìmumf pcrk f pfrtlr

gc cmmf sc bkr`fræd mks `lmmkdcs gc hìmumfs quc gfræd mujfr
fm hucrpk eu`fdk.
6:2
»Hø`k suhcgc cstk;
Mfs hìmumfs gcm hucrpk (sk`ætlhfs) sc rcprkguhcd pkr `ltksls.
Mf `ltksls pcr`ltc cm fu`cdtk cd cm dþ`crk gc hìmumfs gc

`fdcrf jck`ìtrlhf.
Mf prl`crf glvlslød gcm hljktk jcdcrf gks hìmumfs, mucjk cstfs

gks jcdcrfd huftrk, mfs huftrk jcdcrfd khek yfsà suhcslvf`cdtc.
Koscrvc`ks quc sc prkguhc ud fu`cdtk cd cm dþ`crk gc

hìmumfs. Cd ud prldhlplk cm ducvk scr dk hrchc cd tf`fök sldk cd
cm dþ`crk gc hìmumfs (omfstø`crks) pkrquc mfs hìmumfs sc efhcd
hfgf vcz `æs pcqucöfs y sc hkdvlcrtcd cd udfcsbcrf gc hìmumfs
hkd udf hfvlgfg jrfdgc mmcdf gc màqulgk mmf`fgf omæstumf y fþd
dk sc fgelcrc f mf pfrcg utcrldf.
Mfs hìmumfs gc mf `fsf ldtcrdf bkr`fræd gcspuìs mfs HFYFX

JC_@LDFMCX Y_L@F_LFX hkdkhlgfs hk`kchtkgcr`k, `csk-
gcr`k y cdgkgcr`k. Cstfs trcs hfpfs jcr`ldfmcs bkr`fræd
mks glvcrsks tcnlgks y ørjfdks gcm hucrpk. Hfgf udf gc cmmfs
prkguhc glbcrcdtcs cstruhturfs gcm hucrpk.
CHWKGC_@K
v plcm y jmædgumfs cpltcmlfmcs

v pcmk
v mf `fykr pfrtc gc mks hfrtàmfjks
v slstc`f dcrvlksk
6::
v jmædgumf elpøbsls
v rcvcstl`lcdtk gc mf okhf f mf bfrldjc
v pfrtc gcm rchuorl`lcdtk gcm rchtk
v jmædgumf suprfrrcdfm.
@CXKGC_@K
v tcnlgk hkdchtlvk
v eucsks
v mf `fykràf gc mks `þshumks
v rlökdcs y hkdguhtks
v ørjfdks scxufmcs y hkdguhtks
v sfdjrc, vfsks sfdjuàdcks, hkrfzød y

vfsks mldbætlhks.
CDGKGC_@K
v rchuorl`lcdtk gcm tuok gljcstlvk gcsgc

mf bfrldjc efstf cm rchtk
v tlrklgcs y pfrftlrklgcs
v træqucf y pum`kdcs
v vcnljf.
Hufdgk cm còrlød pfsf gc mf trk`pf gc Bfmkplk fm þtcrk, sc

bkr`f udf `còrfdf fmrcgcgkr gc mf `fsf gc hìmumfs cd glvlslød,
quc hk`k dk cs pfrtc gcm còrlød `ls`k, sc mmf`f`còrfdf
cxtrfcòrlkdfrlf . Cstf `còrfdf cs cm hkrlød quc bkr`f
pcqucöfs prkychhlkdcs cd bkr`f gc gcgks, hkdkhlgfs hk`k
vcmmks hkrlødlhks. Mfs cdzl`fs prkguhlgfs pkr cstks vcmmks mcs
pcr`ltcd eudglrsc cd mf `còrfdf utcrldf, hkd mk hufm qucgfd
cd hkdtfhtk hkd mks hfplmfrcs cd cm rchuorl`lcdtk utcrldk. Fsà, sc
prkpkrhlkdf dutrlhlød fm còrlød.
Yrkdtk sc gcsfrrkmmf ktrf `còrfdf cxtrfcòrlkdfrlf, cmf`-

dlks, quc bkr`f udf hfvlgfg fmrcgcgkr gcm còrlød cd gcsfrrkmmk,
mmcdf gc màqulgk f`dløtlhk quc prktcjc fm còrlød hkdtrf mcslkdcs
y mk `fdtlcdc eþ`cgk.
6:5
Mf tcrhcrf `còrfdf cxtrfcòrlkdfrlf cs cm sfhk vltcmldk,
quc cd cm scr eu`fdk cs pcqucök (prkpkrhlkdf fml`cdtk fm c`-
orlød).
Mf fmfdtklgcs cs mf hufrtf `còrfdf cxtrfcòrlkdfrlf. Cd

cm scr eu`fdk cstæ prcscdtc pkhk tlc`pk, pcrk cd fvcs y rcptlmcs
fhtþf hk`k pum`ød còrlkdfrlk.
Hufdgk mks vcmmks hfrlødlhks sc fmknfd cd mf pfrcg utcrldf, mks

hfplmfrcs sc gcsldtcjrfd y bkr`fd scdks sfdjuàdcks fmrcgcgkr
gc mks vcmmks1 cdtkdhcs sc prkguhc cm ldtcrhfòlk gc fml`cdtk y
gcscheks cdtrc mf `fgrc y cm còrlød. Cstc ldtcrhfòlk sc prk-
guhc pkr glbuslød f trfvìs gc mf gcmjfgf `còrfdf gc mks vcmmks
hkrlødlhks, fudquc dk cxlstc hkùdlhfhlød glrchtf cdtrc mf
sfdjrc gc mf `fgrc y cm còrlød. Cstks vcmmks bkr`fd pfrtc
gc ud ørjfdk mmf`fgk YMFHCDWF quc tfòlìd budhlkdf hk`k
jmædgumf.
Hkd cm hrchl`lcdtk, mf udlød cdtrc cm còrlød y cm sfhk vltcml-

dk sc prkmkdjf bkr`fdgk ud hkrgød uòlmlhfm. Cm còrlød cd
gcsfrrkmmk sc udc f mf pmfhcdtf `cglfdtc gks frtcrlfs uòlmlhfmcs,
udf vcdf uòlmlhfm y cm hkdguhtk fmfdtklhk.
6:<
Gcsfrrkmmk y dfhl`lcdtk gc ud dlök
Koscrvc`ks mfs lmustrfhlkdcs quc cxpmlhfd cm gcsfrrkmmk gc

ud còrlød eu`fdk.
Cstc còrlød tlcdc ?7 gàfs y cs fprkxl`fgf`cdtc gcm mfrjk

gc mf mctrf ”b‐. Cd ìm sc glstldjuc cm ldlhlk gc mks knks, mf hkmu`df
vcrtcorfm, mks pum`kdcs, cm cstø`fjk, cm eàjfgk, cm rlöød, mks
ldtcstldks y cm hkrfzød.
Gcspuìs gc 3 sc`fdfs gc gcsfrrkmmk, cm còrlød tlcdc mf

mkdjltug gc 5 f < `lmà`ctrks. Cd cstf ctfpf hlcrtfs grkjfs, cm vlrus
gc mf ruockmf y gc ktrfs cdbcr`cgfgcs pucgcd hfusfr glvcrsks
gföks.
F mfs scls sc`fdfs y `cglf, tkgks mks ørjfdks ldtcrdks cs

tæd
cd gcsfrrkmmk. Cm còrlød tlcdc okhf y mfolks. Ycsf skmf`cdtc
udks 69 jrf`ks. Xc vc cm hkrgøduòlmlhfm quc hkdchtf fm còrlød
hkd mf pmfhcdtf.
Gcspuìs gc khek sc`fdfs, hufdgk hk`lcdzfd f bkr`frsc

mks eucsks, sc usf cm tìr`ldk bctk pfrf gcshrlolr cm gcsfrrkmmk
eu`fdk. Cstc bctk tlcdc 66 sc`fdfs y fprkxl`fgf`cdtc :,3
hcdtà`ctrks gc mkdjltug.
659
Efhlf mf sc`fdf glchlkhek (fprkxl`fgf`cdtc mf `ltfg gcm
pcràkgk gc gcsfrrkmmk) cm bctk `lgc udks 63 hcdtà`ctrks gc mfrjk
y cs ùy fhtlvk. Yucgc rfsjuöfrsc hkd mfs uöfs gc sus `fdks,
heupfrsc cm gcgk, gkomfr cm puök y jkmpcfr f su`f`æ. F pfrtlr
gc cstc `k`cdtk, mk `æs l`pkrtfdtc pfrf cm bctk cs hrchcr efstf
kotcdcr cm tf`fök dkr`fm gc ud dlök fm dfhcr.
Cm tlc`pk gc còfrfzk cd mf ùncr cs gc ducvc `cscs. Cd

ktrks `f`àbcrks pucgc vfrlfr> cd cm rftød cs gc vcldtc gàfs y cd
cm cmcbfdtc cs gc gks föks.
Cm dfhl`lcdtk sc ldlhlf pkr hkdtrfhhlkdcs gc mks `þshumks gc

mf pfrcg gcm þtcrk.
Cstfs hkdtrfhhlkdcs jcdcrfm`cdtc rk`pcd cm sfhk mmcdk gc

màqulgk (mf bucdtc) cd cm hufm sc gcsfrrkmmø cm ducvk scr.
Mfs hkdtrfhhlkdcs gcm þtcrk, mmf`fgfs trfofnk gc pfrtk, fu-

`cdtfd cd brchucdhlf y bucrzf, udlìdgksc f mks `þshumks gcm
cstø`fjk pfrf c`punfr fm dlök. Khurrc fsà cm dfhl`lcdtk gc ud
ducvk scr.
Cd mf jurf koscrvf`ks fm dlök cd cm`k`cdtk gc dfhcr.
656
»Vuì mc pfrchc; @frfvlmmksk »vcrgfg; Cs ldhrcàomc cm jrfd
dþ`crk gc trfdsbkr`fhlkdcs quc khurrcd gcsgc mf bkr`fhlød gcm
hljktk efstf fmhfdzfr cm tìr`ldk k dfhl`lcdtk gcm dlök.
Cd cm tlc`pk gc jcstfhlød (gcsfrrkmmk gcsgc mf bchudgfhlød

efstf cm dfhl`lcdtk) cm scr eu`fdk fu`cdtf 2399 `lmmkdcs gc
vchcs su vkmu`cd.
»Huædtks;
@uy pkhfs vchcs mf ùncr gf f muz gks k `æs elnks fm `ls`k

tlc`pk. Cs ùy rfrk cm dfhl`lcdtk gc trlmmlzks (8)
Jc`cmks lgìdtlhks
Fmjudks jc`cmks prkhcgcd gc ud skmk øvumk bchudgfgk quc,

fm ldlhlk gcm gcsfrrkmmk, sc glvlglø cd gks k `æs pkrhlkdcs ldgc-
pcdglcdtcs. Xkd gcm `ls`k scxk y hucstf glbcrcdhlfrmks.
Jc`cmks brftcrdks
Mf `fykràf gc mks jì`cmks sc bkr`fd gcolgk f mf mlocrfhlød

slùmtædcf gc gks øvumks. Mks jc`cmks brftcrdks pucgcd tcdcr
scxk y hfrfhtcràstlhfs schudgfrlfs glbcrcdtcs.
Xlf`cscs
Jc`cmks quc hk`pfrtcd udk k `æs ørjfdks.
65?
_CHK_GC@KX
6. Cm scr eu`fdk pkscc ørjfdks gc rc-
prkguhhlød quc bkr`fd cd cm ekòrc, cm
fpfrftk rcprkguhtkr `fshumldk y cd mf ùncr,
cm fpfrftk rcprkguhtkr bc`cdldk, mks hufmcs
jcdcrfd rcspchtlvf`cdtc mks jf`ctks.
?. Mks jf`ctks> øvumk y cspcr`ftkzklgc.

Hìmumfs (d).
8. Cd mf bchudgfhlød> sc buslkdfd mks

dþhmcks gc mks jf`ctks y bkr`fd cm hljktk ,
hìmumf ?d.
7. Gurfdtc mf jcstfhlød> sc prkguhc cm

gcsfrrkmmk còrlkdfrlk> (còfrfzk k prcöcz)
hljktk - còrlød - bctk - dlök.
3. Cd cm dfhl`lcdtk k pfrtk> cm dlök sfmc

gcm vlcdtrc `ftcrdk.
658
_csu`cd L - LL
v Sdf bkr`f gc rcprkguhhlød cd mks scrcs vlvks cs

mf rcprkguhhlød fscxufm.
v Cxlstcd ùhefs bkr`fs gc rcprkguhhlød fscxufm,

udf gc cmmfs cs mf rcjcdcrfhlød.
v Mf rcjcdcrfhlød hkdslstc cd quc udf pkrhlød gcm

krjfdls`k, hkd brchucdhlf scpfrfgf gc ìm frtl-
hlfm`cdtc, cs hfpfz gc krljldfr ud ldglvlguk
fgumtk.
v Ktrfs bkr`fs pucgcd scr pkr `cglk gc cstfhfs,

fhkgks k ldncrtks.
v Mf rcprkguhhlød fscxufm cs fqucmmf cd mf quc sc

bkr`fd ducvks ldglvlguks f pfrtlr gc udk skmk y
sld quc efyf hìmumfs scxufmcs.
v Mf rcprkguhhlød scxufmcs mf bkr`f `æs l`pkrtfdtc

gc rcprkguhhlød y pfrf cmmk tfòlìd cs dchcsfrlf
mf prcscdhlf gc hìmumfs cspchlfmlzfgfs.
v
Mf `fykr vcdtfnf gc mf rcprkguhhlød scxufm cd
hkdtrfpkslhlød hkd mf rcprkguhhlød fscxufm cs quc,
jrfhlfs f mf hkòldfhlød gc mfs hfrfhtcràstlhfs gc
mks gks prkjcdltkrcs, mf gcshcdgcdhlf pucgc tcdcr
`cnkrcs hkdglhlkdcs pfrf skorcvlvlr y mf cvkmuhlød
fvfdzf ræplgf`cdtc.
v Mks jf`ctks pksccd skmf`cdtc mf `ltfg gcm dþ-

`crk gc hrk`ksk`fs gc mf cspchlc (d).
v Mks hrk`ksk`fs cd mfs hìmumfs sk`ætlhfs sc

cdhucdtrfd pkr pfrcs (?d).
v Mf `clksls cs udf bkr`f cspchlfm gc glvlslød hcmu-

mfr quc khurrc pfrf mf bkr`fhlød gc mks jf`ctks,
gc feà quc hfgf hìmumf rcprkguhtkrf tcdjf (d)
hrk`ksk`fs k dþ`crk efpmklgc.
657
v Mfs hìmumfs efpmklgcs quc rcsumtfd gc mf `clksls
subrcd ud prkhcsk dfm pfrf fmhfdzfr mf `fgurcz,
f cstc prkhcsk sc mc gcdk`ldf jf`ctkjìdcsls
y hk`k cs møjlhk, sl mf bkr`fhlød cs gc cspcr`f-
tkzklgcs sc mmf`fræ cspcr`ftkjìdcsls, pcrk sl
mf bkr`fhlød cs gc øvumks sc gcdk`ldfrækvkjì-
dcsls.
v Mks hfrfhtcrcs scxufmcs skd gc gks tlpks.
6. Yrl`frlks> skd fqucmmfs cstruhturfs quc tlcdcd quc

vcr glrchtf`cdtc hkd mf budhlød gc mf rcprkguhhlød.
Cnc`pmk> mks tcstàhumks.
?. Xchudgfrlks> skd hfrfhtcrcs cxhmuslvks gc udk

gc mks scxks pcrk quc dk tlcdcd quc vcr hkd mf
rcprkguhhlød. Cnc`pmk> mf ofrof cd cm ekòrc k
mf hrcstf gc ud jfmmk.
Sdf ekr`kdf cs ud `cdsfncrk quà`lhk quc

fhtþf cd pcqucöàsl`fs hfdtlgfgcs, mmcvfdgk
ldbkr`fhlød gcsgc mfs jmædgumfs quc mf prk-
guhcd, vàf sfdjuàdcf, efstf mks ørjfdks k
prkhcsk cspchàbhk gkdgc fhtþf, pfrf fhcmcrfr
k ldelolr budhlkdcs.
v Mfs jmædgumfs scxufmcs prkguhcd cstrøjcdk y prk-

jcstcrkdf (cd mks kvfrlks) y tcstkstcrkdf (cd mks
tcstàhumks), rcjumfgkrfs gc mks l`pumsks scxufmcs
y rcspkdsfomcs gc mks hfrfhtcrcs scxufmcs schud-
gfrlks (fpfrlhlød gc ofrof cd cm ekòrc, bkr`fs
rcgkdgcfgfs cd cm hucrpk gc mf ùncr).
v Cm hlhmk `cdstrufm sc ldlhlf hkd mf sfmlgf gcm øvumk

gcm kvfrlk y tcr`ldf hkd cm þmtl`k gàf gc mf rcjmf.
653
Cncrhlhlks L - LL
6. Nustlquc pkr quì mmf`f`ks «ud `ìtkgk cqulvkhfgk± f mf

bkr`f cd quc gkd Nufd hrcyø gcstrulr f mfs cstrcmmfs gc `fr.
?. Hltc trcs cnc`pmks gc krjfdls`ks, quc pksccd mf hfpfhlgfg
gc rcjcdcrfr pfrtc gc sus hucrpks.

f.
o.
h.
8. Gcshrlof ud cnc`pmk gc rcjcdcrfhlød cd cm scr eu`fdk.
7. Hltc 8 cnc`pmks gc rcprkguhhlød vcjctftlvf.

f.
o.
h.
3. Gcdf cm hkdhcptk gc rcprkguhhlød fscxufm.
2. Hltc gks vcdtfnfs gc mf rcprkguhhlød scxufm.

f.
o.
:. »Huæm cs cm dþ`crk gc hrk`ksk`fs gc ud jf`ctk eu`fdk;
652
5. »Vuì cs ud scr ecr`fbrkgltf;
<. »Cd quì pcràkgk gc mf vlgf sc ldlhlf mf `fgurcz;
69. Mks tcstàhumks skd ørjfdks scxufmcs cxhmuslvks gcm vfrød,

pkr csk sc gcdk`ldfd hfrfhtcrcs scxufmcs.[[[[[[[[[[[[[
66. »Vuì cs udf ekr`kdf scxufm;
6?. »Vuì cs ud ørjfdk omfdhk;
68. »Huædgk sc ldlhlf ud còfrfzk;
65:
LLL Cqulmlorlk eu`fdk
(ek`cøstfsls)
Wkgk cd fr`kdàf
Mf cxhrchlød gc mfs sustfdhlfs gc gcschek y mf hkdscrvfhlød

gc ktrfs efhc quc cm krjfdls`k `fdtcdjf udf hkdglhlød cstfomc
cd mf sfdjrc y cd ktrks màqulgks quc dchcsltf pfrf cm oucd bud-
hlkdf`lcdtk.
Cm rcjumfr budhlkdf`lcdtk gcm hucrpk cs prkguhtk gc mf

fgchufgf ldjcstlød gc dutrlcdtcs, gcm fprkvchef`lcdtk gc mks
`ls`ks, pcrk tfòlìd gc mf cml`ldfhlød gc mfs sustfdhlfs quc yf
dk vfd f scr utlmlzfgfs pkr cm krjfdls`k. Gc feà quc efstf mfs
fhtlvlgfgcs `ctfoømlhfs hk`k mf gcbchfhlød, cxhrchlød y schrc-
hlød scfd vltfmcs pfrf mks krjfdls`ks.
Cd rcsu`cd, mf ek`cøstfsls k mf hkdscrvfhlød gc mf

hkdstfdhlf gcm `cglk ldtcrdk gcpcdgc cd jrfd pfrtc gc mf
rcjumfhlød gc mks slstc`fs y mf hkkrgldfhlød gc mfs fhtlvlgfgcs.
Ykr mk tfdtk, cm slstc`f dcrvlksk y cdgkhrldk skd slstc`fs hmfvcs
pfrf mf ek`cøstfsls.
Cm hkdhcptk ek`cøstfsls sc pucgc trfguhlr hk`k cmhkdnud-

tk gc bcdø`cdks gc futkrrcjumfhlød quc `fdtlcdcd cs tfomc
cm cstfgk ldtcrlkr gc ud krjfdls`k. Sd jrfd pkrhcdtfnc gc mf
cdcrjàf hkdsu`lgf pkr mks krjfdls`ks cs fprkvchefgf pfrf
`fdtcdcr csc cstfgk cstfomc, sl efy ldtcrruphlød cd cm ulr gc mf
cdcrjàf, sc prcscdtf cm hfks.
Cd rcfmlgfg mf ek`ckstfsàf dk cs udf hkdglhlød cstætlhf sldk

ud cqulmlorlk fmtf`cdtc gldæ`lhk.
Mks `chfdls`ks ek`ckstætlhks skd ùheks. Cstæd gctcr`l-

dfgks gcsgc cm dlvcm `kmchumfr cd mfs hìmumfs efstf mf ldtcjrfhlød
gc mfs hkùdlgfgcs.
655
Rcf`ks fmjudks cnc`pmks>
6. Cm vkmu`cd y cm ulr gc mks màqulgks hkrpkrfmcs> (mldbf,

sfdjrc y ktrks)
Hufdgk ud `chfdls`k gc cstks sc fmtcrf skorcvlcdc mf

cdbcr`cgfg. Cs pkr csk quc mfs cdbcr`cgfgcs sc pucgcd
hkdslgcrfr hk`k fmtcrfhlkdcs gc mf ek`ckstfsàf.
?. Cm ldtcrhfòlk jfscksk
Mks `kvl`lcdtks gc mf rcsplrfhlød `fdtlcdcd cm `chfdls`k
gcm ldtcrhfòlk jfscksk (cml`ldfhlød gc HK ? y foskrhlød gc
K?) mk hufm f su vcz cs rcjumfgk pkr glvcrsks rchcptkrcs y
cbchtkrcs.
Rcf`ks>
Cd mf frtcrlf hfrøtlgf efy ud hucrpk quc gctchtf cm fu`cdtk

gc HK?, ìstc `fdgf l`pumsks fm hcrcork quc cdvàf cm `cdsfnc
fm hkrfzød, cd þmtl`f ldstfdhlf, cm hkrfzød rcjumf mks mftlgks
fgc`æs gc ktrks `chfdls`ks quc cqulmlorfd mks `kvl`lcdtks
gc mf rcsplrfhlød.
Cd rcfmlgfg skd ùheks mks `chfdls`ks y dk pkgràf`ks

trftfr hfgf udk gc cmmks, pcrk sà pkgc`ks hkdhmulr glhlcdgk quc>
mks `chfdls`ks ek`ckstætlhks tlcdgcd f prcscrvfr mf vlgf y
mf `fykràf hk`prcdgcd prkhcsks ekr`kdfmcs y dcurkdfmcs.
Cd udf skmf pfmforf, mf ek`cøstfsls sc pucgc trfguhlr hk`k

”sfmug‐.
Mf pìrglgf gcm cqulmlorlk ek`ckstætlhk
Mfs pkslolmlgfgcs gc gföks hcmumfrcs, ldtcrruphlød gc `chf-

dls`ks k fmtcrfhlød gc prkhcsks skd fmjudfs gc mfs rfzkdcs quc
pucgcd prkvkhfr mf pìrglgf gcm cstfgk cstfomc.
Mks bfhtkrcs quc prkvkhfd mf pìrglgf gc mf ek`ckstfsàf,

pucgcd scr cxtcrdks k ldtcrdks y cd rcfmlgfg sc trfguhcd hk`k
cdbcr`cgfgcs prkvkhfgfs pkr lddlgfg gc bfhtkrcs.
65<
Cm glhek pkpumfr dks glhc ”dfglc sfoc mk quc tlcdc efstf
quc mk plcrgc‐.
Fsà, dks khurrc hkd mf sfmug, cs pkslomc quc dk dks khupc`ks

gc dldjudk gc ducstrks ørjfdks efstf quc dks cdbcr`f`ks.
Fmjudfs cdbcr`cgfgcs trfds`lslomcs skd prkguhlgfs pkr

krjfdls`ks pftøjcdks, cdtrc ktrks>
v ofhtcrlfs
v vlrus
v pfræsltks
Ofhtcrlfs Yrktkzkfrlks Rlrus
Wuocrhumksls f`cofs rfolf
Wlbklgcf pfmugls`k corc f`frlmmf
Xàmls `fm gc hefjfs sfrf`plød
Jkdkrrcf pkmlk
Wìtfdk XLGF
Mfs cdbcr`cgfgcs hkdtfjlksfs skd fqucmmfs quc sc trfds-

`ltcd gc udfs pcrskdfs f ktrfs.
Cxlstcd bkr`fs glbcrcdtcs gc trfds`lslød, tfm vcz ustcg puc-

gc rchkrgfr hø`k sc hkdtfjlø mf þmtl`f vcz gc jrlpc. Fmjudfs
cdbcr`cgfgcs sc trfds`ltcd pkr mfs vàfs rcsplrftkrlfs hk`k mf
jrlpc1 ktrfs f trfvìs gc mf okhf hk`k mf glscdtcràf1 k tfòlìd pkr
mmfjfs hk`k mf vfrlhcmf y mf vlrucmf.
Mks gkhtkrcs efomfd gc hkdtfhtk glrchtk k ldglrchtk. Ldglrchtk

hk`k mf jrlpc y glrchtk hk`k mf sàmls k mf jkdkrrcf.
Mfs cdbcr`cgfgcs trfds`lslomcs

sc pucgcd fgqulrlr pkr hkdtfhtk
glrchtk k ldglrchtk.
6<9
»Hø`k cdtrfd cd ducstrk hucrpkmfs cdbcr`cgfgcs;
Ducstrk hucrpk cstæ prktcjlgk pkr gcbcdsfs (jmøoumks omfd-

hks) y udf ofrrcrf quc cs ducstrf plcm, pcrk f vchcs ofnfd mfs
gcbcdsfs k mf ofrrcrf sc rk`pc.
Xl, pkr cnc`pmk, ustcg sc pudzf k elcrc ud plc, sc ef rktk

mf ofrrcrf gc prktchhlød y pucgcd cdtrfr pkr feà mks hfusfdtcs
gcm tìtfdk.
Cm tìtfdk pucgc scr `krtfm, pkr csk cs dchcsfrlk quc dks

hulgc`ks ùhek.
Hmfslhf`ks mfs cdbcr`cgfgcs hk`k mcvcs k scvcrfs, scjþd

cm gfök quc dks hfuscd. Cm tìtfdk mk hkdslgcrf`ks scvcrk k
jrfvc y udf jrlpc gcpcdgc gc mf hkdglhlød gc mf pcrskdf, pkgràf
scr mcvc k scvcrf.
Mfs cdbcr`cgfgcs pucgcd ftfhfrdks gc gks `fdcrfs>
6. Dks prkguhcd gcstruhhlød gc tcnlgks, pkr cnc`pmk mf

pkmlk.
?. Dks hfusfd ud cdvcdcdf`lcdtk, pkr cnc`pmk cm pfmu-

gls`k.
Cd fòks hfsks prkguhcd jrfdgcs fmtcrfhlkdcs cd ducstrfs

budhlkdcs y pcrgc`ks cm prchlksk tcskrk gc mf sfmug.
6<6
Sd cshugk pfrf gcbcdgcrdks
Hufdgk mks krjfdls`ks pftøjcdks ldvfgcd cm hucrpk gc udf

pcrskdf, gcscdhfgcdfd udf jrfd muhef. Ducstrk hucrpk tlcdc
pcqucöàsl`ks skmgfgks quc dks gccdgcd (mfs gcbcdsfs).
Xl mfs gcbcdsfs skd pkhfs y mks krjfdls`ks pftøjcdks vcd-

hcd, sc gchmfrf mf cdbcr`cgfg.
Cd ktrks hfsks, cm hucrpk rcslstc mf ldvfslød, cs gchlr, sc efhc

ldùdc f mf cdbcr`cgfg.
Ldùdlgfg cs mf rcslstcdhlf f
hlcrtf cdbcr`cgfg.
6<?
Mf ldùdlgfg
Yucgc scr dfturfm k fgqulrlgf
Ldùdlgfg dfturfm> mf trfc`ks hkd dksktrks fm dfhcr.
Ldùdlgfg fgqulrlgf> cd cm pucomk glhcd> ”yf mc glk sfrf`-

plød, y dk mc rcpltc dudhf `æs‐. Cd cstks tlc`pks mfs `f`æs
dk cspcrfd f quc fpfrczhf cm sfrf`plød cd mks dlöks pfrf quc
dk mcs vucmvf f gfr, mks mmcvfd fm Hcdtrk gc Xfmug f vfhudfr.
»Yfrf quì slrvcd mfs vfhudfs; Yfrf ldùdlzfr
Mfs vfhudfs dks efhcd ldùdcs f fmjudfs cdbcr`cgfgcs.
Yfrf fmjudfs cdbcr`cgfgcs efy vfhudf, pcrk pfrf ktrfs dk.
Mf vfhudf gcm sfrf`plød prktcjc sømk hkdtrf cm sfrf`plød y

dk slrvc pfrf ktrfs, hk`k pfpcrfs k mf tksbcrldf.
Koscrvc`ks mks csquc`fs sljulcdtcs>
Mf ldùdlzfhlød dfturfm sc cbchtþf hufdgk ud fjcdtc ldbch-

hlksk, pkr cnc`pmk, ud vlrus, sc ùmtlpmlhf gcdtrk gc udf hìmumf
euìspcg y c`plczf f ftfhfr ktrfs hìmumfs. Hlcrtfs hìmumfs, mks
pmfs`khltks, skd cstlùmfgfs pfrf prkguhlr fdtlhucrpks quc
gcstruyfd f mks ldvfskrcs. Cd ùheks hfsks mks fdtlhucrpks sc
`fdtlcdcd pfrf prcvcdlr mf ldbchhlød gc ktrk ldvfskr gcm `ls`k

tlpk. Gc cstf bkr`f sc kotlcdc mf ldùdlgfg.
6<8
Cd mf ldùdlzfhlød frtlhlfm sc ldkhumfd vlrus ùcrtks k gc-
olmltfgks. Cstks vlrus yf dk pucgcd ldbchtfr f mf hìmumf euìspcg,
pcrk sà cstlùmfr f mks pmfs`khltks pfrf prkguhlr fdtlhucrpks.
Cstks fdtlhucrpks pcr`fdchcd pfrf hkòftlr f ktrks ldvfskrcs
vlvks gc cstc tlpk quc cdtrcd cd cm hucrpk.
«Yrcvcdlr cs `cnkr quc mf`cdtfr±
Fekrf quc sfoc`ks quì cs mf pìrglgf gc mf ek`ckstfsàf

gcoc`ks tk`fr rcspkdsfolmlgfg. ”Cvltc`ks cm hkdtfjlk‐
Mf sfmug cs ducstrk `fykr tcskrk.
»Ycrk quì khurrc hufdgk mf ldùdlgfg bfmmf;
XLGF
Cs udf cdbcr`cgfg scrlf gc mf quc ùhef jcdtc cstæ efomfd-

gk pcrk tfòlìd pkr mf quc ùheks cstæd subrlcdgk y ùrlcdgk.
Buc gcshrltf pkr prl`crf vcz hk`k cdbcr`cgfg cm 3 gc nudlk

gc 6<56. Cm Xlgf sc cspfrhlø pkr cm ùdgk y c`pczø f hkorfr
vlgfs sld hmc`cdhlf.
Csc vlcrdcs gc nudlk sc rchkdkhlcrkd kbhlfm-

`cdtc mks prl`crks hfsks gc csf pfdgc`lf cd
Cstfgks Sdlgks.
Gcsgc cdtkdhcs cm `krtfm pfgchl`lcdtk sc

ef prkpfjfgk pkr tkgk cm pmfdctf y, fm gàf gc
eky, pkr mk `cdks ?9 `lmmkdcs gc pcrskdfs skd
pkrtfgkrfs gcm vlrus.
6<7
@uhef hkdbuslød y fmfr`f hfusfrkd mks
prl`crks hfsks `krtfmcs gc ectcrkscxufmcs
hkdtfjlfgks - ldhmulgf udf ùncr- pkrquc sc
c`pczø f gugfr gc mf vcrfhlgfg gc fqucmmf
hkdhmuslød ldlhlfm.
Dk kostfdtc , efstf cdtkdhcs mfs vàhtl`fs

crfd tkgks hkdsu`lgkrcs gc ecrkàdf, y sc
hrcyø quc pkgàf efocr udf hkòldfhlød cdtrc
præhtlhfs scxufmcs, hkdsu`k gc grkjfs y cm
bftàglhk vlrus.
Mks `ìglhks c`pczfrkd f skspchefr quc
mf vàf gc trfds`lslød pkgàf scr mf sfdjrc,
skorc tkgk pkrquc tk`frkd cd hucdtf quc mks
grkjfglhtks usfd ncrldjfs pfrf ldychtfrsc pkr
vàf ldtrfvcdksf.
CM ELYKJ_LBK GCM XLGF> 6<5<, cshum-

turf (83 x 89 x ?3 h`) gc Xljls`kdg gc Rfnfy.
”Cd `ls cshumturfs, cshrloc cstc nkvcd frtlstf

sulzk, trftk gc cxprcsf `l skmlgfrlgfg hkd mks
subrl`lcdtks gcm ùdgk. Mfs `kgcmk cd hfmlcdtc
y f `cdugk ec gcnfgk cd cmmfs `l prkplf plcm‐.
Fm hrcfr cstc fdl`fm bfoumksk hkd huolcrtks

gc pmæstlhk budglgks f bucjk vlvk cm cshumtkr
tuvk ùy prcscdtc cm tkrk gc Jucrdlhf gc
Ylhfssk‐
»Mkjrfrc`ks vcdhcrmks;‐
_cvlstf Cm hkrrck gc mf Sdcshk
nudlk 6<<3.
6<3
Mucjk sc hk`prkoø quc tkgf pcrskdf cxpucstf fm vlrus
pkr `cglk gcm hkdtfhtk scxufm hkd pcrskdfs cdbcr`fs, ncrldjfs
hkdtf`ldfgfs c ldhmusk trfdsbuslkdcs gc sfdjrc hkdtf`ldfgf,
pkgàfd hkdvcrtlrsc cd scrkpksltlvks. Cs gchlr, quc mf prucof pfrf
gctchtfr fdtlhucrpks pkr hkdtfjlk gcm vlrus gcm Xlgf cs pksltlvf.
Sd scrkpksltlvk cs pktcdhlfm`cdtc hkdtfjlksk f trfvìs gc

su sfdjrc.
Ykr cm hkdtrfrlk, sl dk sc gctchtfd fdtlhucrpks, sc glhc quc mf

pcrskdf cs scrkdcjftlvf. Mf prucof pfrf gctchtfr fdtlhucrpks
hkdtrf cm vlrus gcm Xlgf sc mmf`f Cmlsf.
Cm vlrus gc mf Ldùdkgchlcdhlf Eu`fdf (RLE) cs ud vlrus

ducvk cd mf elstkrlf gc mf pftkmkjàf. Xc suoglvlgc cd gks tlpks>
cm RLE-6 y cm RLE -?.
Mf ldbchhlød pkr cm RLE-6 sucmc scr `krtfm, pcrk

cdtrc mfs pcrskdfs ldbchtfgfs pkr cm RLE-?, udfs
hkdtrfcd cm Xlgf y ktrfs dk. Cm RLE-6 `ftf prkpkr-
hlkdfm`cdtc f `æs ldglvlguks cd huyk krjfdls`k
pcdctrf, quc mf vlrucmf fdtcs gc quc sc ldvcdtfrf
mf vfhudf, pcrk cm pcràkgk gc ldhuofhlød gurf föks
cd vcz gc gàfs.
Gurfdtc csk föks gc fpfrcdtc oucdf sfmug,

cm ldglvlguk scrkpksltlvk pucgc hkdtfjlfr f ktrks
gc trcs `fdcrfs> pkr hkdtfhtk scxufm, pkr vàf
sfdjuàdcf k pkr trfds`lslød gc mf `fgrc fm bctk.
Ykr tìr`ldk `cglk, cm pcràkgk gc ldhuofhlød cd
mks pfàscs khhlgcdtfmcs cs gc ducvc föks, fudquc
fmjudks cdbcr`ks suhuòcd ùhek fdtcs y ktrks
efd skorcvlvlgk f mf ldbchhlød `æs gc quldhc föks.
Hk`pfrtl`ks hkd ustcg cstf

hfrlhfturf pfrf rcbmcxlkdfr ud
pkhk skorc mf jrfvcgfg gc cstc
prkomc`f.
6<2
F hkdtldufhlød mf gcdlhlød gc fmjudks tìr`ldks puomlhfgks
pkr mf rcvlstf ”Cm Hkrrck gc mf Sdcshk‐, nudlk 6<<3.
RKHFOSMF_LK>
v XLGF> ldlhlfmcs gc Xàdgrk`c gc Ldùdkgchlcdhlf Fgqulrlgf,

cdbcr`cgfg jrfvc prkvkhfgf pkr ud vlrus mmf`fgk RLE quc
gcstruyc mfs gcbcdsfs ldùdltfrlfs gcm krjfdls`k y mk cxpk-
dc f ldbchhlkdcs jrfvcs mmf`fgfs ”kpkrtudlstfs‐ y f hlcrtks
hædhcrcs.
v Xàdgrk`c> fskhlfhlød gc sàdtk`fs y gc sljdks quc pucgcd

prcscdtfrsc hk`k gcdk`ldfgkr hk`þd f hlcrtfs cdbcr`cgf-
gcs. Cm sàdgrk`c gc ldùdkgchlcdhlf hkdstltuyc mk cscdhlfm
gcm Xlgf, pcrk pucgc cdhkdtrfrsc cd hufgrks hmàdlhks glbc-
rcdtcs hk`k cdbcr`cgfgcs hkdjìdltfs, tu`krcs, mcuhc`lf k
`cglhf`cdtks (trftf`lcdtk ldùdkgcprcskr gc mks ldncrtks).
v RLE> vlrus gc mf ldùdkgchlcdhlf eu`fdf quc hfusf cm Xlgf.

Xc hkdkhcd efstf fekrf gks bkr`fs quc tlcdcd sl`lmltugcs>
cm RLE-6, fjcdtc hfusfm gcm Xlgf cd cm ùdgk, y cm RLE-?,
`cdks vlrumcdtk y skorc tkgk prcscdtc cd Fbrlhf Khhlgcdtfm.

v Rlrus> fjcdtc ldbchhlksk rcspkdsfomc gc du`crksfs cdbcr-
`cgfgcs cd tkgksmks scrcs eu`fdks. Xkd pfrtàhumfs su`f-
`cdtc pcqucöfs (vlslomcs sømk hkd `lhrkshkplk cmchtrødlhk) y
quc, f glbcrcdhlf gc mfs ofhtcrlfs , sømk pucgcd `fdtcdcrsc
y ùmtlpmlhfrsc pfrfsltfdgk udf hìmumf vlvf.
v Fdtlhucrpks> sustfdhlf scjrcjfgf pkr mks mldbkhltks O hk`k

rcfhhlød f mf fjrcslød gcm krjfdls`k pkr udfs sustfdhlfs
mmf`fgfs fdtàjcdks. Yfrf hfgf fdtàjcdk efy ud fdtlhucrpk
cspchàhk quc muhef hkdtrf udfpfrtc gcdlgf gc cstc. Wrf-
tædgksc gcm vlrus gcm Xlgf, dk tkgks mks fdtlhucrpks bforlhf-
gks skd dcutrfmlzfdtcs. Ycsc f su prcscdhlf, cm vlrus pucgc
`fdtcdcr sus cbchtks gcstruhtkrcs.
6<:
v CMLXF> forcvlfturf ldjmcsf gc Cdzy`c Mldacg L`ùdk-
skrocdt Fssfy (cd cspfökm, prucof ldùdkcdzl`ætlhf). Cs
mf prucof scrkmøjlhf (cxf`cd gc sfdjrc) `æs utlmlzfgf pfrf
gctchtfr mks fdtlhucrpks bforlhfgks pkr cm krjfdls`k pfrf
muhefr hkdtrf cm vlrus RLE.
v Jmøoumks omfdhks> hìmumfs gc mf sfdjrc rcspkdsfomcs gc mf

gcbcdsf gcm krjfdls`k hkdtrf mks fjcdtcs cxtrföks.
v Ldùdltfrlk (slstc`f)> hkdnudtk gc `cglks gc quc glspkdc cm

ldglvlguk pfrf gcbcdgcrsc hkdtrf hlcrtks fjcdtcs ldbchhlksks
(ofhtcrlfs, vlrus, pfræsltks) k sustfdhlfs (vcdcdks, prkguhtks
tøxlhks) fjrupfgks ofnk cm tìr`ldk gc fdtàjcdks. Cm slstc`f
ldùdltfrlk pucgc glstldjulr mks fjrcskrcs quc pcrtcdchcd fm
prkplk krjfdls`k gc mks quc skd cxtrföks. Xfoc rchkdkhcr
mks quc skd `fm tkmcrfgks k fjrcslvks y fqucmmks hkdtrf mks
hufmcs yf pkscc gcbcdsfs (dfturfmcs k fgqulrlgfs). Xfoc pkr
þmtl`k, krjfdlzfr cm ftfquc fgchufgk hkdtrf mks fdtàjcdks.
Yfrf cmmk glspkdc gc fdtlhucrpks(k ldùdkjmkoumldfs) trfds-
`ltlgks pkr cm tkrrcdtc sfdjuàdck (rcspucstf ”eu`krfm‐)“ gc
hlcrtfs hìmumfs, mks mldbkhltks W y O hfpfhcs gc rchkdkhcr mks
fdtàjcdks, gc krjfdlzfr mf rcspucstf y gc prkguhlr ducvks
fdtlhucrpks (rcspucstf hcmumfr)1 gc hìmumfs `fhrøbfjfs quc
”efhcd mf ml`plczf‐ gcspuìs gcm pfsk gc mks mldbkhltks y gc mks
fdtlhucrpks. Mks mldbkhltks W7, quc efhcd budhlkdfr cm slstc`f,
skd cm omfdhk prldhlpfm gcm RLE, quc mks fmtcrf y mks gcstruyc.
v Yrcvcdhlød> hkdnudtk gc `cglgfs ldglvlgufmcs y hkmchtlvfs

cdhf`ldfgfs f ml`ltfr k cvltfr ud rlcsjk gc fhhlgcdtc k cd-
bcr`cgfg. Cd `ftcrlf gc sfmug, mf prcvcdhlød hk`prcdgcmf
fgkphlød gc `cglgfs tfdtk cd cm pmfdk skhlfm hk`k `ìglhk.
v Yrcscrvftlvk> budgf gc mætcx k gc jk`f quc sc fgfptf fm

pcdc cd cm `k`cdtk gc mf crchhlød. Yucgc usfrsc hk`k
fdtlhkdhcptlvk y pfrf prktcjcrsc gc mfs cdbcr`cgfgcs gc
trfds`lslød scxufm.
v CWX> forcvlfhlød gc cdbcr`cgfgcs gc trfds`lslød scxufm.

