3 - Kalcker - Lo Esencial

Ujejs kjs edrdhcjs rdsdrvaejs. Fgfbufa partd ed dsta pumkghahgøf puded sdr rdprjeuhgea, aklahdfaea df uf sgstdla ed rdhupdrahgøf ed eatjs
j trafslgtgea ed fgfbufa `jrla j pjr fgfbùf ldegj sgf dk pdrlgsj prdvgj edk prjpgdtargj edk hjpyrgbct. Dlagk9 gf`jNaferdasoakhodr.hjl

Buìa Dsdfhgak ed ^rjtjhjkjs HEX

/ HE
(Hckjrgfd Egjxged Xjkutgjf / Hckjrgfd Egjxged)
]dsuldf dsdfhgak edk kgmrj

‛Xakue prjcgmgea“

Degtjr9 Pjdega
Fjlmrd ed ka dlprdsa9 Pjghdegákjbj
X.K. âìs9 Dspaña
Xgtgj Rdm9 www.aferdasoakhodr.hjl / www.vjdega.hjl
D-Lagk9 gf`jNvjdega.hjl
Hjpyrgbct © =>17
Ujejs kjs edrdhcjs rdsdrvaejs. Fgfbufa partd ed dsta pumkghahgøf puded sdr
rdprjeuhgea, aklahdfaea df uf sgstdla ed rdhupdrahgøf j trafslgtgea df
huakqugdr `jrla j pjr huakqugdr ldegj sgf dk pdrlgsj prdvgj edk prjpgdtargj edk
hjpyrgbct.
Xd ca cdhcj tjej kj pjsgmkd para qud dstd kgmrj dstç kgmrd ed drrjrds u
jlgsgjfds. Xgf dlmarbj, dk degtjr, dk autjr j sus rdspdhtgvjs dlpkdaejs j
abdftds, fj ahdptaráf ka rdspjfsamgkgeae pjr kdsgjfds, pçregeas j eañjs
jhasgjfaejs a pdrsjfas qud ahtùdf j sd amstdfbaf ed ahtuar hjlj rdsuktaej edk
latdrgak ed dstd kgmrj, sg eghca kdsgøf, pçregea j eañj ed huakqugdr lafdra ds
edmgej a huakqugdr ahtj u jlgsgøf fdbkgbdftd, gfhulpkglgdftj edk edmdr pjr partd
edk degtjr, dk autjr j sus rdspdhtgvjs dlpkdaejs j abdftds.
Abraedhglgdftjs9 A tjejs kjs tdstgljfgjs àhgkgtaejs df dk kgmrj, a Aedkgfa
Aferj- fd, Kgz Larga Aftjfgfg, Era. Lagtd Jfhj Mardkka y Hdkga Lasàrfdr pjr
ka dxhdkdftd ayuea df ka rdeahhgøf, a L.E. Tfzu Akjfsj ed lafdra dspdhgak pjr ka
jrbafgzahgøf y prjeuhhgøf. Dspdhgakldftd abraedzhj a Ijsç Mdktráf, Oark Rabfdr,
Iuaf Lafudk Eìaz, Bdre Tftdrwdbdr, Kdj Ojdcj, Eaf Mdfedr, Afbçkgha Hjsta,
Largj Bugej, Harjkgfa Jrtgz, Busty Køpdz, Ijrbd @drrg, Kaura y Afa Kaura, Eyafa,
Pakdrga, Aferds Bglçfdz, Pghtjr Cubj, Fjrla Mrgabas, Ijcffy, Culmdrtj
Harmakcj, Hcarkjd, Bastøf @gkdfg, Ljfgoa ]dodkcj`, a ]jbdr, Dfrgo y Ijsdp
âlgds y a Xhj pjr edsarrjkkar dk HEC, a ka Era. Bkjrga Favgfds Brau pjr kjs
eatjs àrlahçutghjs, aedlás pjr kjs apjrtds prj`dsgjfakds dspdhgakds a Er.
Bustavj Kdøf, ^rj`. Era. ]jhìj Kapudftd, Er. Áfbdk Brahga, Era. Hrgstgfa
Lçfedz, Er. Iukgáf ]amafaqud, Era. ^gkar @drfáfedz, Era. Gsamdk Mdkkjstas, Era.
Udrdsa @jrhaeds, Era. Gsamdk Husø, Era. H. Bakkdbj, Era. Aftid Jswake, Er. Afbdk
Dshuedrj, Er. Okaus Xhcustdrdedr, ^rj`. Er. Ojfrae Ldyk, Era. Hkauega Kg-
kdwjje, Era. Dva Xdrra, Era. Kugsa Ljrakds, Era. Bjgz Euraf, ]agfdr Uau`drtscð-
`dr, Odrrg ]gvdra, âtrgho Mdauljft, Ijsç Kugs Fùñdz, Er. Ijafgs Mjuhcdkjs y a
Igl Culmkd pjr camdr gfghgaej lg dtapa fudva ed ka vgea y a ]ala pjr dstar a
lg kaej ed lafdra gfhjfeghgjfak y hjf tjej lg aljr a Grgs, Ldkafgd, y
Aferda.
Autjr9 Aferdas Kuewgb Oakhodr
Uìtukj9 Oakhodr. Kj Dsdfhgak. Buìa ed prjtjhjkjs
GXMF9 723-35->7->2543-2
Degtjr9 Pjdega © =>17
@jtj ed ka pjrtaea9 Iuaf Lgbudk Xjmrøf ea

Xgkva Egsdñj ed ka pjrtaea9 Ujfy Lgkafçs

Dstá lgfgbuìa ds uf dxtrahtj ed lg kgmrj ‛Xakue ^rjcgmgea“ hjf lás

ed 5>> pábgfas ed gf`jrlahgøf y va egrgbgea a kas pdrsjfas qud dstçf
gftdrdsaeas søkj df kj dsdfhgak y kjs prjtjhjkjs, dspdrj qud kd sda
ùtgk y qud kjbrd ldijrar dk dstaej ed sakue suyj j ed kas pdrsjfas
qud lás qugdrd.
Avgsj kdbak9
Dstd ejhuldftj fj rdprdsdfta ufa rdhjldfeahgøf ed

tratalgdftjs lçeghjs, ds ufa rdhjpgkahgøf ed eatjs ed vjkuftargjs
ed autj-sulgfgstrj, y edmd sdrvgr hjlj masd para ufa ùtura
gfvdstgbahgøf hkìfgha ufgvdrsgtarga prj`dsgjfak.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
Xulargj
GFU]JETHHGØF..............................................................................2
AM]DPGAUT]AX..............................................................................17
@J]LAX ED A^KGHAHGØF...........................................................=>
^]DHATHGJFDX..............................................................................==
UG^JX ED ÂUØBDFJX................................................................=4
]DBKAX BDFD]AKDX...................................................................=0
(AEPD]UDFHGAX W HJFU]AGFEGHAHGJFDX).......................=0
QTÇ FJ HJLD] FG MDMD].........................................................=7
HTDXUGJFDX ED XAMJ]..............................................................8>
^]JUJHJKJX.................................................................................81
^rjtjhjkj A ― Alatdur j prgfhgpgaftd........................................8=
^rjtjhjkj M ― Másghj (Aftgbuj prjtjhjkj 1>>>)........................88
^rjtjhjkj H ― HEX (dk aftgbuj prjtjhjkj 1>1)..........................80
^rjtjhjkj E ― Edrlatjkøbghj (para ka pgdk)...............................82
^rjtjhjkj D ― Dfdlas.....................................................................87
^rjtjhjkj @ ― @rdhudftd (aftgbuj prjtjhjkj vìrghj 114)..........51
^rjtjhjkj B ― Bas (huafej ds utgkgzaej søkj dk bas)...............5=
^rjtjhjkj C ― Camgtahgøf (para dvgtar hjftabgjs)....................50
^rjtjhjkj G ― Gfsdhtjs y ^ghaeuras................................................52
^rjtjhjkj I ― dfIuabar (prjtjhjkj mjha).....................................53
^rjtjhjkj O ― Ogt hjlmgfaej hjf ELXJ ak 2>%....................57
^rjtjhjkj K ― Kavaej (prjtjhjkj ed mañj).................................41
^rjtjhjkj L ― Lakarga (ejsgs aktas)............................................45
^rjtjhjkj F ― Fgñjs y aejkdshdftds...........................................44
^rjtjhjkj J ― J`takljkøbghj / Jtjrrgfj.....................................40
4
Ujejs kjs edrdhcjs rdsdrvaejs. Fgfbufa partd ed dsta pumkghahgøf puded sdr rdprjeuhgea, aklahdfaea df uf sgstdla ed rdhupdrahgøf ed
eatjs j trafslgtgea ed fgfbufa `jrla j pjr fgfbùf ldegj sgf dk pdrlgsj prdvgj edk prjpgdtargj edk hjpyrgbct. Dlagk9 gf`jNaferdasoakhodr.hjl

Buìa Dsdfhgak
^rjtjhjkj ^ ― ârásgtjs (prjtjhjkj gftdfsgvj)................................43

^rjtjhjkj Q ― Qudlaeuras................................................................22
^rjtjhjkj ] ― ]dhtak hjf pdrgkka...................................................23
^rjtjhjkj X ― Xdfsgmkd (hjf ejsgs luy pjhj a pjhj)....................27
^rjtjhjkj U ― Udrlgfak (df`drldeaeds luy bravds)....................3>
^rjtjhjkj T ― Trbdfhga (aftgbuj prjtjhjkj 0+0 ed Hkara)......31
^rjtjhjkj P ― Pabgfak (utgkgzafej grrgbahgøf)...............................3=
^rjtjhjkj R ― Rau! (Aedlás sd puded usar para...)...............38
^rjtjhjkj S ― EdtjS (edtjxghar ldtakds pdsaejs)......................34
^rjtjhjkj W ― gfWdhhgøf ed HEG...................................................30
^rjtjhjkj Y - Yappdr (Mgjtrjcf®, bdfdraejr ed `rdhudfhgas)......32
]DXTLDF W ^]JUJHJKJ ED LAFUDFGLGDFUJ.....................37
HØLJ ^]DÂ]A] HE (EGØSGEJ ED HKJ]J).............................78
º^J] QTÇ ÁHGEJ HKJ]CÌE]GHJ W FJ HÌU]GHJ HJLJ
AHUGPAEJ]:........................................................................................75
HØLJ ^]DÂ]A] HEX (~8>>> ^^L < >,8%)...................................74
KA @J]LA @ÁHGK W XDBT]A ED CAHD] HEX.............................70
KA @J]LA LÁX ^]J@DXGJFAK W D@GHAY ED CAHD] HEX... 1>1
HØLJ ^]DÂ]A] HEG (EGØSGEJ ED HKJ]J GFWDHUAMKD) 1>8
ºQTÇ DX LDIJ] HE, HEX, HEC, HKJ]GUJ XGF AHUGPA]:..... 1>2
0

Buìa Dsdfhgak
Gftrjeuhhgøf
ºJSGEAHGØF HJLJ UD]A^GA:

Pgvgljs df uf lufej ejfed faea ds kj qud pardhd, aprdfedljs
luhcas hjsas ed iøvdfds qud ak fak rdsuktaf drrøfdas, àksas j
gfhkusj ldftgra. Dk prjmkdla ed cjy df eìa ds eg`drdfhgar kj hgdrtj
ed kj qud fj kj ds, ya qud egspjfdljs ed ufa haftgeae ed
gf`jrlahgøf hjlj fufha aftds df ka cgstjrga ed ka culafgeae a
travçs ed Gftdrfdt. Ka hudstgøf ds9 ºQuç puded sdr lg buìa para
dfhjftrar ka vdreae:
Df lg hasj pdrsjfak ld cd edhgegej pjr ka købgha, ya qud ka
faturakdza dstá masaea df hausas y d`dhtjs qud sgdlprd dstáf masaeas
df ka købgha y fj cay rdahhgøf sgf hausa, ds edhgr sgdlprd cay uf
ljtgvj edtrás ed kas hjsas.
Df tçrlgfjs ed sakue ka layjrìa ed kas pdrsjfas fj samd qud
vgvgljs df uf lufej hjftrjkaej pjr uf sgstdla `çrrdj ed
dstruhturas lçeghj-àrlahçutghas, qud a su vdz dstá hjftrjkaej
pjr uf sgstdla dhjfølghj hjf egfdrj ed papdk, asì hjlj talmgçf
hjftrjkaej pjr kjs gftdrdsds ed ufjs pjhjs. Dstas sjf kas dstruhturas
qud caf laftdfgej ufa çkgtd jshura y jhukta df dk pjedr ed
fudstrj lufej pjr hgdftjs ed añjs. Xgf dlmarbj, acjra vgvgljs
ufjs tgdlpjs hjlj fufha cumj aftds, ejfed kas vdreaeds fj
pudedf sdr jhuktaeas `áhgkldftd y ed cdhcj, asì dstáf sakgdfej a ka kuz
a travçs ed ka hjlufghahgøf ed pkata`jrlas sjhgakds d Gftdrfdt.
Xgf dstas pkata`jrlas fufha cumgdra sgej pjsgmkd ka prjpabahgøf ed
tdrapgas aktdrfatgvas ùdra ed kas hjrrgdftds prgfhgpakds ed ka
ldeghgfa hjfvdfhgjfak jhgakgsta. Cahd lás ed 1> añjs yj lgslj
tuvd ka dxpdrgdfhga a travçs ed ufa artrgtgs rdulatjged qud ka ldeghgfa
hjfsgedrama gfhuramkd. Cjy pudej vjkvdr a tjhar dk pgafj y ka
bugtarra, akbj glpdfsamkd cahd 1> añjs huafej fj pjeìa kdvaftar
fg ufa sartçf.

‛Kjs brafeds halmgjs df dk lufej sjf hjsa ed larbgfaejs“.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
Cd eaej luhcas hjf`drdfhgas pjr tjej dk lufej y cd tdfgej

rdspudstas tdstgljfgjs gfhrdìmkds y àftástghas pjr taftìsgla bdftd
qud talmgçf ca pjegej halmgar su vgea pjr ufa vgea ldijr.
Qugdrj ear kas brahgas a kjs lgkds ed dlagks qud cd rdhgmgej
apjyáfejld y abraedhgdfej gfhkusj df kjs ljldftjs eg`ìhgkds
huafej ld atahaf df ka prdfsa sdfsahgjfakgsta j wdms aføfglas sgf
ear ka hara, ak lás purj dstgkj ‛àod fdws“. Lgdftras ak prgfhgpgj ld
aktdrama, acjra sglpkdldftd kjs gbfjrj, cahd añjs cd ediaej ed
lgrar fjtghgas ed ka tdkd j hjlprar prdfsa. Cd aprdfegej a
eg`drdfhgar dftrd jpgfgjfds y cdhcjs kkdbafej a ka hjfhkusgøf ed qud
dshuhcar jpgfgjfds ds ufa pçregea ed tgdlpj vakgjsj ed ka vgea ed
haea ufj.
Ka rdakgeae ds9
Xjkj hudftaf cdhcjs y ahhgjfds
Ak earld hudfta qud kas hjsas fj sjf kj qud pardhdf gfhkusj a

fgvdkds hgdftìhjs ed ka ldeghgfa eøfed sdbugljs hjf uf hjfhdptj
‛dk mudfj, dk `dj y dk lakj“ sgf hjlprdfedr qud tjej df dk hudrpj
dstá rdkahgjfaej y qud tjej fudstrj hudrpj ds hjlufghahgøf y
dfdrbìa.
Huafej fjs prdbuftaljs kj qud sjljs, ka rdspudsta ds

sglpkd9

Ka eg`drdfhga dftrd vgea y ludrtd ds tdfdr j fj tdfdr dsta
dkdhtrghgeae. Df dk ljldftj qud dk dfhdàkjbrala sd qudea pkafj
y sgf glpuksjs dkçhtrghjs fjs egabfjstghaf ka ludrtd hdrdmrak.
Aftds ed kkdbar a dstd puftj camgtuakldftd fjs df`drlaljs prgldrj
y sd fjs pkaftda ka prdbufta

Buìa Dsdfhgak
ºQTÇ DX DF@D]LDEAE:
Edsed ka pdrspdhtgva lìa, ed ka mgj`ìsgha faturak, ka df`drldeae ds
ufa àkta ed dfdrbìa. Dsta àkta puded tdfdr luhcas hausas. Luhcas
vdhds sd trata ed patøbdfjs hjlj mahtdrgas, cjfbjs, vgrus j parásgtjs
qud fjs rjmaf dfdrbìa j fjs gfufeaf hjf tjxgfas qud glpgedf dk
uij ed dfdrbìa df fudstrj hudrpj.
Cay qud tdfdr df hudfta qud fj søkj sjf kjs patøbdfjs kjs qud
prjeuhdf tjxgfas, talmgçf ds fudstra hjlgea qud haea vdz hjftgdfd
lás tjxgfas abrjquìlghas, ak gbuak qud kjs ldeghaldftjs àrlahçutghjs
y sus bravds d`dhtjs sdhufeargjs fjhgvjs a karbj pkazj para kjs
culafjs, kjs afglakds, ka tgdrra y fudstra abua.
Ak lgslj tgdlpj fj edmdljs df`jharfjs sjkaldftd df abdftds
dxtdrgjrds qud fjs rjmaf dfdrbìa. Cay qud tdfdr df hudfta qud ka
hausa pjedljs sdr fjsjtrjs lgsljs hjf fudstrjs prjpgjs
pdfsalgdftjs. Df sgtuahgjfds eg`ìhgkds, ak dstar dstrdsaej, dk hudrpj
kgmdra hjrtgsjk, ufa cjrljfa qud a`dhta a fudstra tgrjgeds, qud a su
vdz rdbuka kas cjrljfas y luhjsas ed fudstrj hudrpj asì hjlj
talmgçf ds ka rdspjfsamkd para tdfdr ufa egbdstgøf hjrrdhta
prjeuhgdfej áhgej dstjlahak y dfzglas para pjedr egbdrgr ka
hjlgea qud hjldljs. Lgdftras a hjrtj pkazj fudstrj hudrpj puded
sjmrdkkdvar dstd prjmkdla, a karbj pkazj hausa df`drldeaeds
hrøfghas.
Df kjs ùktgljs añjs sd ca pjegej vdr uf gfhrdldftj dshakj`rgaftd
ed df`drldeaeds bastrjgftdstgfakds eøfed cay haea vdz lás
pdrsjfas hjf akdrbgas d gftjkdrafhgas a luhcjs akgldftjs. Ak lgslj
tgdlpj sd caf egsparaej kas df`drldeaeds psìqughas hjlj kas
edprdsgjfds y dk autgslj.
Fj sjkj sjf kjs akgldftjs, talmgçf sjf fudstrjs prjpgjs
pdfsalgdftjs qud df ka ldeghgfa hjlùf sd arrgfhjfaf hjlj
traulas psghjsjlátghjs, sgf tdfdr df hudfta qud hausaf mkjqudjs df
ørbafjs, hjlj pjr didlpkj, dk dstølabj d gftdstgfj rjmafej
dfdrbìa y pdrlgtgdfej dk pasj a kjs patøbdfjs y a ka df`drldeae.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
Xg ka df`drldeae ds ufa àkta ed dfdrbìa, ºhølj kjbraljs dfdrbìa

df fudstrj hudrpj:
1. A travçs ed uf prjhdsj ed hjlmustgøf
Fudstra ùdftd prgfhgpak ds ka hjlgea, eøfed gfbdrgljs
azùhards, brasas y prjtdìfas, qud edspuçs ed sdr egbdrgeas sjf dk
hjlmustgmkd para fudstras hçkukas.
Edftrj ed fudstras hçkukas cay jtras hçkukas lás pdqudñas9 kas
lgtjhjfergas. Xjf jrbáfukjs qud hjfvgdrtdf kjs azùhards y dk
jxìbdfj df dfdrbìa hjlj sg ùdra uf bdfdraejr dkçhtrghj. âra
dstj, fdhdsgtaf taftj dk hjlmustgmkd hjlj kjs cgeratjs ed harmjfj
hjlj dk jxìbdfj. Dk prjmkdla ds qud cjy df eìa fudstra vgea ds
luy sdedftarga y fj egspjfdljs ed ka lgsla haftgeae ed
jxìbdfj hjlj cahd 1>> añjs, huáfej ed prjldegj sd afeama
14 ol y cjy dstaeìstghaldftd dk prjldegj ds ed søkj 3>> l.
=. Fj cay ùdbj sgf jxìbdfj
Ed fgñj ld dfhaftamaf kjs mjlmdrjs. Hjf sus hjhcds rjijs y
sakvafej vgeas a tafta bdftd. Ld bustamaf taftj qud huafej søkj
hjftama hjf 8 añjs ld dshapç ed hasa hjf dk f ed dfhjftrarkjs
(akbj qud fj tdfìa fgfbufa brahga para lgs paerds). Kjs lgsljs
mjlmdrjs ld kkdvarjf a hasa (edspuçs ed dstar pdregej euraftd
cjras hjf tjea ka àlgkga df páfghj) df ufj ed sus alaftds
halgjfds rjijs… ¡a lì ld dfhaftø!
ºHølj apabaf kjs mjlmdrjs kjs ùdbjs:

Kj kjbraf a travçs ed ka rdstrghhgøf edk jxìbdfj glpgegdfej dk avafhd
edk ùdbj (ka jxgeahgøf) hjf abua j dspulas aftgjxgeaftds.
Kjs mjlmdrjs apabaf dk ùdbj qugtáfejkd dk jxìbdfj.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
Xì fudstrj hudrpj ùfhgjfa a travçs ed hjlmustgøf, ºpjr quç razøf

edmdljs tjlar aftgjxgeaftds:
Ed cdhcj, kjs aftgjxgeaftds glpgedf ka jxgeahgøf y pjr kj taftj ka
hjlmustgøf df kas lgtjhjfergas ed kas hçkukas df fudstrj hudrpj.
Ujej dlpdzø pjr ufa sglpkd tdjrìa ed kjs raeghakds kgmrds y dk
dstrçs jxgeatgvj df 1740 … Ak vdr df dk kamjratjrgj qud huafej cay
edlasgaej jxìbdfj rdahtgvj df kas hçkukas dstas sd eañaf, sd
dstamkdhgø ka tdjrìa qud kas dspdhgds rdahtgvas edk jxìbdfj (]JX) sjf
lakas para kas hçkukas ya qud sjf dk raeghak lás amufeaftd edk
hudrpj…
ºQuç sjf kjs hausaftds lás camgtuakds edk dstrçs jxgeatgvj:

Ka àkta ka hjlgea j dk didrhghgj `ìsghj hausaf dstrçs jxgeatgvj...
¡Tf ljldftj! …Xg ka tdjrìa edk dstrçs jxgeatgvj ùdra hgdrta ºkas
pdrsjfas jmdsas qud fj cahdf edpjrtd edmdrìaf sdr kas lás safas edk
lufej…:
A hjfsdhudfhga ed dsta tdjrìa tdfdljs cjy df eìa ufa gfeustrga
ed supkdldftjs àrlahçutghjs vgtalìfghjs qud vdfed lgkds ed
lgkkjfds df supkdldftjs aftgjxgeaftds supudstaldftd para ldijrar
fudstra sakue.
Df bdfdrak, faegd pardhd earsd hudfta ed qud kjs vdfedejrds utgkgzaf
jtra vdz dk hjfhdptj edk lgdej ‛sg fj kj tjlas, df`drlarás“ y
aedlás edmds tjlarkj euraftd tjea tu vgea edsed ka gfàfhga para
fj dstar df`drlj.
Ka df`drldeae lás hjfjhgea pjr dstrçs jxgeatgvj sd kkala
dshjrmutj. Dsta df`drldeae dra hjlùf df kas pdrsjfas ed ka deae
ldega huafej pasamaf calmrd, tramaiafej eurìsglj hjlj dshkavjs.
Casta ka `dhca, fj hjfjzhj fgfbùf lçeghj df Durjpa qud caya
egabfjstghaej dshjrmutj df sus pahgdftds.
Jmvgaldftd, faegd sd pkaftda pjr quç ufa pdrsjfa qud dstá
cahgdfej didrhghgj, dstá lás safa qud ufa pdrsjfa tulmaea df dk
sj`á zapdafej ka tdkdvgsgøf tjej dk eìa sgf ljvdrsd apdfas.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
Dgfstdgf egij9
‛Cay ejs hjsas gffgtas9 dk ufgvdrsj y ka dstupgedz culafa“
edk ufgvdrsj fj dstama sdburj…
Fjta9 Fj cay qud hjfùfegr kjs tjfutrgdftds y kjs lgfdrakds ed kas

`rutas hjf kas vgtalgfas. ^jr supudstj kas `rutas sjf ufa rgha ùdftd
dsdfhgak ed fudstra akgldftahgøf. Xglpkdldftd, fj cahd àkta
akgldftarsd ed pastgkkas àrlahçutghas.
AKHAKGFGYA] DK HTD]^J
Ùktglaldftd pjedljs kddr pjr luhcjs sgtgjs qud cay qud
akhakgfgzar dk hudrpj, camgtuakldftd df dk hjftdxtj ed vdfedr
akbùf prjeuhtj akgldftghgj.
^rgldrj edmdrìaljs prdbuftarfjs hølj sd akhakgfgza dk hudrpj9
Kj cahd a travçs ed ka rdspgrahgøf
Ka safbrd vdfjsa qud tgdfd uf pC ed aprjxglaealdftd 2,81. Ak

dstar dfrgqudhgea df kjs pukljfds hjf jxìbdfj sumd a pC 2,51.
Fudstrjs bkømukjs rjijs trafspjrtaf dstd jxìbdfj a tjejs kjs
ørbafjs ed fudstrj hudrpj y kj kgmdraf sdbùf fdhdsgeae y ahgedz.
Huaftj lás áhgej ds dk dftjrfj u ørbafj lás rápgej kgmdraf dk
jxìbdfj, dstj df ka ldeghgfa talmgçf sd kkala dk d`dhtj Mjcr.
Fudstra prgfhgpak ùdftd ed akhakgfgzahgøf ds fudstra rdspgrahgøf, ka
hjlgea ds glpjrtaftd pdrj sdhufearga. !Jij! ds luy glpjrtaftd
ka akgldftahgøf hjrrdhta, ya qud ufa akgldftahgøf laka àhgkgta ka
ahgegha- hgøf y pjr kj taftj hausa ka pçregea ed dfdrbìa vgtak.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
Dk egøxgej ed hkjrj ds uf jxgeaftd hjlpudstj ed9 1 átjlj ed hkjrj y =

átjljs ed jxìbdfj.
Akbufjs vaf a edhgr acjra ‛Hkjrj,
Egjs lìj!“ Kds pudej trafqugkgzar,
dk egøxgej ed hkjrj (HkJ₍) fj ds kj
HK lgslj qud dk hkjrj (Hk₍) df
tamkdtas qud sd utgkgza para ka
pgshgfa. Ed cdhcj dk hkjrj ds ufa
hjlpjfdftd prgfhgpak ed fudstrj
J J hudrpj df `jrla ed hkjrurj søeghj
hjfjhgej hjlj sak hjlùf. Ujejs
fudstrjs kìqugejs hjrpjrakds sjf
jrgfa. sakgfjs ya sdaf kábrglas, safbrd u
Fudstrj hudrpj fj puded sjmrdvgvgr sgf hkjrurj søeghj. ds edhgr ‛sak“
Dk egøxgej ed hkjrj ds uf bas ed 1 gjf
ed hkjrj hjf = gjfds ed jxìbdfj qud sd
egsudkvd luy `áhgkldftd df abua, taf
`áhgk qud sg murmuidj dstd bas pjr abua sd
qudea atrapaej df dk abua halmgafej
su hjkjr df uf alargkkj rdkuhgdftd.
Xgf dlmarbj dstd bas dvapjra a kjs
11¾H y pjr kj taftj ds ldijr buarearkj
df dk `rgbjrìhj, prd`drgmkdldftd df
hrgstak
larrøf hjf ufa mudfa tapa qud fj sda ldtákgha, fg ed bjla. Xg ka
mjtdkka dstá kkdfa y cdrlçtghaldftd hdrraea, sd puded trafspjrtar
pjrqud dk bas fj dvapjra. Xjkj sg ka mjtdkka dstá dlpdzaea j ldegj
kkdfa pgdred bas (ak gbuak qud df kas mjtdkkas ed rd`rdshjs ed = kgtrjs9
ufa vdz dstáf dlpdzaeas dk bas harmøfghj talmgçf sd pgdred
aftds).
Camgtuakldftd dk egøxgej ed hkjrj (HkJ₍) sd utgkgza para edsgf`dhhgøf
ed abua pjtamkd y dstá autjrgzaej para dstd f pjr kas abdfhgas ed
sakue df tjej dk lufej. Ed cdhcj sd utgkgzaf lgkkjfds ed tjfdkaeas
ak añj ed dstd prjeuhtj pjrqud ahtùa edsed cahd lás ed 1>> añjs

hjftra vgrus, cjfbjs y mahtdrgas sgf qud çstas cayaf pjegej hrdar
ufa rdsgstdfhga.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
A eg`drdfhga ed uf aftgmgøtghj qud ùfhgjfa pjr

‛dfvdfdfa- lgdftj“, dk egøxgej ed hkjrj (HkJ₍) ùfhgjfa
pjr ‛jxgeahgøf“.
Ds edhgr9 hjlmustgøf.
Ds dk lgslj ldhafgslj qud dk hudrpj y su sgstdla ed ed`dfsa

gflu- fjkøbgha utgkgza9 ka jxgeahgøf. Xjmrd tjej df kjs àbjhgtjs, dstd
sgstdla ùfhgjfa edsed cahd lgkkjfds ed añjs para dkglgfar
patøbdfjs y asì hurarsd.
Ed cdhcj dk egøxgej ed hkjrj (HkJ₍) sd utgkgza ed lafdra jmkgbatjrga
para ka edsgf`dhhgøf ed almukafhgas d gfhkusj ka edsgf`dhhgøf ed
hjfsdrvas ed safbrd glpgegdfej ka trafslgsgøf ed df`drldeaeds
hjlj dk PGC ed ka safbrd ed kjs ejfaftds. Xgf dlmarbj dstd cdhcj
fj kj hjfvgdrtd df uf ldeghaldftj. Ds lás dk egøxgej ed hkjrj
(HkJ₍) fg sgqugdra dstá df ka kgsta ed kjs prgfhgpgjs ahtgvjs àrlahçutghjs
ufgvdrsgtargjs. ^jr dsta razøf cay qud dlpdzar edsed hdrj sg qugdrds
hjfvdrtgrkj df uf ldeghaldftj.
Cjy pjr cjy hjf fudstrj pdqudñj brupj ed gfvdstgbahgøf
dstaljs gfldrsjs kuhcafej df dstd tramaij ed autjrgzahgøf qud
camgtuakldftd sudkd tarear ed 2 a 1> añjs pjr haea df`drldeae y
cdljs rdhjrrgej casta dk ljldftj dk 4>% aprjxglaealdftd edk
halgfj.
Xg ustde ds lgkkjfargj, kd ealjs ka mgdfvdfgea sg edsda ayuear a
fafhgar ka gfvdstgbahgøf 9)) asì tarealjs ldfjs.
Ediafej mrjlas apartd9 luhca bdftd edmgej a sus df`drldeaeds fj
tgdfd ka pjsgmgkgeae ed dspdrar jtrjs 4 j 1> añjs casta qud dk
ldeghaldftj dstá autjrgzaej y dstj para lì ds uf egkdla çtghj.
Xg rdhjlgdfej dk egøxgej ed hkjrj (HkJ₍) hjlj tratalgdftj ds
supudstaldftd ‛gkdbak“ y sg fj kj cabj ds ufa ‛jlgsgøf ed ayuea“. Almjs
cdhcjs dstáf hastgbaejs pjr ka kdy.
Ld cd edhgegej pjr dk halgfj ed ka hjfhgdfhga y ayuear a tjej aqudk
qud pudea, hjfsgedrj qud lg hjfhgdfhga dstá pjr dfhgla ed kdyds

amsureas.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
Dstuegj ed tjxghgeae edk egøxgej ed hkjrj (HkJ₍) df egsjkuhgøf

