Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Diuréticos de asa
Tiazidas
Ahorradores de potasio
Otros diuréticos
• Ø Intercambiador de Na/H
(NHE3) en el TCP
• Actividad diurética
• No causa eliminación de K
Nesiritida • Análogo de BNP Agonista del receptor de BNP • Insuficiencia cardiaca • Hipotensión
Carperitida (Jp) • Análogo de ANP Agonista del receptor de ANP congestiva
• ↑ GFR (Vasodilatación
arteriolar glomerular)
• Ø Reabsorción de Na en el
TP y TC (Natriuresis)
Ularitide • Análogo de urodilatina Agonista del receptor de • Bajo investigación
urodilatina
Diuréticos de asa
Ahorradores de potasio
• Pseudomona aeruginosa
• Enterobacteriaceae
• Staphylococcus aureus MS
• Pneumococos
• Haemophilus spp.
• Neisseria spp.
Espectro Antimicrobiano
• Staphylococos MR
Ceftolozane/Tazobactam:
• Pseudomona aeruginosa
• Enterobacteria BLEE
Betalactámicos: Carbapenémicos
Betalactámicos: Monobactámicos
Antimicóticos: Flucitosina
Antimicóticos: Azoles
Antimicóticos: Equinocandinas
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of
the glomerulus
CLASSIFICATION
PRIMARY ACUTE
The disease starts in the Symptoms develop suddenly
glomeruli and can be solved with
treatment
SECONDARY
Glomeruli are affected CHRONIC
by systemic diseases If acute disease is not treated
When the disease has a slow
progression
CLASSIFICATION
PRIMARY GLOMERULAR DISEASE
Acute proliferative glomerulonephritis (APGN)
Post-streptococcal GN
Non-streptococcal GN
Rapidly progressive (cresentic) glomerulonephritis (RPGN)
Membranous glomerulonephritis
Minimal change disease lipoid nephrosis
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN)
Focal proliferative glomerulonephritis (FPGN)
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)
IgA nephropathy / Berger’s disease
Chronic glomerulonephritis
CLASSIFICATION
HEREDITARY DISORDERS
Alport’s syndrome
Fabry’s disease
Mutation in slit diaphragm protein
CAUSES
INFECTIONS VASCULITIS
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis Polyarteritis
Bacterial endocarditis Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
Viral kidney infections VHB, VHC, HIV
Patient’s history
Physical exam
Lab tests CBC, BUN, creatinine,
serum electrolyte panel, arterial
gases, serology
Urinalysis
24 hour urine collection Protein
excretion rate 500 mg – 3 gr/24 h
Immunological panel C3, C4,
Anti-dsDNA, ANA
DIAGNOSIS
MEDICATION:
Antihypertensive mediation
Diuretics
OTHERS:
Dialysis
Transplant
02 Infections
02 Metabolic ●
●
Radiation nephritis
Aging
● Hypercalcemia and nephrocalcinosis ● Ischemia and vascular disease
● Hyperuricemia
● Prolonged hypokalemia
Pathophysiology
Southgate G, Clarke P, Harmer MJ. Renal outcomes in tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis (TINU) syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nephrol. 2023 Mar;36(2):507-519. doi: 10.1007/s40620-022-01478-8. Epub 2022 Nov
18. PMID: 36396848.
Diagnosis
Southgate G, Clarke P, Harmer MJ. Renal outcomes in tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis (TINU) syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nephrol. 2023 Mar;36(2):507-519. doi: 10.1007/s40620-022-01478-8. Epub 2022 Nov
18. PMID: 36396848.
The treatment of Tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) varies depending on its underlying cause:
The primary treatment for drug-induced TIN is the cessation of the offending drug. In
Drug-Induced TIN: severe cases or if kidney function doesn’t improve after discontinuing the drug,
corticosteroids may be used to reduce inflammation.
Tubulointerstitial
Nephritis and Uveitis Glucocorticoid monotherapy
(TINU) Syndrome:
Treatment is usually supportive as there may not be a cure
Genetic Causes:
In all cases, it’s crucial to closely monitor kidney function and provide supportive care as needed
THANKS!
References
1. Praga M. Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of acute interstitial nephritis. UptoDate (Online). 2023. Available in:
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-acute-interstitial-nephritis?search=Clinical%20manifestations%2
0and%20diagnosis%20of%20acute%20interstitial%20nephritis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_ran
k=1
2. Santana Espiñán R. Tubulointerstitial nephropathy. Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria (Online) 2015.
