YMH^IV[HJLJ LMJHML JIO KY[KC LKVIJHZLJL

HMZIVMLKHCMLOEIMZI YMH^IV[HJLJ TLVLJHBEÌZHKL &

OL HM^I[ZHBLKHÛM
EÈZCJC[ X ZÈKMHKL[ JI HM^I[ZHBLKHÛM
H. EÈZCJC[
Is um kcmg
kcmgumtc
umtc ji cpirl
cpirlkhcmi
khcmiss crjim
crjimljls
ljls kcm qui si pritimji
pritimji cftimir um risuo
risuotljc.
tljc. Ji kuloquhir 
lkkhûm, puiji jikhrsi qui shbui um eètcjc, sh ol elmirl ji rilohzlrol si hmsphrl im um kcmckhehimtc jio
nhm qui si quhiri kcmsibuhr y ji ol ncrel qui thimi, ji ooiblr l èo. Is jikhr, shiepri qui mc sil
 prcjuktc jio lzlr 
Ixhstim jhnirimtis jinhmhkhcmis ji ‟Eètcjc imueirl ols shbuhimtis7

- Is io prckijhehimtc plrl loklmzlr um cfgithvc.

- Is um klehmc (buål u crhimtlkhûm) plrl loklmzlr um nhm.
- Is um prckisc oûbhkc plrl loklmzlr um cfgithvc.

Ol sioikkhûm jio imncqui tiûrhkc, hepohkl ol sioikkhûm jio eètcjc. Ol plolfrl eètcjc si jirhvl jio brhibc
eitl7 `lkhl, l oc olrbc, klehmc c vål `lkhl um nhm1 si rinhiri lo prckijhehimtc c plscs oûbhkcs y
rlzcmljcs plrl ooiblr l um nhm. Io eètcjc is ol sioikkhûm ji ols cpirlkhcmis hmtioiktulois y nåshkls
qui si jislrrcoolm plrl ooivlr l klfc uml hmvisthblkhûm, io eètcjc mc si hmvimtl, is io cfgitc l sibuhr 
c prcfoiel ji istujhc l riscovir1 qui si jitirehml pcr io cfgitc c prcfoiel. ―
Zhpcs ji eètcjcs

Io eètcjc bimirlo ji ol khimkhl is io lfstrlktc y kcmkritc1 io lfstrlktc is tiûrhkc y io kcmkritc is ol prìkthkl

iepårhkl1 tlefhèm l oc tiûrhkc si oi hjimthnhkl kcec oc bimirlo y oc iepårhkc kcec oc plrthkuolr, ‟…pcr 
oc qui ol ncrel ji klptlkhûm imtri oc bimirlo y oc plrthkuolr mcs ooivl l ol kolshnhklkhûm ji ocs eètcjcs

Is hepcrtlmti qui, plrl kljl eètcjc ji hmvisthblkhûm sioikkhcmljc, si eimkhcmi io mcefri jio eètcjc
sioikkhcmlj
sioikkhcmljcc y uml jiskrhpkh
jiskrhpkhûm
ûm jitlo
jitlooljl
oljl jio eètcj
eètcjcc qui istì shimj
shimjcc jislrr
jislrrcoolj
cooljc,
c, trlt
trltlmjc
lmjc ji
rispcmjir ³pcr què isti eètcjc nui sioikkhcmljc3 ³Tcr què is lpohklfoi im isti istujhc3 ³Tcr què is
ioibhjc im kceplrlkhûm kcm ctrcs eètcjcs qui pcjrålm sir lpohkljcs3
³Kuìois scm ols supcshkhcmis plrl ol lpohklkhûm ji isti eètcjc3 (Ji Ol Kruz, 6444, p.69)

EÈZCJC[ X ZÈKMHKL[ JI I[ZYJHC YMH^IV[HZLVHC

 