HEX pjr vìa jrak.
]d`drdftd ed ka tjxghgeae9 Xd caf cdhcj ufjs dfsayjs df 45 ratjfds

eáfejkds dk HEX df 4 ejsgs eg`drdftds (5>, 1>>, =>>, 8>> y 5>>
lgkgkgtrjs) ed Hk= df = kgtrjs ed abua df ka Tfgvdrsgeae Fjrmdrt Rgdfdr.
Kas ratas fj prdsdftarjf rdhcazj a ka sumstafhga HEX df fgfbufa ed

kas hjfhdftrahgjfds aelgfgstraeas y fj sd jmsdrvø rdhcazj pjr
tjxghgeae df gfbdsta.
Xd hjfhkuyø qud ka aelgfgstrahgøf pjr vìa jrak ed HEX ds tjkdramkd
df kas ratas edk tgpj ]aus fjrvdbghus ed almjs sdxjs y fj sd cakka
kdtakgeae akbufa, aùf df ejsgs luy dkdvaeas.
Kjs ratjfds kj tjlarjf euraftd uf tgdlpj ed dqugvakdfhga culafa
ed 5 añjs. ^jr sjrprdsa para kjs gfvdstgbaejrds caf tdfgej amufeaftd
edshdfedfhga sdbùf dk brupj y ka haftgeae.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
Qugdrj abraedhdr aquì a Gfvb. ppak. Largj Cubj Bugej Masurtj, Asdsjr
ed Gfvdstgbahgøf. Lde. Ijsç Eìaz ] y a tjej su dqugpj pjr su dsùdrzj y
braf kamjr df dstd tramaij.
Df hudstgøf ed tjxghgeae jrak, dk HEX talmgçf sd ca apkghaej (ka
lgsla ejsgs akta) a 1.8>> cdlmras ed hjfdijs prdñaeas huya
edshdfedfhga ùdrjf
1=.>>> (!) hjfdijs safjs sgf lak`jrlahgøf akbufa, edshdfegdfej ka
hujta ed ljrtakgeae ed kas cdlmras parturgdftas df uf prjldegj
ed 5> a 0.
Hkarj dstá qud fj dxgstd fgfbùf ldeghaldftj sgf rgdsbjs j
gftdrahhgjfds edshjfjhgejs tdfgdfej df hudfta qud pjr didlpkj ka
sglpkd aspgrgfa lata lás ed 8.>>> pdrsjfas afuakds.
Df kj qud hjfhgdrfd ak egøxgej ed hkjrj (HkJ₍) sd puded arlar
qud casta ka `dhca fj dxgstd df 1>> añjs fgfbùf hasj kdtak
ejhuldftaej pjr lçeghj ed ka gfbdstgøf ed egøxgej ed hkjrj. Cay 4
hasjs ed gftjxghahgøf edk prdhursjr quç ds dk hkjrgtj søeghj (FaHkJ₍)
ejfed kjs gfegvgeujs caf tjlaej haftgeaeds ed casta 1>> vdhds lás
pdrj fgfbufj ùd kdtak j ca tdfgej eañjs pdrlafdftds.
Ka gftdfhgøf ed lg kgmrj ds dvgtar drrjrds y eañjs. Xjmrd tjej qugdrj
ediar hkarj y rdhakhar kas prdhauhgjfds qud cay qud tjlar huafej
akbugdf edhged rdakgzar ufa autjtdrapga pjr hudfta prjpga, hjlj df
kjs hasjs tdrlgfakds huafej sjf amafejfaejs pjr ka ldeghgfa
hjfvdfhgjfak pjrqud ya fj tgdfd fgfbufa sjkuhgøf.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
Df Dstaejs Tfgejs ed Alçrgha dk prdsgedftd ahama ed aprjmar ufa

kdy ejfed df`drljs tdrlgfakds pudedf utgkgzar prjeuhtjs fj
autjrgzaejs pjr ka @EA rlafej aftds uf hjfsdfsj hjf su
lçeghj.
Kjs brupjs ed ahtgvgstas, gfhkuydfej ka Xjhgdeae Aldrghafa edk
Háfhdr, sd jpusgdrjf ak prjydhtj ed kdy. Kjs pahgdftds qud mushaf
ahhdsj a kjs "ldeghaldftjs df gfvdstgbahgøf" acjra søkj fdhdsgtaf ka
aprjmahgøf ed su lçeghj y edk àmrghaftd edk ldeghaldftj.
Dk fudvj prjydhtj ed kdy prjtdbd a kjs lçeghjs y kas hjlpañìas ed
kjs rgdsbjs kdbakds ed pdrlgtgr tratalgdftjs fj aprjmaejs a ldfjs qud
eañdf gftdfhgjfakldftd a uf pahgdftd.
Xd laftgdfd ka pjkìtgha ed qud kjs pahgdftds edmdf camdr abjtaej
tjejs kjs edlás tratalgdftjs y jphgjfds ed dfsayjs hkìfghjs
aprjmaejs.
Dstj amrd df dk ùturj pudrtas ak tratalgdftj hjf egøxgej ed hkjrj y
puded sakvar lgkds ed vgeas.
Udfbj lás ed 1> añjs ed dxpdrgdfhga hjf ufa sjka sustafhga
rdhgmgdfej luhcjs lgkds ed tdstgljfgjs pjsgtgvjs. Ld ea mastaftd
trafqugkgeae pjedr edhgr qud kjs prjtjhjkjs a hjftgfuahgøf sjf
sdburjs.
]dsjfafhga ds aljr y aljr ds ka ùdrza lás brafed edk
ufgvdrsj Dspdrj qud dstd kgmrgtj kds sda ùtgk…
Aferdas

12

Buìa Dsdfhgak
Amrdvgaturas
Dsta buìa rápgea ed prjtjhjkjs dstá pdfsaea hjlj buìa ùtgk para
tjeas aqudkkas pdrsjfas qud edhgeaf utgkgzar dk egøxgej ed hkjrj y
jtras sustafhgas tjeavìa fj rdbgstraeas, para qud fj hjldtaf drrjrds
j glpru- edfhgas, gfeghafej sjmrd tjej kas prdhauhgjfds, aevdrtdfhgas d
gfvdstgba- hgjfds. Ka sakue ds uf edrdhcj ùfealdftak y haea ufj
edmd pjedr dkdbgr pjr sì lgslj hølj prdsdrvarka.
HE < Hkjrgtj søeghj (FaHkJ=) + áhgej hkjrcìerghj

hjlj ahtgvaejr ak 5%
HEG < Egsjkuhgøf ed egøxgej ed hkjrj, HkJ= , df sjkuhgøf
sakgfa (HkFa ak >,7%)
HEX < Egsjkuhgøf ed egøxgej ed hkjrj, HkJ= , df abua
(bas egsudktj df abua)
HEC < Hkjrgtj søeghj (FaHkJ=) + áhgej hkjrcìerghj
hjlj ahtgvaejr ak 5% ahtgvaej hjf tgdlpj
Hk- < Gjf Hkjrurj
Hk= < Bas Eghkjrj, bas hkjrj
Hk < Hkjrj, dkdldftj ‛tamka pdrgøegha“
HkJ= < Egøxgej ed hkjrj
HkJ=- < Gjf hkjrgtj
HkJ8- < Gjf hkjratj
HkJ5- < Gjf pdrhkjratj
HkJ- < Gjf cgpjhkjrgtj
ELXJ < Egldtgksuk`øxgej
LLX < FaHkJ= < Hkjrgtj ed sjegj + ahtgvaejr (áhgej
hìtrghj) (edfjlgfahgøf ed Igl Culmkd)
LLX= < Cgpjhkjrgtj Hákhghj < Ha(HkJ)=
FaHk < Hkjrurj søeghj (sak hjlùf)
FaHkJ < Cgpjhkjrgtj ed sjegj (kdiìa)
FaHkJ= < Hkjrgtj ed sjegj
FaHkJ8 < Hkjratj ed sjegj
FaHkJ5 < ^drhkjratj ed sjegj
^^L < ârtds pjr lgkkøf, di. 8>>> ppl < >,8%
17

Buìa Dsdfhgak
@J]LAX ED A^KGHAHGØF
1. Mdmgej
Ka `jrla ed tjlarkj lás hjlùf ds jrakldftd. Xd ldzhka dk
hkjrgtj søeghj (FaHkJ=) hjf dk ahtgvaejr ed áhgej hkjrcìerghj
(CHK), df uf vasj hjlpkdtaldftd sdhj, sd dspdra
aprjxglaealdftd ed 8> sdbufejs a 1 lgfutj casta qud dk hjkjr
sda alargkkj álmar, y sd añaed ed 1>> a =>> lk, sdbùf bustj, ed
abua para egkugr, aftds ed gfbdrgrkj.
=. Dfdla
Ka sdbufea `jrla lás dhaz ed apkghahgøf ds a travçs ed dfdla.
Kas pardeds edk gftdstgfj brudsj amsjrmdf rápgealdftd dk bas edk
kìqugej, y dk egøxgej ed hkjrj ds kkdvaej a travçs ed ka vdfa pjrta
ak cìbaej. Dsta `jrla ed usar ds luy ùtgk df df`drldeaeds qud
a`dhtaf ak sgstdla cdpátghj, y ayuea a dkglgfar tjxgfas áhgeas,
ya qud ka jxgeahgøf akhakgfgza.
8. Xpray
Xd puded usar ufa sjkuhgøf ahtgvaea hjf abua, df `jrla ed spray,
para tjej tgpj ed a`dhhgjfds hutáfdas, ejfed ca eaej rdsuktaejs
dxhdkdftds edmgej a su aktj pjedr edsgf`dhtaftd, y ayuea df ka
rdhupdrahgøf ed cdrgeas lás rápgealdftd.
5. Mañj
Xd puded usar df `jrla ed mañj, añaegdfej ka ldzhka ahtgvaea ak
abua ed ka mañdra, ejfed ds luy dhaz para dk tratalgdftj ed ka
pgdk d gfhkusj ds amsjrmgej parhgakldftd casta hgdrtj braej, edmgej a
su akta sjkumgkgeae df abua.
4. Añaegdfej ELXJ
Jtra `jrla ed gftrjeuhhgøf ds usafej ELXJ (EgldtgkXuk`øxgej),
qud ds uf abdftd ed trafspjrtd df hjfiuftj hjf dk HE, ya qud
àhgkgta ka amsjrhgøf a travçs ed ka pgdk lás prjùfealdftd y
hjf layjr rapgedz. Dxgstdf eatjs hgdftìhjs qud hjfrlaf qud
ds uf mudf aftggfalatjrgj y afakbçsghj. Xd ca rdpjrtaej akbùf

hasj rarj ed akdrbga

Buìa Dsdfhgak
y pjr dsa razøf, prudmd prgldrj hjf ufa bjta ed ELXJ df dk

mrazj para vdr sg kd ea rdahhgøf akçrbgha.
0. Bas (Edsgf`dhhgøf ed agrd)
âra edsgf`dhtar dk agrd ed ufa camgtahgøf y dvgtar hjftabgjs sd
puded ahtgvar ed 0 a 1> bjtas df uf vasj sgf fdhdsgeae ed
añaegr abua, ya qud fj sd gfbgdrd.
2. Bas (Mjksa y vasj)
Ka pgdk ds dk ørbafj lás brafed qud tdfdljs y a travçs ed dkka
talmgçf sd amsjrmd egøxgej ed hkjrj ldegaftd bas sgf abrdbar abua.
Dk egøxgej ed hkjrj sd ahtgva df uf vasj y ka mjha edk vasj sd
‛pdba“ iuftj a ka zjfa a tratar sgf qud kd tjqud dk kìqugej.
âra tratar zjfas lás alpkgas edk hudrpj j gfhkusj tjej dk
hudrpj (ldfjs ka hamdza) sd ldtd df ufa mjksa brafed hjf ka
sjkuhgøf ahtgvaea df uf vasj. Dstj pdrlgtd a ka pgdk dstar df
hjftahtj egrdhtj hjf dk bas (fj hjf dk kìqugej) tdfgdfej uf
mdfdhgj egrdhtj. Cay qud tdfdr hugeaej df fj edrralar para
qud fgfbufa partd edk hudrpj dstç df hjftahtj egrdhtj hjf dk
kìqugej ahtgvaej.
3. ]dspgrahgøf edk HE (fj sd rdhjlgdfea)
Df akbufjs sgtgjs ed gftdrfdt sd rdhjlgdfea ufa mrdvd rdspgrahgøf
edk egøxgej ed hkjrj. Edmgej a hudstgjfds ed sdburgeae (rgdsbj ed
gftjxg- hahgøf pjr gfcakahgøf), dstd prjtjhjkj fj ld pardhd
aedhuaej.
7. Gfydhhgøf
Cay hgdrtas apkghahgjfds ejfed kas gfydhhgjfds gftravdfjsas j
sumhutáfdas ed ufa sjkuhgøf aprjpgaea ed HEG pudedf sdr
hjfvd- fgdftds. Fj rdakghd gfydhhgjfds gftravdfjsas dxpdrgldftakds
df hasa, sg fj ds a travçs ed uf lçeghj autjrgzaej para dfsayjs
hkìfghjs. Kjs dfsayjs ed gfydhhgjfds sd caf rdakgzaej df afglakds
ejfed sd añaegø ed 4 a 1> lk ed HEX a ufa mjksa ed sudrj
sakgfj ed 4>>, y ùdrjf satgsàhtjrgjs.
1>. Culgeghaejr

Udfba hugeaej hjf ka ejsghahgøf df hasj ed qud qugdra

utgkgzarkj df uf culgeghaejr. ^jr razjfds ed sdburgeae, fj sd
rdhjlgdfea aquì.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
^]DHATHGJFDX
^rdhauhgjfds df dk usj edk egøxgej ed hkjrj j su prdhursjr dk
hkjrgtj søeghj.
▰ Fj rdakghd gfydhhgjfds gftravdfjsas dxpdrgldftakds df hasa, sg fj
ds a travçs ed uf lçeghj autjrgzaej para dfsayjs hkìfghjs. Kjs
dfsayjs ed gfydhhgjfds sd caf rdakgzaej df afglakds ejfed sd
añaegø ed 4 a 1> lk ed HEX a ufa mjksa ed sudrj sakgfj ed 4>>, y
ùdrjf satgsàhtjrgjs.
▰ Udfba hugeaej hjf ka ejsghahgøf df hasj ed qud qugdra utgkgzarkj
df uf culgeghaejr. ^jr razjfds ed sdburgeae, fj sd
rdhjlgdfea aquì.
^rdhauhgøf ufj
Aufqud hjftgdfd ‛hkjrj“ df su edfjlgfahgøf, ds luy egstgftj ed
cgpjhkjrgtj (kdiìa), aufqud sjf camgtuakldftd hjfùfegejs. Huafej
ldzhkaljs dk hkjrgtj søeghj hjf dk áhgej, bdfdraljs egøxgej ed
hkjrj, qud sgdlprd ds alargkkj hjf uf jkjr a pgshgfa. ^drj sg
ldzhkaljs cgpjhkjrgtj hjf uf áhgej, sd hrdaf basds luy ùdrtds y
tøxghjs, gfsjpjrtamkds. Aedlás, ka rdahhgøf hrda mastaftds murmuias
d`drvdshdftds, hjsa qud fj jhurrd hjf dk hkjrgtj søeghj.
^rdhauhgøf ejs
Fj gfcakar ed lafdra lasgva kjs basds edk egøxgej ed hkjrj, euraftd
uf tgdlpj prjkjfbaej, ya qud puded hausar grrgtahgøf df ka barbafta
y eg- huktaeds rdspgratjrgas. Df pdqudñas haftgeaeds euraftd mrdvd
tgdlpj ds gfjhuj, hjlj kj edludstraf kjs dstuegjs edk Er. Fjrgj
Jbata. Ka ejhu- ldftahgøf hgdftìha sjmrd ka tjxghgeae edk egøxgej
ed hkjrj, sd rddrd df prgfhgpgj a ka gfcakahgøf, qud fj ds kj lgslj
qud ka gfbdstgøf df haftgeaeds pdqudñas, qud ds gfjhua.
^rdhauhgøf trds
Xgdlprd sd añaed abua a ka ldzhka qud sd jmtgdfd huafej
ahtgvaljs hkjrgtj ed sjegj hjf dk áhgej, jmtdfgdfej dk egøxgej ed

hkjrj ed dsta lafdra. Fufha sd utgkgza ed `jrla hjfhdftraea (fg sjkj

fg egrdhtaldftd).

Buìa Dsdfhgak
Xg sakpgha akbj ed kìqugej dfhgla ed ka pgdk j ka rjpa, cay qud kavarkj

hjf abua amufeaftd.
^rdhauhgøf huatrj
¡Fj utgkgzar rdhgpgdftds ed ldtak! Kjs rdhgpgdftds ed ldtak rdahhgjfaf
hjf dk egøxgej ed hkjrj, ya qud sd jxgeaf. Dstj gfhkuyd ak ahdrj
gfjxgeamkd, ya qud ds ufa akdahgøf qud hjftgdfd vargjs ldtakds, hjlj
fìqudk y hrjlj.
^rdhauhgøf hgfhj
Fj utgkgzar bjtdrjs ed bjla, ya qud çstjs fj tgdfdf suhgdftd
rdsgstdfhga ak pC 18 akhakgfj edk hkjrgtj søeghj y hjf dk tgdlpj, sd
puded egsjkvdr ka bjla df dk kìqugej, ediafej partìhukas df
egsjkuhgøf. Ualpjhj sjf aedhuaejs hjlj bjtdrjs ya qud kas bjtas
sjf edlasgaej brafeds.
^rdhauhgøf sdgs
Xøkj utgkgzar mjtdkkas ed bjtdrj j`takljkøbghj edk ^^ / CE^D / ^D.
Ujejs dstjs latdrgakds sjf rdsgstdftds y sjpjrtaf ka akhakgfgeae y
ahgedz (pC 18
/ pC 1), y laftgdfdf kas prjpgdeaeds euraftd luhcjs añjs. Kjs
pkástghjs trafspardftds edk tgpj ^DU fj sjf rdhjldfeamkds para
buarear dk hkjrgtj søeghj hjfhdftraej euraftd tgdlpj, ya qud a ka
karba sd edsgftdbraf y ediaf rdsgeujs df ka sjkuhgøf edk hkjrgtj ed
sjegj.
Dk ^DU (^jkgtdr d`takatj ed dtgkdfj), hjftgdfd átjljs

ed harmjfj (ka H df dk egmuij), qud edmgej a su hdrhafìa ak
jxìbdfj tgdfd ufa edfsgeae ed dkdhtrjfds maia. ]dsukta sdr
sdfsgmkd para rdahhgjfar hjf hkjrgtj søeghj (FaHkJ ) pjr dk pC
aktj, y dftjfhds sd edsgftdbraf hjf dk tgdlpj kas haedfas edk

Buìa Dsdfhgak
ºHølj pudej samdr sg dk hkjrgtj ed sjegj dstá df lak

dstaej: Dk gfeghaejr ed sg dk prjeuhtj dstá lak, ds su hjkjr. Xg dk
hkjrgtj, qud edmd sdr trafspardftd, edspuçs ed ahtgvar sd vudkvd
kdhcjsj, dstá df lak dstaej. Dk hjkjr ahtgvaej edk HE/LLX,
sgdlprd edmd sdr alargkkj-álmar trafspardftd, aftds ed
rdmaiarkj hjf abua. Fj sd edmdf utgkgzar mjtdkkas ed ^DU
(mjtdkkas ed pkástghj trafspardftd) hjf dk hkjrgtj søeghj,
edmgej a su pC18 (sì sd pudedf utgkgzar hjf

^rdhauhgøf sgdtd
Tsar hjlj ahtgvaejr dk áhgej hìtrghj puded prjvjhar df pdrsjfas
sdfsgmkds ufa ahgejsgs gftdstgfak hjf egarrdas, lakdstar, hgtrjmáhtdr
(ufa mahtdrga qud sd futrd edk hgtratj). Ak sdr uf áhgej kdftj, fj ds
taf dhaz hjlj dk áhgej hkjrcìerghj rdmaiaej ak 5%, y aedlás dk
áhgej hkjrcìerghj ds dk áhgej qud tdfdljs df dk dstølabj pjr
faturakdza.
Fjta9 Xì sd puded utgkgzar áhgej hìtrghj, para cahdr HEX, ya qud fj dftra
df ka ldzhka fak, pjrqud sjkaldftd sd utgkgza dk bas hrdaej qud sd
murmuida a travçs edk abua, halmgafej a hjkjr alargkkj y saturáfejsd ed
egøxgej ed hkjrj.
^rdhauhgøf jhcj
Fdutrakgzahgøf ed hkjrgtj ed sjegj/egøxgej ed hkjrj df hasjs ed
dldrbdfhga. Xd utgkgza dstrghtaldftd mgharmjfatj ed sjegj y
fufha vgtalgfa H (áhgej ashørmghj) hjlj aftds sd rdhjldfeama.
Df hasj ed ufa dldrbdfhga (sg sd ca gfbdrgej ufa haftgeae
brafed ed hkjrgtj ed sjegj j ed egøxgej ed hkjrj), sd tjla uf
vasj ed =5> lk ed abua hjf ufa huhcaraegta ed pjstrd ed
mgharmjfatj ed sjegj. Hjf dsj sd fdutrakgza dk d`dhtj
gfldegataldftd.
Xg sd tjla vgtalgfa H, dk d`dhtj edk áhgej ed çsta, kj qud cahd ds
rdahhgjfar hjf dk hkjrgtj ed sjegj y prjeuhgr ed lafdra dspjftáfda

bas ed egøxgej ed hkjrj y dsj fj ds kj qud sd qugdrd.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
UG^JX ED ÂUØBDFJX
Haea patøbdfj edmd tratarsd sdbùf su faturakdza, sd puded bdfdrakgzar

ed ka sgbugdftd lafdra9
1. Pìrghj9 lùktgpkds ejsgs pdqudñas, pjr su hapahgeae

rdprjeuhtgva rápgea.
=. Mahtdrgas9 ejsgs layjr, lás dspahgaea.
8. Cjfbjs9 prjtjhjkjs hjf pdrsgstdfhga, hjlprudmd sg cay parásgtjs.
5. Dkglgfar ldtakds9 rdqugdrdf ejsgs aktas euraftd tgdlpj.
4. Gftjxghahgøf9 sjrmjs pdqudñjs haea pjhjs lgfutjs.
0. ârásgtjs9 ejsgs aktas. Tfa sdlafa ed laftdfglgdftj hjlj
lìfglj.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
]DBKAX BDFD]AKDX
(Aevdrtdfhgas y Hjftragfeghahgjfds)
Huaftj lás df`drla sd dfhudftrd ka pdrsjfa a sdr trataea,

lás kdftj edmd sdr dk auldftj ed ka ejsgs.
1. Cay qud rdhjrear qud ka gfcakahgøf lasgva ds tøxgha, asì qud sd

edmd dvgtar su rdspgrahgøf prjkjfbaea egrdhta.
=. Hjlj pjsgmkd gftdrahhgøf (ldegea prdvdftgva), cay qud tdfdr df
hudfta dk usj ed kjs aftghjabukaftds (Xgftrjl-waràrgfa,
cdpargfa, dth…). Dk egøxgej ed hkjrj fj auldfta ka egkuhgøf ed
ka safbrd egrdhtaldftd, sgfj qud auldfta ka harba dkçhtrgha df
kas ldlmrafas ed kjs cdlatìds, cahgdfej qud sd rdpdkaf dftrd
sì, hjsa qud sd rddia df dk ìfeghd ed ka ldeghgøf.
8. Df dk hasj ed dstar tjlafej uf ldeghaldftj para ufa
df`drldeae ‛hrøfgha“, luhcjs vjkuftargjs caf dxpdrgldftaej
tak ldijra qud caf pjegej rdeuhgr ka ejsgs edk ldeghaldftj
paukatgfaldftd, hjlprjmafej a ldfuej kjs fgvdkds ed
ldeghgøf (ldeghahgøf para ka cgpdrtdfsgøf, egamdtds…).
5. Akbufas pdrsjfas gf`jrlaf ahdrha ed sìftjlas pardhgejs a
kjs ed uf rds`rgaej huafej sd utgkgza HE. Dstj puded prjeuhgrsd
pjr patøbdfjs dfhapsukaejs df ka luhjsgeae ed ka fargz j kjs
pukljfds ed uf rds`rgaej aftdrgjr, kkalaej ‛mgjkl“. Kjs
bçrldfds a vdhds sd dfhapsukaf df dk ljhj dfeurdhgej pdrj
sgbudf vgvjs.
Dk bas HkJ= ds hjfjhgej df ka gfeustrga ed safdalgdftj ed
abuas, ya qud ds hapaz ed dkglgfar dstd mgjkl, edmgkgtafej dk
ljhj y kjs aftgbujs bçrldfds edk rds`rgaej.
4. Cay qud rdhjrear qud dk egøxgej ed hkjrj ùfhgjfa hjlj
jxìbdfj ak ùdbj, luy pjhj fj sgrvd y edlasgaej puded
prjvjhar ufa rdahhgøf luy ùdrtd, asì qud dxpdrgldftd y edhgea
pjr ustde lgslj,

Buìa Dsdfhgak
dshuhcafej a su hudrpj. Fj sd edmd `jrzar faea. Xg ca gfghgaej

uf prjtjhjkj y tgdfd akbùf gfeghatgvj ed akbj qud fj kd cahd
sdftgr mgdf
-fj cay qud hjfùfegr talpjhj hjf kas hrgsgs huratgvas, qud
luhcas vdhds pardhdf d`dhtjs aevdrsjs huafej df rdakgeae dk
hudrpj ca gfghgaej dk halgfj cahga ka rdhupdrahgøf- edmd
egslgfugr ka ejsgs casta qud kjs d`dhtjs fdbatgvjs edsapardzhaf
y kudbj hjftgfuar hjf ka pauta.
Aiustd ka ejsgs para tjlarka hjf hjljegeae. Ka fakgeae ds qud
fj sd amjrrdzha. Fj sd ahdkdra dk prjhdsj ed hurahgøf tjlafej
lás ed kj qud sd edmgdra.
0. Luhca bdftd talmgçf prdbufta huáftj tgdlpj sd puded utgkgzar
dk egøxgej ed hkjrj. Dstj edpdfed ed ka df`drldeae y ed ka
ejsgs. Df ejsgs pdqudñas fj edmd camdr prjmkdlas fg sgqugdra a
luy karbj pkazj, hjlj gfeghaf kas prudmas hkìfghas jmtdfgeas
hjf ratjfds y amdias euraftd ejs añjs. Ed cdhcj, dk rdsgeuj qud
edia dk egøxgej ed hkjrj ds jxìbdfj y ufjs pjhjs lgkgbraljs ed
sak, qud dk hudrpj kjs amsjrmd, ds gfjhuj gfhkusj para
pdrsjfas a qugdfds ka sak dstá edsahjfsdiaea.
2. Xd puded utgkgzar dk tgdlpj qud haea ufj kj vda fdhdsargj. Df
tdjrìa tjea ka vgea, pdrj talpjhj vdj razøf para dstj. Cay qud
dshuhcar dk hudrpj y huafej dstá lak pjedljs rdhurrgr ak
egøxgej ed hkjrj, para ayuearkd df su rdhupdrahgøf, apjrtafej
jxìbdfj a tjeas kas zjfas áhgeas y df`drlas.
3. Tfa ejsgs akta ed HE df ayufas puded hausar vølgtj. Dk
hkjrgtj søeghj (FAHkJ=) ahgeghaej (<ahtgvaej) prjvjha ufa
sdbufea rdahhgøf df dk dstølabj, a eg`drdfhga edk HEX. Cay qud
dstuegar mgdf dk hasj, para samdr quç prjtjhjkj ds dk qud sd
apkgha sdbùf ka urbdfhga edk hasj. Df hasjs sdfsgmkds sgdlprd
sd edmd dlpdzar hjf HEX.
7. Ahtgvaej hjf áhgej hìtrghj puded prjvjhar df pdrsjfas
sdfsgmkds ahgejsgs gftdstgfak y lakdstar, hgtrjmahtdr y akbufjs
cjfbjs (vdr hapìtukj 4 edk kgmrj Xakue ^rjcgmgea).