Xkd mfs cdbcr`cgfgcs quc sc pucgcd hkdtrfcr pkr hkdtfhtk
scxufm. Cm Xlgf cs udf CWX.
6<5
Mf ft`øsbcrf y cm hædhcr
Mf muz skmfr dk cstæ bkr`fgf þdlhf`cdtc pkr muz vlslomc, sldk

tfòlìd pkr rfglfhlød umtrfvlkmctf (SR). Mf pfrtc gc mf rfglfhlød
SR `æs hcrhfdf f mf muz vlslomc skd mks mmf`fgks SR-F, mks rfyks
quc dks orkdhcfd hufdgk tk`f`ks cm skm. Mf muz skmfr hkdtlcdc
tfòlìd umtrfvlkmctfs gc `fykr cdcrjàf, mks mmf`fgks SR-O y
SR-H1 mks SR-H skd mtrfgks pkr mfs `kmìhumfs gc kxàjcdk quc
bkr`fd ud ?6% gc mf ft`øsbcrf, `lcdtrfs quc cm mtrfgk gc mks
SR-O gcpcdgc gc ud bcdø`cdk quc sc gcsfrrkmmf cd mf hfpf
gc kzkdk, f `æs gc ?9 a` gc fmturf, quc cs pcrturofgk pkr mks
hmkrkukrkhfrokdks.
DKWF
Cdvfrlks
scptlcòrc
pfàscs gc 6<5:,
br`frkd
ud fhucrgk mmf`fgk
Yrktkhkmk gc @kdtrcfm.
Cd ìm sc hk`prk`ctàfd
f rcguhlr f mf `ltfg mf
prkguhhlød gc HHmB8 cd
ud pcràkgk gc 69 föks.
»Xfoc ustcg quì skd mks hmkrkukrkhfrokdks;
Mks hmkrkbukrkhfrokdks
Mks hmkrkukrkhfrokdks HHmB8 bucrkd utlmlzfgks pkr prl`crf

vcz cd mf ldgustrlf cd mks föks hufrcdtf y, trfs scr hkdslgcrfgks
gurfdtc huftrk gìhfgfs hk`k prkguhtks ldkbcdslvks, sc efd rc-
vcmfgk hk`k udk gc mks prldhlpfmcs hfusfdtcs gc mf gcstruhhlød
gc mf hfpf gc kzkdk. Fm dk scr tøxlhks dl hkrrkslvks pfrf mks
6<<
scrcs vlvks y pcr`fdchcr cstfomcs `lcdtrfs sc `fdtlcdcd sus
hkdglhlkdcs efoltufmcs gc usk, f mks HHmB8 sc mcs ef cdhkdtrfgk
`þmtlpmcs fpmlhfhlkdcs.
Xkd `fmks hkdguhtkrcs gcm hfmkr, pkr mk quc sc c`pmcfd pfrf

«eldhefr± mfs cspu`fs pmæstlhfs flsmfdtcs. Ykr scrpkhk rcfhtlvks,
sc usfd pfrf gfr prcslød f mks fcrkskmcs.
Fmjudks HHmB8 gcolgk f mfs hkdglhlkdcs cd quc sc pucgcd

mlhufr y cvfpkrfr, sc c`pmcfd hk`k ulgk rcbrljcrfdtc cd hkdjc
-
mfgkrcs c ldstfmfhlkdcs gc flrc fhkdglhlkdfgk, hkd cm dkòrc gc
brckdcs. Xc usfd tfòlìd hk`k glskmvcdtcs pfrf mf ml`plczf cd
mf hkdstruhhlød fcrkdæutlhf, mf cmchtrødlhf y mfs tldtkrcràfs. Mks
mmf`fgks efmkdcs, utlmlzfgks cd mks cxtldtkrcs gc ldhcdglks, skd
tfòlìd HHmB8.
Xu bforlhfhlød rcsumtfof cdhkdø`lhf y fm dk scr hkdslgcrf-

gks prkguhtks tøxlhks, crf bæhlm gcsefhcrsc gc cmmks gcnædgkmks
cshfpfr f mf ft`øsbcrf.
Fdtcs gc quc skdfrfd mfs prl`crfs vkhcs gc fmfr`f, sc bf-

orlhfofd cd cm ùdgk `æs gc ud `lmmød gc tkdcmfgfs gc HHmB 8
fdufmcs y sc hkdslgcrfofd ud prkguhtk oæslhk pfrf mf ldgustrlf.
Yrktcnf`ks ducstrf ft`øsbcrf
Cd mf cstrftksbcrf, cdtrc mks 6? y ?3 a` gc fmturf, mf rfglf -

hlød SR-O gcm skm rk`pc mfs `kmìhumfs gc kxàjcdk (K
?
), quc sc
rchkòldfd bkr`fdgk cm kzkdk (K8). Cm kzkdk cs ud hk`pucstk
ùy ldcstfomc, quc rcfhhlkdf gc bkr`f gcstruhtlvf hkd mks tcnlgks
gc mfs pmfdtfs y gc mks pum`kdcs gc mks scrcs vlvks.
Mf gls`lduhlød gc
mf hfpf gc kzkdk
pkgràf mmcjfr f
efhcr pcmljrksks
mks oföks gc skm.
?99
»Vuì cs cm hædhcr;
Xc efd gcshuolcrtk ùhefs bkr`fs k tlpks gc hædhcr pcrk

fmjudfs skd `æs hkùdcs. Cd ducstrk pfàs cshuhef`ks gcm
hædhcr gc mf plcm hfusfgk jcdcrfm`cdtc pkr mks cbchtks gc mks
rfyks umtrfvlkmctf gc mf muz skmfr quc fmjudks mmf`fd hkdtf`l-
dfhlød bktkquà`lhf hfusfgf pkr mks prkguhtks quc cstuglf`ks
fdtcrlkr`cdtc.
Hufdgk mfs hìmumfs sc rcprkguhcd sld dchcslgfg, ldvfgcd

cm tcnlgk gkdgc sc cdhucdtrfd y dk skd hfpfhcs gc gctcdcr mf
ùmtlpmlhfhlød, cdtkdhcs sc prkguhcd prkomc`fs gc tu`krfhlød
y mf cdbcr`cgfg gcm hædhcr.
Xl mfs hìmumfs sc rcprkguhcd gcskrgcdfgf`cd-

tc pucgc fpfrchcr cm hædhcr. Ykr csk gchl`ks
quc cm hædhcr cs udf cdbcr`cgfg hcmumfr, mf
hufm fmtcrf mks tcnlgks y ørjfdks gc tkgk cm
hucrpk gcm ldglvlguk quc mf pfgchc.
Fmjudks ldvcstljfgkrcs efomfd gc hlcrtf glspkslhlød ecrcgfgf

y ktrks efomfd gcm cbchtk gc bfhtkrcs cxtcrdks. Efstf mf bchef, dk
sc ef pkglgk gctcr`ldfr hkd cxfhtltug, quì ldguhc f mfs hìmumfs
f rcprkguhlrsc gcshkdtrkmfgf`cdtc.
Cdtrc mks sljdks gc fmcrtf tcdc`ks>
6. Oumtk ldgkmkrk cd mks scdks.
?. Smhcrfhlkdcs cd mf mcdjuf y mfolks.
8. Gkmkr gc jfrjfdtf k rkdqucrf.
7. Hfrdkslgfg gc mf plcm quc fu`cdtf k sc umhcrf.
3. Yìrglgf fdkr`fm gc sfdjrc.
2. Wrfstkrdks gljcstlvks.
Gcoc`ks cstfr ftcdtks pfrf gctchtfr f tlc`pk mf prcscdhlf

gc cstc tlpk gc hìmumfs. Yfrf cmmk cs dchcsfrlk prcstfr ftcdhlød f
mks sljdks gc fmcrtf. Fhuglr fm `ìglhk y efhcrdks mks cxæ`cdcs
rcspchtlvks.
?96
Mf rcprkguhhlød hcmumfr khurrc pkr `cglk gc ud prkhcsk fm
quc mmf`f`ks `ltksls, tfòlìd sc mc gf cm dkòrc gc hfrlkhldcsls.
Hufdgk mf rcprkguhhlød hcmumfr cs dk hkdtrkmfgf cs gchlr,

quc mfs hìmumfs sc rcprkguhcd gcskrgcdfgf`cdtc sc prkguhc
tu`krfhlød quc pucgc tcr`ldfr cd hædhcr.
Cdbcr`cgfgcs gc trfds`lslød scxufm

(CWX) k vcdìrcfs
Mfs cdbcr`cgfgcs gc trfds`lslød scxufm `ìglhf`cdtc skd

mmf`fgfs CWX k vcdìrcfs. Xkd ud prkomc`f gc trfds`lslød sc-
xufm pkrquc sc trfds`ltcd pkr hkdtfhtk scxufm gc udf pcrskdf
cdbcr`f f udf sfdf.
Mfs cdbcr`cgfgcs CWX k vcdìrcfs skd ùy scrlfs y gc

komljfgf ftcdhlød `ìglhf. Mfs CWX `æs hkdkhlgfs skd mf
sàbmls y mf jkdkrrcf.
Cstfs cdbcr`cgfgcs dk sc ecrcgfd pcrk udf ùncr còfrf-

zfgf cdbcr`f pucgc hkdtfjlfr fm dlök.
@cglgfs jcdcrfmcs gc prchfuhlød
v Mks ørjfdks jcdltfmcs cxtcrdks gcocd mfvfrsc glfrlf`cdtc

hkd foudgfdtc fjuf y nfoød, f d gc cml`ldfr mks rcslguks
gc mfs schrchlkdcs jmfdgumfrcs quc fm scr gcpksltfgfs hlcrtk
tlc`pk skorc csfs rcjlkdcs, khfslkdfd lrrltfhlød y cd ùhefs
khfslkdcs skd bkhk gc ldbchhlkdcs.
v Mfs CWX sc trfds`ltcd scxufm`cdtc, prktìjfsc y cvltc rc -

mfhlkdcs scxufmcs gc fmtk rlcsjk. Mfs cdbcr`cgfgcs `æs
cxtcdglgfs y quc hkdstltuycd ud jrfvc prkomc`f sfdltfrlk
skd mf sàmls, mf omcdkrrfjlf y cm XLGF.
?9?
v Mf pcrskdf quc pkr mf fpfrlhlød gc hufmqulcr `fdlbcstfhlød
fdkr`fm cd mks jcdltfmcs k cd hufmqulcr ktrk sltlk, skspchef
quc ef slgk hkdtfjlfgf, dk gcoc futk`cglhfrsc sldk fhuglr
fm `ìglhk pucs mf fpmlhfhlød gc rc`cglks fmtcrf cm hufgrk gc
mf cdbcr`cgfg, efhlcdgk `æs glbàhlm cm glfjdøstlhk.
v Cs ud gcocr efhlf sà y efhlf mf skhlcgfg dk khumtfr cstfs

cdbcr`cgfgcs. Dk sc gcoc tcdcr dldjþd pugkrcd efhcr udf
vlsltf dchcsfrlf fm `ìglhk jcdcrfm k f ud cspchlfmlstf.
?98
_csu`cd LLL
v Mf ek`cøstfslsk mf hkdscrvfhlødgc mf hkdstfdhlfgcm

`cglk ldtcrdk gcpcdgc cd jrfd pfrtc gc mf rcjumfhlød
gc mks slstc`fs y mf hkkrgldfhlød gc mfs fhtlvlgfgcs.
Ykr mk tfdtk, cm slstc`f dcrvlksk y cdgkhrldk skd
slstc`fs hmfvcs pfrf mf ek`cøstfsls.
Mf ek`cøstfsls dk cs udf hkdglhlød cstætlhf sldk

pkr cm hkdtrfrlk cs ud cqulmlorlk fmtf`cdtc gldæ`lhk.
v Mks `chfdls`ks ek`ckstætlhks tlcdgcd f prcscrvfr

mf vlgf y mf `fykràf hk`prcdgcd prkhcsks ekr`k-
dfmcs y dcurkdfmcs.
v Fmjudfs cdbcr`cgfgcstrfds`lslomcsskd prkguhlgfs

pkr krjfdls`ks pftøjcdks, cdtrc cmmks>
- ofhtcrlfs
- vlrus
- pfræsltks
v Mfs cdbcr`cgfgcs trfds`lslomcs sc pucgcd fgqulrlr

pkr hkdtfhtk glrchtk k ldglrchtk.
v Mf ldùdlgfg cs mf rcslstcdhlf f hlcrtf cdbcr`cgfg
y pucgc scr dfturfm k fgqulrlgf.

v Mfs vfhudfs dks efhcd ldùdcs f fmjudfs cdbcr-
`cgfgcs.
v Cm vlrus gc mf Ldùdkgchlcdhlf Eu`fdf (RLE) cs

ud vlrus ducvk cd mf elstkrlf gc mf pftkmkjàf. Xc
suoglvlgc cd gks tlpks> cm RLE-6 y cm RLE-?.
v Mf prucof pfrf gctchtfr fdtlhucrpks hkdtrf cm vlrus

gcm Xlgf sc mmf`f Cmlsf.
v Cm Xlgf (Xldgrk`c gc Ldùdkgchlcdhlf Fgqulrlgf)

cs udf CWX.
v Mf vlgf skorc mf Wlcrrf sc ef gcsfrrkmmfgk slc`prc

prktcjlgf pkr mks bcdø`cdks gc foskrhlød gc mf
rfglfhlød umtrfvlkmctf gcm Xkm. Mks SR-O tlcdc mfs

hfrfhtcràstlhfs dchcsfrlfs pfrf fmtcrfr mfs `kmìhumfs
krjædlhfs quc bkr`fd mfs hìmumfs vlvfs.
?97
v Sdf rcguhhlød gc mf cbchtlvlgfg gc mf hfpf gc kzkdk
cd mf foskrhlød gc mks SR-O fu`cdtfràf mks hfsks gc
hædhcr gc plcm, rcguhlràf mf chfhlf gc ducstrk slstc-
`f ldùdltfrlk y fu`cdtfràf mks hfsks gc hcjucrf
y hftfrftfs.
v Cm kzkdk cs ud hk`pucstk ùy ldcstfomc, quc rcfh-

hlkdf gc bkr`f gcstruhtlvf hkd mks tcnlgks gc mfs
pmfdtfs y gc mks pum`kdcs gc mks scrcs vlvks.
v Xl mfs hìmumfs sc rcprkguhcd gcskrgcdfgf`cdtc

pucgc fpfrchcr cm hædhcr. Ykr csk gchl`ks quc cm
hædhcr cs udf cdbcr`cgfg hcmumfr, mf hufm fmtcrf mks
tcnlgks y ørjfdks gc tkgk cm hucrpk gcm ldglvlguk quc
mf pfgchc.
v Mfs cdbcr`cgfgcs gc trfds`lslød scxufm `ìglhf-

`cdtc skd mmf`fgfs CWX k vcdìrcfs.
v Mfs cdbcr`cgfgcs CWX k vcdìrcfs skd ùy scrlfs

y gc komljfgf ftcdhlød `ìglhf. Mfs CWX `æs hkdk-
hlgfs skd mf sàmls y mf jkdkrrcf.
Cncrhlhlks LLL
6. »Vuì sljdlhf ek`ckstfsàf;
?. »Vuì rcmfhlød tlcdcd mfs cdbcr`cgfgcs hkd mf ek`ckstfsàf;
8. »Ykr quì skd l`pkrtfdtcs mks `chfdls`ks ek`ckstætlhks;

7. »Vuì cs ud krjfdls`k pftøjcdk;
3. »Vuì cs udf CWX y gì ud cnc`pmk;
?93
LR Jcdìtlhf
Mf ecrcdhlf olkmøjlhf
Wkgfs mfs pcrskdfs rchlol`ks mks hfrfhtcrcs ecrcgltfrlks

gc ducstrks pfgrcs, pkr csk sk`ks pfrchlgks, pcrk f mf vcz
glbcrcdtcs.
Fm hkdnudtk gc hfrfhtcrcs ecrcgltfrlks gc ud ldglvlguk sc mc

gcdk`ldf ecrcdhlf olkmøjlhf.
Mf glbcrcdhlf cdtrc udk y ktrk

krjfdls`k sc ofsf cd mks
hfrfhtcrcs ecrcgltfrlks k ecrcdhlf
olkmøjlhf.
Cd 6522, Jrcjkrlk @cdgcm gcshuorlø mfs mcycs oæslhfs gc

mf ecrcdhlf y cd 652< bucrkd gcshuolcrtks mks æhlgks duhmìlhks
pkr B. @lcshecr, sld còfrjk, buc efstf cd 6<99 quc sc mcs gf
mf vcrgfgcrf l`pkrtfdhlf gcolgk f quc mfs mcycs pmfdtcfgfs pkr
@cdgcm skd rcgcshuolcrtfs pkrE. Gc Rrlcs (Ekmfdgf), Wshecr`fra
(Fustrlf), A. Hkrrcds (Fmc`fdlf).
Cs efstf cdtkdhcs quc dfhc mf Jcdìtlhf hk`k udf ducvf

hlcdhlf.
Cxpcrl`cdtfdgk cd cm nfrgàd
Buc ud sl`pmc mktc gc tlcrrf cd cm nfrgàd gc ud `kdfstcrlk gc

Curkpf, cm quc slrvlø gc mfokrftkrlk pfrf quc pkr prl`crf vcz, ud
`kdjc fustràfhk cxpcrl`cdtfrf skorc cm ”hruhc‐.
Jrcjkrlk @cdgcm cstfof ldtcrcsfgk cd hkdkhcr skorc mfglvcr-

slgfg gc mfs krcs. C`pczø f ldvcstljfr cd su prkplk nfrgàd, quc
hulgfof hkd cs`crk, cd mfs pmfdtfs gc heàhefrks k julsfdtcs
quc skd hk`k cm brlnkm quc dksktrks hkdkhc`ks.
?92
Jrcjkrlk @cdgcm puomlhø susldvcstljfhlkdcs cd cm fök 6523,
pcrk su gcshuorl`lcdtk dk buc rchkdkhlgk sldk efstf 6<99.
Gcoc`ks rchkdkhcr quc hkd mfs ldvcstljfhlkdcs gc Jrcjkrlk

@cdgcm dfhcd mks prl`crks hkdkhl`lcdtks hlcdtàhks skorc mf ec-
rcdhlf. Ykr csk f ìm sc mc hkdkhc hk`k cmYfgrc gc mf Jcdìtlhf.
Mks gcshuorl`lcdtks
@cdgcm sc pmfdtcø mf prcjudtf> »pkr quì mks hfrfhtcrcs gc

mks julsfdtcs sc rcpltcd;
Gurfdtc glcz föks trfofnø, mmcvfdgk ud oucd hkdtrkm skorc mk

quc efhàf, fdktø tkgks mks gftks, elzk hæmhumks `ftc`ætlhks y
skorc tkgk, buc ùy pcrscvcrfdtc cd su ldvcstljfhlød.
Xcpfrc`ks csks glcz föks gc trfofnk cd glbcrcdtcs ctfpfs

pfrf mkjrfr ldtcrprctfr `cnkr hufm buc su fpkrtc f mf Jcdìtlhf.
Mfs mcycs gc @cdgcm
6¾ Mcy gc @cdgcm k gc mf scjrcjfhlød.
Cm pfr gc jcdcs quc gctcr`ldf udf hfrfhtcràstlhf, sc

scpfrf hufdgk sc bkr`fd mks jf`ctks.
?9:
?¾ Mcy gc @cdgcm k gc mf scjrcjfhlød ldgcpcdglcdtc
Mf scpfrfhlød gc mks jcdcs cd mf bkr`fhlød gc mks jf`ctks

cs ldgcpcdglcdtc. Cs gchlr, mks jcdcs sc scpfrfd ldgcpcdglcd-
tc`cdtc cd mks jf`ctks.
Hk`k pkgc`ks vcr jrfhlfs f @cdgcm mf Olkmkjàf forc udf

pucrtf f ud ducvk hf`pk gcm hkdkhl`lcdtk> mf Jcdìtlhf.
Mf Jcdìtlhf cs mf hlcdhlf
quc cstuglf mf trfds`lslød gc mks
hfrfhtcrcs gc pfgrcs f elnks, cs
gchlr, mf ecrcdhlf olkmøjlhf.
Mks Hrk`ksk`fs
»Huæm cs mf hmfvc;
Wfdtk ud ærokm, hk`k udpcrrk k udf `frlpksf cstæd bkr`f-

gks gc hìmumfs.
Gc ljufm bkr`f dksktrks. Wkgks mks scrcs vlvks cstf`ks

bkr`fgks pkr hìmumfs y mfs hìmumfs hkdtlcdcd cd cm dþhmck udfs cs-
truhturfs pcqucöfs pcrk l`pkrtfdtàsl`fs mmf`fgfs hrk`ksk`fs.
Cd mks hrk`ksk`fs cstæ mf hmfvc quc trfds`ltc mks hfrfhtcrcs

ecrcgltfrlks.
Csf hmfvc sc mmf`f FGD k æhlgk gcskxlrrlokduhmìlhk.
Cm FGD bkr`f mks jcdcs, y cmmks skd mks quc pksccd mf ldbkr-
`fhlød jcdìtlhf gcdtrk gcm hrk`ksk`f.
Sd jcd khupf ud pudtk nk cd cm hrk`ksk`f, y f cstc pudtk

sc mc mmf`f mkhus.
Hfgf pfr gc hrk`ksk`fs cstæ bkr`fgk pkr gks `lcòrks

ljufmcs mmf`fgks hrk`ksk`fs ek`ømkjks (lgìdtlhks cd bkr`f,
tf`fök c ldbkr`fhlød jcdìtlhf).
?95
Ykgc`ks gcdlr cdtkdhcs f mks hrk`ksk`fs, hk`k mfs
cstruhturfs rcspkdsfomcs gc mf trfds`lslød gc mks hfrfhtcrcs
ecrcgltfrlks.
Hfgf krjfdls`k tlcdc ud nucjk prkplk gc hrk`ksk`fs y hfgf

cspchlc ud dþ`crk gcdlgk gc hrk`ksk`fs.
Hfrfhtcrcs
Wkgks tcdc`ks rfsjks quc dks glbcrcdhlfd1 fmjudks gc cmmks

skd> cm hkmkr gcm hfocmmk, cm hkmkr gc mks knks, pkgcr fofrqulmmfr k
dk mf mcdjuf y ùheàsl`ks `æs.
Mks hfrfhtcrcs quc pksccd

mks krjfdls`ks gc udf `ls`f
cspchlc sc mmf`fd hfrfhtcrcs
ldglvlgufmcs.
Mks hfrfhtcrcs ldglvlgufmcs pucgcd scr gk`ldfdtcs k rc-

hcslvks.
_cprcscdtc`ks hkd sàòkmks mks hfrfhtcrcs ldglvlgufmcs gc

pkgcr scpfrfr mks gcgks y fofrqulmmfr mf mcdjuf.
XCYF_F_ MKX GCGKX
rr
r r
jcdcs rchcslvks
?9<
FOF_VSLMMF_
MF MCDJSF
FF ø Ff
jcd gk`ldfdtc
Koscrvc quc cd mf prl`crf rcprcscdtfhlød slòømlhf usf`ks

gks mctrfs `ldþshumfs pfrf mks jcdcs quc efhcd pkslomc scpfrfr
mks gcgks, glhef hfrfhtcràstlhf mf gctcr`ldf ud jcd rchcslvk, pkr
mk tfdtk, sc `fdlcstf sømk hufdgk cm pfr gc jcdcs cs rchcslvk.
Ykr cm hkdtrfrlk, fofrqulmmfr mf mcdjuf mk gctcr`ldf ud jcd

gk`ldfdtc1 cs pkrcsk quc pkgc`ks rcprcscdtfr mf hfrfhtcràstlhf
hkd gks mctrfs `fyþshumfs k udf `fyþshumf y mf ktrf `ldþshumf.
Wfòlìd mfs cspchlcs tlcdcd hfrftcràstlhfs prkplfs hk`k cm

dþ`crk gc pftfs, mf pkslhlød gc mks knks, mf bkr`f gcm hucrpk y
ktrfs.
Mfs hfrfhtcràstlhfs quc

glstldjucd f udf cspchlc gc
mf ktrf, sc mmf`fd hfrfhtcrcs
cspchàbhks.
Hfgf hfræhtcr quc cstæ gctcr`ldfgk pkr ud pfr gc jcdcs, sc

gcdk`ldfd hfrfhtcrcsfmcmks, cs gchlr, gks bkr`fs gc prcscdtfrsc
udf `ls`f hfrfhtcràstlhf. Ykr cnc`pmk cm hkmkr rknk k omfdhk cd
fmjudfs krcs.
_chkrgc`ks quc sømk pkgc`ks scpfrfr mks gcgks gc mf `fdk

hk`k cd mf lmustrfhlød, pkrquc cm pfr gc jcdcs cs rchcslvk, pcrk
sl pkgc`ks gkomfr mf mcdjuf gc csf `fdcrf, cs pkrquc tcdc`ks
pfrf csc hfræhtcr hk`k `àdl`k ud jcd gk`ldfdtc.
?69
Cs gchlr, quc cm cbchtk cxtcrdk (fmjudks hfrfhtcrcs ecrcgf-
gks) cs prkguhlgk pkr mf fhhlød fmtcrdfdtc gc ud pfr gc jcdcs
hkdtrfstfdtcs, quc sc cdhucdtrfd cd mks hrk`ksk`fs ek`ømkjks .
_CHSC_GC
Xc mmf`f jcd gk`ldfdtc fm jcd quc hkdtrkmf

ud hfræhtcr ldglvlgufm y quc sc `fdlbcstf hkd
ùhef brchucdhlf. Ykr cm hkdtrfrlk , sl sc khumtf
y fpfrchc hkd pkhf brchucdhlf sc mmf`f jcd
rchcslvk.
Bcdktlpk
»Fglvldc quì cs;
¡Ykr supucstk! Xà, cs udf nlrfbf pfsfdgk pkr udf vcdtfdf.
Cs bæhlm rchkdkhcr udf nlrfbf pkr sufspchtk bàslhk. Wkgf su

fpfrlcdhlf bàslhf cs bæhlm gc gcshrlolr.
Wkgks mks krjfdls`ks tcdc`ks

udf fpfrlcdhlf bàslhf quc
pkgc`ks gcshrlolr. F csf
fpfrlcdhlf bàslhf mf mmf`f`ks
Bcdktlpk.
?66
Cd cm hfsk gc mf nlrfbf y cm gc hufmqulcr krjfdls`k su bcdktlpk
k fpfrlcdhlf bàslhf sc gcoc fm hkdnudtk gc jcdcs.
Rcf`ks ktrk hfsk>
»Hø`k cs cm bcdktlpk gcm jfmmk;
¡Hkrrchtk! Ymu`fs dcjrfs.
\ mfs pmu`fs omfdhfs skd cm bcdktlpk gc mf jfmmldf.
Jcdktlpk
Fm hkdnudtk gc jcdcs quc pcr`ltcd mf fpfrlcdhlf bàslhf gc mks

krjfdls`ks sc mc mmf`f jcdktlpk.
?6?
Cm jcdktlpk pucgc scr>
EK@KHLJKWF
Hufdgk mks gks jcdcs skd ljufmcs gk`ldfdtcs k rchcslvks.
@cdgcm mks mmf`ø purks.
ECWC_KHLJKWF
Xl cm pfr gc jcdcs cs glbcrcdtc, udk gk`ldfdtc y cm ktrk rc -
hcslvk, @cdgcm mks mmf`ø eàorlgks.
_CHSC_GC
Ek`khljktf cs ud ldglvlguk purk quc tlcdc cm

pfr gc jcdcs ljufmcs, gk`ldfdtcs k rchcslvks.
Ectcrkhljktf cs ud ldglvlguk eàorlgk quc tlcdc

cm pfr gc jcdcs glbcrcdtcs udk gk`ldfdtc y
cm ktrk rchcslvk.
»Hø`k scræd mfs vfldfs;
Fsà gchl`ks hufdgkqucrc`ks rcskmvcr ud prkomc`f.Fekrf,

prchlsf`cdtc rcskmvcrc`ks udk.
_cjldfm Yuddct cs ud jcdctlstf quc dks cdscöø f kotcdcr mfs

prkofolmlgfgcs gc ud hruhc usfdgk udf tfomltf. Fsà cs `æs bæhlm.
Xl hruzf`ks vfldfs purfs »hø`k scræ mf B pfrf cm hfræhtcr

6
sljulcdtc;
?68
Bkr`f gc mfs vfldfs
M - mlsf m - rujksf
»Yrkofolmlgfgcs;
¡Wkgfs mlsfs!
699 %eàorlgks k ectcrkhljktfs. Cm hfræhtcr rujksk qucgø

khumtk.
Fm hruzfr pfgrcs purks mf

B6 cs eàorlgf 699 %
?67
»Ykgræ rcfpfrchcr;
Xl hruzf`ks gks pmfdtfs gc vfldfs ectcrkhljktfs, cm hfræhtcr

rujksk tlcdc ud ?3 % gc prkofolmlgfgcs gc rcfpfrchcr.
Bcdktlpk Jcdktlpk
:3 % mlsfs ?3 % ek`khljktfs gk`ldfdtcs
39 % ectcrkhljktfs
?3 % rujksfs ?3 % ek`khljktfs rchcslvfs.
Fm hruzfr gks pfgrcs

eàorlgks k ectcrkhljktfs mfs
prkofolmlgfgcs sc gfd cd mf
prkpkrhlød 8 > 6
?63
Fekrf, prfhtlquc`ks hkd rftkdcs
Nujfrc`ks f hruzfr rftkdcs pfrf prfhtlhfr hø`k kotcdcr mfs

bf`lmlfs k mlfmcs (B) pfrtlcdgk gc gctcr`ldfgfs hfrfhtcràstlhfs y
pkgcr fsà rcfr`fr mks hkdhcptks fdtcrlkrcs.
»Huæm scræ cm bcdktlpk y cm jcdktlpk, sl hruzf`ks udf rftf

ecòrf pcmk dcjrk gk`ldfdtc (D) hkd udf rftf `fhek pcmk jrls
(d);
Kotcdjf`ks cm bcdktlpk y cm jcdktlpk gc mf B .6
v Yrl`crk rcprcscdtf`ks f mks pfgrcs

v Gc cmmks sc gcrlvfd mks jf`ctks
v Mucjk usf`ks mf tfomf gcYuddct pfrf kotcdcr mf B 6
_ftf pcmk dcjrk rftf pcmk jrls

(ecòrf) (`fhek)
Y6 DD dd
J6 D D d d
B6 J6 D D
d Dd Dd
d Dd Dd
B6 > 699 % (Dd) dcjrks
Mks rcsumtfgks skd mks sljulcdtcs>

Bcdktlpk> tkgks mks rftkdcs dcjrks.
Jcdktlpk> 699 % rftkdcs ectcrkhljktfs.

?62
_CHSC_GC
Fm hkdnudtk gc hfræhtcrcs bàslhks sc mcs gc-

dk`ldf bcdktlpk y cm hkdnudtk bfhtkrcs jcdì-
tlhks quc gctcr`ldfd csks hfrfhtcrcs sc mcs
gcdk`ldf jcdktlpk. Ykr csk, cm pfr gc jcdcs
quc gctcr`ldf mf fpfrlcdhlf bàslhf pucgc scr
ek`khljktf (purk) k ectcrkhljktf (eàorlgk) y
sc mc gcdk`ldf jcdktlpk gc udf hfrfhtcràstlhf.
Jcdk`f
»\ ustcg hø`k cs;
Dcjrk, heldk, omfdhk, pcmlrrknk, fmtk , ofnk.
¡Xfoc! Cm nucjk hk`pmctk gc mks jcdcs sc cdhucdtrf cd mfs

hìmumfs rcprkguhtkrfs y sc gcdk`ldf jcdk`f.
Cs gchlr, quc cd Jcdìtlhf sc mc gcdk`ldfjcdk`f
fm hkdnudtk gc tkgks mks

hrk`ksk`fs glbcrcdtcs quc sc
cdhucdtrfd cd hfgf dþhmck hcmumfr
gc udf cspchlc gctcr`ldfgf.
Sd dþhmck efpmklgc pkscc ud
jcdk`f.
?6:
_chkrgc`ks…
6. Efy udf cspchlc gc krtljf quc prcscdtf eknfs gcdtfgfs,

`lcdtrfs quc ktrk pkscc eknfs cdtcrfs
Cm hfræhtcr quc koscrvf`ks cs mf bkr`f gc mf eknf. Xl hruzf -

`ks cstfs gks rfzfs purfs, »quì kotcdgrc`ks;
@uy olcd, rcprcscdtc`ks cm hruhc scjþd cm jcdctlstf Yuddct
G 0 gcdtfgfs g 0 mlsfs
Y
GG6
gg
J6 G G g g
B
6
J6 G G
g Gg Gg
g Gg Gg
Bcdktlpk 699% eknfs gcdtfgfs
jcdktlpk 699% eknfs gcdtfgfs ectcrkhljktfs.
Koscrvc`ks quc hk`k cd cstc hfsk, mfs eknfs gcdtfgfs

gk`ldfd f mfs cdtcrfs. Kotcdc`ks skmf`cdtc eknfs gcdtfgfs
(hfræhtcr gk`ldfdtc) y dk sc `fdlbcstø dl udf skmf eknf cdtcrf
(hfræhtcr rchcslvk).
Cstc hfsk hu`pmc hkd mf prl`crf mcy gc @cdgcm quc glhc>
Xl hruzf`ks gks rfzfs

purfs (Y) mks gcshcdglcdtcs
eàorlgks gc mf prl`crf jcdcrfhlød
bmlfm B6 skd tkgks ljufmcs.
?65
?. »Ycrk, quì rcsumtf gc hruzfr gks ldglvlguks eàorlgks gc cstf
B6;
Koscrvc`ks>
YGg
? Gg
J? G g G g
B? J? G g
G GG Gg
g Gg gg
Bcdktlpk :3% eknfs gcdtfgfs
?3% eknfs mlsfs
Jcdktlpk ?3% eknfs gcdtfgfs ek`khljktfs
39% eknfs gcdtfgfs ectcrkhljktfs
?3% eknfs mlsfs ek`khljktfs.
Koscrvc`ks>
Cd mf B ? sc scjrcjfd mks hfrfhtcrcs y fpfrchcd cd udf prk-

pkrhlød gc 8>6 cs gchlr, :3% gk`ldfdtc y ?3% rchcslvk.
Ykgc`ks vcr quc cd cstc hfsk, sc hu`pmc mf scjudgf mcy gc

@cdgcm quc glhc>
Mks hfrfhtcrcs udlgks k hkòldfgks cd mf prl-

`crf jcdcrfhlød bmlfm sc scpfrfd k scjrcjfd
cd mf jcdcrfhlød sljulcdtc cd prkpkrhlkdcs
gcbdlgfs.
?6<
8. Mks hfrfhtcrcs purks (ek`khljktfs gk`ldfdtcs k rchcslvks)
cstæd gctcr`ldfgks pkr fmcmks ljufmcs y sc rcprcscdtfd mks
gk`ldfdtcs hkd mctrfs `fyþshumfs, `lcdtrfs quc mks hfrfh-
tcrcs rchcslvks sc rcprcscdtfd hkd mctrfs `ldþshumfs.
7. Mks hfrfhtcrcs ectcrkhljktfs cstæd gctcr`ldfgks pkr fmcmks

glbcrcdtcs y sc rcprcscdtfd hkd udf mctrf `fyþshumf y ktrf
`ldþshumf.
Hruhc `kdkeàorlgk
Fsà crf mf foucmf…
@frhks y Cstcofd pcdsfrkd slc`prc quc su

hfocmmk crf mlsk pkrquc su `f`æ sc mks efoàf
ecrcgfgk. Sd gàf vlsltfrkd f sus tàfs. Cstfofd
koscrvfdgk bktkjrfbàfs y gcshuorlcrkd quc mf
ecrcdhlf, dk crf sømk gc su `fgrc.
_csumtø quc fsà crf mf foucmf pftcrdf.
??9
Koscrvc quc cd mks hruhcs quc fdfmlzf`ks ec`ks hkdslgc-
rfgk ud skmk hfræhtcr, gc feà quc, cstks prkomc`fs sc hkdkhcd
hk`k hruhcs `kdkeàorlgks, mks hufmcs rcsumtfrkd gc jrfd
ocdchlk f @cdgcm y f ktrks jcdctlstfs pfrf mfs prl`crfs ldvcs-
tljfhlkdcs, fþd hufdgk tkgfvàf dk hkdkhàfd jrfdgcs gctfmmcs gc
mks `chfdls`ks prkplks gcm dþhmck hcmumfr.
Ykstcrlkr f @cdgcm y f mks quc rcgcshuorlcrkd sus mcycs, cd -

hkdtrf`ks quc jrfhlfs f mf gctcr`ldfhlød gcm scxk (E. @krjfd),
y f mf gc`kstrfhlød gc pkslomcs fmtcrfhlkdcs gc mks hrk`ksk`fs
(E. N @ummcr), mf Jcdìtlhf f pcsfr gc scr tfd nkvcd, mkjrf ud ræ-
plgk gcsfrrkmmk.
Gk`ldfdhlf ldhk`pmctf
Koscrvc`ks mks csquc`fs sljulcdtcs>
??6
»Vuì kpldf gc cstk;
Cd rcfmlgfg, koscrvc`ks quc cd cm prl`cr csquc`f mf gcs-

hcdgcdhlf O_ (hkmkr omfdhk f`frlmmcdtk) hkrrcspkdgc f ud ldgl-
vlguk ectcrkhljktf, skmf`cdtc quc cd cstc hfsk ud hfræhtcr dk
gk`ldf skorc cm ktrk, sldk quc, fòks hfrfhtcrcs skd gk`ldfdtcs.
F cstks hfsks sc mcs mmf`f hruhcs gc hfrfhtcrcs hkd gk`ldfdhlf
ldhk`pmctf, hkdkhlgks tfòlìd hkd cm dkòrc gc hkgk`ldfdtcs.
Hruhcs hk`k cstc pcrk cd krcs, bucrkd rcfmlzfgks pkr A.

Hkrrcds. Ìm cxpcrl`cdtø hkd pmfdtfs gc krcs rknfs y omfdhfs
mmf`fgfs @frfvlmmf gcm Ycrþ gcm jìdcrk @lrfvlmls, mfs hufmcs krl-
jldfd krcs rksfgfs.
Oucdk, cs quc cd fmjudks hfsks mks hkdhcptks gc gk`ldfdtc

y rchcslvk dk skd ùy fpmlhfomcs.
???
Mfs bktkjrfbàfs gc Nufd y @fràf
Yfrchc cxtrfök »vcrgfg;
»Sstcg quì kpldf; Xkd bktks ùy glstldtfs. Hmfrk, cd csk

cstf`ks gc fhucrgk. Yfrf pkgcr efhcr cstfs bktks sc dchcsltfd
fpfrftks cspchlfmcs quc pucgfd gctchtfr cstruhturfs ùy pcquc
-
öfs, mks hrk`ksk`fs. Cdtkdhcs, fekrf, yf pkgc`ks gchlr quc
skd bktkjrfbàfs gcm nucjk gc hrk`ksk`fs gc Nufd y gcm nucjk gc
hrk`ksk`fs gc @fràf.
Yfrf kotcdcr cstfs bktks sc usf fmjþd tlpk gc tcnlgk, pkr

cnc`pmk plcm, sfdjrc, sc`cd u ktrk gkdgc sc pucgfd koscrvfr
mks hrk`ksk`fs.
??8
Fmjudks prkomc`fs
Mfs pcrskdfs quc ldvcstljfd cd cm hf`pk gc mf Jcdìtlhf,

mlorfd ùhefs glhumtfgcs.
Ykr cm jrfd csbucrzk echek, efd hkdqulstfgk ud mujfr gc

l`pkrtfdhlf y gc prcstljlk pfrf cstf rf`f gc mf hlcdhlf.
Wk`frkd f udks rftkdcs y mcs hkrtfrkd mf hkmf pfrf prkofr, sl

mks rftkdhltks dfhàfd hkd hkmf k sld hkmf.
»Sstcg quc plcdsf;
Hmfrk, mks elnks gc mks rftkdcs sld hkmf, dfhlcrkd hkd hkmf.
_CHSC_GC>
Mks hfrfhtcrcs gc mks pfgrcs sc ecrcgfd pkr

`cglk gc mks jf`ctks k hìmumfs scxufmcs quc
trfds`ltcd mf ldbkr`fhlød
??7
Hufdgk mc hkrtfrkd mf hkmf f mks rftkdcs mks hrk`ksk`fs quc
cstæd cd sus jf`ctks dk sc fmtcrfd. Cs pkr cstf rfzød quc mf
prkmc dfhc hkd hkmf.
Xc ef pkglgk koscrvfr quc cxlstcd jcdcs pkrtfgkrcs gc cd-

bcr`cgfgcs, tfm cs cm hfsk gcm prkomc`f gctchtfgk pkr Ncrk`c
Mcncudc. Cstc hlcdtàhk gcshuorlø cm hrk`ksk`f jcdìtlhk quc
krljldf cm sàdgrk`c gc Gkwd..
Ncrk`c Mcncudc, jcdlk gc mf Jcdìtlhf
F. Y YF_LX
Ncrk`c Mcncudc, hlcdtàhk brfdhìs quc gcshuorlø

cm hrk`ksk`f jcdìtlhk quc krljldf cm sàdgrk`c gc
Gkwd, y bcrvlcdtc hftømlhk quc elzk hf`pföf fhtlvf
hkdtrf cm fokrtk, ùrlø cm 8 gc forlm gc 6<<7 f mf
cgfg gc 2: föks.
LDRCXWLJFGK_ DFWK
Cd sus ldvcstljfhlkdcs quc sc ldlhlfrkd cd 6<38,

Mcncudc oushø mfs hfusfs gc mks gcbchtks hkdjìdl -
tks gc mks hrk`ksk`fs, mks hucrpks `lhrkshøplhks
gc mks dþhmcks hcmumfrcs quc trfdspkrtfd mks jcdcs
pkrtfgkrcs gc hfrfhtcràstlhfs jcdìtlhfs.
Buc cm prl`crk cd flsmfr cm hrk`ksk`f fglhlkdfm

rcspkdsfomc gcm sàdgrk`c gc Gkwd, hkdkhlgk tfòlìd
hk`k @kdjkmls`k, hkdglhlød hfrfhtcrlzfgf pkr gc -
hlcdhlf `cdtfm, rkstrk fheftfgk y knks fm`cdgrfgks.
Mcncudc tfòlìd cstuglø mks gcbchtks hrk`ksk-

`ætlhks fgqulrlgks, tfmcs hk`k mks rcsumtfdtcs gc
rfglfhlød.
??3
Yfgrc gc hldhk elnks, sc hkdvlrtlø cd ldhfdsfomc
gcbcdskr gc mks cdbcr`ks gc sàdgrk`c gc Gkwd,
`fm quc rchloc cm dkòrc `ìglhk orltædlhk quc mk
lgcdtlhø efhc `æs gc ud sljmk.
Cd 6<<6, Mcncudc hrltlhø hufmqulcr fhhlød jcdìtlhf

krlcdtfgf f fmtcrfr mks jcdcs eu`fdks y hkdgcdø mf
præhtlhf gc mf prkhrcfhlød fslstlgf `ìglhf`cdtc, k
mf cujcdcslf.
Dfhlgk cm 68 gc nudlk gc 6<?2, sc gkhtkrø cd

`cglhldf cd 6<36. Cd 6<28 sc mc dkòrø glrchtkr
gc ldvcstljfhlkdcs gcm Hcdtrk Dfhlkdfm pfrf mf Ld -
vcstljfhlød Hlcdtàhf y buc `lcòrk gc mf Fhfgc`lf
gc Hlcdhlfs @krfmcs y Ykmàtlhfs gcsgc 6<5?.
Buc `lcòrk, fgc`æs, gc mf Fhfgc`lf Ykdtlhlf

gc Hlcdhlfs pkr cspfhlk gc ?9 föks y pcrtcdchlø f
vfrlfs fhfgc`lfs cxtrfdncrfs gc hlcdhlfs.
Mcuncdc buc ud hlcdtàhk ldtcrcsfgk cd ktrfs fmtcrfhlkdcs.
Mfs fmtcrfhlkdcs quc mc ldtcrcsfrkd f Mcncudc, bucrkd fqucmmfs

quc sà fbchtfd f mks hrk`ksk`fs.
Csfs fmtcrfhlkdcs pucgcd scr ocdìhfs, ldglbcrcdtcs k gf-

öldfs.
F mfs fmtcrfhlkdcs hrk`ksø`lhfs gföldfs mfs mmf`f`ks

cdbcr`cgfgcs hkdjìdltfs. Xcjþd mf jrfvcgfg quc prkguzhf mf
fmtcrfhlød cd cm ldglvlguk, cm jcd sc mc gcdk`ldf jcd mctfm (sl prk-
guhc ùcrtc, fokrtk) y suomctfm (sl gls`lduyc mf hfpfhlgfg vltfm)
Sdf gc mfs fmtcrfhlkdcs `æs hkdkhlgfs cs cm `kdjkmls`k k

Xàdgrk`c gc Gkwd.
Jrfhlfs fm scökr Ncrk`c Mcncudc, sc hkdkhc ùhek skorc

cstc tlpk gc fmtcrfhlkdcs hrk`ksø`lhfs.
??2
Cd cm scr eu`fdk ùhefs cdbcr`cgfgcs skd trfds`ltlgfs pkr
jcdcs rchcslvks y fmjudks ldglvlguks fpfrcdtc`cdtc dkr`fm gc
quc mf cdbcr`cgfg fpfrczhf cd udldglvlguk ek`khljktf rchcslvk.
Jrupks sfdjuàdcks
Sdf gc mfs hfrfhtcràstlhfs `æs hkdkhlgfs, cs mf gc mks jru-

pks sfdjuàdcks. Hufdgk sc gcsfrrkmmfrkd mfs tìhdlhfs gc mfs
trfdsbuslkdcs sfdjuàdcfs cd mks eu`fdks, sc gcshuorlø quc cd
fmjudks hfsks cstfs pkgàfd efhcrsc sld pcmljrk `lcdtrfs quc
ktrfs crfd pcmljrksfs.
Cm `ìglhk fustràfhk Afrm Mfdgstcldcr gcshuorlø ud slstc`f

gc ùhef l`pkrtfdhlf cd mfs trfdsbuslkdcs sfdjuàdcfs pfrf
glstldjulr mks glbcrcdtcs tlpks gc sfdjrc. Xc glstldjulcrkd mks
tlpks F, O, FO y K. Fsà sc ef hmfslhfgk mf sfdjrc gc `lmmkdcs
gc pcrskdfs cd mks ekspltfmcs gc tkgk cm ùdgk.
Mks tlpks gc sfdjrc dk pucgcd hkòldfrsc gc hufmqulcr
`fdcrf. Cd udf trfdsbuslød hfgf pcrskdf dchcsltf gctcr`ldfgk

tlpk gc sfdjrc.
??:
Cm tlpk F
Yucgc rchlolr sfdjrc gc mks jrupks F y K y pucgcd gkdfr

f mks gcm jrupk F y FO.
Cm tlpk O
Yucgc rchlolr sfdjrc gc mks jrupks O y K y gkdfr sfdjrc
f mks O y FO.
Cm tlpk FO
Yucgc rchlolr sfdjrc gc hufmqulcr jrupk pcrk skmf`cdtc

gkdfr fm FO. Mks ldglvlguks hkd jrupk sfdjuàdck FO rchlocd cm
dkòrc gc rchcptkrcs udlvcrsfmcs pkrquc pucgcd rchlolr sfdjrc
gc hufmqulcr ktrk jrupk.
Cm tlpk K
Yucgc rchlolr sfdjrc sømk gcm jrupk K.
Mks ldglvlguks quc tlcdcd jrupk K sc mmf`fd gkdfgkrcs

udlvcrsfmcs pkrquc pucgcd gfr sfdjrc f tkgks mks gc`æs jrupks.
»Xfoc hø`k sc rcprcscdtfd mks jrupks sfdjuàdcks;
Jrupk F Jrupk O
LF LF LF l LO LO LO l
Jrupk FO Jrupk K
LF LO ll
??5
»Vuì mc pfrchc sl prfhtlhf fmjudks hruhcs;
»Huæm cs mf l`pkrtfdhlf gc hkdkhcr mks jrupks sfdjuàdcks;
Olcd, hfgf jrupk sfdjuàdck pkscc udf sustfdhlf prktcl

hf cd
mks jmøoumks rknks quc mks hfrfhtcrlzf1 sl dk sc tlcdc hulgfgk y mks
jrupks sfdjuàdcks sc `czhmfd, pucgcd prkvkhfr fjmutldfhlkdcs.
Fgc`æs gc mks jrupks sfdjuàdcks cxlstc ud bfhtkr sfdjuà-

dck gcshuolcrtk cd 6<79 pkr Mfdgsmcldcr y Zl`cr cd mks `kdks
@fhfhus recsus gc feà quc sc gcdk`ldc _e. Cstc bfhtkr sc
glhc pksltvk (_e+) k dcjftlvk (_e‘).
Cm _e+ (gk`ldfdtc) fjmutldf mks jmøoumks rknks. Cm _e‘ (rc-

hcslvk) dk fjmutldf.
Cm hkdkhl`lcdtk gc mks jrupks sfdjuàdcks cs gc jrfd l`-

pkrtfdhlf pfrf cvltfr fhhlgcdtcs cd mfs trfdsbuslkdcs. Wfòlìd
cs l`pkrtfdtc hkdkhcr cm bfhtkr _e, pkrquc gurfdtc cm còfrfzk
pucgc prkguhlrsc udf cdbcr`cgfg mmf`fgfcrltrkomfstksls bctfm,
prkvkhfgf pkr cm bfhtkr _e +.
Fgc`æs, sc pucgc usfr hk`k ud `ìtkgk pfrf prkofr mf

pftcrdlgfg.
Rcf`ks udks hfsks> Yfrf cm bfhtkr _e+ usfrc`ks __, pfrf

_e 1 rr. Yrkoc`ks sl cm pfgrc gc Octk cs su vcrgfgcrk pfpæ.
‘
Cm bfhtkr gc mf sfdjrc gc Octk cs _e ‘, cm supucstk pfpæ cs