3. Falk R. Treatment of acute interstitial nephritis. UptoDate (Online). 2023. Available in:
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-acute-interstitial-nephritis?search=Treatment%20of%20acute%20interstitial%20nephritis&s
ource=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1
4. Kasper D. Hauser S. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 21e.McGRAW-HILL
5. Ruebner, R. L., & Fadrowski, J. J. (2019). Tubulointerstitial Nephritis. Pediatric clinics of North America, 66(1), 111–119.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2018.08.009
6. Bhandari J, Thada PK, Arif H. Tubulointerstitial Nephritis. [Updated 2023 Apr 8]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls
Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557537/
SEMIOLOGY OF
THE RENAL
SYSTEM
William Espinoza, Pamela Saldaña, Melina
Plaza, Delia Zambrano, Katheryn Cevallos
NEPHRITIC SYNDROME
Inflammation
● Hematuria
● Proteinuria (<3.5 gr/24 h)
● Kidney function impairment
● Leukocyturia
● Hypertension
Epidemiology
Women
- Serum C3 or C4 complement
levels
- ANCA
- Anti-GBM
- Antinuclear antibodies
- Hepatitis C virus, Hepatitis B
virus, HIV
Complication
PATHOLOGY
Damage to the glomerular basement membrane
➔ Increase permeability
CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS
➔ Proteinuria >3.5 g/ 24h
➔ Hypoalbuminemia
➔ Edema
➔ Weight gain
➔ Hyperlipidemia
➔ Foamy urine
➔ Hypertension
COMPLICATIONS
➔ Protein malnutrition
➔ Hypovolemia
➔ Hypercoagulable state
➔ Infections
DIAGNOSIS
➔ Assessment of proteinuria
❏ 24 hour urine collection
❏ >3.5 g/day
➔ Serologic studies
❏ ANA
❏ C3 C4
❏ Hepatitis B and C serologies
➔ Kidney biopsy
❏ Gold standard
TREATMENT
Amitriptyline (Elavil*), doxepin (Zonalon), fluoxetine (Prozac) Adefovir (Hepsera), cidofovir (Vistide), tenofovir (Viread)
Indinavir (Crixivan)
Lithium
Rifampin (Rifadin)
Sulfonamides
Mechanism of kidney injury
Renal Extrarenal
Glomerular Tubular
Tubular secretion
filtration reabsortion
1 2
excreted from the body via glomerular
compounds secreted into the
filtration and tubular secretion traffic
tubular lumen causes the proximal
from the proximal tube into the loop of
tubules to be exposed
Henle.
Alterations of renal
Renal tubular cytotoxicity
intraglomerular hemodynamic
NSAIDs like diclofenac, ARBs like Renal drug transporters are highly
valsartan, and ACEIs like captopril condensed contributing to the relative
lead to severe deterioration of high sensitivity of proximal renal
intraglomerular pressure and tubules to the toxic agents such as
reduction of GFR. antiretroviral drugs and cisplatin.
Glomerulonephritis and interstitial
Drug-induced crystal nephropathy
nephritis
BIOMARKERS
Type IV
KIM-1 NGAL Cytokines Clusterin Osteopontin
collagen
TREATMENT
2. Start dialysis
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Lupus and Kidney Disease - NIDDK.
https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/lupus-nephritis
Light microscopy: active or inactive with diffuse
segmental or global involvement affecting
Diffuse approximately 50% of all glomeruli
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Lupus and Kidney Disease - NIDDK.
https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/lupus-nephritis
●
●
Fatigue
Fever
Clinical manifestations
● Myalgia
● Discoid rash
● Photosensitivity
● Oral ulcers
● Arthritis
Physical exam
● Malar rash, a red, butterfly shaped rash
across the nose and cheeks
Clinical findings
↓ C3 C4
Anti DNA autoantibody
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Lupus and Kidney Disease- NIDDK.
https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/lupus-nephritis
Treatment
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499817/
Treatment
Treatment is largely based on the class types of lupus nephritis.
Classes 1 and 2 can usually be monitored and do not need treatment.
Renal replacement therapy is considered in class 6 where most of the glomeruli have sclerosed.