1>. Udfdr df hudfta dk dstaej, pdsj y deae ed ka pdrsjfa.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
11. Ka dqugvakdfhga ed gfbdstgøf dftrd dk HE (LLX) y dk HEX

aprjxglaea, sd ca dstamkdhgej df 1 lk. ed HEX < 1 bjta ed HE
(LLX) ahtgvaea. Aufqud hgdftìhaldftd fj ds edk tjej
hjrrdhtj, sd dstamkdhd asì tdfgdfej df hudfta ka rdahhgøf
sdhufearga df dk dstølabj.
1=. Aftds ed gfghgar huakqugdr prjtjhjkj, hjlprjmaljs prgldrj ka
hjlpatgmgkgeae para dvgtar d`dhtjs aevdrsjs. âra dstj, sd ldzhka
ufa bjta ed hkjrgtj søeghj (ak =4%) hjf ufa bjta ed áhgej
hkjrcìerghj (5%), sd dspdra uf lgfutj casta qud dstç alargkkj
álmar y sd añaedf 1>> lk ed abua y pjstdrgjrldftd sd gfbgdrd.
Xg euraftd kas prøxglas ejs cjras, fj cay d`dhtjs aevdrsjs, sd
puded gfghgar dk prjtjhjkj.
Df hasj ed sjmrdejsghahgøf9
▰ Xd puded tjlar ufjs vasjs ed abua hjf mgharmjfatj j zulj
kghuaej ed ufas lafzafas `rdshas.
▰ Xdbugr prjtjhjkj dstamkdhgej.
Df hasj ed lakdstar9
▰ ûded jhurrgr qud HE edstruya patøbdfjs lás edprgsa ed kj qud dk
jrbafgslj puded dkglgfar.
▰ Pjkvdr a ka ejsgs edk eìa aftdrgjr j rdeuhgr lás.
Dk lakdstar puded dstar jhasgjfaej pjr9

1. Ka braf haftgeae ed patøbdfjs qud sd dkglgfaf ak lgslj tgdlpj.
=. Ka tjxghgeae prjpga qud kjs patøbdfjs df sì vudkhaf sjmrd dk sgstdla.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
Akbufjs d`dhtjs sdhufeargjs lafg`dstaejs9

▰ Lakdstar bdfdrak, hafsafhgj (layjr qud dk qud prjvjha ka
prjpga df`drldeae), fáusdas, egarrda, vølgtj df akbùf hasj.
Tfa hjsa luy eg`drdftd ds huafej ka df`drldeae rdqugdrd haftgeaeds

luy aktas, kj qud suhded huafej sd trata ed ufa df`drldeae
tdrlgfak, bravd, j ed eg`ìhgk rdhupdrahgøf. Casta ka `dhca fj dxgstdf
gfeghgjs rdpjrtaejs ed d`dhtjs fdbatgvjs dfzglátghjs j ed jxgeahgøf
ed lgfdrakds dsdfhgakds.
Df tjej hasj cay akbufas pdrsjfas qud caf cdhcj hjlj rutgfa,
haea ufa j ejs sdlafas uf eìa ed pausa, tjlafej `ruta euraftd dsd
eìa ed amstdfhgøf. Jtras pdrsjfas utgkgzaf prjtjhjkjs ed trds
sdlafas hjf ufa sdlafa ed edshafsj, para kudbj cahdr jtras trds
sdlafas hjfsdhutgvas.
Df lg jpgfgøf, dstj ds vákgej, ya qud cay qud dshuhcar quç ds kj qud
fjs pged dk hudrpj, ka geda ds ldijrar y fj `jrzar pjrqud sì.
QTÇ FJ HJLD] FG MDMD]

1. Dspahgar kas ejsgs ed kas hjlgeas ¼ cjra y df kjs ldeghaldftjs
1 j = cjras.
=. Yuljs aftgjxgeaftds dspdrar lìfglj 5 cjras, ldijr dvgtar.
8. ^rd`drdftdldftd, fj ldzhkar HE hjf9 ha`ç, akhjcjk, mgharmjfatj,
vgtalgfa H, áhgej ashørmghj, zulj ed farafia, hjfsdrvaftds
j supkdldftjs (aftgjxgeaftds), aufqud fj sudkdf cahdr
gftdrahhgøf, pudedf fdutrakgzar ka dhahga edk egøxgej ed
hkjrj

Buìa Dsdfhgak
HTDXUGJFDX ED XAMJ]
âra egsglukar su samjr, sjmrd tjej su jkjr9
 HEX apdfas samd y ds `áhgk ed tjlar. Dk áhgej edk

ahtgvaejr edmd sdr CHK (áhgej hkjrcìerghj) ak 5%.
 Ujlarkj edsed ufa mjtdkka para dvgtar dvapjrahgøf edk
bas df ka fargz.
 Ujlarkj `rìj. ^jr edmaij ed 11¹ H dk bas ed egøxgej ed
hkjrj fj dvapjra.
 ^jfdrkd uf hcjrrgtj ed hjka. Ldzhkarkj hjf kdhcd ed arrjz
(mgmdrøf, vasj).
 ^jfdr 1/5 ed abua ed lar y dk rdstj abua lgfdrak.
 Yuljs ed `rutas fj kjs rdhjlgdfej, ya qud ldrlaf
ka dhahga pjr sus aftgjxgeaftds faturakds.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
^]JUJHJKJX
Qugdrj prdsdftar aquì, uf sgstdla fudvj ed prjtjhjkjs pjr kdtras,
ka razøf ds sglpkd ya qud luhcas vdhds sd edmdf hjlmgfar vargjs
prjtjhjkjs sdbùf para quç df`drldeae, asì qud sd pudedf hjlmgfar
`áhgkldftd kjs prjtjhjkjs para su layjr dhahga. Xç qud a akbufjs
kds va a sjfar rarj, pdrj edmgej a ka sgtuahgøf, ds uf gftdftj ed hrdar
jredf ed lafdra `áhgk.
Kgsta ]ápgea
^rjtjhjkj A hjlj Alatdur j prgfhgpgaftd
^rjtjhjkj M hjlj Másghj (dk dqugvakdftd ak aftgbuj prjtjhjkj
1>>>)
^rjtjhjkj H hjlj HEX (aftgbuj prjtjhjkj 1>1)
^rjtjhjkj E hjlj Edrlatjkøbghj (para ka pgdk)
^rjtjhjkj D hjlj Dfdlas.
^rjtjhjkj @ hjlj @rdhudftd (aftgbuj prjtjhjkj vìrghj 114)
^rjtjhjkj B hjlj Bas (huafej ds utgkgzaej søkj dk bas)
^rjtjhjkj C hjlj Camgtahgøf (para dvgtar hjftabgjs)
^rjtjhjkj G hjlj Gfsdhtjs y pghaeuras
^rjtjhjkj I hjlj df Iuabud muhak
^rjtjhjkj O hjlj O gt, hjlmgfaej hjf ELXJ ak 2>%
^rjtjhjkj K hjlj Kavaej (prjtjhjkj ed mañj)
^rjtjhjkj L hjlj Lakarga (hjf ejsgs aktas)
^rjtjhjkj F hjlj Fgñjs y aejkdshdftds
^rjtjhjkj J hjlj J`takljkøbghj / Jtjrrgfj (fasak)
^rjtjhjkj ^ hjlj ârásgtjs (prjtjhjkj gftdfsj)
^rjtjhjkj Q hjlj Qudlaeuras
^rjtjhjkj ] hjlj ]dhtak hjf pdrgkka
^rjtjhjkj X hjlj Xdfsgmkd (hjf ejsgs luy pjhj a pjhj)
^rjtjhjkj U hjlj Udrlgfak (df`drldeaeds luy bravds)
^rjtjhjkj T hjlj Trbdfhga (aftgbuj prjtjhjkj 0 + 0 ed Hkara)
^rjtjhjkj P hjlj Pabgfak (utgkgzafej grrgbahgøf)
^rjtjhjkj R hjlj Rau ! (aedlás sd puded usar para…)
^rjtjhjkj S hjlj edtjS (edtjxghar ldtakds pdsaejs)
^rjtjhjkj W hjlj gf W dhhgøf ed HEG

^rjtjhjkj Y hjlj Yappdr (Mgjtrjcf, bdfdraejr ed `rdhudfhgas)

Buìa Dsdfhgak
^rjtjhjkj A ― Alatdur j prgfhgpgaftd
Dk prjtjhjkj A j prjtjhjkj ALAUDT] j prgfhgpgaftd ds uf

prjtjhjkj para pdrsjfas qud sd gfghgaf df dstjs tratalgdftjs,
gfsdburas j euejsas, para prjmkdlas ldfjrds j talmgçf para
laftdfglgdftj bdfdrak.
Kas bjtas sd ahtgvaf sgdlprd df rdkahgøf 191, añaegdfej 1>> lk ed
abua para egkugr pjstdrgjrldftd.
Aftds ed gfghgar huakqugdr prjtjhjkj, hjlprjmaljs prgldrj ka

hjlpatgmgkgeae (rdbka bdfdrak 1=) para dvgtar d`dhtjs aevdrsjs.
1 eìa 9 Aftds ed ejrlgr. 8 bjtas ahtgvaeas (df rdkahgøf 191)

añaegdfej 1>>-=>> lk ed abua, dk prgldr eìa ed
tratalgdftj.
= eìa 9 Tfa cjra edspuçs edk edsayufj 8 bjtas ahtgvaeas añaegdfej
=>> lk ed abua, y jtras 8 bjtas ahtgvaeas añaegdfej 1>>-=>>
lk ed abua, aftds ed ejrlgr.
8 eìa 9 Xd tjlaf kas ejs ejsgs aftdrgjrds, edspuçs edk edsayufj y
aftds ed ejrlgr, añaegdfej jtra ejsgs ufa cjra edspuçs ed
hjldr.
Xd sgbud hjf kas lgslas 8 ejsgs, ufa cjra edspuçs edk edsayufj,
hjlgea y aftds ed ejrlgr, dk tgdlpj fdhdsargj edk tratalgdftj, casta
qud sd sgdfta rdhupdraej.
Dstd prjtjhjkj ds aptj para sdr apkghaej a karbj pkazj y talmgçf
sgrvd ed laftdfglgdftj.
]dsuldf prjtjhjkj A
Eìa 1 Eìa = Eìa 8

Edsayufj (1 cjra edspuçs) 8 bjtas 8 bjtas
Hjlgea (1 cjra edspuçs) 8 bjtas

Aftds ed ahjstarsd 8 bjtas 8 bjtas 8 bjtas

Buìa Dsdfhgak
^rjtjhjkj M ― Másghj (Aftgbuj prjtjhjkj 1>>>)
Dk prjtjhjkj M j prjtjhjkj MÁXGHJ ds dk qud lás sd utgkgza y ds

dqugvakdftd ak prjtjhjkj 1>>> ed Igl Culmkd.
Kas bjtas sd ahtgvaf sgdlprd df rdkahgøf 191, añaegdfej ed 1>> a =>>
lk ed abua para egkugr pjstdrgjrldftd.

hjlpatgmgkgeae (rdbka bdfdrak 1=) para dvgtar d`dhtjs aevdrsjs.
Dk prjpøsgtj edk prjtjhjkj M ds kkdbar a tjlar ed `jrla høljea 9

 Ejsgs ed 8 bjtas ahtgvaeas haea cjra
 Euraftd 3 cjras egargas (gfhrdldftafej sg ds fdhdsargj)
 Euraftd 8 sdlafas sdbugeas
¡Dstj cahd uf tjtak ed =5 bjtas ak eìa!
1. Camgtuakldftd sd hjlgdfza hjf ufa ejsgs maia ed 0 bjtas

egargas ahtgvaeas, añaegçfejkas a ufa mjtdkka ed 1 a 1,4 kgtrjs
ed abua, euraftd kjs 8 prgldrjs eìas.
=. Edspuçs sd auldfta ka ejsgs a ufas 1= bjtas ahtgvaeas,
añaegçfejkas a ufa mjtdkka ed 1 a 1,4 kgtrjs ed abua, euraftd kjs
prøxgljs 5 eìas.
8. Edspuçs casta 13 bjtas egargas, añaegçfejkas a ufa mjtdkka ed 1
a 1,4 kgtrjs ed abua, euraftd 2 eìas.
5. @gfakldftd casta =5 bjtas, añaegçfejkas a ufa mjtdkka ed 1 a
1,4 kgtrjs ed abua, euraftd uf pdrìjej ed 2 eìas lás.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
Ka ejsgs egarga sgdlprd edmd tjlarsd a kj karbj edk eìa, egvgegea ed 3

a 1= partds (pudedf cahdrsd larhas df ka mjtdkka).
Ds rdhjldfeamkd ahtgvar ka ejsgs egarga
hjrrdspjfegdftd haea lañafa, y añaegrka
df ufa mjtdkka ed 1 a 1,4 kgtrjs ed abua d gr
mdmgdfej haea cjra uf pjhj, euraftd dk rdstj
edk tratalgdftj, huya eurahgøf dstáfear ds
ed trds sdlafas, j dk tgdlpj fdhdsargj ed
tratalgdftj, casta qud sd sgdfta rdhupdraej.
Xg sd dxpdrgldftaf fáusdas, sd rdeuhgrá ka
ejsgs ak fgvdk aftdrgjr.
]dsuldf prjtjhjkj M
0 bjtas 9 8 eìas df ufa mjtdkka ed 1 a 1,4 kgtrjs ed

abua 1= bjtas 9 5 eìas df ufa mjtdkka ed 1 a 1,4
kgtrjs ed abua 3 bjtas 9 2 eìas df ufa mjtdkka ed 1
a 1,4 kgtrjs ed abua =5 bjtas 9 2 eìas df ufa
mjtdkka ed 1 a 1,4 kgtrjs ed a ua
Huaftj lás df`drla dstç ufa pdrsjfa, lás kdftj tgdfd qud sdr dk
auldftj ed ka ejsgs.
▰ âra ufa pdrsjfa luy df`drla sd edmd dlpdzar pjr ufa ejsgs
fj layjr ed 0 bjtas df uf eìa, d gr auldftafej ka ejsgs
prjbrdsgvaldftd.
▰ Ka vdftaia ed prdpararkj df ufa mjtdkka ds qud rdsukta lás `áhgk
ed trafspjrtar y tjlar.
▰ ^jedljs sdñakar ka ejsgs hjf dxahtgtue hjf uf larhaejr cahgdfej
rayas df ka mjtdkka, para rdpartgrkas mgdf a kj karbj edk eìa.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
Glpjrtaftd ed rdhjrear9
 ]dhudred qud dk Hkjrgtj sgdlprd sd ldzhka hjf dk ahtgvaejr,
qud dstá df ufa mjtdkka eg`drdftd.
 Kas ejsgs pdqudñas ed `jrla rdpdtgtgva sjf lás d`dhtgvas,
qud kas ejsgs brafeds pjr ka lañafa y pjr ka fjhcd.
 Ujld taftj HE hjlj ustde pudea, sgf qud kd hausd
fáusdas, egarrda j uf lakdstar bravd. Df hasj ed lakdstar
egslgfuya ka ejsgs, pdrj sgba hjf dk tratalgdftj.
 Dvgtd supkdldftjs ed vgtalgfa H y jtrjs aftgjxgeaftds, hjlj
lìfglj euraftd = cjras aftds y edspuçs ed tjlar HE, ya
qud rdeuhdf su d`dhtgvgeae.
 Laftdfba uf prjbrala ed futrghgøf aedhuaej, para prjtdbdr su
sgstdla gflufjkøbghj.
 ûded hjlmgfar dk HE hjf abua ed lar egkugea, para
rdhupdrar ka lgfdrakgzahgøf aedhuaea df su hudrpj.
 Xg edspuçs ed uf tgdlpj vudkvd a rdpdtgr dk prjtjhjkj,
dlpgdhd edsed dk prgfhgpgj hjf 0 bjtas egargas ahtgvaeas,
gfhrdldftafej kas ejsgs, sdbùf mgdfdstar.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
^rjtjhjkj H ― HEX (dk aftgbuj prjtjhjkj 1>1)

Dk prjtjhjkj H j prjtjhjkj HEX ds uf prjtjhjkj ufgvdrsak, aptj para
ka layjrìa ed kjs tratalgdftjs. Ds `áhgk ed rdakgzar y práhtghaldftd
hardhd ed d`dhtjs sdhufeargjs fj edsdaejs, hjf kj huak sdrìa dk
rdhjldfeaej para ka layjrìa ed kjs tratalgdftjs.
Dk prjtjhjkj H hjfsgstd df tjlar 1 lk ed HEX >,8% (< 8>>>

ppl) egkugej df abua haea cjra, euraftd 1> vdhds ak eìa (pjr
dsta razøf df akbufjs kubards, talmgçf ds kkalaej
prjtjhjkj 11>).
1. Xd añaedf 1> lk ed HEX 8>>> ppl (j 1>> lk ed HEX 8>>

ppl) a 1 kgtrj ed abua, pjr eìa.
=. Xd tjla haea cjra ufa partd, casta tdrlgfar dk hjftdfgej ed
ka mjtdkka (ed 3 a 1= tjlas).
8. Df hasj ed df`drldeae bravd j pdkgbrj para ka vgea edmd
dkdvarsd ka ejsgs, kdfta y prjbrdsgvaldftd, df ejsgs sdparaeas,
tjlaeas a kj karbj edk eìa y sdbùf hjlj sd sgdfta, kkdbafej
casta 8> lk pjr kgtrj ed abua.
5. Xg ùdra fdhdsargj tjlar lás, cay qud prdparar jtra mjtdkka ed
abua. Edmd rdeuhgrsd ka ejsgs sg sd sgdftd lakdstar j fáusdas. Fj
sd edmdf supdrar 3> lk df 1= tjlas egargas (0 lk/c para 1>>
ob).
4. Ka eurahgøf edk tratalgdftj sdrìa dk tgdlpj fdhdsargj, casta qud
sd sgdfta rdhupdraej.
Fjtas9
▰ Dk prjtjhjkj H ds dk qud sd utgkgza para pjedr tratar ka layjrìa
ed kas df`drldeaeds y talmgçf para cahdr ufa kglpgdza bdfdrak
ed tjxgfas j –eçtjx‗. Ds talmgçf uf prjhdeglgdftj ed
edsgftjxghahgøf, prjmamkdldftd dk lás dhaz qud sd hjfjhd.
Casta ka `dhca fj ea prjmkdlas ed d`dhtjs sdhufeargjs j

gftdrahhgjfds gfedsdaeas, y fj sudkd hausar egarrda.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
▰ Xg sd dstáf tjlafej jtrjs ldeghaldftjs, edmd laftdfdr ufa

egstafhga pruedfhgak ed tgdlpj, ed ufa a ejs cjras, para qud fj
sd pgdrea ka dhahga edk HEX. Xd puded añaegr » partd ed abua ed
lar, df hasj ed edslgfdrakgzahgøf.
]dsuldf prjtjhjkj H
HEX/eìa Ujlas egargas Ejsgs

(1 kgtrj abua) pjr cjra
Kglpgdza bdfdrak 1> lk 1> 1 lk
Df`drldeae bravd 8> lk 1> 8 lk
Hasjs dxtrdljs 3> lk 1= 0.2 lk
1> lk ed HEX 8>>> ppl (j 1>> lk ed HEX 8>> ppl)
+ 1 kgtrj ed abua, pjr eìa.
^rjtjhjkj E ― Edrlatjkøbghj (para ka pgdk)
Dk prjtjhjkj E j prjtjhjkj ED]LAUJKØBGHJ utgkgza sgdlprd dk

HEX, ya qud fj edia rdsgeuj áhgej ed fgfbùf tgpj, gfhkusj sd puded
apkghar egrdhtaldftd sgf egkugr, ya qud su pC ds fdutrj y ed dsta
lafdra puded sdr apkghaej euraftd lás tgdlpj sgf hausar
grrgtahgjfds.
Xg fj sd egspjfd ed HEX, sd puded utgkgzar dk HE hjlj
aktdrfatgva, ahtgvafej =4 bjtas y añaegdfej 0> lk ed abua (ejs
jfzas ed abua) df uf pukvdrgzaejr ed spray ed adrjsjk. Hdrrafej
mgdf dk `rashj, ka ldzhka tdferá ufa eurahgøf ed ufa sdlafa j
gfhkusj akbj lás, dk hjkjr gfeghará dk braej ed hjfhdftrahgøf
rdstaftd, laftdfdrkj buareaej df uf kubar `rdshj y jshurj. Kas
bjtas sd ahtgvaf sgdlprd df rdkahgøf 191.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
Xd kkdfa uf pukvdrgzaejr ed spray hjf HEX >,8% (8>>> ppl)

y sd apkgha sjmrd ka zjfa a`dhtaea
Xd apkgha egrdhtaldftd sjmrd ka pgdk df hasj ed9
 cdrgeas
 qudlaeuras
 jtrjs prjmkdlas hutáfdjs
Ka sjkuhgøf fj edmd hausar arejr j qudlazøf, lás mgdf hakla dk

ejkjr y dk safbraej. Xd puded rdpdtgr ka jpdrahgøf vargas vdhds ak eìa
(gfhkusj 1 vdz pjr cjra). Df akbufjs hasjs sdfsgmkds, hjlj kas
luhjsas, puded sdr fdhdsargj rdmaiar ka hjfhdftrahgøf hjf uf pjhj
ed abua.
Aevdrtdfhgas9
1. Df dk rarj hasj ed sdftgr qudlazøf j arejr sd rdhjlgdfea kavar
hjf abua.
=. Xd edsahjfsdia usar ka aftgbua `ørluka edk LLX, ya qud
hjftgdfd áhgej hìtrghj hjlj ahtgvaejr, y sd ca pjegej jmsdrvar
qud huafej cay prdsdfhga ed Hgtrjmahtdr, ka gf`dhhgøf
dlpdjra, ya qud dsta mahtdrga sd futrd edk hgtratj søeghj
sjmraftd ed ka rdahhgøf.
8. Xg sd edsda layjr pdfdtrahgøf a travçs ed ka pgdk sd puded
hjlmgfar hjf ELXJ ak 2>%.
5. âra dstj prdparaljs ejs mjtdkkas ed spray gfedpdfegdftds, ufa
hjf ELXJ ak 2>% y jtra hjf HEX j =4 bjtas ahtgvaeas ed HE,
para añaegr a ufa mjtdkka ed 0> lk ed abua (hjlj dfufhgç
aftdrgjrldftd). Cardljs apkghahgjfds hjf almas
gftdrhakafej ufa y jtra.
4. Kj lás aedhuaej ds dk HEX 8>>> ppl sgf egkugr y rjhgafej df
spray, pjr su pC fdutrj.

0. Xd puded rdpdtgr ka jpdrahgøf vargas vdhds ak eìa (casta 1 vdz

pjr cjra).

Buìa Dsdfhgak
^rjtjhjkj D ― Dfdlas
Dk prjtjhjkj D j prjtjhjkj Dfdlas, ds ufj ed kjs prjtjhjkjs lás
dhahds apartd ed ka gfbdstgøf, ya qud pdrlgtd amsjrmdr dk egøxgej
ed hkjrj a travçs ed kas pardeds edk hjkjf, qud a su vdz kj kkdvaf pjr
ka vdfa pjrta* egrdhtaldftd ak cìbaej, y pjr kj taftj dstá luy
gfeghaej para tjejs kjs prjmkdlas cdpátghjs, df`drldeaeds hrøfghas,
gftjxghahgjfds, egvdrtghu- kgtgs, dkglgfahgøf ed parásgtjs y
luhjsgeaeds eañgfas gftdstgfakds.
Kas bjtas sd ahtgvaf sgdlprd df rdkahgøf 191.
^rjhdeglgdftj9
1. Ttgkgzar uf ogt ed grrgbahgøf. Xudkdf sdr ed = kgtrjs
aprjxglaealdftd y sd hjkjha ≃ 1 ldtrj lás arrgma ed ka
pdrsjfa.
=. Xd kkdfa dk grrgbaejr ed abua y sd prdparaf kas bjtas df uf vasj
apartd. Tfa vdz ahtgvaejs sd ldzhkaf hjf dk abua edk
grrgbaejr.
8. Ttgkgzar 1> bjtas ed HE ahtgvaej (j 1> lk ed HEX para hasjs
sdfsgmkds) pjr haea kgtrj ed abua tdlpkaea, a tdlpdratura edk
hudrpj aprjxglaealdftd.
5. Xd apkgha uf pjhj ed vasdkgfa j hrdla a ka pufta edk lgslj,
lgdftras sd gftrjeuhd df dk rdhtj.
4. Ka ldijr pjsghgøf ds dstar tulmaej df dk kaej edrdhcj para
àhgkgtar ka pdfdtrahgøf `áhgk edk abua.
0. Xd amrd ka vákvuka y dlpgdza a kkdfarsd dk hjkjf. Xd puded
cahdr df vargas tafeas pdqudñas j talmgçf ed ufa sjka vdz,
sdbùf kas hjfeghgjfds y dk mgdfdstar ed ka pdrsjfa.
2. Xd gftdfta rdtdfdr dk kìqugej euraftd ufjs 8 lgfutjs aftds ed
dvahuar, para gfhrdldftar ka dhahga. Lás ed 4 lgfutjs fj ds
fdhdsargj.

1> bjtas ahtgvaeas ed HE pjr haea kgtrj ed abua tdlpkaea j hjlj

aktdrfatgva 1> lk ed HEX pjr haea kgtrj ed abua tdlpkaea.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
Dstd prjtjhjkj ds dsdfhgak df hasjs ed df`drldeaeds hrøfghas

cdpátghas, parasgtjsgs, autgslj y edlás df`drldeaeds
bastrjgftdstgfakds.
@rdhudfhga edk tratalgdftj9
Xdbùf dk braej ed ka df`drldeae y hjfeghgøf edk pahgdftd, sd sudkd
apkghar casta ufa vdz ak eìa, prd`drgmkdldftd pjr ka fjhcd, aftds
ed ejrlgr.
Hjlj rdbka bdfdrak sd utgkgza haea ejs j trds eìas euraftd ufa j
ejs sdlafas. Cay rdpjrtds ed pdrsjfas qud caf utgkgzaej dstd
prjtjhjkj casta ejs vdhds ak eìa, euraftd uf tgdlpj prjkjfbaej, para
df`drldeaeds bravds, sgf camdr tdfgej d`dhtjs fdbatgvjs sdhufeargjs
df ka layjrìa ed kjs hasjs. Kj ldijr sdrìa aeaptarkj a haea
pdrsjfa.
Xd kd puded añaegr abua ed lar9 1 partd abua ed lar + 8 ed abua eukhd.
A luhcas pdrsjfas kds ca rdsuktaej luy ùtgk dk sgstdla WJBTG9
 8 fjhcds sdbugeas
 8 fjhcds9 ufa sì y ufa fj
 8 fjhcds9 haea 8 eìas
 8 fjhcds, ufa pjr sdlafa
Aufqud dstd prjtjhjkj ds dhaz, para cdljrrjgeds y suras rdhtakds
ds lás `áhgk apkghar dk prjtjhjkj ] ed ]dhtak hjf pdrgkka.
Fjtas9
▰ Ka layjrìa ed kas df`drldeaeds tgdfdf su jrgbdf df dk sgstdla
bástrghj gftdstgfak.
▰ HE dkglgfa ka tjxghgeae y edscahd kas aecdrdfhgas.
▰ Xg sd dkglgfa ka tjxghgeae, sd rdeuhd ka àtgba.
▰ HE dkglgfa mgjkl, mahtdrgas, háfegeas, cjfbjs, latdrga `dhak
dfhapsukaea y parásgtjs.

▰ A travçs edk hjkjf tdfdljs ahhdsj rápgej ak cìbaej pjr ka vdfa

pjrta.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
▰ Dk hgrhugtj safbuìfdj pasa pjr dk cìbaej haea 8 lgfutjs. Ds ufa

lafdra `áhgk y rápgea ed edsgftjxghar dk cìbaej y ka safbrd.
▰ Dhaz df df`drldeaeds hrøfghas y autjgflufds.
▰ Df ka aftgbûdeae ya kj samìaf, casta kjs añjs 0> dra hjlùf dsta
práhtgha.
▰ Df ka ahtuakgeae sd ca pdregej, ya qud sd vd hjlj akbj suhgj.
▰ Ds uf lçtjej másghj ed hurahgøf cgfeù.
▰ Ds glprdshgfegmkd df tdrapgas ed edtjxghahgøf.
▰ 1 edpjsghgøf egarga, sgbfgha sakue gftdstgfak.
▰ Dstd prjtjhjkj sustgtuyd uf tratalgdftj jrak df ka layjrìa ed
kjs hasjs.
^rjtjhjkj @ ― @rdhudftd (aftgbuj prjtjhjkj vìrghj 114)
Dk prjtjhjkj @ j prjtjhjkj @]DHTDFUD, hjfsgstd df tjlar 1 lk ed

HEX >,8% (8>>> ppl sjkuhgøf ed egøxgej ed hkjrj) haea 14 lgfutjs
df 14> lk. ed abua (df su ed`dhtj ed = a 8 bjtas ahtgvaeas ed HE),
euraftd 1 cjra y 54 lgfutjs, ds edhgr, df 3 tjlas. Dstd prjtjhjkj dstá
gfeghaej prgfhgpak- ldftd para tratalgdftjs ed df`drldeaeds vìrghas
gf`dhhgjsas rdpdftgfas.
Xd rdeuhd dk tratalgdftj a søkj ejs cjras egargas y
pjstdrgjrldftd sd puded dfkazar hjf dk prjtjhjkj H dk tgdlpj
fdhdsargj edk tratalgdftj, casta qud sd sgdfta rdhupdraej.
1 lk ed HEX haea 14 lgfutjs euraftd 1 cjra y 54 lgfutjs

df 3 tjlas
< 3 lk ed HEX df 1 kgtrj ed abua
Xd puded abrdbar ed 3 a 1> lk ed HEX >,8% df ufa mjtdkka ed uf

kgtrj ed abua (edstgkaea j lgfdrak) y egvgegr ka mjtdkka df 3 partds

gbuakds,

Buìa Dsdfhgak
larháfejkas hjf ufas kìfdas, d gr mdmgdfej ufa larha haea

qugfhd lgfutjs.
Df hasj ed fj egspjfdr ed HEX sd puded talmgçf utgkgzar ufa
bjta ahtgvaea pjr haea lk ed HEX.
Fjtas9
1. 14 lgfutjs edspuçs ed ka ùktgla ejsgs (= cjras edspuçs edk
hjlgdfzj edk prjtjhjkj @, sd puded hjftgfuar hjf prjtjhjkj H
j M sg sd hrdd fdhdsargj casta rdhupdrahgøf.
=. Xg sakgljs ed hasa, kkdvardljs dk tratalgdftj hjf fjsjtrjs,
prd`d- rgmkdldftd a tdlpdratura `rdsha df uf tdrlj j dfvjktjrgj
agskaftd.
8. Ds glprdshgfegmkd y luy glpjrtaftd, fj tjlar ldeghaldftjs,
fg hjlgeas, df ka cjra prdvga y ka cjra pjstdrgjr a dstas ejs
cjras ed tjlas edk HEX j HE.
5. Ualpjhj sd rdhjlgdfea cahdrkj df ayufas. Xg ds fdhdsargj sd
puded rdpdtgr dk prjtjhjkj ufas cjras lás tared.
^rjtjhjkj B ― Bas (huafej ds utgkgzaej søkj dk bas)

Dk prjtjhjkj B partd ed ka masd ed qud dk mdfdhgj huratgvj vgdfd
eaej pjr ka apkghahgøf egrdhta edk prjpgj bas egøxgej ed hkjrj, qud sd
puded bdfdrar taftj df dk ldegj gftdrfj, hjlj df dk ldegj
dxtdrfj. Ka pgdk ùfhgjfa hjlj ufa ldlmrafa jsløtgha, hapaz ed
gftdrhalmgar edsed dk gftdrgjr cahga dk dxtdrgjr y vghdvdrsa,
tdfgdfej su prjpga trafspgrahgøf.
▰ Ka dxpjsghgøf ak bas egøxgej ed hkjrj, ds ufa lafdra ed humrgr
brafeds supdrhgds hjrpjrakds ed lafdra dhaz j ed tratar
puftuak- ldftd ufa zjfa. Ds dhaz, pdrj edmdljs tdfdr df
hudfta dk tgdlpj ed dxpjsghgøf, sg ds luy karbj pjr dfhgla ed 4
lgfutjs, pjerìa hausar grrgtahgøf.
▰ Dstd ds uf prjtjhjkj para usj dxtdrfj.