__ y su `f`æ rr.
Koscrvc`ks>
+ ‘
_e _e
__
Y6 rr
J6 _ _ r r
B6 J6 _ _
r _r _r
r _r _r
??<
Hk`k ustcg pucgc vcr, Octk dk cs elnk gc mks pfgrc quc ld-
glhf`ks yf quc hkd ud pfgrc __, dk efy kphlød pfrf quc Octk
scf rr, cs gchlr _e ‘.
Fmjudfs cdbcr`cgfgcs hkdjìdltfs rchlocd cm dkòrc gc cd-

bcr`cgfgcs mljfgfs fm scxk, cdtrc cmmfs tcdc`ks cm gfmtkdls`k
y mf ec`kmlf.
Cm gfmtkdls`k cs hkdkhlgk hk`k hcjucrf pfrhlfm f hlcrtks

hkmkrcs (rknk y vcrgc).
Mf ec`kbmlf cs mf ldhfpfhlgfg gc hkfjumfhlød gc mf sfdjrc

y sc hkdkhc hk`k cdbcr`cgfg rcfm.
Rcf`ks> Cm scxk cd mfs pcrskdfs mk gctcr`ldfd mkshrk`k-

sk`fs scxufmcs (x) y (y).
Yfrf cm scxk bc`cdldk ( ) hrk`ksk`fs xx.
Yfrf cm scxk `fshumldk ( ) hrk`ksk`fs xy.
Fhtufm`cdtc sfoc`ks quc mf ec`kmlf sc gcoc f udjcd

rchcslvk quc fpfrchc cd mks hrk`ksk`fs (x) y sc rcprcscdtf
fsà> U e, pkr csk gchl`ks quc cs udf cdbcr`cgfg mljfgf fm scxk.
Xl cm hrk`ksk`f
pkscc csgc
mf hfpfhlgfg U mf
hkfjumfhlød. Cm jcd gc mf
hkfjumfhlød cs gk`ldfdtc.
?89
»Ykr quì dk efy ekòrcs pkrtfgkrcs;
Mf ec`kmlf hkdslstc cd quc mfs pmfquctfs sfdjuàdcfs skd

tfd cstfomcs quc dk sc cbchtþf mf hkfjumfhlød dkr`fm. Cs udf
hfrfhtcràstlhf mljfgf fm scxk. Mf ùncr tlcdc gks hrk`ksk`fs U,
pcrk pucgc scr quc udk gc cmmks scf Ue1 cdtkdhcs sc glhc quc cs
pkrtfgkrf gcm jcd quc prkguhc ec`kmlf1 pcrk mf fdkr`fmlgfg sc
`fdlcstf cd cm ekòrc pkrquc pksccud skmk hrk`ksk`f U gc
`fdcrf quc sl su þdlhk hrk`ksk`f U cs ud Ue, cdtkdhcs cs ud
cdbcr`k ec`kbàmlhk y dk ud pkrtfgkr.
Fmtcrfhlkdcs jcdìtlhfs cspkdtædcfs> mfs ùtfhlkdcs
\f ec`ks glhek quc cd fmjudks hfsks, mf ec`kmlf y ktrks

prkomc`fs, fpfrchcd hk`k fmtcrfhlkdcs cspkdtædcfs. F cstfs
fmtcrfhlkdcs orushfs gcm jcdk`f mfs mmf`f`ks ùtfhlkdcs.
Mfs ùtfhlkdcs skd ecrcgfomcs gcolgk fquc skd fmtcrfhlkdcs

quc khurrcd cd cm dþhmck hcmumfr gc mfs hìmumfs cdhfrjfgfs gc
trfds`ltlr mks hfrfhtcrcs cd mf rcprkguhhlød.
Gc `fdcrf quc sl fpfrchcd fmtcrfhlkdcs cd cm FGD gfræd

hk`k rcsumtfgk vfrlfhlkdcs cd mks ldglvlguks, pcrk dk gcolgk
f mf scjrcjfhlød k rchkòldfhlød dkr`fm sldk f ktrks bfhtkrcs.
Krljcd gc mfs ùtfhlkdcs
6. @utfhlkdcs hrk`ksø`lhfs
Xc pucgc gcdlr udf ùtfhlød hrk`ksø`lhf hufdgk>
f. Fm hrk`ksk`f mc bfmtf ud pcgfzk (gcmchhlød)
o. Yucgc cstfr rcpctlgk ud scj`cdtk gcm hrk`ksk`f (gu-

pmlhfhlød)
h. Sd scj`cdtk gc ud hrk`ksk`fkhupf udf ducvf pkslhlød
cd ktrk hrk`ksk`f dk ek`ømkjk (trfsmkhfhlød) mk hufm

pucgc scr pkr ldvcrslød.
?86
?. Yudtlbkr`cs k jìdlhfs
Khurrcd hufdgk efy fmtcrfhlkdcs cd mf cstruhturf `kmchumfr

(FGD) pcrk quc dk skd vlslomcs (`lhrkshkplk)1 fmjudfs hk-
dkhlgfs skd cm fmoldls`k, ec`kmlf, gfmtkdls`k y ktrks.
Mfs ùtfhlkdcs gcm jcd pucgcd scr prkvkhfgfs pkr mf cx-

pkslhlød f rfyks x, jf`f, høs`lhks, umtrfvlkmctfs u ktrfs
rfglfhlkdcs.
Xl puglìrf`ks efomfr gc mf fpfrlhlød gc ùtfhlkdcs dkr`fmcs,

gcocràf`ks gchlr quc khurrcd cspkdtædcf`cdtc pcrkf ud
rlt`k mcdtk y scjþd mf cspchlc. Mfs hufmcs cd fmjudks hfsks
skd prkvkhfgfs pkr mf rfglfhlød dfturfm gcm `cglk.
»Xfoc huæm cs cm dþ`crk fprkxl`fgk gc jcdcs cd cm scr

eu`fdk;
?3 999 jcdcs y dkr`fm`cdtc hfgf jcdcrfhlød pkscc fmjþd

jcd ùtfdtc quc dk pkscàfd sus pfgrcs.
Mfs ùtfhlkdcs tfòlìd sc hmfslhfd scjþd cm `k`cdtk cd

quc khurrcd.
f. Jcr`ldfm. Xl khurrc cd mfs hìmumfs jcr`ldfmcs.
o. Hljøtlhf. Xl khurrc cd cm hljktk.

h. Ykst - hljøtlhf. Xl khurrc cd udf hìmumf sk`ætlhf gurfdtc cm
gcsfrrkmmk gcm ducvk scr (dk ecrcgfomc).
Ktrks fjcdtcs ùtfjìdlhks
Mks jcdctlstfs efd hk`prkofgk quc fmjudfs sustfdhlfs

quà`lhfs pucgcd prkvkhfr ùtfhlkdcs. Cdtrc cmmks, cm mmf`fgk
jfs `kstfzf, bkr`fmgceàgks, hlhmk`ftks y ktrks.
Wfòlìd fmjudfs grkjfs hk`k cm MXG, cm fmhkekm, mf `f-

rljufdf y mfs hltkxldfs usfgfs cd mf qul`lktcrfplf pucgcd scr
hkdslgcrfgfs sustfdhlfs ùtfjìdlhfs.
F hkdtldufhlød rcvlsfrc`ks fmjudks prkomc`fs hfusfgks pkr

ùtfhlkdcs cd mks scrcs eu`fdks.
?8?
Wrcs cd cm ?6
Wrcs cd cm ?6 dk cs udf fglvldfdzf, cs mf hmfvc quc gcshuorlø

Ncrk`c Mcncudc y quc mc pcr`ltc f mks `ìglhks rchkdkhcr cd ud
hfrlktlpk, sl cs ud ocoì quc subrlræ sàdgrk`c gc Gkwd.
Fmjudfs gc mfs cdbcr`cgfgcs prkguhlgfs pkr ùtfhlød hrk-

`ksø`lhf skd mfs sljulcdtcs>
6. Fhkdgrkpmfslf
?. Xàdgrk`c gc Wurdcr
8. Xàdgrk`c gc Amldcbcmtcr
7. Xàdgrk`c gc Gkwd
3. Xàdgrk`c gc Yktkw
2. Wrlskdk`àf 65
:. Jfmfhtksc`lf
5. Fmoldls`k
<. Ldùdlgfg gchlcdtc
69. Hædhcr (fmjudks tlpks)
Mks jcdcs quc prkguhcd cstfs cdbcr`cgfgcs pucgcd fpf-

rchcr gc fhucrgk hkd glvcrsks bfhtkrcs1 fmjudks gc cmmks skd> mf
rfzf, mfs rfglfhlkdcs, fmjudks `cglhf`cdtks y ktrfs cdbcr`cgf-
gcs. Xl udf ùncr cstæ cd sus prl`crks `cscs gc ud còfrfzk
y subrc ruockmf k sfrf`plød pucgc hfusfrmc `fmbkr`fhlkdcs fm
prkguhtk.
?88
Dk pkgc`ks `kglhfr mks jcdcs hkd quc hfgf udk gc dk -
sktrks dfhc, gcoc`ks fhcptfr y efstf fg`lrfr mfs glbcrcdhlfs
cdtrc mfs pcrskdfs.
Ycr`ltf`ks f tkgks mf kpkrtudlgfg gc gcsfrrkmmfrsc cd tkgfs

mfs pkslolmlgfgcs quc mc gf su hkdglhlød jcdìtlhf.
_chucrgc>
Cd 6<<6 Mcncudc hrltlhø hufmqulcr fhhlød jc-

dìtlhf krlcdtfgf f fmtcrfr mks jcdcs eu`fdks
y hkdgcdø mf præhtlhf gc mf cujcdcslf k gc mf
prkhrcfhlød fslstlgf `ìglhf`cdtc.
»Cstæ ustcg gc fhucrgk hkd ìm;
L`pkrtfdhlf gc mfs ùtfhlkdcs cd ktrks hf`pks
Cm scr eu`fdk sc ef gcglhfgk f gk`cstlhfr fmjudfs cspc-

hlcs pfrf sfhfr prkvchek gc cmmks. Yfrf cstk, ef scjulgk fmjudks
`ìtkgks, cdtrc cmmks>
f. Xcmchhlød
o. Hruzf`lcdtk
h. @utfhlød
Mf dfturfmczf tfòlìd sc cdhfrjf gc scmchhlkdfr f mks kr -

jfdls`ks pkr sus `cnkrcs hfrfhtcràstlhfs. Cd cstks hfsks mf
dfturfmczf scmchhlkdf tfdtk f mfs pmfdtfs hk`k f mks fdl`fmcs
k hufmqulcr ktrk scr vlvk. F cstc tlpk gc scmchhlød mf mmf`f`ks
Xcmchhlød Dfturfm.
Cd mf scmchhlød dfturfm cm scr eu`fdk dk ldtcrvlcdc1 khurrc
?87
pkr sà `ls`f, pcrk hufdgk mfs pcrskdfs scmchhlkdfd mks `cnkrcs
tkrks pfrf hkdscjulr `cnkrcs hràfs, tfòlìd sc cstæ efhlcdgk udf
scmchhlød pcrk cd cstc hfsk sc gcdk`ldf Xcmchhlød Frtlbhlfm.
Cd ùhefs khfslkdcs mf scmchhlød frtlhlfm sc rcfmlzf dk

pfrf ocdchlk gc mks krjfdls`ks, pcrk sà pfrf ocdchlk gc mfs
pcrskdfs, cs gchlr, pfrf prkhurfr ud `cnkr rchursk.
F dldjþd pfvk k pkmmk mc ldtcrcsf fu`cdtfr gc pcsk, pcrk fm
gucök gc mf jrfdnf sà mc ldtcrcsf.
Wf`pkhk f mf vfhf prkguhlr `æs mchec pcrk fm mchecrk pkr

supucstk quc sà mc ldtcrcsf.
Mks cspchlfmlstfs cd fdl`fmcs gk`ìstlhks (zkktchdlstfs) y

cd pmfdtfs humtlvfomcs (fjrødk`ks) sc csbucrzfd pfrf kotcdcr
`fykr hfmlgfg y rcdgl`lcdtk cd mf prkguhhlød.
Mks zkktchdlstfs y fjrødk`ks sc csbucrzfd pkr scmchhlkdfr

cspchlcs quc rcslstfd mks rljkrcs gcm hml`f, mks pfræsltks y ktrfs
cdbcr`cgfgcs pfrf kotcdcr `fykr rlquczf.
XCMCHHLØD
Yrkhcsk gc scpfrfr krjfdls`ks,

pkr prcbcrlr udf k vfrlfs
hfrfhtcràstlhfs gc fqucmmks quc dk
mfs tlcdcd.
?83
Cm hruzf`lcdtk
Cs hkstuòrc cd ducstrk pfàs quc fqucmmks quc trfofnfd

hkd jfdfgk `kdtcd skorc ud fdl`fm hkd hfrfhtcràstlhfs ùy
cspchlfmcs.
Mf ùmf y cm ùmk dk skd hfofmmks pcrk tf`pkhk skd ourrks.

»Hkdkhc ustcg f cstks fdl`fmcs;
Koscrvø mf lmustrfhlød. Xc ef mkjrfgk kotcdcr cd cm ùmk mf

fmturf gcm hfofmmk pcrk hkd mf rcslstcdhlf y mf r`czf gcm ourrk.
Wfòlìd sc kotlcdcd `cnkrcs sc`lmmfs gc humtlvk pfrf glbc

-
rcdtcs zkdfs.
Cd cm hruzf`lcdtk sc `cnkrfd
mfs cspchlcs pkrquc sc tk`fd
hfrfhtcràstlhfs yf scmchhlkdfgfs y
sc hruzfd.
Mf ùtfhlød
Mfs kvcnfs pftfs hkrtfs hk`k mf gc mf lmustrfhlød, k mfs vfhfs

sld hucrdks skd hfrfhtcràstlhfs quc fpfrchlcrkd cspkdtædcf-
`cdtc.
?82
F cstf bkr`f gc prkguhlrsc hfòlks cd cm hkdtcdlgk jcdìtlhk
mk hkdkhc`ks hk`kùtfhlød.
Fhtufm`cdtc, sc efhcd prucofs cd cspchlcs fdl`fmcs y

vcjctfmcs gk`ìstlhfs cxpkdlcdgk mfs hìmumfs rcprkguhtkrfs f
sustfdhlfs quà`lhfs k f rfglfhlkdcs quc prkguhcd fmtcrfhlkdcs
cd sus hkdtcdlgks.
_chkrgc`ks>
Cd cm hf`pk gc mf Jcdìtlhf sc usfd trcs `ì-

tkgks pfrf `cnkrfr mfs cspchlcs> scmchhlød,
hruzf`lcdtk y ùtfhlød.
Mf Jcdìtlhf ef mkjrfgk jrfdgcs

`cnkrfs cd mf hfmlgfg gc rchursks
fdl`fmcs y vcjctfmcs jrfhlfs f mf
fpmlhfhlød gc ducvfs tìhdlhfs.
?8:
Ldjcdlcràf Jcdìtlhf
Mf Olktchdkmkjàf k fpmlhfhlød gc prkhcgl`lcdtks hlcdtàhks

y tìhdlhks cd mf trfdsbkr`fhlød gc `ftcrlf pkr fnustcs olkmøjlhks
pfrf prkguhlr olcdcs y scrvlhlks, sc ef vlstk ocdchlfgk gcsgc
efhc ud tlc`pk pkr mks fvfdhcs cd cm hf`pk gc mf Jcdìtlhf y cd
mf fhtufmlgfg sc efhcd puomlhfhlkdcs gc fspchtks cxtrfkrgldfrlks.
»Ef kàgk efomfr gc Jrfhc mf hforltf quc pkscc cm uorc quc
vfmc ud `lmmød gc gømfrcs; Hkd cmmf mf Orlstkm @ycrs Xqulo Hk.

Yrkguhlræ ud `cglhf`cdtk cxpcrl`cdtfm hkdtrf cm hædhcr
Gcwcy Zftskd y Brfdhls Hrlha hkd cm gcshuorl`lcdtk y rc-

prcscdtfhlød gc mf cstruhturf ecmlhklgfm gc mf `kmìhumf gc FGD
ø æhlgk gcskxlrrlokduhmclhk forlcrkd cm pfsk pfrf cm cstuglk gc
mfs ofscs `kmchumfrcs gc mf glvcrslgfg jcdìtlhf y pkr supucstk
gc ducvfs hkòldfhlkdcs. Gc cstf bkr`f sc fmhfdzf udf ducvf
`ctkgkmkjàf hlcdtàhf. Cs gchlr, quc sc mkjrfrkd ducvfs tìhdlhfs
gc rchkòldfhlød jcdìtlhf mmf`fgf Ldjcdlcràf Jcdìtlhf.
Cstc pfsk jljfdtcshk gc mf Olktchdkmkjàf glk mujfr f udf

gldæ`lhf ldgustrlf hkd fpmlhfhlkdcs f mf `cglhldf, sfmug, fjrl-
humturf, ldgustrlf, prkguhhlød gc cdcrjàf, prktchhlød gcm `cglk y
f mf fstrkdæutlhf ldhmuslvc.
»Hkplfs lgìdtlhfs;
Gkmmy cs cm tìr`ldk cd ldjmìs quc sc usf pfrf dkòrfr f ud

konctk `æjlhk hkd cm quc nujf`ks.
Gkmmy, cm sljdlhfgk cd cspfökm cs ùöchf, pcrk cd cm ùdgk

gc mf Olktchdkmkjàf y mf Ldjcdlcràf Jcdìtlhf, Gkmmy cs `æs quc ud
nujuctc. Cmmf cs udf kvcnf hmkdfgf, cs gchlr, udf hkplf lgìdtlhf
gc ktrf kvcnf.
Gkmmy buc kotcdlgf jcdìtlhf`cdtc f pfrtlr gc ktrf kvcnf
pcrk dk pkgc`ks gchlr quc csf kvcnf prchlsf`cdtc scf su

`fgrc, pkr mk `cdks gcdtrk gcm hkdhcptk trfglhlkdfm quc
tcdc`ks pfrf cm tìr`ldk `fgrc.
?85
»Ykr quì mf hkd`khlød;
Yucs, pkrquc sc trftf gc quc Gkmmy dfhlø f pfrtlr gc udf

hìmumf tk`fgf gc mf uorc gc udf kvcnf y dk gc mf bchudgfhlød gc
ud øvumk y ud cspcr`ftkzklgc gc bkr`f dfturfm.
»Huæm buc cm prkhcsk;
Gkmmy cs mf prl`crf kvcnf quc sc prkguhc jcdìtlhf`cdtc

lgìdtlhf f ktrf y sld cm c`pmck gc cspcr`f gcm `fhek.
Cstc cxpcrl`cdtk cstuvk cd `fdks gc ud cqulpk gcm Ldstlt

utk
_ksmld gc Cglòurjk ncbcfgk pkr Lfd Zlmùt, y pftrkhldfgk pkr
mf c`prcsf olktìhdlhf YYM Wecrfpcutlhs. Cm dfhl`lcdtk gc mf
kvcnf sc glk cd fjkstk gc 6<<2, pcrk efstf cd `frzk gc 6<<: cm
efmmfzjk buc puomlhfgk cd mf rcvlstf Dfturc.
Gkmmy buc rcprkguhlgf f pfrtlr gc udf hìmumf tk`fgf gc mf

uorc gc udf kvcnf. Wrfs ud humtlvk cd cm mfokrftkrlk cxtrfncrkd cm
dþhmck gc cstf hìmumf, quc hkdtlcdc cm FGD (pcrm jcdìtlhk)1 mk
sk`ctlcrkd f ud ofök quà`lhk y mk ldtrkguncrkd cd ud eucvk sld
bcrtlmlzfr, fm quc efoàfd cxtrfàgk cm dþhmck. Cm còrlød hrcfgk gc
cstf `fdcrf buc l`pmfdtfgk cd udf kvcnf fgumtf pfrf cm prkhcsk
gc jcstfhlød. Hldhk `cscs `æs tfrgc dfhlø mf kvcnf hmødlhf,
lgìdtlhf f mf kvcnf quc fpkrtø mf hìmumf gc mf uorc.
?8<
_csu`cd LR
v Mf glbcrcdhlf cdtrc udk y ktrk krjfdls`k sc ofsf cd

mks hfrfhtcrcs ecrcgltfrlks k ecrcdhlf olkmøjlhf.
v Cd 6522 Jrcjkrlk @cdgcm gcshuorlø mfs mcycs oæslhfs

gc mf ecrcdhlf y cd 652< bucrkd gcshuolcrtks mks
æhlgks duhmìlhks pkr B. @lcshecr, sld còfrjk, buc
efstf cd 6<99 quc sc mcs gf mf vcrgfgcrf l`pkrtfdhlf
gcolgk f quc mfs mcycs pmfdtcfgfs pkr @cdgcm skd
rcgcshuolcrtfs pkr E. Gc Rrlcs (Ekmfdgf),shecr`fra
W
(Fustrlf), A. Hkrrcds (Fmc`fdlf).
v Mf Jcdìtlhf cs mf hlcdhlf quc cstuglf mf trfds`lslød

gc mks hfrfhtcrcs gc pfgrcs f elnks, cs gchlr, mf ec-
rcdhlf olkmøjlhf.
v Cd mks hrk`ksk`fs cstæ mf hmfvc quc trfds`ltc mks

hfrfhtcrcs ecrcgltfrlks.
v Csf hmfvc sc mmf`f FGD k æhlgk gcskxlrrlokduhmìlhk.
v Cm FGD bkr`f mks jcdcs, y cmmks skd mks quc pksccd

mf ldbkr`fhlød jcdìtlhf gcdtrk gcm hrk`ksk`f.
v Sd jcd khupf ud pudtk nk cd cm hrk`ksk`f, mmf-

`fgk mkhus. Cstfs pfrtcs cd mf `clksls cdhucdtrfd
sus fdæmkjks y sc fgelcrcd pudtk pkr pudtk, jcd pkr
jcd.
v Mks hfrfhtcrcs quc pksccd mks krjfdls`ks gc udf

`ls`f cspchlc sc mmf`fd hfrfhtcrcs ldglvlgufmcs.
v Mfs hfrfhtcràstlhfs quc glstldjucd f udf cspchlc gc

mf ktrf, sc mmf`fd hfrfhtcrcs cspchàhks.
v Cm cbchtk cxtcrdk gc mf fhhlød gc mks jcdcs quc sc

rcfmlzf cd hrk`ksk`fs ek`ømkjks, sc hkrrcspkdgcd
y f csks jcdcs hkrrcspkdglcdtcs quc gctcr`ldfd ud
hfræhtcr sc gcdk`ldfd fmcmks.
v Xc mmf`f jcd gk`ldfdtc fm jcd quc hkdtrkmf ud

hfræhtcr ldglvlgufm y quc sc `fdlcstf hkd ùhef
brchucdhlf. Ykr cm hkdtrfrlk, sl sc khumtf y fpfrchc

hkd pkhf brchucdhlf sc mmf`f jcd rchcslvk.
v F mf prcslød bàslhf gc mks hfrfhtcrcs ecrcgfgks mf

mmf`f`ks bcdktlpk.
?79
v Fm hkdnudtk gc jcdcs quc pkrtfd mks hfrfhtcrcs ec-
rcgfgks gc mks krjfdls`ks sc mc mmf`f jcdktlpk.
Cm hufm pucgc scr>
EK@KHLJKWF>hufdgk mks gks jcdcs skd ljufmcs
gk`ldfdtcs k rchcslvks. @cdgcm mks mmf`ø purks.
ECWC_KHLJKWF>sl cm pfr gc jcdcs cs glbcrcdtc,
udk gk`ldfdtc y cm ktrk rchcslvk, @cdgcm mks mmf`ø
eàorlgks.
v _cjldfm Yuddct, ud jcdctlstf, dks cdscöø f kotcdcr
mfs prkofolmlgfgcs gc ud hruhc usfdgk udf tfomltf,
pkr cnc`pmk mf quc fpfrchc f mf lzqulcrgf.
v Fm hruzfr pfgrcs purks mf B 6 cs eàorlgf 699%. Ko-
scrvc`ks cm hfsk gc fm mfgk.
v Fm hruzfr gks pfgrcs eàorlgks k ectcrkhljktfs mfs
prkofolmlgfgcs sc gfd cd mf prkpkrhlød 8 > 6
v Fm hkdnudtk gc tkgks mks hrk`ksk`fs glbcrcdtcs
quc sc cdhucdtrfd cd hfgf dþhmck hcmumfr gc udf
cspchlc gctcr`ldfgf. Sd dþhmck efpmklgc pkscc ud
jcdk`f.
v
Mf prl`crf
purfs (Y) mksmcygcshcdglcdtcs
gc @cdgcm> sleàorlgks
hruzf`ksgc gks rfzfs
mf prl`crf
jcdcrfhlød mlfm (B6) skd tkgks ljufmcs.
v Ykstcrlkr f @cdgcm y f mks quc rcgcshuorlcrkd sus

mcycs cdhkdtrf`ks quc> jrfhlfs f mf gctcr`ldfhlød
gcm scxk (E @krjfd) y f mf gc`kstrfhlød gc pksl-
omcs fmtcrfhlkdcs gc mks hrk`ksk`fs (E.N. @ummcr)
mf Jcdìtlhf f pcsfr gc scr tfd nkvcd mkjrf ud ræplgk
gcsfrrkmmk.
v Cm hruhc gc hfrfhtcrcs hkd gk`ldfdhlf ldhk`pmctf
skd hkdkhlgks tfòlìd hkd cm dkòrc gc hkgk`l-
dfdtcs.
v Cd ud hfrlktlpk k bktk gc mks hrk`ksk`fs sc pucgcd
koscrvfr mks ?8 pfrcs gc hrk`ksk`fs gc udf hìmumf
eu`fdf (bc`cdldf k `fshumldf).
?76
v Mks hfrfhtcrcs gc mks pfgrcs sc ecrcgfd pkr `cglk
gc mks jf`ctks k hìmumfs scxufmcs quc trfds`ltcd
mf ldbkr`fhlød.
v F mfs fmtcrfhlkdcs hrk`ksø`lhfs gföldfs mfs mmf`f-
`ks cdbcr`cgfgcs hkdjìdltfs. Xcjþd mf jrfvcgfg
quc prkguzhf mf fmtcrfhlød cd cm ldglvlguk, cm jcd sc
mc gcdk`ldf jcd mctfm (sl prkguhc ùcrtc, fokrtk) y
suomctfm (sl gls`lduyc mf hfpfhlgfg vltfm).
v Mks jcdcs k bfhtkrcs mctfmcs hfusfd mf ùcrtc hufd-
gk sc cdhucdtrfd cd hkòldfhlkdcs ek`khljktfs
gk`ldfdtcs k rchcslvfs.
v Cm `ìglhk fustrlfhk Afrm Mfdgstcldcr gcshuorlø ud
slstc`f gc hmfslhfhlød gc ùhef l`pkrtfdhlf cd
mfs trfdsbuslkdcs sfdjuàdcfs pfrf glstldjulr mks gl-
bcrcdtcs tlpks gc sfdjrc. Xc glstldjulcrkd mks tlpks
F, O, FO y K. Fsà sc ef hmfslhfgk cm tlpk gc sfdjrc
gc `lmmkdcs gc pcrskdfs cd tkgk cm ùdgk.
v Fgc`æs gc mks jrupks sfdjuàdcks cxlstc ud bfhtkr
sfdjuàdck gcshuolcrtk cd 6<79 pkr Mfdgstcldcr y
Zl`cr cd mks `kdks @fhfhus recsusgc feà quc
sc gcdk`ldc _e. Cstc bfhtkr sc glhc pksltlvk (_e +)
k dcjftlvk (_e‘).
v Fmjudfs cdbcr`cgfgcs hkdjìdltfs rchlocd cm dkòrc

gc cdbcr`cgfgcs mljfgfs fm scxk, cdtrc cmmfs tcdc`ks
cm gfmtkdls`k y mf ec`kmlf.
v Cm gfmtkdls`k cs hkdkhlgk hk`k hcjucrf pfrhlfm f

hlcrtks hkmkrcs (rknk y vcrgc).
v Mf ec`kmlf cs mf ldhfpfhlgfg gc hkfjumfhlød gc mf
sfdjrc y sc hkdkhc hk`k udf cdbcr`cgfg gc rcycs.
v Cm hrk`ksk`f UE pkscc mf hfpfhlgfg gc mf hkfju-
mfhlød. Cm jcd gc mf hkfjumfhlød cs gk`ldfdtc.
v Mks jcdctlstfs efd hk`prkofgk quc fmjudfs sus-
tfdhlfs quà`lhfs pucgcd prkvkhfr ùtfhlkdcs.
Cdtrc cmmks cm mmf`fgk jfs `kstfzf, bkr`fmgceàgks,
hlhmk`ftks y ktrks.
v Wfòlìd fmjudfs grkjfs hk`k cm MXG, cm fmhkekm, mf
`frljufdf y mfs hltkxldfs usfgfs cd mf qul`lktcrfplf
pucgcd scr hkdslgcrfgfs sustfdhlfs ùtfjìdlhfs.
?7?
v Fmjudfs gc mfs cdbcr`cgfgcs prkguhlgfs pkr ùtf-
hlød hrk`ksø`lhf skd mfs sljulcdtcs>
6. Fhkdgrkpmfslf
?. Xàdgrk`c gc Wurdcr
8. Xàdgrk`c gc Amldcbcmtcr
7. Xàdgrk`c gc Gkwd (`kdjkmls`k)
3. Xàdgrk`c gc Yfttfu
2. Wrlskdk`àf 65
:. Jfmfhtksc`lf
5. Fmoldls`k
<. Ldùdlgfg gchlcdtc
69. Hædhcr (fmjudks tlpks)

v Mks jcdcs quc prkguhcd cstfs cdbcr`cgfgcs pucgcd
fpfrchcr gc fhucrgk hkd glvcrsks bfhtkrcs, fmjudks
gc cmmks pucgcd scr mf rfzf, mfs rfglfhlkdcs, fmjudks
`cglhf`cdtks y ktrfs cdbcr`cgfgcs. Xl udf ùncr
cstæ cd sus prl`crks `cscs gc ud còfrfzk y subrc
ruoìkmf k sfrf`plød pucgc hfusfrmc `fmbkr`fhlkdcs
fm prkguhtk.
v Mf Jcdìtlhf ef mkjrfgk jrfdgcs `cnkrfs cd mf hf-
mlgfg gc rchursks fdl`fmcs y vcjctfmcs jrfhlfs f mf
fpmlhfhlød gc ducvfs tìhdlhfs.
v Mf olktchdkmkjàf k fpmlhfhlød gc prkhcgl`lcdtks
hlcdtàhks y tìhdlhks cd mf trfdsbkr`fhlød gc `ftcrlf
pkr fnustcs olkmøjlhks pfrf prkguhlr olcdcs y scrvlhlks
sc ef vlstk ocdchlfgk gcsgc efhc ud tlc`pk pkr mks
fvfdhcs cd cm hf`pk gc mf Jcdìtlhf. Mf Ldjcdlcràf
Jcdìtlhf cs ud hfsk gc Olktchdkmkjàf.
?78
Cncrhlhlks LR
6. »Vuì cs mf ecrcdhlf olkmøjlhf;
?. »Huæm cs cm rcsumtfgk cd mf B6 sl hruzf`ks gks ldglvlguks

purks hkd hfrfhtcrcs fdtfjødlhks;
8. »Vuì cs ud jcdk`f;
7. Kotcdjf cm rcsumtfgk gcm hruhc gc gks rftkdcs ectcrkhljktfs

pcmk dcjrk.
3. Sd dlök huyk bfhtkr _e cs pksltlvk ek`khljktf scræ elnk gc

f. ùncr _e+ ectcrkhljktf y ekòrc _e + ek`khljktf
o. ùncr _e‘ y ekòrc _e‘
h. ùncr _e‘ y ekòrc _e+ ectcrkhljktf
g. ùncr _e+ ectcrkhljktf y ekòrc _e ‘
2. Sd vfrød jrupk sfdjuàdck Fpucgc gkdfr sfdjrc f cdbcr`ks

huyks jrupks sfdjuàdcks pucgcd scr
f. K ø O
o. F ø O
h. FO ø O
g. FO ø F
?77
:. »Huæm cs mf cdbcr`cgfg rcmfhlkdfgf hkd cm _E‘ quc pucgc
fbchtfr cm bctk gurfdtc cm còfrfzk;
5. _cprcscdtc `cglfdtc børùmfs mks sljulcdtcs hfsks>
f. ùncr pkrtfgkrf gc ec`kmlf
o. ekòrc sfdk
h. ekòrc cdbcr`k gc gfmtkdls`k
g. ùncr cdbcr`f gc gfmtkdls`k
<. Hltc gks fjcdtcs ùtfjìdlhks

F.
O.
69. »Huæm cs cm dkòrc gc mf prl`crf kvcnf kotcdlgf pkr hmkdf-

hlød;
f. Jrfhc
o. Cmsf
h. @cml
g. Gkmmy
?73
_csu`cd gc mf udlgfg
v Mfs glvcrsfs bkr`fs gc rcprkguhhlød jfrfdtlzfd mf

pcrpctufhlød gc mf vlgf cd cm pmfdctf.
v Mf rcprkguhhlød cs hfrfhtcràstlhf gc tkgfs mfs cspc-
hlcs y khurrc gcsgc mks dlvcmcs `æs sl`pmcs efstf
mks supcrlkrcs hk`k mk ec`ks vlstk cd mf `ltksls y
mf `clksls. Cd mfs glvcrsfs bkr`fs gc rcprkguhhlød
fscxufm gc mks krjfdls`ks ldbcrlkrcs y pkr supucstk
cd mf rcprkguhhlød scxufm gc mks krjfdls`ks `æs
hk`pmcnks k supcrlkrcs.
v Gc bkr`f cspchlfm, mf Olkmkjàf pkhk f pkhk ef lgk
hkdkhlcdgk fmjk `æs skorc mf rcprkguhhlød eu`fdf
pcrk hmfrk quc fþd qucgfd ùhefs hksfs pkr cxpml-
hfr.
v Jrfhlfs fm gcsfrrkmmk vcmkz gc mf ducvf hlcdhlf mmf`f-
gf Jcdìtlhf sc ef mkjrfgk pcdctrfr cd mks prldhlplks
àdtl`ks gc mf vlgf y ec`ks pkglgk hkdkhcr cd pfrtc
mf rfzød gc mfs sc`cnfdzfs y glbcrcdhlfs cdtrc mks
krjfdls`ks gc mfs glvcrsfs cspchlcs.
v Mks fvfdhcs gc mf Olktchdkmkjàf sc vcd ocdchlfgks
jrfhlfs f mf Ldjcdlcràf Jcdìtlhf, mk hufm ef jcdcrfgk
quc mf kpldlød pþomlhf sc glvlgf. Fmjudks kpldfd quc
rcskmvcræ jrfdgcs prkomc`fs gc mf eu`fdlgfg hk`k
cm efòrc, mf hkdtf`ldfhlød y mfs cdbcr`cgfgcs, y
ktrks hkd `cdks fbæd y `æs rchcmk tc`cd pkr mfs
cstruhturfs gc mf skhlcgfg y gc fm chkdk`àf, fsà hk`k
pkr ud pkslomc hkmfpsk gc mks prldhlplks `krfmcs quc
rljcd f mf cspchlc eu`fdf.
v Wcr`ldf`ks cstf udlgfg tcrhcrf rchkrgfdgk quc fm
prldhlplk gc cstc tc`f rccxlkdf`ks ud pkhk skorc
mfs sc`cnfdzfs pcrk tfòlìd skorc mfs vfrlfhlkdcs
gc mks krjfdls`ks y dks prcjudtæof`ks »qulìd buc
rcfm`cdtc ducstrk fdtchcskr;
?72
v Yrcjudtf quc fþd dk ef slgk hkdtcstfgf tktfm`cdtc
pcrk cs scjurk, quc sk`ks cm rcsumtfgk gc mf su`f
gc mks hfòlks khurrlgks f trfvìs gcm tlc`pk y f mf
su`f gc cstks hfòlks sc mcs gcdk`ldf cvkmuhlød,
tc`f gcm hufm dks khupfrc`ks ud pkhk cd mf prøxl`f
udlgfg.
v Olcd, y gcspuìs gc efocr hkdkhlgk fmjk skorc hmk-
dfhlød tcr`ldf`ks prcjudtædgkdks »Efstf gødgc
mmcjfrc`ks;
Cncrhlhlks jcdcrfmcs
gc mf Sdlgfg
6. »Huæm cs cm tlpk gc rcprkguhhlød fscxufm gc mfs f`cofs;
F. Jc`fhlød.
O. Olpfrtlhlød.
H. Cspkrumfhlød.
G. _cjcdcrfhlød.
?. »Hø`k sc mmf`f cm prkhcsk `cglfdtc cm hufm sc bkr`fd mks
hljktks;
F. Hkltk.
O. Kvumfhlød.
H. Bchudgfhlød.
G. Jf`ctkjìdcsls.
8. Mf rcprkguhhlød fscxufm cd quc mf hìmumf `fgrc krljldf udf

yc`f sc gcdk`ldf
F. jc`fhlød.
O. olpfrtlhlød.
H. rcjcdcrfhlød.
G. cspkrumfhlød.
?7:
7. Cd mf cspcr`ftkjìdcsls,hk`k rcsumtfgk gc mf prl`crf glvlslød
sc kotlcdcd
F. gks cspcr`ætlgfs.
O. gks cspcr`ftkhltks.
H. huftrk cspcr`ætlgfs.
G. huftrk cspcr`ftkjkdlks.
3. Cm
gcdþ`crk
glvlslødgc hrk`ksk`fs
hcmumfr sc rcguhc f mf `ltfg cd cm prkhcsk
gcdk`ldfgk
F. `ldþshumfs.
O. `clksls.
H. f`ltksls.
G. jc`fhlød.
2. Mks [[[[[[[[[ skd cstruhturfs quc hkdtlcdcd cm `ftcrlfm

jcdìtlhk ecrcgltfrlk
F. duhmìkmks.
O. rloksk`fs.
H. hcdtràkmks.
G. hrk`ksk`fs.
:. Mf `clksls cs cm prkhcsk quc pcr`ltc mf bkr`fhlød gc

F. futksk`fs.
O. duhmìkmks.
H. jf`ctks.
G. yc`fs.
?75
5. »Huæm cs udf bkr`f gc rcprcscdtfr udf hfrfhtcràstlhf ek`k-
hljktf gk`ldfdtc;
F. rr.
O. _r.
H. __.
G. __rr.
<. Cm jrupk sfdjuàdck mmf`fgk rchcptkr udlvcrsfm hkrrcspkdgc

fm
F. jrupk F.
O. jrupk O.
H. jrupk K.
G. jrupk FO.
69. »Huæm cs cm jrupk sfdjuàdck gc mks elnks, sl mks pfgrcs skd

FO y O ek`khljktf;
F. 39% FO y 39% O.
O. 39% FO y 39% F.
H. 699% FO.
G. 699% O.
66. Mfs pcrskdfs gc sfdjrc tlpk F, pucgcd scr gkdfdtcs f

ldglvlguks gc mks jrupks
F. K y O.
O. F y O.
H. FO y O.
G. FO y F.
?7<
6?. Lgcdtlquc mf kphlød quc gctcr`ldf cm bfhtkr _e-
F. Futksk`f.
O. Hrk`ksk`f.
H. Fmcmk rchcslvk.
G. Fmcmk gk`ldfdtc.
68. Yrkguhtk gc mf hkòldfhlød gc gks jcdcs quc rljcd udf
hfrfhtcràstlhf
Mf gcdlhlød fdtcrlkr sc rccrc f
F. ùtfhlød.
O. scjrcjfhlød.
H. kvkjìdcsls.
G. cdtrchruzf`lcdtk.
67. Hkdnudtk gc jcdcs quc gctcr`ldfd mfs hfrfhtcràstlhfs gcm

ldglvlguk
Mf fr`fhlød fdtcrlkr sc rccrc fm hkdhcptk gc
F. jcdktlpk.
O. bcdktlpk.
H. hfrlktlpk.
G. ùtfhlød.
63. »Vuì dkòrc rchloc cm hfòlk quc khurrc cd cm hkdtcdlgk

jcdìtlhk gc mf hìmumf y quc pucgc trfs`ltlrsc;
F. jcd.
O. fmcmk.
H. jcdk`f.
G. ùtfhlød.
?39
62. »Huædtks hrk`ksk`fs tlcdcd mks jf`ctks gc mf cspchlc
eu`fdf;
F. ?8.
O. 72.
H. 2<.
G. <?.
6:. Mf ekr`kdf
cm þtcrk, pfrfscxufm [[[[[[[
quc khurrf nudtk hkd cmgcm
mf l`pmftfhlød cstrøjcdk, prcpfrfd
øvumk bchudgfgk
F. cstrfglkm.
O. rcmfxldf.
H. tcstkstcrkdf.
G. prkjcstcrkdf.
65. Hufdgk dk efy bchudgfhlød gcm øvumk sc prkguhc mf `cds-

trufhlød, quc hkdslstc cd
F. mlocrfhlød gcm øvumk.
O. ldf`fhlød gc mf vfjldf.
H. prkguhhlød gcm hucrpk mþtck.

G. rupturf y cxpumslød gcm cdgk`ctrlk.
6<. »Huæm cs ud cnc`pmk gc krjfdls`k quc sc rcprkguhc

fscxufm`cdtc pkr cspkrumfhlød;
F. Glcdtc gc Mcød.
O. Ymfs`kglu`.
H. F`cof.
G. Ekdjk.
?36
?9. Xc mcs gcdk`ldf «Gkdfgkrcs Sdlvcrsfmcs±, f fqucmmks
ldglvlguks quc pksccd cm jrupk sfdjuàdck
F. K.
O. F.
H. O.
G. FO.
?6. jcdìtlhf,
»Huæmcs sàòkmks sc
ek`khljktf usfd pfrf rcprcscdtfr mf hkdstltuhlød
rchcslvk
F. OF.
O. Oo.
H. OO.
G. ff.
??. »Huæm cs mf Hlcdhlf Olkmøjlhf quc cstuglf mks prkhcsks

ecrcgltfrlks y sus vfrlfhlkdcs;
F. Mf Còrlkmkjàf.
O. Mf Cujcdcslf.
H. Mf Oktædlhf.
G. Mf Jcdìtlhf.
?8. Fm dfm gcm prkhcsk gc mf `clksls sc kotlcdcd
F. gks hìmumfs elnfs efpmklgcs.