Zhpcs ji Eètcjcs
Eètcjcs Ixpohklkhûm

Jijukthvc Is prcphc ji ocs rlkhcmlohstls, plrti ji uml oiy bimirlo kcmstruhjl l plrthr
ji ol rlzûm, vl ji oc bimirlo l oc plrthkuolr, ji ol ticrål l ocs
jltcs.
Hmjukthvc Is ol hjimthnhklkhûm y siplrlkhûm ji ocs kcepcmimtis ji um tcjc, plrl sir
istujhljcs pcr siplrljc y ixlehmlr ols riolkhcmis imtri ols plrtis1
kcmshjirlmjc qui ol plrthkuolrhjlj is plrti ji ol tctlohjlj y
vhkivirsl.
Lmloåthkc Is ol hjimthnhklkhûm y siplrlkhûm ji ocs kcepcmimtis ji um l tcjc, plrl sir 
istu
istujh
jhlj
ljcs
cs pcr
pcr sip
siplrl
lrljc
jc y ix ixle
lehm
hmlr
lr ols riolk
riolkhc
hcmi
miss im
imtrtrii ols pl
plrtrtis
is11
kcmshjirlmjc qui ol plrthkuolrhjlj is plrti ji ol tctlohjlj y vhkivirsl.

Ixpirheimtlo Kceprcflk
Kceprc flkhûm
hûm ji `ik`ik`cs
`cs l kcmnhr
kcmnhrelr
elr.. Ythoh
Ythohzlm
zlmjc
jc bim
bimirl
irloei
oeimti
mti im
jhskhpohml kcec ol eijhkhml, ol pshkcocbål y ol imnireirål imtri ctrls1 sus
klrlktiråsthkls istlm im ol elmhpuolkhûm ji ol hmncrelkhûm, ji ols vlrhlfois
hmjipimjhimtis y ol jhstrhfukhûm loiltcrhl ji ocs sugitcs ji ocs brupcs ji
istujhc1 luxhohìmjcsi ji jhsiücs qui oi pirehtl kcmtrcolr ols shtulkhcmis kriljls
im lefhimtis prijhsiüljls.

EIZCJCOCBÅL X EÈZCJC
Eitcjc
Eitcjcocb
ocbål7
ål7 Is io kcm
kcmgum
gumtc
tc ji pol
polmti
mtileh
lehimt
imtcs,
cs, kui
kuisth
sthcml
cmlehi
ehimtc
mtcss y scoukh
scoukhcmi
cmiss prc
prcphc
phcss ji ol
hmvisthblkhûm khimtånhkl. VLI. Kcmgumtc ji eètcjcs qui si shbuim im uml hmvisthblkhûm khimtånhkl, um istujhc
c uml ixpcshkhûm jcktrhmlo.

Eètcjc Khimtånhkc7 [i jimcehml lså, kulmjc si pcmi èmnlshs im ocs prckijhehimtcs y tèkmhkls ji ol
hmvisthblkhûm, c kulmjc si lmlohzl io usc ji ocs hmstrueimtcs hmvisthblthvcs. [ib÷m ol VLI, Eètcjc, is io
ecjc crjimljc y shstieìthkc ji prckijir plrl ooiblr l um risuotljc c nhm jitirehmljc. (Flpthstl, 64<4,
T. <6)

H.   ZÈKMHKL[.
 Mc ixhsti uml
uml jinhmhkh
jinhmhkhûm
ûm ispikånhkl
ispikånhkl ji ‟Zèkmhkl
‟Zèkmhkl―,
―, ixhstim vlrhls
vlrhls11 Zèkmhkl is7

- Io kcmgumtc ji ribols y cpirlkhcmis plrl io elmigc ji ol hmvisthblkhûm.

- [cm ols `irrlehimtls qui pirehtim riscovir io prcfoiel eitcjcoûbhkc ji ol hmvisthblkhûm, plrl
kceprcflr c rinutlr uml `hpûtishs.
- Io kcmgumtc ji eiklmhsecs y ji eìquhmls, lså tlefhèm kcec ji shstiels y eijhcs plrl jhrhbhr,
rikcoiktlr, kcmsirvlr, riiolfcrlr y trlmsehthr imirbål y jltcs. Zcjc iooc kriljc kcm vhstls l ol
 prcjukkhû
 prcjukkhûm,
m, l ol hm
hmvisthb
visthblkhûm,
lkhûm, iitk.(
tk.( Th
Thocül,
ocül, 664<<,
4<<, p.<>
p.<>))
 