▰ Fufha sd edmd rdspgrar dk bas ed lafdra prjkjfbaea.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
▰ ûded sdr utgkgzaej ed vargas `jrlas, para supdrhgds brafeds y

para supdrhgds pdqudñas.
UG^JX ED ^]JUJHJKJX ED BAX9

1. ^rjtjhjkj vasj ed supdrhgd pdqudña. Xd puded ahtgvar df uf
vasj para humrgr supdrhgds pdqudñas, j edsgf`dhtar partds edk
hudrpj.
=. ^rjtjhjkj mjksa ed supdrhgd brafed. Xd puded ahtgvar df uf
rdhgpgdftd edftrj ed ufa mjksa ed braf talañj para humrgr
brafeds supdrhgds ed ka pgdk j gfhkusj dk hudrpj dftdrj.
^]JUJHJKJ PAXJ
1. Xd ahtgvaf ed 0 a 3 bjtas ed
HE, df uf vasj, sgf añaegr
abua.
=. Xd pjfd ed lafdra gfldegata
ka zjfa a`dhtaea sjmrd ka
partd amgdrta edk vasj (ka
mjha), ed lafdra qud fj sakba
dk bas, y sgf qud dk kìqugej df
fgfbùf
ljldftj tjqud ka pgdk.
Apkghahgøf edk bas df dk árda
Ka eurahgøf ed ka dxpjsghgøf, kdsgjfaea edk mrazj prjvjhaea pjr
Xtapcykjhjhhus.
camgtuakldftd, ds ed 8 lgfutjs y
fj edmd pasar ed kjs 4 lgfutjs para
fj hausar grrgtahgøf.
Xd puded rdpdtgr kas vdhds fdhdsargas, hjf uf gftdrvakj ed 1 cjra haea
vdz.
Dk lgslj bas qud dvapjra, edsgf`dhta sgf fdhdsgeae ed ljiar.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
Dstj puded sdr luy ùtgk talmgçf

df tratalgdftjs para prjmkdlas ed
jìej, ejfed sd tapa ka apdrtura edk
vasj apjyafej dfhgla ka jrdia ed
ljej qud dk bas pudea kkdbar lás
prjùfej a ka zjfa gf`dhtaea, ejfed
dk abua a vdhds fj kkdba pjr
prjmkdlas ed gfalahgøf, ka huak
dstrdhca dk hjfeuhtj edk jìej.
Apkghahgøf edk bas egøxgej ed
▰ Dk bas egøxgej ed hkjrj ds hkjrj df dk jìej.
dxtrdla- ealdftd dhgdftd para
edsgf`dhtar dk hafak auegtgvj.
▰ Df dstd hasj sd rdeuhd ka

haftgeae ed bjtas sdbùf dk
rdhgpgdftd qud sd vaya a
utgkgzar.
▰ ]dsukta luy ùtgk talmgçf df

afglakds qud camgtuakldftd fj Apkghahgøf edk bas egøxgej ed
sjpjrtaf kìqugejs df dk jìej. hkjrj df ka jrdia ed uf batj.
^]JUJHJKJ MJKXA
Dstd prjtjhjkj sd utgkgza huafej cay qud tratar brafeds

partds ed ka pgdk, j mgdf fj ds pjsgmkd ka
gfbdstgøf.
1. Df prgldr kubar fjs àmrghardljs ufa mjksa ‛bgbaftd“ hjf =
mjksas ed masura brafeds. Xd ufdf ‛kas amdrturas“ ed kas mjksas
dftrd sì hjf ufa hgfta ed pdbar, amrgdfej ufj ed kjs dxtrdljs,
ed lafdra qud fjs pdrlgta gftrjeuhgrfjs df dk gftdrgjr edk sahj
høljealdftd, qudeafej tjej tapaej, dxhdptj ka hamdza, qud

sgdlprd edmdrá pdrlafdhdr ùdra edk sahj, dvgtafej ed dsta

lafdra rdspgrar kjs vapjrds.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
=. âra qud dk bas kkdbud a tjeas kas partds, ds rdhjldfeamkd

edsfuearsd aftds ed ldtdrsd df ka mjksa.
8. Xdbugealdftd sd ahtgvaf 8> bjtas ed HE df uf rdhgpgdftd ed
hrgstak j pjrhdkafa, sgf añaegr abua, gftrjeuhgçfejkj df dk
gftdrgjr ed ka mjksa aftds ed ldtdrsd edftrj edsfuej.
5. Dk prgfhgpak jmidtgvj ds qud kjs basds qud sd kgmdraf qudedf
edftrj edk sahj edsgf`dhtafej ka pgdk, d gfhkusj pdfdtrafej
df ka hapa supdrgjr ed dkka dkglgfafej mahtdrgas, vgrus y
cjfbjs.
Apkghahgøf hjrpjrak edk bas egøxgej ed hkjrj usafej

mjksas ed pkástghj.
A tdfdr df hudfta9
▰ Dstd prjtjhjkj sustgtuyd uf tratalgdftj jrak.
▰ ]dakgzar láxglj 8 vdhds ak eìa.
▰ Xd edmd cahdr sgf rjpa para qud dk bas pdfdtrd df ka pgdk.
▰ Amarha braf supdrhgd a tratar ak lgslj tgdlpj.
▰ Dvgtar rdspgrar dk bas.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
^rjtjhjkj C ― Camgtahgøf (para dvgtar hjftabgjs)
Dk prjtjhjkj C, j prjtjhjkj CAMGUAHGØF, sd masa df dk rdsuktaej

ed ka gfvdstgbahgøf ed kjs Erds. Fjrgj Jbata y Uaoascg Xcgmata,
ejfed sd edljstrø qud haftgeaeds pdqudñas df dk agrd, dvgtaf hjftabgj
j gf`dhhgøf. Ds gedak para dvgtar dk hjftabgj j a`dhhgjfds
pukljfards.
^rjhdeglgdftj9
1. Ahtgvar 0 a 1= bjtas sdbùf dk talañj ed ka camgtahgøf df uf
vasj sdhj, sgf abrdbar abua, hjkjháfejkj df dk ejrlgtjrgj,
ejfed sd dvapjrd kdftaldftd.
=. Xu ùfhgjfalgdftj ds luy dhaz hjftra dk hjftabgj ed su
hjlpañdrj, sg çk dstá eurlgdfej a su kaej, j sg cay lás ed 1
fgñj df ka lgsla camgtahgøf.
8. Edid dk HE a ufjs = ldtrjs ed egstafhga ed ka pdrsjfa
df`drla.
5. Huaftj lás hakjr caba pjr ka camgtahgøf, lás rápgej sd
prjeuhd ka dvapjrahgøf. Xg sd qugdrd rakdftgzar dk prjhdsj ed

Fjtas9
▰ Ds uf prjtjhjkj ed kgmdrahgøf kdfta df dk almgdftd. Dkglgfa
patøbdfjs edk agrd dvgtafej hjftabgjs.
▰ Xd puded utgkgzar df ka camgtahgøf ed uf df`drlj9 hasa, cjspgtak,
dth.
▰ Df uf rdhgpgdftd ed hrgstak ahtgvar 0 bjtas pjr haea 1> l=. Dk
egøxgej ed hkjrj sd grá kgmdrafej euraftd ufas cjras. Xd rakdftgza
dk prjhdsj ed dvapjrahgøf añaegdfej ufa huhcaraea ed abua.
▰ Ediar ka pudrta dftrdamgdrta df pdqudñas camgtahgjfds.
▰ Ak eìa sgbugdftd sjkaldftd edmdljs dfhjftrar df dk `jfej edk

vasj, uf pjsj ed hrgstak sakgfj.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
^rjtjhjkj G ― Gfsdhtjs y ^ghaeuras
Df dk prjtjhjkj G, j prjtjhjkj GFXDHUJX, sd puded utgkgzar dk HE

para pghaeuras, aufqud kj lás rápgej y dhaz ds dk HEX sg dstá a
lafj.
Hjlj camgtuakldftd dk HEX sd buarea df `rgbjrìhj tgdfd ka vdftaia
ed rdeuhgr ka cgfhcazøf ed lafdra gfldegata.
Dstj puded sdr utgkgzaej para tjej tgpj ed pghaeuras ed gfsdhtjs,
ljredeuras ed arañas j ldeusas. Df hasj ed ljregshj ed sdrpgdftd,
dshjrpgøf j pghaeura ed ka raya vdfdfjsa puded sdr fdhdsargj dk
prjtjhjkj W (gfydhhgøf) ed lafdra hjlpkdldftarga.
Ualmgçf vakd para qudlaeuras.
^rjhdeglgdftj9
1. Xd dlpapa ufa basa j pañudkj ed papdk hjf HEX.
=. Apkghar egrdhtaldftd sjmrd ka pghaeura j ljregshj y ediar
sdhar.
8. Xd hjlprudma sg cay abugiøf j pgfhcj para sdr dxtraìej.
Xd puded rdpdtgr dk prjhdsj kas vdhds qud sda fdhdsargj y fj cay

Buìa Dsdfhgak
^rjtjhjkj I ― dfIuabar (prjtjhjkj mjha)
Dk prjtjhjkj I, j prjtjhjkj DF ITABTA], ds luy ùtgk para sjkuhgjfar

prjmkdlas edftakds, cakgtjsgs (lak akgdftj―edsapardhd
rápgealdftd), a`tas muhakds y cjfbjs, gfalahgjfds, edhjkjrahgjfds
ed kjs egdftds. ûded sdr utgkgzaej hjlj dfiuabud muhak j euraftd dk
hdpgkkaej edftak.
^rjhdeglgdftj9
1. Abrdbar 1> lk ed HEX df uf vasj hjf =>> lk ed abua y

dfiuabar ka mjha, cahgdfej bárbaras 8 a 5 vdhds ak eìa
euraftd 8 lgfutjs, sgf trabar.
=. Lás tared, ufa sjka vdz ak eìa.
8. Hjlj jphgøf, hdpgkkar kjs egdftds y lasaidar kas dfhìas.
5. âra kas gfalahgjfds df prjùfegeae añaegr 1 lk ed
ELXJ a ka ldzhka (vdr fjtas).
Fjtas9
▰ Aufqud sd puded utgkgzar HE talmgçf hjf 1> bjtas ahtgvaeas df
=>> lk ed abua para dk dfiuabud, dk HEX ds lás aedhuaej,
edmgej a qud su pC fdutrj fj a`dhta dk dslaktd edftak.
▰ Ca eaej dxhdkdftds rdsuktaejs aftds y edspuçs ed tjea
gftdrvdfhgøf jejftjkøbgha, dspdhgakldftd df glpkaftds ed
lafdra prdvdftgva, cahgdfej gffdhdsargj dk usj ed aftgmgøtghjs,
pjr ka gfcgmghgøf ed tjea gf`dhhgøf, edmgej a su ùdrtd pjedr
edsgf`dhtaftd.
▰ Df hasj ed sdftgr sdfsgmgkgeae a ka prdsgøf edftak ak ljredr, puded
sdr hausaej pjr ufa mjksa ed gf`dhhgøf pjr amaij edk egdftd df ka
zjfa ed kas raìhds edftakds, df dstd hasj dk hdpgkkaej fj ds
suhgdftd y sd añaed ELXJ ak 2>% a ka ldzhka.
▰ Df hasj ed ejkjr abuej edftak sd puded gfhrdldftar ka ejsgs
casta => lk ed HEX df uf vasj ed =>> lk ed abua. Xd tjla uf

trabj

Buìa Dsdfhgak
abuaftáfejkj df ka havgeae muhak euraftd ufjs ejs lgfutjs. Ka

razøf edk ejkjr abuej camgtuakldftd ds qud cay mahtdrgas edftrj
ed ufa havgeae edftak, a`dhtafej ak fdrvgj. Camgtuakldftd dk
ejkjr edsapardhd huafej ya fj dxgstdf lás futrgdftds qud
pudeaf akgldftar a kas mahtdrgas. Ed dsta lafdra, talmgçf ds
pjsgmkd a vdhds dkglgfar amshdsjs edftakds. Fj ds fdhdsargj
ahkarar hjf abua.
^rjtjhjkj O ― Ogt hjlmgfaej hjf ELXJ ak 2>%
Dk prjtjhjkj O j prjtjhjkj OGU hjlmgfaej hjf ELXJ ak 2>%

rdprdsdfta dk aftgbuj prjtjhjkj ‛LLX 8>>>“ (HE j HEX + ELXJ
apkghahgøf dxtdrfa).
Cay vdhds qud kas ejsgs jrakds fj sjf suhgdftds j fj sd

tjkdraf. Df dstjs hasjs, dk prjtjhjkj O fjs j`rdhd jtra vìa para
jmtdfdr HE df dk hudrpj hjf ka ayuea ed ELXJ. Df dstd hasj,
kas bjtas hjf ELXJ sd ahtgvaf sgdlprd df rdkahgøf 191.
Df hasg tjeas kas df`drldeaeds ed ka pgdk, hjlj ahfç, psjrgasgs,

dhzdla, pgd ed atkdta, cdrgeas, dth. sd sudkd apkghar HE ahtgvaej df ka
pgdk rdmaiaej hjf abua j HEX egrdhtaldftd, sdbugej pjr ELXJ
hjlj láxglj casta 1> vdhds ak eìa, haea cjra.
Dk ELXJ puded aelgfgstrarsd taftj vìa tøpgha, jrak j gftravdfjsa
(vdr lás gf`jrlahgøf df hapìtukjs =, 0 y 2 edk kgmrj Xakue
^rjcgmgea).
 Aftds ed gfghgar huakqugdr prjtjhjkj, hjlprjmaljs prgldrj
ka hjlpatgmgkgeae para dvgtar d`dhtjs aevdrsjs.
 ^rjmar prgldrj sg cay rdahhgøf akçrbgha ak ELXJ (df raras
jhasgjfds).
 ]dakgzar ufa apkghahgøf y dspdrar ufa cjra a ka rdahhgøf.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
1. ^rdparahgøf ed ka apkghahgøf dxtdrfa9

a. Ldzhkar => bjtas ed HE ahtgvaej hjf ufjs 4> lk ed abua df
ufa mjtdkka ed spray. Laftdfgçfejkj `rdshj y jshurj, dstas
sjkuhgjfds dstamkds abuaftaf euraftd vargjs eìas, casta ufa
sdlafa j lás. Df rdhgpgdftds ed hrgstak gfhkusj ldsds.
m. Xg sd utgkgza HEX a 8>>> ppl, apkgharkj egrdhtaldftd hjf dk
ELXJ.
h. Abrdbar 8 huhcaraegtas ed ELXJ ak 2>% (sg dstá ak 77.73%,
añaegr uf 8>% ed abua) df uf vasj pdqudñj. Fj sd edmdf
usar mjtdkkas ed pkástghj AMX j ^DU j buaftds ed bjla, ya
qud pjerìaf sdr egsudktjs pjr dk ELXJ y trafspjrtaejs a
travçs ed ka pgdk. Kas mjtdkkas ed ^D j CE^D sjf hjrrdhtas.
Apkghahgøf dxtdrfa9
a. Apkghar sgdlprd sjmrd ka pgdk kglpga sgf pdrùlds fg jtras
sustafhgas.
m. Apkghar HE casta 1> vdhds ak eìa hjlj láxglj, rjhgáfejkj
sjmrd ka pgdk, `rjtafej dk ELXJ ak 2>% pjstdrgjrldftd hjf
ka lafj.
h. Df hasj ed tratalgdftj a braf dshaka, sd aktdrfaf haea cjra
kas árdas ed ka pgdk trataea. ^jr didlpkj, ufa cjra sd trata dk
mrazj edrdhcj y ka sgbugdftd cjra dk mrazj gzqugdrej, kudbj ka
pgdrfa edrdhca y sdbugealdftd ka gzqugdrea, dstølabj,
dspakea y kudbj vjkvdr ak mrazj edrdhcj.
e. Xd cahd dstd prjhdeglgdftj 1> vdhds ak eìa euraftd 8 eìas a
ka sdlafa y kudbj sd pdrlgtd a ka pgdk rdbdfdrarsd euraftd kjs
jtrjs 5 eìas.
=. Apkghahgøf jrak9
a. Xg sd utgkgza HE, pjfdr gbuak fùldrj ed bjtas ed ELXJ qud ed
HE.
m. Xg sd utgkgza HEX, pjfdr gbuak fùldrj ed bjtas ed ELXJ

qud lgkgkgtrjs ed HEX.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
Fjta9 Xdbùf fdhdsgeae, sd puded gfhrdldftar casta ufa huhcargkka ed

ELXJ pjr haea =4> lk ed abua.
8. Pìa gftravdfjsa9 Dxhkusgvaldftd para prj`dsgjfakds ed ka

sakue.
Aevdrtdfhgas9
▰ Df hasj ed qud apardzha sdqudeae dxhdsgva df ka pgdk, cay qud
egkugr lás kas sjkuhgjfds j `rjtar akjd vdra j ahdgtd ed jkgva
vgrbdf df ka pgdk para haklarka.
▰ Df dk hasj ed apardhdr edlasgaea sdqudeae hjf grrgtahgøf,
rdeuzha ka ejsgs j edshafsd edk tratalgdftj.
▰ ûded apardhdr kgbdrj pghjr, hakjr j rjidz ljldftáfda qud ds
fjrlak y edsapardhd hjlpkdtaldftd.
▰ Df fgfbùf hasj sd edmd buarear dk ELXJ df mjtdkkas hjf
bjtdrj ed bjla, ya qud kj egkuyd hjftalgfafej ka sjkuhgøf.
▰ Xøkj edmd sdr buareaej df mjtdkkas ed pjkgdtgkdfj (^D, CE^D) j
hrgstak.
▰ Fj sd usa df dfdlas ya qud sd rdamsjrmdrìaf kas tjxgfas
prdsdftds df dk hjkjf.
▰ Dk ELXJ hausa jkjr a aij df kas luhjsas.
▰ Avgsj para tdrapdutas9 utgkgzar buaftds rdsgstdftds a kjs quìlghjs.
FTFHA ED BJLA, pjrqud sd egsudkvdf y hausaf tjxghgeae.
^rjtjhjkj K ― Kavaej (prjtjhjkj ed mañj)

Dk prjtjhjkj K, j prjtjhjkj Kavaej, hjfsgstd df uf mañj ed
edtjxgha- hgøf y ds uf rdldegj luy sglpkd. Xd trata ed ufa
cgerjtdrapga qud j`rdhd ufa aktdrfatgva para dkglgfar kjs d`dhtjs ed
kjs tøxghjs ahulukaejs qud hausaf egsùfhgøf df fudstrj jrbafgslj

y a ka vdz rdhupdrar uf hudrpj lás safj y dftjfaej.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
Fudstra pgdk pdrldamkd ds uf ørbafj qud pjsdd ka hapahgeae ed

ahtuar hjlj ufa ldlmrafa jsløtgha, pdrlgtgdfej qud sd
prjeuzha uf gftdrhalmgj dftrd dk gftdrgjr y dk dxtdrgjr ed fudstrj
hudrpj. Aedlás ed kas ejsgs df tjlas jrakds, ds pjsgmkd amsjrmdr pjr
ka pgdk egrdhtaldftd dk HE. Tfa haftgeae layjr ed HkJ= ds pudsta
df kjs ugejs hjrpjrakds y ed tdigej gftdrstghgak y sdbùf ka
dxpdrgdfhga ed qugdfds kj caf utgkgzaej, kjs rdsuktaejs sjmrd tjej
hjlmgfaejs hjf jtrjs prjtjhjkjs, sjf mastaftd rápgejs.
Ed dsta lafdra, tjea ka supdrhgd ed ka pgdk dstará df hjftahtj hjf dk
bas HkJ= euraftd => a 8> lgfutjs. âra akbufas pdrsjfas dstd
lçtjej ca supudstj uf braf avafhd edfgtgvj.
^rjhdeglgdftj9
1. Xd kglpga mgdf ka mañdra. Fj cay qud pjfdr fgfbùf iamøf fg
jtrjs prjeuhtjs quìlghjs df dk abua.
=. Xd ahtgvaf 8>-0> bjtas ed HE hjf ahtgvaejr CHk 5% df uf
vasj, edpdfegdfej ed ka haftgeae ed abua qud utgkghd. A layjr
haftgeae ed abua, lás haftgeae ed egøxgej ed hkjrj.
8. Xd kkdfa ka mañdra hjf abua a tdlpdratura hjrpjrak. Fj
añaegr iamøf, pdrùld, hcalpù, fg iubudtds ed fgñjs
prjhurafej mudfa vdftgkahgøf edk mañj.
5. Añaegr dk HE ahtgvaej df ka mañdra y ljvdr para rdpartgrkj
mgdf. Ka haftgeae ed abua fj rdeuhd ka haftgeae ed bas HkJ=
qud dstá sgdfej kgmdraej.
4. Xd tjla dk mañj ljiafej mgdf tjej dk hudrpj, gfhkusj hamdza y
hudrj hamdkkuej. Fj cay qud prdjhuparsd df dk hasj qud dftrd
abua df kjs jijs ya qud df dsta ejsgs taf egkugea dk HE fj
eaña.
0. Xd puded añaegr edspuçs lás abua hakgdftd, pjrqud dk hakjr egkata
kjs pjrjs y asì pdfdtra lás ak gftdrgjr edk jrbafgslj.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
Fjtas9
▰ Tfa sdsgøf ed mañj edmd eurar ufjs => lgfutjs y rdakgzarsd
prd`drgmkdldftd pjr ka fjhcd aftds ed ahjstarsd.
▰ Dk mañj ed edtjxghahgøf hjlj hjlpkdldftj ed tjej tratalgdftj,
ds ufa `jrla luy dhaz ed dkglgfar kjs edsdhcjs ahulukaejs df
fudstrj jrbafgslj df bdfdrak.
▰ Kas kkabas amgdrtas pjr kj bdfdrak sd huraf lás rápgealdftd
edmgej a ka ahhgøf edsgf`dhtaftd edk HE.
Gf`jrlahgjfds ùtgkds9
▰ Xd utgkgza ufa mañdra hjlpkdtaldftd kglpga y sgf iamjfds u
jtrjs aegtgvjs ed mañj. Xd puded utgkgzar dk abua edk brg`j, ya qud
dk egøxgej ed hkjrj dkglgfa kjs ldtakds pdsaejs pjr jxgeahgøf.
âra pdrsjfas luy sdfsgmkds sd puded usar abua luy hakgdftd,
ediáfejka rdpjsar ufjs lgfutjs df ka mañdra para qud sd
dvapjrd dk hkjrj hjlùf qud hjftgdfd.
▰ Kjs mañjs ed edtjxghahgøf ed abua tgmga j hakgdftd hjf =-5
ogkjs ed sak largfa sglpkd, amsjrmdf kjs áhgejs ed fudstrj
hudrpj a travçs ed ka pgdk. Ds uf prjhdsj hjfjhgej hjlj øsljsgs,
ejfed sd gftdfta laftdfdr ka edfsgeae dqugkgmraea dftrd ejs j
lás ugejs.
Asì, dk ugej ed layjr edfsgeae pasará a travçs ed ka pgdk cahga dk
ugej ed ldfjr edfsgeae hrdafej dqugkgmrgj. Ed dsta lafdra, kjs
áhgejs y tjxgfas uydf cahga ùdra ed fudstrj hudrpj. Ed ka
lgsla lafdra dk hudrpj amsjrmdrá, pjr ldegj ed kjs pjrjs ed ka
pgdk, kjs lgfdrakds ed ka sak largfa. ^jr çsta y pjr jtras
razjfds fj sd rdhjlgdfea sak yjeaea, fg hjf fgfbùf aegtgvj
quìlghj.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
^rjtjhjkj L ― Lakarga (ejsgs aktas)
Dk prjtjhjkj L, j prjtjhjkj Lakarga, ùd edsarrjkkaej pjr Igl

Culmkd, ejfed kas pdrsjfas rdqugdrdf ed ufa atdfhgøf d`dhtgva sglpkd
d gfldegata, y fj egspjfdf ed tgdlpj para uf karbj tratalgdftj.
^rjhdeglgdftj9
1. Df dk prjhdeglgdftj para ka lakarga abuea df aeuktjs sd
tjla 1 ejsgs ed 14 bjtas ed HE ahtgvaej, lás 1 sdbufea ejsgs
ed 14 bjtas ed HE ahtgvaej 1 a = cjras edspuçs.
Ka layjrìa ed kjs sìftjlas edmdrìaf camdr edsapardhgej ufas 8
cjras edspuçs ed ka sdbufea ejsgs.
=. Xg kjs sìftjlas pdrsgstdf sd apkghaf 8 bjtas pjr haea cjra
pjstdrgjrldftd.
8. Df hasj ed fáusdas sd rdeuhd ka ejsgs.
5. Xd sgbud dk tratalgdftj, pdrj fj hjf lás ed 8 bjtas pjr cjra.
4. Df hasj ed fgñjs, sd apkgha casta ufa bjta pjr haea 5 ogkjs
hjrpjrak.
âra pdrsjfas qud tdfbaf prjmkdlas df tjlar dsta haftgeae a ka vdz,
sd pudedf rdkkdfar 8 hápsukas ed bdk hjf 4 bjtas ahtgvaeas haea
ufa y tjlarkas hjf amufeaftd abua. Camgtuakldftd rdsukta lás `áhgk
y fj hausa prjmkdlas ed grrgtahgøf df ka barbafta. Xg tras dstd
prjhdeglgdftj dk pahgdftd hjftgfùa df`drlj, dftjfhds fj sdrá pjr ka
lakarga, sdrá pjr jtra df`drldeae.
Xd hjfùfed luhcas vdhds dk edfbud hjf ka lakarga, almjs sjf
trafslg- tgejs pjr uf ljsqugtj, pdrj lgdftras ka lakarga ds uf
parásgtj, dk edfbud ds uf vgrus y dk prjtjhjkj aedhuaej ds dk
prjtjhjkj @ (aftgbuj prjtjhjkj vìrghj 114).
Ualmgçf sd puded utgkgzar uf prjtjhjkj aktdrfatgvj lás avafzaej
(vdr huaerj) sg dk pahgdftd aeuktj dstá luy edmgkgtaej.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
Lakarga prjtjhjkj avafzaej

• 3 bjtas ed HE df ka 1ª cjra • 0 bjtas ed HE df ka 0ª cjra
• 4 bjtas ed HE df ka =ª cjra • 3 bjtas ed HE df ka 3ª cjra
• 4 bjtas ed HE df ka 5ª cjra • 3 bjtas ed HE ak ejrlgr
Ujtak egargj9 5> bjtas
Ka lakarga edmd edsapardhdr utgkgzafej dstd prjtjhjkj df uf sjkj

eìa. Df hasj ed qud fj rdlgta ka dmrd ak fak edk eìa, auldftar ufa
ùktgla tjla ed 1> bjtas.
âra mdmçs9 5 tjlas egargas, ed 1 bjta haea 8 cjras. Auldftar ejs
bjtas lás, sg ds fdhdsargj.
âra fgñjs9 4 tjlas egargas ed 1 bjta haea = c, pjr haea 1= ob ed
pdsj. Aelgfgstrar pjr = eìas.
^rjtjhjkj F ― Fgñjs y aejkdshdftds
Dk prjtjhjkj F, j prjtjhjkj FGÑJX W AEJKDXHDFUDX, dstá masaej

df dxpdrgdfhgas y tdstgljfgjs ed luhcas laerds.
^jr rdbka bdfdrak sd utgkgza uf láxglj ed 1 bjta ed HE ahtgvaej pjr
haea 1= ob ed pdsj hjlj ejsgs gfghgak pjr cjra, df 1>> lk j lás ed
abua. HEX sudkd sdr lás tjkdraej y sd utgkgza 1 lk ed HEX >,8%
(8>>> ppl) df 1>> lk j lás ed abua, pjr haea 1= ogkjs.

hjlpatgmgkgeae, para dvgtar d`dhtjs aevdrsjs.
Kas bjtas sd ahtgvaf sgdlprd df rdkahgøf 191, añaegdfej ed 1>> a =>>

lk ed abua.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
Cay qud jmsdrvar dk hjlpjrtalgdftj edk ldfjr sg apardhd

hafsafhgj, fáusdas, ejkjr ed marrgba, vølgtj… para aiustar ka ejsgs
sdbùf fdhdsgeae.
Bdfdrakldftd sd puded edhgr qud kj ldijr ds fj ear fgfbùf tgpj
ed ldeghaldftj j tratalgdftj casta dk añj ed vgea sg fj ds
glpdratgvj.
4 ogkjs9 8 bjtas ak eìa, rdpartgej df 1>

tjlas. Xd puded ldzhkar hjf ka
kdhcd ed arrjz.
14 ogkjs9 0 bjtas ak eìa, rdpartgej df 1> tjlas.
8> ogkjs9 3 bjtas ak eìa, rdpartgej df 1> tjlas.
5> ogkjs9 1= bjtas ak eìa, rdpartgej df 1> tjlas.
0> ogkjs9 Ejsgs aeuktjs
Fjtas9
▰ Dvgtar aftgjxgeaftds y vgtalgfa H.
▰ Kjs prjeuhtjs edmdf laftdfdrsd ùdra edk akhafhd ed kjs fgñjs.
▰ Dfvasds hjf hgdrrds a prudma ed fgñjs sjf prd`drgmkds.
^rjtjhjkj J ― J`takljkøbghj / Jtjrrgfj
Dk prjtjhjkj J, j prjtjhjkj J@UAKLJKØBGHJ/JUJ]]GFJ (fasak),

hjfsgstd df ka àmrghahgøf ed bjtas para usj j`takljkøbghj j fasak.
Dk prjhdeglgdftj ds dk sgbugdftd9 ldzhkar df uf `rashj ed

hrgstak pdqudñj hjf bjtdrj ed pjkgdtgkdfj (dk pjkgdtgkdfj (^D) ds
lás eurj qud ka bjla) ka sgbugdftd sjkuhgøf9
• 4> lk ed sudrj sgjkøbghj sakgfj
• 4 lk. ed HEX
• 8 lk. ed ELXJ ak 2>%

Buìa Dsdfhgak
Kas bjtas j`takljkøbghas j fasakds sd buarearáf df uf sgtgj

jshurj y `rdshj y tgdfdf ufa eurahgøf ed 1>>% dhahga euraftd
ufjs 8 eìas. Edspuçs egslgfuydf rápgealdftd, asì qud sd
rdhjlgdfea vjkvdr a prdparar fudvaldftd. Fj cay pdkgbrj ed
gf`dhhgøf, edmgej a qud ds uf kìqugej edsgf`dhtaftd, sglpkdldftd qud ka
dhahga sd ldrla hjf kjs eìas.
JIJX9 Apkghar 4 bjtas ed ka sjkuhgøf haea = cjras df dk

jij a`dhtaej.
JÌEJX9 HEX9 Añaegr ed = a 5 lk ed HEX ak >.8% (8>>>

ppl) a 8> lk (ufa jfza) ed abua tgmga. Kkdfar dk
bjtdrj d gftrjeuhgrkj df dk jìej ahjstaej ed kaej,
ediáfejkj euraftd 1 j = lgfutjs y kglpgar dk kìqugej
sjmraftd hjf uf pañudkj ak kdvaftarsd.
HE9 Ahtgvar ed = a 5 bjtas ed HE (191) y edspuçs
añaegr 8> lk (ufa jfza) ed abua tgmga. Kkdfar dk
bjtdrj d gftrjeuhgrkj df dk jìej ahjstaej ed kaej,
ediáfejkj euraftd 1 j = lgfutjs y kglpgar dk kìqugej
sjmraftd hjf uf pañudkj ak kdvaftarsd.
Udfba df hudfta qud dk prjtjhjkj B (Bas) ds dk lás
gfeghaej df tratalgdftjs para prjmkdlas ed jìej
dxtdrfj, ejfed sd tapa ka apdrtura edk vasj apjyafej
dfhgla ka jrdia ed ljej qud dk bas pudea kkdbar lás
prjùfej a ka zjfa gf`dhtaea, ejfed dk abua a vdhds fj
kkdba pjr prjmkdlas ed gfalahgøf, ka huak dstrdhca dk
hjfeuhtj edk jìej.
FA]GY9 âra kglpgar kas `jsas fasakds, usar 1> lk ed ka

sjkuhgøf df haea jrghgj 1 j = vdhds ak eìa.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
^rjhdeglgdftj ed ka kglpgdza fasak9

 Gfhkìfdsd sjmrd dk kavamj y bgrd ka hamdza ed ljej qud ka
`jsa fasak gzqugdrea quded cahga amaij.
 Gftrjeuzha ka sjkuhgøf df ka `jsa fasak edrdhca usafej
ufa idrgfba. Dk abua dshurrgrá pjr ka `jsa fasak gzqugdrea.
 Uapd ka fargz para asdburar qud ka sjkuhgøf uya edftrj ed
kas `jsas fasakds.
 ^jfba ka hamdza cahga amaij cahgdfej ljvglgdftjs hjf ka
hamdza y kudbj cahga arrgma.
 Pudkva a pjfdr ka hamdza ed kaej, sudktd ka fargz y edid qud
dk kìqugej sakba.
 ]dpgta dk lgslj prjhdsj ed rgdbj pjr ka `jsa fasak gzqugdrea.
Df hasj ed euea ahdrha ed hølj d`dhtuar ka kglpgdza ed kas

`jsas fasakds, vda dk sgbugdftd vìedj9
cps9//yjutu.md/jrp`08wsKyj
^rjtjhjkj ^ ― ârásgtjs (prjtjhjkj gftdfsgvj)
Dk prjtjhjkj ^, j prjtjhjkj Â]ÁXGUJX, ds uf prjtjhjkj ed vgtak

glpjrtafhga. Df ka sjhgdeae df
ka qud vgvgljs cdljs pdregej dk
hjftahtj hjf ka samgeurìa
pjpukar afhdstrak. Ka ldeghgfa
ya fj hjftdlpka parásgtjs df ka
sjhgdeae ljedrfa? sd supjfd
qud ya fj cay…
Dstd didlpkar dfrjkkaej df ka
ludstra ed safbrd edludstra kj
hjftrargj… ¡sg cay! Xjmrd tjej,
df
df`drldeaeds hrøfghas. ârásgtj df ka safbrd.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
^rjtjhjkj ed edsparasgtahgøf para trds ldsds9

Tfa ed kas hjsas qud cdljs jkvgeaej ds dk sdbugr dk hghkj faturak
ed ka Kufa para luhcas ed fudstras rutgfas, pjr dsj ds glpjrtaftd
dlpdzar dk tratalgdftj euraftd kjs trds eìas ed ka kufa kkdfa y
hjftgfuar kjs eìas ed kufa ldfbuaftd. Ka d`dhtgvgeae df dstd pdrìjej
ds layjr pjrqud df dstd hghkj braf partd ed kjs fdlatjejs sd apardaf
df dk gftdstgfj. Dstd prjtjhjkj va luhcj lás akká ed ufa sglpkd
edsparasgtahgøf, y dstá pdfsaej para utgkgzarsd huafej jtras
edsparasgtahgjfds hjfvdfhgjfakds àkkaf.
Euraftd dk tratalgdftj, sjmrd tjej ak prgfhgpgj, sd cahd
tjtakldftd fdhdsargj dk usj ed dfdlas egargjs ed HE mastaftd
hjftgfujs, ak gbuak qud ka purba hjf ahdgtd ed rghgfj, uf purbaftd
lgfdrak hjlj kas sakds ed Dpsjf j uf prdparaej vdbdtak hjlj kas
cjias ed Xdf. Dstd ds uf tratalgdftj dspdhgakldftd jrgdftaej a ka
edsparasgtahgøf gftdstgfak ed parásgtjs ed braf talañj, sjmrd tjej
fdlatjejs rdejfejs hjlj kjs áshargs. Ds d`dhtgvj para ka layjrìa ed
kjs fdlatjejs, pdrj puded rdsuktar ldfjs dhaz hjftra kjs hdstjejs
hjlj ds dk hasj ed ka àlgkga ed kas tdfgas. Df dk hasj ed ufa
a`dhtahgøf pjr tdfgas ds d`dhtgvj dk tratalgdftj hjf Fghkjsalgea
sgdfej uf ldeghaldftj ahjfsdiamkd pjr su maia tjxghgeae.