O. gks hìmumfs elnfs glpmklgcs.
?7. »Hø`k sc mmf`f cm prkhcsk quc gf krljcd f mks jf`ctks

`fshumldks;
F. Kvkjìdcsls.
O. Yfrtcdkjìdcsls.
H. Jf`ctkjìdcsls.
G. Cspcr`ftkjìdcsls.
?3?
?3. »Huæm cs cm tlpk gc rcprkguhhlød fscxufm prcgk`ldfdtc cd
mcvfgurfs y ktrks ekdjks;
F. Cspkrumfhlød.
O. Olpfrtlhlød.
H. Rcjctftlvf.
G. Jc`fhlød.
?2. Mf ec`kmlf cs udf cdbcr`cgfg quc pkslomc`cdtc sc `f-

dlcstc cd mks elnks vfrkdcs hufdgk mfs børùmfs pfrf mks
pfgrcs scfd
F. UEUE UEy.
O. UEUE Uey.
H. UEUe Uey.
G. UeUe Uey.
?:. Mf børùmf rr sc usf pfrf rcprcscdtfr udf hfrfhtcràstlhf k

rfsjk ecrcgltfrlk gcdk`ldfgk
F. dcutrk.
O. ùtfdtc.
H. rchcslvk.
G. gk`ldfdtc.
?5. Cm tlpk gc rcprkguhhlød hcmumfr quc krljldf gks hìmumfs elnfs

ljufmcs f mf hìmumf `fgrc sc gcdk`ldf
F. `clksls.
O. `ltksls.
H. `cyksls.
G. jf`ctkjìdcsls.
?38
?<. Sd hljktk sc bkr`f hk`k hkdschucdhlf glrchtf gcm prkhcsk
gcdk`ldfgk
F. krjfs`k.
O. cyfhumfhlød.
H. `cdstrufhlød.
G. bchudgfhlød.
89. Mfs hìmumfs rcprkguhtkrfs bc`cdldfs sc mmf`fd

F. øvumks.
O. glpmklgcs.
H. sk`ætlhfs.
G. cspcr`ætlgfs.
86. »Huæm cs cm dkòrc gc mf sustfdhlf budgf`cdtfm quc hkdstl-

tuyc mks jcdcs;
F. Æhlgk gcskxlrrlokduhmclhk.
O. Fgcdksld trlbksbftk.
H. Æhlgk rlokduhmclhk.
G. Æhlgk bksbørlhk.
8?. Cm tlpk gc rcprkguhhlød cd mf quc ldtcrvlcdcd mks jf`ctks,

sc gcdk`ldf
F. scxufm.
O. fscxufm.
H. jc`fhlød.
G. olpfrtlhlød.
88. Mf [[[[[[[[[[ sc gf hufdgk udf pkrhlød dk rcprkguhtlvf

gc ud ldglvlguk, krljldf f ktrk scr
F. jc`fhlød.
O. olpfrtlhlød.
H. cspkrumfhlød.
G. ùmtlpmlhfhlød vcjctftlvf.
?37
87. F udf vfrlfhlød sþoltf y cstfomc gcm hkdtcdlgk jcdìtlhk gc
mfs hìmumfs y quc cs trfds`lslomc, sc mc gcdk`ldf
F. jcd.
O. fmcmk.
H. ùtfhlød.
G. efpmklgàf.
83. »Huæm cs cm?d

udf hìmumf dkòrc
krljldfgcm prkhcsk
elnfs d; olkmøjlhk, `cglfdtc cm hufm,
F. Bchudgfhlød.
O. Olpfrtlhlød.
H. @clksls.
G. @ltksls.
82. Mks pfrcs gc hrk`ksk`fs sl`lmfrcs cd bkr`f,

tf`fök c ldbkr`fhlød jcdìtlhf sc mmf`fd
F. fmcmks.
O. ek`ømkjks.
H. ek`khljktfs.
G. ectcrkhljktfs.
8:. Cm bfhtkr _e pksltlvk cs gctcr`ldfgk pkr ud

F. jcd gk`ldfdtc.
O. jcd rchcslvk.
H. duhmcøtlgk.
G. rloksk`f.
?33
85. F mf udlgfg ecrcgltfrlf prcscdtc cd mks hrk`ksk`fs sc mc
gcdk`ldf
F. bfhtkr _e.
O. bcdktlpk.
H. hìmumf.
G. jcd.
8<. hfrfhtcrcs
Mf fpfrlcdhlf cxtcrdf sc
ecrcgfgks, gcgcdk`ldf
ud ldglvlguk hkd rcspchtk f mks
F. `kdkeàorlgk.
O. gleàorlgk.
H. bcdktlpk.
G. jcdktlpk.
79. Xl H sljdlhf pcmk hrcspk y h pcmk mfhlk, fdktc mf slòkmkjàf

`cglfdtc mf hufm sc rcprcscdtf hfgf udf gc mfs hfrfhtcràstlhfs
hltfgfs f hkdtldufhlød>
F. Ectcrkhljktf.
O. Ek`khljktf gk`ldfdtc.
H. Ek`khljktf rchcslvk.
76. _csucmvf cm sljulcdtc hruhc. Xc hruzf ud hkdcnk y udf hkdcnf

gc pcmk dcjrk ectcrkhljktfs. »Huæmcs scræd mfs prkofolmlgfgcs
pfrf mf B6 (cm jcdktlpk y cm bcdktlpk gc mf `ls`f);
?32
7?. »Vuì cs cm hlhmk `cdstrufm; Cshrlof cm dkòrc gc gks ekr-
`kdfs quc ldtcrvlcdcd gurfdtc csc prkhcsk.
78. Gcdf cm tìr`ldk ùtfhlød.
?3:
?35
Hufrtf Sdlgfg
CRKMSHLØD, WFUKDK@ÀF \
OLKGLRC_XLGFG
Cm quc hkd mkoks fdgf f fummfr fprcdgc
Fmjudfs rcfhhlkdcs gc mks krjfdls`ks fdtc mfs scöfmcs quc

rchlocd gcm fòlcdtc pfrchcd hfòlfr hkd cm tlc`pk, ktrfs pcr-
`fdchcd.
Cm rcbræd hkd cm quc ldlhlf`ks dks sujlcrc cm hfòlk gc hk`-

pkrtf`lcdtk cd mks krjfdls`ks.
Xfoc`ks quc jrfd pfrtc gcm hk`pkrtf`lcdtk k gc mfs rcfh-

hlkdcs gc mks krjfdls`ks fdtc mfs scöfmcs sc pucgcd fdfmlzfr
hk`k rcfhhlkdcs f mks cstàùmks k hfòlks cdcm fòlcdtc.
@uhefs vchcs dks ec`ks prcjudtfgk »qulìd mc ef cdscöfgk

f mks pchcs cm rltufm gc hkrtcnk k f ud pu`f mks `kvl`lcdtks pfrf
mf hfhcràf;
?3<
Cd rcfmlgfg, cm hk`pkrtf`lcdtk gc mks krjfdls`ks cs tfd
hk`pmcnk hk`k su prkplf cstruhturf olkmøjlhf y olkquà`lhf, y cs
konctk gc cstuglk gc udf rf`f gc mfs hlcdhlfs mmf`fgf Ctkmkjàf.
Mf Ctkmkjàf ef mmcjfgk f ldtcrprctfr cm hk`pkrtf`lcdtk hk`k

bkr`fs gc fgfptfhlød. Hufdgk sc dks pkdc mf plcm gc jfmmldf
scdtl`ks bràk, prchlsf`cdtc pfrf jcdcrfr hfmkr. Sd pcrrk nfgcf
pfrf rcguhlr hfmkr. Cstks skd cnc`pmks gc rcspucstf fdtc ud
cstàùmk cxtcrdk.
Xc ef prcjudtfgk ustcg fmjudf vcz »pkr quì mfs pmfdtfs

hrchcd efhlf mf muz `lcdtrfs quc sus rfàhcs mk efhcd cd scdtlgk
hkdtrfrlk;
Mks krjfdls`ks, gcsgc mks vcjctfmcs efstf mfs pcrskdfs,

`fdlbcstf`ks jrfd glvcrslgfg cd cm hk`pkrtf`lcdtk.
Cm `kvl`lcdtk gc udf f`lof pkr `cglk gc scugøpkgks, cm

trkpls`k gc mfs pmfdtfs, f pcsfr gc dk tcdcr slstc`f dcrvlksk, k
mf glvcrslgfg cd mks fdl`fmcs skd cnc`pmks gc mfs ùhefs `fdl-
bcstfhlkdcs gc mks krjfdls`ks pfrf rcspkdgcr f mks cstàùmks k
hfòlks cd cm fòlcdtc.
Fmjudfs gc csfs bkr`fs gc rcspkdgcr skd prkplhlfgfs pkr

mks pftrkdcs jcdìtlhks k pkr cm fprcdglzfnc, cm hufm `kglhf mfs
rcspucstfs gcolgk f mf ldtcrfhhlød gcm ldglvlguk hkd cm fòlcdtc.
?29
Fmjudfs gc mfs rcspucstfs quc mks scrcs vlvks gfd pucgcd
scr mfs l`prcslkdcs (cspchlc gc fbchtk quc efhc quc mfs hràfs
sljfd f sus pfgrcs, f ktrk scr k f ud konctk), mfs `ljrfhlkdcs,
cm hk`pkrtf`lcdtk skhlfm gc fmjudks krjfdls`ks k hufmqulcr
ktrk hk`pkrtf`lcdtk. Csfs bkr`fs gc rcspkdgcr y ùhefs `æs,
skd tc`fs gc ldtcrìs gc udf `ls`f màdcf gc ldvcstljfhlød> mf
fgfptfhlød.
»Ykr quì sk`ks hk`k sk`ks;
»Ykr quì fhtuf`ks hk`k fhtuf`ks;
»Huæmcs skd mfs vfrlcgfgcs gc mks krjfdls`ks hkdkhlgks;
Mfs rcspucstfs f mfs prcjudtfs pmfdtcfgfs scræd fmjudks gc

mks fspchtks, skorc mks quc dks vf`ks f ldtcrcsfr cd mf udlgfg
hufrtf.
_cvlsc`ks cdtkdhcs, mf mlstf gc hkdtcdlgks.
HKDWCDLGKX
L Cvkmuhlød
LL Wfxkdk`àf
LLL Olkglvcrslgfg
?26
KONCWLRKX
L WC@F CRKMSHLØD
7.6 Cxpmlhfr cm hkdhcptk gcm hk`pkrtf`lcdtk gcsgc cm pudtk
gc vlstf gc mf Ctkmkjàf.
7.? Ldtcrprctfr quc efy glbcrcdhlf cdtrc mfs bkr`fs gc vlgf gc

ktrks tlc`pks y mfs fhtufmcs.
7.8 Gcdlr cm hkdhcptk gc prkhcsk cvkmutlvk y cm hf`pk gc

cstuglk gc mf Cvkmuhlød.
7.7 Hltfr mfs prl`crfs kpldlkdcs quc cxpuslcrkd quc mfs bkr`fs
gc vlgf fhtufm sc krljldfrkd gc bkr`fs prl`ltlvfs.
7.3 Cxpmlhfr mfs tckràfs gc mf cvkmuhlød prkpucstfs pkr>
- Mf`fra
- Gfrwld y Zfmmfhc
- E. Gc Rrlcs, Oftcskd y @krfd.
- Weckgkslus Gkozefdsay, @cycr y Xl`pskd.
7.2 Cmfokrfr udf sàdtcsls k rcsu`cd skorc mks fpkrtcs gc mfs

tckràfs fdtcrlkrcs.
7.: Cxpmlhfr mfs bucrzfs cmc`cdtfmcs k bfhtkrcs gc mf cvkmuhlød

(ùtfhlød, gcrlvf jcdìtlhf y `ljrfhlød jìdlhf), fsà hk`k
nustlhfr mf cvkmuhlød tk`fdgk cd hucdtf mks bfhtkrcs prk-
pucstks.
7.5 Hltfr mks tlpks gc hfrfhtcrcs quc pcr`ltcd lgcdtlhfr udf

cspchlc.
7.< Gcdlr cm tìr`ldk cspchlc.
7.69 Nustlhfr mf rcmfhlød gc pfrcdtcshk cdtrc cspchlcs, `krbk-

møjlhf`cdtc ùy glbcrcdtcs, hkd ud fdtcpfsfgk hk`þd.
7.66 Fdfmlzfr mks pftrkdcs cvkmutlvks quc gctcr`ldfd mf cspc-

hlfhlød (prcslød gc scmchhlød, vfrlfolmlgfg y flsmf`lcdtk
jckjræhk)
7.6? Hltfr ktrks bfhtkrcs gc cspchlfhlød.
7.68 Cxpmlhfr mf budgf`cdtfhlød quc tlcdcd mks olømkjks skorc

mfs lgcfs gc mks `chfdls`ks cvkmutlvks.
7.67 Gcdlr mks hkdhcptks gc @lhrkcvkmuhlød y @fhrkcvkmuhlød.
7.63 Hltfr fmjudfs hlcdhlfsolkmøjlhfs qucfpkrtfd `fykr hfmlgfg

gc ldbkr`fhlød f mf Blmkjcdlf.
7.62 Ldtcrprctfr mf hkdhmuslød f mf quc efd mmcjfgk mks olømkjks, fm

rcmfhlkdfr mks prkhcsks gc mf cvkmuhlød, hkd mf fgfptfhlød.
?2?
7.6: Cxpmlhfr mfs cvlgcdhlfs gcm prkhcsk cvkmutlvk>
f. Yfmckdtkmøjlhfs
o. Fdftø`lhfs
h. Còrlkmøjlhfs
g. Olkquà`lhfs
7.65 Gcdlr cm tìr`ldk pfmckdtømkjk.
7.6< Hltfr fmjudks cnc`pmks gc bøslmcs, quc ùcstrfd prkhcsks

cvkmutlvks.
7.?9 Gcdlr cm tìr`ldk bøslm.
7.?6 Nustlhfr cm pfrcdtcshk quc cstfomchcd mks olømkjks, cdtrc mks

vcrtcorfgks.
7.?? Hltfr cm tlpk gc hfrfhtcrcs (pkr l`pkrtfdhlf) pfrf gctcr`ldfr

pfrcdtcshk.
7. ?8 Cxpmlhfr quì skd ørjfdks ek`ømkjks, gfr cnc`pmks y su utlmlgfg

pfrf mf Blmkjcdlf.
7. ?7 Gcdlr cm hf`pk gc cstuglk gc mf Fdftk`àf Hk`pfrfgf.
7. ?3 Hltfr cnc`pmks gc mfs Yrucofs Olkquà`lhfs.
7. ?2 Cxpmlhfr fmjudfs elpøtcsls skorc cm krljcd gc mf vlgf,cdtrc cmmfs>
- Mf Hrcfhlød Glvldf
- Elpøtcsls gc mf Cxpcrl`cdtfhlød (Yfdspcr`lf k Hks`kzklhf)
- Elpøtcsls gc mf Jcdcrfhlød Cspkdtædcf.
- Elpøtcsls gcm Krljcd Vul`lksldtìtlhk.
7. ?: _chkdkhcr cm fpkrtc echek pkr Yfstcur, pfrf rcoftlr mf Elpø-

tcsls gc mf Jcdcrfhlød Cspkdtædcf.
7. ?5 _cmfhlkdfr y rcbutfr mks glbcrcdtcs pudtks gc vlstf quc dks

kbrchcd glvcrsfs elpøtcsls skorc cm krljcd gc mf vlgf.
7. ?< Nustlhfr pkr quì mf Elpøtcsls gcm Krljcd Vul`lksldtìtlhk sc

hkdslgcrf rfzkdfomc.
LL WC@F WFUKDK@ÀF
7. 89 Cxpmlhfr cm fpkrtc echek pkr Hfrmks Mlddck (X. URLLL) fm hf`pk

gc mf Wfxkdk`àf.
7. 86 Hltfr cm krgcd gc fmjudks gc mks jrupks tfxkdø`lhks.
7. 8? Gcdlr cm hf`pk gc cstuglk gc mf Wfxkdk`àf.
?28
LLL WC@F OLKGLRC_XLGFG
7.88 Hltfr mf glbcrcdhlf cdtrc mf hmfslhfhlød trfglhlkdfm pkr rcldks

y mf echef pkr Zlttfacr (6<2<)
7.87 Gcshrlolr cm hk`pkrtf`lcdtk gc mks vlrus gcdtrk gc mk vlvk

y skorc mk dk vlvk.
7.83 Hltfr mf hmfslhfhlød gc mks vlrus gc fhucrgk hkd mf hfpf-

hlgfg gc ùmtlpmlhfrsc gcdtrk gc hlcrtfs hìmumfs.
7.82 Hltfr mks gk`ldlks y cxpmlhfr mfs hfrfhtcràstlhfs glstldtlvfs

gc mks rcldks scjþd Zlttfacr (6<2<)>
- @ødcrf
- Budjl
- Yrktlstf
- Ymfdtfc k Rcjctfm
- Fdl`fm
7. 8: _chkdkhcr fmjudks cnc`pmks gc mks scrcs vlvks gc hfgf

rcldk.
7. 85 Cxpmlhfr mfs hfrfhtcràstlhfs c l`pkrtfdhlf gc mks màqucdcs

gcdtrk gc mf Glvcrslgfg y mf Wfxkdk`àf.
7.8< Hmfslhfr scrcs vlvks cd mks glvcrsks rcldks olkmøjlhks gc

fhucrgk hkd mfs hfrfhtcràstlhfs cspchàhfs.
7.79 Hltfr mf hmfslhfhlød pkr gk`ldlks y rcldks gc mks scrcs

vlvks scjþd mfs ldvcstljfhlkdcs rcfmlzfgfs hkd tìhdlhfs
`kmchumfrcs.
7. 76 Glstldjulr mfs hfrfhtcràstlhfs eu`fdfs quc dks lgcdtlhf

hk`k mks scrcs vlvks `cnkr krjfdlzfgks gcm pmfdctf.
7. 7? Hltfr cm dkòrc hlcdtàhk gcm scr eu`fdk.
FHWLRLGFGCX
6. Hkdstruyf `kgcmks gc bøslmcs (ùcstrfs gc rcstks, eucmmfs

y scrcs vlvks).
?. Ldvcstljuc skorc mf pkslhlød gc mfs glvcrsfs rcmljlkdcs cd

rcmfhlød f mf cvkmuhlød y prkpkdjf su pudtk gc vlstf.
8. Hmfslblquc fmjudks scrcs vlvks scjþd mfs hftcjkràfs

tfxkdø`lhfs ldglhfdgk mfs glvcrsfs hfrfhtcràstlhfs quc mk
nustlhfd.
?27
L Cvkmuhlød
\f ec`ks efomfgk skorc fmjudfs bkr`fs gcmhk`pkrtf`lcdtk

gc mks krjfdls`ks y ec`ks hkdhmulgk quc cs tfd glvcrsk hk`k
mfs `ls`fs cstruhturfs olkmøjlhfs.
Cd rcfmlgfg, mf glvcrslgfg mfkoscrvf`ks fm efhcr hk`pfrfhlk-

dcs gctfmmfgfs gc mfs cstruhturfs fdftø`lhfs y gc mfs rcfhhlkdcs
gc mks krjfdls`ks. Fgc`æs, pkrquc cm ùdgk fhtufm dks kbrchc
udf jrfd vfrlcgfg gc cspchlcs.
Xl puglìrf`ks koscrvfr cm pfdkrf`f olkmøjlhk quc kbrchàf

mf Wlcrrf efhc `lmmkdcs gc föks, y sà dks gcspmfzærf`ks cd cm
tlc`pk, vcràf`ks mf jrfd glbcrcdhlf y mks jrfdgcs hfòlks quc
sc bucrkd sushltfdgk.
Xld còfrjk, mks olømkjks efd mmcjfgk f mf hkdhmuslød gc quc

tkgks pkscc`ks ud trkdhk hk`þd.
Cm hrltcrlk gc quc tkgks pkscc`ks ud trkdhk hk`þd, cs prk-

pucstk pkr udf rf`f gc mf hlcdhlf mmf`fgf Cvkmuhlød.
Mf Cvkmuhlød fr`f quc mfs bkr`fs gc vlgf

sc efd
f mks lgk glbcrcdhlfdgk
krjfdls`ks efstf gfr krljcd
fhtufmcs.
?23
Xkd ùheks mks quc efd mmcjfgk fm hkdvcdhl`lcdtk gc quc mfs
glstldtfs cspchlcs gcshlcdgcd udfs gc ktrfs, gcolgk f mf lddlgfg
gc gftks quc hkdhucrgfd y quc, f su vcz, mfs hkdslgcrfd hk`k
prucofs gc mf cvkmuhlød.
Mf cvkmuhlød gc mks scrcs vlvks mf pkgc`ks

gcdlr hk`k cm hfòlk jrfgufm gc mfs cspchlcs.
Mf gcdlhlød fdtcrlkr, efomf gc ud hfòlk jrfgufm quc olk -

møjlhf`cdtc sc rccrc f mf cvkmuhlød krjædlhf. Cs gchlr, quc mks
scrcs vlvks cxpcrl`cdtfd hfòlks jrfgufmcs gc sus krjfdls`ks
f trfvìs gcm tlc`pk y quc cd hlcrtf bkr`f, scjþd mf Blmkjcdlf
(elstkrlf gc mf cvkmuhlød gc ud jrupk gc krjfdls`ks) tkgks cstæd
c`pfrcdtfgks.
Wckràfs gc mf cvkmuhlød
Mf lgcf gc quc mfs bkr`fs gc vlgf sc krljldfrkd f pfrtlr gc bkr-

`fs prl`ltlvfs `æs sl`pmcs, sc ldlhlf gcspuìs gcm gcshuorl`lcdtk
gc rcstks (eucsks, hkdhefs, glcdtcs) scpumtfgks k ldhrustfgks
cd mfs rkhfs quc pfrchàfd scr pfrtc gc krjfdls`ks.
Fmjudks pcrskdfncs quc elhlcrkd csc tlpk gc ldtcrprctfhlkdcs

bucrkd> Wfmcs, Cplhurk cd mfFdtljýcgfg y efstf M. gf Rldhl cd cm
sljmk UR. Hkdslgcrfrkd quc csks rcstks crfd pfrtcsgc fdl`fmcs
quc vlvlcrkd cd ìpkhfs pfsfgfs y quc mucjk sc cxtldjulcrkd.
f. Wckràf gc mks hfrfhtcrcs fgqulrlgks
Bkr`fm`cdtc, mf prl`crf tckràf skorc mf cvkmuhlød buc prk-

pucstf pkr Nufd Ofutlstf Mf`frha (zkømkjk) cd 659<1 qulcd cd
su korf Yelmkskpelc zkkmkjlquc (Blmkskbàf gc mf ^kkmkjàf)cxpkdc>
Mks krjfdls`ks
mcs pcr`ltc pksccd
fgfptfrsc udf
f mfs bucrzf
bucrzfs vltfm, quc
fòlcdtfmcs
fgvcrsfs y skorcpkdcrsc f cmmfs.
?22
F csfs fgfptfhlkdcs mfs mmf`ø hfrfhtcrcs fgqulrlgks y
hkdslgcrø quc sc trfds`ltàfd gc udf jcdcrfhlød f ktrf.
Mf`frha hrcyø quc cd mks scrcs vlvks fpfrchàfd ørjfdks

ducvks hk`k rcspucstf f mfs hkdglhlkdcs gcm fòlcdtc c
ldhmusk quc cm tf`fök gc ìstks crf prkpkrhlkdfm fm usk y cm
gcsusk.
Fgc`æs...
Nufd Ofutlstf Mf`frha
Hkdslgcrø quc tkgk hfòlk crf ecrcgltfrlk.
Ìm hrcyø, pkr cnc`pmk, quc cm hucmmk mfrjk gc mfs

nlrfbfs sc gcoàf f ud fdhcstrk fdtàmkpc quc sc fml-
`cdtfof gc rf`fs cd vcz gc pfstfr y quc, gcolgk fm
csbucrzk pfrf hkdscjulr mfs rf`fs tlcrdfs, cm hucmmk
sc mc buc fmfrjfdgk.
Gurfdtc fmjþd tlc`pk ùheks hrcycrkd cd csk1

sld còfrjk, fhtufm`cdtc cs ldfhcptfomc pkrquc
mks hfrfhtcrcs `kglhfgks pkr cm fòlcdtc dk skd
ecrcgfomcs, »rchucrgf cm cxpcrl`cdtk gc hufdgk mc
hkrtfrkd mf hkmf f mks rftkdcs;
Mf`frha tcdàf rfzød skorc mf cvkmuhlød, pcrk dk

fsà skorc cm prkhcsk.
?2:
o. Wckràf gc mf scmchhlød dfturfm
Ykstcrlkr`cdtc,Hfrmks Gfrwld y F. _. Zfmmfhc (dfturfmlstfs)

elhlcrkd ud fpkrtc mmf`fgk Wckràf gc mf Xcmchhlød Dfturfm cd
mf quc cxpmlhfrkd hø`k khurrc mf cvkmuhlød.
Mfs lgcfs gc Gfrwld y Zfmmfhc dks cxpmlhfd quc cxlstc udf

muhef pkr mf cxlstcdhlf y skmk mks fptks pucgcd skorcvlvlr y
gcolgk f csk, skd mks bucrtcs y sfdks mks quc gfd krljcd f
mf jcdcrfhlød suoschucdtc.
Rcf`ks, Gfrwld gchàf>
”Mfs vfrlfhlkdcs bfvkrfomcs sc

hkdscrvfd y mfs gcsbfvkrfomcs skd
gcstrulgfs‐
H. Gfrwld prkpusk quc mf scmchhlød l`pmlhf mf trfds`lslød

jcdìtlhf gc mks hfrfhtcrcs gc mks ldglvlguks quc skorcvlvcd f Gfrwld
Cshrlolø mf korf gcdk`ldfgf «Cm
mks hfòlks fòlcdtfmcs. krljcd gc mfs cspchlcs pkr `cglk gc mf
scmchhlød dfturfm k mf prcscrvfhlød gc
mfs rfzfs bfvkrchlgfs cd mf muhef pkr mf
Mfs hkdhmuslkdcs hlcdtàhfs f mfs quc mmcjø Gfrwld sc sus - vlgf±.
tcdtfrkd gurfdtc ud vlfnc quc rcfmlzø cd 6586.
Cd csf bchef buc ldhmulgk hk`k dfturfmlstf cd mf còfrhfhlød

Ocfjmc, udf cxpcglhlød gc ldvcstljfgkrcs quc cxpmkrfrkd gurfdtc
hldhk föks mf Yftfjkdlf, mf Wlcrrf gcm Bucjk, Helmc, Ycrþ y glvcrsfs
lsmfs gcm Yfhàhk.
Cd csc vlfnc, Gfrwld mmcjø f hkdhcolr udf jrfd hfdtlgfg gc

hkdslgcrfhlkdcs, gcsprcdglgfs gc su rchkmchhlød gc bøslmcs, ko -
scrvfhlød gc vcjctfmcs y bcdø`cdks dfturfmcs hk`k cruphlkdcs
y tcrrc`ktks.
Sd prkomc`f pfrf ùheks buc ldtcrprctfr hø`k khurràf mf

trfds`lslød gc mks hfrfhtcrcs, pucs cd csf ìpkhfdk sc hkdkhàfd
mfs mcycs gc mf ecrcdhlf.
?25
h. Wckràf gc mf ùtfhlød
Cd 6<96, cm oktædlhk Eujk Gc Rrlcs rcfmlzø koscrvfhlkdcs

skorc mf trfds`lslød gc mks hfrfhtcrcs cd udfs 39 `lm pmfdtfs.
E. Gc Rrlcs pugk cdhkdtrfr, quc cd udfs 599 pmfdtfs sc

prcscdtfofd hfrfhtcrcs ducvks y quc cstks f su vcz crfd
trfds`ltlgks f mks gcshcdglcdtcs. Csfs koscrvfhlkdcs mc
pcr`ltlcrkd cdbftlzfr quc mfs `kglbhfhlkdcs hfusfgfs pkr mfs
ùtfhlkdcs crfd mf ofsc gc mf cvkmuhlød.
Mfs lgcfs cxpucstfs cd cm pærrfbk fdtcrlkr, bucrkd rctk`fgfs

pkr E. Gc Rrlcs, Oftcskd y @krjfd y sc hkdslgcrfd hk`k mfs
lgcfs oæslhfs gc mf Wckràf gc mf @utfhlød.
g. Wckràf Xldtìtlhf
Cs udf `kgcrdf tckràf gc mf cvkmuhlød (pkstcrlkr f @cdgcm).
Cstf tckràf hkdslstc cd udf sàdtcsls gc mk pmfdtcfgk pkr

Gfrwld y Zfmmfhc f mf hufm sc mc fjrcjfd cstuglks fhtufmcs gc mf
ecrcdhlf. Cs udf `kgcrdlzfhlød gc mf tckràf gc Gfrwld y Zfmmfhc
f mf quc sc hkdkhc hk`kDckgfrwldls`k k Wckràf Xldtìtlhf.
Mf tckràf sldtìtlhf buc pmfdtcfgf pkrWeckgkslus Gkozefds-

ay, C. @cycr y Jckrjc Xl`pskd.
Mf Wckràf Xldtìtlhf sc rcspfmgf cd mks hkdkhl`lcdtks fhtufmcs

gc mf Jcdìtlhf, cd prucofs gc hkdtldulgfg y hfòlk quc sc
koscrvfrkd pkr `cglk gc mks bøslmcs, fsà hk`k cd mks cstu-
glks hk`pfrftlvks y gcshrlptlvks gc fdftk`àf, bslkmkjàf y
olkquà`lhf gc mks scrcs vlvks.
Cd rcsu`cd, mfs lgcfs fhtufmcs skorc mf cvkmuhlød rchkjcd

lgcfs fdtcrlkrcs, pcrk tk`f cd hucdtf hkdhcptks cxfhtks, ùy
fhtufmcs.
?2<
Mf Wckràf Xldtìtlhf dks fscjurf quc>
6. Mf cvkmuhlød dk cs ldglvlgufm sldk f dlvcm gc pkomf-

hlkdcs (fdl`fmcs k vcjctfmcs). Xcjþd cstf tckràf mf
cvkmuhlød cs ud prkhcsk hkmchtlvk, gkdgc cdsuhcslvfs
jcdcrfhlkdcs gc udf pkomfhlød, vfd prcgk`ldfdgk
mks quc `æs vfd fvfdzfdgk.
?. Mf Wckràf Xldtìtlhf dks cxpmlhf tfòlìd quc mf cvk-

muhlød sc ofsf cd mf vfrlfolmlgfg gc mf pkomfhlød,
budgfgf møjlhf`cdtc cd mf jcdìtlhf gc pkomfhlkdcs.
Bucrzfs cmc`cdtfmcs k bfhtkrcs gc mf

cvkmuhlød
Sdf pkomfhlød quc sc `fdtlcdc ldvfrlfomc (dþ`crk udlbkr`c

y pftrl`kdlk jcdìtlhk cstfomc), cs udf pkomfhlød cd cqulmlorlk cd
mf quc dk sc prkguhc mf cvkmuhlød, pcrk cd mf Dfturfmczf csk dk
khurrc fsà.
Ykr cm hkdtrfrlk, cd mf dfturfmczf sc fmtcrf cm cqulmlorlk gc mf

pkomfhlød hkd cm fòlcdtc y csk trfc hk`k hkdschucdhlf, quc mf
pkomfhlød vfràc mcdtf`cdtc su pftrl`kdlk jcdìtlhk.
F mks bcdø`cdks quc fmtcrfd cm cqulmlorlk mcs mmf`frc`ks

bucrzfs k bfhtkrcs gc mf cvkmuhlød y cdtrc cmmks tcdc`ks>
f. Mf ùtfhlød.
o. Mf gcrlvf jcdìtlhf.
h. Mf `ljrfhlød jìdlhf.
?:9
f. Mf ùtfhlød
Hufdgk khurrc ud fu`cdtk cd mf glvcrslgfg jcdìtlhf gc mf

pkomfhlød, sc gcoc f quc efy udf ldtrkguhhlød gcducvks jcdcs
cd mf pkomfhlød1 csks ducvks jcdcs prkvkhfd udf prcslød gc
ùtfhlød k ud fu`cdtk gc mks jcdktlpks cd mf pkomfhlød, mk
hufm scræ mf ofsc pfrf quc ktrks bfhtkrcs gc mf cvkmuhlød fhtþcd.
o. Mf gcrlvf jcdìtlhf
Cd mfs pkomfhlkdcs ùy jrfdgcs, cm dþ`crk gc prkofolmlgfgcs
jcdìtlhfs fu`cdtf, `lcdtrfs quc, sl mf pkomfhlød cs pcqucöf mks
rcsumtfgks dk scræd ljufmcs.
F csf gcsljufmgfg gc mks jcdcs cd mfs pkomfhlkdcs pc-

qucöfs sc mcs gcdk`ldf gcrlvf jcdìtlhf y pucgc gfr mujfr f
mf vfrlfhlød pkr mf pìrglgf gc ud fmcmk k pkr mf fmtcrfhlød gc
mfs prkpkrhlkdcs cdtrc cmmks.
Mf gcrlvf jcdìtlhf cs mf scmchhlød quc sc prkgu-

hc f hfusf gcm fzfr cd pkomfhlkdcs pcqucöfs.
Xl sc hkòldfd mf ùtfhlød y mf gcrlvf jcdìtlhf, mf glbuslød

gc ud jcd ùtfdtc cd udf pkomfhlød pucgc scr ùy ræplgf.
h. Mf `ljrfhlød jìdlhf
Cs ktrk bfhtkr quc fu`cdtf mf vfrlfolmlgfg jcdìtlhf cd udf

pkomfhlød y khurrc hufdgk sc ldtrkguhc ud ducvk jcd gcolgk
fm `cstlzfnc gc ud `lcòrk hkd ktrks gc pkomfhlkdcs vchldfs.
?:6
Cspchlc
Cd mfs cspchlcs, fmjudks gc mks hfrfhtcrcs sc pfrchcd ùhek,

rfzød pkr mk quc dks rcsumtf ùy glbàhlm gcdlr cm tìr`ldk cspchlc.
Cspchlc> Cm jrupk gc ldglvlguks hfpfhcs gc

fpfrcfrsc y prkguhlr gcshcdglcdtcs bìrtlmcs,
quc sc pfrchcd cdtrc sà `æs quc f ktrks.
Fhtufm`cdtc, pfrf gcdlr cm tìr`ldk cspchlc sc

sljucd hrltcrlks gcgcshcdgcdhlf, `krbkmøjlhks,
hrk`ksø`lhks, olkquà`lhks, slkmøjlhks y gc
hk`pkrtf`lcdtk quc cstfomchcd udf rcmfhlød
k pfrcdtcshk cdtrc mks ldglvlguks hkd fdtcpf-
sfgks hkùdcs.
?:?
Glvcrslbhfhlød fgfptftlvf
F vchcs ustcg pucgc prcjudtfrsc...
»Ykr quì ldglvlguks tfd glbcrcdtcs skd pf-

rlcdtcs cdtrc sà;
Oucdk, cs pkrquc mf fgfptfhlød f mks glstld-

tks `cglks mks ef echek glbcrcdtcs.
Hufdgk efy ud fdtcpfsfgk hk`þd y sc

gcsfrrkmmfd cspchlcsglbcrcdtcs sc gcdk`ldf
glvcrslhfhlød fgfptftlvf.
Rcf`ks>
Sd cnc`pmk gc cmmk, skd mfs vfrlfhlkdcs subrlgfs pkr fmjudks

hlcrvks hk`k cm hfrloþ, cm fdtf y cm fmhc.
Cs fsà quc mmf`f`ks «cspchlfhlød± f mf brfj`cdtfhlød y

gcsfrrkmmk gc ducvfs pkomfhlkdcs.
?:8
f. Yftrkdcs cvkmutlvks quc gctcr`ldfd mf cspchlfhlød
Ykr mk quc ec`ks vlstk, pfrf quc khurrf mf cspchlfhlød sc

rcqulcrc gc ùheks fspchtks cscdhlfmcs.
_cfm`cdtc mf fgfptfhlød gc ud krjfdls`k rcsumtf scr

ud vfmkr rcmftlvk hkdglhlkdfgk pkr cm fòlcdtc gkdgc sc
cdhucdtrc cm ldglvlguk k mf pkomfhlød.
Rcf`ks ud cnc`pmk>
Cd udf pkomfhlød mf hfrfhtcràstlhf gc mf hkmkrfhlød, cd ud f`-

olcdtc gctcr`ldfgk, pcr`ltc quc mf cspchlc cstì `cnkr fgfptfgf
f ìm, y pkr mk tfdtk, prkguhlræ cd mf pkomfhlød ud `fykr dþ`crk
gc gcshcdglcdtcs hkd csf hfrfhtcràstlhf. _fzød pkr mf quc
fu`cdtfræ cm jcdktlpk gc `fykr vfmkr fgfptftlvk `lcdtrfs quc
ktrks jcdcs lræd gcsfpfrchlcdgk gc mf pkomfhlød. Hufdgk csk
khurrc sc glhc quc cm fòlcdtc ef scmchhlkdfgk f hlcrtks jcdcs,
cncrhlcdgk udf prcslød scmchtlvf skorc mf pkomfhlød quc hkd-
scjulræ dfm`cdtc udf pkomfhlød fgfptfgf y jcdìtlhf`cdtc
ùy udlbkr`c.
Cd jcdcrfm, mks bfhtkrcs gcm fòlcdtc, pkr cnc`pmk, cm bràk,

mf scqucgfg, cm hfmkr y tfòlìd mks gcprcgfgkrcs, pfræsltks, cd-
bcr`cgfgcs, mf hk`pctcdhlf pkr cm fml`cdtk, cm cspfhlk, mf muz,
cth. skd bfhtkrcs quc pcr`ltcd cm `chfdls`k gc mf scmchhlød
dfturfm.
Fmjudfs hkdhmuslkdcs
6. Mks bfhtkrcs gc mf prcslød gc scmchhlød y vfrlfolmlgfg, dk

gfd krljcd f ducvfs pkomfhlkdcs, sldk f hfòlks cd mf `ls`f
pkomfhlød.
?. Mfs hlrhudstfdhlfs quc sc prcscdtfd cd cm flsmf`lcdtk gc

udf pkomfhlød, tfòlìd pcr`ltcd hfòlks quc efhcd quc mf
pkomfhlød cvkmuhlkdc pkr su prkplf hucdtf, pkr mk hufm
sc rk`pc mf pkomfhlød krljldfm cd gks k `æs jrupks quc

rcprcscdtfd rfzfs k cspchlcs glbcrcdtcs.
?:7
F csc tlpk gc `chfdls`k quc pcr`ltc mffpfrlhlød gc ducvfs
cspchlcs, sc mc gcdk`ldf cvkmuhlød glvcrjcdtc.
Sd cnc`pmk gc cvkmuhlød glvcrjcdtc cs cm flsmf`lcdtk jck-

jræhk. Mfs `kdtföfs, mfjks, ràks, khìfdks y gcslcrtks skd of-
rrcrfs quc sc ldtcrpkdcd pfrf scpfrfr jrupks gc ldglvlguks. Ykr
supucstk quc fdtcs gcoc khurrlr mf c`ljrfhlød gc mf pkomfhlød,
quc jcdcrfm`cdtc cs pcqucöf, pkr mk quc feà tfòlìd fhtþf mf
gcrlvf jcdìtlhf.
Sd cnc`pmk hmæslhk cs cm gc mks pldzkdcs gc Gfrwld glspcrsks

cd mfs lsmfs Jfmæpfjks.
Gfrwld mkjrø koscrvfr quc feà sc efoàfd bkr`fgk hfsl udf

gkhcdf gc cspchlcs glbcrcdtcs cd lsmfs glbcrcdtcs.
Mks pldzkdcs gc mfs lsmfs Jfmæpfjks,

scjþd koscrvk Gfrwld, efd cvkmuhlk-
dfgk glvcrjcdtc`cdtc, gfdgk cspchlcs
glstldtfs cd mfs glbcrcdtcs lsmfs y fgfptf-
gfs f glstldtk jìdcrk gc fml`cdtfhlød.
Ktrks bfhtkrcs
Ktrks bfhtkrcs gc cspchlfhlød skd cm flsmf`lcdtk chkmøjlhk

y cm rcprkguhtkr jcdìtlhk.
?:3
»Cxlstcd prucofs;
Wkgfs cstfs lgcfs skorc mks `chfdls`ks cvkmutlvks mfs efd

kotcdlgk mks olømkjks jrfhlfs f mf koscrvfhlød cd pkomfhlkdcs
vlvlcdtcs y f mks gkhu`cdtks quc mks ldvcstljfgkrcs gc bøslmcs
(pfmckdtømkjks), efd fpkrtfgk.
Hufdgk mf ldvcstljfhlød gc mf Cvkmuhlød scefhc

cd mks dlvcmcs tfxkdø`lhks gc rfzfs, cspchlcs,
jìdcrks, mf gcdk`ldf`ks @lhrkcvkmuhlød

Mf ldvcstljfhlød tfòlìd sc pucgc efhcr f
ktrk dlvcm quc pcr`ltlræ koscrvfr mks prkhcsks
quc glbcrcdhlfd mks jrfdgcs trkdhks vcjctfmcs
y fdl`fmcs. Hufdgk sc efhc f csc dlvcm, mf
ldvcstljfhlød cs mmf`fgf @fhrkcvkmuhlød.
Mf hlcdhlf dk hucdtf hkd mks bøslmcs pfrf mf ldvcstljfhlød `f-

hrkcvkmutlvf, cxhcptk pkr fmjudfs ùy pkhfs bkr`fs ldtcr`cglfs,
pucs mf jrfd glbcrcdhlfhlød gcolø khurrlr efhc ùheàsl`k tlc`pk.
o. Fgfptfhlød
Mks olømkjks fr`fd quc cm rcsumtfgk dfm gcm prkhcsk cvk-

mutlvk slc`prc cs cm gc krjfdls`ks `cnkr fgfptfgks, cs gchlr,
quc cd hlcrtf sltufhlød fòlcdtfm, budhlkdfd ùhek `cnkr quc
sus fdtchcskrcs.
Gcdl`ks cdtkdhcs quc mf fgfptfhlød cs
Cm gcsfrrkmmk gc rcmfhlkdcs `æs cbhlcdtcs cdtrc

mks krjfdls`ks y su `cglk.
Sdf hfrfhtcràstlhf quc bfvkrchc mf rcmfhlød cdtrc ud ldglvlguk

k udf pkomfhlød y cm `cglk cs udffgfptfhlød.
?:2
Hufdgk mfs bucrzfs cvkmutlvfs ldtcrfhtþfd, pcr`ltcd mf fgqul-
slhlød gc hfrfhtcrcs fgfptftlvks. Xld còfrjk, cs ud prkhcsk
su`f`cdtc hk`pmcnk.
h. Cvlgcdhlfs gcm prkhcsk cvkmutlvk
Wkgfs mfs hlcdhlfs olkmøjlhfs pkgràfd fpkrtfr prucofs pfrf

gc`kstrfr cm prkhcsk cvkmutlvk, pcrk skd cspchlfm`cdtc mf Fdf-
tk`àf Hk`pfrfgf, mf Blslkmkjàf y mf Yfmckdtkmkjàf mfs quc
kbrchcd `cnkrcs gkhu`cdtks fm rcspchtk.
F pcsfr gc mf jrfd glvcrslgfg gc scrcs vlvks y sus hfrfhtcrcs

fgfptftlvks, mks olømkjks hmfslhfd mfs cvlgcdhlfs gcm prkhcsk
cvkmutlvk cd huftrk hftcjkràfs>
6. Yfmckdtkmøjlhfs
?. Fdftø`lhfs
8. Còrlkmøjlhfs
7. Olkquà`lhfs
6. Yrucofs Yfmckdtkmøjlhfs
Bøslm gc fdl`fm
cxtldjulgk
Mks pfmckdtømkjks k cstuglksks gc mks bøslmcs fpkrtfd ù-

hefs cvlgcdhlfs gc mfs glstldtfs bkr`fs gc vlgf, quc efd cxlstlgk
gcsgc tlc`pks rc`ktks. Gc`kstrfdgk hkd cmmk, quc euok ud
prkhcsk suhcslvk gc bkr`fs glbcrcdtcs gc krf y bfudf cd -
mfzfgks hkd mfs fhtufmcs pkr `cglk gc bkr`fs ldtcr`cglfs,
fgc`æs gc mf cxtldhlød hk`pmctf gc ktrks jrupks.
?::
Fhtufm`cdtc, sc hkdscrvf ud jrfd dþ`crk gc bøslmcs olcd kr-
gcdfgks gc fhucrgk hkd mf ìpkhf cd quc vlvlcrkd y sc hkdslgcrf
quc skd prucofs gcm prkhcsk cvkmutlvk.
Koscrvc`ks mks bøslmcs quc fpfrchcd cd mf lmustrfhlød sl-

julcdtc>
Wfòlìd mks bøslmcs gc fdtchcskrcs gcm hfofmmk dks ùcstrfd

mks hfòlks quc sc bucrkd sushltfdgk.
Koscrvc`ks>
Mks pfmckdtømkjks rcjlstrfd mks gftks c`ltlgks pkr eucmmfs,

rcstks u krjfdls`ks hk`pmctks, mks hufmcs hkdkhc`ks hkd cm
dkòrc gc bøslmcs, y fmjudfs vchcs, pcr`ltcd kotcdcr, gc`fdcrf
glrchtf k ldglrchtf, hkdhmuslkdcs fhcrhf gcm hk`pkrtf`lcdtk gc
mks krjfdls`ks.
?:5
?. Yrucofs Fdftø`lhfs
Yfrf kotcdcr mfs prucofs fdftø`lhfs, mks olømkjks efd fjru-

pfgk mfs sc`cnfdzfs fdftø`lhfs cd udf scrlc gc `kgcmks.
Hufdgk mks krjfdls`ks sc fnustfd f mks `kgcmks, hkdbkr`fd

ud mu`. Mks vcrtcorfgks prcscdtfd pkr cnc`pmk sc`cnfdzfs
fdftø`lhfs, pkr csk mks hkdslgcrf`ks pfrlcdtcs cdtrc cmmks.
»Ykgràf ustcg hltfr huæmcs skd mfs sc`cnfdzfs;
Hmfrk quc sà>
Hkmu`df vcrtcorfm, slstc`f dcrvlksk gkrsfm y udks hufd-

tks rfsjks `æs.
Ycrk...
»Cd quì sc pfrchc ud pcz f udf jfmmldf;
Oucdk, fmjudks hfrfhtcrcs skd `æs l`pkrtfdtcs quc ktrks.