ZÈKMHKL[ JI HM^I[ZHBLKHÛM

OL IMZVI^H[ZL
OL CF[IV^LKHÛM

[hstieìkl Tlrkhplmti Istrukturljl [iehistrukturljl

Im prcnumjhjljMc istrukturljl

OL IMKYI[ZL

OC[ BVYTC[ NCKLOI[, NCKY[ BVCYT[ C BVYTC[ JI JH[KY[HÛM

IO LMÌOH[H[ JI OC[ JCKYEIMZC[

Ocs cfgithvcs, mhvio y eètcjc ji hmvisthblkhûm sioikkhcmljc.

Ol pirthmimkhl y prlkthkhjlj ji ol tèkmhkl plrl rikcbir ol hmncrelkhûm

³\uè si jifi tcelr im qui si jisil.
kuimtl plrl
sioikkhcmlr 
  uml
tèkmhkl ji Io pc ji hmncrelkhûm qui si jisil rikcbir.
hmvisthblkhûm3

Ocs sugitcs (m÷eirc y klrlktiråsthkls) l quhèmis istì jhrhbhjl ol tèkmhkl.

Io iepc y rikurscs kcm ocs qui si jhspcmi.

 

OL CF[IV^LKHCM

Ol cfsirvlkhûm is um ribhstrc kcmnhlfoi y vìohjc ji kcepcrtlehimtcs y kcmjuktls elmhnhistls.

Fuskl jiskrhfhr pirscmls, shtulkhcmis c kuoturls im su isplkhc

³Kuìmjc uthohzlr ol cfsirvlkhûm3

• Kulmjc si fuskl prhvhoibhlr ‟io `lkir― scfri io ‟jikhr―.
• Kulmjc si fuskl rikcbir hmncrelkhûm ji ‟prheirl elmc― im shtulkhcmis vhvhjls im um
isplkhc y eceimtc ispikånhkc.
• Kulmjc si fuskl lkkijir l ol vhjl kcthjhlml ji uml kceumhjlj u crblmhzlkhûm plrl
rikcbir kcec sukijim ocs lkcmtikhehimtcs ji ecjc mlturlo.
• Kulmjc is jhnåkho istlfoikir kceumhklkhûm virflo kcm ocs hmncrelmtis.
• Ji prinirimkhl im hmvisthblkhcmis ji mhvio ixpocrltcrhc y jiskrhpthvc

³Kuìois
• Ocsscm sus ohehtlkhcmis3
iniktcs ji ol prisimkhl jio hmvisthbljcr im io kcepcrtlehimtc ji ocs
sugitcs.
• Oåehtis im ocs kcmtimhjcs cfsirvlfois (ocs kcmtimhjcs mc p÷fohkcs quijlm nuirl ji ol
cfsirvlkhûm).

³\uè ixhbi ol cfsirvlkhûm3

• Cfsirvljcris klplkhtljcs.
• [ioikkhûm ljikuljl ji què is oc qui si vl cfsirvlr.
• Io lkkisc l ocs iskimlrhcs c shtulkhcmis l cfsirvlr y thiepc jhspcmhfoi plrl

Jhsthmbuhecs
Ol prhei rl isjcsolthpcs
prheirl cfsjiirvlkh
cfsirvcfsirvlkhûm.
lkhûmûm shsti
shstieìth
eìthkl
kl lquiool qui si crblmhzl ji ecjc
istrukturl
istrukturljc,
jc, jcmji si jinhm
jinhmii què is oc qui si vl l cfsirvlr
cfsirvlr,, kûec `lkiro
`lkirocc y kuìmjc
`lkiroc.
cfsirvlkhûm, is ol cfsirvlkhûm plrthkhplmti im ol qui io hmvisthbljcr ji uml u
Ol ctrl cfsirvlkhûm,
ctrl elmirl si hmtrcjuki y lkt÷l im io brupc cfsirvljc kcec um ehiefrc eìs jio brupc.
Ol cfsirvlkhûm is eìs lfhirtl y noixhfoi Tlrl iooc, si uthohzl kcec hmstrueimtcs7 ols mctls ji
klepc c io jhlrhc ji klepc. Isti thpc ji cfsirvlkhûm suioi uthohzlrsi im ols hmvisthblkhcmis
ji kcrti kulohtlthvc.
 