ârásgtjs edftrj ed mgjkl, talmgçf kkalaej ‛ labla parasgtargj“.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
Df ka práhtgha, df tjejs kjs fgñjs a`dhtaejs ed autgslj y df ka

layjrìa ed kas df`drldeaeds hrøfghas, sd ca pjegej vdr ufa
haftgeae brafed ed luhjsas, a vdhds eg`ìhgk ed gedftghar ya qud
sd asdldia a uf Áshargs ludrtj j sdbùf eghdf akbufjs, a ufa
luhjsgeae gftdstgfak. Xd dfhjftrarjf luhjsgeaeds gftdstgfakds pjr
dfhgla ed 1 ldtrj y pjr kj taftj ds pjhj prjmamkd qud sdaf
luhjsgeaeds edk prjpgj pahgdftd. Ka Tfgvdrsgeae ed Mjkjfga, df
Gtakga, arla qud ds ufa luhjsgeae prjpga edk hudrpj. Xgf dlmarbj,
dk Er. Pjkgfsoy ed ka Tfgvdrsgeae ed @kjrgea ca pjegej cahdr uf
afákgsgs edk AEF ed ka luhjsgeae, y jpgfa qud ds aidfj ak hudrpj
culafj. ^jr kj taftj, ed ljldftj, jpgfj qud ds ufa `jrla ed
–labla parasgtargj‗ fj hkasghaej y pjr dkkj, talpjhj apardhd df kjs
afákgsgs ed kjs kamjratjrgjs. Kas dvgedfhgas dstáf eaeas pjr kjs
rdsuktaejs.
Xd caf pjegej rdhupdrar a lás ed 84> fgñjs ed autgslj, masáfejsd df
dstd prjtjhjkj, y tjejs dxpuksarjf brafeds haftgeaeds ed dstd
pkasla parasgtargj (mgjkl) y talmgçf jtrjs parásgtjs. Edspuçs ed
haea dxpuksgøf, ldijrarjf hjfsgedramkdldftd. Kj lgslj jhurrd df
luhcas df`drldeaeds hrøfghas, apardftdldftd sgf sjkuhgøf. Aufqud
sd samd qud ds dhaz, sd edmd gfvdstgbar lás df uf ùturj para
jmtdfdr hdrtdza hgdftìha.
Fjta9
Dstd tratalgdftj fj utgkgza ldeghaldftjs aftgparasgtargjs sgstçlghjs qud
sjf amsjrmgejs pjr dk hudrpj. âra dstj ds ldijr uf Yappdr ed akta bala,
hjlj dk Mgjtrjcf®, ya qud dkglgfa parásgtjs df safbrd sgf gftjxghar. Dstd
prjtjhjkj dstá egsdñaej talmgçf para pjedr sdr usaej df fgñjs, sgf hausar
ufa harba tøxgha dxhdsgva df ka safbrd y dk hudrpj, edmgej a su eurahgøf y
ejsgs.
Fj cay qud hjfùfegr Ldmdfeazjk hjf Akmdfeazjk (akmdfza) qud sì ds
sgstçlghj y rdqugdrd rdhdta lçegha. Xg aprdhga ufa hkara gf`dstahgøf ed
parásgtjs df safbrd, sd edmd hjfsuktar hjf uf lçeghj para hjfrlarkj,
y søkj dftjfhds sd apkgharìaf aftgparasgtargjs sgstçlghjs, qud sì sdráf
amsjrmgejs pjr ka safbrd, sdbùf dk hrgtdrgj edk lçeghj.

Kas larhas ed dstjs aftgparasgtargjs varìaf df haea paìs, pjr kj taftj,

sd utgkgza df dstd prjtjhjkj ka sustafhga ahtgva quìlgha prgfhgpak. Edmd
hjfsuktar ka larha hjf su àrlahçutghj.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
@jtjbra`ìa ed mgjkl kgmdraej edk gftdstgfj culafj.
U]AUALGDFUJ
Eìa 1
 âljatj ed ^graftdk (ejsgs ùfgha lañafa) 1> lb/ob, aelgfgs-
traejs df ufa ùfgha tjla iuftj hjf akbùf kìqugej. Df dk
hasj ed prdsdftarsd df `jrla kìqugea, ufa huhcaraegta ed 4 lk
hjftgdfd =4> lb (para 0> ob trds huhcaraegtas ed 4 lk). Df
`jrla ed hjlprglgejs tjlar 8 pastgkkas para 0> ob.
 Ugdrra ed egatjldas (= ejsgs). Tfa huhcaraegta ed pjstrd ejs
vdhds ak eìa hjf kas hjlgeas, prd`drdftdldftd kìqugejs.
Lañafa y tared.
Eìa =
• Ldmdfeazjk (ejs ejsgs) 1>> lb haea ejhd cjras. Tfa pastgkka
pjr ka lañafa y ufa pjr ka fjhcd.
• Ugdrra ed egatjldas (ejs ejsgs). Tfa huhcaraegta ed pjstrd ejs
Lañafa y tared.
• Dfdla. Dqugpj aeghgjfak fdhdsargj9 dfdla ed = kgtrjs.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
Eìa 8
• Ahdgtd ed ]ghgfj, ejs huhcaraeas sjpdras (edsamjrgzaej ed
àrlahga) df ayufas.
Lañafa y tared.
• Dfdla.
Eìa 5
Lañafa y tared.
• Dfdla.
Eìa 4
• âljatj ed pgraftdk (ejsgs ùfgha) 1> lb/ob, aelgfgstraejs df
ufa ùfgha tjla iuftj hjf akbùf kìqugej. Df dk hasj ed
prdsdftarsd df `jrla kìqugea, ufa huhcaraegta ed 4 lk hjftgdfd
=4> lb (para 0> ob, trds huhcaraegtas ed 4lk). Df `jrla ed
hjlprglgejs tjlar 8 pastgkkas para 0> ob.
Lañafa y tared.
• Dfdla.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
Eìa 0
àrlahga) df ayufas.
• Ldmdfeazjk9 1>> lb haea ejhd cjras. Tfa pastgkka pjr ka
lañafa y ufa pjr ka fjhcd.
• Ugdrra ed egatjldas. Tfa huhcaraegta ed pjstrd ejs vdhds ak
eìa hjf kas hjlgeas, prd`drdftdldftd kìqugejs. Lañafa y
tared.
• Dfdla.
Eìa 2
tared.
• Dfdla.
Eìa 3
tared.
• Dfdla.
Eìas 7 ak 13 (prgldr lds)
àrlahga) df ayufas. Xd edmdrá rdpdtgr df ùfhgøf ed ka
fdhdsgeae ed haea pdrsjfa. Xuprglgr df hasj ed egarrda
hjftgfua.

eìa, hjf kas hjlgeas, prd`drdftdldftd kìqugejs. Lañafa y

tared.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
• Gfùsgøf ed Fddl (Azaegrahcta gfegha) (7 eìas). Urds

huhcaraegtas rasas ed tç df uf kgtrj ed abua. Cdrvgr euraftd 4
lgfutjs d gr tjlafej euraftd tjej dk eìa. ûdedf usar
talmgçf kas hápsukas ed Fddl ya qud ka gfùsgøf ds luy
alarba.
• Dfdlas ed ka lafdra lás hjftgfuaea pjsgmkd.
Eìas 7 ak 13 (sdbufej lds)
hjftgfua.
• Ugdrra ed egatjldas. Tfa huhcaraegta ed pjstrd ejs vdhds ak eìa
hjf kas hjlgeas, prd`drdftdldftd kìqugejs. Lañafa y tared.
• Gfùsgøf ed Dpazjtd (Hcdfjpjegul almrjsgjgeds) (8 eìas).
Cdrvgr 1 j = huhcaraeas ed cjias para 1 kgtrj ed abua
euraftd 1> lgfutjs, ediar rdpjsar y hjkar. Mdmdr 1 taza df
ayufas euraftd 8 eìas sdbugejs.
• Dk rdstj ed kjs eìas, tjlar dk bdk ed Akjd vdra hjf zulj j abua
df ayufas.
Eìas 7 ak 13 (tdrhdr lds)
hjftgfua.
• Ugdrra ed egatjldas. Tfa huhcaraegta ed pjstrd ejs vdhds ak eìa
hjf kas hjlgeas, prd`drdftdldftd kìqugejs. Lañafa y tared.
• Gfùsgøf ed Fddl (Azaegrahcta gfegha) euraftd 7 eìas j
gfùsgøf aftgparasgtarga aktdrfatgva.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
• Xg edspuçs edk tdrhdr lds tjeavìa dstáf sakgdfej parásgtjs,

j brafeds haftgeaeds ed luhjsgeaeds, sd edmd gfghgar edsed dk
prgldr lds jtra vdz.
Eìas 17 ak 8> ed haea lds (edshafsj)
Xdbùf ka ]dak Ahaedlga ed Ldeghgfa Mrgtáfgha dk 7>% ed kas
df`drldeaeds y edk lakdstar dstá rdkahgjfaej egrdhta j
gfegrdhtaldftd hjf dk hjkjf suhgj. ^jedljs hjfsgedrar dk hjkjf
hjlj ka hkjaha edk hudrpj y kas tjxgfas qud akkì sd dfhudftraf sd
ktraf df ka safbrd y edtdrgjraf bravdldftd ka sakue. Df dk hjkjf
ed kjs aeuktjs layjrds ed 5> añjs sd pudedf dfhjftrar
bdfdrakldftd dftrd = y 1= ogkjs ed sdegldftjs. Df dstd brudsj ed
masura fj purbaea sd ludvdf kjs parásgtjs lás j ldfjs brafeds
gftjxghafej dk jrbafgslj ed su cjspdeaejr ed ufa `jrla kdfta, pdrj
sdbura. Ed kjs akgldftjs qud kkdbaf ak sgstdla egbdstgvj kjs parásgtjs
hjfsuldf ka layjr partd ed sus mudfjs futrgdftds ediafej luhcas
vdhds søkj ‛masura“ ak cjspdeaejr.
Ds pjr dsj pjr kj qud, aufqud sd tratd ed hjldr safaldftd
tjlafej vgtalgfas supkdldftargas y jtrjs prjeuhtjs, fj sd
hjfsgbud fgfbufa ldijrìa, ds lás, df jhasgjfds sd hjfsgbud tjej kj
hjftrargj9 futrgr a kjs parásgtjs. Tfj ed kjs ldijrds lçtjejs para
dkglgfar tjej dsd brudsj ds ka kkalaea ‛cgerjtdrapga ed hjkjf“, qud
uf tçhfghj puded rdakgzar.
Ed lafdra faturak y aufqud søkj sda hjf abua, dk tratalgdftj hjf
dfdlas ed = kgtrjs puded ayuear a hurar luhcas df`drldeaeds.
Ttgkgzaej pjr luhcas hukturas edsed ka aftgbûdeae, ds uf lçtjej
`áhgk y ufa ed kas `jrlas faturakds ed kglpgar prjbrdsgvaldftd dk
hjkjf.
Dk kìqugej gftrjeuhgej ayuea a dkglgfar ka tjxghgeae ahulukaea df dk
gftdstgfj, pjr ka ludrtd ed kjs parásgtjs. Df dk hasj ed prjeuhgrsd
ufa ludrtd lasgva ed busafjs pudedf auldftar ka dmrd, dk
hafsafhgj y ufj puded kkdbar a sdftgrsd mastaftd df`drlj. âra dvgtar
qud kas tjxgfas kkdbudf ak tjrrdftd safbuìfdj edmdljs dvahuar dk
sgstdla egbdstgvj kj aftds pjsgmkd a travçs ed dfdlas.

Dk dfdla ds ufa ed kas partds glprdshgfegmkds df dstd

tratalgdftj

Buìa Dsdfhgak
Kjs parásgtjs bdfdraf ufa luhjsa j mgjkl df dk gftdstgfj df dk

qud pudedf dshjfedrsd para fj sdr atahaejs pjr fgfbùf
ldeghaldftj, ed acì ka glpjrtafhga ed kjs dfdlas hjf HE. Dk HE
ds hapaz ed pdfdtrar dsa hapa edstruydfej talmgçf kjs cudvjs y
karvas qud akkì sd akjiaf. Edmd rdakgzarsd egargaldftd a partgr edk
sdbufej eìa y prjbrdsgvaldftd puded gr dspahgáfejsd haea 8 j 5 eìas.
Kj lás glpjrtaftd ds dshuhcar ak prjpgj hudrpj y çk lgslj fjs
larhará kas pautas ed sus fdhdsgeaeds.
Ka haftgeae aedhuaea a utgkgzar ds ed dftrd 1> y => bjtas ed HE
hjf su hjrrdspjfegdftd ahtgvaejr j mgdf 1>-=> lk ed HEX para =
kgtrjs. Xd puded gr auldftafej ka ejsgs sdbùf ka ahdptahgøf. Kj lás
glpjrtaftd ds rdtdfdr dk kìqugej edftrj dk layjr tgdlpj pjsgmkd (4-1>
lgfutjs, sg ds pjsgmkd, fj lás).
Edtdhhgøf ed parásgtjs df cdhds. Xd cahd fdhdsargj edtdhtar kas
kjlmrghds jmsdrvafej egrdhtaldftd ka latdrga `dhak. âra dsj
pjedljs egspjfdr ed ufa pakafbafa ed pkástghj ed egáldtrj fj
luy brafed y ed uf pakgtj para dk dxaldf haea vdz qud cabaljs
ufa edpjsghgøf. Xd cará luy ùtgk sg egspjfdljs ed uf lghrjshjpgj
para ka egabfjsgs, pjrqud hjf çk pjedljs jmsdrvar taftj kjs
pdqudñjs parásgtjs qud pudea camdr df ka safbrd, hjlj ka prdsdfhga
ed cudvjs j karvas df kas cdhds. Ed dsta lafdra pjedljs hjftrjkar
sg ka haftgeae parasgtarga egslgfuyd.
Dstd tratalgdftj ds trdldfealdftd dhaz para fgñjs qud fj pudedf
ejrlgr ya qud luhcas vdhds sjf kjs lgsljs parásgtjs, kjs qud
hausaf lakdstar d gfqugdtue. Xjmrd tjej, df fgñjs ds uf parásgtj
luy hjlùf qud ds rdspjfsamkd ed hausar afsgdeae j trastjrfjs tgpj
eçhgt ed atdfhgøf.
LDEGHALDFUJX Â]A KA EDXÂ]AXGUAHGØF

ӹ Ldmdfeazjk (Kjlpdr, Pdrljx)
Dk ldmdfeazjk ds uf ldeghaldftj qud sd utgkgza edsed kjs añjs 2>
df dk tratalgdftj ed df`drldeaeds prjeuhgeas pjr cdklgftjs
(busafjs edk trahtj bastrjgftdstgfak). Dstd ldeghaldftj glpged qud

dk parásgtj utgkghd ka bkuhjsa, prjvjháfejkd ufa egslgfuhgøf ed

dfdrbìa y ka ludrtd. Dk ldmdfeazjk sd amsjrmd ed lafdra luy
kglgtaea df dk trahtj

Buìa Dsdfhgak
bastrjgftdstgfak (aprjxglaealdftd søkj 4 a 1>%). Ka amsjrhgøf sd vd

auldftaea sg sd aelgfgstra hjfiuftaldftd hjf akgldftjs brasjs. Xd
ldtamjkgza df layjr ldegea df dk cìbaej. Aprjxglaealdftd dk =%
edk ldmdfeazjk aelgfgstraej sd dxhrdta pjr jrgfa. Dk rdstj sd dxhrdta
df cdhds. Ka ejsgs aedhuaea ed ldmdfeazjk puded sdr eg`drdftd para
haea pahgdftd. Dsta edpdfed edk tgpj ed parásgtj qud hausd ka gf`dhhgøf.
Ka ejsgs `rdhudftdldftd rdhjldfeaea ds ed 1>> lb, = vdhds ak eìa,
euraftd 8 eìas.
Kjs d`dhtjs aevdrsjs edk ldmdfeazjk sjf, df bdfdrak, pjhj `rdhudftds
eaea su pjha amsjrhgøf. ûded prjeuhgr fáusdas, vølgtjs, ejkjr
amejlgfak y egarrda. Fjrlakldftd dstjs d`dhtjs sjf bdfdraejs pjr
ka kgmdrahgøf ed tjxgfas edk prjpgj parásgtj ak ljrgr.
ûded aelgfgstrarsd ed lafdra luy d`dhtgva hjf ufa pdqudña
pdrgkka pjr vìa afak 14 lk egkugejs df uf pjhj ed abua tgmga, sd
gftrjeuhd df dk rdhtj hjf ufjs 8> lk aprjxglaejs ed abua, edsed
ejfed kkdba ak gftdstgfj brudsj, y sd edia ahtuar euraftd tjea ka fjhcd.
Dstá dspdhgakldftd gfeghaej df dk hasj ed jxgurasgs, edsapardhgdfej
dk pghjr.
Ldmdfeazjk (Kjlpdr, Pdrljx) fj gftdrahtùa hjf egøxgej

ed hkjrj, pdrj sì hjf9
• Aljxghgkgfa • Azgtrjlghgfa • Harmalazdpgfa

• Hgldtgegfa • Dtjtjìfa • Ld`dfgtjìfa
• Ldtrjfgeazjk • ^dfghgkgfa
¡Luy glpjrtaftd!
Gftdrahhgjfds ed erjbas hjf Ldmdfeazjk (Kjlpdr, Pdrljx)9
1. Ka gftdrahhgøf lás glpjrtaftd ds @kabyk (ldtrjfgeazjk).
¡Dstj ds luy glpjrtaftd! FJ tjlar j ear ldmdfeazjk y
ldtrjfgeazjk iuftjs. Huafej sd usaf iuftjs, pjerìaf hausar dk
sìferjld ed Xtdvdfs- Ijcfsjf, qud puded sdr luy bravd.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
=. Ka sdbufea gftdrahhgøf sgbfghatgva hjf Pdrljx ds Uabaldt

(hgldtgegfa).
Dstj fj rdsukta df ufa bravd gftdrahhgøf, pdrj pjerìa rdsuktar df
ufa rdeuhhgøf edk ldtamjkgslj cdpátghj edk ldmdfeazjk, hausafej
dkdvaea hjfhdftrahgøf ed sudrj / safbrd.
ӹ âljatj ed ^graftdk (Urgkjlmrgf)
Ds uf aftgcdklìftghj ed alpkgj dspdhtrj qud ahtùa ldegaftd mkjqudj
fdurjlushukar, hausafej ka parákgsgs edk parásgtj y su pjstdrgjr
dxpuksgøf pjr ahhgøf edk ljvglgdftj gftdstgfak, sgf prjeuhgr
dxhgtahgøf ed kjs parásgtjs, fg dstglukar su lgbrahgøf. Dk paljatj
ed pgraftdk tgdfd ufa ahhgøf ed hjrta eurahgøf y tgdfed a ufa
hjlpkdta dkglgfahgøf edk hudrpj pjr kas cdhds y ka jrgfa, df uf pkazj
ed 8 a 5 eìas. Dk paljatj ed pgraftdk ds dshasaldftd amsjrmgej df dk
trahtj bastrjgftdstgfak y aprjxglaealdftd edk 0 a 3% edk tjtak, ds
Ka ejsgs rdhjldfeaea df aeuktjs ds ed ufa ejsgs ùfgha ak

eìa.
• Ed 1= añjs df aedkaftd ed 5> a 24 ob9 8 tamkdtas.

dfhjftraej df ka jrgfa y dk rdstj df kas cdhds.
Aevdrtdfhga9 ds gfhjlpatgmkd hjf dk usj ed ka pgpdrahgfa,

sustafhga qud sd dfhudftra ed lafdra faturak df kas pgpas
ed hakamaza j df kjs aftgparasgtargjs qud tgdfdf df su
`ørluka dsta sustafhga ya qud sd fdutrakgzaf dftrd sì.
^KAFUAX W LGFD]AKDX Â]A KA EDXÂ]AXGUAHGØF

Dk prjmkdla parasgtargj ca sgej y ds ufa prdjhupahgøf hjfstaftd
df luhcas ed kas hukturas edk pkafdta. Edsed tgdlpjs gfldljrgakds
dxgstdf pkaftas autøhtjfas hjf kas qud kas pdrsjfas caf rdakgzaej
dstd tgpj ed tratalgdftjs ed kglpgdza. Df jhhgedftd y df jtrjs paìsds

edsarrjkkaejs fj sd dstá hjfsgedrafej su dxgstdfhga, cahgçfejfjs

lás vukfdramkds.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
Dxgstdf lgfdrakds y sustafhgas luy ùtgkds a ka cjra ed hjlmatgr kas

gf`dhhgjfds parasgtargas y pjedljs cahdr tratalgdftjs vargaejs9
1. Ka mdftjfgta qud arrastra edpøsgtjs.
=. Dk harmøf vdbdtak qud amsjrmd tjxgfas.
8. Ka arhgkka hjlùf j ka tgdrra ed egatjldas sjf akbufjs ed kjs
lás glpjrtaftds didlpkjs.
Df dstd hasj utgkgzardljs ka tgdrra ed egatjldas hjlj uf glpjrtaftd
abdftd edstruhtgvj parasgtargj gftdstgfak. Df hasj ed lakdstar,
añaegrdljs pastgkkas ed harmøf ahtgvj para edsgftjxghar.
ӹ Ugdrra ed Egatjldas
Dk tratalgdftj hjf tgdrra ed egatjldas edmd hjftgfuarsd euraftd 13
eìas.
Kas egatjldas sjf ufas pkaftas ufghdkukards qud vgvìaf df kjs
jhçafjs cahd lgkkjfds ed añjs. @jrlamaf uf pdqudñj haparazøf
hjlpudstj pjr kjs lgsljs sgkghatjs qud dxtraìaf edk abua. Huafej kas
egatjldas ljrìaf, dstd lghrjshøpghj rdhumrglgdftj qudeama
edpjsgtaej df dk `jfej ed kjs jhçafjs. A travçs ed kas dras sd
ùdrjf ahulukafej df edpøsgtjs, `jrlafej dspdsjrds ed lgkds ed
ldtrjs. Hjf dk trafshursj edk tgdlpj, kjs jhçafjs rdtrjhdegdrjf y dstjs
edpøsgtjs ùdrjf dvdftuakldftd humgdrtjs, `jsgkgzáfejsd kjs haparazjfds
y hjlprglgçfejsd, eafej kubar a uf pjkvj ed tgza ed rjha, kkalaej
tgdrra ed egatjldas.
Ka tgdrra ed egatjldas ds uf latdrgak gfdrtd, fj tøxghj, qud
hjftgdfd ufa sdrgd ed lgfdrakds takds hjlj lafbafdsj, labfdsgj,
cgdrrj, tgtafgj, hakhgj y sgkghatjs dftrd jtrjs. Edmgealdftd ljkgejs,
kjs dsqudkdtjs ed kas egatjldas sd hjfvgdrtdf df lghrjshøpghas
abuias ed sgkghgj kjsas y eañgfas para parásgtjs, cjfbjs, háfegea,
busafjs y aldmas. Dstas abuias sjf gfj`dfsgvas para kjs culafjs y
jtrjs afglakds ed safbrd hakgdftd. Xd puded tjlar ed lafdra
hjftgfuaea pjr sdr gfjhua, pdrj kj ldijr (hjlj df tjej) ds cahdr
Ujlar ufa huhcaraegta ed pjstrd ejs vdhds ak
eìaeuraftd kjs 13 eìas ed tratalgdftj.

talmgçf tgdlpjs ed edshafsj.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
ӹ Ahdgtd ed ]ghgfj
Dk ahdgtd ed rghgfj sd dxtrad ed ka sdlgkka ed ufa pkafta luy
pardhgea a ka cgbudra, kkalaea ‛Cgbudra edk egamkj“ (]ghgfus
hjllufgs). Xus sdlgkkas hjftgdfdf dftrd uf 4>-3> % ed ahdgtd, qud a
su vdz tgdfdf uf aktj hjftdfgej df áhgej rghgfjkdghj, hjf ufas
dxhdkdftds prjpgdeaeds kaxaftds y purbaftds. Tfa vdz gfghgaej dk
tratalgdftj hjf ldeghaldftjs y pkaftas puded prjeuhgrsd parákgsgs
dspástgha df akbufjs parásgtjs, y sg cay luhcjs iuftjs puded `jrlarsd
uf ‛fuej“ ed kjlmrghds y prjeuhgr jmstruhhgøf gftdstgfak. Ed acì ka
glpjrtafhga edk usj edk ahdgtd ed rghgfj. Ds fdhdsargj tjlarkj df
• Aeuktjs9 ed 14 a 8> lk (ejs huhcaraeas sjpdras) df ayufas.

Xd dspdra ufa cjra para dk edsayufj y ka ldeghahgøf. Xg fj
cay ufa mudfa tjkdrafhga sd pudedf utgkgzar talmgçf
purbaftds lgfdrakds hjlj kas sakds ed Dpsjl j vdbdtakds
hjlj kas cjias ed sdf.
• Fgñjs9 1 huhcaraegta para kjs fgñjs lás pdqudñjs y =

ayufas pjr ka lañafa iuftj hjf zulj, tç j kdhcd.
Jtra jphgøf ds tjlar ahdgtd ed rghgfj df hápsukas.
ӹ Fddl (Azaegrahcta gfegha)

Dk ármjk ed fddl ds ufj ed kjs brafeds patrgljfgjs faturakds ed
ka culafgeae y sd usa hjlj rdldegj para hurahgjfds ldeghgfakds
edsed tgdlpjs lgkdfargjs. Dxgstdf rd`drdfhgas df dshrgturas
sáfshrgtas y dk ayurvdea kj dlpkda edsed çpjhas rdljtas. Kas
prjpgdeaeds huratgvas y ldeghgfakds edk fddl caf sgej
aprjvdhcaeas edsed tgdlpjs rdljtjs df ka ldeghgfa cgfeù. Ujeavìa
df ka ahtuakgeae kjs cgfeùds qud camgtaf df zjfas rurakds sd rddrdf ak
ármjk edk fddl hjlj ‛Ka @arlahga edk ûdmkj“, pjr su hapahgeae para
akgvgar luhcas df`drldeaeds, y ahtuakldftd dstá avakaej pjr kas
autjrgeaeds ed ka Gfega para su dlpkdj df prdparaejs ldeghgfakds.
Dk fddl ds ufj ed kjs purghaejrds y edsgftjxghaejrds hjf layjr
pjtdfhgak qud dxgstdf. Ca sgej usaej para hjlmatgr tjea `jrla ed

parásgtjs edk hudrpj, taftj parásgtjs dxtdrfjs, hjlj gftdrfjs.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
1. Cdrvgr uf tç ed kas cjias, 1 mjksa ed tç (5 cjias) df 1 kgtrj ed

abua euraftd 4 lgfutjs (sg ds fdhdsargj abrdbar stdvga pjr sdr
alarbj).
=. Ujlar ka gfùsgøf a kj karbj edk eìa.
8. Kj utgkgzardljs euraftd 7 j 1> eìas dk prgldr lds.
Hjlj aktdrfatgva a ka gfùsgøf, luhca bdftd prddrd utgkgzar hápsukas, ya
qud dk samjr ed ka pkafta ds luy alarbj.
ӹ Dpazjtd (Hcdfjpjegul almrjsgjgeds)

Dk dpazjtd, j talmgçf hjlùfldftd paghj, huyj fjlmrd hgdftìhj
ds Hcdfjpjegul almrjsgjgeds, ds ufa pkafta qud hrdhd ed lafdra
sgkvdstrd df paìsds ed Alçrgha edk sur y hdftrj. Dsta pkafta pjsdd
prjpgdeaeds huratgvas, qud sgrvdf para dk akgvgj ed ljkdstgas
egbdstgvas, høkghjs ed basds y para ka dxpuksgøf ed parásgtjs y
busafjs gftdstgfakds. Df Lçxghj sd utgkgza para luhcas sjpas
hasdras. Dk ashargejk ds ka sustafhga prdsdftd df dk paghj qud ahtùa
prjeuhgdfej uf d`dhtj parakgzaftd y farhøtghj sjmrd kjs parásgtjs
gftdstgfakds, cahgdfej qud sd edsprdfeaf edk gftdstgfj ak qud dstamaf
Ejsgs9
Df `jrla ed edhjhhgøf, cgrvgdfej 1 j = huhcaraeas ed cjias
para 1 kgtrj ed abua euraftd 1> lgfutjs. Ediar rdpjsar y mdmdr 1
taza df ayufas euraftd 8 eìas sdbugejs.
ùdrtdldftd aecdrgejs.
JU]AX ^KAFUAX LDEGHGFAKDX

Dxgstdf jtras pkaftas d`dhtgvas qud pjedljs utgkgzar para ka edspara-
sgtahgøf. Xg edspuçs ed trds ldsds ed tratalgdftj sgbud pdrsgstgdfej
dk prjmkdla, pjedljs halmgar dk tgpj ed pkafta j vjkvdr a rdpdtgr sg
akbufa fjs rdsuktø d`dhtgva df kjs ldsds aftdrgjrds. ^jedljs usarkas df
`jrla ed prdparaejs hjf vargas pkaftas a ka vdz, j ed `jrla

gfegvgeuak.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
Xd hjfsgedraf aedlás kas sgbugdftds pkaftas, df `jrla ed dxtrahtj

akhjcøkghj, ahdgtd j gfùsgøf, dftrd jtras9 háshara ed fjbak, artdlgsa
affua, raìz ed hákalj, ruea, artdlgsa amsgftcgul (aidfij), amrøtafj
lahcj bdfhgafa, cgdrmamudfa, eìhtalj mkafhj, tafahdtj, lgkdfrala,
egdftd ed kdøf, hkavj, hjrtdza ed raìz ed brafaej, cdkdhcj lahcj,
cgdrmamudfa, hakçfeuka, cgpçrghj, hkjrjka.
AKGLDFUJX ^]DPDFUGPJX W EGDUA

Dxgstdf brupjs ed akgldftjs qud edmdljs dvgtar hjldr sg fjs
dfhjftraljs aftd uf prjmkdla parasgtargj hjlj sjf9 kjs prjeuhtjs
káhtdjs df bdfdrak, kjs azùhards rdfaejs (saharjsa, iaramd ed laìz
ed `ruhtjsa), kas cargfas (sjmrd tjej kas rdfaeas) y kjs akgldftjs
dxhdsgvaldftd eukhds df bdfdrak.
^jr dk hjftrargj, talmgçf tdfdljs ufa mudfa kgsta ed akgldftjs y
pkaftas qud àvjrdhdf dk mudf dqugkgmrgj gftdrfj edk jrbafgslj
hjfvgrtgçfejsd df fudstrjs akgaejs. Hjf ufa mudfa prjeuhhgøf ed
áhgej dstjlahak, uf mudf fgvdk ed mahtdrgas sakueamkds y ufa
hjrrdhta prjeuhhgøf ed mgkgs, fj ds pjsgmkd qud sjmrdvgva fgfbùf
parásgtj pjr tgdlpj prjkjfbaej. Kjs busafjs fdhdsgtaf uf dftjrfj
áhgej prjvjhaej pjr ka edshjlpjsghgøf ed kjs azùhards y ka
putrdàhhgøf bdfdraea pjr ka gfbdstgøf ed hjlgeas prjhdsaeas j pjhj
sakueamkds. Ds luy glpjrtaftd hjldr vdbdtakds hruejs y iubjs ed `ruta
qud fjs prjpjrhgjfdf dfzglas y dkdldftjs fdhdsargjs para fudstra
prjpga ed`dfsa.
ӹ Dk hcuhrut / saudroraut (rdpjkkj `drldftaej df sak)
Luhcas pdrsjfas tgdfdf maijs fgvdkds ed áhgej dstjlahak, kj huak ds
ka hausa ed luhcjs ed sus prjmkdlas gftdstgfakds, ya qud dk jrbafgslj
fj ds hapaz ed ed`dfedrsd aftd kjs gftrusjs. Dk hcuhrut j iubj ed
hjk/saudroraut ds ufj ed kjs dstglukaftds lás pjedrjsjs para qud su
hudrpj prjeuzha áhgej. Dk usj ed `drldftaejs fj pastdurgzaejs
(oçr ed abua, saksa ed sjia, lgsj, dth.) ds luy rdhjldfeamkd pjr su
dstglukahgøf ed ka mdfçha jra mahtdrgafa, dfharbaea ed bdfdrar dk
hjftrjk sjmrd kjs cuçspdeds parasgtargjs.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
Ujlar ufas huaftas huhcaraegtas ed iubj ed hjk aftds ed hjldr, j

ldijr aùf, iubj ed hjk `drldftaea ed hcuhrut, cará laravgkkas para
ldijrar ka egbdstgøf.
ӹ Aij
Dk aij hjlgej hjf rdbukargeae hjfvgdrtd dk dstølabj y dk gftdstgfj df
uf almgdftd kdtak para kjs parásgtjs, j`rdhgdfej prjtdhhgøf hjfstaftd.
Dk aij ds dk rdldegj hasdrj pjr dxhdkdfhga para dkglgfar faturakldftd
kjs parásgtjs gftdstgfakds. Ca sgej utgkgzaej pjr kas hukturas hcgfa,
brgdba, rjlafa, gfega y mamgkøfgha. Fj ca pdregej vgbdfhga ya qud
sgbud sgdfej dlpkdaej pjr prj`dsgjfakds ed ka ldeghgfa ljedrfa.
Xd usa taftj dk aij `rdshj hjlj su ahdgtd.
1. Dk tratalgdftj lás sglpkd ds hjldr trds egdftds ed aij tjeas
kas lañafas j tjlar ufa huhcaraegta ed ahdgtd ed aij.
=. Ualmgçf puded usarsd ldzhkafej aij trgturaej df uf pjhj ed
abua `rìa y mdmgdfej ka ldzhka gfldegataldftd.
8. Jtra rdhdta hjfsgstd df hjrtar df trjzjs y lahdrar huatrj egdftds
ed aij df kdhcd euraftd tjea ka fjhcd y tjlar dk kìqugej
rdsuktaftd df ayufas, ak eìa sgbugdftd. Xd trata ed uf tratalgdftj
ùdrtd y puded prjvjhar vølgtjs.
ӹ Xdlgkkas ed hakamaza
Kas sdlgkkas ed hakamaza hjftgdfdf ufa sustafhga kkalaea
‛pgpdrahgfa“. Xu ahhgøf sd ùfealdfta df ka parákgsgs ed kjs parásgtjs,
kj qud pdrlgtd qud dk jrbafgslj cjspdeaejr pudea dkglgfar ak
jrbafgslj gfvasjr. Ka pgpdrahgfa ka pjedljs dfhjftrar ed lafdra
hjldrhgak df `ørlukas ed ldeghaldftjs ed àrlahgas j ed `jrla
faturak, hjlj cdljs eghcj, df kas pdpgtas ed ka hakamaza. Dstd
lçtjej traeghgjfak ed edsparasgtahgøf ca sgej usaej akrdedejr edk
lufej edsed qud dk cjlmrd tgdfd ldljrga. Dxgstdf vargas `ørlukas
traeghgjfakds d`dhtgvas y çsta ds ufa ed dkkas.
1. Xd utgkgza ufa taza ed sdlgkkas ed hakamaza (akrdedejr ed 3>
sdlgkkas) pdkaeas y trgturaeas.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
=. Xd ldzhkaf hjf dk abua ed uf hjhj y ejs huhcaraeas ed lgdk.