Gc fhucrgk hkd csk, mks hfrfhtcrcs pucgcd hmfslhfrsc cd>prld-
hlpfmcs y suokrgldfgks.
Ykgc`ks gchlr quc…
mks krjfdls`ks hkd `fykr pfrcdtcshk cdtrc sà,

pksccd `æs hfrfhtcrcs prldhlpfmcs y suokrgl-
dfgks sc`cnfdtcs.
Koscrvc`ks mf lmustrfhlød.
Mks ørjfdks quc fpfrchcd cd mf lmustrfhlød skd ørjfdks

ek`ømkjks, fudquc pfrczhfd glbcrcdtcs.
-»Dk sc pfrchcd, vcrgfg;
Yfrf gcdlr mfs rcmfhlkdcs cvkmutlvfs sc tk`fd

cd hucdtf skmf`cdtc mks ørjfdks ek`ømkjks (pfrc-
hlgks cd cstruhturf, gcsfrrkmmk còrlkdfrlk, gktfhlkdcs
dcrvlksfs y sfdjuàdcfs) dk fsà mks fdæmkjks (pksccd
udf `ls`f budhlød1 pkr cnc`pmk, mfs fmctfs gc mks pchcs,
mfs gc mfs ofmmcdfs y gc mks pldjýldks k mfs fmfs gc fvcs
y ùrhlìmfjks).
?:<
Mks ørjfdks ek`ømkjks skd fqucmmks quc
cstæd fgfptfgks pfrf rcfmlzfr budhlkdcs glbc-
rcdtcs pcrk quc pksccd ud `ls`k krljcd.
Fhtufm`cdtc, cxlstc udf hlcdhlf quc cstuglf mf rcmfhlød cd-

trc mks ørjfdks gc mks scrcs vlvks (hfrfhtcràstlhfs fdftø`lhfs y
trfdsbkr`fhlkdcs) quc sc gcdk`ldf Fdftk`àf Hk`pfrfgf.
Mf Fdftk`àf Hk`pfrfgf cs udf hlcdhlf quc

kbrchc jrfdgcs fpkrtcs pfrf gcshuorlrfspchtks
cvkmutlvks cd mks scrcs vlvks, pkrquc cstuglf
mf rcmfhlød cdtrc mks ørjfdks gc glbcrcdtcs
scrcs vlvks.
8. Yrucofs Còrlkmøjlhfs
Koscrvc`ks>
Dks rcsumtfràf ùy glbàhlm glstldjulr ud còrlød eu`fdk gcm
?59
còrlød gc udf sfmf`fdgrf, ud pkmmk, k ud pcz cd sus prl`crfs
ctfpfs, »vcrgfg;
Oucdk...
Mf sc`cnfdzf gc mks còrlkdcs cs udf pruc-

of, quc mks olømkjks usfd pfrf `kstrfr hk`k
mks vcrtcorfgks tcdc`ks ud fdhcstrk hk`þd.
Fudquc fhtufm`cdtc tcdc`ks ùy hmfrk quc hk`k scr eu-

`fdk mk sk`ks rcfm`cdtc gcsgc mf hkdhcphlød.
7. Yrucofs Olkquà`lhfs
Mfs rcmfhlkdcs cvkmutlvfs, tfòlìd pucgcd scrcstl`fgfs `c-

glfdtc cmcstuglk gc sc`cnfdzfs y glbcrcdhlfs cd mf cstruhturf
`kmchumfr gc mks krjfdls`ks.
Xfoc`ks, pkr cnc`pmk, quc cm FGD cs hk`þd f tkgks mks

krjfdls`ks y tfòlìd quc tkgks tlcdcd prkhcsks olkquà`lhks
sc`cnfdtcs, »scræ pkslomc cdtkdhcs quc tcdjf`ks kràjcdcs
glbcrcdtcs;
Hmfrk quc dk, cs `æs prkofomc ud jrupk fdhcstrfm hk`þd.
»Ykr quì mk gchl`ks; Olcd, pkrquc mfs budhlkdcs vltfmcs tlc-

dcd hk`k ofsc cstruhturfs `kmchumfrcs lgìdtlhfs (FGD y F_D).
Wfòlìd mf schucdhlf gc mks f`ldkæhlgks cd mfs prktcàdfscs

ùy pfrchlgf cd mks krjfdls`ks c`pfrcdtfgks jcdìtlhf`cdtc,
ud cnc`pmk cs mf ec`kjmkoldf gc mks hel`pfdhìs y mks scrcs
eu`fdks, pcrk dk khurrc fsà hkd mf ec`kjmkoldf gc mks jkrlmfs.
?56
Cm krljcd gc mf vlgf
F prkpøsltk gc mks prkhcsks gc mf cvkmuhlød y gc mfs prucofs

quc mks gctcr`ldfd, ldcvltfomc`cdtc surjc mf prcjudtf> »hø`k
surjlø mf vlgf;
Cstk cs qulzæs ud cdlj`f ùhek `æs glbàhlm gc rcskmvcr1 sld

còfrjk, sc efd prkpucstk glvcrsfs tckràfs. Fmjudfs gc cmmfs mfs
pkgc`ks rcsu`lr fsà>
f. Elpøtcsls gc mf hrcfhlød glvldf
Cxpmlhf cm `k`cdtk hk`k ud fhkdtchl`lcdtk cxtrfkrgldfrlk

cd cm hufm pfrtlhlpfd bucrzfs k fjcdtcs skorcdfturfmcs c
ldcxpmlhfomcs hkdhcolgfs pkr mf `cdtc eu`fdf hk`k Glks.
Hkd cstf l`fjcd sc lmustrø mf pkrtfgf gcm mlork
Eu`fd Cvkmutlkd, cgltfgk pkr Hfòrlgjc
«Wkgf hrlfturf cs korf gc Glks±. Sdlvcrslty Yrcss cd 6<<?. Xc mkjrø `cglfdtc mf
`czhmf cd hk`putfgkrf gc udf bktkjrfbàf gc
ud ekòrc y ktrf gc ud hel`pfdhì.
o. Elpøtcsls gc mf cxpcrl`cdtfhlød
Mf Elpøtcsls gc mf Cxpcrl`cdtfhlød tfòlìd cs mmf`fgf

Yfdspcr`lf k Hks`kzklhf. Cstf elpøtcsls prkpkdc quc mf
vlgf sc krljldf gc ktrfs bkr`fs gc vlgf prkvcdlcdtcs gc ktrks
ùdgks, trfdspkrtfgks prkofomc`cdtc pkr `ctckrltks k pkmvk
cspfhlfm.
Mk fdtcrlkr, sld còfrjk, dk rcsucmvc mf prcjudtf ldlhlfm.
h. Elpøtcsls gc mf jcdcrfhlød cspkdtædcf
Cstf elpøtcsls prkpkdc quc mf vlgf pugk prkguhlrsc cd hufm-

qulcr `k`cdtk f pfrtlr gc `ftcrlf ldcrtc.
?5?
Cstf cxpmlhfhlød cs prkplf gc mks pcdsfgkrcs dfturfmlstfs gc
mf fdtljýcgfg pcrk buc gcoftlgf pkr mks ekòrcs gc hlcdhlf
`kgcrdks, cdtrc cmmks> Yfstcur, quc prkoø quc mf fpfrlhlød
gc hlcrtks krjfdls`ks dk sc gcoc f mf jcdcrfhlød cspkd-
tædcf sldk f mf hkdtf`ldfhlød.
g. Elpøtcsls gcm krljcd qul`lksldtìtlhk
Fudquc mf Elpøtcsls gc mf Jcdcrfhlød Cspkdtædcf buc gcof-

tlgf hlcdtàhf`cdtc, mf Elpøtcsls gc mf Vul`lksàdtcsls, quc
cs udf elpøtcsls `kgcrdf, prkpkdc quc mf vlgf sc krljldø cd
cm pmfdctf, f pfrtlr gc `ftcrlf ldkrjædlhf (dk vlvlcdtc), ofnk
hkdglhlkdcs cspchlfmcs, cd huftrk bfscs k ctfpfs mfs hufmcs
prcscdtf`ks f hkdtldufhlød>
Bfscs gcm krljcd scjþd mf Elpøtcsls gc mf Vul`lksàdtcsls
6. Bkr`fhlød gc `kmìhumfs krjædlhfs sl`pmcs
?. Ykml`crlzfhlød
8. Krjfdlzfhlød gc `kmìhumfs hk`pmcnfs
7. Bkr`fhlød gc hìmumfs
Cs rfzkdfomc supkdcr, qucmfs hkdglhlkdcs prl`ltlvfs gcm

pmfdctf pucgcd efocr prkplhlfgk prkhcsks pfrf mf bkr`fhlød
gc `ftcrlf vlvf f pfrtlr gc sustfdhlfs ldkrjædlhfs.
Cstf prkpucstf ldlhlfm`cdtc buc echef pkrFmcxfdgcr Kpfrld

cd 6<85 cd su mlork ”Cm krljcd gc mf vlgf‐
Cxpcrl`cdtfm`cdtc ktrks hlcdtàhks efd pkglgk efhcr gc-

`kstrfhlkdcs quc gfd mf pkslolmlgfg, gc quc cstf elpøtcsls scf
hkrrchtf. Xld còfrjk... fþddk sc hkdkhc hkd cxfhtltug, »Hø`k
sc krljldø mf vlgf…;
?58
_CXS@CD L
v Cm prkhcsk cvkmutlvk cstæ àdtl`f`cdtc rcmfhlkdfgk

hkd mf ecrcdhlf, mfs hkdglhlkdcs fòlcdtfmcs y mfs
pkslolmlgfgcs gc prkhrcfhlød.
v Fmjudfs bucrzfs cmc`cdtfmcs gc mf cvkmuhlød skd mfs

sljulcdtcs>
- mf ùtfhlød
- mf gcrlvf jcdìtlhf
- mf `ljrfhlød jìdlhf
v Fmjudks pftrkdcs cvkmutlvks skd>
- mf prcslød scmchtlvf
- mf vfrlfhlød ldtcrcspchàhf
- cm flsmf`lcdtk jckjræhk
v Cxlstcd prucofs quc nustlhfdmfs lgcfs gc mf Blmkjcdlf,

cdtrc cmmfs>
- Yfmckdtkmøjlhfs
- Fdftø`lhfs
- Còrlkmøjlhfs
- Olkquà`lhfs
v Nufd Ofutlstf Mf`frha (zkømkjk) cd 659<, cd su korf
Yelmkskpelc zkkmkjlquc cxpkdc>

«Mks krjfdls`ks pksccd udf bucrzf vltfm, quc mcs
pcr`ltc fgfptfrsc f mfs bucrzfs fòlcdtfmcs fgvcrsfs
y skorcpkdcrsc f cmmfs±.
?57
v Yrkpusk mf prl`crf tckràf skorc mf cvkmuhlød y sc
gcdk`ldf Wckràf gc mks Hfrfhtcrcs Fgqulrlgks.
v H. Gfrwld prkpusk mf Wckràf gc mf Xcmchhlød Dfturfm.
v E. gc Rrlcs cdbftlzø quc mfs `kglhfhlkdcs hfusfgfs

pkr mfs ùtfhlkdcs crfd mf ofsc gc mf Cvkmuhlød.
Xus lgcfs skd rctk`fgfs pkr Oftcskd y @krjfd y sc

hkdslgcrfd lgcfs oæslhfs gc mf Wckràf gc mf @utfhlød.
v Ykstcrlkr f J. @cdgcm fmjudks olømkjks `kgcrdks

rcfmlzfd udf sàdtcsls gc mk pmfdtcfgk pkr Gfrwld y
Zfmmfhc f mf hufm sc mc fjrcjfd cstuglks fhtufmcs
gc mf ecrcdhlf. Cs udf `kgcrdlzfhlød gc mf tckràf
gc Gfrwld y Zfmmfhc f mf hufm sc mc hkdkhc hk`k
Dckgfrwldls`k k Wckràf Xldtìtlhf.
v Mf Wckràf Xldtìtlhf buc pmfdtcfgf pkr Weckgkslus

Gkozefdsay, C. @cycr y Jckrjc Xl`pskd.
v Mf Wckràf Xldtìtlhf sc rcspfmgf cd mks hkdkhl`lcdtks

fhtufmcs gc mf Jcdìtlhf, cd prucofs gc hkdtldulgfg y
hfòlk quc sc koscrvfrkd pkr `cglk gc mks bøslmcs,
fsà hk`k cd mks cstuglks hk`pfrftlvks y gcshrlptlvks
gc Fdftk`àf, Blslkmkjàf y Olkquà`lhf gc mks scrcs
vlvks.
v Dk sc tlcdc udf cxpmlhfhlød cxfhtf skorc cm krljcd gc

mf vlgf, pcrk cxlstcd vfrlfs elpøtcsls fm rcspchtk, mf
Elpøtcsls gc mf Vul`lksàdtcsls mf hkdslgcrfd ofstfdtc
fhcrtfgf sl sc tk`f cd hucdtf mfs hkdglhlkdcs gc mf
tlcrrf prl`ltlvf.
?53
Cncrhlhlks L
6. Cd ùheks hfsks mfs rkhfs kbrchcd prucofs gcm prkhcsk

cvkmutlvk pkrquc hkdtlcdcd
f. jfscs.
o. eucmmfs.
h. hrlstfmcs.
g. `ldcrfmcs.
?. Sd hkdnudtk gc bøslmcs quc gfd rcbcrcdhlf gc ud krgcd gc

hfòlks cd udf cspchlc f trfvìs gcm tlc`pk, pucgc hkd-
slgcrfrsc udf prucof
f. jcdìtlhf.
o. cvkmutlvf.
h. ctkmøjlhf.
g. slkmøjlhf.
8. Cm flsmf`lcdtk jckjræhk sc gcdc hk`k bfhtkr gc
f. ùtfhlkdcs.
o. prcslød scmchtlvf.
h. cvkmuhlød glvcrjcdtc.
g. vfrlfhlød gcdtrk gc mf cspchlc.
7. Mf elpøtcsls quc prkpkdc cm krljcd gc mf vlgf cd huftrk bfscs

f pfrtlr gc mf bkr`fhlød gc `kmìhumfs krjædlhfs sl`pmcs,
pkmà`crks, prktkhìmumfs y dfm`cdtc hìmumfs, sc gcdk`ldf
Elpøtcsls gc mf
f. Vul`lksàdtcsls.
o. Hrcfhlød Glvldf.
h. Cxpcrl`cdtfhlød.
g. Jcdcrfhlød Cspkdtædcf.
3. Cm bcdø`cdk cvkmutlvk pkr cm hufm udf cspchlc fdtchcskrf

?52
krljldf ducvfs cspchlcs hkd eæoltft glbcrcdtcs, sc gcdk-
`ldf
f. elorlgfhlød.
o. cspchlfhlød.
h. ùtfhlød jìdlhf.
g. rfglfhlød fgfptftlvf.
2. Cxpmlquc mf tckràf cxpucstf pkr Mf`frha pfrf nustlhfr cm

hucmmk mfrjk gc mfs nlrfbfs.
:. Hltc trcs cnc`pmks gc cmc`cdtks quc ldtcrvlcdcd, pfrf quc

cm flsmf`lcdtk scf ud pftrød gc cvkmuhlød
f.
o.
h.
?5:
LL Wfxkdk`àf
»Huæmcs bucrkd mks prl`crks pfsks gc mf Wfxkdk`àf;
F pcsfr gc dk pkgcr cxpmlhfr huæm buc cm krljcd gc mf vlgf

hkd cxfhtltug, mf prcscdhlf gc cmmf cd cm pmfdctf gcsgc tlc`pks
rc`ktks, cs ud echek lddcjfomc. Cs pkr csk quc fgc`æs gc mf
l`pkrtfdhlf gc mf Jcdìtlhf y gc mf Cvkmuhlød gcoc`ks hkdkhcr
ktrf rf`f gc mf Olkmkjàf mmf`fgf Wfxkdk`àf.
Jrfhlfs f mf Wfxkdk`àf mks olømkjks mkjrfd, fgc`æs, gc

krgcdfr f mks scrcs vlvks1 rcfmlzfr prcglhhlkdcs gc fmjudfs
hfrfhtcràstlhfs cvkmutlvfs gc mks krjfdls`ks.
Cm trfofnk gc Hfrmks Mlddck
Sd ekòrc gcm X. URLLL, quc f pcsfr gc dk hkdkhcr dfgf

fhcrhf gc mf Jcdìtlhf, dl gc mf Cvkmuhlød, cstfomchlø ud fhcrtfgk
slstc`f gc hmfslhfhlød.
Hfrmks Mlddck
Cstc ekòrc buc Hfrmks Mlddck ud oktædlhk quc hkdslgcrø
f mf cspchlc hk`k mf fjrupfhlød oæslhf, y mf hmfvc pfrf cm
slstc`f bucrkd mfs sl`lmltugcs cstruhturfmcs.
Cm usø pfrf lgcdtlhfr hlcdtàhf`cdtc f mks krjfdls`ks ud

slstc`f oldk`ldfm cs gchlr, gks dkòrcs, mks hufmcs sc cshrlocd
cd mftàd. Fhtufm`cdtc f csks gks dkòrcs sc mcs hkdkhc hk`k
dkòrc hlcdtàhk (dk`cdhmfturf oldfrlf).
Cm prl`cr dkòrc hkrrcspkdgc fm jìdcrk ,

cs ud sustfdtlvk y sc cshrloc hkd `fyþshumf.
Cm scjudgk dkòrc cs cm gc mfcspchlc, pfrf cm hufm

sc usf ud fgnctlvk y sc cshrloc hkd `ldþshumf.
Ykr cnc`pmk> Ek`k sfplcds-sfplcds »Hkdkhc

ustcg csc dkòrc hlcdtàhk; Ykr supucstk, cs cm gc mks
scrcs eu`fdks.
?55
»Huæm cs mf udlgfg gc hmfslbhfhlød;
Mf udlgfg gc hmfslhfhlød usfgf pkr mks tfxødk`ks jcdcrfm-

`cdtc cs mf cspchlc.
Mf cspchlc sc gcdc hk`k ud jrupk gc ld -

glvlguks sc`cnfdtcs cd sus hfrfhtcràstlhfs
cstruhturfmcs y budhlkdfmcs quc sc rcprkguhcd
dfturfm`cdtc cdtrc sà y quc tlcdcd ud fdtchc -
skr hk`þd.
Koscrvc`ks mks dkòrcs hlcdtàhks gc ktrks scrcs vlvks>
Dkòrc vumjfr Dkòrc hlcdtàhk

Jftk gk`ìstlhk Bcmls gk`cstlhf
Mcød Bcmls mck
Wljrc Bcmls tljrls
Mckpfrgk Bcmls pfrgus
Mks jrupks tfxkdø`lhks usfgks fhtufm`cdtc vfd gcsgc

mks rcldks quc skd pkhks, pcrk f su vcz, mfs fjrupfhlkdcs `æs
jrfdgcs, efstf mf cspchlc quc skd mks jrupks `æs pcqucöks pcrk
gc `fykr dþ`crk.
Mf Wfxkdk`àf hmfslhf mks krjfdls`ks gc

fhucrgk hkd ud krgcd ncrærqulhk.
Cs fsà quc sc cstfomchc quc>

w Cm rcldk sc glvlgc cd mks
w Cm mk sc glvlgc cd hmfscs
w Mfs hmfscs cd ørgcdcs
w Mfs ørgcdcs cd bf`lmlfs
w Mfs bf`lmlfs cd jìdcrks y

w Mks jìdcrks cd cspchlcs
?5<
Fgc`æs gc ktrfs suoglvlslkdcs quc sc pucgcd gfr hk`k pkr
cnc`pmk, mks suomks k mfs suohmfscs.
_cpctl`ks cdtkdhcs...
F mf rf`f gc mf hlcdhlf quc sc khupf gc mf

hmfslhfhlød gc mks krjfdls`ks sc mc gcdk`ldf
Wfxkdk`àf.
»Huædtks rcldks;
Fm prldhlplk, Frlstøtcmcs y mks prl`crks tfxødk`ks rchkdk -

hlcrkd f mks ærokmcs, froustks y elcrofs hk`k cmc`cdtks gc ud
rcldk mmf`fgk _cldk Rcjctfm y f mks pcrrks, jfmmks, vfhfs y f mks
hfofmmks hk`k `lcòrks gc ktrk rcldk mmf`fgk _cldk Fdl`fm.
Mf Wfxkdk`àf `kgcrdf hmfslhø f mks krjfdls`ks pfrf su

cstuglk cd hldhk rcldks prldhlpfmcs mmf`fgks rcldks olkmøjlhks
(Zlttfacr 6<2<) @ødcrf, Yrktlstf, Budjl, Ymfdtfc y Fdl`fmlf.
Cstks rcldks cstæd hkdstltulgks pkr gks gk`ldlks.
?<9
»_chkrgf`ks f mks prkhkrlktfs y mks cuhfrlktfs;
Olcd, cd cm gk`ldlk gc mks prkhfrlktfs sc ldhmuycd f mfs ofh -

tcrlfs y cd cm gc mks cuhfrlktfs f tkgks mks gc`æs.
Mf hmfslhfhlød dk cs bæhlm, pkr cnc`pmk mks prkhfrlktfs sc

hfrfhtcrlzfd pkrquc dk tlcdcd `ltkhkdgrlfs, dl hmkrkpmfstks. Dk
pksccd `còrfdf duhmcfr y fgc`æs dk sc koscrvf cd cmmks
rcprkguhhlød scxufm pkr `clksls.
Xld còfrjk, mf glvcrslgfg gc cstks krjfdls`ks cs ùy jrfd-
gc. Cd ùhefs khfslkdcs, dk sc pucgcd hmfslhfr gcdltlvf`cdtc.

»Huæmcs y huædtks sk`ks mks scrcs vlvks;
Mf rcspucstf hkdhrctf cs l`pkslomc gc gfr, pcrk mf Olkmkjàf

ldtcdtf rcspkdgcr gædgkdks hkdstfdtc`cdtc ducvf ldbkr`fhlød
fm rcspchtk cd ud jrfd hf`pk gc mf hlcdhlf gcdk`ldfgk Olkgl -
vcrslgfg.
?<6
_csu`cd LL
v F mf rf`f gc mf hlcdhlf quc sc khupf gc mf hmfslhfhlød

gc mks krjfdls`ks sc mc gcdk`ldf Wfxkdk`àf.
v Mf Wfxkdk`àf mc pcr`ltc f mks olømkjks krgcdfr f

mks scrcs vlvks y rcfmlzfr prcglhhlkdcs gc fmjudfs
hfrfhtcràstlhfs cvkmutlvfs gc mks krjfdls`ks.
v Hfrmks Mlddck cd cm X URLLL glk f hkdkhcr ud slstc`f

oldk`ldfm.
v Cm dkòrc hlcdtàhk pcr`ltc lgcdtlhfr f mks krjfdls-
`ks. Cstæ bkr`fgk pkr cm jìdcrk y mf cspchlc.
Fmjudks jrupks tfxkdø`lhks skd>
_cldk
Blmk
Hmfsc
Krgcd
Bf`lmlf
Cspchlc
v Xcjþd Zlttfacr (6<2<), mf Wfxkdk`àf hmfslhf f mks

scrcs vlvks cd hldhk rcldks> Yrktlstf, @ødcrf, Budjl,
Ymfdtfc y Fdl`fmlf.
?<?
Cncrhlhlks LL
6. Cm `fykr dlvcm tfxkdø`lhk sc gcdk`ldf
f. mk.
o. rcldk.
h. jìdcrk.
g. cspchlc.
?. Xcjþd Zlttfacr mks ekdjks pcrtcdchcd fm rcldk
f. Budjl.
o. Mlqucd.
h. Fdl`fm.
g. @ødcrf.
8. »Vuì sljdlhf hufdgk gchl`ks quc Mlddck prkpusk ud slstc`f

gc dk`cdhmfturf oldfrlf;
7. »Huæm cs cm dkòrc hlcdtàhk gc mks krjfdls`ks `æs gc-

sfrrkmmfgks cd cm pmfdctf ;
3. »Huæm cs mf pfmforf quc hkrrcspkdgc f mf cspchlc, cd cm

dkòrc hlcdtàhk gc mks scrcs eu`fdks ;
?<8
LLL Olkglvcrslgfg
Yfrf ldlhlfr cstc tc`f, gcscf`ks hk`pfrtlr ud frtàhumk quc

efomf skorc mf olkglvcrslgfg gcm pfrquc gc Wlafm cd Yctìd.
Wlafm, Yfrquc dfhlkdfm, sc cdhucdtrf mkhfmlzfgk cd cm sch-

tkr dkrkrlcdtc gcm gcpfrtf`cdtk juftc`fmtchk gc Yctìd, f 37?
a` gc mf hfpltfm gc mf _cpþomlhf. Xu rcmlcvc sc hfrfhtcrlzf pkr
pksccr udf supcrhlc hfmhæhcf pmfdf ldtcjrfgf cd mf pcdàdsumf
gc \uhftæd, quc tlcdc ud hfrfhtcràstlhk `kgcmfgk hærstlhk cd cm
quc gcstfhfd sus prkbudgfs sl`fs y hk`pmcnks suotcrrædcks
fdcjfgks pkr hkrrlcdtcs gc fjuf (hcdktcs). Cm hml`f cs trkplhfm,
hkd fmtfs tc`pcrfturfs y bucrtcs prchlpltfhlkdcs. Xc hrcø cd 6<3:,
hkd udf supcrhlc gc 3:,299 ef, khupfgfs pkr udf scmvf gc jrfd
brkdgkslgfg. Gc sus vfmkrcs dfturfmcs skorcsfmc mf dktfomc olkgl-
vcrslgfg gc cspchlcs vcjctfmcs‘cstl`fgf cdtrc :,999 y 67,999
vfrlcgfgcs pkr echtærcf‘ gc mfs quc gcstfhfd mks cnc`pmfrcs gc
hcgrk k hfkof. Wfòlìd cs gc l`pkrtfdtc vfmkr mf sldjumfrlgfg
gc su bfudf cd mf quc hfoc rcsfmtfr mf rlquczf gc fvcs, hk`k cm
mmf`ftlvk quctzfm quc cs fgc`æs còmc`f gcm pfàs.
«Wlafm, Yfrquc dfhlkdfm±, Cdhlhmkpcglf @khrkskbt(_)

Cdhfrtf(_) <<. (h) 6<<8-6<<5 @khrkskbt Hkrpkrftlkd. _cscr-
vfgks tkgks mks gcrcheks.
Olcd, »quì mc pfrchc; Xk`ks rcmf`cdtc prlvlmcjlfgks.
Mf Olkglvcrslgfg trftf gc mf jrfd vfrlcgfg gc scrcs vlvks,
?<7
quc pkomfd fmjudf zkdf.
Fhtufm`cdtc, hkdkhc`ks mf jrfd glbcrcdhlf y f vchcs mf sl`l-

mltug cdtrc fmjudks krjfdls`ks. Csk dks l`plgc gchlglrbæhlm`cdtc,
sl skd fdl`fmcs k sl skd vcjctfmcs, mk hufm elzk dchcsfrlk quc mf
Olkmkjàf f`pmlfrf cm dþ`crk gc rcldks.
F hkdtldufhlød cxpkdgrc`ks mf hmfslhfhlød, quc efstf efhc

pkhk sc ef echek gc mks krjfdls`ks, gc fhucrgk hkd mks hldhk
rcldks quc hltf`ks fdtcrlkr`cdtc.
_cldks olkmøjlhks
v @ødcrf
v Budjl
v Yrktlstf
v Fdl`fm k Fdl`fmlf
v Rcjctfm k Ymfdtfc
_cldk @ødcrf
Mks olømkjks ldhmuycrkd cd cm _cldk @ødcrf f mfs ofhtcrlfs
y fmjfs vcrgc fzumcs (prkhfrlktfs).
Mfs gks `lm k `æs cspchlcs gc ofhtcrlfs hkdkhlgfs nucjfd

ud pfpcm l`pkrtfdtc cd mf gcsldtcjrfhlød gc mf `ftcrlf krjædlhf,
rchlhmfnc gc dutrlcdtcs y prkhcsks gc bcr`cdtfhlød.
Fmjudfs ofhtcrlfs skd hfusfdtcs gc cdbcr`cgfgcs tfdtk cd

pmfdtfs hk`k cd fdl`fmcs. Ktrfs skd utlmlzfgfs cd mf ldgustrlf
pfrf mf prkguhhlød gc fml`cdtk y `cglhldfs, fgc`æs sc utlmlzfd
pfrf hurtlr hucrk, cm trftf`lcdtk gc fjufs dcjrfs y ktrks pr
khcsks
tcxtlmcs.
?<3
Fmjudks cnc`pmks gc mks `ødcrf skd mfs ofhtcrlfs mmf`fgfs
cstrcptkhkhks hfusfdtcs gc mf dcu`kdàf, cshfrmftldf, hfrlcs
gcdtfmcs y ktrfs cdbcr`cgfgcs. Mks cstfmkhkhks hfusfdtcs
gc mf tuocrhumksls y mfs csplrkquctfs hk`k pkr cnc`pmk mf
csplrkquctf pæmlgf hfusfdtc gc mf sàmls.
_cldk Budjl
Cd cm rcldk Budjl sc efd ldhmulgk mks ekdjks (Zlttfacr 6<2<).
Mks ekdjks skd krjfdls`ks cuhfrlktfs, dk

bktksldtìtlhks.
Fmjudks cnc`pmks skd mks relzkpus, mks fshk`lhctcs y mks

ofslglk`lhctcs. Fmjudks skd hk`cstlomcs hk`k mks ekdjks gc
Xfd Nufd.
Gcdtrk gc mks fshk`lhctcs tcdc`ks quc gcstfhfr mf jrfd

l`pkrtfdhlf gcm ekdjk pcdlhlmmlu` gcm hufm sc cxtrfc mf pcdlhlml-
df y gcdtrk gc mks ofslglk`lhctcs f mks ekdjks hkùdcs quc
pfrfsltfd fmjudks ærokmcs.
?<2
_cldk Yrktlstf
Gcdtrk gcm _cldk Yrktlstf sc ldhmuycrkd f tkgks fqucmmks

krjfdls`ks udlhcmumfrcs quc cd ùheks fspchtks skdldtcr-
`cglks cdtrc mks vcjctfmcs y mks fdl`fmcs.
»Ykr quì gchl`ks ldtcr`cglks;
Ykrquc fmjudks prktlstfs, jufrgfd `fykr rcmfhlød hkd

mks vcjctfmcs, pcrk fmjudks ktrks, skd `æs sl`lmfrcs f mks
fdl`fmcs.
Cd rcfmlgfg, mks rcldks skd skmk fjrupfhlkdcs quc sc efhcd
pfrf lgcdtlhfr mks krjfdls`ks.
Gcdtrk gc mks prktlstfs cdhkdtrf`ks krjfdls`ks ùy vfrlf -

gks.
Jcdcrfm`cdtc skd ldkbcdslvks, pcrk mf glscdtcràf f`lolfdf,

cm pfmugls`k y cm `fm gcm sucök skd cdbcr`cgfgcs hfusfgfs
pkr prktlstfs.
?<:
Sdf cspchlc gc `ftrl`kdlk
»Ef vlstk mfs `fdhefs jrlsæhcfs - vcrgksfs gc mks ùrks y

ærokmcs;, sà, mfs quc skd hk`k udf cspchlc gcpfrhecs jrlsæhcks,
quc fpfrchcd cd mks ùrks y trkdhks eþ`cgks.
_csumtf quc cd csfs `fdhefs, suoslstcd gks bkr`fs gc

krjfdls`ks hk`k sl bucrfd ud `ftrl`kdlk, f cstf cspchlc gc
`ftrl`kdlk sc mc gcdk`ldfmàqucd.
Mks màqucdcs skd glbàhlmcs gc hmfslhfr pucs,

fudquc pfrchcd pmfdtfs, cd rcfmlgfg dk mk
skd, sldk `æs olcd rcsumtfd gc mf udlød gc ud
ekdjk y ud fmjf.
Cm fmjf sldtctlzf cm fml`cdtk y cm ekdjk mf prktcjc gc mf

scqucgfg, su`ldlstrædgkmc fjuf y `ldcrfmcs.
Mks màqucdcs hfusfd gcsldtcjrfhlød gc mfs rkhfs gkdgc sc

nfd.
Mks tfxødk`ks gcocd gchlglr, sl sc usf cm ekdjk k cm fmjf

pfrf hmfslhfrmks. Fudquc cd ùheks hfsks sc usf pfrf cmmk
udf hmfsc scpfrfgf mmf`fgfCu`yhkpeytf.
Bldfm`cdtc pkgc`ks gchlr, quc f pcsfr gc mks csbucrzks ec

-
heks pfrf hmfslhfr f mks scrcs vlvks cd hldhk rcldks, hkd cstks
prl`crks krjfdls`ks, dk sc mmcjf f udf tktfm gchlslød, yf quc cd
ùheks hfsks, pkr cnc`pmk, sc hkmkhfd krjfdls`ks su`f`cdtc
sl`lmfrcs cd jrupks glbcrcdtcs tfd sømk pkr mf glbcrcdhlf cd cm
hkmkr, mk hufm pucgc rcsumtfr hlrhudstfdhlfm, pkr cnc`pmk, hufdgk
sc hmfslhf gc fhucrgk f mf prcscdhlf k fuscdhlf gc muz.
?<5
Koscrvc`ks cm hufgrk quc fpfrchc f hkdtldufhlød>
_ C L D K Y _ K W L X W F
Cd cstc rcldk sc ldhmuycdkrjfdls`ks quc pksccd udf cstruhturf

sl`pmc1 ùheks skd udlhcmumfrcs, ktrks skd hkmkdlfmcs k ùmtlhcmumfrcs,
pcrk hfrchcd gctcnlgks cspchlfmlzfgks. Cdtrc cmmksefy ectcrøtrkbks
y futøtrkbks pkr mk hufm dk sc glstldjucd cxfhtf`cdtc hk`k pmfdtfs
k hk`k fdl`fmcs.
Blmk Krjfdls`ks
{
Hyfdkpeytf fmjfs vcrgc fzumcs
Yrktlstfs Hemkrkpeytf fmjfs vcrgcs
fmjfmcs Heryskpeytf fmjfs gkrfgfs pfrgfs y glftk`cfs
Yyrrkpeytf gldkfjcmfgks y hrlptk`ødfgfs
_ekgkpeytf fmjfs rknfs
Xhelzk`yhkpeytf ofhtcrlfs
{
Yrktlstfs
Cu`yhkpeytf ekdjks
budjksks y
@yxk`yhkpeytf ekdjks gcm ml`k (`lxk`lhctks)
budjfmcs
{
Xfrhkgldf krjfdls`ks f`loklgcs (f`lofs)
Yrktkzkfrlks @fstljkpekrf fjcmfgks (cujmcdf)
prktlstfs Hlmlkpekrf hlmlfgks (pfrf`chlk)
Xpkrkzkf cspkrkzkfrlks (pmfs`kglk)
_cldk Rcjctfm k Ymfdtfc
Cd cstc rcldk sc ldhmuycd mfs Orløtfs, Wrfqucøtfs k pmfdtfs

vfshumfrcs, cdtrc mfs `æs hkùdcs> mfs Ytcrlgktfs (ecmcheks),
mfs Jl`dkspcr`fs y mfs Fdjlkspcr`fs.
?<<
w Mfs Orløbtfs
Cs pkslomc quc ùheks sljmks ftræs mfs pmfdtfs fhuætlhfs su -

brlcrkd `kglhfhlkdcs c ldvfglcrkd mf Wlcrrf. Gc csf `fdcrf sc
supkdc quc fpfrchlcrkd mfs prl`crfs pmfdtfs tcrrcstrcs hkdkhlgfs
cd mf fhtufmlgfg hk`k Orløtfs.
Mfs Orløtfs sc hfrfhtcrlzfd pkrquc sc hkdslgcrfd pmfdtfs

ldbcrlkrcs. F mfs Orløtfs pcrtcdchcd mks ùsjks y mfs ecpætlhfs.
Koscrvc`ks cm hlhmk gc vlgf gc udf pmfdtf orløtf
899
Mks ùsjks nucjfd ud pfpcm ùy
l`pkrtfdtc pkrquc fyugfd f gcsldtc-
jrfr mfs rkhfs pfrf mf bkr`fhlød gcm
sucmk.
Mfs pmfdtfsecpætlhfs skd `cdks

hkùdcs ud cnc`pmk gc cmmfs cs mf
`frhefdtlf.
Ktrf màdcf gc mfs bkr`fs vcjctfmcs

ud pkhk `æs cvkmuhlkdfgks skd mfs
mmf`fgfs Wrfqucøtfs. Cstks krjf -
dls`ks sc hfrfhtcrlzfd pkrquc pksccd
Ecmchek tcnlgks vfshumfrcs (hkdguhtkrcs). Mks
ecmcheks skd pmfdtf trfqucøtfs.
_ C L D K Y M F D W F C
Cd cstc rcldk sc uolhfd mfs pmfdtfs ùmtlhcmumfrcs quc tlcdcd tcnlgks y ørjfdks.
Cd sus hìmumfs cdhkdtrf`ks pfrcgcs hcmumfrcs quc hkdtlcdcd hcmumksf1 hmkrkmf f y
o prcscdtc y mkhfmlzfgf cd mks hmkrkpmfstks1 cm fml`cdtk mk fm`fhcdfd cd bkr`f gc
fm`lgød. Yksccd ørjfdks scxufmcs ùmtlhcmumfrcs y skd scrcs futøtrkbks.
Blmk Xuobmk Hmfsc Krjfdls`ks
Orykpeytf ecpætlhfs, fdtkhc-

rftfmcs y ùsjks
{
Yslmkpslgf Yslmøpslgks «hcplmmks±
Myhkpslgf Mlhkpkglfmcs mlhkpkglks
Wrfheckpeytf Xpecddkpslgf Cqulsctfmcs y hkmfs gc hfofmmk
(cqulsctu`)
Hfmf`ltfmcs hfmf`ltc (bøslm)
Blmlhldfc ecmcheks
Ytcrkpslgf Jy`dkspcr`fc ecmcheks hkd
sc`lmmf, hlhfgfmcs
{
jldajk y hkdàbcrfs
Fdjlkspcr`fc pmfdtfs hkd krcs
896
w Mfs Wrfqucøbtfs
»Hø`k sc l`fjldf ustcg mks oksqucs prl`ltlvks;
Glbcrcdtcs f mks fhtufmcs »vcrgfg;
Dk cstfofd pkomfgks pkr ærokmcs dl froustks sldk pkr ùs-

jks, ecpætlhfs y ecmcheks »quì mc pfrchc;
Mfs Wrfqucøtfs skd pmfdtfstcrrcstrcs quc fpfrchlcrkd efræ

udks ?99 `lmmkdcs gc föks y sc gcdcd hk`k pmfdtfs hkd tcnlgks
vfshumfrcs. Mfs bkr`fs fhtufmcs `æs l`pkrtfdtcs sc hkdkhcd
hk`k Jl`dkspcr`fs y Fdjlkspcr`fs.
Mfs fdjlkspcr`fs vlvcd cd tkgf hmfsc gcfòlcdtc

skd pmfdtfs hkd krcs y mfs fjrupf`ks cd `kdkhktl-
mcgødcfs y glhktlmcgødcfs.
Gurfdtc mf jcr`ldfhlød gc mfs prl`crfs cstæd

prcscdtcs gks ørjfdks pfrf cm fm`fhcdf`lcdtk gc
fml`cdtks, gcdk`ldfgks hktlmcgkdcs, `lcdtrfs quc cd
mfs scjudgfs cstæ prcscdtc skmf`cdtc udk gc tfmcs
ørjfdks. Mfs `kdkhktlmcgødcfs y mfs glhktlmcgødcfs
glblcrcd tfòlìd cd ktrks fspchtks. Ykr cnc`pmk,
mfs vcdfs gc mfs eknfs cd mfs glhktlmcgødcfs cstæd
glspucstfs bkr`fdgk udf rcg, `lcdtrfs quc cd mfs
`kdkhktlmcgødcfs sc glspkdcd pfrfmcmf`cdtc udfs f
ktrfs. Cd mfs glhktlmcgødcfs, mks efhcs vfshumfrcs gcm
tfmmk sc glstrlouycd gc fhucrgk hkd ud pftrød rfglfm,
hk`k mfs vfrlmmfs cd udf rucgf, `lcdtrfs quc cd mfs
`kdkhktlmcgødcfs sc glstrlouycd fm fzfr f mk mfrjk gc
tkgk cm tfmmk.
F mfs Jl`dkspcr`fs tfòlìd sc mcs mmf`f pmfdtfs

gc sc`lmmf gcsdugf.
Wkgks ec`ks vlstk mks hkdks gc ud pldk »vcrgfg;

Oucdk, csf cs mf rfzød, mfs sc`lmmfs cstæd cxpucstfs.
»Xfoc ustcg f huæmcs vcjctfmcs pcrtcdchcd f mks

ærokmcs gc dfrfdnf, mks gc `fdjk k mks gc fjufhftc;
Olcd, »quì mc pfrchc sl mk ldvcstljf;
89?
Fmjudfs bf`lmlfs gc
`kdkhktlmcgødcfs y glhktlmcgødcfs
BF@LMLF @LC@O_KX GC MF BF@LMLF
@kdkhktlmcgødcfs
Wypefhcfc cspfgföf hk`þd
Mlmlfhcfc mlrlk, hcokmmf, tumlpæd, nfhldtk, fzuhcdf
Jrf`ldcfc hcrcfmcs, pfstk fzum, hföf gc fzþhfr, ofòþ, pfstk
Lrlgfhcfc jmfglkmk, lrls
Yfm`fhcfc hkhktcrk, pfm`crf gc gætlmcs, pfm`ltk
Glhktlmcgødcfs
Bfjfhcfc efyf, hfstfök, rkomc
Dy`pefcfhcfc mlrlk fhuætlhk (dcdþbfr)
Yfpfvcrfhcfc f`fpkmf, sfdjuldfrlf
_ksfhcfc rksf, `fdzfdk, cspldk, brcsf, pcrfm, hlrucmk, gurfzdk, hcrczk
Fhcrfhcfc `fpmc k frhc
_cldk Fdl`fmlf
@æs gcm <3 % gc mks fdl`fmcs pcrtcdchcd f mks ldvcrtcorfgks

(sld hkmu`df vcrtcorfm). Cxlstcd gcsgc mks pcqucöàsl`ks cshf -
rfofnks efstf jrfdgcs fdl`fmcs `frldks quc pucgcd fmhfdzfr
efstf 6? ` hk`k cm hfmf`fr jljfdtc.
Mks fdl`fmcs `æs fvfdzfgks skd mks vcrtcorfgks. Cmmks

pksccd hkmu`df bkr`fgf pkr vìrtcorfs, gcdtrk gc mf hkmu`df
sc cdhucdtrf mf `ìgumf cspldfm quc cstæ udlgf f ud hcrcork olcd
gcsfrrkmmfgk. Mks vcrtcorfgks pksccd ud slstc`f dcrvlksk quc
mcs pcr`ltc rcfhhlkdfr `æs cvkmuhlkdfgf`cdtc f mks cstàùmks
gcm `cglk.
898
_ C L D K F D L @ F M L F
Cd cstc rcldk sc ldhmuycrkd fdl`fmcs ùmtlhcmumfrcs quc pksccd tcnlgks y, cd ùheks hfsks, ørjfdks
y slstc`fs. Mks fdl`fmcs pfsfd pkr ctfpfs còrlkdfrlfs k mfrvfrlfs cd cm gcsfrrkmmk, skd krjfdls`ks
ectcrøtrkbks. F hkdtldufhlød sc prcscdtfd mks mks prldhlpfmcs.
BLMK XSOBLMK K_JFDLX@KX
Ykràbcrks cspkdnfs
Hcmcdtcrfgks `cgusf, fdì`kdfs gc `fr, hkrfmcs
Ymftcm`lcdtks jusfdks pmfdks
Dc`ftkgks jusfdks rcgkdgks
Wrkqucm`ldtks rktàbcrks
Orykzkf orlkzkfrlks, ùsjks `frldks
Orfqulkpkgks orfquløpkgks k «mæ`pfrfs gc `fr±
@kmushks fm`cnfs, hfrfhkmcs, hfmf`frcs, pumpks
Fdìmlgks jusfdks scj`cdtfgks (mkòrlz gc tlcrrf)
Frtrøpkgks ldschtks, frföfs, hrustæhcks
Cquldkgcr`ks cstrcmmfs y crlzks gc `fr
{
Ec`lhkrgfgks ofmfdkjmksk, ocmmks gc `fr
Hekrgftf Wudlhfgks tudlhfgks
Hcbfmkhkrgfgks fdkxks
Rcrtcorfgks vfhfs, jftks, scr eu`fdk.
Gcdtrk gc mks vcrtcorfgks cdhkdtrf`ks hldhk hmfscs prldhl-

pfmcs>
Hmfscs Cnc`pmks
Ychcs Xfm`ød
Fdolks _fdfs
_cptlmcs Hfshfocm
Fvcs Jfmmldfs
@f`àbcrks Hfofmmks
897
»Hkdkhc ustcg fmjk sc`cnfdtc f mf lmustrfhlød sljulcdtc;
Oucdk, fmjudks efd kpldfgk quc pfrchc udf dfvc cspfhlfm,

ktrks quc cs udf plczf ùy skstlhfgf gc fmjþd cqulpk gc hk`-
putfhlød y gc`æs. Xld còfrjk, gìncdks gchlrmc quc sc trftf dfgf
`æs dl dfgf `cdks quc gcm csmfoød cdtrc mk vlvk y mk dk vlvk.
»Cm csmfoød cdtrc mk vlvk y mk dk vlvk;
Xà, fsà cs, cstruhturfs hk`k cstfs sc efd pkglgk koscrvfr

jrfhlfs fm `lhrkshkplk, pcrk mks olømkjks slcdtcd, quc mmcjfrkd f
ud pudtk hràtlhk gcolgk f quc rcsumtf ùy glbàhlm efhcr mf glbcrcdhl
f
cdtrc mfs hmfscs gc `ftcrlf hufdgk gc vlrus sc trftf.
Olcd, yf mk ec`ks glhek, skd rcprcscdtfhlkdcs gc fmjudks

vlrus. Efomfr gc vlrus quc prkguhcd prkomc`fs cs ùy hkrrlcdtc
cd ducstrk `cglk, pcrk pfrf mks olømkjks, hmfslhfrmks cs tkgk ud
rctk gcolgk f quc cstæd bkr`fgks gc prktcàdfs y æhlgk duhmìlhk,
pcrk bucrf gc udf hìmumf vlvf dk skd `æs quc hrlstfmcs quc dk
gfd cvlgcdhlf gc dldjudf budhlød vltfm.
893
Ycrk hk`k yf ec`ks glhek>
Mks vlrus hfusfd scrlfs cdbcr`cgfgcs tfdtk cd

pmfdtfs hk`k cd fdl`fmcs. Cd cm scr eu`fdk
fmjudfs gc cmmfs skd mf rfolf, cm sfrf`plød, cm
rcsbrlfgk y cm ecrpcs.
Sstcg cdtkdhcs, sc cstfræ prcjudtfdgk»mks vlrus skd scrcs

vlvks k dk; »Hø`k mks hmfslbhfd mks tfxødk`ks;
Olcd, mks vlrus sc pucgcd hkdslgcrfr hk`k ud csmfoød cdtrc

mk vlvk y mk dk vlvk1 y pkr mk tfdtk mks hmfslhfrc`ks gc fhucrgk
hkd mfs hìmumfs gkdgc sc pucgcd ùmtlpmlhfr.
Gcolgk f mk fdtcrlkr, fmjudks gc cmmks sc gcdk`ldfd>
f. ofhtcrlfdks k ofhtcrløbfjks
o. vcjctfmcs
h. fdl`fmcs y eu`fdks
Ykgc`ks gchlr cdtkdhcs quc
Mks vlrus dk sc rcprkguhcd

sldk quc, skd rcprkguhlgks pkr
mfs hìmumfs vlvfs cd mfs hufmcs
sc fmknfd.
Cd mks þmtl`ks föks mfs hmfslbhfhlkdcs gc mks scrcs vlvks

cstæd hfòlfdgk gcolgk f quc pfrf cmmk sc utlmlzfd tìhdlhfs
`kmchumfrcs, mk hufm cdtrc ktrfs pkslolmlgfgcs, pcr`ltc gc`kstrfr
mf schucdhlf gc FGD y F_D, tk`fdgk ùcstrfs glrchtf`cdtc gc
mf dfturfmczf, sld dchcslgfg gc humtlvfrmfs cd cm mfokrftkrlk.
892
@kglbhfhlød gc mf hmfslbhfhlød gc mks
scrcs vlvks
Mf Olkglvcrslgfg cs tfd jrfdgc quc cd tfdtks föks mks tfxø-

dk`ks dk efd mkjrfgk pkdcrsc gc fhucrgk.
Xld còfrjk, cdtrc mfs þmtl`fs hmfslhfhlkdcs sc glhc tfòlìd

quc gcdtrk gc mks cuhfrlktfs, yf dk sc fhcptf cm fdtljuk rcldk
Yrktlstf, sldk quc sc prkpkdc ktrk ud pkhk `æs rcstrldjlgk mmf`f-
gk _cldk Yrktkzkf, `æs ktrks trcs rcldks mmf`fgks Frheczkf,
Herk`lstf y Olmlpeytf.
_cldk Yrktkzkf
Ldhmuyc mks prktkzkfrlks fvfdzfgks quc hfrchcd gc `ltkhkd-

grlfs pcrk cd cstks hfsks cxlstc cvlgcdhlf gc quc mfs efd pcrglgk
schudgfrlf`cdtc (k scf, sus fdhcstrks mfs tcdàfd). Hkdvlcdc
fhmfrfr quc cm _cldk Yrktkzkf ldhmuyc dk skmf`cdtc prktkzkfrlks,
sldk tfòlìd fmjudfs fmjfs, cujmcdfs y gldkfjcmfgks y f mks
`keks gcsmlzfdtcs (fdtcs hmfslhfgks hk`k ekdjks).
_cldk Frheczkf
Cm rcldk Frheczkf ldhmuyc udks prktkzkfrlks ùy prl`ltlvks

quc hfrchcd gc hlcrtfs cstruhturfs hcmumfrcs, hk`k `ltkhkdgrlfs.
_cldk Herk`lstf
Cm ducvk _cldk Herk`lstf rcþdc f ùheks krjfdls`ks

glbcrcdtcs pcrk f dlvcm suohcmumfr pksccd hfrfhtcràstlhfs
ùy sl`lmfrcs.
Ssufm`cdtc tlcdcd ud fjcmk pcmugk glrljlgk efhlf fgcmfdtc
y ud fjcmk mlsk glrljlgk efhlf ftræs. Cm rcldk Herk`lstf hkdtlcdc

ktrfs fmjfs cdtrc cmmfs mfs fmjfs pfrgfs quc skd fmjfs ùmtlhcmu-
mfrcs quc vlvcd cd cm `fr c ldhmuycd mfs fmjfs `æs jrfdgcs gcm
ùdgk.
89:
Wfòlìd sc ldhmuycd mfsglftk`cfs quc skd fmjfs udlhcmumfrcs
y quc vlvcd tfdtk cd cm `fr hk`k cd fjuf gumhc. Fmjudfs vlvcd
hk`k pmfdhtkd `lcdtrfs quc ktrfs cstæd pcjfgfs f ud sustrftk,
pkr cnc`pmk, udfs cspchlcs sc`ltcrrcstrcs quc hrchcd skorc
mfgrlmmks eþ`cgks.
Fgc`æs ldhmuyc udks `keks, fdtcs hmfslhfgks cd cm _cldk

Budjl, cdtrc cmmks cm `kek quc pfrfsltf pchcs gc fhufrlk y cm
tlzød tfrgàk gc mf pfpf.
_cldk Olmlpeytf
Fmjudks futkrcs hmfslhfd f mfsfmjfs rknfs cd ud rcldk fpfrtc

mmf`fgk Olmlpeytf gcolgk f quc cstfs fmjfs skd ùy glbcrcdtcs f
ktrk jrupk gc fmjfs.
_cldk Budjl
Fekrf cd cstc rcldk sc rcþdcd skmf`cdtc mks mmf`fgks ekd-

jks vcrgfgcrks.
Xc efd cxhmulgk gc ìm mks `keks gcsmlzfdtcs y mks k`lhctks
Xctfs
_cldk Ymfdtfc
Cm _cldk Ymfdtfc ldhmuyc fekrf f fmjfs vcrgcs, f mks ùs-

jks y f mfs pmfdtfs vfshumfrcs (ecmcheks, Jl`dkspcr`fs y
Fdjlkspcr`fs).
895
_cldk Fdl`fmlf
Cm _cldk Fdl`fmlf dk ef hfòlfgk ùhek, pcrk fþd cxlstcd

fmjudfs hkdtrkvcrslfs hkd rcspchtk f fmjudks gc mks mks gc mks
Frtrøpkgks, sl rcprcscdtfd ud skmk mk (udf rf`f cvkmutlvf) k
vfrlks mks (`æs gc udf rf`f cvkmutlvf). Efstf cm `k`cdtk mf
`fykràf gc mf cvlgcdhlf sujlcrc quc cs ud skmk mk.
Bldfm`cdtc, efy quc pcrhftfrsc quc mf hmfslhfhlød gc mks

scrcs vlvks dk cs fmjk gcdltlvk, sldk quc cstæ hfòlfdgk.
_chucrgc quc dk sfoc`ks, hkd cxfhtltug, huædtfs cspchlcs

cxlstcd k pkscc ducstrk pmfdctf.
Mf Olkglvcrslgfg dk rccrc fþd mf tktfmlgfg gc tkgfs mfs bkr-

`fs gc vlgf.
Mf Wfxkdk`àf fþd dk mkjrf hmfslhfr mf `fykràf gc mfs cs

-
pchlcs.
Xfoc ustcg...
»Huæm cs ducstrk rcldk olkmøjlhk;
Xc glhc quc mks scrcs eu`fdks ec`ks fmhfdzfgk mf hþsplgc

gc mks scrcs vlvks `cnkr krjfdlzfgks. Wcdc`ks ud hcrcork y cm
slstc`f dcrvlksk `æs gcsfrrkmmfgk quc hufmqulcr ktrf cspchlc hk-
dkhlgf cd cm pmfdctf. Hf`ldf`ks crjulgks, usf`ks ecrrf`lcdtfs
y pkscc`ks ud mcdjufnc. Ducstrk hcrcork hkdtrkmf mfs fhtlvlgfgcs
hkdshlcdtcs c ldhkdshlcdtcs. Cs ud hcdtrk gc ldtcmljcdhlf.
89<
Dk sfoc`ks hkd cxfhtltug huædgk fpfrchlø cm scr eu`f-
dk hk`k tfm cd cm pmfdctf.
Ycrk, hk`k mk hltf`ks fdtcrlkr`cdtc, pcrtcdchc`ks f mf

cspchlc huyk dkòrc hlcdtàhk csEk`k
« sfplcds-sfplcds±.
Cstf cspchlc cstæ bkr`fgf f su vcz pkr glvcrslgfg gc

ctdlfs. Cdtrc mfs hufmcs, tfòlìd efy ùhefs vfrlfhlkdcs...
Xld còfrjk, skd `æs mfs sl`lmltugcs quc mfs glbcrcdhlfs.
Mfs glvcrsfs ctdlfs eu`fdfs y ktrfs cspchlcs

`cdks cvkmuhlkdfgfs gc mfs hmfscs quc hltf`ks
fdtcrlkr`cdtc ldtcjrf`ks cm _cldk Fdl`fmlf.
»Vuì mc pfrchc sl rcvlsf`ks mf hmfslhfhlød gc mks scrcs

eu`fdks;
Koscrvc`ks cdtkdhcs...
_cldk Fdl`fmlf
Blmk Hekrgftf
Xuomk Rcrtcorftf
Hmfsc @f``fmlf
Xuohmfsc Cutecrlf
Krgcd Yrl`ftcs
Bf`lmlf Ek`ldlgfc
Jìdcrk Ek`k
Cspchlc sfplcds-sfplcds
Mks scrcs eu`fdks
Xk`ks mf cspchlc quc pkscc gk`ldlk skorc cm ùdgk fhtufm.