Ol imtr
imtriv
ivhs
hstl
tl is um
umll tè
tèkm
kmhk
hkll qu
quii pi
pire
rehthtii ³Kuìmjc uthohzlr ol imtrivhstl3
rikcb
rikcbir
ir hmnc
hmncre
relk
lkhû
hûmm ‚l tr
trlv
lvès
ès ji ol • Kulmjc si mikishtl rikcbir hmncrelkhûm ji ecjc
hmtirrcblkhûm (ol mlrrlkhûm, io jhìocbc c ol
kcmvirslkhûm)- ji ols jiskrhpkhcmis, •
hmjhriktc,
Kulmjc sipuis
fusklmcrikcbir
is pcshfoi cfsirvlrol.
ol ixpirhimkhl
ixpohklkhcmis, shbmhnhkljcs, pirkipkhcmis, sufgithvl ji ols pirscmls.
cphmhcmis c kriimkhls qui ocs sugitcs `lkim • Kulmjc si trlflgl kcm uml euistrl piquiül ji
scfri io cfgitc ji istujhc. Ol tèkmhkl  pirehti sugitcs.
lkkijir l ol hmncrelkhûm jisji ol pirspikthvl • Kulmjc si fuskl prcnumjhzlr im io cfgitc ji
jio sugitc. [i jl im uml istujhc.

OL IMZVI^H[ZL

³Kuìois scm sus ohehtlkhcmis3

• Io thiepc qui jielmjl uml ³\uè ixhbi ol imtrivhstl3
imtrivhstl. • Trivir io oublr, ol `crl y ocs rikurscs
• Ol jiskrh
jiskrhpkhûm
pkhûm ji ols shtu
shtulkhcm
lkhcmis
is plsl eìs ljikuljcs plrl ol imtrivhstl.
 pcr ol elmirl kûec ols vi io sugitc. • [ioikkhcmlr l ocs sugitcs kolvis y jhspuistcs
• Ol hmncrelkhûm qui frhmjl io sugitc l jlr hmncrelkhûm rioivlmti.
 puiji jipim
jipimjir
jir jio kcmtix
kcmtixtc,
tc, ji ols • @lfhohjljis jio imtrivhstljcr7 ji
klrlktiråsthkls ji imtrivhstljc c ji ols kceumhklkhûm, ji iskuk`l y kcmnhlmzl, ji
klrlktiråsthkls jio imtrivhstljcr. rilkkhûm l ols rispuistls.
• Ol brlflkhûm y ol trlmskrhpkhûm ji ol
hmncrelkhûm plrl su pcstirhcr lmìohshs.