8. Xd tjlaf df dk pdrgjej ed trds cjras, df ayufas.
5. Ak fakgzar, sd tjla dk ahdgtd ed rghgfj hjf dk f ed dvahuar
rápgealdftd kjs parásgtjs.
Aevdrtdfhga9 Fj hjla sdlgkkas ed hakamaza hjf Hjlmaftrgf®

pjrqud puded hafhdkar dk d`dhtj.
ӹ âpaya y sdlgkkas ed papaya

Ka papaìfa ds ka dfzgla egbdstgva qud hjftgdfd ka papaya y qud ds
hapaz ed edshjlpjfdr ka hapa dxtdrgjr ed uf parásgtj aeuktj. Dk iubj
kdhcjsj ed ka papaya vdred ds uf abdftd ed braf akhafhd para
edstrugr kas ashárgeds.
1. Ejsgs para aeuktjs9 Xd prdpara hjf 1 huhcaraea ed iubj `rdshj
ed ufa papaya vdred, ka lgsla haftgeae ed lgdk y 8 j 5
huhcaraeas sjpdras ed abua hakgdftd.
=. A kas ejs cjras sd edmd aelgfgstrar 1 ejsgs ed ahdgtd ed
rghgfj, ldzhkaea hjf kdhcd tgmga.
8. Dstd tratalgdftj sd edmd rdpdtgr pjr = eìas df hasj ed
fdhdsgeae.
5. Fgñjs ed dftrd 2 a 1> añjs9 edmd sdr aelgfgstraea ka lgtae
ed ka ejsgs y, para kjs fgñjs ldfjrds ed 8 añjs, 1 huhcaraea
rasa ed ka ldzhka ds suhgdftd.
Kas sdlgkkas ed ka papaya sjf talmgçf ùtgkds para dstd prjpøsgtj. Xjf
rghas df papaìfa y harghìf.
1. Xd prdpara ufa ldzhka ed sdlgkkas `rdshas trgturaeas.
=. ^jr haea huhcaraea ed sdlgkkas sd añaed ufa ed lgdk.
8. Ka ejsgs ds ed ufa huhcargkka ed pjstrd egarga pjr ka lañafa df
uf dstølabj vahìj j aftds ed ahjstarsd euraftd 1> eìas. Xd
edshafsaf 4 y sd vudkvd a rdpdtgr dk hghkj. Asì casta 8 vdhds.
5. Ds rdhjldfeamkd dk usj ed akbùf purbaftd.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
ӹ Idfbgmrd
Dk idfbgmrd fj søkj ayuea a hjlmatgr kjs parásgtjs gftdstgfakds, sgfj
qud talmgçf
rdeuhd kas fáusdas y puded ayuear a haklar kjs fdrvgjs. Dk idfbgmrd
`rdshj ca edljstraej tdfdr braf çxgtj df ka edstruhhgøf ed kjs
busafjs gftdstgfakds euraftd hgdftjs ed añjs.
Ka `jrla lás hjlùf ed hjfsulgr dk idfbgmrd ds hruea j pjr
gfùsgøf. Ualmgçf sd puded dspjkvjrdar dxtrahtj ed idfbgmrd df ufa
vargdeae ed akgldftjs.
ӹ ^rjpøkdj
Dk ^rjpøkdj sd usa ak ldfjs edsed cahd 8.>>> añjs. Wa kj
hjfjhìaf kjs dbgphgjs y kjs rjlafjs. Xu usj sd ca dxtdfegej casta ka
ahtuakgeae. A kjs brgdbjs kds edmdljs su fjlmrd9 ‛prj“, sgbfgha
‛ed`dfsa“ j ‛a àvjr ed“, y ‛pjkgs“, qud qugdrd edhgr ‛hgueae“. Dstj sd
traeuhd hjlj ‛ed`dfsa ed ka hgueae“ j ‛ed`dfsjr ed ka hgueae“.
Brahgas a ka ahhgøf aftgmgøtgha edk prjpøkdj, qud prjtdbd ed ka ahtgvgeae
ed vgrus y mahtdrgas, ka hjkldfa ds ufj ed kjs kubards lás dstçrgkds
hjfjhgejs df ka faturakdza. Df lùktgpkds dstuegjs hgdftìhjs sd ca
hjlprjmaej ka ahtgvgeae aftgparasgtarga edk prjpøkdj, pjr kj qud sd
rdhjlgdfea para dk tratalgdftj ed9 Bgarega, aldmas y áshargs.
Ualmgçf para gf`dhhgjfds gftdstgfakds hausaeas pjr mahtdrgas
1. Ujlar 8 bjtas ed tgftura pjr ogkj ed pdsj j 8 hápsukas ¼ cjra
aftds ed haea hjlgea.
=. âra dk tratalgdftj ed parásgtjs, tjlar prjpøkdj euraftd 2
eìas df ayufas egkugej df abua j iubj ed `rutas pjr 2 eìas ed
edshafsj.
8. Xd rdhjlgdfeaf hghkjs ed 2 eìas ed tratalgdftj pjr eìas ed
edshafsj.
5. ]dpdtgr ed 8 a 4 vdhds para asdburar ufa tjtak dkglgfahgøf ed
bralpjsgtgvas.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
Ds luy glpjrtaftd rdpdtgr dk tratalgdftj para hjrtar kjs hghkjs rdprj-

euhtgvjs. Ak rdpdtgr dk tratalgdftj uf lìfglj ed 8 vdhds, sd asdbura
ka d`dhtgva dkglgfahgøf ed kjs parásgtjs
Df dk ldrhaej cay prjpøkdj df tgftura ak 8>% y prjpøkdj df
hápsukas. Kas vdftaias edk prjpøkdj sjf su akta d`dhtgvgeae, ka mudfa
tjkdrafhga y fj tdfdr d`dhtjs sdhufeargjs.
ӹ Brafaea
Ka hjrtdza ed ka brafaea hjftgdfd uf akhakjged hjfjhgej hjlj
pufghgfa, dk huak ds aktaldftd tøxghj para kas kjlmrghds. Xd utgkgza
pjr edhjhhgøf ed ka hjrtdza ed ka raìz, edk trjfhj j edk `rutj. Ka
hjrtdza ed ka raìz ds prd`drgmkd, pjrqud hjftgdfd ufa layjr haftgeae
edk akhakjged qud ka hjrtdza edk trjfhj. Dstd akhakjged ds aktaldftd
tøxghj para kas sjkgtargas.
Cahdr ufa edhjhhgøf `rìa ed ka hjrtdza, prd`drgmkdldftd `rdsha. Ka
edhjhhgøf sd utgkgza prd`drgmkdldftd para dxpdkdr sjkgtargas.
1. Aeuktjs9 ed 7> a 13> lk ‘ 8 vdhds, hjf kjs gftdrvakjs ed ufa
cjra dftrd haea taza. Xd edmd tjlar uf purbaftd edspuçs edk
ùktglj vasj.
=. Fgñjs9 ed => a 0> lk.
ӹ Yafacjrga
Uratalgdftj hasdrj hjf zafacjrga para dkglgfar kjs parásgtjs gftdstg-
fakds df fgñjs. Jtrj rdldegj hasdrj luy dhaz ds ka zafacjrga ya
qud sus hjlpjfdftds quìlghjs atahaf a kjs parásgtjs fj pdrlgtgdfej
su edsarrjkkj y ds ufj ed kjs tratalgdftjs faturakds lás d`dhtgvjs
para kjs fgñjs, a kjs qud sd kds edmd sulgfgstrar ufa taza pdqudña ed
zafacjrga rakkaea pjr kas lañafas, casta qud sd sjkuhgjfd dk
prjmkdla.
ӹ Hjfegldftjs
Kas pkaftas hjfegldftargas sjf talmgçf ufa mudfa arla dhaz a
tdfdr df hudfta df fudstra hjhgfa egarga. Edsed tgdlpjs

gfldljrgakds ka culafgeae kas ca utgkgzaej para hjftrjkar kas

parasgtjsgs. Kas lás gftdrd- saftds pjr sus d`dhtjs sjf9 ka hùrhula, ka
pglgdfta, dk dstrabøf, dk tjlgkkj, ka hafdka, dk pgldftøf, ka haydfa y
dk hkavj.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
^rjtjhjkj Q ― Qudlaeuras
Dk prjtjhjkj Q sgrvd para tjej tgpj ed
qudlaeuras. Cay vargas `jrlas ed tratarkas9
1. Xg sd trata ed ufa qudlaeura bravd ds prd`drgmkd apkghar HEX
>,8% (8>>> ppl) egrdhtaldftd df `jrla ed spray, dfhgla ed
ka qudlaeura. Camgtuakldftd sd sgdftd akgvgj faea lás
apkghar.
=. Xd puded talmgçf dlpapar ufa sdrvgkkdta df HEX y ediarka
apkghaea sjmrd ka zjfa. Ka vdftaia ed cahdrkj asì ds qud sd puded
rdpdtgr vargas vdhds y fj ds fdhdsargj kavarkj pjstdrgjrldftd ya
qud fj prjeuhd qudlaeura quìlgha pjr pC.
8. Jtra `jrla ed apkghahgøf lás aftgbua df qudlaeuras ds utgkgzar
søkj dk hkjrgtj sgf ahtgvar rjhgáfejkj y ediáfejkj euraftd ufj
j ejs lgfutjs. Fj sd edmd apkghar euraftd lás tgdlpj dk hkjrgtj
sgf ahtgvar. Cahgçfejkj ed dsta lafdra, dk hkjrgtj sd ahtgva hjf dk
áhgej káhtghj prjeuhgej edmaij ed ka pgdk, ds edhgr kas prjpgas
pùstukas ed ka qudlaeura. ^jstdrgjrldftd, ds dsdfhgak kglpgar
maij dk abua dk hkjrgtj rdstaftd.
Ka dxpdrgdfhga ld ca dfsdñaej qud kj lás dhaz ds hjlmgfar
almjs, ds edhgr, utgkgzar ka prgldra vdz hkjrgtj sgf ahtgvar, ediáfejkj
euraftd 1 casta = lgfutjs, y kavarkj edspuçs hjf amufeaftd abua sgf
fgfbùf tgpj ed jtra sustafhga. Dk ejkjr edsapardhd gfldegataldftd.
Huafej, edspuçs ed ufjs lgfutjs vudkvd a apardhdr dk ejkjr, sd
utgkgza HEX >,8% df spray, rjhgafej ka zjfa a`dhtaea. Xd puded
rdpdtgr vargas vdhds haea 8> lgfutjs, sdbùf dk braej ed kas cdrgeas.
^jr rdbka bdfdrak, 1 a 8 tratalgdftjs sjf suhgdftds

para dkglgfar dk ejkjr ed `jrla hjlpkdta ahdkdrafej ka
hurahgøf sgf ediar larhas ed hghatrghds.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
^rjtjhjkj ] ― ]dhtak hjf pdrgkka
Dk prjtjhjkj ], j prjtjhjkj ]DHUAK hjf pdrgkka, dstá edstgfaej

dspdhgakldftd para dk usj rdhtak, utgkgzafej ufa pdrgkka ed bjla ed
ufjs 1>>-14> lgkgkgtrjs aprjxglaealdftd.
1. Xd ahtgvaf 0 bjtas ed HE df uf vasj ed abua.

=. Xd añaedf 14> lk ed abua a tdlpdratura hjrpjrak.
8. Amsjrmdr ka sjkuhgøf hjf ka pdrgkka.
5. Xd apkgha vasdkgfa j hrdla kumrghaftd df ka pufta ed ka
pdrgkka.
4. ^jstdrgjrldftd, sd gftrjeuhd df dk rdhtj vahgafej ka pdrgkka
pjr hjlpkdtj y sd rdtgdfd dk kìqugej euraftd 8 lgfutjs

Dstd prjtjhjkj ds øptglj para suras afakds, cdljrrjgeds, y sjmrd
tjej df háfhdr ed prøstata ejfed sd apkgha edspuçs ed haea
ed`dhahgøf.
Ds uf prjtjhjkj sglpkd y sgf d`dhtjs sdhufeargjs, pdrj luy dhaz.
Fjtas9
▰ Dkglgfa ka tjxghgeae y edscahd kas aecdrdfhgas.
▰ Xg sd dkglgfa tjxghgeae sd rdeuhd ka àtgba.
▰ A travçs edk hjkjf tdfdljs ahhdsj rápgej ak cìbaej a travçs ed ka
vdfa pjrta.
▰ Dk hgrhugtj safbuìfdj pasa pjr dk cìbaej haea 8 lgfutjs.
▰ Ka layjrìa ed kas df`drldeaeds tgdfdf su jrgbdf df dk sgstdla
bástrghj gftdstgfak.
▰ Df ka aftgbûdeae ya kj samìaf. Casta kjs añjs 0> dra hjlùf dsta
práhtgha.
▰ Df ka ahtuakgeae sd ca pdregej. Xd vd hjlj akbj suhgj.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
▰ Lçtjej másghj ed hurahgøf cgfeù.

▰ Dk gftdstgfj brudsj ds ka ‛hkjaha“ ed fudstrj jrbafgslj. Edpjsghgøf
egarga, ds sakue gftdstgfak.
▰ Dxueahgøf a travçs edk hjkjf ak tjrrdftd safbuìfdj. Ka tjxghgeae
kkdba a ørbafjs prgfhgpakds.
▰ Df`drldeaeds hrøfghas y autjgflufds.
▰ Ds glprdshgfegmkd df tdrapgas ed edtjxghahgøf. Ujxghgeae mahtdrgas
asjhgaeas a parásgtjs ludrtjs.
^rjtjhjkj X ― Xdfsgmkd (hjf ejsgs luy pjhj a pjhj)
Dk prjtjhjkj X, j prjtjhjkj XDFXGMKD, dstá pdfsaej para kas

pdrsjfas qud fj sjf hapahds ed gfbdrgr HE ed ka lgsla lafdra qud
ka layjrìa. Cay hasjs rdpjrtaejs sjmrd tjej df ka `jrla edk aftgbuj
LLX (ahtgvaej hjf áhgej hìtrghj), ejfed puded camdr d`dhtjs
sdhufeargjs ed egarrda j vølgtj df akbufjs hasjs. Dxgstdf akbufas
pdrsjfas qud pardhdf sdfsgmkds a ufa sjka bjta.
Edmgej a lg tramaij hjf fgñjs qud su`rdf autgslj, cd pjegej
avdrgbuar qud huafej cay parásgtjs brafeds df dk hudrpj, dstjs
pudedf fj sdr dkglgfaejs pjr dk egøxgej ed hkjrj. ^drj prjmamkdldftd
luhcjs parásgtjs sì sjf a`dhtaejs pjr dk egøxgej y ahamaf vjkhafej
tjejs sus edsdhcjs ed bjkpd a ka pdrsjfa gf`dhtaea.
Xjf dstas tjxgfas kas qud hausaf lakdstar, ya qud kas pdrsjfas qud
ld dshrgmdf y qud caf cdhcj ufa edsparasgtahgøf sdbùf lg
prjtjhjkj, pjstdrgjrldftd sjf hapahds ed tjlar ejsgs aktas ed HE
sgf fgfbùf d`dhtj sdhufeargj.
Xd utgkgza HEX ak sdr lás kkdvaedrj y pjrqud tgdfd ldfjs d`dhtjs

sdhufeargjs.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
1. âra dstd prjtjhjkj, añaea 1 lk ed HEX para 4>> lk ed

abua rdpartgejs euraftd tjej dk eìa.
=. Df dk sdbufej eìa, utgkghd = lk ed HEX df 1 kgtrj ed abua.
Xg fj cay hjftratgdlpjs (y fjrlakldftd fj kjs cay) sd
puded gfhrdldftar a partgr ed aquì ka ejsgs haea eìa, a 1
lk lás pjr kgtrj, casta kkdbar a kjs 1> lk ed HEX pjr

âra dstj, ds glpjrtaftd samdr qud sd sumd paukatgfaldftd ka
ejsgs, sgf `jrzar df fgfbùf ljldftj dk hudrpj. Xg cay luhcj
hafsafhgj, fj sd gfhrdldfta ka ejsgs casta qud edsapardzha. Wa
qud haea hudrpj ds eg`drdftd, cay qud aeaptarkj a kas fdhdsgeaeds
ed haea pdrsjfa.
Tfa vdz sd kkdba a kjs 1> lk pjr eìa, sd laftgdfd casta ka prøxgla
kufa kkdfa, huafej sd dlpgdza dk prjtjhjkj ed edsparasgtahgøf. âra qud
tdfba çxgtj, cay qud sdbugrkj ed ka lafdra lás dxahta pjsgmkd.
Euraftd ka edsparasgtahgøf, sd sgbud hjf ka lgsla ejsgs ed HEX
casta ka hjlpkdta edsaparghgøf ed kjs sìftjlas, dk tgdlpj qud sda
fdhdsargj. Dk HEX fj sd ahuluka df dk hudrpj, pjr sdr uf
jxgeaftd.
^rjtjhjkj U ― Udrlgfak (df`drldeaeds luy bravds)
Dk prjtjhjkj U, j prjtjhjkj UD]LGFAK, dstá cdhcj para hasjs

tdrlgfakds, amafejfaejs pjr ka ldeghgfa hjfvdfhgjfak.
Dstd prjtjhjkj dstá masaej df ka dxpdrgdfhga ed ufa laerd qud
rdhupdrø a su cgia ljrgmufea ed =0 añjs. Huafej gfghgø dk
tratalgdftj søkj tdfìa 55 ogkjs edmgej a kjs d`dhtjs ed ka
quglgjtdrapga. Dra uf hasj edsacuhgaej, pdrj auf asì y sd rdhupdrø
pjr hjlpkdtj.
 Eìa 19 = lk ed HEX haea cjra, 0 a 3 vdhds ak eìa.
 Eìa =9 8 lk ed HEX haea = cjras.

 Eìa 89 5 lk ed HEX haea = cjras.

Buìa Dsdfhgak

 Euraftd 4 sdlafas lás, 2 lk haea = cjras 0-3 vdhds ak eìa.
 Edspuçs, euraftd 5 sdlafas, 8 lk ed HEX pjr cjra, casta
rdlgsgøf tjtak.
Fjtas9
▰ Df hasj ed fj egspjfdr ed HEX sd puded rdakgzar talmgçf hjf HE,
df rdkahgøf ed ufa bjta ed HE x 1 lk ed HEX.
▰ Cay qud tdfdr df hudfta qud, df ejsgs aktas, dk HE puded
jhasgjfar egarrda.
^rjtjhjkj T ― Trbdfhga (aftgbuj prjtjhjkj 0+0 ed Hkara)
Dk prjtjhjkj T, j prjtjhjkj T]BDFHGA, talmgçf kkalaej ed

‛Hcjqud“ j ‛0+0 ed Hkara“ y vargaftds, ds utgkgzaej para
tratalgdftjs puftuakds, fj bravds, pdrj sì ed urbdfhga, y df
tratalgdftjs gf`dhhgjsjs hjlj pjr didlpkj ka gf`dhhgøf ed jrgfa
(hgstgtgs), gf`dhhgøf ed rgñjfds, gf`dhhgøf edk jìej, bastrjdftdrgtgs,
prjhdsjs `dmrgkds, gftjxghahgøf pjr akgldftjs, rdpdftgfjs vølgtjs j
egarrda, lakdstar sdvdrj sgf hausa apardftd. Xd puded apkghar sjmrd
tjej talmgçf df hasjs ed ejkjr sdvdrj, ejfed sd pudea jmsdrvar dk
auldftj rápgej y rdpdftgfj ed ka gf`dhhgøf ed ufa df`drldeae
1. Xd tjlaf 0 bjtas ed HE ahtgvaej df =>> lk ed abua y

edspuçs ed ejs cjras sd rdpgtd, hjf jtras 0 bjtas lás.
=. ^jstdrgjrldftd, sd tjlaf 8 bjtas haea ejs cjras casta
hjlpkdtar ufas 3 a 1> tjlas ak eìa. Edmd camdr ak fak
edk eìa ufa hkara ldijrìa, df hasj hjftrargj hjfsuktd ak

edshjfjhgea.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
Ualmgçf cay qud aeaptarsd a kas tjkdrafhgas df haea hasj, y sd

puded tjlar hjlj dqugvakdfhga pjr haea bjta ed HE < 1 lk ed HEX,
egsudktj df ka lgsla haftgeae ed abua. Dk HEX bdfdrakldftd tgdfd
ldijr tjkdrafhga, sjmrd tjej huafej sd trata ed prjmkdlas
dstjlahakds.
Cay qud tdfdr df hudfta qud sdbùf ka df`drldeae sd puded aeaptar
ka ejsgs rdeuhgçfejka a 5 x 5, pjr didlpkj (df kubar ed kas 0 bjtas
sdñakaeas lás arrgma).
^rjtjhjkj P ― Pabgfak (utgkgzafej grrgbahgøf)
Dk prjtjhjkj P, j prjtjhjkj PABGFAK, dstá gedaej para

sjkuhgjfar prjmkdlas bdfgtakds `dldfgfjs hjlj ka hafegegasgs,
lghjsgs, pøkgpjs, háfhdr ed hudkkj ed ùtdrj j lgjlas, pdrj
talmgçf ds luy ùtgk para ka hgstgtgs, kjs prjmkdlas rdfakds, kjs
prjmkdlas ed trafslgsgøf sdxuak, ya qud dvgta hjftabgjs, d gfhkusj
puded kkdbar a sdrvgr hjlj aftghjfhdptgvj, euraftd ufa cjra
edspuçs ed ka rdkahgøf sdxuak, edmgej a qud gfljvgkgza a kjs
dspdrlatjzjgeds.
Xg ka luidr kj rdakgza ufas 1=-=5 cjras aftds edk hjgtj, sgf dlmarbj, sd
ca pjegej jmsdrvar qud gfhrdldfta ka `drtgkgeae edmgej a ka
dkglgfahgøf ed patøbdfjs vabgfakds, ya sdaf cjfbjs, mahtdrgas, vgrus j
ed tgpj prjtjzjargj parasgtargj.
Xd puded utgkgzar uf grrgbaejr vabgfak ed àrlahga j talmgçf
ufa sglpkd mjtdkka ed abua ed pkástghj trafspardftd.
Cay = `jrlas ed cahdr dk kavaej vabgfak9

1. Grrgbaejr vabgfak9
Ahtgvar 1> bjtas ed HE j 1> lk ed HEX para 1 kgtrj ed abua
tdlpkaea.
=. Mjtdkka ed pkástghj trafspardftd (¼ kgtrj)9

Xd utgkgzaf ufas 0 bjtas ahtgvaeas ed HE j casta 0 lk ed HEX ak

>,8%, pjr 4>> lk ed abua qud edmd dstar a tdlpdratura hjrpjrak.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
• Dstafej sdftaea df ka mañdra puded gftrjeuhgrkj høljealdftd df

ka vabgfa aprdtafej ka mjtdkka, hrdafej uf vagvçf ed kjs
kìqugejs.
• Xd gftdfta abuaftar ufjs 8 a 4 lgfutjs y df hasj fdhdsargj sd
rdpgtd ufas cjras lás tared. Df akbufjs hasjs sd edmd rdpdtgr
euraftd uf tgdlpj lás prjkjfbaej.
Ds ahjfsdiamkd qud dk hudkkj ed ka mjtdkka sda lás karbj para qud sd
pudea gftrjeuhgr df ka vabgfa.
Aedlás ed hjfsdbugrkj ed lafdra `áhgk df huakqugdr partd edk
lufej, ka prgfhgpak vdftaia ed ka mjtdkka ed abua ds qud
pjstdrgjrldftd sd puded jmsdrvar df dk hjftdfgej sg cumj
hafegegasgs (uij mkafqudhgfj) j trghj- ljfgasgs (uij alargkkdftj
vdrejsj), qud ds uf parásgtj.
Fjtas9
▰ Uratar ed qud fj dftrd agrd.
▰ Abua jsljtgzaea j dstdrgkgzaea.
▰ Abua a tdlpdratura hjrpjrak.
FJ ]DAKGYA] U]AUALGDFUJ df luidrds rdhgçf jpdraeas j

luidrds qud cayaf eaej a kuz ed `jrla lás j ldfjs rdhgdftd.
Edmdf trafshurrgr ak ldfjs 5> eìas edsed dk partj j ka
gftdrvdfhgøf.
^rjtjhjkj R ― Rau! (Aedlás sd puded usar para...)
ӹ Hjftra dk lak jkjr hjrpjrak9

HEX ds uf edsjejraftd labfìhj, ya qud dkglgfa ka hausa edk
jkjr hjrpjrak ùdrtd, atahafej y edstruydfej su raìz9 kas mahtdrgas
y kjs cjfbjs. HEX ds luy dhaz hjftra dk jkjr ed kas axgkas, jkjr ed
kjs pgds, dth. y sd puded apkghar, sgf egkugr, ed lafdra egrdhta
utgkgzafej HEX ak >,8% sjmrd ka pgdk sgf fdhdsgeae ed dkglgfarkj

pjstdrgjrldftd. âra apkgharkj ed lafdra `áhgk, sd puded utgkgzar ufa

mjtdkka ed spray. HEX ds luhcj ldfjs hjrrjsgvj a kas vákvukas edk
pukvdrgzaejr qud HE ahtgvaej.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
ӹ âra hdpgkkar kjs egdftds9

Xd puded utgkgzar HEX pjrqud edmgej a su pC fdutrj, fj a`dhta dk
dslaktd ed lafdra fdbatgva a karbj pkazj, hjlj sdrìa dk hasj hjf dk
HE. Ak lgslj tgdlpj sd hjfsgbudf egdftds lás mkafhjs, gfahtgvahgøf
ed kas hargds, y sd prdvgdfdf fuldrjsjs prjmkdlas muhakds (vdr
prjtjhjkj I).
ӹ Mañjs ed pgds9
Ttgkgza 1>-8> bjtas ahtgvaeas df ufa pakafbafa ed = a 4 kgtrjs ed
abua (hjftra, cjfbjs, ùkhdras, cdrgeas, dth. …) df uf kubar mgdf
vdftgkaej euraftd 14-=> lgfutjs.
ӹ Hjfsdrvaftd df dk `rgbjrìhj9
^rdparafej ufa mjtdkka ed abua ed 4>> lk hjf 4> bjtas ahtgvaeas
y ediáfejkj amgdrtj df ka pudrta edk `rgbjrìhj. Edmgej ak `rìj, dshapa
luy pjhj bas, pdrj dstd bas ds suhgdftd para hjfsdrvar euraftd
sdlafas j gfhkusj ldsds tjea ka vdreura y `ruta df dk `rgbjrìhj, sgf
dfljcdhdr. Dstd d`dhtj dstá sgdfej utgkgzaej df ka gfeustrga hjlj
‛atløs`dra hjfsdrva- ejra“ y sd dlpkda para9
• Dlmakaid ed harfds.
• Xd puded utgkgzar talmgçf dk sjmraftd ed ka prjeuhhgøf hasdra
ed HEX (ka ldzhka), hjf dstd prjpøsgtj.
• Xd rdhjlgdfea buarear kjs qudsjs df uf rdhgpgdftd hdrraej
apartd, ya qud pjr su faturakdza kkdvaf cjfbjs y mahtdrgas.
• Ak lgslj tgdlpj, fjs sgrvd para edsgf`dhtar dk trapj ed
hjhgfa dhcafej uf pjhj ed kìqugej ed ka mjtdkka ed HE
ahtgvaej edk `rgbjrìhj (ka ldzhka) ak lgslj.
ӹ Hjftra vdrrubas9
Cay tdstgljfgjs qud rdpjrtaf qud luhcas vdrrubas sd hadf sjkas pjr
ka gfbdstgøf edk HE j HEX, pdrj df luhcjs hasjs fj ds asì. Tfa
sjka apkghahgøf ds suhgdftd. Xd puded edsgf`dhtar ka zjfa hjf HEX.
Tfa ed kas rdhdtas para qugtar vdrrubas ds9

Buìa Dsdfhgak
1. ]aspar ka supdrhgd eura hjf ufa kgia fa, sgf cahdr safbrd.
=. Xd puded pjfdr akrdedejr ed ka vdrruba uf pjhj ed vasdkgfa
hjlj prjtdhtjr.
8. Xd apkgha hjf hugeaej ufa bjtgta ed hkjrgtj søeghj (FaHkJ=)
sgf ahtgvar, søkj df ka pufta ed ka vdrruba, sgf kavarkj
pjstdrgjrldftd. Ed dsta lafdra sd hjfsgbud qud edmgej ak pC
akhakgfj edk hkjrgtj sd qudld ka vdrruba kgmdrafej áhgej qud a su
vdz ahtgva egøxgej ed hkjrj hapaz ed kkdbar casta kas raìhds y
dkglgfar ka vdrruba df prjùfegeae.
5. Ak eìa sgbugdftd sd dfrjidhd ka vdrruba y pjhj edspuçs, sd had.
4. A kjs 15 eìas sd edmd camdr hdrraej, y ak lds ka pgdk ca
rdhupdraej su fjrlakgeae camgtuakldftd sgf ediar hghatrghds.
^rjtjhjkj S ― EdtjS (edtjxg`ghar ldtakds pdsaejs)
Dk prjtjhjkj S, j prjtjhjkj EDUJ S , sd utgkgza df hasjs ed

gftjxghahgøf pjr ldtakds ya qud ds uf bravd prjmkdla, edmgej a sd
utgkgzaf ldtakds df9 kas alakbalas, pdstghgeas, ùfbghgeas, pgfturas,
egsjkvdftds, tgftds, kahas, tdigejs, utdfsgkgjs ejlçstghjs, hjslçtghjs y
jtrjs luhcjs prjeuhtjs y aedlás dstáf df dk agrd qud rdspgraljs, a
hjfsdhudfhga ed ka gfhgfdrahgøf ed edsdhcjs gfeustrgakds, dk culj
ed kas `ámrghas y kjs hjhcds, dth.
Dkglgfafej ldtakds
Kjs ldtakds pdsaejs sjf sustafhgas vdreaedraldftd pdkgbrjsas
pjrqud fj sd trata ed qud fudstrj jrbafgslj fj kas pudea
ldtamjkgzar, sgfj qud aedláss tgdfd eghuktae para dkglgfarkas, y ed
acì qud sd ahulukdf df kjs rgñjfds, kjs fdrvgjs, ka brasa, kjs cudsjs, ka
pgdk, kjs pukljfds, ka tgrjgeds j dk hdrdmrj, hjf tjej kj qud dsj
hjfkkdva.
Xd gfghga hjf dk prjtjhjkj M euraftd 8 sdlafas y, pjstdrgjrldftd,
sd rdakgza ufa sdlafa ed edshafsj. Xdbùf dk braej ed gftjxghahgøf,
sd rdpgtd dk tratalgdftj euraftd ufjs 8 ldsds df tjtak. Kjs vakjrds

edmdrìaf camdr maiaej dftjfhds.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
âra jmtdfdr vakjrds `dcahgdftds ds ldijr cahdr ufa prudma df

safbrd aftds qud ka prudma edk hamdkkj, aufqud cay qud rdhjfjhdr
qud dsta ùktgla, ds luhcj lás dhjfølgha. Edpdfegdfej edk tgpj ed
ldtak, ds fdhdsargj kkdbar a ufa ejsgs lás j ldfjs akta, euraftd
lás j ldfjs tgdlpj. Dk ldrhurgj, pjr didlpkj, tgdfd uf pjtdfhgak
ed jxgeahgøf ed >,3= df hjfeghgjfds dstáfear. Dk egøxgej ed hkjrj, ak
tdfdr uf pjtdfhgak lás aktj, sì ds hapaz ed jxgearkj, para
pjstdrgjrldftd sdr dxpuksaej pjr ka vìa urgfarga.
^rjtjhjkj W ― gfWdhhgøf ed HEG