Xld còfrjk, hkdkhc`ks ùy pkhk gc mks krjfdls`ks `cdkrcs
hkd mks quc hk`pfrtl`ks cstc ùdgk y mk quc cs pckr, cstf`ks
prkvkhfdgk mf cxtldhlød gc ùheks gc cmmks quc fþd dk hkdk -
hc`ks.
Fmjudfs gc cstfs ldqulctugcs sc efd hkdvcrtlgk cd mks plmfrcs

gc mf Chkmkjàf, udf ducvf ærcf gc mf Olkmkjàf.
869
_csu`cd LLL
v Mf Olkglvcrslgfg sc hftcjkrlzf jrfhlfs fm fpkrtc

ldlhlfgk pkr H. Mlddck cd cm X. URLLL. Fhtufm`cdtc sc
ef `cnkrfgk pcrk prcvfmchcd fmjudfs gc mfs ofscs
gfgfs pkr ìm.
Efstf efhc pkhk sc hltfofd skmk hldhk rcldks

(Zlttfacr 6<2<)
- @ødcrf
- Budjl
- Yrktlstf
- Rcjctfm k Ymfdtfc
- Fdl`fm k Fdl`fmlf
v Hfgf krjfdls`k pkscc sus prkplfs hfrfhtcràstlhfs,

mfs hufmcs fprkvchefd mks tfxødk`ks pfrf uolhfrmks
cd mfs glvcrsfs hftcjkràfs.
v Fhtufm`cdtc, sc prkpkdcd ducvfs hmfslhfhlkdcs

ofsfgfs cd ldvcstljfhlkdcs rcfmlzfgfs hkd tìhdlhfs
`kmchumfrcs.
v Mf ducvf hmfslhfhlød sujlcrc ud gk`ldlk `æs y

fu`cdtf cm dþ`crk gc rcldks.
v Mks gk`ldlks prkpucstks pkr csf hmfslhfhlød skd

mks sljulcdtcs>
L Cuofhtcrlf ofhtcrlfs hkrrlcdtcs
LL Frhefcf ofhtcrlfs rfrfs
LLL Cuhfryktf tkgfs mfs gc`æs
Mks rcldks prkpucstks skd slctc>
F. Frheczkf
O. Yrktkzkf
H. Herk`lstf
866
G. Olmlpeytf
C. Budjl
B. Ymfdtfc
J. Fdl`fmlf
Mks màqucdcs skd «krjfdls`ks± glbàhlmcs gc hmfslhfr

pucs fudquc pfrchcd pmfdtfs, cd rcfmlgfg dk mk skd,
sldk quc, rcsumtfd gc mf udlød gc ud ekdjk y ud fmjf.
Mks tfxødk`ks gchlgcd sl sc usf cm ekdjk k cm fmjf

pfrf hmfslhfrmks. Fudquc cd ùheks hfsks sc usf
pfrf cmmk udf hmfsc scpfrfgf mmf`fgfCu`yhkpeytf.
Cncrhlhlks LLL
6. Fm jrupk gc krjfdls`ks hkdslgcrfgk cm csmfoød cdtrc mk vlvk

y mk dk vlvk sc mc gcdk`ldf
f. vlrus.
o. budjl.
h. ekdjks.
g. prktlstf.
?. Sd cnc`pmk gc pmfdtf fdjlkspcr`f quc sc fjrupf gcdtrk

gc mfs `kdkhktlmcgødcfs pucgc scr
f. cm rkomc.
o. mf hfstföf.
h. mf pfm`crf.
g. mf f`fpkmf.
86?
8. Mf ofhtcrlf hfusfdtc gc mf tuocrhumksls pcrtcdchc fm _cldk
f. Budjl.
o. Yrktlstf.
h. @ødcrf.
g. Ymfdtfc.
7. Mf `frhefdtlf pcrtcdchc gcdtrk gcm _cldk Rcjctfm f mfs
f. Orløtfs.
o. Wrfqucøtfs.
h. Fdjlkspcr`fs.
g. Jl`dkspcr`fs.
3. Mfs pmfdtfs hkd sc`lmmf gcsdugf pcrtcdchcd gcdtrk gcm

_cldk Rcjctfm f
f. mfs orløtfs.
o. mks ùsjks.
h. mfs ecpætlhfs.
g. mfs trfqucøtfs.
2. Mfs fvcs pcrtcdchcd gcdtrk gcm _cldk Fdl`fmlf f mks
f. frtrøpkgks.
o. vcrtcorfgks.
h. ldvcrtcorfgks.
g. cquldkgcr`ks.
:. »Huæm cs ud krjfdls`k dk bktksldtìtlhk;
f. ud ekdjk.
o. ud ùsjk.
h. udf orløtf.
g. udf ecpætlhf.
868
5. Hltc trcs ocdcbhlks quc prkplhlfd mfs ofhtcrlfs fm scr eu-
`fdk.
f.
o.
h.
Cncrhlhlks jcdcrfmcs gc mf udlgfg
6. Cm pfrf`chlk sc hmfslhf cd cm _cldk (Z. 6<2<)
F. Budjl.
O. Fdl`fmlf.
H. Rcjctfm.
G. Yrktlstf.
?. Mfs cspkdnfs gc `fr skd ud cnc`pmk gcm _cldk (Z. 6<2<)
F. Fdl`fm.
O. @ødcrf.
H. Yrktlstf.
G. Rcjctfm.
8. Mks ekdjks sc hmfslhfd cd cm _cldk (Z. 6<2<)
F. Budjl.
O. Yrktlstf.
H. @ødcrf.
G. Fdl`fmlf.
867
7. »Huæm cs ud cnc`pmk gc pmfdtf fdjlkspcr`fs quc sc fjrupf
gcdtrk gc mfs glhktlmcgødcfs;
F. Frrkz.
O. @fàz.
H. @fdà.
G. Hkhk.
3. »Huæm cs ud krjfdls`k dk bktksldtìtlhk;
F. Cujmcdf.
O. Ocncd.
H. F`fpkmf.
G. _ksf.
2. Hltc gks ocdcbhlks quc prkplhlfd mks ekdjks fm scr eu-

`fdk.
f.
o.
:. Mks ldschtks pcrtcdchcd gcdtrk gcm _cldk Fdl`fmlf f mks
F. hkrgfgks.
O. vcrtcorfgks.
H. ldvcrtcorfgks.
G. cquldkgcr`ks.
5. Cxpmlquc mf Wckràf gc mf Yfdspcr`lf.
<. Hltc trcs cnc`pmks gc cmc`cdtks quc ldtcrvlcdcd pfrf quc cm

flsmf`lcdtk jckjræbhk scf ud pftrød gc cvkmuhlød.
f.
o.
h.
863
69. Cm _cldk Yrktlstf sc hfrfhtcrlzf pkrquc ldhmuyc krjfdls`ks
udlhcmumfrcs quc sc rcprkguhcd fscxufm`cdtc. Ldglquc ud
rcprcscdtfdtc gc hfgf bmu`. (Z. 6<2<)
Xfrhkgldks>
Cspkrkzkfrlks>
Bmfjcmfgks>
Hlmlfgks>
66.»Huæm hlcdtàbhk sc fskhlf hkd mf «Wckràf gc mf Xcmchhlød Dfturfm± ;

F. Ofutlstf Mf`frha.
O. Fmcxfdgcr Kpfràd.
H. Jrcjkrlk @cdgcm.
G. Hfrmks Gfrwld.
6?. Cm `chfdls`k cvkmutlvk quc ef pcr`ltlgk jcdcrfr vf-

rlcgfg gc cspchlcs gc krjfdls`ks fgfptfgks f glvcrsks
eæoltks y quc prkhcgcd gc ud fdtcpfsfgk hk`þd, rchloc
cm dkòrc gc
F. _cltcrfhlød.
O. Yfrfmcmls`k.
H. Cvkmuhlød Hkdvcrjcdtc.
G. Glvcrslhfhlød Fgfptftlvf.
68. Mfs `kglbhfhlkdcs cstruhturfmcs trfs`ltlgfs pkr cm krjfdls`k

f su gcshcdgcdhlf hkrrcspkdgc f mf tckràf cvkmuhlkdlstf mmf`fgf
F. Jcdcrfhlød Cspkdtædcf.
O. Gfrwld y Zfmmfhc.
H. Mf`frha.
G. Kpfràd.
67. »Vuì dkòrc rchloc cm prkhcsk cvkmutlvk pkr cm hufm gks

cspchlcs sc hruzfd y prkguhcd udf ducvf cspchlc;
F. Cspchlfhlød Jckjræhf.
O. Cvkmuhlød Hkdvcrjcdtc.
H. _fglfhlød Fgfptftlvf.
G. Elorlgfhlød.
862
63. Cd cm cstuglk gc mks prkhcsks cvkmutlvks skd ùy l`pkrtfd-
tcs mfs cvlgcdhlfs, cdtrc mfs hufmcs cstæd mfs gc ørjfdks
ek`ømkjks
»F huæm tlpk gc cvlgcdhlf sc rccrc cm tcxtk fdtcrlkr;

F. Yfmckdtkmøjlhf.
O. Còrlkmøjlhf.
H. Frquckmøjlhf.
G. Fdftø`lhf.
m «Wckràf gcm usk y cm gcsusk±;

62. »Huæm hlcdtàhk sc fskhlf hkd f
F. Kpfràd.
O. Gfrwld.
H. @cdgcm.
G. Mf`frha.
6:. Mcf cm sljulcdtc tcxtk>
Mmcjfrkd f hkdslgcrfr quc cm fvfdhc cvkmutlvk sc prkguhàf

hufdgk udf ùtfhlød bfvkrfomc fpfrchàf, rc`pmfzfdgk f
su `cdks væmlgk prcgchcskr. Fyfmf B. y Rfmcdtldc N.
Cm tcxtk fdtcrlkr sc rcmfhlkdf glrchtf`cdtc hkd mks hlcdtàhks

F. Zfmmfhc y Mf`frha.
O. Mf`frha y Gfrwld.
H. Oftcskd y @krjfd.
G. Gc Rrlcs y @cdgcm.
65. Mcf hulgfgksf`cdtc cm sljulcdtc tcxtk>
«Fprkxl`fgf`cdtc cm 69% gc mfs `æs gc :99 cspchlcs

gc `frlpksfs dkhturdfs quc sc cdhucdtrf cd mfs lsmfs
Orltædlhfs efd cxpcrl`cdtfgk dktfomc kshurchl`lcdtk gc
su hkmkrlgk, cd rcjlkdcs gc fhtlvlgfg ldgustrlfm ldtcdsf.
Vulzæ cm cnc`pmk `cnkr cstuglfgk scf mf cspchlc Olstkd
Octumfrlf. Mfs fmfs y cm hucrpk gc csf `frlpksf skmàfd
scr gc hkmkr hmfrk hkd `fdhefs kshurfs. Cd 6575 sc gcs-
huorlø ud ùtfdtc gc cstf `frlpksf gc hkmkr dcjrk
86:
hfroød hcrhf gc @fdhecstcr, Ldjmftcrrf. Gcsgc csf
ìpkhf, mf bkr`f gc hkmkr dcjrk sc ef hkdvcrtlgk pkhk f
pkhk cd mf bkr`f gk`ldfdtc±.
Alòfmm.
Cm tcxtk fdtcrlkr sc rccrc f udf cvlgcdhlf cvkmutlvf gcdk-

`ldfgf
F. Fdftø`lhf.
O. Yfmckdtkmøjlhf.
H. Olkquà`lhf Hk`pfrfgf.
G. Còrlkmkjàf Hk`pfrfgf.
6<. Fdfmlhc cm sljulcdtc tcxtk quc sc rccrc f mf Cvkmuhlød>
«Mks gcprcgfgkrcs y pfræsltks fdlqulmfræd f mks gìolmcs, f

mks quc tcdjfd hfùfnc gchlcdtc k fqucmmks quc cd udk y
ktrk fspchtk cstìd `cdks fgfptfgks fm fòlcdtc±.
»F huæm pftrød cvkmutlvk gctcr`ldfdtc gc cspchlfhlød, sc

rccrc fm tcxtk fdtcrlkr;
F. @utfhlød
O. @ljrfhlød jcdìtlhf
H. _cprkguhhlød scxufm
G. Yrcslød gc scmchhlød
?9. Mcf cm sljulcdtc tcxtk>
Mks fdtljuks cjlphlks y ofolmødlhks hrcàfd quc mks jusfdks,

sfpks, vàokrfs y rftkdcs sc bkr`fofd gcm mkgk gcm ràk Dlmk
Ykr mk tfdtk, mks cjlphlks y mks ofolmødlhks hrcàfd cd cm

hkdhcptk quc eky sc gcdk`ldf
F. Yfdspcr`lf.
O. Wckràf hks`kzklhf.
H. Krljcd qul`lksldtìtlhk.
G. Jcdcrfhlød cspkdtædcf.
865
?6. Koscrvc hulgfgksf`cdtc mks scrcs vlvks rcprcscdtfgks
y scöfmfgks hkd mks dþ`crks L y LL.
L LL
_cldk Budjl _cldk fdl`fmlf
Mks scrcs vlvks scöfmfgks hkd L y LL sc fsc`cnfd pkrquc

scjþd Zlttfacr (6<2<) fòks skd
F. futøtrkbks.
O. cuhfrløtlhks.
H. prkguhtkrcs.
G. `lhrkshøplhks.
??. Mcf hulgfgksf`cdtc cm sljulcdtc tcxtk>
«Cd pmfdtfs tfòlìd sc efd rcfmlzfgk cstuglks ofsfgks cd

mf hk`pfrfhlød gc cstruhturfs cd mks krjfdls`ks fgumtks. Sd
cnc`pmk mk orldgf cm cstuglk hk`pfrftlvk gc krcs y brutks
cd pmfdtfs gc pfpf, tk`ftc, y tfofhk, huyk rcsumtfgk cs udf
bkr`f jcdcrfm oæslhf hk`þd cd cstfs cstruhturfs±.
Cm tcxtk fdtcrlkr sc rccrc f mf cvlgcdhlf cvkmutlvf gcdk`ldfgf>

F. Frquckmøjlhf.
O. Fdftk`àf hk`pfrfgf.
H. Xc`cnfdzf prktchtkrf.
G. Còrlkmkjàf hk`pfrfgf.
86<
?8. Fdfmlhc cm sljulcdtc tcxtk>
«Fudquc pucgc gcsc`pcöfr ud pfpcm ml`ltfgk cd mf cvkmuhlød

cd ud `k`cdtk gfgk, mf cvkmuhlød gcpcdgc gccmmf.Xkmf`cdtc
pkr su `cglk pucgcd prkguhlrsc ducvks fmcmks quc, trfs
scr ofrfnfgks cd glvcrsfs hkòldfhlkdcs hkd mksgc`æs jcdcs
gcm pftrl`kdlk jcdìtlhk prkpkrhlkdfd mf `ftcrlf prl`f skorc
mf hufm pucgc fhtufr mf scmchhlød dfturfm±.
»F huæm bucrzf cmc`cdtfm gc mf cvkmuhlød sc rccrc cm tcxtk

fdtcrlkr;
F. @utfhlød.
O. Glelorlgfhlød.
H. @ljrfhlød jcdìtlhf.
G. Yrcslød gc scmchhlød.
?7. Mcf hulgfgksf`cdtc cm sljulcdtc mlstfgk gc scrcs vlvks>
6. Ofhtcrlf sfprøtf
?. Hlfdkofhtcrlf
8. Xfmf`fdgrf
7. Mcvfgurf
3. @usjk
Mks trcs scrcs vlvks quc cstæd cd _cldks Olkmøjlhks glbcrcdtcs

skd ectcrøtrkbks, cstæd scöfmfgks hkd mks dþ`crks
F. 8, 7 y 3.
O. ?, 7 y 3.
H. 6, 8 y 7.
G. 6, ? y 8.
8?9
?3. Mcf hulgfgksf`cdtcmf ldbkr`fhlød cd cm sljulcdtc hufgrk>
Dþ`crk gc glbcrcdhlfs cd mks f`ldkæhlgks gc mf hfgcdf

Octf eu`fdf, cdhkdtrfgf cd mfs ec`kjmkoldfs gc glvcrsfs
cspchlcs, hk`pfrfgfs hkd mf cspchlc eu`fdf
Hfgcdf octf eu`fdf ...................... 9
Jkrlmf ............................................... 6
Jloød ............................................... ?
@kdk _ecsus ................................... 5
Ycrrk ................................................ 63
Hfofmmk, vfhf ................................... ?3
_ftød ............................................... ?:
Mf ldbkr`fhlød fdtcrlkr sc rccrc f mf cvlgcdhlf gcm prkhcsk

cvkmutlvk gcdk`ldfgf
F. Frquckmøjlhf.
O. Fdftk`àf hk`pfrfgf.
G. Olkquà`lhf hk`pfrfgf.
?2. Mcf cm sljulcdtc tcxtk>

«Sdf bucrzf skorcdfturfm hrcø mfs cspchlcs quc efd pkomfgk
mf Wlcrrf f mk mfrjk gc mf elstkrlf±
»Huæm tckràf rcbcrcdtc fm krljcd gc mf vlgf, sujlcrc cm tcxtk

fdtcrlkr;
F. Mf Hrcfhlød Glvldf.
O. Mf Xcmchhlød Dfturfm.
H. Cm Krljcd Vul`lksldtìtlhk.
G. Mf Ecrcdhlf gc Hfrfhtcràstlhfs Fgqulrlgfs.
?:. Mcf hulgfgksf`cdtc cm sljulcdtc tcxtk>

«Mks ldschtks ftrfpfgks cd mf rcsldf pcjfnksf gc mfs hkdàbcrfs
quc hrchàfd f mk mfrjk gc mf hkstf gcm Oæmtlhk, efhc `æs gc 89
`lmmkdcs gc föks, pucgcd scr cstuglfgks fekrf, prcscrvfgks
cd æòfr, tfd bæhlm`cdtc hk`k sl fhfofscd gc `krlr±.
Alòfm.
8?6
»F huæm tlpk gc cvlgcdhlf gcm prkhcsk cvkmutlvk sc rccrc
cm tcxtk fdtcrlkr;
F. Cstruhturf hrk`ksø`lhf.
O. Còrlkmkjàf hk`pfrfgf.
G. Yfmckdtkmøjlhf.
?5. Fdfmlhc hkd su`k hulgfgk cm sljulcdtc glounk quc sc rccrc

f ud prkhcsk cvkmutlvk>
»Vuì dkòrc rchloc cstc prkhcsk;
F. Yrcslød gc scmchhlød.
O. @utfhlød ldguhlgf.
H. Xcmchhlød dfturfm.
G. Cvkmuhlød glvcrjcdtc.
8??
Jmksfrlk
Æhlgk mæhtlhk. Æhlgk krjædlhk gc trcs ætk`ks gc hfrokdk, prkguhtk gcm `ctf-
okmls`k fdfcrøolhk gcm tcnlgk ùshumfr.
Folkjìdcsls. (K jcdcrfhlød cspkdtædcf) Hrccdhlf gc quc hlcrtks `ftcrlfmcs

ldcrtcs k ùcrtks, pkgàfd trfdsbkr`frsc cd krjfdls`ks vlvlcdtcs.
Æhlgk duhmclhk. Sdf gc mfs hmfscs `æs l`pkrtfdtcs gc `kmìhumfs krjædlhfs

cdhkdtrfgfs cd mfs hìmumfs1 cstæd bkr`fgfs pkr hfgcdfs gc duhmcøtlgks.
Æhlgk þrlhk. Yrkguhtk dltrkjcdfgk gc gcschek gc mf fhtlvlgfg hcmumfr.
Fhkgk. Yrkpfjfhlød gc vcjctfmcs pkr cstlùmfhlød gcm hrchl`lcdtk gc rfàhcs f

pfrtlr gc ud tfmmk quc sc cdtlcrrf cd cm sucmk sld gcsprcdgcrmk gc mf pmfdtf `fgrc
y quc sc hkrtfræ efstf quc sc bkr`cd mfs rfàhcs.
Fhuætlhk. Vuc vlvc cd cm fjuf.
Fgfptfhlød. Cm prkhcsk pkr cm hufm ud krjfdls`k cd bkr`f pfumftldf sc lgcd-

tlhf `cnkr hkd su `cglk fòlcdtc.
Fgcdldf. Sdf gc mfs ofscs krjædlhfs quc sc cdhucdtrfd cd mks æhlgks duhmcl-
hks> FGD y F_D.
FGD. Forcvlfturf gcm æhlgk gcskxlrrlokduhmclhk. Sdk gc mks gks æhlgks duhmclhks
mkhfmlzfgk cscdhlfm`cdtc cd cm dþhmck gc mf hìmumf.
FGY. Xljmf gcm fgcdksldglbksbftk, hk`pucstk quà`lhk quc gcsc`pcöf ud

l`pkrtfdtc pfpcm cd mf bksbkrlmfhlød kxlgftlvf. Ykscc fgcdldf, rloksf y trcs
jrupks gc bksbftk.
Fcrkskmcs. Jktltfs ùy pcqucöfs gc suostfdhlfs hkdtf`ldfdtcs, suspcdglgfs

cd cm flrc.
Fcrøolhk. Bkr`f gc rcsplrfhlød quc rcqulcrc gc kxàjcdk ft`ksbìrlhk mlorc pfrf

su fhtlvlgfg dkr`fm.
Fjmutldf. Fdtlhucrpk bkr`fgk cd mf sfdjrc quc hfusf cm fjmk`crf`lcdtk gc

suostfdhlfs cspchàhfs, ldhmuycdgk ofhtcrlfs.
Fjmutldldf. Vuc prkvkhf fjmk`crfhlød gc sustfdhlfs.
Fjmutldøjcdk. Xuostfdhlf prktclhf gc mf supcrhlc gc crltrkhltks y quc fgc`æs

gcdc mks tlpks sfdjuàdcks.
8?8
Flsmf`lcdtk. Hkddfhlød gc udf pkomfhlød f hlcrtks mujfrcs, gcolgk f mfs
ofrrcrfs.
Fmjfs. Rcjctfmcs hmkrkbàmlhks gcm jrupk gc mfs tfmøtfs. Mfs fmjfs hfrchcd gc
tcnlgks vfshumfrcs. Xkd utlmlzfgks cd mks mfokrftkrlks pfrf cm cstuglk gc mf
bktksàdtcsls.
Fml`cdtk. Hufmqulcr sustfdhlf foskrolgf pkr mfs hìmumfs gcm krjfdls`k quc
prkpkrhlkdf `ftcrlfm pfrf mf kotcdhlød gc cdcrjàf, hrchl`lcdtk, rcpfrfhlød gc
mks tcnlgks y rcjumfhlød gc mks prkhcsks vltfmcs, sld gföfr fm krjfdls`k.
Fm`lgød. Bkr`f gc rcscrvf gc mks pkmlsfhærlgks cd mks vcjctfmcs.
F`ldkæhlgks. Xustfdhlfs f pfrtlr gc mfs hufmcs mks krjfdls`ks cmfokrfd

prktcàdfs1 prkguhtks dfmcs gc mf gljcstlød gc mfs prktcàdfs bkr`fgks pkr ud
jrupk f`ldk (DE-?) y ud jrupk hfrokxlmk (HKKE-)1 mks f`ldkæhlgks sc udcd
cd hfgcdfs pfrf bkr`fr pìptlgks cd mfs `kmìhumfs gc prktcàdf.
F`dlkhcdtcsls. Yrkhcgl`lcdtk pfrf cxtrfcr ud pkhk gc màqulgk f`dløtlhk, hkd

konctk gc gctcr`ldfr mfs hkdglhlkdcs jcdìtlhfs gcm bctk.
F`dlks. Mf `còrfdf bctfm `æs ldtcrdf quc bkr`f cm sfhk quc cdhlcrrf fm bctk.
Fdfokmls`k. Bkr`f gc `ctfokmls`k hkdstruhtlvk. Hk`prcdgc tkgk prkhcsk

pkr `cglk gcm hufm mfs sustfdhlfs quà`lhfs sl`pmcs skd trfdsbkr`fgfs pkr cm
krjfdls`k cd sustfdhlfs gc cstruhturfs `æs hk`pmcnfs.
Fdfcrøolhk. Vuc kotlcdc cdcrjàf pfrf mf fhtlvlgfg vltfm f pfrtlr gc hfòlks

quà`lhks cd mks quc dk pfrtlhlpf cm kxàjcdk. Fmjudks krjfdls`ks quc skd
ldhfpfhcs gc vlvlr fhtlvf`cdtc cd kxàjcdk mlorc.
Fdfbfsc. Sd cstfgk gc mf `ltksls gurfdtc cm hufm mks hrk`ksk`fs c`ljrfd

efhlf mks pkmks.
Fdgrøjcdks. Ekr`kdfs scxufmcs `fshumldfs.
Fdc`lf. Hkdglhlød hfusfgf pkr mf bfmtf gc hfpfhlgfg gc mf sfdjrc pfrf mmcvfr

kxàjcdk suhlcdtc f mfs hìmumfs.
Fdjlkspcr`fs. Ymfdtfs hkd krcs.
Fdbolks. @lcòrks gcm jìdcrk hekrgftf, quc sc hfrfhtcrlzfd pkr su plcm mlsf y
eþ`cgf, y pkrquc gcpcdgcd gcm fjuf pfrf hlcrtks pcràkgks gc su gcsfrrkmmk.
Fdtloløtlhk. Xustfdhlf jcr`lhlgf prkguhlgf pkr ofhtcrlfs, `keks y ekdjks.
Fdtlhucrpk. Yrktcàdf prkguhlgf pkr ud krjfdls`k cd rcspucstf f ud fdtàjcdk,

hfpfz gc ldtcrfhtufr hkd ìm, cd fmjudks hfsks ldfhtlvædgkmk.
Fdtàjcdk. Hufmqulcr sustfdhlf quc ldtrkguhlgf f ud krjfdls`k ldguhc mf prk-
guhhlød gc fdtlhucrpks.
Fdtrkpkmkjàf. Cm cstuglk gcm ekòrc y su gcsfrrkmmk humturfm.

8?7
Fpfrftk gc Jkmjl. Cstruhturfs `còrfdksfs fjrupfgfs cd scrlc quc sc mkhf-
mlzfd gcdtrk gcm hltkpmfs`f hcmumfr. Yfrtlhlpfd cd mf sàdtcsls, fm`fhcdf`lcdtk y
cxhrchlød gc sustfdhlfs hcmumfrcs.
F_D` (Æhlgk rlokduhmclhk `cdsfncrk).Æhlgk rlokduhmclhk gc udf skmf hfgcdf

quc trfdscrc mf ldbkr`fhlød jcdìtlhf gcm FGD fm hltkpmfs`f.
F_Dt (Æhlgk rlokduhmclhk gc trfdsbcrcdhlf). Æhlgk rlokduhmclhk gc hfgcdf

`cdks mfrjf, quc prcscdtf gkomchcs cd pfrtc gc su cstruhturf1 trfdspkrtf cs-
pchàhf`cdtc f mks f`ldkæhlgks fm sltlk gc sàdtcsls gc prktcàdfs.
Fskhlfhlød gc udf `ls`f cspchlc.@fdfgfs, rcoföks u ktrk tlpk gc fjrupf-

hlkdcs gc udf skmf cspchlc, cd mks hufmcs efy ldtcrhfòlk jìdlhk.
FWY. Xljmf gcm fgcdksldtrlbksbftk. Hk`pucstk quà`lhk quc gcsc`pcöf ud

l`pkrtfdtc pfpcm cd cm `ctfokmls`k hcmumfr. Cm FWY pkscc gks cdmfhcs rlhks
gc cdcrjàf1 cm `þshumk sfhf su cdcrjàf gcm FWY trfdsbkr`ædgkmk cd FGY.
Hk`pucstk gc fmtf cdcrjàf quc sc cdhucdtrf cd mfs hìmumfs quc fm`fhcdfd y
trfds`ltcd cdcrjàf.
Futksk`f. Hufmqulcr hrk`ksk`f quc bkr`f pfr hkd ktrk, pcrk dk cs hrk`k-
sk`f scxufm.
Futøtrkbks. Krjfdls`ks hfpfhcs gc krjfdlzfr `kmìhumfs krjædlhfs f pfrtlr

gc `kmìhumfs ldkrjædlhfs.
O
Ofhtcrlf. Sd jrupk gc Yrktlstfs udlhcmumfrcs `lhrkshøplhks.
Ofhtcrlfs. Jrupk gc krjfdls`ks udlhcmumfrcs quc hfrchcd gc dþhmck y ktrfs

krjfdcmfs ldtrfhcmumfrcs.
Ofrrcrfs. Hk`pkdcdtcs gcm `cglk fòlcdtc k gc mks ldglvlguks quc l`plgcd

cm ldtcrhfòlk jcdìtlhk cdtrc gks jrupks gc krjfdls`ks.
Olkgcjrfgfomc. @ftcrlfmcs hkdtf`ldfdtcs quc pucgcd gcshk`pkdcrsc pkr

prkhcsks dfturfmcs.
Olkjìdcsls. Yrldhlplk olkmøjlhk gc quc mf vlgf sc gcrlvf gc mf vlgf.
Olkjckjrfbàf. Cstuglk gc mf glstrlouhlød gc pmfdtfs y fdl`fmcs cd tkgf mf Wlcrrf.
Olk`f. Sdf f`pmlf rcjlød jckjræhf lgcdtlhfgf prldhlpfm`cdtc pkr su vcjc-

tfhlød hmà`fx.
Olk`f gc fjuf gumhc.Hkdnudtk gc fjufs cstfdhfgfs, ràks k hkrrlcdtcs gkdgc

efoltfd scrcs vlvks.
8?3
Olksbcrf. Ærcf cd mf quc cs pkslomc mf vlgf skorc ducstrk pmfdctf.
Olpfrtlhlød. Sdf bkr`f gc rcprkguhhlød fscxufm cd mf hufm mks krjfdls`ks

udlhcmumfrcs sc glvlgcd cd gks.
Omfstkhcmc. Hfvlgfg cdtrc cm chtkgcr`k y cm cdgkgcr`k cd mfs ctfpfs ldlhlfmcs

gcm gcsfrrkmmk.
Omæstumf. Ctfpf ldlhlfm gcm gcsfrrkmmk gc ud còrlød, hufdgk mfs hìmumfs sc

glvlgcd pfrf bkr`fr udf csbcrf euchf.
Orløbtfs. Jrupk vcjctfm quc hk`prcdgc ùsjks y ecpætlhfs.
Hfgcdf fml`cdtlhlf.Wrfdsbcrcdhlf gc mf cdcrjàf skmfr y `ftcrlf> gc prkguhtk-

rcs f hkdsu`lgkrcs, tfm hk`k cd krjfdls`ks quc sc fml`cdtfd udks gc ktrks.
Hædhcr.Wu`kr `fmljdk cd mf hufm mf vcmkhlgfg gc hrchl`lcdtk cstæ bucrf gc hkdtrkm.
Hfgcdf gc hltkhrk`ks. Sdf scrlc gc `kmìhumfs hk`pmcnfs ldvkmuhrfgfs cd

cm trfdspkrtc gc elgrøjcdk y cmchtrkdcs rcmfhlkdfgk hkd mf rcsplrfhlød y mf
bktksàdtcsls.
Hfrokelgrftk. Sdk gc mks jrupks gc hk`pucstks krjædlhks `æs l`pkrtfdtcs

cd mks scrcs vlvks1 hfgf hfrokelgrftk cstæ hk`pucstk gc hfrokdk, elgrøjcdk y
kxàjcdk. Mf rcmfhlød gcm elgrøjcdk hkd cm kxàjcdk cs mf `ls`f gcm fjuf> gks
ætk`ks gc elgrøjcdk pkr udk gc kxàjcdk.
Hfrfhtcràstlhfs ldglvlgufmcs._fsjks ecrcgfgks pkr mks quc ud krjfdls`k cs

glbcrcdtc gc ktrks gc mf `ls`f cspchlc.
Hfrdàvkrk. Krjfdls`k quc hk`c hfrdc.
Hfrktcdks. Jrupk gc sustfdhlfs gcrlvfgfs gc ud plj`cdtk f`frlmmk, pkr cnc`pmk

gc mf zfdfekrlf k gc mks brutks `fgurks fsà hk`k gc mfs eknfs f`frlmmfs. @uy
l`pkrtfdtc pkrquc cd mks krjfdls`ks fdl`fmcs sc trfdsbkr`f cd vltf`ldf F.
Hftfmlzfgkr. Xustfdhlf quc fhcmcrf udf rcfhhlød quà`lhf pcrk quc dk pfrtlhlpf
glrchtf`cdtc cd cmmf.
Hìmumf. Sdlgfg cstruhturfm y budhlkdfm gc ud krjfdls`k.
Hìmumf `fgrc. Hìmumf quc ef pfsfgk mf ctfpf gc hrchl`lcdtk y quc cstæ mlstf
pfrf glvlglrsc.
Hìmumfs elnfs. Hìmumfs rchlìd bkr`fgfs quc rcsumtfd gc mf glvlslød gc fmjudf

hìmumf yf cxlstcdtc, mmf`fgf hìmumf `fgrc. Mfs gks hìmumfs elnfs rchlocd lgìd-
tlhks `ftcrlfmcs duhmcfrcs.
8?2
Hcmumksf. Hfrokelgrftk hk`pmcnk sldtctlzfgk pkr mfs pmfdtfs, foudgfdtc cd mfs
pfrcgcs hcmumfrcs.
Hcdtràkmk. Hkrpþshumk hltkpmæs`lhk quc qucgf sltufgk nustf`cdtc fbucrf gcm

dþhmck, cd mfs hìmumfs fdl`fmcs.
Hcdtrksk`f. Ærcf pcqucöf y gcdsf gcm hltkpmfs`f quc fpfrchc bucrf gcm
dþhmck gurfdtc mf glvlslød gc mfs hìmumfs fdl`fmcs.
Hcdtrø`crk. Ykrhlød gcm hrk`ksk`f f mf hufm sc udcd mfs orfs gcm eusk
fhrk`ætlhk.
Hcrcork. Mf rcjlød `æs jrfdgc gcm cdhìbfmk eu`fdk, hkdslgcrfgf hk`k mf scgc
gc mfs c`khlkdcs, ldtcmljcdhlf y fhtlvlgfgcs dcrvlksfs vkmudtfrlfs1 tfòlìd mk
tlcdc mks vcrtcorfgks.
Hlhmks olkjckquà`lhks. Hf`ldks f trfvìs gc mks hufmcs mks cmc`cdtks hlrhumfd

gcm `cglk fòlcdtc f mks krjfdls`ks y gc ìstks fm `cglk.
Hlhmk hcmumfr. Yrkhcsk `cglfdtc cm hufm mfs hìmumfs elnfs rcsumtfd ljufmcs f mf
hìmumf `fgrc, khurrc cd gks ctfpfs> gupmlhfhlød gcm `ftcrlfm duhmcfr y mf gupml-
hfhlød gc ktrks hk`pkdcdtcs quc pfrtlhlpfd gcm hrchl`lcdtk (ldtcrbfsc y `ltksls).
Hlhmk gc fjuf. @kvl`lcdtk hkdtlduk gcm fjuf gc mf ft`øsbcrf f mf Wlcrrf y gc

mf Wlcrrf f mf ft`øsbcrf.
Hlhmk gc Arcos k gcm æhlgk hàtrlhk. Yfrtc gc mf rcsplrfhlød quc l`pmlhf mf

rc`khlød gc elgrøjcdk y oløxlgk gc hfrokdk.
Hlhmk gc dltrøjcdk. Cs udf scrlc gc hfòlks quc subrcd mks hk`pucstks dltrk-
jcdfgks pfrf ldtcjrfrsc f mks cmc`cdtks oløtlhks y foløtlhks gc ud chkslstc`f.
Hljktk. Hìmumf quc sc bkr`f hufdgk sc udcd gks jf`ctks.
Hlhmldgrk vfshumfr. Mf pfrtc `æs ldtcrdf gc udf rfàz quc hkdtlcdc xlmc`f y
kc`f.
Hlmlfgk. Krjfdls`ks hkd prkychhlkdcs gcm hltkpmfs`f sc`cnfdtcs f pcqucöks

hfocmmks.
Hlmlk. Yrkychhlkdcs gcm hltkpmfs`f sc`cnfdtcs f pcqucöks hfocmmks. Ycr`ltcd

cm `kvl`lcdtk gc fmjudfs hìmumfs hk`k cm pfrf`chlk.
Hltkhrk`k. Yrktcàdf rlhf cd elcrrk.
Hltkmkjàf. Yfrtc gc mf Olkmkjàf quc cstuglf mfs hìmumfs.
Hltksldf.
y F_D). Sdf gc mfs ofscs krj ædlhfs hk`pkdcdtcs gc æhlgks duhmclhks (FGD
Hltkpmfs`f. @ftcrlfmcs prktkpmfs`ætlhks quc sc mkhfmlzfd cdtrc cm dþhmck y mf

`còrfdf hcmumfr.
8?:
Hmà`fx. Cstfgk rcmftlvf`cdtc cstfomc gc udf suhcslød gc hkùdlgfg.
Hmkd. Cstlrpc hcmumfr k scrlc gc ldglvlguks pmurlhcmumfrcs dfhlgks gc cstf, fo-

skmutf`cdtc ek`kjìdcks gcsgc cm pudtk gc vlstf gc su cstruhturf jcdìtlhf1
cqulvfmc f cstlrpc k rfzf purf.
Hmkdfhlød. Fhhlød y fbchtk gc hmkdfr.
Hmkdfr. Yrkguhlr hmkdcs.
Hmkrkbmf. Cm plj`cdtk vcrgc gc mfs pmfdtfs quc ftrfpf mf cdcrjàf gc mf muz skmfr
pfrf cbchtufr mf bktksàdtcsls.
Hmkrkpmfstk. Cstruhturf ldtrfhcmumfr prcscdtc cd cm hltkpmfs`f gc mfs pmfdtfs

vcrgcs quc hkdtlcdc f mf hmkrkmf.
Hkhks. Ofhtcrlfs gc bkr`f csbìrlhf.
Hkcdzl`f. Sdf `kmìhumf dk prktclhf quc sc fskhlf hkd udf cdzl`f cd udf
rcfhhlød hftfmàtlhf.
Høgljk jcdìtlhk. Frrcjmk schucdhlfm gc mfs ofscs cd mf `kmìhumf g cm GDF quc

hkdtrkmf mks hfrfhtcrcs gc ud krjfdls`k.
Hkmæjcdk. Xustfdhlf prktclhf orksf (bkr`fd tcdgkdcs y hfrtàmfjks).
Hkmcstcrkm. Màplgk sc`cnfdtc f mfs jrfsfs quc sc cdhucdtrfd cd tkgfs mfs

hìmumfs y mf sfdjrc, y cd jrfd hfdtlgfg cd mf olmls.
Hkmklgc. Xustfdhlf jcmftldksf, hk`k cm prktkpmfs`f k mf fmoþ`ldf gc eucvk,

cd mf hufm ud hk`pkdcdtc k `æs cstæd glspcrsks cd ud màqulgk.
Hk`cdsfmls`k. Sdf ldtcrfhhlød slòømlhf cdtrc gks ldglvlguks cd mf quc þdl-
hf`cdtc udk gc cmmks sc ocdchlc pcrk dldjudk gc mks gks rcsumtf pcrnuglhfgk.
Hk`pkdcdtc foløtlhk. Mf pfrtc dk vlvf gcm `cglk fòlcdtc, tfm hk`k mks
`ldcrfmcs, scgl`cdtks y ktrks.
Hk`pucstk. Hufmqulcr suostfdhlf bkr`fgf pkr mf hkòldfhlød gc ætk`ks gc

gks k `æs cmc`cdtks glbcrcdtcs.
Hkùdlgfg. Dlvcm gc krjfdlzfhlød quc ldhmuyc f vfrlfs pkomfhlkdcs.
Hkùdlgfg oløtlhf. Wkgks mks krjfdls`ks vlvlcdtcs cd ud chkslstc`f.
Hk`pucstk. Hufmqulcr sustfdhlf bkr`fgf pkr mf hkòldfhlød gc ætk`ks gc

gks k `æs cmc`cdtks glbcrcdtcs.
Hkdgrlksk`f. Xldødl`k gc `ltkhkdgrlf.
Hkdguhtf fgfptlvf. Hkdnudtk gc pftrkdcs hkdguhtkrcs quc tlcdgcd f fscjurfr

cm olcdcstfr gc ud fdl`fm.
Hkdguhtf lddftf. Mf quc gcpcdgc gc mfs tcdgcdhlfs dfturfmcs gcm ldglvlguk.