Active disease in lupus nephritis typically predicts a better response to treatment
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499817/
Treatment
Class 3 and 4 induction therapy
Initiated with mycophenolate mofetil for 6 months with 3 days of intravenous
glucocorticoid followed by tapering prednisone to the lowest dose.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499817/
BIBLIOGRAPHY
● Downie ML, Gallibois C, Parekh RS, Noone DG. Nephrotic syndrome in infants and children:
pathophysiology and management. Paediatr Int Child Health. November 2017;37(4):248-58.
● Politano SA, Colbert GB, Hamiduzzaman N. Nephrotic Syndrome. Prim Care. december
2020;47(4):597-613.
● Glomerular disease: Evaluation and differential diagnosis in adults - UpToDate [Internet]. [cited
2023 Jul 5]. Available from:
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/glomerular-disease-evaluation-and-differential-diagnosis-in-a
dults?search=glomerulonefritis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=defaul
t&display_rank=1
● Osmosis. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): Pathology review.
https://www.osmosis.org/learn/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus_(SLE):_Pathology_review
● https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499817/
● https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3794522/
● https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2008/0915/p743.html
● https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/lupus-nephritis
Acute Renal Failure
& Chronic Kidney
Disease
Cristina Abifadel, María José Pesantez, Paulo De Mora, Sebastian Reyna
& Jorge Zambramo
Acute
Renal
Failure
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
● Reduced urine output
● Swollen legs, ankles, and feet
● Weakness and fatigue
● High blood pressure
● Confusion
● Eyes: Jaundice Liver disease, Band keratopathy
● Cardiovascular System:
○ Irregular rhythms, thromboembolism, murmurs,
○ Pericardial friction rub : pericarditis
○ Increased jugular venous distention , rales (S3) , heart
Clinical failure
Manifestations
● Abdomen:
○ Pulsatile mass on pelvis, prostatic hypertrophy,
○ Abdominal or costovertebral angle tenderness:
nephrolithiasis, papillary necrosis, renal artery
thrombosis, renal vein thrombosis
● Pulmonary system:
○ pulmonary edema, infectious pulmonary process
History
Ultrasound Biopsy
Ultrasound, CT scan and MRI Percutaneous biopsy
Differential Diagnosis
Differentials to be considered
If metabolic acidosis
Citrate or bicarbonate should be administered
occurs
Vasoactive
Are useful in patients with hepatorenal syndrome and cautious
medications or
diuresis en cardiorenal syndrome
colloids
Chronic
Kidney
Disease
ETIOPATHOGENESIS →CKD
This hyperfiltration will start
03 to secrete extracellular
secretions and
glomerulosclerosis develops.
OTHER CAUSES
Lupus - Lupus nephritis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Loss of
appetite Unpleasant
taste in the
mouth
Náusea
Vomiting
CLINICAL
MANIFESTATIONS
Sleep
problems
Undernutrition and
Fatigue and weight loss
weakness
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Blood and urine tests are essential, as they confirm decreased kidney activity.
● Doctors measure kidney function using blood creatinine concentration, gender, and body weight based
on a formula called the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR).
● Ultrasounds are usually done to rule out obstruction and check the size of the kidneys. If they are small
and sclerosed, they usually indicate that the loss of renal functionality is chronic.
● Removing a sample of kidney tissue (kidney biopsy) is the most accurate test, but it is not
recommended when ultrasound results show that the kidneys are small and sclerosed.
Differential diagnosis
Nephrolithiasis
Diabetic nephropathy
Proteinuria must be controlled with SGLT 2 inhibitors, ACE inhibitors and ARBs
Metabolic
acidosis
Bicarbonate
supplementation
HEMODIALYSIS
It consists of a form of renal replacement therapy, where the kidneys’ role of filtration of the blood is helped
or supplemented by an artificial equipment.
The objective of hemodialysis is to remove the excess of water, solutes and toxins in order to maintain
homeostasis
Kidney transplants are one of the most common transplant operations in the United States.
A donated kidney is needed to replace the work previously done by your kidneys.
● A living family donor: related to the recipient, such as a parent, sibling, or child
● A donor not related to the recipient: such as a friend or spouse
● A deceased donor: a recently deceased person known not to have had chronic
kidney disease
● The healthy kidney is transported in a special solution that preserves the organ for
up to 48 hours. This gives health care providers time to perform matching tests on
the donor and recipient blood and tissue.
PROCEDURE FOR THE PERSON WHO RECEIVES THE KIDNEY (RECIPIENT)
People who receive a kidney transplant are given general anesthesia before surgery.
