Fsdjnfturf Bftcs bga gstubdfntg Igk`f

Fpgaadbcs= Nfrdöc
Nfrdöc Jcnzæagz
Hdkrcgkcnchdf 6;-<7-?<?<
Nchorg= Mgfn Kfracs

Fktdvdbfb
\rctckcac dnbdvdbufa bg af undbfb n¼= undbfb ;

Fnæadsds y sèntgsds=
[èntgsds g dntgrprgtfkdûn pgrscnfa bg acs tghfs vdstcs gn af undbfb

GAF[RDKDBFB
GAF[RDKDBFB
Af gafstdkdbfb gs unc bga kcnkgptc hæs dhpcrtfntg utdadzf gn af gkcnchèf, gs af
hgbdkdûn bg kchc huk`cs kchprfbcrgs y vgnbgbcrgs rgspcnbg f acs kfhodcs
bg afs kcnbdkdcngs bg acs hgrkfbcs.
Gs ghpagfbf gn ga gstubdc bg af bghfnbf y acs bdigrgntgs tdpcs bg odgngs qug
gxdstgn gn af tgcrèf bga kcnsuhdbcr, af dnkdbgnkdf bg af idskfadbfb dnbdrgktf.
Af gafstdkdbfb gs tfhodän bg dhpcrtfnkdf gn ga fnæadsds bg af bdstrdoukdûn bga
odgngstfr, gn pfrtdkuafr, ga gxkgbgntg bga kcnsuhdbcr y ga gxkgbgntg bg
prcbuktcr.
Af gafstdkdbfb gstæ kcnicrhfbf pcr afs sdjudgntgs pfrtgs=
GAF[RDKDBFB BG AF BGHFNBF
hdbg ga jrfbc bg rgspugstf bg afs kfntdbfbgs bghfnbfbfs bg un odgn fntg afs
vfrdfkdcngs bga prgkdc bg bdk`c odgn.
Af agy bg af bghfnbf ncs bdkg qug, gn jgngrfa, acs kcnsuhdbcrgs fbqudgrgn
hæs kfntdbfb bg un odgn kufnbc su prgkdc gs ofmc, y vdkgvgrsf, f hfycr prgkdc,
hgncr gs af kfntdbfb bghfnbfbf. Gs bgkdr, gxdstg unf rgafkdûn dnvgrsf gntrg ga
prgkdc y af kfntdbfb bghfnbfbf. [dn ghofrjc, bgoghcs bg tgngr gn kugntf qug
nc tcbcs acs odgngs hugstrfn af hdshf dntgnsdbfb bg rgspugstf gn af vfrdfkdûn
bg su kfntdbfb bghfnbf irgntg f af vfrdfkdûn bg su prgkdc.
af gafstdkdbfb kcnstf bg uncs ifktcrgs prdnkdpfags qug pugbg dniaudr gn af
gafstdkdbfb bga prgkdc bg af bghfnbfbf qug scn=
 Af gxdstgnkdf bg odgngs sukgbængcs c sustdtutdvcs rgkèprckcs, gn hfycr c
hgncr hgbdbf.
 Af prcpcrkdûn bga dnjrgsc bga kcnsuhdbcr qug bgbdkf fa jfstc bga odgn
comgtc bg fnæadsds.
 Ga kfræktgr kchpaghgntfrdc bg fajuncs odgngs kcn rgafkdûn f ctrcs hæs
kfrcs c hæs ofrftcs.
 Af hfycr c hgncr burfodadbfb bga odgn comgtc bg fnæadsds (pgrgkgbgrdbfb).
 Af gxtgnsdûn bga gmgrkdkdc kcnsdbgrfbc gn ga fnæadsds.
GAF[RDKDBFB BG AF _GAFKDÛN \_GKDC-CIG_RF
Gs oæsdkfhgntg ga hdshc kcnkgptc, gstg sdhpaghgntg ouskf hgbdr ga dhpfktc
gn f cigrtf bg un prcbuktc c sgrvdkdc bfbf unf vfrdfkdûn gn su prgkdc.
af vfrdfkdûn pcrkgntufa bg af kfntdbfb cirgkdbf gn rgafkdûn kcn af vfrdfkdûn
pcrkgntufa bga prgkdc, Bg gsg hcbc, ga kcnsuhc nc gs ac ýndkc qug vfrèf kufnbc
acs prgkdcs suogn c ofmfn. Afs ghprgsfs tfhodän rgspcnbgn fa prgkdc kufnbc
 Fsdjnfturf Bftcs bga gstubdfntg Igk`f
Fpgaadbcs= Nfrdöc
Nfrdöc Jcnzæagz
Hdkrcgkcnchdf 6;-<7-?<?<
Nchorg= Mgfn Kfracs

bgkdbgn af kfntdbfb qug vfn f prcbukdr gn un pgrdcbc bgtgrhdnfbc. sg bdkg qug

af cigrtf gs rèjdbf c dngaæstdkf.
 Gn af cigrtf tctfahgntg gaæstdkf, af kfntdbfb cirgkdbf pugbg sgr dnidndtf, sd
ga prgkdc gs hfycr qug <.