8?5
Hkdguhtf ldtcmljcdtc. Fhtlvlgfgcs gc ud krjfdls`k quc hk`prcdgcd skmuhlød
gc prkomc`fs, nulhlks y gchlslkdcs.
Hkdàbcrf. Ærokm prkguhtk gc hkdks (ocmmktfs), cdtrc mks quc sc cdhucdtrfd mks
pldks, mks focgumcs (kyf`cmcs), udf jl`dkspcr`f quc prkguhc hkdks.
Hkdnujfhlød. Ldtcrhfòlk gc `ftcrlfm duhmcfr (jcdìtlhk), cdtrc gks krjfdls`ks

udlhcmumfrcs.
Hkdscrvfhlød. Mf prcscrvfhlød y usk ldtcmljcdtc gc mks rchursks dfturfmcs.
Hkdtf`ldfhlød. Fu`cdtk gc l`purczfs.
Hkdtf`ldfhlød tìr`lhf. Mf prkguhlgf pkr fglhlød gc hfmkr.
Hkdsu`lgkr. Hufmqulcr krjfdls`k quc utlmlzf pmfdtfs k fdl`fmcs hk`k bucdtc

gc cdcrjàf.
Hkdvcrjcdhlf. Gcsfrrkmmk cvkmutlvk ldgcpcdglcdtc gc hfrfhtcrcs sl`lmfrcs cd

gks jrupks fskhlfgks hkd cm `ls`k eæoltft k `cglk fòlcdtc.
Hkrhek. Sd tcnlgk bkr`fgk pkr cm hfòlu` (gcm hkrhek)quc rcc`pmfzf mf cpl-

gcr`ls cd mks tfmmks mcöksks y cd mfs rfàhcs.
Hkrgfgk. Fdl`fm quc tlcdc dktkhkrglk, hkrgød dcrvlksk y focrturfs orfdqulfmcs,

cd fmjudf ctfpf gc su gcsfrrkmmk.
Hkrgød dcrvlksk.Yfrtc gcm slstc`f dcrvlksk hcdtrfm gc mks hkrgfgks, sltufgk pkr
cdhl`f gcm dktkhkrglk y quc sc cxtlcdgc f mk mfrjk gc mf pfrtc gkrsfm gcm hucrpk.
Hktlmcgød. Cstruhturf gc mf sc`lmmf quc slrvc hk`k rcscrvkrlk gc fml`cdtks

pfrf cm gcsfrrkmmk gcm còrlød. Mf prl`crf eknf u eknfs gcsfrrkmmfgfs pkr cm
còrlød gc udf sc`lmmf.
Hrcstfs `ltkhkdgrlfmcs. _cpmlcjucs `còrfdksks ldtcrdks gc mf `ltkhkdgrlf.
Hrk`ætlgf. Sdf gc mfs gks orfs cd quc sc glvlgc cm hrk`ksk`f, gurfdtc mf

glvlslød hcmumfr.
Hrk`ftldf.Hk`pucstk bkr`fgk pkrFGD y prktcàdfs. Xc cdhucdtrf cd cm dþhmck.
Hrk`kpmfstks. Hucrpks quc hkdtlcdcd plj`cdtks glbcrcdtcs gc mks hmkrkpmfs-

tks, cd fmjudfs hìmumfs vcjctfmcs.
Hrk`ksk`f. Sd hucrpk cd bkr`f gc ofstød quc pkrtf mks jcdcs. Xc cdhucdtrf

cd cm dþhmck hcmumfr y cstæ bkr`fgk pkr FGD udlgk f `kmìhumfs prktclhfs.
Hrk`ksk`f
cd U. Hrk`ksk`f
pfrcs, cd mfs ecòrfs (cdscxufm gcm quc sc efmmf udk skmk cd mks `fheks y
scrcs eu`fdks).
Hrk`ksk`f \. Hrk`ksk`f scxufm quc sc cdhucdtrf skmf`cdtc cd mks `fheks.
Hrk`ætlgf. Sdf gc mks gks orfs cd quc sc glvlgc cm hrk`ksk`f, gurfdtc mf

glvlslød hcmumfr. 8?<
Hruzf`lcdtk scmchtlvk. Cm hruzf`lcdtk gc rfzfs àdtl`f`cdtc rcmfhlkdfgfs
gc fdl`fmcs k vcjctfmcs, pfrf prcscrvfr fmjudks hfrfhtcrcs jcdìtlhks.
Hruhc gleàorlgk. Sd hruhc jcdìtlhk quc ldvkmuhrf f gks pfrcs gc jcdcs.
Hruhc. Sd hruhc jcdìtlhk quc ldvkmuhrf f ud pfr gc jcdcs.
Hufgrfgk gc Yuddct. Sd nucjk gc hufgrks quc sc utlmlzf hufdgk sc trfofnf

hkd prkomc`fs jcdìtlhks y quc slrvc pfrf cdhkdtrfr tkgfs mfs pkslomcs hkòl-
dfhlkdcs gc mks jf`ctks.
Hucrpk mþtck. Xc rccrc fm bkmàhumk kværlhk, gcspuìs gc quc cm øvumk ef slgk

mlocrfgk.
Glftk`cfs.Fmjfs udlhcmumfrcs pmfdhtødlhfs hkd huolcrtfs gc sàmlhc. Krjfdls`ks

quc sc prkguhcd foudgfdtc`cdtc cd hlcrtfs ærcfs.
Glbuslød. Mf glspcrslød gc `kmìhumfs gcm sltlk gkdgc sc cdhucdtrfd cd `fykr

hkdhcdtrfhlød efhlf gkdgc cstæd `cdks hkdhcdtrfgfs k fuscdtcs.
Gljcstlød.Yrkhcsk gurfdtc cm hufm mks fml`cdtks skd quà`lhf`cdtc sl`pmlhfgks

y sc hkdvlcrtcd cd sustfdhlfs skmuomcs.
Gldkfjcmfgks.Krjfdls`ks `fhrkshøplhks hkd huolcrtfs sc`cnfdtcs f cshugks

y hkd gks fjcmks. Hkd brchucdhlf pfrtlhlpfd cd mfs `frcfs rknfs.
Glpmklgc. Gks nucjks gc hrk`ksk`fs, hkdglhlød prcscdtc cd mf `fykràf gc mfs

hìmumfs fdl`fmcs y vcjctfmcs. Hkdglhlød quc fdtchcgc f mf glvlslød `cløtlhf
cd mfs hìmumfs scxufmcs.
Glvlslød hcmumfr. Yrkhcsk pkr cm hufm mf hìmumf krljldf hìmumfs ducvfs, pcr`ltc
cm hrchl`lcdtk y mf ùmtlpmlhfhlød gc mks scrcs vlvks.
Gchlguk. Vuc plcrgc mfs eknfs gurfdtc hlcrtf cstfhlød gcm fök.
Gcmchhlød. Sd tlpk gc ùtfhlød cd mf quc sc plcrgc ud scj`cdtk gcm hrk`ksk`f.
Gcrlvf jcdìtlhf. Hfòlks fm fzfr cd mf brchucdhlf gc jcdcs quc sc prkguhcd

cd pkomfhlkdcs pcqucöfs.
Gcprcgfgkr. Hufmqulcr fdl`fm quc efhc prcsfs gc ktrks.
Gcshk`pkdcgkr. Sd krjfdls`k, hkd brchucdhlf udf ofhtcrlf k ud ekdjk, quc

rk`pc mks hk`pucstks hk`pmcnks gc krjfdls`ks ùcrtks.
889
Gcslcrtk. Ærcf jckjræhf cd mf quc sc prchlpltfd `cdks gc glcz pumjfgfs gc
mmuvlf fm fök.
Gcsdltrlbhfhlød. Yrkhcsk mmcvfgk f hfok pkr ofhtcrlfs gcsdltrlhfdtcs, cd mf

gcjrfgfhlød gc f`kdlfhk, dltrltks y dltrftks, hkd mlocrfhlød gc dltrøjcdk mlorc.
Gcskvc. Gcshfrjf gc jf`ctks glrchtf`cdtc fm fjuf, tfm hk`k mk efhcd mks

pchcs.
Glhktlmcgødcf. Ymfdtf gc sc`lmmf hkd gks hktlmcgkdcs y gks eknfs còrlkdfrlfs.
Glpmklgc (?d). Wìr`ldk usfgk pfrf rcbcrlrsc f udf hìmumf quc hkdtlcdc (k ud
krjfdls`k huyfs hìmumfs hkdtlcdcd) ud nucjk hk`pmctk gc hrk`ksk`fs pfrcs
ek`ømkjks.
Glspcrslød ldtcdslvf. @kvl`lcdtk gc krjfdls`ks efhlf ærcfs ducvfs f pcsfr

gc cdhkdtrfr bucrtcs ofrrcrfs.
Glvcrjcdhlf. Sd pftrød gc cvkmuhlød cd cm hufm mks jrupks sc pfrchcd hfgf

vcz `cdks udks f ktrks.
Gk`ldfdhlf. Yrl`cr prldhlplk koscrvfgk pkr @cdgcm gc quc ud jcd pucgc cvltfr
mf `fdlbcstfhlød gc su fmcmk.
Gk`ldfdhlf ldhk`pmctf.Sdf `czhmf gc gks hfrfhtcrcs, rcsumtfdtc gc mf hruzf

gc ìstks.
Gupmlhfhlød. Cm tlpk gc ùtfhlød cd mf hufm ud scj`cdtk gc hrk`ksk`f sc rcpltc.
Chkmkjàf. Cstuglk gc mf cstruhturf y budhlød gc mf dfturfmczf. Cs cm cstuglk gc

mf rcmfhlød cdtrc krjfdls`ks y su `cglk fòlcdtc.
Chkslstc`f. Cs udf udlgfg chkmøjlhf budhlkdfm bkr`fgf pkr cm `cglk bàslhk

y pkr mks krjfdls`ks prkguhtkrcs, hkdsu`lgkrcs y gcshk`pkdcgkrcs gc udf
ærcf gfgf.
Chtkgcrdk. Mf hfpf cxtcrlkr gc hìmumfs gc ud krjfdls`k fdl`fm sl`pmc1 cd

vcrtcorfgks, mf hfpf hcmumfr f pfrtlr gc mf hufm sc gcsfrrkmmfd mf plcm y cm slstc`f
dcrvlksk.
Chtkpfræsltk. Yfræsltk quc vlvc cd cm cxtcrlkr gc su euìspcg.
886
Cbchtk gc ldvcrdfgcrk. Sd fu`cdtk cd mf tc`pcrfturf gcolgk f quc cm oløxlgk
gc hfrokdk ftrfpf mks rfyks skmfrcs ljufm quc cm vlgrlk gc ud ldvcrdfgcrk.
Còrlød. Dkòrc quc sc mc gf fm krjfdls`k gurfdtc mks prl`crks cstfglks gc

su gcsfrrkmmk.
Còrlkmkjàf. Cstuglk gcm gcsfrrkmmk gcm còrlød.
Cdgkgcr`k. Hfpf ldtcrdf gc hìmumfs gc ud krjfdls`k fdl`fm sl`pmc1 cd vcr-

tcorfgks, mf hfpf hcmumfr f pfrtlr gc mf hufm sc gcsfrrkmmfd cm slstc`f gljcstlvk,
eàjfgk, pum`kdcs y ktrfs cstruhturfs.
Cdgkpfræsltk. Yfræsltk quc sc ekspcgf gcdtrk gcm krjfdls`k gc su euìspcg.
Cdmfhc. Mf bucrzf gc ftrfhhlød quc udc f gks ætk`ks cd udf `kmìhumf.
Cdmfhc pcptàglhk. Cdmfhc cdtrc cm hfrokdk y cm dltrøjcdk gc gks f`ldkæhlgks.
Cdcrjàf. Hfpfhlgfg gc rcfmlzfr trfofnk.
Cdzl`f. Yrktcàdf quc fhtþf cd mfs rcfhhlkdcs olkmøjlhfs fhcmcrædgkmfs.
Cdtrchruzf`lcdtk. Cs cm ldtcrhfòlk gc pkrhlkdcs ek`ømkjfs cdtrc hrk`ksk-

`fs ek`ømkjks gurfdtc mf prkbfsc gc mf `clksls.
Cplbtf. Ymfdtf quc jcdcrfm`cdtc vlvc skorc ktrf, pcrk quc tk`f fjuf y sfmcs
`ldcrfmcs gcm `cglk fòlcdtc (mmuvlf, eu`cgfg).
Cshømcx. Hfoczf foumtfgf hkd jfdheks k vcdtksfs gc fmjudks pmftcm`ldtks

pfræsltks.
Cspchlfhlød. Mf bkr`fhlød gc gks k `æs cspchlcs f pfrtlr gc udf.
Cspchlc. Sdf pkomfhlød k jrupk gc pkomfhlkdcs hfpfz gc bchudgfrsc cdtrc sà

y flsmfgf rcprkguhtlvf`cdtc gc ktrfs pkomfhlkdcs.
Cspcr`ftlgf. Cstruhturf bkr`fgf pkr ud cspcr`ftkhltk schudgfrlk quc `fgu-

rfræ cd ud cspcr`ftkzklgc.
Cspcr`ftkhltk prl`frlk. Cstruhturf bkr`fgf pkr `clksls f pfrtlr gc udf

hìmumf cspcr`ftkjødlhf1 (schudgfrlk) cstruhturf bkr`fgf pkr mf glvlslød gc ud
cspcr`ftkhltk prl`frlk.
Cspcr`ftkjìdcsls. Yrkhcsk gcm gcsfrrkmmk gc mfs hìmumfs rcprkguhtkrfs `fs-

humldfs cd gkdgc mc dþ`crk glpmklgc gc hrk`ksk`fs cs rcguhlgk f ud dþ`crk
efpmklgc.
Cspcr`ftkzklgc. Hìmumf rcprkguhtkrf `fshumldf.

Csplrlmk. Ofhtcrlf gc bkr`f csplrfmfgf.
Csplrkquctf. Jrupk gc krjfdls`ks udlhcmumfrcs quc sc pfrchcd tfdtk f mks

prktkzkfrlks hk`k f mfs ofhtcrlfs.
88?
Cspkrf. Sdf hìmumf rcprkguhtkrf, jcdcrfm`cdtc huolcrtf pkr udf hfpf prktchtkrf
quc huorc mf budhlød gc glspcrslød. Hìmumf rcprkguhtkrf fscxufm.
Cspkrkbtk. Mf bfsc prkguhtkrf gc cspkrfs gcm hlhmk gc ud vcjctfm.
Cspkrumfhlød. Mf bkr`fhlød gc cspkrfs.
Cstfgk cstfomc. Sd slstc`f futkrrcjumfomc u ek`ckstætlhk.
Cstcpf. Wìr`ldk fpmlhfgk f mf zkdf gc jrf`àdcfs gc _uslf.
Cstcrklgc. Ekr`kdf scxufm.
Cstàùmk. Sd hfòlk gctchtfomc gcm `cglk fòlcdtc.

Cstlvfhlød. Cstfgk gc sk`dkmcdhlf quc prcscdtfd fmjudks fdl`fmcs gurfdtc
mf cstfhlød hfmurksf.
Cstrøjcdk. Jrupk gc ekr`kdfs scxufmcs bc`cdldfs.
Cstruhturfs ek`ømkjfs. Xc`cnfdtcs cd mks gctfmmcs gcm gcsfrrkmmk y mf cstruh-

turf oæslhf hk`k hkdschucdhlf gc ud fdhcstrk hk`þd.
Ctkmkjàf. Cstuglk gc mks pftrkdcs gc hkdguhtf cd fdl`fmcs.
Cvfpkrfhlød. Wrfdsbkr`fhlød gcm fjuf màqulgf cd vfpkr y cshfpc gc ìstc efhlf

mf ft`øsbcrf.
Cvkmuhlød. Hfòlk k `kglhfhlød quc subrc ud jrupk gc krjfdls`ks f trfvìs

gcm tlc`pk.
Cxhrchlød. Yrkhcsk `cglfdtc cm hufm, mks gcscheks `ctfoømlhks skd rctlrfgks

gc mfs hìmumfs vlvlcdtcs k gcm hucrpk.
Bfhtkr _e. Fjmutldøjcdk quc sc cdhucdtrf cd mf supcrhlc gc mks jmøoumks rknks,

cd mf `fykràf gc mfs pcrskdfs.
Bfjkhltksls. Cs mf hfpfhlgfg quc prcscdtfd fmjudfs hìmumfs pfrf rkgcfr c

ldtrkguhlr gcdtrk gc su hltkpmfs`f pfrtàhumfs quc pkr su tf`fök dk pfsfd pkr
glbuslød.
Bf`lmlf. Jrupk tfxkdø`lhk quc ldhmuyc f udk k `æs jìdcrks.
Bchudgfhlød. Cs mf udlød gc mks dþhmcks gc gks jf`ctks, udk `fshumldk y

ktrk bc`cdldk.
Bcdktlpk. Mfs hfrfhtcràstlhfs koscrvfomcs gc ud krjfdls`k prkguhlgfs pkr su

hkdstltuhlød jcdìtlhf y cm `cglk fòlcdtc.
888
Bcrk`kdf.Sdf suostfdhlf quà`lhf prkguhlgf pkr hlcrtks fdl`fmcs quc cxpcmlgf fm
`cglk fòlcdtc lduyc cd mf hkdguhtf gc ktrks krjfdls`ks gc mf `ls`f cspchlc.
Bctk. Còrlød gc `f`àbcrks, yf hkd mfs prldhlpfmcs hfrfhtcràstlhfs hkrpkrfmcs

fpfrcdtcs.
Blhkhlfdldf.Ylj`cdtk fzumksk quc sc cdhucdtrf cd fmjudfs fmjfs fzum-vcr

gksfs.
Blhkcrltrldf. Ylj`cdtk rknk quc sc cdhucdtrf cd fmjudfs fmjfs rknfs.
Blnfhlød gcm dltrøjcdk. Yrkhcsk `cglfdtc cm hufm, hlcrtfs ofhtcrlfs gcm sucmk
k gc mfs rfàhcs gc mfs pmfdtfs mcju`ldksfs, hkdvlcrtcd cm dltrøjcdk mlorc, cd
hk`pucstks dltrkjcdfgks quc pucgcd scr usfgks pkr mfs pmfdtfs.
Blslkmkjàf. Cstuglk gc mfs budhlkdcs y prkhcsks cd mks krjfdls`ks.
Bmfjcmfgk. Krjfdls`k quc tlcdc udk k `æs fjcmks.
Bmfjcmk. Yrkychhlød gcm hltkpmfs`f cd bkr`f gc mætljk, usfgf cd mf mkhk`khlød

pkr hlcrtks krjfdls`ks scdhlmmks y pkr mks cspcr`ftkzklgcs gc ùheks krjf-
dls`ks pmurlhcmumfrcs.
Bmfjcmk. Yrkychhlød gcm hltkpmfs`f cd bkr`f gc mætljk, usfgf cd mf mkhk`khlød

pkr hlcrtks krjfdls`ks scdhlmmks y pkr mks cspcr`ftkzklgcs gc ùheks krjf-
dls`ks pmurlhcmumfrcs.
Bmkr. Ørjfdk gc mfs pmfdtfs supcrlkrcs quc pucgc hkdtcdcr mks jf`ctktks
`fshumldk y bc`cdldk, k udk.
Bksbkrlmfhlød. Ldtrkguhhlød gc ud jrupk bksbftk cd udf `kmìhumf krjædlhf.
Bøslm. Hufmqulcr vcstljlk k cvlgcdhlf quc gcdktc mf cxlstcdhlf gc krjfdls`ks

gc ìpkhfs jckmøjlhfs fdtljufs.
Bktømlsls. Mf cshlslød gc mfs `kmìhumfs gc fjuf `cglfdtc mf cdcrjàf skmfr cd

udf bfsc gc mf bktksàdtcsls.
Bktksàdtcsls. Yrkhcsk `cglfdtc cm hufm, hlcrtfs hìmumfs vlvlcdtcs gc mfs pmfdtfs

hkòldfd cm oløxlgk gc hfrokdk hkd cm fjuf, cd prcscdhlf gc mf hmkrkmf y gc
mf cdcrjàf skmfr, pfrf bkr`fr hfrokelgrftks y mlocrfr kxàjcdk.
Bktksàdtcsls (_cfhhlød mu`ldksf). Mf hmkrlmf, fhtlvfgf pkr mf muz, sc utlmlzf

cd mf rupturf gc udf `kmìhumf gc fjuf y cd mf prkguhhlød gc FWY.
Bktksàdtcsls (_cfhhlød kshurf).Ldhmuyc mf ldhkrpkrfhlød gcm oløxlgk gc hfrokdk

cd udf `kmìhumf gc hfrokelgrftk (rloumksf) y mf bkr`fhlød hkdsljulcdtc gc YJFM.
887
J
Jfmæpfjks. Glchlsìls lsmfs prldhlpfmcs quc sc bkr`frkd pkr udf cruphlød vkmhæ-
dlhf efhc ud `lmmød gc föks cd cm khìfdk Yfhàhk (brcdtc f Chufgkr), fmcnfgfs
gcm hkdtldcdtc f`crlhfdk. Gfrwld cstuglø fmmà mks pldzkdcs, quc tcdàfd plhks
ùy glbcrcdtcs y cstfofd cspchlfmlzfgks cd fml`cdtfrsc hfgf udk gc cmmks gc
ud `kgk pfrtlhumfr glstldtk f mks gc`æs.
Jf`ctk. Hìmumf scxufm.
Jf`ctkbtk. Mf jcdcrfhlød quc prkguhc jf`ctks gcdtrk gcm hlhmk gc vlgf gc ud

vcjctfm. Cd mfs pmfdtfs supcrlkrcs cs `lhrkshøplhk (jrupk gc hìmumfs efpmklgcs
gcdtrk gcm cspkrktk).
Jæstrumf. Bfsc gcm gcsfrrkmmk còrlkdfrlk cd mf hufm sc cbchtþf mf prl`crf

`krbkjìdcsls. Jcdcrfm`cdtc hkrrcspkdgc f ud sfhk euchk hkd udf focrturf.
Jfstrumfhlød. Bkr`fhlød gc mf jæstrumf f pfrtlr gc mf omæstumf.
Jf`ctk. Hìmumf scxufm.
Jcm. Xlstc`f hkmklgfm gkdgc mf bfsc sømlgf cs hkdtlduf.
Jc`fhlød. Cm prkhcsk gc rcprkguhhlød fscxufm pkr `cglk gc yc`fs (jc`fs).
Jcd mctfm. Fqucm quc pkrtf udf hfrfhtcràstlhf quc jcdcrfm`cdtc cs bftfm pfrf
cm krjfdls`k.
Jcdc. Sd bfhtkr ecrcgltfrlk, pkrhlød gc udf `kmìhumf gc GDF quc cs hfpfz

gc futkgupmlhfrsc, ùtfr y trfds`ltlr ud hfræhtcr gc mks prkjcdltkrcs f mf gcs-
hcdgcdhlf.
Jcdcrfhlød cspkdtædcf. Wckràf yf gcschefgf gc quc fmjudks `ftcrlfmcs

ùcrtks k ldcrtcs pkgàfd krljldfr k trfdsbkr`frsc cd krjfdls`ks vlvlcdtcs.
Jìdcrk. Jrupk tfxkdø`lhk quc ldhmuyc f udf k `æs cspchlcs.
Jcdìtlhf. Hlcdhlf quc cstuglf mf trfds`lslød gc mks hfrfhtcrcs ecrcgltfrlks.
Jcdk`f. Xc glhc gcm hkdnudtk gc tkgks mks jcdcs hkdtcdlgks cd mf gktfhlød

hrk`ksø`lhf efpmklgc gc udf hìmumf.
Jcdktlpk. Wkgks mks jcdcs hkdtcdlgks pkr ud krjfdls`k.
Jmædgumf gc Hkwpcr. Mkhfmlzfgf hcrhf gcm cxtrc`k supcrlkr gc mf urctrf gcm

ekòrc. Xchrctf ud màqulgk quc sc fglhlkdf fm cspcr`f.
Jmædgumf cdgkhrldf. Jmædgumf sld guhtks quc schrctf ekr`kdfs glrchtf`cdtc
f mf sfdjrc.
883
Jmædgumfs `f`frlfs. Xc cdhucdtrfd cd mfs ecòrfs gc mks `f`àbcrks y
schrctfd mchec.
Jmøoumks omfdhks (mcuhkhltks). Hìmumfs sfdjuàdcfs ldhkmkrfs y hkd dþhmck.
Jødfgfs. Ørjfdks rcprkguhtkrcs `fshumldk y bc`cdldk cd mks quc sc prkguhcd

jf`ctks.
Jmuhøjcdk. Hfrokelgrftk gc rcscrvf cd mks fdl`fmcs .
Jmuhømlsls. Cstfgk ldlhlfm cd mf gcjrfgfhlød gc mks hfrokelgrftks.
Jmuhksf. Cm fzþhfr gc scls ætk`ks gc hfrokdk quc sc cdhucdtrf hkd `fykr

brchucdhlf cd mks scrcs vlvks.
Jrfdf. Hucrpks glshklgfmcs gc mks hmkrkpmfstks.
Jrfdk. @còrfdfs fjrupfgfs cd bkr`f gc plmfs gc `kdcgfs quc hkdtlcdcd

hmkrkmf y quc sc cdhucdtrfd cd mks hmkrkpmfstks.
Jrfsf. Sdk gc mks trcs `æs foudgfdtcs gc mf `ftcrlf krjædlhf, hk`pucstf gc

jmlhcrkm y trcs æhlgks jrfsks.
K K
Jrupk hfrokxàmlhk. _ ‘ H ø Fr ‘ H gc mks æhlgks krjædlhks.
KE KE
Jufdldf. Sdf gc mfs ofscs krjædlhfs quc sc cdhucdtrf cd cm FGD y cm F_D.
882
E
Eæoltft. Mujfr gkdgc ud krjfdls`k vlvc.
Efpmklgc (d). Dþ`crk gc hrk`ksk`fs hfrfhtcràstlhk gc mks jf`ctks y quc

hkrrcspkdgc f mf `ltfg gcm dþ`crk gc hrk`ksk`fs prcscdtcs cd mfs hìmumfs
sk`ætlhfs. Nucjk scdhlmmk gc hrk`ksk`fs.
Ec`kbmlf. _fsjk ecrcgltfrlk, mljfgk fm scxk, quc sc hfrfhtcrlzf pkr mf glhumtfg

pfrf mf hkfjumfhlød gc mf sfdjrc.
Ec`kjmkoldf. Hk`pucstk prktcàdlhk quc hkdtlcdc elcrrk y quc gf f mks jmø-

oumks rknks su hkmkr.
Ecroæhck. Wfmmk fdufm hkd ùy pkhk tcnlgk mcöksk.
Ecroàvkrk. Fdl`fmcs quc hk`cd pmfdtfs.
Ecrcdhlf. Mf trfds`lslød gc hfrfhtcrcs gc prkjcdltkrcs f su gcshcdgcdhlf.
Ecrcdhlf mljfgf fm scxk. Xc rccrc f mfs hfrfhtcràstlhfs quc sc mkhfmlzfd cd

mks hrk`ksk`fs scxufmcs, cspchlfm`cdtc cd cm hrk`ksk`f U.
Ecr`fbrkgltf. Vuc hkdtlcdc tfdtk kvfrlks hk`k tcstàhumks.
Ectcrkhljktk. Vuc hkdtlcdc ud hfræhtcr hrk`ksø`lhk hkdtrfstfdtc1 cs gchlr,

quc mmcvf gks bkr`fs glbcrcdtcs gcm `ls`k jcdc.
Ectcrkjf`ctks. Mks jf`ctks gc udf cspchlc quc prcscdtfd glbcrcdhlfs `kr-

bkmøjlhfs gcolgfs fm scxk1 cnc`pmk> cspcr`ftkzklgcs y øvumks.
Ectcrøtrkbks. Krjfdls`ks quc skd ldhfpfhcs gc sldtctlzfr `kmìhumfs krjæ-

dlhfs f pfrtlr gc `kmìhumfs ldkrjædlhfs, gc `kgk quc skd gcpcdglcdtcs cd su
dutrlhlød, gc ktrks krjfdls`ks k gc sus prkguhtks.
Elocrdfhlød k ldvcrdfhlød. Cstfgk gc skpkr quc prcscdtfd fmjudks fdl`fmcs

gurfdtc cm ldvlcrdk.
Elorlgfhlød. Hruhc gc glbcrcdtcs rfzfs, vfrlcgfgcs k cspchlcs, pfrf cstfomchcr

ducvfs hfrfhtcràslhfs jcdìtlhfs.
Eàorlgk. Gcshcdgcdhlf gc mf hruzf cdtrc prkjcdltkrcs quc glcrcd cd udk k

`æs hfrfhtcrcs.
Elgrømlsls. _cfhhlød quà`lhf cd mf hufm cm fjuf pfrtlhlpf rk`plcdgk ud cdmfhc

gc mf sustfdhlf. Mf gljcstlød cs udf scrlc gc elgrømlsls.
Eàjfgk. Mf jmædgumf `æs jrfdgc gcm hucrpk eu`fdk, fskhlfgf hkd mf gljcstlød
y cm `ctfokmls`k.
88:
Elpøbsls. Jmædgumf cdgkhrldf bkr`fgf pkr gks møoumks, mkhfmlzfgf fofnk gcm
hcrcork.
Elpktæmf`k. Yfrtc gcm cdhìbfmk quc hkdtrkmf mf elpøsls pkr rctrkfml`cdtfhlød.
Elpøtcsls. Cxpmlhfhlød tcdtftlvf quc rcmfhlkdf udf scrlc gc koscrvfhlkdcs.
Ek`khljktf. Vuc tlcdc gks jcdcs ljufmcs pfrf cm `ls`k hfræhtcr.
Ek`ckstfsàf. Hkdglhlød gc futkrrcjumfhlød k gc cqulmlorlk gldæ`lhk.
Ekdjk. Krjfdls`k quc hfrchc gc hmkrkmf, dþhmck vcrgfgcrk y quc sc rcprk -

guhc pkr cspkrfs.
Ekr`kdf. Xchrchlød quà`lhf gc udf jmædgumf cdgkhrldf quc prkguhc ud gc-

dlgk cbchtk slkmøjlhk.
Euìspcg. Krjfdls`k cd cm quc vlvcd mks pfræsltks.
Eucvk. Sd øvumk. Hìmumf scxufm bc`cdldf.
Eusk fhrk`ætlhk. Cstruhturf bkr`fgf pkr orfs prktclhfs quc budhlkdfd cd mf

scpfrfhlød gc mks hrk`ksk`fs gurfdtc mf glvlslød hcmumfr.
L
Ldncrtk. Sdlød gc hfpfs gc hfòlu` gc gks slstc`fs mcöksks, udk quc cs mf
ofsc k plc y cm ktrk cm væstfjk gc mf pmfdtf quc sc gcscf rcprkguhlr. Cs udf
bkr`f gc rcprkguhhlød fscxufm.
Ldùdlgfg. Hfpfhlgfg gcm krjfdls`k pfrf rcslstlr f mf cdbcr`cgfg, mkjrfgf

pkr `cglk dfturfmcs k frtlhlfmcs.
Ldtcrgcpcdgcdhlf. Gcpcdgcdhlf gc udfs hìmumfs hkd rcspchtk f ktrfs pfrf su

budhlkdf`lcdtk hk`pmctk1 k gc krjfdls`ks hkd rcspchtk f mfs fhtlvlgfgcs gc
ktrks krjfdls`ks.
Ldtcrbfsc. Wlc`pk k cstfglk gurfdtc cm hufm mf hìmumf dk sc glvlgc.
Ldvcrtcorfgk. Fdl`fm sld hkmu`df vcrtcorfm.
M
Mæhtlhk (Æhlgk). Æhlgk quc sc bkr`f gurfdtc cm trfofnk ùshumfr.
885
Mcuhkpmfstk. Hkrpþshumk k pmfstlgf quc slrvc hk`k rcscrvkrlk cd hlcrtfs hì-
mumfs vcjctfmcs.
Mcy gc mf scjrcjfhlød. Yrl`crf mcy gc @cdgcm, ofsfgf cd su tcrhcrf elpøtcsls,

quc glhc quc ud pfr gc bfhtkrcs (jcdcs), sc scjrcjfd k scpfrfd gurfdtc mf
bkr`fhlød gc mks jf`ctks (cspkrfs cd pmfdtfs ldbcrlkrcs).
Màplgk. Sdk gc mks tlpks gc hk`pucstks krjædlhks `æs foudgfdtcs cd mks

scrcs vlvks. Mf `fykràf gc mks màplgks cstæd bkr`fgks pkr jmlhcrkm y ud æhlgk
jrfsk fm `cdks.
Mlpkprktcàdf. Yrktcàdf bkr`fgf pkr màplgks hkdnujfgks hkd prktcàdfs.
Mlqucd. Hkùdlgfg gc hlcrtfs fmjfs y ekdjks quc vlvcd nudtks.
Mlsksk`f. Hucrpk csbìrlhk ldtrfhltkpmæs`lhk quc sc efmmf cd mf `fykràf gc mfs

hìmumfs. Hkdtlcdc cdzl`fs gljcstlvfs.
@
@cglk fòlcdtc. Mk quc rkgcf f ud krjfdls`k, bfhtkrcs vlvks k dk vlvks.
@clksls. Sd tlpk gc glvlslød hcmumfr quc sc cbchtþf cd mfs hìmumfs scxufmcs, cd

mf hufm cm dþ`crk gc hrk`ksk`fs sc rcguhc gc glpmklgc f efpmklgc.
@còrfdf Duhmcfr. Gcmjfgf hfpf gc `ftcrlf vlvlcdtc quc rkgcf fm dþhmck.
@cdstrufhlød. Gcsprcdgl`lcdtk pcrløglhk y gcshfrjf gc mks tcnlgks utcrldks

(cdgk`ctrlk) quc sc prcscdtfd cd fuscdhlf gc mf bcrtlmlzfhlød.
@ctfokmls`k. Mf su`f gc tkgfs mfs rcfhhlkdcs quà`lhfs gc ud krjfdls`k.
@ctfbfsc. Bfsc gc mf glvlslød hcmumfr cd mf quc mks hrk`ksk`fs sc mkhfmlzfd f

mf `ltfg gcm eusk fhrk`ætlhk.
@ltkhkdgrlf. Krjfdcmf ldtrfhcmumfr gkdgc sc mkhfmlzfd mfs cdzl`fs rcsplrftkrlfs.
@ltksls. Wlpk gc glvlslød hcmumfr quc hkdscrvf cm `ls`k dþ`crk gc hrk`ksk`fs.
@kmìhumf. Mf hkòldfhlød `æs pcqucöf gc ætk`ks quc hkdscrvf mfs prkplc-

gfgcs gc udf sustfdhlf.
@ødcrf. Xcrcs vlvks quc ldhmuycd f mks krjfdls`ks quc hfrchcd gc dþhmck
krjfdlzfgk (ofhtcrlfs y fmjfs).
@ødcrfs. @lcòrks gcm rcldk `kdcrf1 hfrfhtcràstlhf`cdtc udlhcmumfrcs hkd ud

dþhmck dk krjfdlzfgk1 sc rcprkguhcd cd mf `fykràf gc mks hfsks cd bkr`f fscxufm.
@kdkhktlmcgødcfs. Ymfdtfs huyfs sc`lmmfs hkdtlcdcd sømk ud hktlmcgød cd cm

còrlød.
88<
@kdkpmklgc (efpmklgc). Hìmumf quc tlcdc ud skmk nucjk gc hrk`ksk`fs.
@kvl`lcdtk Orkwdlfdk. @kvl`lcdtk kshlmftkrlk, quc sc koscrvf cd hkmklgcs k

ofhtcrlfs y quc sc gcoc fm gcspmfzf`lcdtk crrætlhk gc mfs `kmìhumfs.
@utfhlød. Hfòlk cd cm `ftcrlfm jcdìtlhk. Bfhtkr quc pfrtlhlpf cd mks prkhcsks

cvkmutlvks.
@utfhlød pudtlbkr`c. Hfòlk cd cm `ftcrlfm jcdìtlhk prkguhlgk pkr pcquc-

öks hfòlks cd mf `kmìhumf gcm FGD, quc dk pucgcd scr vlsufmlzfgks cd cm
`lhrkshkplk.
@utfhlød hrk`ksø`lhf. Hfòlk cd cm `ftcrlfm jcdìtlhk pkr mf pìrglgf k

jfdfdhlf tktfm k pfrhlfm gc ud hrk`ksk`f.
@utufmls`k. Mf ldtcrfhhlød ocdìhf cdtrc gks krjfdls`ks.
D
Dchrøbfjks. Fdl`fmcs quc sc fml`cdtfd gc krjfdls`ks ùcrtks.
Dlhek. Cm pfpcm pfrtlhumfr gcsc`pföfgk pkr krjfdls`ks gc udf cspchlc, cd

rcmfhlød hkd mks gc ktrfs cspchlcs cd udf hkùdlgfg.
Dk`cdhmfturf oldk`lfm. Xlstc`f gc dkòrfr f mfs cspchlcs hkd gks pfmforfs1

mf prl`crf cs cm jìdcrk, y mf scjudgf, mf gcsljdfhlød gc mf cspchlc.
Dþhmck. Yfrtc hcmumfr quc hkdtlcdc mks hrk`ksk`fs1 tfòlìd mf `fsf hcdtrfm
gc ud ætk`k quc hkdtlcdc prktkdcs y dcutrkdcs.
Duhmìkmk. Hucrpk pcqucök csbìrlhk, sltufgk gcdtrk gcm dþhmck.
Duhmcøtlgk. Sdlgfg hk`pucstf gc ud fzþhfr (rloksf k gcskxlrrloksf), ud bksbftk

y udf ofsc krjædlhf (pþrlhf k plrl`àglhf). @uhefs gc cstfs udlgfgcs pucgcd
hkdstltulr udf `kmìhumf gc FGD k gc F_D.
K
Krldf. Gcschek màqulgk prkguhlgk pkr mtrfhlød gc mf sfdjrc cd cm rlöød y quc
sc cvfhuf pkr mf vcnljf.
Øs`ksls. Mf glbuslød gcm fjuf f trfvìs gc `còrfdfs sc`lpcr`cfomcs, gc udf

rcjlød gc `fykr hkdhcdtrfhlød gc fjuf efhlf ktrf hkd `cdkr hkdhcdtrfhlød.
879
Kvfrlk. Cm ørjfdk rcprkguhtkr bc`cdldk.
Øvumk. Jf`ctk bc`cdldk.
Kvkjìdcsls. Cm prkhcsk gcm gcsfrrkmmk gc mfs hìmumfs rcprkguhtkrfs bc`cdldfs,

cd cm hufm cm dþ`crk glpmklgc gc hrk`ksk`fs cs rcguhlgk f ud dþ`crk efpmklgc.
Kzkdk. Cstfgk fmktrøplhk gcm kxàjcdk, prkguhlgk pkr mf cmchtrlhlgfg, gc huyf

fhhlød rcsumtf cm jfs ùy kxlgfdtc, gc kmkr bucrtc f `frlshk y gc hkmkr fzum
hufdgk sc mlhuf.
Y
Yfmckdtkmkjàf. Cstuglk gc mf vlgf gc crfs fdtcrlkrcs pkr `cglk gcm cxf`cd
gc bøslmcs.
Yfrfsltls`k. _cmfhlød slòløtlhf cd mf hufm ud krjfdls`k pfsf pfrtc gc su

vlgf k tkgf skorc k gcdtrk gc ktrk krjfdls`k gc cspchlc glstldtf (euìspcg) y
utlmlzf f ìstc pfrf fml`cdtfrsc.
Yfrcg hcmumfr. Yfrcg cxtcrlkr gc `ftcrlfm hcmumøslhk quc cs schrctfgf fmrcgcgkr

gc mfs hìmumfs vcjctfmcs.
Yfrtcdkjìdcsls.Cm gcsfrrkmmk gc ud krjfdls`k f pfrtlr gc ud eucvk dk bcrtlmlzfgk.
Yftøjcdk. Vuc hfusf cdbcr`cgfgcs.
YJFM. Forcvlfturf gc bksbkjmlhcrfmgcelgk, `kmìhumf gc trcs ætk`ks gc hfrokdk

rcmfhlkdfgf hkd mks hfrokelgrftks.
Yl. Xàòkmk quc ldglhf ud jrupk bksbftk ldkrjædlhk.
Yldkhltksls. Yrkhcsk cd cm hufm, pkrhlkdcs gc hfdfmcs, bkr`fgks pkr `còrfdfs

y mmcdks gc ulgks, sc scpfrfd gcdtrk gcm hltkpmfs`f.
Ylræ`lgc fml`cdtlhlf. _cprcscdtfhlød hufdtltftlvf gc udf hfgcdf fml`cdtlhlf,

hkd mks prkguhtkrcs gc fml`cdtks cd mf ofsc y mks hfrdàvkrks cd mf hl`f.
Ylrl`lgldf. Sdk gc mks gks jrupks gc ofscs dltrkjcdfgfs hk`pkdcdtcs gc mks

æhlgks duhmclhks quc ldhmuyc fm urfhlmk, mf tl`ldf y mf hltksldf.
Ylruvftk. Æhlgk krjædlhk gc trcs ætk`ks gc hfrokdk, ùy l`pkrtfdtcs cd mks

krjfdls`ks.
Ymfdhtkd. Gl`ldutks krjfdls`ks ktfdtcs, suspcdglgks hcrhf gc mf supcrhlc

gcm fjuf y quc slrvcd hk`k fml`cdtk pfrf fdl`fmcs `æs jrfdgcs.
Ymfs`ømlsls. Cdhkjl`lcdtk gc udf hìmumf, gcolgk f mf pìrglgf gc fjuf quc subrc

fm hkmkhfrmf cd udf skmuhlød elpcrtødlhf.
876
Ymfstk. Hucrpk hltkpmæs`lhk hk`pucstk gc `còrfdfs budhlkdfdgk yf scf
hk`k hucrpk plj`cdtfgk k hk`k pkrtfgkr gc hmkrkmf.
Ykomfhlød. Jrupk gc krjfdls`ks k ldglvlguks quc efoltfd ud ærcf gctcr`ldfgf.
Ykmlsfhærlgk. Fzþhfr k sustfdhlf krjædlhf hk`pucstf pkr hfrokdk, elgrøjcdk

y kxàjcdk. L`pkrtfdtc hk`k bucdtc cdcrjìtlhf.
Yrl`ftcs. @lcòrks gcm krgcd gc mks `f`àbcrks quc ldhmuycd fm ekòrc, cm

`kdk, cm mìùr, sl`lks, cth.
Yrkguhtkr. Krjfdls`k bktksldtìtlhk.
Yrkbfsc. Cstfglk ldlhlfm cd mf `ltksls k cd mf `clksls.
Yrkjcstcrkdf.Ekr`kdf bc`cdldf, cd mks eu`fdks, schrctfgf pkr cmhucrpk mþtck.
Yrøstftf. Jmædgumf sltufgf hcrhf gcm cxtrc`k supcrlkr gc mf urctrf gcm `fhek.
Yrktcàdf. @ftcrlfm krjædlhk hk`pucstk pkr f`ldkæhlgks.
Yrktlstf. Jrupk gc krjfdls`ks quc ldhmuyc fmjfs, prktkzkfrlks y ofhtcrlfs y

fmjudks ekdjks.
Yuocrtfg. Cgfg cd quc fpfrchcd mks hfrfhtcrcs scxufmcs schudgfrlks.
Yurldf. Sdf gc mfs ofscs dltrkjcdfgfs hk`pkdcdtcs gc mks æhlgks duhmclhks

cdtrc mfs quc sc cdhucdtrfd mf fgcdldf y mf jufdldf.
V
Vul`lksàdtcsls. Yrkguhhlød gc hk`pucstks krjædlhks, mmcvfgf f hfok pkr mks
krjfdls`ks, hkd cdcrjàf kotcdlgf f pfrtlr gc rcfhhlkdcs quà`lhfs ldkrjædlhfs,
cd mujfr gc mf cdcrjàf mu`ldksf.
_
_fglfhlød fgfptftlvf. Mf bkr`fhlød gc cspchlcs glstldtfs f pfrtlr gc ud fd-
hcstrk hk`þd, hk`k rcsumtfgk gc udf fgfptfhlød prkjrcslvf gc vfrlks jrupks
flsmfgks cd glbcrcdtcs `cglks.
_chcslvk. Cm jcdc quc dk sc cxprcsf gcm pfr gc jcdcs gc ud hfræhtcr gfgk.
_chkòldfhlød. _cudlød gc hrk`ksk`fs gc gks nucjks glbcrcdtcs, hk`k

suhcgc cd cm hljktk (hrk`ksk`fs gcm cspcr`ftkzklgc y gcm øvumk)
87?
_cjcdcrfhlød. Hfpfhlgfg gcm krjfdls`k pfrf rchkdstltulr pfrtcs gc su hucrpk.
_cprkguhhlød fscxufm.Wlpk gc rcprkguhhlød sld mf udlød gc gks hìmumfs scxufmcs.
_cprkguhhlød scxufm. Sdlød gc ud jf`ctk bc`cdldk u øvumk y ud jf`ctk