³Kûec rilohzlrol y què hmstrueimtcs uthohzlr3

Ol imtrivhstl puiji crblmhzlrsi ji elmirl euy istrukturljl c fhim ji ecjc eìs noixhfoi kcec im io
klsc ji ol imtriv
imtrivhst
hstll mc istru
istruktu
kturlj l. Ol imtri
rljl. imtrivhstl
vhstl mc istrukt
istrukturlj
urljll jl lepohl ohfirtlj y
noixhfhohjlj plrl su jislrrcooc im flsi l khirtcs tiels prcpuistcs pcr io imtrivhstljcr.
Ol imtrivhstl sieh-istrukturljl, l jhnirimkhl ji ol lmtirhcr, pirehti crhimtlr eìs ol
imtrivhstl. Tlrl iooc, si uthohzl um buhcm ji imtrivhstl qui kcmshsti im um ohstljc ji tiels c
 pribumtls
 pribu mtls lfhirtls
lfhirtls qui pupuijim
ijim ec
ecjhnhklr
jhnhklrsi
si c lepo
lepohlrsi
hlrsi im io trlms
trlmskursc
kursc ji ol im
imtrivhs
trivhstl.
tl. Tcr su plrt
plrti,
i,
ol imtrivhstl istrukturljl, kuimtl kcm um buhcm ji imtrivhstl istrukturljl kcm um crjim ji
 pribumtls
 pribu mtls privhle
privhleimti
imti istlfo
istlfoikhjls
ikhjls ppcr
cr io imt
imtrivhstl
rivhstljcr.
jcr.
Ji ctrc
ctrc oljc
oljc,, ix
ixhs ti ol imtrivhstl im prcnumjhjlj (u
hsti (uml
ml nc
ncre
rell ji imtri
imtrivh
vhst
stll mc
istrukturljl) qui fuskl prcnumjhzlr im ocs shbmhnhkljcs qui ctcrblm ocs sugitcs l ols lkkhcmis c
shtulkhcmi
shtulkhcmis.
s. Hmtim
Hmtimtl
tl kceprimjir io pcrq pcrquè
uè ji iools
iools.. Lquå
Lquå,, is io imtr
imtrivhst
ivhstljc
ljc quhim istrukturl io
rioltc c ol mlrrlkhûm shm um crjim hepuistc, mh fusklmjc rispcmjir l pribumtls polmtiljls ji
lmtielmc pcr io hmvisthbljcr. [i suioi riquirhr vlrhls sishcmis ji imtrivhstl kcm io ehsec
   

imtrivhstljc.
 

³Kuìmjc uthohzlr
lvès ji um kuiscmlrhc‛ ols cphmhcmis, jiskrhpkhcmis c pirkipkhcmis ol imkuistl3
qui imim ocs sugitcs scfri io cfgitc ji istujhc.
• Kulmjc si quhiri jiskrhfhr l uml pcfolkhûm, kceplrlr
brupcs istlfoikir ol riolkhûm imtri vlrhlfois.
• Kulmjc si fuskl kcmtrcolr ol vlrhlfhohjlj ji
rispuistls imtri sugitcs.
• Kulmjc si quhiri kceplrlr c rilohzlr eijhkhcmis.
• Kulmjc is pcshfoi lmthkhplrsi l ols rispuistls. Iooc
supcmi qui si thimi kolrhjlj im ocs hmjhkljcris jio istujhc
y ols lotirmlthvls ji rispuistl.
• Kulmjc ol pcfolkhûm qui plrthkhpl im io istujhc is

OL IMKYI[ZL

³Kuìois scm sus ohehtlkhcmis3

• Io brljc ji ohfirtlj jio sugitc qui ³\uè ixhbi ol imkuistl3
rispcmji ols pribumtls si rijuki l •Ol iolfcrlkhûm rhburcsl jio
kcmtistlr ols lotirmlthvls ji rispuistl kuisthcmlrhc.
 polmtiljls pcr  •Io prckislehimtc elycreimti
• io hmvisthbljcr. kulmthtlthvc ji ols rispuistls.
• Ol pckl noixhfhohjlj im su usc. •Ol klplkhtlkhûm ji imkuistljcris, im

³Kûec rilohzlrol y què hmstrueimtcs uthohzlr3

Io hm
hmst
stru
ruei
eimt
mtcc lquå,, is io kuis
lquå kuisthc
thcmlr
mlrhc
hc qui kcmshsti im uml sirhi ji pribumtls
ncrelo
ncrelohzl
hzljls
jls y ‛im lobum
lobumcs
cs kls
klscs‛
cs‛ istlmj
istlmjlrh
lrhzlj
zljls
ls qui jif
jifirì
irì ris
rispcm
pcmjir
jir io sugitc
sugitc
imkuistljc. Io kuisthcmlrhc lsiburl qui tcjls ols pribumtls scm polmtiljls ji ol ehsel
elmirl hmjipimjhimtieimti ji quhim sil io hmvisthbljcr c io sugitc qui rispcmji. Hmkousc
si puiji elmtimir io lmcmheltc ji ols rispuistls.
Ols pribumtls jio kuisthcmlrhc puijim sir lfhirtls (io sugitc puiji rispcmjir kcm sus
 prcphls
 prcp hls plolf
plolfrls)
rls) c kirrlj
kirrljls
ls (kulm
(kulmjc
jc ols lotirm
lotirmlthvls
lthvls ji rispuistl
rispuistl istìm jinhm
jinhmhjls
hjls ji
lmtielmc).
Io kuisthcmlrhc si puiji ljehmhstrlr ji ecjc hmjhvhjulo c kcoikthvleimti y mc jifirål ooivlr 
eìs ji ;4 ehmutcs.
 