Dk prjtjhjkj W, j prjtjhjkj GF W DHHGØF, tgdfd vargas `jrlas ed
utgkgzar dk HEG (egøxgej ed hkjrj gfydhtamkd).
Dstd tgpj ed tratalgdftj dstá rdsdrvaej para prj`dsgjfakds ed

gfvdstgbahgøf edk sdhtjr ed ka safgeae.
Tfa `jrla gfjhua y `áhgk ed cahdrkj, ds ka gfydhhgøf ed pùstukas

sumhutáfdas.
Dk prjtjhjkj hjfsgstd df gfydhtar pùstukas sumhutáfdas ed 4 a 1> lk
ed HEG hjf ka hjfhdftrahgøf ed 4> ppl (>,>>4%) hdrha ed ka zjfa
a`dhtaea. Xd puded rdpdtgr, sg ds fdhdsargj.
Hølj cahdr ka hjfhdftrahgøf aedhuaea, dstá edshrgtj df dk hapìtukj 4
edk kgmrj ed Xakue ^rjcgmgea.
Ka jtra `jrla, ds df dk tratalgdftj ed df`drldeaeds bravds hjlj
pjr didlpkj ka Dshkdrjsgs Katdrak Algjtrøha (DKA), j df`drldeae
ed Kju Bdcrgb, qud ds ufa df`drldeae edbdfdratgva ed tgpj
fdurjlushukar, qud prjvjha ufa parákgsgs lushukar prjbrdsgva, ed
prjføstghj ljrtak df ka ldeghgfa hjfvdfhgjfak.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
âra cahdr gfydhhgjfds gftravdfjsas (pjr Er. B. Kdøf)9

1. Ds fdhdsargj hjldfzar hjf ka vìa jrak, ak ldfjs euraftd uf lds,
para edsgftjxghar.
=. Ka ejsgs ed HEG fj edmd dxhdedr dk 4% edk sudrj a apkghar.
8. Ka apkghahgøf edmd sdr gfhrdldftaea paukatgfaldftd,
hjldfzafej pjr 4 lk df 1>> lk ed sudrj, haea 4 eìas, 8 sdrgds.
5. Gfhrdldftar a 1=,4 lk df =4> lk ed sudrj, pjr 8 sdrgds, haea 2
eìas.
4. Auldftar a =4 lk ed HEG, df 4>> lk ed sudrj, haea 2 eìas.
0. Dk tgdlpj ed gfùsgøf edmd sdr kj lás karbj pjsgmkd, para
gfhrdldftar dk pdrgjej ed dxpjsghgøf.
2. Hjfvgdfd haea 0 eìas tjlar Ahdtgkhgstdìfa y Xgkglargfa.
3. Dk hakgmrd ed ka vìa a usar ds dk ==.
Qugdrj abraedhdr aquì ak hgruiafj Er. B. Kdøf su gfvdstgbahgøf sjmrd dk

usj pardftdrak edk HEG y kjs eatjs àhgkgtaejs ed kjs rdsuktaejs. Çk
lgslj su`rd Dshkdrjsgs Katdrak Algjtrøha (DKA) y, hjlj rdsuktaej edk
tratalgdftj, ka df`drldeae sd dstamgkgzø y çk ya fj rdqugdrd rdspgrahgøf
artghgak fjhturfa. Ahtuakldftd, ya ds hapaz ed kdvaftarsd ed ka sgkka ed
rudeas y pdrlafdhdr ed pgd sjkj.
^rjtjhjkj Y - Yappdr (Mgjtrjcf®, bdfdraejr ed `rdhudfhgas )
Dk prjtjhjkj Y, j prjtjhjkj YA^^D], ds uf bdfdraejr ed `rdhudfhgas

ed glpuksjs rdhtafbukards para usj tdrapçutghj. Dk hjfhdptj ds qud ds
hapaz ed hrdar ufa rdsjfafhga hjf kjs patøbdfjs, qud a su vdz sd
sjmrddxhgtaf y ludrdf ed lafdra sdkdhtgva, sgf qud dk hudrpj sda
a`dhtaej.
Kjs prgldrjs Yappdr df dk ldrhaej qud sd pjeìaf hjlprar
hjldrhgak- ldftd draf9 dk Yappdr ed Cukea Hkaro y dk ed ]jmdrt

Mdho. Caf pasaej kjs añjs y cjy df eìa cay luhcjs aparatjs lás
avafzaejs df dk ldrhaej,

Buìa Dsdfhgak
a tjej tgpj ed prdhgj. Cd prjmaej luhcìsgljs y tdfbj qud edhgr qud

ka eg`drdfhga ds mastaftd brafed df kj qud a hudstgøf ed hakgeae y
dhahga sd rddrd. Asì qud a vdhds, ds ldijr bastarsd uf pjhj lás.
Wj utgkgzj dk ùktglj Yappdr lás avafzaej kkalaej Mgjtrjcf®, ed ka
pábgfa www.ldeakam.hjl, df tjejs lgs vgaids, y ca sgej lg dk
hjlpañdrj sakváfejld df tjejs kjs ljldftjs huafej jtrjs
rdldegjs àkkarjf. Xu dhahga ds glprdsgjfaftd y ed ljldftj, para lì,
rdprdsdfta qugzás dk lás prj`dsgjfak edk ldrhaej, a uf prdhgj
razjfamkd, qud fj sgbfgha qud fj caya jtras larhas qud ùfhgjfdf ed
laravgkka. Ld busta dk Mgjtrjcf® pjr su sglpkghgeae ed usj, ya qud
tgdfd lás ed 184 prjbralas para tjej tgpj ed df`drldeaeds, ya sdaf
vìrghas, mahtdrgafas, ùfbghgeas j ed parásgtjs. Ugdfd gfhkugejs taftj
kjs prjbralas ed Cukea Hkaro y ed ]jmdrt Mdho, hjlj luhcjs jtrjs
prjbralas para df`drldeaeds tdrlgfakds hjftra dk háfhdr, y jtrjs.
Df uf ùturj, ld vjy a edeghar a ka gfvdstgbahgøf lás prjùfea ed
dstd tgpj ed tratalgdftjs, ya qud kds vdj luhcj ùturj pjr su
dhahga y àkta ed d`dhtjs sdhufeargjs fjhgvjs.
^gdfsj qud tjej kj qud sjljs y sdftgljs, ak fak sd rdsuld df
`rdhudfhgas dkdhtrjlabfçtghas.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
]DXTLDF W ^]JUJHJKJ ED LAFUDFGLGDFUJ

1. Cay qud rdhjrear qud dk HE sd utgkgza sgdlprd ldzhkaej df
ufa prjpjrhgøf ed 191 hjf dk ahtgvaejr, qud dstá df ufa mjtdkka
apartd.
=. HEX ds ed hjkjr alargkkj y ds dk bas hapturaej df abua edk HE.
Xu pC ds fdutrj, y fj tgdfd rdahhgøf sdhufearga hjf dk áhgej edk
dstølabj.
8. Ka haftgeae hjrrdhta para tjlar ds ka qud fj prjeuhd gfhrdldftj
ed lakdstar, fáusdas j egarrda. Xg dstj jhurrd, sd egslgfuyd ka ejsgs,
pdrj sd sgbud tjlafej.
5. ]dpdtgeas ejsgs pdqudñas sjf lás d`dhtgvas qud ejsgs layjrds pjr
ka lañafa y pjr ka fjhcd.
4. Dvgtd tjeas kas `jrlas ed vgtalgfa H, j aftgjxgeaftds
artghgakds euraftd ejs cjras aftds y edspuçs ed ka tjla ed HE
j HEX pjrqud rdeuhd d`dhtgvgeae.
0. Laftdfba uf prjbrala ed futrghgøf aedhuaej para prjtdbdr su
sgstdla gflufjkøbghj.
2. Wa fj usaljs áhgej hìtrghj (LLX hkásghj).
Luhca bdftd fj hjlprdfed ka glpjrtafhga ed tjlar ejsgs ed
laftdfglgdftj ed HE j HEX tjejs kjs eìas, j ak ldfjs = eìas
pjr sdlafa, sgf dlmarbj, dstj ayuea a laftdfdr fudstrj sgstdla
kgf`átghj kglpgj, gfhrdldftafej jxìbdfj hdkukar, kj qud a su vdz
pdrlgtd ufa akhakgfgzahgøf edk hudrpj. Hjlj hjf tjej, fj cay qud
pasarsd ed ka ejsgs, pdrj luhcj pjhj cahd luhcj.
Ds glpjrtaftd earsd hudfta ed qud caf apardhgej braf haftgeae ed
df`drldeaeds fudvas, df kjs ùktgljs 4> añjs. Dk çmjka, dk vgrus
hcgoufbufya, dk sgea, ka cdpatgtgs H, ka brgpd avgar, ka dmrd pjrhgfa,
ka df`drldeae ed Kyld, ka df`drldeae ed Ljrbdkkjfs y uf sgf
fùldrj ed df`drldeaeds, a kas qud fjs df`rdftaljs ahtuakldftd.
Lgkkjfds ed pdrsjfas dstáf su`rgdfej y lurgdfej pjr hausa ed

df`drldeaeds, luhcas ed dkkas hrdaeas j prjvjhaeas pjr dk cjlmrd

y dk sgstdla gfeustrgak ed akgldftahgøf.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
Aedlás, cay qud tdfdr df hudfta ka hjftalgfahgøf df fudstrjs

hudrpjs a hausa ed sustafhgas tøxghas y ldtakds pdsaejs. Ujej dstj
hrda uf dftjrfj øptglj para gf`dstarfjs ed ufa braf haftgeae ed
parásgtjs qud hgrhufeaf pjr fudstra vgea hjtgegafa, prdsdftds gfhkusj
df fudstrjs akgldftjs.
Cay qud tdfdr hkarj qud dk egøxgej ed hkjrj ds luy dhaz, pdrj
dvgedf- tdldftd fj ds uf ‛hura tjej“, aufqud puded dkglgfar
mahtdrgas, hjlj ka ^sduejljfa adrubgfjsa df ufa pkaha ^dtrg. ^drj
fj pasa kj lgslj df dk hudrpj, ejfed ds eg`ìhgk ed hjftrjkarka.
Ualmgçf cay jtrjs, hjlj pjr didlpkj kjs lghrjadrøkjs, hjlj kas
dspgrjqudtas, qud hausaf mjrrdkgjsgs y qud pudedf dstar df tdigejs
prjùfejs, y pjr dk ljldftj ds luy eg`ìhgk ed dkglgfar, gfhkusj hjf
egøxgej ed hkjrj. ^drj cay luhcjs hasjs ed çxgtj, `rdftd a jtrjs
pjhjs qud fj kj tuvgdrjf.
Ed gbuak lafdra dk HE y dk HEX, aufqud dkglgfaf braf partd ed
kas tjxgfas, fj pudedf latar kas kjlmrghds ed braf talañj, pjr kj
qud sd edmdf ahjlpañar ed uf prjtjhjkj ed edsparasgtahgøf, y lás
df hasjs ed pdrsjfas qud lafgpukdf afglakds y pdrsjfas hjf
lashjtas qud fj sd cayaf edsparasgtaej cahd lás ed uf añj. Cay
qud tdfdr df hudfta qud ka ludrtd ed kjs parásgtjs puded bdfdrar a
su vdz lás tjxgfas para dk jrbafgslj, hjlj pjr didlpkj dk aljfgj
kgmdraej pjr dstjs parásgtjs, pjr kj qud ka pdrsjfa puded tdfdr hrgsgs
huratgvas hjf rdahhgjfds aevdrsas hjlj9 lardjs, vølgtjs, egarrda y
lakdstar bdfdrak, qud sjf uf gfeghatgvj ed su prdsdfhga.
Asì puds, huakqugdr pdrsjfa a qugdf dk egøxgej ed hkjrj caya
ùfhgjfaej luy mgdf euraftd kjs prgldrjs ldsds pdrj kudbj caya
vudktj a rdhadr, edmd prgldrj cahdr ufa edsparasgtahgøf, y kudbj
cahdr jtrj tratalgdftj hjf egøxgej ed hkjrj, qud pdrlgta ka
edsgftjxghahgøf fak ed kjs edsdhcjs parasgtargjs df dk hudrpj. Dk
egøxgej ed hkjrj lata a kjs patøbdfjs y jxgea kjs ldtakds pdsaejs,
cahgdfej pjsgmkd su dkglgfahgøf ed fudstrj hudrpj, y a su vdz,
edstruyd ka layjr partd ed kjs vdfdfjs.
Dk prjtjhjkj ed laftdfglgdftj ds dk prjtjhjkj A. Dstd `áhgk y
sglpkd prjtjhjkj para laftdfdr dk sgstdla gflufd tramaia ak
láxglj ed dhgdfhga, ya qud rdeuhd ka aparghgøf ed huakqugdr

brgpd j rds`rgaej y ayuea a prdvdfgr dk háfhdr y jtras luhcas

df`drldeaeds ljrtakds

Buìa Dsdfhgak
hausaeas pjr edlasgaea ahgedz df dk hudrpj y àkta ed jxìbdfj

hdkukar. Tfa pdqudña haftgeae ed HE/HEX tjlaea
`rdhudftdldftd pardhd prdvdfgr ka `jrlahgøf y dk edsarrjkkj edk
háfhdr. Xg tjlafej
dstd prjtjhjkj prdvdftgvj j ed laftdfglgdftj, sd kd lafgdstaf
sìftjlas ed akbufa jtra df`drldeae, edmd halmgar ak prjtjhjkj
aedhuaej, casta qud kjs sìftjlas cayaf edsapardhgej.
Akbufas pdrsjfas fj sjf hjfsdhudftds fg egshgpkgfaeas df dk usj edk
egøxgej ed hkjrj, sgdfej luhcas vdhds dsta ka hausa vdreaedra ed
qud dk tratalgdftj fj ùfhgjfd, j fj eç kjs rdsuktaejs dspdraejs.
Ka dxpdrgdfhga ca edljstraej qud kas pdrsjfas egshgpkgfaeas hjf kas
tjlas caf tdfgej brafeds çxgtjs edljstramkds para hjlmatgr kas
df`drldeaeds hrøfghas, bravds j gfhkusj tdrlgfakds, puegdfej
hjfrlar ka `rasd9
‛Gfhuramkd dra aydr“
❠

Buìa Dsdfhgak

Buìa Dsdfhgak
HØLJ ^]DÂ]A] HE (egøxgej ed hkjrj)

Df dstd apartaej sd dxpkgha hølj prdparar dk egøxgej ed hkjrj ak
dstgkj Igl Culmkd, qud kj mautgzø LLX. Wj kj kkalj HE pjr qud dk
ahtgvaejr ds áhgej hkjrcìerghj luy rdmaiaej y pjr sus sgbkas df
gfbkçs qud sgbfghaf ‛Hckjrgfd Egjxged.“
Dk HkJ= ds uf bas qud sd bdfdra ak ldzhkar dk hkjrgtj søeghj y uf
áhgej.
Dk ldijr ahtgvaejr ds dk áhgej hkjrcìerghj rdmaiaej ak 5%, qud ds
luhcj ldijr qud áhgej hìtrghj y ds dk lgslj qud tdfdljs df fudstrj
dstølabj pjr faturakdza.
ºHølj sd cahd:
Dk HE sd ldzhka hjf dk ahtgvaejr df rdkahgøf 191

Tf paho hjftgdfd ejs mjtdkkas, ufa ed hkjrgtj søeghj (FaHkJ= ak
=4%) y jtra ed áhgej hkjrcìerghj rdmaiaej (CHK ak 5%).
Ak ldzhkar almas sustafhgas a partds gbuakds, sd fdutrakgzaf a uf
rdsuktaej ed aprjxglaealdftd pC 4 sg utgkgzaljs dk CHK ak 5%,
añaegçfejkd abua.
Ka hjfhdftrahgøf edk =4% j edk =3%, fj ds uf gfeghaejr
ed ka hakgeae edk hkjrgtj søeghj. Kj qud glpjrta ds qud
tdfba ufa haftgeae ed hkjratj gbuak j gf`drgjr ak 1%. y
qud ka masd (dxhgpgdftd) sda ed harmjfatj søeghj y fj ed
fgtratj søeghj.
Xglpkdldftd rdprdsdfta utgkgzar pjstdrgjrldftd, ak ahtgvar, ufa bjta lás

j ufa bjta ldfjs edk prjeuhtj. Kj qud glpjrta, ds dk bas qud sd
bdfdra. Cay qud tdfdr df hudfta qud dk HE cahd ufa sdbufea
rdahhgøf df dk dstølabj, kgmdrafej lás bas ed egøxgej ed hkjrj, pdrj ak
usar áhgej hkjrcìerghj (CHK ak 5%), sgdfej dk lgslj áhgej qud
tdfdljs df dk dstølabj df ufa hjfhdf- trahgøf luy maia, dsta
rdahhgøf sdhufearga ds suavd y ùtgk, sg sd qugdrd hjfsdbugr uf

d`dhtj prjkjfbaej df dk tgdlpj. Ak lgslj tgdlpj fj hausa taftjs

d`dhtjs sdhufeargjs hjlj egarrda j fáusdas, rdpjrtaejs ak utgkgzar dk
áhgej hìtrghj.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
º^jr quç áhgej hkjrcìerghj y fj hìtrghj hjlj ahtgvaejr:
Ttgkgzar áhgej hìtrghj ak 4>% ds edfgtgvaldftd edlasgaej ùdrtd

y fj sd edmdrìa utgkgzar df uf braej supdrgjr ak 88%, j gfhkusj
ldfjs. Dk áhgej hìtrghj aedlás, àvjrdhd dk hrdhglgdftj ed
ufa mahtdrga jpjrtufgsta kkalaea hgtrjmahtdr, qud sd futrd edk
hgtratj sjmraftd ed ka rdahhgøf. Fj qugdrj edhgr aquì qud fj
ùfhgjfd dk áhgej hìtrghj, sglpkdldftd sd ca qudeaej
edsàsaej df dk tgdlpj y fj ds øptglj, sgdfej su rdahhgøf df
hjfhdftrahgjfds maias luy kdfta, y df hjfhdftrahgjfds aktas,

Ak ldzhkar almjs, sd bdfdra dk bas HkJ= df kas bjtas ldzhkaeas, hjf
uf hjkjr alargkkj ejraej. Ka eurahgøf ed dsta rdahhgøf ds ed
aprjxglaealdftd dftrd 8> sdbufejs y uf lgfutj, pdrj varìa sdbùf
ka tdlpdratura edk almgdftd y ds lás rápgej df zjfas ed lás hakjr y
lás kdftj huafej cay `rìj. Tfa vdz jmtdfgej dk hjkjr ejraej, ka
sjkuhgøf dstá kgsta para sdr egkugea hjf abua. Camgtuakldftd sd
utgkgza 1>> lk ed abua para ufa ejsgs ed trds bjtas ahtgvaeas
(sgbfghaf 8 bjtas ed hkjrgtj y 8 bjtas ed ahtgvaejr). Xd puded usar lás
abua, pdrj df halmgj fj sd edmd rdeuhgr edlasgaej ka haftgeae
gfeghaea aftdrgjrldftd, pjrqud hjf ldfjs abua, dk samjr puded
ljkdstar, y sdhar ka barbafta, ediafej ufa sdfsahgøf áspdra.
Ka rdpdtghgøf ed pdqudñas ejsgs ea ldijrds rdsuktaejs qud ejsgs
brafeds df ka lañafa y ak ataredhdr.
Xd ca edljstraej qud ejsgs pdqudñas aelgfgstraeas a ldfuej, casta
ufa vdz haea cjra, sjf bdfdrakldftd lás dhahds qud brafeds ejsgs
aelgfgstraeas ufa j ejs vdhds ak eìa. Dstj ds másghaldftd
pjrqud fj glpjrta sg ds ufa haftgeae brafed j pdqudña, ed tjeas
lafdras sd hjfvgdrtd df jxìbdfj y sak ed ldsa df su layjrìa, df
søkj ufa j ejs cjras.
Xg dstá tjlafej brafeds ejsgs ed HE søkj pjr ka lañafa y pjr ka
fjhcd, HE sdbugrá kglpgafej dk hudrpj ed lghrjmgjs y ed ka
layjrìa ed kjs

Buìa Dsdfhgak
patøbdfjs. Xgf dlmarbj, hjf ufa ejsgs lás pdqudña pdrj hjftgfua,
sd glpged ka rdprjeuhhgøf ed patøbdfjs, dspdhgakldftd ed vgrus.
Ka ldzhka sd egkuyd sgdlprd df abua, prd`drgmkdldftd `rdsha ejfed dk
bas sd qudea atrapaej. Kjs iubjs j zuljs pudedf dkglgfar ka
dhahga pjr jxgeahgøf dspdhgakldftd kjs hìtrghjs. Wa qud ka sjkuhgøf
jxgearìa hjf kjs áhgejs edk zulj, df kubar ed cahdrkj hjf kjs
patøbdfjs edk hudrpj.
HØLJ ^]DÂ]A] HEX (~8>>> ppl < >,8%)

Dk HEX, tak hjlj dstá edshrgtj df dk hapìtukj 8 (prjtjhjkj H) edk kgmrj
ed Xakue ^rjcgmgea, hjfsgstd df murmuidar dk bas, qud sd edsprdfed
huafej sd ldzhka dk egøxgej hjf huakqugdr áhgej ak egkugrsd df abua
`rìa j sudrj sgjkøbghj. y edmgej a qud ds luy sjkumkd, sd qudea
atrapaej hjkjrdafej dk abua j sudrj, ed uf hjkjr alargkkj. Ka
prgfhgpak vdftaia ds, qud sd puded utgkgzar huakqugdr ahtgvaejr, hjlj
pjr didlpkj áhgej hìtrghj, jmtdfgdfej uf rdsuktaej práhtghaldftd sgf
samjr edsabraeamkd, fj prjeuhgdfej egarrdas, fg àvjrdhgdfej ka
prjkg`drahgøf jpjrtufgsta ed ka mahtdrga hgtrjmahtdr, qud sd futrd
edk hgtratj søeghj.
Ualmgçf ds pjsgmkd (pdrj fj rdhjldfeaej) utgkgzar hakgeaeds
gf`drgjrds ed hkjrgtj søeghj (hakgeae gfeustrgak) ya qud ak prdparar dk
HEX, sjkaldftd sd utgkgza dk bas, qudeafej kjs rdsgeujs df dk
rdhgpgdftd ed rdahhgøf (df ka ldzhka) qud fj sd utgkgzaf df dk
tratalgdftj.
FaHkJ=
+ CHK

Buìa Dsdfhgak
KA @J]LA @ÁHGK W XDBT]A ED CAHD] HEX

^rgfhgpakldftd cay ejs `jrlas ed prdparar HEX9
1. Hjf áhgej hìtrghj 4>% hjlj ahtgvaejr
(søkj sg fj cay áhgej hkjrcìerghj ak 5% egspjfgmkd)
• Df uf tarrj ed hrgstak ed >,4 k hjf =4> lk ed abua ktraea j

edstgkaea sd hjkjha uf vasj pdqudñj hjf 1> lk ed hkjrgtj
søeghj ak =4% ahtgvaej hjf 1> lk ed áhgej hìtrghj ak 4>% sgf
qud sd ldzhkdf hjf dk abua.
• Xd hgdrra cdrlçtghaldftd hjf ka tapa ed hrgstak euraftd 1=
cjras y sd buarea df uf arlargj.
• Tfa vdz tdrlgfaej, df`rgaljs dk kìqugej df dk `rgbjrìhj y sd
kkdva ak dxtdrgjr para sahar dk vasgtj edk hjfhdftraej sgf
edrralar. (¡FJ ]DX^G]A] DK BAX!)
• Dk abua sd ca vudktj alargkka y dstá kgsta hjlj hjfhdftraej ed
HEX.
• Dstd hjfhdftraej pjstdrgjrldftd sd egkuyd hjf abua sdbùf dk

Buìa Dsdfhgak
=. Hjf áhgej hkjrcìerghj 5% hjlj ahtgvaejr

Df uf tarrj ed hrgstak ed >,8, a >,4 k hjf =4> lk ed abua ktraea j
edstgkaea sd hjkjha uf vasj pdqudñj (hjlj sg ùdra ‛ak mañj
larìa) hjf 4 lk ed hkjrgtj søeghj ak =4% ahtgvaej hjf 4 lk ed áhgej
hkjrcìerghj ak 5% sgf qud sd ldzhkdf hjf dk abua.
• Xd hgdrra cdrlçtghaldftd hjf ka tapa ed hrgstak euraftd 1=

cjras y sd buarea df uf arlargj.
• Tfa vdz tdrlgfaej, df`rgaljs dk kìqugej df dk `rgbjrìhj y sd
kkdva ak dxtdrgjr para sahar dk vasj edk hjfhdftraej sgf
edrralar. (¡Fj rdspgrar dk bas!)
• Df dk dxtdrgjr sd amrd y sd sustgtuyd (hjf ka lgsla abua edk
tarrj) pjr jtrj vasj pdqudñj ed 4 lk ed hkjrgtj søeghj ak
=4% y 4 lk ed áhgej hkjrcìerghj ak 5%, df dk lgslj tarrj.
• Xd hgdrra cdrlçtghaldftd hjf ka tapa ed hrgstak euraftd jtras
1= cjras y sd buarea df uf arlargj.
• Dk abua sd ca vudktj alargkka y dstá kgsta hjlj hjfhdftraej ed
HEX.
• Dstd hjfhdftraej pjstdrgjrldftd sd egkuyd hjf abua sdbùf dk

Buìa Dsdfhgak
Fjta edk autjr9

Cay pdrsjfas qud sd prdbuftaf sg fj ds kj lgslj cahdrkj ed ufa sjka
vdz hjf 1> lk df vdz ed df ejs vdhds (4 lk + 4 lk - ejmkd gfùsgøf), pdrj
fj ds kj lgslj, ya qud fj kkdba a cahdr ka suhgdftd hjfhdftrahgøf fak
ed 8>>> ppl (partds pjr lgkkøf).
^rjhdeglgdftj edtakkaej9
1. Hjkjhar uf vasj ed hrgstak tgpj ‛hcupgtj“ edftrj ed jtrj tarrj
edk lgslj latdrgak, ed aprjxglaealdftd >,4 k, hjf hgdrrd
cdrlçtghj Cay qud tdfdr df hudfta qud huaftj ldfjs agrd
dxgsta df dk tarrj y huaftj lás brafed sda ka supdrhgd edk
hrgstak ejfed sd cahd ka ldzhka, ldijr.
âra dk rdhgpgdftd, rdhjlgdfej kjs tarrjs ed hjfsdrva hjf tapa
ed hrgstak. Tfa tapa ed ldtak fj sdrìa ka aedhuaea ya qud sd
jxgearìa df dk prjhdsj. Xg sd utgkgza dstd tgpj ed hgdrrd, edmd
dfvjkvdrsd ka tapa df pkástghj, y asdburarsd kudbj ed hdrrarkj
mgdf. Cay qud dvgtar ka kuz sjkar egrdhta df dk prjhdsj, ya qud
dk kìqugej ds rdahtgvj.
=. Xdbugealdftd sd kkdfa dk tarrj ed hrgstak hjf =4> lk abua `rìa.
Xd puded utgkgzar abua edstgkaea, ktraea j talmgçf abua
lgfdrak ya qud dk rdsuktaftd HEX fj sd puded hjftalgfar hjf
mahtdrgas, ak sdr uf edsgf`dhtaftd. Dk abua ed brg`j fj ds
rdhjldfeamkd, pjrqud hjftgdfd hkjrj y jtras sustafhgas, qud
pjerìaf rdahhgjfar hjf dk egøxgej, ldrlafej su dhahga. Ak
pardhdr sd laftgdfd ldijr a karbj pkazj df abua edstgkaea.
8. Xd ldzhkaf 4 lk ed hkjrgtj søeghj hjf ka lgsla haftgeae ed
ahtgvaejr ed CHK ak 5% df uf vasj pdqudñj, kglpgj y sdhj.
Dk vasj tgdfd qud sdr ed mjha dstrdhca para qud qudpa df dk tarrj
ed hrgstak (hcupgtj, vgfj, dth…).
5. ^jstdrgjrldftd, dstd vasj sd gftrjeuhd edftrj edk tarrj ed hrgstak
qud hjftgdfd =4> lk ed abua, tdfgdfej hugeaej qud fj
edrralar ka ldzhka df dk abua (cay qud hjkjharkj hjlj sg ùdra

ak mañj larìa).