● In order to avoid rejection, almost all kidney transplant recipients have to take drugs that
suppress the immune response for the rest of their lives. This is called
immunosuppressive therapy. Although the treatment helps prevent organ rejection, it
also puts patients at greater risk of infection and cancer.
References
● Murdeshwar HN, Anjum F. Hemodialysis. [Updated 2023 Apr 27]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563296/
● Kalantar-Zadeh, K., Jafar, T. H., Nitsch, D., Neuen, B. L., & Perkovic, V. (2021). Chronic kidney
disease. Lancet (London, England), 398(10302), 786–802.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00519-5
Urinary Tract Infection
• BACTERIURIA
Presence of bacteria in urine, which under normal conditions are not
found there.
• SIGNIFICANT BACTERIURIA
Isolation of 100,000 CFU per milliliter of a single pathogen in a urine
sample taken at random in the middle of urination.
• PYURIA
Presence of leukocytes in urine
Escherichia coli
Klebsiella , Aerobacter
Proteus
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
enterococcus
staphylococcus
Acinetobacter
Incidence
● Women have UTI much more frequently with 20% throughout his life.
● From the age of 65, the incidence increases in both sexes, in men due to prostate disease.
● UTI are the leading cause of infection in geriatric (33%), rehabilitation area (65%).
Incidence
Most frequent urinary tract infections according to age and sex
Man Urethritis/prostatitis
● Lower UTI: at the level of the urethra and bladder, with signs and symptoms such
as dysuria, pollakiuria, turbidity and fetid odor in urine. Includes cystitis and
urethritis.
● High UTI: at the level of the ureter and renal parenchyma, with systemic signs and
symptoms such as chills, fever, low back pain, nausea and vomiting. Includes
pyelonephritis
However, to establish the prognosis and therapeutic strategy to follow, it is classified into
complicated (cUTI) and uncomplicated (ncUTI) UTI.
VAGINITIS
● Leucorrhoea
● Genital irritation
● Dyspareunia
● Vulvar itching
● External dysuria.
Clinical presentations
PYELONEPHRITIS
Symptomatology develops in a few hours or days.
● High fever
● Shaking chills
● Low back pain with positive fist percussion
● Nausea
● Vomiting
● Urinary urgency
● Frequency
● Tenesmus
Urethritis
● Purulent urethral discharge
● Meatal pruritus
● Dysuria
Clinical presentations
Prostatitis
● Sudden onset with fever and chills
● Dysuria
● Pollakiuria
● Lumbosacral, perineal or suprapubic pain.
● Enlarged prostate with severe pain.
Epididymitis
● Unilateral scrotal pain and swelling
● Fever
● Dysuria
● Pollakiuria
● Urinary urgency
● Urethral discharge.
Diagnosis
● Patient history
● Physical exam: Costovertebral angle tenderness, a positive lumbar
fist percussion
Urinalysis
- Family history
- Dehydration
- Certain diets
- Obesity
- Digestive disease or
surgery
- Repeated UTI
- Renal tubular acidosis
- Hiperparathyroidism
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
●Bleeding within the kidney can produce clots that lodge temporarily in the ureter.
●Pyelonephritis frequently presents with flank pain, fever, and pyuria.
●Pain due to an ectopic pregnancy can occasionally be mistaken for renal colic.
●Rupture or torsion of an ovarian cyst may present with flank pain.
●Dysmenorrhea, which rarely presents with flank pain.
●Patients with an aortic aneurysm are rarely misdiagnosed as having renal colic.
●Acute intestinal obstruction, diverticulitis, or appendicitis may present with colic but usually not
in association with hematuria. In addition, nausea and vomiting are characteristic of intestinal
obstruction and renal colic.
●Biliary colic and cholecystitis can be associated with flank pain
●Individuals seeking attention or narcotics may pretend to have renal colic and may have
self-inflicted hematuria
Treatment
In general, patients can be managed at home if they are able to take oral medications and fluids.
Hospitalization is required for those who cannot tolerate oral intake or who have uncontrollable pain or
fever.
Peripelvic cysts, which are actually dilated lymphatics, can have a branching
pattern similar to calyces. However, as opposed to dilated calyces, peripelvic cysts
have sinus fat separating the fluid from the renal parenchyma, and there is no
accompanying dilation of the ureter.