`fshumldk k cspcr`ftkzklgc.
_csplrfhlød hcmumfr. Mf su`f gc tkgfs mf rcfhhlkdcs quà`lhfs prkguhtkrfs gc

cdcrjàf quc fhkdtchcd gcdtrk gc mf hìmumf.
_ctàhumk cdgkpmfs`ætlhk. Xlstc`f gc `còrfdfs ldtrfhltkpmæs`lhfs.
_loksk`fs. Ycqucöks hucrpks jrfdumfrcs, jcdcrfm`cdtc mkhfmlzfgks cd cm

hltkpmfs`f, quc pfrtlhlpfd cd mf sàdtcsls gc prktcàdfs.
X
Xfofdf. Wìr`ldk fpmlhfgk f mks pfstlzfmcs cd Xugf`ìrlhf. Cd chkmkjàf hkrrcs-
pkdgc f ud tlpk gc fskhlfhlød cd cm quc prcgk`ldfd mfs jrf`àdcfs.
Xfhk còrlkdfrlk. Jf`ctktk bc`cdldk gc mfs pmfdtfs supcrlkrcs1 sc mkhfmlzf

cd cm plstlmk.
Xfprøbtk. Krjfdls`k quc vlvc skorc `ftcrlf krjædlhf ùcrtf k cd gcshk`-

pkslhlød.
Xchrchlød. Yrkguhtk gc udf hìmumf k jmædgumf quc cs utlmlzfgk pkr cm krjfdls`k.
Xcj`cdtfhlød. Yrl`crfs glvlslkdcs gc ud hljktk cd mfs quc cm dþ`crk gc hìmumfs

fu`cdtf pcrk mf hfdtlgfg gc prktkpmfs`f pcr`fdchc hkdstfdtc.
Xcjrcjfhlød. Mf scpfrfhlød gc mks hrk`ksk`fs.
Xcmchhlød dfturfm. Cm rcsumtfgk gc mf muhef pkr mf supcrvlvcdhlf cdtrc krjfdls`ks

quc pksccd hfrfhtcràstlhfs cspchlfmcs quc mcs gfd fmjudf vcdtfnf.
Xc`cd. Màqulgk bcrtlmlzfgkr bkr`fgk pkr cspcr`ftkzklgcs y màqulgks prkvcdlcdtcs

gc mfs vcsàhumfs sc`ldfmcs, mfs jmædgumfs prkstætlhfs, gc Hkwpcr y gc Mlttrì.
Xc`lmmf. Cm còrlød vcjctfm rkgcfgk pkr hfpfs gc tcnlgk gc rcscrvf y pkr udf
huolcrtf gurf.
Xcöfm. Hufmqulcr bkr`f gc hkùdlhfhlød cdtrc mks fdl`fmcs (vlsufm, fugltlvf,

quà`lhf k tæhtlm).
Xlf`cscs. Jc`cmks quc hk`pfrtcd udk k `æs ørjfdks.
Xàdtcsls gc Yrktcàdfs. Bfsc udlvcrsfm gc fdfokmls`k hcmumfr cd mf quc sc

cmfokrfd `kmìhumfs prktclhfs f pfrtlr gc `kmìhumfs gc f`ldkæhlgks.
878
X`kj. Sdf hkòldfhlød gc eu`k hkdtf`ldfdtc y dlcomf.
Xkmuhlød. @czhmf ek`kjìdcf gc gks k `æs sustfdhlfs, cd mf quc udf glsucmvc

mf (s) ktrf (s).
Xkmvcdtc. Cm glskmvcdtc cd udf skmuhlød.
W
Wfxkdk`àf. Hlcdhlf quc hmfslhf mks scrcs vlvlcdtcs.
Wcmkbfsc. Cm cstfglk dfm gc mf `ltksls k gc mf `clksls quc hk dguhc f mf bkr`f-

hlød gc mfs hìmumfs elnfs.
Wckràf. Sdf elpøtcsls hk`prkofgf cxpcrl`cdtfm`cdtc.
Wckràf Hcmumfr.Mf hrccdhlf gc quc mf hìmumf cs mf udlgfg gc cstruhturf y budhlød

gc mf vlgf y quc mfs hìmumfs prkvlcdcd þdlhf`cdtc gc ktrfs hìmumfs.
Wcstàhumks. Ørjfdks rcprkguhtkrcs `fshumldks gc mks fdl`fmcs.
Wìtrfgf. Jrupk gc huftrk hrk`ksk`fs ek`ømkjks gurfdtc mf `clksls.
Wl`ldf. Ofsc dltrkjcdfgf quc bkr`f pfrtc gcm FGD.
Wl`k. Jmædgumf cdgrkhrldf, mkhfmlzfgf cd mf pfrtc ldbcrlkr gcm hucmmk.
Wà`pfdk. @còrfdf gc fmjudks fdtrøpkgks quc tlcdc mf budhlød gc hfptfr

vlorfhlkdcs.
Wlrklgcs. Jmædgumf cdgkhrldf sltufgf cd mf pfrtc fdtcrlkr gcm hkdguhtk mfrldjk-

trfqucfm y quc rcjumf cm `ctfokmls`k.
Wrf`f k rcg fml`cdtlhlf. Hk`pmcnk gc hfgcdfs fml`cdtlhlfs quc cxlstcd gcdtrk

gc ud chkslstc`f.
Wrfdshrlphlød. Yrkhcsk pkr cm quc udf `kmìhumf gc FGD hkglhf mf hkdstruhhlød

gc udf `kmìhumf gc F_D.
Wrfdsplrfhlød. Yìrglgf gc fjuf cd bkr`f gc vfpkr gc mf supcrhlc bkmlfr.
Wrfdspkrtc fhtlvk. Cs cm `kvl`lcdtk gc sustfdhlfs f trfvìs gc mf `còrfdf

hcmumfr quc hkdsu`c cdcrjàf hcmumfr.
Wrfdspkrtc pfslvk. @kvl`lcdtk gc `kmìhumfs pcqucöfs gurfdtc mf glbuslød,

quc dk rcqulcrc jfstk gc cdcrjàf.
Wrfqucøbtf. Ymfdtf quc tlcdc vfsks pfrf mf hkdguhhlød gc mks ulgks.
Wrlsk`àf. Mf prcscdhlf gc trcs hrk`ksk`fs ek`ømkjks cd tkgfs mfs hìmumfs

gcm krjfdls`k.
877
Wrk`pf gc bfmkplk. Cm kvlguhtk cd mks `f`àbcrks.
Wuoks sc`ldàbcrks. @fsf gc tuoks cdrkmmfgks gkdgc sc bkr`fd mks cspcr`f-

tkzklgcs, gcdtrk gc mks tcstàhumks.
Wurjcdhlf. Hkdslstcdhlf gurf gc mfs hìmumfs vcjctfmcs gcolgf f mf prcslød gcm

fjuf.
S
Srfhlmk. Ofsc dltrkjcdfgf hk`pkdcdtc gcm F_D.
Srcf. Xustfdhlf dltrkjcdfgf gc gcschek quc sc cdhucdtrf prldhlpfm`cdtc cd

mf krldf gc mks `f`àbcrks1 sc bkr`f cd cm eàjfgk f pfrtlr gc mf gcjrfgfhlød gc
mfs prktcàdfs.
urìtcr. Wuok quc vf gcm rlöød f mf vcnljf urldfrlf k f mf hmkfhf.
Srctrf. Wuok quc vf gcsgc mf vcnljf urldfrlf efstf udf focrturf cxtcrdf gcm hucrpk.
Þtcrk. Ørjfdk cd mc quc sc jcstfd mks còrlkdcs y bctks gc `f`àbcrks efstf

quc dfhcd1 tuok gc fm`fhcdf`lcdtk gc mks eucvks cd fmjudks trc`ætkgks y
hìstkgks.
R
Rfhudf. Xustfdhlf pfrf prkguhlr ldùdlgfg.
Rfhudfhlød. @ìtkgk pfrf prkguhlr ldùdlgfg.
Rfhukmf. Sd cspfhlk quc sc bkr`f cd cm hltkpmfs`f gc udf hìmumf y quc hkd-

tlcdc màqulgk.
Rcsàhumfs sc`ldfmcs. Cstruhturfs quc fm`fhcdfd cspcr`ftkzklgcs cd

fmjudks fdl`fmcs.
Rlrus. Krjfdls`k suo`lhrkshøplhk dk hcmumfr hkdstltulgk pkr ud æhlgk duhmclhk

(FGD k F_D) rchuolcrtk gc prktcàdf quc pucgc rcprkguhlrsc cd tcnlgks vlvks.
Rltf`ldf. Xustfdhlf krjædlhf, dk cs fml`cdtk, pcrk cs cscdhlfm pfrf mf fhtlvlgfg
dkr`fm
Xc krjædlhf
cdhucdtrf cdyfmks
quc rcjumf k y`fdtlcdc
fml`cdtks cm cqulmlorlk
su hfrcdhlf gc mfs budhlkdcs
k ldsuhlcdhlf vltfmcs.
pucgc prkguhlr
trfstkrdks (fvltf`ldksls).
873
U
Ufdtkbmf. Ylj`cdtk f`frlmmk, udk gc mks plj`cdtks quc sc cdhucdtrfd cd
fmjudks hrk`kpmfstks.
\
\c`f k jc`f. Ykrhlød gcm hucrpk gc ud krjfdls`k quc cd ud `k`cdtk gfgk
sc scpfrf pfrf gfr krljcd f ktrk krjfdls`k.
872
EKNFX GC _CXYSCXWFX
Y_L@C_F SDLGFG CNC_HLHLKX R, YÆJLDF 39
YÆJLDF 63 6.
6. Cs mf hfrfhtcràstlhf prkplf gc mks f. Xustfdhlf quc hkdstltuyc mf
scrcs vlvks. `ftcrlf vlvf gc mf hìmumf.
?. Dfhcd, hrchcd,sc dutrcd, sc o. Hkdglhlød gc fmjudfs sustfdhlfs
rcprkguhcd y ùcrcd. cd glskmuhlød gkdgc mfs `kmìhu-
mfs (cd `lhcmfs) sc cdhucdtrfd
8. Mks scrcs vlvks cstæd bkr`fgks
suspcdglgfs.
pkr hìmumfs, mf `ftcrlf ldcrtc dk.
7. Ykrquc pucgc vfrlfr gc fhucrgk ?.
hkd mf sltufhlød. Hfgf prkomc`f f. jmuhksf - uvfs.
k ldvcstljfhlød `frhfræ mf pfutf
o. sfhfrksf - hföf gc fzþhfr.
dchcsfrlf.
h. hcmumksf - pmfdtfs
8. Xkd hk`pkdcdtcs cstruhturfmcs
CNC_HLHLKX L-LR, YÆJLDF ?< y cdcrjìtlhks gc mfs hìmumfs.
6. G Fgc`æs ktrfs budhlkdfd hk`k
cdzl`fs y ktrfs hk`k ekr`kdfs.
?. Vuc fpkrtfd cxpmlhfhlkdcs pfrf
mfs ldtcrrkjfdtcs pcrk tfòlìd 7. Cm fjuf cs ud màqulgk vltfm pkr
prcglhcd ducvks echeks quc cxhcmcdhlf, gcsgc cm krljcd gc
hkdguhcd f ducvfs màdcfs gc mf vlgf y `lcdtrfs cstf suoslstf.
ldvcstljfhlød.
8. F.
YÆJLDF 36
7.
3. FGD. Æhlgk cskxlrrlokduhmclhk
F. Yrl`crf koscrvfhlød y gcshrlp- (æhlgk duhmclhk quc sc mkhfmlzf
hlød gc hìmumfs cd tcnlgks gc cd mks hrk`ksk`fs).
hkrhek.
Gupmlhfhlød. Kotcdcr gks udl-
O. Ldvcdtø ud `lhrkshkplk pfrf gfgcs f pfrtlr gc udf skmf.
koscrvfr mf hfmlgfg gc mfs tcmfs.
Duhmcøtlgk. Sdlgfgcs quc bkr-
H. Cdudhlfrkd mf Wckràf Hcmumfr. `fd mks æhlgks duhmclhks.
3. Yurldf. Hmfsc gc ofsc dltrk-
f. Cm `lhrkshkplk øptlhk rcqulcrc jcdfgf quc hk`pkdc f mks
gc udf bucdtc gc muz y gc mcdtcs æhlgks duhmclhks (fgcdldf y
krgldfrlks. jufdldf).
o. Cm `lhrkshkplk cmchtrødlhk rc-

qulcrc gc efhcs gc cmchtrkdcs y
gc cmchtrkl`fdcs.
87:
Æhlgk rlokduhmclhk. (F_D) CNC_HLHLKX RL, YÆJLDF :8
æhlgk duhmclhk quc pfrtlhlpf cd
6.
mf sàdtcsls gc prktcàdfs.
6. `còrfdf hcmumfr
Ylrl`lgldf. Hmfsc gc ofsc dltrk-
jcdfgf quc hk`pkdc mks æhlgks ?. hltkpmfs`f
duhmclhks (hltksldf, urfhlmk y 8. dþhmck
tl`ldf).
?.
F_D `cdsfncrk . Æhlgk rlok-
duhmclhk cdhfrjfgk gc trfds`ltlr f. Xc rcfmlzf mf sàdtcsls gc mfs prk-
mf ldbkr`fhlød jcdìtlhf gcsgc cm tcàdfs.
dþhmck f mks rloksk`fs pfrf mf o. Mks `æs l`pkrtfdtcs skd mks

sàdtcsls gc prktcàdfs. hmkrkpmfstks pkr mf bktksàdtcsls
F_D gc trfdsbcrcdhlf. Æhlgk pcrk tfòlìd fm`fhcdfd fm`l-
rlokduhmclhk quc trfdspkrtf mks gød (mcuhkpmfstks) k fhcltcs
f`ldkæhlgks pfrf mf sàdtcsls gc (kmckpmfstks) u ktrks plj`cdtks
prktcàdfs. (hrk`kpmfstks).
h. Xlrvcd pfrf fm`fhcdfr sustfd-
hlfs, pfrf mf gljcstlød y cxhrchlød
YÆJLDF 3? hcmumfr.
2. Ykrquc cs mf sustfdhlf rcspkd- 8.
sfomc gc mf trfds`lslød gc mks
f. Hrk`ksk`fs
hfrfhtcrcs ecrcgltfrlks.
o. Dþhmck hcmumfr
:. Cm FGD tlcdc fgcdldf, hltksldf,
jufdldf y tlf`ldf, ud csplrfm h. Hrk`ftldf
gkomc y ud fzþhfr gcskxlrrloksf.
Cm F_D tlcdc FHJ y cd mujfr
gc tlf`ldf ud urfhlmk1 tlcdc ud
mf`cdtk sl`pmc y ud fzþhfr
rloksf.
5. Wrfds`ltc cm `cdsfnc k høgljk
gcm FGD gcsgc cm dþhmck f mks
rloksk`fs.
<. Xkd `kmìhumfs fgfptfgkrfs y
fhfrrcfd mks f`ldkæhlgks efhlf
mks rloksk`fs.
69. Xldtctlzfd mfs prktcàdfs.
66. Ykrquc cs mf quc vf f hfrfhtcrlzfr
f hfgf prktcàdf cspchàhf`cdtc.
875
XCJSDGF SDLGFG ?. Xc gcoc f mf prcscdhlf gcm plj-
`cdtk vcrgc mmf`fgk hmkrkmf.
CNC_HLHLKX LL
8. Mks bfhtkrcs dchcsfrlks skd>
YÆJLDF 697
hk`pucstks ldkrjædlhks (HK?)
6. gløxlgk gc hfrokdk y fjuf (E ?K).
f. Yrkguhtks gc krljcd fdl`fm> Cdcrjàf mu`ldksf.
hfrdcs, eucvks, mchec y gcrlvf-
Hmkrkmf.
gks.
o. Jrfdks y rfàhcs> `fàz, yuhf,
pfd. YÆJLDF 6?7
h. Rcrgurfs y brutfs> zfdfekrlf, 7. Mf bktkbksbkrlmfhlød fhàhmlhf>

sfdgàf y plöf.
- mf hmkrkmf foskroc mf muz y sc
o. Ekmkzklhf rk`pc mf `kmìhumf gcm fjuf y
sc mlocrf kxàjcdk.
h. Jrfsfs
- sc bkr`f FWY.
Yrktcàdfs
- sc bkr`f cm DFGYE?.
Hfrokelgrftks
Mf bktkbksbkrlmfhlød hàhmlhf>
- mf hmkrkmf foskroc mf muz, sc
CNC_HLHLKX LLL mlocrf kxàjcdk.
YÆJLDF 6?8 - sc bkr`fFWYy mks gks cmchtrkdcs
sc gcvucmvcd f mf hmkrkmf 259.
6.
f. Yrkguhhlød gc hk`pucstks 3. Xc bkr`f udf `kmìhumf gc 2
krjædlhks, mmcvfgk f hfok pkr kr- hfrokdks.
jfdls`ks, hkd cdcrjàf kotcdlgf Xc rk`pc cd gks `kmìhumfs gc
f pfrtlr gc rcfhhlkdcs quà`lhfs 8 hfrokdks hfgf udf.
ldkrjædlhfs, cd mujfr gc cdcrjàf
Xc utlmlzf cm FWY y mks elgrøjcdks
mu`ldksf.
cd mf hkdvcrslød gc mfs `kmìhumfs
o. Xàdtcsls gc hfrokelgrftks fpfrtlr gc 8 hfrokdks cd YJFM.
gc (HK?) gløxlgk gc hfrokdk y
2. Cd quc mf prkguhhlød gc hfrok-
fjuf utlmlzfdgk mf cdcrjàf mu`l-
elgrftks f pfrtlr gc HK? dk utlmlzf
dksf hfptfgf pkr mf hmkrkmf cd
muz hk`k cd mf bktksàdtcsls, sldk
mfs hìmumfs vcjctfmcs.
ktrfs bucdtcs (rcfhhlkdcs quà`l-
h. Ylj`cdtk gc hkmkr vcrgc, hftf- hfs).
mlzfgkr quc sc cdhucdtrf cd cm
:. Glrchtf k ldglrchtf`cdtc cs cm
hmkrkpmfstk.
prkhcsk quc efhc pkslomc mfs
g. Fgcdksldtrlbksbftk, hk`pucstk glvcrsfs bucdtcs gc fml`cdtk cd
quà`lhk quc pfrtlhlpf cd cm `c- mf Wlcrrf.
tfokmls`k hcmumfr. Ycr`ltc mf rcdkvfhlød gcm flrc.
87<
YÆJLDF 6?3 6.
5. Cs mf bkr`f gc kotcdcr hk`- f. Hkdslstc cd udf scrlc gc rcfh-
pucstks krjædlhks f pfrtlr gc hlkdcs quà`lhfs prkguhtkrfs gc
sustfdhlfs ldkrjædlhfs (HK? y cdcrjàf, quc fhkdtchcd gcdtrk
E?K) fprkvchefdgk mf cdcrjàf gc mf hìmumf.
mu`ldksf y mf hmkrkmf.
o. Cs cm rcsumtfgk gc udf bkr`f gc
rcsplrfhlød fdfcrøolhf (krjfdls-
+ 2
`ks quc vlvcd cd `cglks hfrcd-
2 H
E K tcs gc kxàjcdk) pkr cnc`pmk, mfs
?
K ? mcvfgurfs.
+
6
? h. Cs cm rcsumtfgk gc mf bkr`f gc
h E
mk mu
rcsplrfhlød hcmumfr quc khurrc cd
?
r K
k z mks `þshumks (fdfcrøolhf) hkd mf
b
mf ‡ fhuùmfhlød gc æhlgk mæhtlhk.
H ?. Cs cm prkhcsk `cglfdtc cmhufm mks
2
scrcs vlvks kotlcdcd mf cdcrjàf
E
6
pkr gcjrfgfhlød gc ktrfs sus-
?
K tfdhlfs quà`lhfs (fml`cdtks),

2
+
dchcsfrlks pfrf mfs budhlkdcs
2 vltfmcs.
K
?
)
à 5
f
8 Y
j
r ( W
<. Foskrocr mf cdcrjàf mu`ldksf. c F
d
69. FWY. Fgcdksldtrlbksbftk1 cs udf C
+
`kmìhumf rlhf cd cdcrjàf quc sc) K
?
pucgc trfdsbkr`fr cd FGY y (Yl E
2
æhlgk bksbørlhk sl sc rk`pc udk +
?
gc sus cdmfhcs pcrk tfòlìd sc K
pucgc rchkdstltulr cm FWY pfrtlcd- H
2
gk gc FGY y Y l sl efy cdcrjàf ‡
?
pfrf cmmk. K
2
Cd mf rcsplrfhlød pkr cnc`pmk, mf +
2
cdcrjàf quà`lhf gc mks fml`cdtks K
?
6
cs trfdsbkr`fgf cd FWY þtlm pfrf E
2
tkgfs mfs fhtlvlgfgcs vltfmcs. H
CNC_HLHLKX LR
YÆJLDF 685
839
YÆJLDF 68< YÆJLDF 679
7. Bcr`cdtfhlød fmhkeømlhf f pfrtlr 2. gløxlgk gc hfrokdk
gc krjfdls`ks fdfcrøolhks (mc-
fjuf fmhkekm æhlgk mæhtlhk
vfgurfs) quc gf hk`k prkguhtk
dfm fmhkekm ctàmlhk.
H2E6?K2 ‡ ? H? KE + ? HK? + CNC_HLHLKX L - LL

(?FWY)
YÆJLDF 679
Bcr`cdtfhlød mæhtlhf, khurrc f
dlvcm ùshumfr y gf hk`k prk- 6.
guhtk dfm æhlgk mæhtlhk. f. Hlhmk hcmumfr
3. Gcolgk f quc cd mf bktksàdtcsls, o. Ykrquc mfs hìmumfs elnfs fgqulc-
rcd ljufm tlpk y dþ`crk gc hrk-
H
2
E `ksk`fs quc mf hìmumf `fgrc.
6
?
K h. Cd mf X mks hrk`ksk`fs sc gu-
2
pmlhfd.
‡
æ
Cd mf J 6> mf hìmumf hrchc y efy jrfd
h fhtlvlgfg cdzl`ætlhfrcmfhlkdfgf
lg
c k
d hkd mf sàdtcsls gc FGD.
c mæ
r h
j
tl Cd mf J ?> sc fu`cdtf mf sàdtcsls
àf
h gc prktcàdfs, mf hìmumf sc glspkdc
k
+ pfrf mf glvlslød.
?
H
K
?
YÆJLDF 628
+
g. Wcmkbfsc Yrkbfsc
Fdfbfsc @ctfbfsc
mf cdcrjàf skmfr, cm fjuf gcm suc-
mk y cm HK? rcfhhlkdfd jrfhlfs
f mf hmkrkmf, bkr`fdgk hk`k c. Jfrfdtlzfd mf hkdtldulgfg gc mfs
prkguhtk `ftcrlf krjædlhf y cd hìmumfs, cs gchlr, quc ìstfs sc
mf rcsplrfhlød, csks prkguhtks rcprkguhcd.
skd gcsgkomfgks pfrf mlocrfr Ycr`ltc quc mks krjfdls`ks
cdcrjàf, ldtcjrædgksc cm fjuf hrczhfd, rcpkdjfd tcnlgks, hurcd
y cm HK? fm `cglk pfrf scr rcu- mcslkdcs y hlhftrlhcd.
tlmlzfgks ducvf`cdtc.
836
YÆJLDF 627 f. Jrfhlfs f mf hkòldfhlød gc
mfs hfrfhtcràstlhfs gc mks gks
b.
prkjcdltkrcs mf gcshcdgcdhlf
6. Yrkbfsc> fpfrchcd, sc cdjrksfd, pucgc tcdcr elnks hkd `cnkrcs
fpfrtfd y sc hkrtfd mks hrk`ksk- hfrfhtcràstlhfs pfrf skorcvlvlr.
`fs.
o. Mf cvkmuhlød fvfdzf ræplgf`cd-
7. YrkbfscLL tc.
3. @ctfbfsc LL :. Sd jf`ctk eu`fdk pkscc ?8
2. FdfbfscLL hrk`ksk`fs, cs dþ`crk ef-
pmklgc (d hrk`ksk`fs).
:. Wcmkbfsc LL
j. Jrfhlfs f mf `clksls cs pkslomc mf
YÆJLDF 65:
bkr`fhlød gc jf`ctks k hìmumfs
rcprkguhtkrfs hkd d hrk`ksk- 5. Sd `ls`kldglvlgukpkscc fòks
`fs (hìmumfs efpmklgcs). scxks.
<. Mf `fgurcz ldlhlf hkd cm pcràk-
gk gc mf puocrtfg (ìpkhf gc
WC_HC_F SDLGFG hfòlks bàslhks, slkmøjlhks y
c`khlkdfmcs).
CNC_HLHLKX L - LL
69. prl`frlks
YÆJLDF 652
66. Xkd sustfdhlfs hkrpkrfmcs quc
6. Ykrquc mfs cstrcmmfs gc `fr sc
rcjumfd mks l`pumsks scxufmcs y
pucgcd rcprkguhlr pkr rcjcdcrf-
skd rcspkdsfomcs gc mks hfrfh-
hlød, udf bkr`f gc rcprkguhhlød
tcrcs scxufmcs schudgfrlks.
fscxufm.
6?. Cs ud ørjfdk cspchàhk skorc
?. cm hufm fhtþf udf ekr`kdf.
f. Mfs cstrcmmfs gc `fr
68. Cm còfrfzk sc ldlhlf hufdgk
o. Mf mkòrlz gc tlcrrf cm øvumk cs bchudgfgk pkr ud
h. Mf pmfdfrlf cspcr`ftkzklgc.
8. Cd cm scr eu`fdk pkgc`ks

koscrvfr mf rcjcdcrfhlød cd cm CNC_HLHLKX LLL
hfocmmk y mfs uöfs. YÆJLDF ?93
7. 6. Cs mf hkdscrvfhlød gcmf hkdstfd-
f. Mfs rksfs (pkr cstfhfs) hlf gcm `cglk ldtcrdk (rcjumfhlød
gc slstc`fs y hkkrgldfhlød gc
o. Mks hàtrlhks (pkr ldncrtks)
mfs fhtlvlgfgcs hkrpkrfmcs).
h. Mks ekdjks (pkr cspkrfs)
?. Mfs cdbcr`cgfgcs skd mks bfhtk-
3. Cs mf bkr`f gc rcprkguhlrsc gc rcs quc prkvkhfd mf pìrglgf gc
fmjudks scrcs vlvks, gkdgc dk sc mf ek`ckstfsàf.
rcqulcrc pfrtlhlpfhlød gc hìmumfs
jf`ìtlhfs cspchlfmlzfgfs.
2.
83?
8. Ykrqucmks `chfdls`ksek`cks-
tætlhks tlcdcd f prcscrvfr mf vlgf
YÆJLDF ?73
y mf `fykràf hk`prcdgcd mks prk-
hcsks ekr`kdfmcs y dcurkdfmcs. :. Mf cdbcr`cgfg rcmfhlkdfgf hkd
cm _e‘ quc fbchtf cm bctk gurfdtc
7. Xkd mks hfusfdtcs gc mfs cdbcr-
cm còfrfzk sc gcdk`ldfcrltrk-
`cgfgcs trfds`lslomcs.
omkstkhls bctfm.
3. Sdf CWX cs cm dkòrc hkd cm quc
5.
sc rchkdkhcd mfs cdbcr`cgfgcs
gc trfds`lslød scxufm, ud cnc`- f. UE Ue
pmk gc CWX cs mf sàbmls. o. UE \
h. UG \
CNC_HLHLKX LR g. UG UG
YÆJLDF ?77
6. Cs cm hkdnudtk gc mks hfrfhtcrcs <.
ecrcgltfrlks gc ud ldglvlguk.
F. _fglfhlkdcs
?. Cm rcsumtfgk cs ud ldglvlguk eà-
orlgk hkd ud bcdktlpk gk`ldfdtc. O. Yrkguhtks quà`lhks cdtrc cmmfs,
mfs grkjfs hk`k cm MXG.
8. Cs cm hkdnudtk gc tkgks mks
hrk`ksk`fs glbcrcdtcs quc sc 69. g
cdhucdtrfd cd hfgf dþhmck hc-
mumfr gcm krjfdls`k. Sd dþhmck
efpmklgc pkscc ud jcdk`f.
CNC_HLHLKX JCDC_FMCX
GC MF SDLGFG
7. YDd
6 Dd YÆJLDF ?7:
DJ6 d D d 6. O
B6 D d ?. H
D DD Dd 8. F
d Dd dd
Bcdktlpk> :3% Dcjrks YÆJLDF ?75
?3% Dk dcjrks 7. O
Jcdktlpk> 3. O
?3% Dcjrk ek`khljktf 2. G
(gk`ldfdtc) :. H
39% Dcjrk ectcrkhltkjf
?3% Dk dcjrk ek`khljktf (rc-
hcslvk) YÆJLDF ?7<
5. H
3. f
<. G
2. g
838
69. F 8?. F
66. G 88. G
YÆJLDF ?39 YÆJLDF ?33

6?. H 87. H
68. G 83. H
67. F 82. O
63. G 8:. F
YÆJLDF ?36 YÆJLDF ?32

62. F 85. G
6:. G 8<. H
65. G F. Hh
6<. G O. HH
H. hh
YÆJLDF ?3? 76. YDd
6
Dd
?9. F JD6 d D d
?6. G B6 J6 D d
D DD Dd
??. G
d Dd dd
?8. G
Yfrf mf B 6
?7. G
Cm jcdktlpk cs
?3% Dcjrks ek`khljktfs
YÆJLDF ?38
39% Dcjrks ectcrkhljktfs
?3. F
?3% Dk dcjrks ek`khljktks
?2. H
Cm bcdktlpk
DKWF> Ue Ue (dk skorcvlvcd) pkr mk
:3% Dcjrks
tfdtk dk pucgc scr cm hfsk.
?3% Dk dcjrks
?:. H
7?. Cs ud prkhcsk hàhmlhk cm hufm sc
?5. O
ldlhlf hkd mf mlocrfhlød gc ud øvumk
pkr ud kvfrlk, `lcdtrfs cm øvumk
vlfnf f trfvìs gc mfs trk`pfs gc
YÆJLDF ?37
Bfmkplk cm rcvcstl`lcdtk gcm þtcrk
?<. G sc cdjrksf pfrf rchlolr fm øvumk,
89. F
86. F
837
sl cstc cs bchudgfgk. Cd hfsk YÆJLDF ?<8
gc quc dk mk scf, cm cdgk`ctrlk
6. o
(rcvcstl`lcdtk) y cm øvumk skd
cxpumsfgks. Xc ldlhlfræ mf `f- ?. f
gurfhlød gc ud ducvk øvumk y cm 8. Ssø gks dkòrcs> cm jìdcrk y mf
hlhmk hk`lcdzf gc ducvk. cspchlc.
78. Cs mf v frlfhlød orushf y ecrc 7. Ek`k sfplcds-sfplcds
gfomc gc udf hfrfhtcràstlhf
hrk`ksø`lhf. 3. sfplcds
CNC_HLHLKX LLL
HSF_WF SDLGFG YÆJLDF 86?
CNC_HLHLKX L
YÆJLDF ?52 6. f
6. o ?. h
?. o
YÆJLDF 868
8. h
8. h
7. f
7. f
3. g
YÆJLDF ?5:
2. o
3. g
:. f
2. Ìm prkpkdc quc mks krjfdls`ks
pksccd udf bucrzf vltfm quc mcs
pcr`ltc fgfptfrsc
fòlcdtfmcs f mfsybucrzfs
fgvcrsfs skorc- YÆJLDF 867
5.
pkdcrsc f cmmfs. Cs gchlr, quc
mf vfrlfhlød crf udf rcspucstf f. Yrkhcsfr mks tcxtlmcs y hurtlr
f mfs hkdglhlkdcs gcm fòlcdtc hucrks
quc sc pkgàf ecrcgfr.
o. Mfs fjufs dcjrfs skd trftfgfs
:. hkd cmmfs.
f. Mks khìfdks scpfrfd mf supcr- h. Mf ldgustrlf gc fml`cdtks.
bhlc tcrrcstrc efoltfomc.
o. Mks gcslcrtks sc hkdvlcrtcd cd CNC_HLHLKX JCDC_FMCX

vcrgfgcrfs ofrrcrfs y skd f su GC MF SDLGFG
vcz chkslstc`fs glbcrcdtcs.
6. G
h. Mks mfjks fhtþfd hk`k ofrrcrfs
?. F
tfòlìd, pcrk cd `cdkr prk-
pkrhlød quc mks khìfdks y mks 8. F
gcslcrtks.
CNC_HLHLKX LL
833
YÆJLDF 863 YÆJLDF 865
7. H 6<. G
?9. G
3. O
2.
YÆJLDF 86<
f. Fml`cdtk (ocncd)
?6. O
o. Ycdlhlmldf (pcdlhlmmlu`)
??. O
:. H
5. Mf tckràf gc mf Yfdspcr`lf
YÆJLDF 8?9
supkdc quc mffstrks,
jcd cd ktrks vlgf tlcdc su krl-
mf hufm buc ?8. F
trfdspkrtfgf prkofomc`cdtc pkr
?7. H
`ctckrltks k pkmvk cspfhlfm.
<.
YÆJLDF 8?6
f. `kdtföfs
?3. G
o. ràks
?2. F
h. mfjudfs
?:. G
YÆJLDF 862
YÆJLDF 8??
69. f`lof ?5. G
pmfs`kglk
cujmcdf
pfrf`chlk
66. G
6?. G
68. O
67. G
YÆJLDF 86:
63. G
62. G
6:. H
65. H
832
ÀDGLHC
L Sdlgfg
Mf vlgf y sus prkhcsks ............................................................... :
L Mf olkmkjàf............................................................................ 66
Hfrfhtcràstlhfs gc mks scrcs vlvks ................................. 6?
LL Cm `ìtkgk hlcdtàbhk ............................................................68

»Hø`k cdhkdtrfr rcspucstfs; ......................................68
LLL Fpkrtcs prldhlpfmcs ........................................................... 62

Fdtcs gc mf tckràf hcmumfr ............................................... 62
Fpkrtcs pkstcrlkrcs f mf tckràf hcmumfr ...........................6<
LR Cm `lhrkshkplk ................................................................... ?9
Cm `lhrkshkplk f trfvìs gcm tlc`pk ................................ ?6
Cncrhlhlks L - LR ....................................................?5
R Hk`pkdcdtcs gc mf `ftcrlf vlvf ....................................... ?<

Hk`pkdcdtcs krjædlhks ................................................ ?<
Hk`pkdcdtcs ldkrjædlhks ............................................. 78
Wrfdspkrtc hcmumfr pfslvk .............................................. 73
Cncrhlhlks R ......................................................... 39
RL Cstruhturf hcmumfr...............................................................38
Mf hìmumf ........................................................................37
Cstruhturf gc mf hìmumf fdl`fm y vcjctfm ........................26
Cncrhlhlks RL ........................................................:8
LL Sdlgfg
Wkgk cs tkgk
»Hkd quì c`pczf`ks; ........................................................... :3
L Yrkpøsltks gc mfs fhtlvlgfgcs vltfmcs gc mks scrcs vlvks 56
LL @ctfokmls`k......................................................................... 5:
Fdfokmls`k y hftfokmls`k ............................................. 5:
Dutrlhlød ectcrøtrkbf ......................................................5<
_csu`cd L - LL ................................................... 69?
Cncrhlhlks L -LL .................................................... 697
83:
LLL Dutrlhlød futøtrkbf> ktrf bkr`f gc fml`cdtfrsc ............. 693
Vul`lksàdtcsls ............................................................. 692
Bktksàdtcsls ................................................................. 69:
_csu`cd LLL.......................................................6?6
Cncrhlhlks LLL .......................................................6?8
LR _csplrfhlød hcmumfr ..........................................................6?2

Bfscs gc mf rcsplrfhlød hcmumfr .................................... 6?:
Ktrfs bkr`fs gc rcsplrfhlød hcmumfr ............................. 686
_csu`cd LR ......................................................682
Cncrhlhlks LR ......................................................685
LLL Sdlgfg
_cprkguhhlød y gcsfrrkmmk gc mks krjfdls`ks........................ 676
L Mf rcprkguhhlød ................................................................. 67:

_cprkguhhlød fscxufm ................................................. 67:
_cprkguhhlød scxufm ................................................... 638
LL _cprkguhhlød eu`fdf......................................................637
@clksls......................................................................... 632
Mf scxufmlgfg............................................................... 63:
Cspcr`ftkjìdcsls y kvkjìdcsls ................................. 635
Mf Yuocrtfg ................................................................. 626
Mks hfrfhtcrcs scxufmcs .............................................. 628
Jmædgumfs cdgkhrldfs .................................................. 62:
Cm còfrfzk.................................................................
_csu`cd L - LL ..................................................6:3 657
Cncrhlhlk L - LL ....................................................652
LLL Cqulmlorlk eu`fdk

Ek`cøstfsls ................................................................ 655
Mf ldùdlgfg ............................................................... 6<8
Mf ft`øsbcrf y cm hædhcr ............................................. 6<<
Cdbcr`cgfgcs gc trfds`lslød
scxufm (CWX) k vcdìrcfs ............................................. ?9?
_csu`cd LLL.......................................................?97
Cncrhlhlks LLL .......................................................?93
LR Jcdìtlhf
Mf ecrcdhlf olkmøjlhf ................................................... ?92
Ldjcdlcràf jcdìtlhf ......................................................?85
_csu`cd LR ......................................................?79
Cncrhlhlks LR ......................................................?77
_csu`cd gc mf udlgfg ......................................?72
Cncrhlhlks jcdcrfmcs gc mf udlgfg ..................... ?7:
835
LR Sdlgfg
Cvkmuhlød, tfxkdk`àf y olkglvcrslgfg ................................... ?3<
L Cvkmuhlød .......................................................................... ?3<

Wckràfs gc mf cvkmuhlød ............................................... ?22
Bucrzfs cmc`cdtfmcs k bfhtkrcs gc mf cvkmuhlød ......... ?:9
Cspchlc ....................................................................... ?:?
Glvcrslbhfhlød fgfptftlvf ...........................................?:8
Cm krljcd gc mf vlgf .....................................................?5?
_csu`cd L ........................................................?57
Cncrhlhlks L ........................................................?52
LL Wfxkdk`àf ...............................................................................
?55
_csu`cd LL .......................................................?<?
Cncrhlhlks LL .......................................................?<8
LLL Olkglvcrslgfg ...................................................................?<3

@kglbhfhlød cd mf hmfslbhfhlød gc mks scrcs vlvks .....89:
_csu`cd LLL ...................................................... 866
Cncrhlhlks LLL ......................................................86?
Cncrhlhlks jcdcrfmcs gc mf udlgfg .................... 867
Jmksfrlk .......................................................................... 8?8

Eknfs gc rcspucstf................................................................. 87:
Àdglhc .......................................................................... 83:
Olomlkjrfbàf .......................................................................... 829
83<
Olomlkjrfbàf
Focrhrkòlc, @. y ktrks. Glhhlkdfrlk gc olkmkjàf. Ofrhcmkdf> Cgltkrlfm Mfokr,
X.F. ?7< p.
Futk glgæhtlhf Khìfdk Hkmkr. Ofrhcmkdf> Khìfdk Jrupk Cgltkrlfm, 6<--. v. 3

Olkmkjàf 8> Mks scrcs y mf dfturfmczf. Okjktæ, Hkmkòlf, 6<57. ?99 p.
Olkmkjàf ldtcjrfgf ?. 6f. cg. Cspföf. @. Bcrdædgcz y Hàf., X.F., 6<57. 62: p.
Olkmkjàf ldtcjrfgf 8. 2f. cg. Cspföf. @. Bcrdædgcz y Hàf. X.F., 6<57. 6<6 p.
Olkmkjàf ldtcjrfgf 7. 3f. cg. Cspföf. @. Bcrdædgcz y Hàf. X.F., 6<57. ?28 p.
Olkdct> rcvlstf olkmøjlhf nuvcdlm. Fök ? (nud. 6<<:). Xfd Nksì> Sdlvcrslgfg gc
Hkstf _lhf.
Olkdct> rcvlstf olkmøjlhf nuvcdlm. Fök ? (nud. 6<<:). Xfd Nksì> Sdlvcrslgfg gc
Hkstf _lhf.
Okmctàd ldbkr`ftlvk. Dk. :. Ldtcr. Y.C.H. Xfd Nksì, H._., 6<<6. 68 p.

Okmctàd ldbkr`ftlvk> Wfmf`fdhf. Dk. 7 (nud. 6<<?). Xfd Nksì, H._.. 66 p.
Hlcdhlfs gc mf dfturfmczf :. @fgrlg> Cgltkrlfm Ldtcrguh, 6<--. ?32 p.
Hlcdhlfs dfturfmcs> Cm ekòrc ldvcstljf - cguhfhlød glvcrslbhfgf f glstfdhlf.
Xfd Nksì, H._.> CSDCG-@CY, 6<53. <? p.
Gc Foftc Nl`ìdcz, Nked. Olkmkjàf fpmlhfgf. ?f cg. Xfd Nksì, H._.> CSDCG,
6<<8. ?59 p.
Gàfz Huocrk, Nksì E. Ldtrkguhhlød f mfs hlcdhlfs olkmøjlhfs. Cspföf> Glstrl-

oulgkrf Cshkmfr, 6<5<. ?8< p.
Glhhlkdfrlk @kdkjræbhk gcm rcldk vcjctfm. 6f cg. Ofrhcmkdf> Olomk Jrfb. X.F.,
6<59. ?55 p.
Glhhlkdfrlks _lkgucrk> olkmkjàf. Cspföf> Cglhlkdcs _lkgucrk, 6<:7. ?76 p.

Glhhlkdfrlks _lkgucrk> oktædlhf. Cspföf> Cglhlkdcs _lkgucrk, 6<:<. ?<7 p.
Cguhfhlød Fòlcdtfm> `fdufm pfrf gkhcdtcs gc mf rcjlød gcm Wrlbdlk. Juftc-
`fmf> Yrkychtk Ylmktk Wrlbdlk, 6<<3. 697 p.
Cm Hkrrck gc mf SDCXHK (Nud. 6<<7). Brfdhlf> SDCXHK. 39 p.

Cm Hkrrck gc mf Sdcshk. (scpt. 6<<7). Yfràs, Brfdhlf> SDCXHK, 6<<7.
Cdhlhmkpcglf Ofrsf. @ìxlhk> Cdhlhmkpcglf Orltædlhf Yuomlsecrs, Ldh. v. 69
Cdhlhmkpcglf oæslhf vlsufm. Cspföf> Cgltkrlfm Khìfdk, 6<--. v. 6.

Cdhlhmkpcglf Oæslhf Rlsufm. Cspföf> Jrupk Cgltkrlfm Khìfdk. v.8
Cdhlhmkpcglf gc mfs Hlcdhlfs. @ìxlhk> Cgltkrlfm Huòrc, X.F., 6<59. v.6
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6

66 Fvcdlgf 65-73, Hlugfg Ducvf, zkdf ?

YOU> ?76? 2222

Hkrrck cmchtrødlhk> ljcrIljcr.cgu.jt

_cscrvfgks tkgks mks gcrcheks. Vucgf rljurksf`cdtc

Cm `ftcrlfm quc fquà mc prcscdtf`ks, dfhlø hk`k mfs krcs

«Cm vlcdtk trfnk mf sc`lmmf, hfyø cd mf tlcrrf,

Fmjudfs skd okdltfs, ktrfs `uy ldtcrcsfdtcs

Cm vlcdtk gc mks fhkdtchl`lcdtks trfnk mf sc`lmmf gc mf ldqulc-

Olcdvcdlgk fm mlork gc Olkmkjàf huyk konctlvk prldhlpfm cs

Glvlglrc`ks cm cstuglk gc OLKMKJÀF cd mfs sljulcdtcs

v Sdlgfg L> Mf vlgf y sus prkhcsks

_chkdkhcrc`ks mks glvcrsks fpkrtcs y mf utlmlgfg gc mks gls-

Cstuglfrc`ks mks hk`pkdcdtcs gc mf `ftcrlf vlvf y mf cstruh-

v Sdlgfg LL> Wkgk cs tkgk

Cd cstf udlgfg koscrvfrc`ks mf ldtcrfhhlød cdtrc mf `ftcrlf

_cvlsfrc`ks mf rcprkguhhlød hk`k ud prkhcsk þdlhk gc mks

Glstldjulrc`ks cdtrc rcprkguhhlød scxufm y fscxufm. Gcstf -

Ldtcrprctfrc`ks fmjudks fspchtks skorc mf jcdìtlhf y sus

v Sdlgfg LR> Cvkmuhlød, Wfxkdk`àf y Olkglvcrslgfg

_csu`lrc`ks mks fspchtks `æs jcdcrfmcs gc cstfs ærcfs gc

_chkdkhcrc`ks cm hf`pk gc cstuglk gc mf Wfxkdk`àf y cm

Fgc`æs, gldstldjulrc`ks mfs prldhlpfmcs hfrfhtcràstlhfs gc

Cd sàdtcsls pkgc`ks gchlr quc cm mlork scræ udf oucdf ecrrf-

Fm dfm gc hfgf tc`f cdhkdtrfræ cm rcsu`cd rcspchtlvk quc

Yfrf kotcdcr ìxltk, cs l`pkrtfdtc udf oucdf mchturf gcm tcxtk,

Hk`k ud rchursk `æs, mc kbrchc`ks ud jmksfrlk quc hkdtlcdc

Sstcg pkgræ hkdr`fr sl mks cncrhlhlks quc rcskmvlø skd hk-

Bldfm`cdtc, tf`olìd efmmfræ mf olomlkjrfbàf, quc buc c`pmcfgf

Gcscfdgk quc mf hkschef scf foudgfdtc, dks glspkdc`ks

”Wkgks ec`ks vlstk mf vlgf,

@kgcrdf`cdtc mf Olkmkjàf cs udf Hlcdhlf Cxpcrl`cdtfm.

Mks cspchlfmlstfs usfd cm `ìtkgk hlcdtàhk. Efd `cnkrfgk

Ykr tkgk mk fdtcrlkr, cd cstf prl`crf udlgfg rcvlsfrc`ks mks

Mf hìmumf y mfs sustfdhlfs gcm prktkpmfs`f

LL. Cm `ìtkgk hlcdtàhk.

LLL. Fpkrtcs prldhlpfmcs.

R. Hk`pkdcdtcs gc mf `ftcrlf vlvf.

6.6 Gcshrlolr huæm cs cm konctk gc cstuglk k hf`pk gc ldtcrìs

6.? Cxpmlhfr cm `ìtkgk gc cstuglk c`pmcfgk pkr mf Olkmkjàf

6.8 Gcshrlolr mf glbcrcdhlf cdtrc mf ldvcstljfhlød hlcdtàhf

y mf l`pkrtfdhlf gc cmmfs pfrf mf vlgf `kgcrdf.

6.7 Hkdstrulr udf orcvc rcscöf elstørlhf skorc mks fpkrtcs

6.3 Cxpmlhfr mf Wckràf Hcmumfr.

6.2 Hltfr fmjudks fpkrtcs pkstcrlkrcs f mf Wckràf Hcmumfr.

6.: _cfmlzfr udf sàdtcsls skorc cm gcsfrrkmmk gc mf Olkmkjàf

6.5 Gcshrlolr mks glvcrsks `lhrkshkplks usfgks pkr mf Olkmk-

6.< Gcshrlolr mfs hfrfhtcràstlhfs slhk-quà`lhfs gcm prktk-

6.69 Fdfmlzfr mfs budhlkdcs y hk`pkslhlød gc mfs glvcrsfs

6.66 Cxpmlhfr cm trfdspkrtc hcmumfr pfslvk y fmjudks bcdø`c-

6.6? Cxpmlhfr mf glbcrcdhlf cdtrc scrcs udlhcmumfrcs y `umtl-

6.68 Fdfmlzfr cm `kgcmk hcmumfr y su gcdlhlød.

6.67 Glbcrcdhlfr mks glvcrsks tlpks gc hìmumfs.

6.63 _chkdkhcr mf cstruhturf y budhlød gc mfs pfrtcs prldhl-

6.62 Gcshrlolr mf glbcrcdhlf cdtrc mks scrcs prkhfrl ktfs y

6.65 Gcshrlolr mf cstruhturf, hk`pkslhlød y budhlød gc mf

6.6< Fdfmlzfr mf cstruhturf y mf slkmkjàf gc mks glbcrcdtcs

6. Hk`prucoc fmjudfs hfrfhtcràstlhfsgc mks hk`pkdcdtcs

?. Cmfokrc `kgcmks gc fmjudks tlpks gc hìmumfs.

8. Fdfmlhc mf Wckràf Hcmumfr.

Mf hlcdhlf cs ud `ìtkgk pfrf kotcdcr hkdkhl`lcdtk fhcrhf

Mf Olkmkjàf cs cm cstuglk gc mf vlgf. Mf pfmforf Olkmkjàf sc

Mf Olkmkjàf cs udf hlcdhlf quc trftf gc mf vlgf.