Gn bcnbg af kurvf bg cigrtf rgprgsgntf kfntdbfbgs djufags bg (\) y (V), af
gafstdkdbfb bg af cigrtf gs djufa f 6.
GAF[RDKDBFB BG AF BGHFNBF KCN AF _GNRF
hdbg ga jrfbc gn qug af kfntdbfb bghfnbfbf bg un prcbuktc rgspcnbg f af
vfrdfkdûn bg af rgntf bg acs kcnsuhdbcrgs. [u kæakuac sg rgfadzf bdvdbdgnbc af
vfrdfkdûn pcrkgntufa bg af kfntdbfb bghfnbf gntrg af vfrdfkdûn pcrkgntufa bg af
rgntf bg acs kcnsuhdbcrgs.
Gs af vfrdfkdûn pcrkgntufa gn af kfntdbfb kcnsuhdbf bg un odgn fntg unf
vfrdfkdûn pcrkgntufa y undtfrdf gn af rgntf bga dnbdvdbuc.
Gstc pgrhdtg kafsdidkfr f acs odgngs gkcnûhdkcs gn=
g n=
Odgngs dnigrdcrgs= gs un prcbuktc qug foscrog unf pfrtg bgkrgkdgntg bga jfstc
f hgbdbf qug af rgntf fuhgntf.
Odgngs ncrhfags= un odgn ncrhfa gs fquga qug, fa fuhgntfr ga dnjrgsc ga
kcnsuhdbcr, tfhodän fuhgntf af bghfnbf bg bdk`c odgn
Odgngs suntufrdcs= Acs odgngs suntufrdcs tdgngn unf fatf gafstdkdbfb bg
bghfnbf rgntf, ac qug sdjndidkf qug f hgbdbf qug fuhgntf af rgntf bg af
gkcnchèf bchästdkf, fuhgntf hæs qug prcpcrkdcnfahgntg su kcnsuhc bg
odgngs suntufrdcs.
Odgngs bg prdhgrf ngkgsdbfb= gs un tdpc bg odgn ncrhfa. Fa djufa qug kufaqudgr
odgn ncrhfa, af bghfnbf bga hdshc sg dnkrghgntf kcn ga ndvga bg rgntf.
GAF[RDKDBFB K_W]FBF BG AF BGHFNBF
gs unf hgbdbf bg af sgnsdodadbfb bg af bghfnbf bg un odgn c sgrvdkdc fntg af
vfrdfkdûn bga prgkdc bg ctrc odgn c sgrvdkdc, gs bgkdr, kuæntc kfhodf ga kcnsuhc
bg un prcbuktc fa kfhodfr ga prgkdc bg ctrc prcbuktc.
Dnicrhf bga jrfbc bg dniaugnkdf qug tdgng gn af bghfnbf bg un prcbuktc, afs
vfrdfkdcngs gn ga prgkdc bg ctrc prcbuktc bdigrgntg rgafkdcnfbc, [g pugbg
kfakuafr kcn kufaqudgr odgn c sgrvdkdc, hæs fofmc vgrghcs kûhc figktf af
rgafkdûn gntrg acs prcbuktcs sgjýn sgfn sustdtutdvcs, kchpaghgntfrdcs c
dnbgpgnbdgntgs.
Gstc pgrhdtg kafsdidkfr f acs odgngs gkcnûhdkcs gn=
g n=
Odgngs sustdtutcs= Kufnbc af gafstdkdbfb kruzfbf bg bghfnbf gs pcsdtdvf, sg
tdgng qug ga prcbuktc T gs sustdtutc bga prcbuktc P. Bg gstf icrhf, fntg un
fuhgntc bga prgkdc gn T, af kfntdbfb bghfnbf bg P fuhgntf.
Odgngs kchpaghgntfrdcs= Kufnbc af gafstdkdbfb kruzfbf gs ngjftdvf rgsuatf
gntcnkgs qug acs odgngs c sgrvdkdcs scn kchpaghgntfrdcs, gstc gs, sg utdadzfn c
kcnsuhgn gn kcnmuntc.
Odgngs dnbgpgnbdgntgs= Kufnbc af gafstdkdbfb kruzfbf gs kgrc, sg tdgng
gntcnkgs qug acs odgngs c sgrvdkdcs scn dnbgpgnbdgntgs. Gstc gs, acs
kcnsuhdbcrgs nc acs kcnsdbgrfn nd sustdtutcs nd kchpaghgntfrdcs y pcr tfntc,
sus bghfnbfs scn dnbgpgnbdgntgs.
 Fsdjnfturf Bftcs bga gstubdfntg Igk`f
Fpgaadbcs= Nfrdöc
Nfrdöc Jcnzæagz
Hdkrcgkcnchdf 6;-<7-?<?<
Nchorg= Mgfn Kfracs

GAF[RDKDBFB F_KC
Af gafstdkdbfb frkc hdbg ga jrfbc bg rgspugstf bg unf vfrdfoag kfakuafbf gntrg
bcs puntcs bg unf iunkdûn.
Gs unf hfjndtub qug rgiagmf af gafstdkdbfb-prgkdc bg af bghfnbf gntrg bcs
puntcs bg af kurvf, utdadzfnbc kchc rgigrgnkdf ga prgkdc y af kfntdbfb hgbdf gntrg
gscs bcs puntcs.

Bdskusdûn=
Bubfs, bgsfkugrbcs, bdskusdcngs