An extrarenal pelvis is a focal dilation of the proximal ureter, often with some
dilation of the major calyces. However, it can be differentiated from UTO because
the minor calyces and the rest of the ureter are not dilated.
Dilated veins usually branch outside the kidney and can be followed to the vena
cava. They can also be distinguished by the presence of blood flow on Doppler
ultrasound.
Treatment of obstructive uropathy:
● Treatment consists of removing the
obstruction by surgery,
instrumentation (endoscopy,
lithotripsy), or drug therapy.
● Temporary drainage with a
percutaneous nephrostomy
technique may be necessary in cases
of severe obstructive uropathy,
urinary tract infections, or calculi.
● Intensive treatment for infection and
renal failure is mandatory.
● Inferior obstructive uropathy may
require more proximal
catheterization or drainage.
Indwelling ureteral catheters can be
placed for acute or long-term
drainage in selected patients.
DIABETES MELLITUS
AND KIDNEY
Isaias Mejia and César Prieto
Diabetic glomerulonephritis
Etiology
Insulin Autoimmune
resistance process
Kovesdy CP. Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease: an update 2022. Kidney Int
Suppl. 2022 Apr 1;12(1):7–11.
CLINICAL STAGES OF DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY
Wolf G, Sharma K, Ziyadeh FN. CHAPTER 78 - Pathophysiology and Pathogenesis of Diabetic Nephropathy. In: Alpern RJ, Hebert SC, editors. Seldin and Giebisch’s The Kidney (Fourth
Edition) [Internet]. San Diego: Academic Press; 2008 [cited 2023 Jul 24]. p. 2215–33. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780120884889500814
Etiopathogenesis
Yang J, Liu Z. Mechanistic Pathogenesis of Endothelial Dysfunction in Diabetic Nephropathy and Retinopathy. Front
Endocrinol [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Jul 24];13. Available from:
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2022.816400
Raja P, Maxwell AP, Brazil DP. The Potential of Albuminuria as a Biomarker of Diabetic Complications. Cardiovasc
Drugs Ther. 2021 Jun 1;35(3):455–66.
Themes UFO. Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, and Natural History of Diabetic Nephropathy [Internet].
Abdominal Key. 2016 [cited 2023 Jul 24]. Available from:
https://abdominalkey.com/pathogenesis-clinical-manifestations-and-natural-history-of-diabetic-nephropathy/
Diabetes
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diabetic-kidney-disease-manifestations-evaluation-and-diagnosis?search=nefropatia%20diabetica&source=s
earch_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1
Long term
Asymptomatic/symptomatic, persistent more
than 3 months
● Albuminuria
○ Mid: 30-300 mg/día
● GFR
○ Less than 60 ml/min/1,73m2
● Nephrotic syndrome
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diabetic-kidney-disease-manifestations-evaluation-and-diagnosis?search=nefropatia%20diabetica&source=s
earch_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1
UpToDate [Internet]. Uptodate.com. [citado el 26 de julio de 2023]. Disponible en:
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diabetic-retinopathy-classification-and-clinical-features?search=retinopatia%20diabetica&source=s
earch_result&selectedTitle=2~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2
Treatment
Patient’s history
The patient's family history of Physical examination Laboratory Test Echocardiogram
hypertension as it increases
the likelihood of having it. Should include Blood tests: sodium,
- Pulse rate potassium ,serum
The risk factors such as - Jugular venous pressure creatinine and glomerular
age, gender as men are filtration rate. If available, Use to identify
more likely than women to - Heart sounds
systolic/diastolic
lipid profile and fasting
develop high blood - Other systems or organs
dysfunction, atrial
glucose
pressure and also previous such as enlarged kidneys,
comorbidities that the dilation or ischaemic
thyroid and increased body
patient has for example Urine test: dipstick urine heart disease.
mass index. test
previous myocardial
infarction, heart failure,
kidney disease, diabetes,
stroke.
Renal damage can be both a cause and a consequence of hypertension and is best assessed
routinely by simple renal function parameters (serum creatinine and eGFR) together with
investigation of albuminuria (dipstick or urine albumin-creatinine ratio in morning spot urine)
ABPM AND HBPM
Criteria for Hypertension Based on Out-Of-Office, Ambulatory (ABPM) and Home Blood Pressure (HBPM) Measurement
Treatment
Diet
The healthy lifestyle choices can
prevent or delay the onset of high
Lifestyle changes Exercise
blood pressure and can reduce
cardiovascular risk.
Stress reduction