Buìa Dsdfhgak
Xd hgdrra ka tapa gfldegataldftd, prjhurafej qud quded kj lás

cdrlçtghaldftd pjsgmkd.
4. Xd laftgdfd ka ldzhka euraftd 1= cjras df uf sgtgj jshurj, a
tdlpdratura almgdftd.
0. Edspuçs ed kas 1= c. (dk abua edk tarrj edmd tdfdr dk lgslj
hjkjr edk kìqugej edk vasj pdqudñj) sd pjfd dk tarrj hjf dk
vasj - sgf edrralar- edftrj edk `rgbjrìhj para qud sd df`rìd.
Tfa vdz df`rgaej (= j 8 c) sd rdpgtd dk lgslj prjhdsj (pjr
dsj sd kkala ‛ejmkd gfùsgøf“).
2. Xd kkdva ak dxtdrgjr (mgdf vdftgkaej) amrgdfej ka tapa y hjf ka
lgsla abua edk tarrj sd sustgtuyd dk vasj ed hrgstak (edftrj edk
tarrj) pjr jtra fudva ldzhka ed 4 lk ed hkjrgtj søeghj ahtgvaej
hjf jtrjs 4 lk ed CHK ak 5%
3. Xd buarea dk `rashj jtras 1= cjras df uf arlargj.
Huafej almjs kìqugejs tgdfdf dk lgslj hjkjr, sd ca tdrlgfaej dk
prjhdsj.
7. Aftds ed amrgr, df`rgarkj df dk `rgbjrìhj (= j 8 cjras).
1>. Xd rdtgra (df dk dxtdrgjr) dk vasj edk tarrj df`rgaej hjf
hugeaej ed fj edrralar .
Wa tdfdljs kgstj dk hjfhdftraej ed 8>>> ppl (< >,8 %).
Fjtas9
▰ Dk HEX a 8>>> ppl (< >,8 %) sgdlprd sd buarea df `rgbjrìhj
▰ Dk abua dfrgqudhgea edk bas, ka kkalaljs HEX.
▰ Dk HEX cdhcj, sd buarea prd`drgmkdldftd df ufa mjtdkka
àrlahçutgha ed hrgstak ed hjkjr álmar pjrqud tgdfd ka mjha lás
dstrdhca. Ed dsta lafdra sd ia dk bas df dk abua y sd dvgta ka
dxhdsgva dvapjrahgøf ak amrgrkj.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
▰ Dk hjkjr edk abua edmd sdr acjra ed uf alargkkj ùdrtd,

dqugvakdftd ak hjkjr edk ahdgtd ed bgrasjk. Dk hjkjr fjs gfegha ka
hjfhdftrahgøf, huaftj lás ùdrtd dk alargkkj, lás hjfhdftraej
dstá. Dk puftj ed saturahgøf camgtuakldftd ds ed akrdedejr ed
8>>> ppl qud sgbfgha dk >,8%. Df tçrlgfjs tçhfghjs sjf 8 br. ed
bas pjr kgtrj (1>>> b) ed abua. ^jedljs hjlprjmarkj hjf tgras
ed egøxgej ed hkjrj Ka Ljtd® tgpj 8>>=.
¡FJ GFCAKA]KJ EG]DHUALDFUD¡
ºHølj cahdljs para ldegr 8>>> ppl ya qud kas tgras fj lgedf
lás ed 4>> ppl:
Udfdljs qud egkugr dk HEX edk tarrj 197, ds edhgr ufa partd HEX y
fudvd partds ed abua edstgkaea. Xg df dsta ldzhka gftrjeuhgljs ka
tgra ed prudma y jmtdfdljs uf vakjr ed 8>> sgbfgha qud tjej dk
prjhdsj ca sgej øptglj.
Df dk hasj ed qud fj hjfsgbaljs ka hjfhdftrahgøf, sglpkdldftd
añaegljs lás HEX a ka tjla egarga, para hjlpdfsar.
Hjlj ed huakqugdr `jrla sd dlpgdza hjf ufa ejsgs maia y sd sumd
prjbrdsgvaldftd a ufa hjfhdftrahgøf høljea para haea pdrsjfa,
fj kd ed tafta glpjrtafhga a hjfsdbugr ka láxgla hjfhdftrahgøf,
sglpkdldftd, sg ds lás eçmgk, sd tjla uf pjhj lás.
âra tjejs aqudkkjs qud fj tgdfdf tgras para ldegr ka hjfhdftrahgøf,
sd puded gfeghar qud dk hjkjr edk HEX ed >,8% (8>>> ppl) ds
dqugvakdftd ak hjkjr edk ahdgtd ed bgrasjk.
Tf truhj hjf ka ldzhka rdsgeuak9
Xd kkdva dk vasj ak dxtdrgjr vjkhafej dk rdstj (prjeuhtj ed ka ldzhka
ed kas ejs sustafhgas) df ufa vgdia mjtdkka ed pkástghj ed abua ed
ldegj kgtrj y sd añaed abua casta dk mjred para egkugr. Dsta ldzhka sd
puded utgkgzar df ka hjhgfa para edsgf`dhtar trapjs, laedra ed hjrtd,
j ediarkj amgdrtj df dk `rgbjrìhj ejfed dvapjra kdftaldftd
edsgf`dhtafej dk gftdrgjr, glpgegdfej qud ka vdreura y ka `ruta sd

dfljcdzhaf, prjkjfbafej ka vgea ed kjs akgldftjs y acjrrafej

egfdrj.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
Ka vdftaia ed cahdr HEX ed dsta lafdra ds qud ds luy `áhgk y

sdbura, ka edsvdftaia ds qud sd utgkgza luhcj lás hkjrgtj para
hjfsdbugr ufa hjfhdftrahgøf akta edk >,8% edk HEX.
KA @J]LA LÁX ^]J@DXGJFAK W D@GHAY ED CAHD] HEX

âsj a edshrgmgr ka `jrla hasdra ed hølj cahdr HEX ed lafdra
prj`dsgjfak, hjf pjhjs rdhursjs, ya qud dk latdrgak edk kamjratjrgj ds
harj.
Dsta `jrla ed prdparar HEX dstá pdfsaea para bdftd hjf
hjfjhglgdftjs tçhfghjs másghjs y ds luhcj lás rápgea y dhaz, ya
qud rdqugdrd luy pjhj tgdlpj y aedlás sd acjrra mastaftd hkjrgtj
df dk prjhdsj.
Huaftj ldijr cdhcj, lás brafed ds dk acjrrj y ka dhahga. ^jr kj
taftj, kjs vakjrds edk hkjrgtj a utgkgzar fj sdrìaf kj lás
glpjrtaftd, sgfj qud edpdfed ed hølj sd ca rdakgzaej ka ldzhka.
Kj qud ak fak ds glpjrtaftd ds ka saturahgøf ed ka mjtdkka rdhdptjra.
âra dstj sd hjlprudma kudbj ka hjfhdftrahgøf hjf kas tgras, j ldijr,
hjf ufa pdqudña láqugfa egbgtak ed hjlprjmahgøf ed egøxgej ed
hkjrj, qud ds luhcj lás prdhgsa qud kas tgras ed hjlprjmahgøf.
Xd rdhjlgdfea cahdrkj sgdlprd df dxtdrgjrds , ya qud puded camdr
ufa edabrahgøf df hasj ed qud caya ufa jmstruhhgøf df kjs tumjs
ed sgkghjfa utgkgzaejs y dk bas sd hjlprgla pjr dfhgla edk 1>%.
Dk pdkgbrj fj ds taftj ka edabrahgøf sgfj ka gfcakahgøf lasgva,
edmgej a ka braf haftgeae ed hkjrgtj qud cay df dk rdhgpgdftd, df hasj
ed qud caya uf drrjr j akbj vaya lak.
âra prdparar HEX hjf dsta tçhfgha, sd rdqugdrd dk sgbugdftd latdrgak9
1. @rashj para ldzhkar (rdahtjr). Dk lás aedhuaej ds uf rdhgpgdftd
rdahtjr cdrlçtghj (uf mjrmjtdaejr ed hrgstak ed kamjratjrgj
ds øptglj, pdrj talmgçf sd pudedf usar mjtdkkas ed pkástghj
^DU sg fj cay jtras.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
=. Mjtdkka ed abua (rdhdptjr) = j 8 rdhgpgdftds rdhdptjrds hjf abua

`rìa (uf rdhdptjr ed hrgstak ed kamjratjrgj ds øptglj, pdrj
talmgçf sd pudedf usar mjtdkkas ed pkástghj).
8. Mjlma ed agrd para ahuargj (Xd buarea df uf rdhgpgdftd
cdrlçtghj para qud fj sakba dk bas). ^jr kj taftj cay qud cahdr
abuidrjs df dk rdhgpgdftd para qud sakba dk tumj ed sgkghjfa
edsed ka mjlma ed agrd.
5. Uumjs ed sgkghjfa ed 0 ll (¡glpjrtaftd9 Edmd sdr sgkghjfa y
fj ^PH! âra hjlprjmar, edmd prdfedr hjf uf ldhcdrj dk
tumj ‘ ka sgkghjfa fj sd qudla.
4. Tfa pufzaejra j mrjha ed takaerj ed 4 ll.
^rdparahgøf9
1. Df ka tapa edk `rashj ed ka ldzhka
(rdahtjr) sd cahdf = abuidrjs hjf ka
pufzaejra j ka mrjha edk takaerj, kj
lgslj df ka mjtdkka edk abua rdhdptjra.
Fjta9 Xg sjkj sd va a cahdr HEX df ufa
mjtdkka rdhdptjra, fj ds fdhdsargj cahdr
= abuidrjs df ka tapa, hjf ufj ds
suhgdftd.
=. Xd pasaf = tumjs ed sgkghjfa9
=1. Ed ka mjlma ed agrd ak
`rashj ed ka ldzhka (rdahtjr)
dk tumj sd ldtd a travçs ed
ufj ed kjs abuidrjs ed ka tapa
ed ka mjtdkka rdahtjra casta dk
`jfej.
==. Dk sdbufej tumj sd pasa pjr dk
jtrj abuidrj ed ka tapa ed ka mjtdkka rdahtjra (ufjs = hl)
casta dk `jfej ed ka mjtdkka rdhdptjra ed HEX (a travçs ed
ufj ed kjs abuidrjs ed ka tapa).

8. Xg cay ufa sdbufea mjtdkka rdhdptjra, sd hjfdhta uf tdrhdr tumj

pjr dk sdbufej abuidrj ed ka prgldra mjtdkka rdhdptjra, pasafej
ufjs

Buìa Dsdfhgak
= hl sgf qud tjqud dk kìqugej casta dk `jfej ed ka sgbugdftd mjtdkka

rdhdptjra (sg ka cumgdrd) j mgdf para qud sd kkdvd dk bas sjmraftd.
5. Tfa vdz ed tdfdr tjej dk latdrgak kgstj, sd pjfd df larhca ka
mjlma ed agrd para vdr qud tjej dk ljftaid hgdrrd
cdrlçtghaldftd y qud fj caya pçregeas fg qud dstç jmstrugea
ka lafbudra, ya qud ka jmstruhhgøf puded sdr hausa ed ufa
edabrahgøf fj edsdaea.
4. Xdbugealdftd sd pjfdf =4 lk ed hkjrgtj + =4 lk ed ahtgvaejr
df dk rdhgpgdftd rdahtjr y sd hgdrra gfldegataldftd, pjfgdfej df
larhca ka mjlma ed agrd ed ahuargj para murmuidar dk bas cahga kjs
rdhgpgdftds rdhdptjrds.
0. Edspuçs ed uf ratj, dk kìqugej ed ka mjtdkka rdahtjra sd edhjkjra
hasg hjlpkdtaldftd, sgbfgha qud dk prjhdsj ca fakgzaej.
2. Edspuçs sd rdpgtd hjf ldfjs hkjrgtj, para saturar talmgçf kas
mjtdkkas rdstaftds. Xd edmd hjlprjmar pjstdrgjrldftd ka ldzhka
para dstar sdburj ed qud ka hjfhdftrahgøf sda ed 8>>> ppl, qud
sjf >,8%. Df hasj ed qud ùdra ed lás, kj pjedljs egkugr hjf
abua edstgkaea casta tdfdr ka hjfhdftrahgøf edsdaea, df hasj ed
qud ùdra ed ldfjs, pjedljs rdpdtgr dk prjhdsj para
hjfsdbugr lás hjfhdftrahgøf
HØLJ ^]DÂ]A] HEG (Egøxgej ed hkjrj gfydhtamkd)

Dk HEG dstá pdfsaej para sdr gfydhtaej sjmrd tjej df afglakds,
ejfed ka gfbdstgøf ds eg`ìhgk j glpjsgmkd. Ualmgçf puded sdr ùtgk
df hasj ed dldrbdfhga, sg fjs dfhjftraljs df ufa zjfa kdijs ed
huakqugdr hgueae u cjspgtak, tras ufa pghaeura vdfdfjsa ya sda ed
sdrpgdftd, araña, dshjrpgøf j ed ufa raya vdfdfjsa largfa.
Fjta kdbak9
Dk cdhcj ed gfydhtar huakqugdr sustafhga df culafjs dstá rdsdrvaej a
prj`dsgjfakds ed ka ldeghgfa y fj edmd sdr prahtghaej pjr pdrsjfas sgf
hjfj- hglgdftj, a f ed dvgtar prjmkdlas hausaejs pjr uf tratalgdftj

drrøfdj.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
Ualmgçf sd puded apkghar egrdhtaldftd akrdedejr y edftrj ed kas

ljredeuras ed uf afglak sakvaid, ya qud ed dsta lafdra sd dkglgfa ufa
prjmamkd gf`dhhgøf hjf bravds hjfsdhudfhgas, sg sd dstá kdijs ed
cjspgtakds, j ed hdftrjs ed atdfhgøf lçegha.
Ka hjfhdftrahgøf utgkgzaea ed HEG puded sdr ed 4> a 1>> ppl (>.>>4%
- >.>1%) y df hasjs bravds ed gftjxghahgøf pjr sdrpgdftd j sglgkar, sd
puded dkdvar ka hjfhdftrahgøf, sdbùf kas hgrhufstafhgas.
Cay vargas `jrlas ed prdparar HEG
1. Xd utgkgza dk lgslj prjhdsj qud dk edshrgtj aftdrgjrldftd df

ka àmrghahgøf edk HEX. Xglpkdldftd utgkgzafej sudrj
sgjkøbghj sakgfj df vdz ed abua edstgkaea.
=. Xg utgkgza dk HEX, pjr haea 1>> lk ed egkuhgøf df abua ed
HEX sd añaed 1 br. ed sak (>.7 br. para sdr dxahtj). Ld caf
rdsuktaej luy ùtgkds kas mjksgtas pdqudñas ed sak, ya qud
kkdvaf 1 br. y dstafej kdijs ed kas hgueaeds, ds eg`ìhgk j
glpjsgmkd dfhjftrar sudrj. FJ cay qud prdjhuparsd
edlasgaej pjr ka dstdrgkgeae, ya qud dk lgslj HEX ds
sgdl rd 1>>% dstçrgk.
▰ Df afglakds lalì`drjs dftrd 4> y 3> ogkjs, cdljs pjegej
hjlprjmar qud gfydhtafej 4 lk df ufa mjksa ed sudrj sakgfj ed
=4> lk y sulg- fgstráfejsdka ak afglak, fj cdljs tdfgej d`dhtjs
aevdrsjs df fgfbùf hasj, y sd ca pjegej auldftar gfhkusj a 1> lk,
sgf prjmkdlas layjrds. A partgr ed 14 lk puded apardhdr ufa
grrgtahgøf vdfjsa. âra rdeuhgr ka grrgtahgøf vdfjsa, pjedljs
añaegr 8-4 lk ed ELXJ.
▰ âra ka utgkgzahgøf egrdhta df idrgfba ed lafdra sumhutáfda j
gftravdfjsa ed ka hjfhdftrahgøf láxgla, sgf hausar eañj df dk
tdigej, sd ca pjegej dstamkdhdr akrdedejr ed 1>> ppl qud
dqugvakdf ak >,1%.
▰ Dk pC øptglj ds ed 2,8.
▰ Fj sd puded utgkgzar mgharmjfatj hjlj talpøf df hasj ed qud

dk pC sda edlasgaej maij, asì qud sd puded gfhrdldftar dk pC

sg ds

Buìa Dsdfhgak
fdhdsargj, hjf ufa luy pdqudña haftgeae edk lgslj hkjrgtj

søeghj qud tgdfd uf pC 18 y ds luy akhakgfj.
▰ Ttgkgzafej ka mjksa ed sudrj fj cay prjmkdlas, edmgej a ka
layjr egsjkuhgøf. Dk bjtdj øptglj ds akrdedejr ed trds bjtas pjr
Ahtgvar HE df ufa idrgfba d gfydhtar søkj dk bas a ufa

sjkuhgøf ed sudrj sakgfj9 dsta ds ufa `jrla `áhgk y rápgea ed
hrdar HEG gfydhtamkd para ufa sgtuahgøf ed dldrbdfhga, sda
ejfed sda9 fdhdsgtaljs 4>> lk ed sudrj sakgfj, ufa idrgfba
brafed ed 1> a 4> lk, hkjrgtj søeghj ak =4% y uf áhgej qud
puded sdr CHk (áhgej hkjrcìerghj) j áhgej hìtrghj. Hjlj søkj

sdbufej.
^]JHDEGLGDFUJ 1
1. ^jfdljs ka abuia df ka idrgfba, hjf dk prjtdhtjr pudstj.
=. Xahaljs dk pgstøf ùdra ed ka idrgfba y pjfdljs 0 bjtas ed
hkjrgtj, lás jtras 0 bjtas edk áhgej df ka idrgfba amgdrta.
8. Gftrjeuhgljs dk pgstøf iustj para tapar ediafej uf dspahgj
ejfed sd puded hrdar dk bas ed egøxgej ed hkjrj.
5. Ealjs ka vudkta a ka idrgfba hjf ka abuia cahga arrgma y
pjedljs aprdhgar hølj sd dstá hrdafej dk egøxgej ed hkjrj
df dk dspahgj dfhgla edk pgstøf.
4. Edspuçs, pjedljs qugtar ka prjtdhhgøf ed ka abuia y ka
gftrjeuhgljs df ka mjksa ed sudrj sakgfj. Xøkj gftrjeuhgljs dk
bas, sgf qud dk kìqugej dftrd df ka mjksa.
0. Edialjs ka abuia pudsta sahafej ka idrgfba, ediafej dftrar agrd
para qud sd pudea bdfdrar lás bas ed egøxgej.
2. Dftjfhds pjedljs rdhjfdhtar ka abuia y ka idrgfba y vjkvdr a
gftrjeuhgr dk bas qud sd ca hrdaej df dk dspahgj ed ka idrgfba,
sgf pjfdr dk kìqugej.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
Dstj pjedljs rdpdtgrkj kas vdhds qud sdaf fdhdsargas, casta

hjfsdbugr ufa sjkuhgøf hjf ufa hjfhdftrahgøf dftrd 4> ppl casta
láxglj 1>> ppl, qud pjerdljs hjlprjmar hjf kas tgras rdahtgvas
ed egøxgej ed hkjrj, tgpj Ka Ljtd 8>>=.
^jedljs añaegr a ka sjkuhgøf casta 4 lk ed ELXJ para dvgtar
grrgtahgjfds vdfjsas, dk ELXJ tgdfd ùfhgøf aftggfalatjrga.
3. Ak rdstj edk kìqugej ed ka idrgfba, kd pjedljs añaegr abua y
usarkj hjlj edsgf`dhtaftd ed supdrhgds j gfstruldftjs.
^]JHDEGLGDFUJ =
Jtra `jrla ed cahdrkj ds egrdhtaldftd ed idrgfbugkka a idrgfbugkka
ejfed ufa ds dk rdahtjr hjf ka ldzhka y ka jtra ds dk rdhdptjr hjf dk
sudrj sakgfj.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
ºQTÇ DX LDIJ] HE, HEX, HEC, HKJ]GUJ XGF AHUGPA]:

Luhca bdftd ld prdbufta huák ds ka ldijr `jrla ed tjlar dk egøxgej
ed hkjrj y aquì pjr gftdrfdt dfhjftraljs luhcìsglas `jrlas
egstgftas qud pudedf hjfùfegr. Ka rdspudsta ds luy `áhgk9 tjeas
ùfhgjfaf.
Ka hudstgøf ds qud cay sumstafhgas j ldzhkas ldijrds sdbùf ka
apkghahgøf y kj glpjrtaftd ds dftdfedr hølj ùfhgjfa dk bas df dk
hudrpj.
Cay qud rdlarhar qud ka dhahga edk egøxgej ed hkjrj ds edmgea

a su dxtrdla hapahgeae ed pdfdtrar df tdigejs y luhjsas pjr
sdr uf bas.
Dk hkjrgtj søeghj ds uf kìqugej lás edfsj y fj tgdfd dsta

hapahgeae ed pdfdtrahgøf, pjr dkkj prgldrj tgdfd qud rdahhgjfar
aftds ed pjedr kkdbar ak tdigej prjùfej? aedlás cay fuldrjsas
prudmas hgdftìhas ed su dhahga hjlj edsgf`dhtaftd ejfed dk
egøxgej sgdlprd ca sgej supdrgjr ak hkjrgtj df tçrlgfjs ed
dkglgfahgøf ed patøbdfjs, ya sdaf vgrus, cjfbjs j mahtdrgas.
Xøkj dk egøxgej pdfdtra df luhjsas j mgjkl ejfed sd pudedf
dshjfedr kjs patøbdfjs hausaftds sjmrd tjej ed df`drldeaeds eg`ìhgkds
ed drraeghar. Dk hkjrgtj fdhdsgta prgldrj ahgedz para hjfvdrtgrsd df
egøxgej ed hkjrj y sg fj cay, fj ùfhgjfa gbuak.
Fjta9 Df akbufjs sgtgjs ed gftdrfdt sd edfjlgfa hkjrgtj sgf ahtgvar a ka

ldzhka ed hkjrgtj ed sjegj hjf rd`rdshjs áhgejs. Cay qud tdfdr df hudfta
qud dstjs rd`rdshjs df rdakgeae ahtgvaf dk hkjrgtj pjr su pC áhgej y pjr kj
taftj dk tçrlgfj ‛sgf ahtgvar“ fj ds hjrrdhtj.
HE (LLX)
Ugdfd ufa prgldra rdahhgøf ak ldzhkar hjf dk áhgej ejfed dk bas
qudea atrapaej df ka bjta ed ka rdahhgøf y ufa sdbufea rdahhgøf hjf

kjs áhgejs dstjlahakds.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
Xu prgfhgpak vdftaia ds qud tgdfd ufa rdahhgøf lás prjkjfbaea

euraftd lás tgdlpj df dk dstølabj, ya qud fj kgmdra tjej dk bas
ed bjkpd.
Xu layjr edsvdftaia ds apartd edk hjkjr y samjr, qud puded
hausar prjmkdlas egbdstgvjs, df ejsgs aktas hausa egarrdas pjr ka
lgsla razøf qud dk hkjrgtj søeghj sgf ahtgvar, pdrj talmgçf puded
sdr ùtgk para hgdrtjs tratalgdftjs rdkahgjfaejs hjf dk páfhrdas,
eujedfj j hjfeuhtj mgkgar.
HEX
Ds søkj dk bas egsudktj df abua ejfed fj cay rdahhgøf sdhufearga df
dk dstølabj.
Xu prgfhgpak vdftaia ds su luy rápgea amsjrhgøf sgf d`dhtjs
sdhufeargjs fdbatgvjs ed egarrdas j vølgtjs.
^jr jtrj kaej, ds ka `jrla hjlj lás egøxgej ed hkjrj puded sdr
apjrtaej ak hudrpj sgf qud caya prjmkdlas ed egbdstgøf ya qud dk bas
fj sudkd pasar dk dstølabj ak sdr uf bas kgmdraej pjr ka
tdlpdratura y jtafej df ka havgeae dstjlahak casta qud ds
amsjrmgej pjr kas luhjsas ahujsas qud kj trafspjrtaf
gfldegataldftd a kjs kìqugejs gftdrstghgakds.
Ka jtra braf vdftaia sjmrd kjs edlás sgstdlas ds qud su pC ds fdutrj
y fj gftdrdrd ed lafdra fdbatgva.
^jr dsta razøf puded sdr usaej hjlj gfydhtamkd df `jrla ed HEG.
Xu prgfhgpak edsvdftaia ds qud dvapjra `áhgkldftd a partgr ed 11¾H sg
dk `rashj dstá amgdrtj j sg hjftgdfd luhcj agrd df su gftdrgjr.
Jtrj gfhjfvdfgdftd puded sdr df akbùf hasj ka hjrta eurahgøf edftrj
edk hudrpj qud puded sdr hjftrarrdstaea, añaegdfej ufas bjtas ed
hkjrgtj søeghj ak HEX, kkalaej ‛HEX dstamgkgzaej“, rdtrasafej su
amsjrhgøf y dstafej lás tgdlpj edftrj edk hudrpj.
HEC
Ds práhtghaldftd HE (LLX) ahtgvaej hjf tgdlpj (1 eìa aftds)
ejfed ya fj cay rdahhgøf sdhufearga df dk dstølabj edmgej a qud sd ca

hjlpkdtaej ka rdahhgøf hjf dk hkjrgtj ed lafdra tjtak.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
Ka prgfhgpak vdftaia ds qud fj tgdfd ufa rdahhgøf sdhufearga df dk

dstølabj y rdsukta luhcj lás kkdvaedrj df tçrlgfjs egbdstgvjs.
Ka ùfgha edsvdftaia qud tgdfd ds su pC qud ds áhgej hjlj dk HE
(LLX) asì hjlj dk jkjr y samjr a hkjrj y qud tarea lás df sdr
dkamjraej.
Xgf dlmarbj cay qud tdfdr df hudfta qud ed dsta lafdra XÌ
rdahhgjfa hjf kjs áhgejs dstjlahakds y XÌ puded hausar ljkdstgas
egbdstgvas.
Hkjrgtj søeghj sgf ahtgvar (jxìbdfj dstamgkgzaej)

Xg sd gfbgdrd hkjrgtj søeghj sgf ahtgvar talmgçf kkalaej jxìbdfj
dstamgkgzaej, çstd sd ahtgva df dk dstølabj hjf kjs áhgejs
bástrghjs.
Xu prgfhgpak vdftaia ds dk samjr y ka edsvdftaia ds qud puded
gfeuhgr `áhgkldftd a vølgtj, sjmrd tjej df uf dstølabj vahìj y df
haftgeaeds supdrgjrds a 8 bjtas hausaf egarrdas ya qud dk hkjrgtj
sjmraftd ed ka rdahhgøf kkdba ak eujedfj y ak gftdstgfj qud tgdfd uf
pC eg`drdftd y dstd eg`drdfhgak ed pC sudkd hausar egarrda.
Xg qudrdljs tratar dk árda edk eujedfj ed lafdra egrdhta puded
sdr vdftaijsj usar dsta vdrsgøf.
Dk jxìbdfj dstamgkgzaej ds hkjrgtj ak =,4% y pjr kj taftj søkj
dqugvakd a ufa gfbdstgøf ed 1>%, kj qud sgbfgha ufa ldfjr
haftgeae ed egøxgej ed hkjrj egspjfgmkd pjstdrgjrldftd para dk
hudrpj. Xgf dlmarbj, cay qud edhgr qud df luhcjs hasjs kas ejsgs
luy pdqudñas ya rdsuktaf dhahds para luhcas pdrsjfas.

Buìa Dsdfhgak
]dsuldf
Pdftaias Edsvdftaias
• Hjkjr y samjr lás
• ]dahhgøf lás prjkjf- ùdrtd.
HE baea df dk dstølabj
(kgmdra dk bas pjhj a • =ª
dstøla-
rdahhgøf df
bj,
Egøxgej ed pjhj). puegdfej hausar
hkjrj • Ùtgk df9 páfhrdas, ljkdstgas egbdstgvas.
eujedfj j hjfeuhtj • pC áhgej
mgkgar
• Aktas ejsgs < egarrda
• Xamjr
HEX • ]ápgea amsjrhgøf • Xd dvapjra `áhgkldftd
Xjkuhgøf ed • Dk bas fj pasa pjr dk • Hjrta eurahgøf edftrj
egøxgej ed ds- tølabj. ^jr kj edk hudrpj
hkjrj taftj fj cay =ª
rdahhgøf.
• pC fdutrj
HEX • ]dahhgjfa hjf kjs
dstamgkgzaej • ]dtrasa ka amsjrhgøf, áhgejs dstjlahakds
dstafej lás tgdlpj df puegdfej prjeuhgr
HEX+Hkjrgtj dk hudrpj
søeghj ljkdstgas egbdstgvas
• Dk bas fj pasa pjr dk
HEC ds- tølabj, pjr kj • pC áhgej
(HE + tgdlpj) taftj fj cay =ª • Hjkjr y samjr tarea
rdahhgøf. lás df sdr
• Lás kkdvaedrj df dkamjraej
tçr- lgfjs
egbdstgvjs
Hkjrgtj sgf • Gfeuhd ak vølgtj
ahtgvar • Xamjr
• 6 8 bjtas < egarrda
Jxìbdfj dstamg- • Ùtgk df9 árda edk
kgzaej (Hkjrgtj eujedfj ed lafdra • Ldfjr haftgeae ed
ak =.4% ) egrdhta HE df dk hudrpj

11>

3 - Kalcker - Lo Esencial

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3 - Kalcker - Lo Esencial

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Buìa Dsdfhgak ed ^rjtjhjkjs HEX

]dsuldf dsdfhgak edk kgmrj

Xgkva Egsdñj ed ka pjrtaea9 Ujfy Lgkafçs

Dstá lgfgbuìa ds uf dxtrahtj ed lg kgmrj ‛Xakue ^rjcgmgea“ hjf lás

Dstd ejhuldftj fj rdprdsdfta ufa rdhjldfeahgøf ed

^rjtjhjkj ^ ― ^arásgtjs (prjtjhjkj gftdfsgvj)................................43

ºJSGEAHGØF HJLJ UD]A^GA:

‛Kjs brafeds halmgjs df dk lufej sjf hjsa ed larbgfaejs“.

Cd eaej luhcas hjf`drdfhgas pjr tjej dk lufej y cd tdfgej

Ak earld hudfta qud kas hjsas fj sjf kj qud pardhdf gfhkusj a

Huafej fjs prdbuftaljs kj qud sjljs, ka rdspudsta ds

Xg ka df`drldeae ds ufa `akta ed dfdrbìa, ºhølj kjbraljs dfdrbìa

ºHølj apabaf kjs mjlmdrjs kjs `udbjs:

Xì fudstrj hudrpj `ufhgjfa a travçs ed hjlmustgøf, ºpjr quç razøf

ºQuç sjf kjs hausaftds lás camgtuakds edk dstrçs jxgeatgvj:

Fjta9 Fj cay qud hjf`ufegr kjs tjfutrgdftds y kjs lgfdrakds ed kas

Ka safbrd vdfjsa qud tgdfd uf pC ed aprjxglaealdftd 2,81. Ak

Dk egøxgej ed hkjrj ds uf jxgeaftd hjlpudstj ed9 1 átjlj ed hkjrj y =

A eg`drdfhga ed uf aftgmgøtghj qud `ufhgjfa pjr

Ds dk lgslj ldhafgslj qud dk hudrpj y su sgstdla ed ed`dfsa

Dstuegj ed tjxghgeae edk egøxgej ed hkjrj (HkJ₍) df egsjkuhgøf

]d`drdftd ed ka tjxghgeae9 Xd caf cdhcj ufjs dfsayjs df 45 ratjfds

Kas ratas fj prdsdftarjf rdhcazj a ka sumstafhga HEX df fgfbufa ed

Df Dstaejs Tfgejs ed Alçrgha dk prdsgedftd ahama ed aprjmar ufa

HE < Hkjrgtj søeghj (FaHkJ=) + áhgej hkjrcìerghj

hasj rarj ed akdrbga

y pjr dsa razøf, prudmd prgldrj hjf ufa bjta ed ELXJ df dk

Udfba hugeaej hjf ka ejsghahgøf df hasj ed qud qugdra

hkjrj ed dsta lafdra. Fufha sd utgkgza ed `jrla hjfhdftraea (fg sjkj

Xg sakpgha akbj ed kìqugej dfhgla ed ka pgdk j ka rjpa, cay qud kavarkj

Dk ^DU (^jkgtdr d`takatj ed dtgkdfj), hjftgdfd átjljs

ºHølj pudej samdr sg dk hkjrgtj ed sjegj dstá df lak

bas ed egøxgej ed hkjrj y dsj fj ds kj qud sd qugdrd.

Haea patøbdfj edmd tratarsd sdbùf su faturakdza, sd puded bdfdrakgzar

1. Pìrghj9 lùktgpkds ejsgs pdqudñas, pjr su hapahgeae

Huaftj lás df`drla sd dfhudftrd ka pdrsjfa a sdr trataea,

1. Cay qud rdhjrear qud ka gfcakahgøf lasgva ds tøxgha, asì qud sd

dshuhcafej a su hudrpj. Fj sd edmd `jrzar faea. Xg ca gfghgaej

1>. Udfdr df hudfta dk dstaej, pdsj y deae ed ka pdrsjfa.

11. Ka dqugvakdfhga ed gfbdstgøf dftrd dk HE (LLX) y dk HEX

Dk lakdstar puded dstar jhasgjfaej pjr9

Akbufjs d`dhtjs sdhufeargjs lafg`dstaejs9

Tfa hjsa luy eg`drdftd ds huafej ka df`drldeae rdqugdrd haftgeaeds

QTÇ FJ HJLD] FG MDMD]

 HEX apdfas samd y ds `áhgk ed tjlar. Dk áhgej edk

^rjtjhjkj Y hjlj Yappdr (Mgjtrjcf, bdfdraejr ed `rdhudfhgas)

^rjtjhjkj A ― Alatdur j prgfhgpgaftd

Dk prjtjhjkj A j prjtjhjkj ALAUDT] j prgfhgpgaftd ds uf

Aftds ed gfghgar huakqugdr prjtjhjkj, hjlprjmaljs prgldrj ka

1 eìa 9 Aftds ed ejrlgr. 8 bjtas ahtgvaeas (df rdkahgøf 191)

Eìa 1 Eìa = Eìa 8

Aftds ed ahjstarsd 8 bjtas 8 bjtas 8 bjtas

^rjtjhjkj M ― Másghj (Aftgbuj prjtjhjkj 1>>>)

Dk prjtjhjkj M j prjtjhjkj MÁXGHJ ds dk qud lás sd utgkgza y ds

Aftds ed gfghgar huakqugdr prjtjhjkj, hjlprjmaljs prgldrj ka

Dk prjpøsgtj edk prjtjhjkj M ds kkdbar a tjlar ed `jrla høljea 9

1. Camgtuakldftd sd hjlgdfza hjf ufa ejsgs maia ed 0 bjtas

Ka ejsgs egarga sgdlprd edmd tjlarsd a kj karbj edk eìa, egvgegea ed 3

0 bjtas 9 8 eìas df ufa mjtdkka ed 1 a 1,4 kgtrjs ed

^rjtjhjkj H ― HEX (dk aftgbuj prjtjhjkj 1>1)

Dk prjtjhjkj H hjfsgstd df tjlar 1 lk ed HEX >,8% (< 8>>>

1. Xd añaedf 1> lk ed HEX 8>>> ppl (j 1>> lk ed HEX 8>>

gftdrahhgjfds gfedsdaeas, y fj sudkd hausar egarrda.

▰ Xg sd dstáf tjlafej jtrjs ldeghaldftjs, edmd laftdfdr ufa