IO BVYTC NCKLO

Io brupc ncklo tlefhèm kcmckhjc kcec brupc ji jhskushûm c nckus brcup, is uml
tèkmhkl qui pirehti
 prickuplkhcmis rikcbir hmncrelkhûm
y pirkipkhcmis im prcnumjhjlj
ji um kcoikthvc scfri olsIomikishjljis,
sckhlo jitirehmljc. brupc ncklo
ri÷mi l um brupc ji pirscmls quhimis jhskutim scfri um jitirehmljc tiel. Iooc
 pirehti mc sûoc rikcbir hmncrelkhûm ji ecjc hmjhvhjulo shmc kcmckir ol jhmìehkl
jio brupc.

³Kuìmjc uthohzlr io brupc ncklo3

• Kulmjc si fuskl ixpocrlr um muivc prcfoiel ji hmvisthblkhûm.
• Kulmjc si fuskl kcmckir uml muivl pcfolkhûm y su jhmìehkl sckhlo
• Tlrl rikcmckir pirkipkhcmis y rilkkhcmis p÷fohkls bimirljls im um brupc
sckhlo.
• [i puiji uthohzlr im io istujhc ji jhvirshjlj ji tiels, kcm pirscmls y
lefhimtis jhvirscs.

³Kuìois scm sus ohehtlkhcmis3

Tcr sir uml jhmìehkl bruplo, ols rispuistls puijim lgustlrsi l oc qui io brupc
kcmshjirl oc ‟lkiptlfoi―, prisimtìmjcsi shtulkhcmis ji kcmncrehsec c kimsurl.
• Ocs risuotljcs puijim sir sisbljcs pcr um ehiefrc euy jcehmlmti.
• Io rikoutlehimtc ji ocs sugitcs im um ehsec oublr y l ol ehsel `crl.
• Mc pirehti
pirehti prcnum
prcnumjhzlr
jhzlr im lobum
lobumls
ls hjils hmjhvhjulo
hmjhvhjulois.
is.
• Io brupc is ncreljc ji ecjc lrthnhkhlo.

³\uè ixhbi io brupc ncklo3

•Ym fuim ecjirljcr ji ols sishcmis.
•

•
Ol
Ol kccrjhmlkhûm y ocbåsthkl jijiololriumhûm
brlflkhûm y trlmskrhpkhûm jio brupc.
hmncrelkhûm plrl su pcstirhcr lmìohshs.
• Io vlocrlr ocs elthkis ji cphmhcmis lo prckislr ol hmncrelkhûm.

³Kûec rilohzlroc y què hmstrueimtcs uthohzlr3

Io brupc ncklo istì ncreljc pcr brupcs ji > l <6 pirscmls kcmjukhjls pcr um
ecjirljcr, qui jhskutim scfri um tiel ispikånhkc.
Ol
Olss pi
pirs
rscm
cmls
ls sc
scmm sioi
sioikk
kkhhcm
cmlj
ljls
ls ji lk
lkui
uirj
rjcc l oc ocss cf
cfgi
gith
thvc
vcss ji ol
hmvi
hmvist
sthb
hblk
lkhû
hûm.
m. Ol
Olss ri
rium
umhc
hcmi
miss suio
suioim
im jurl
jurlrr im
imtr
trii uml
uml y jcsjcs `crl
`crlss
jipimjhimjc jio m÷eirc ji pirscmls jio brupc. Io hmstrueimtc qui si uthohzl
is io buhûm ji brupc ncklo jcmji si siülolm ocs tiels qui si jhskuthrìm im ol
sishûm privhimjc io thiepc lprcxheljc ji jurlkhûm plrl kljl tiel.
 

Is uml tèkmhkl plrl istujhlr y lmlohzlr ols kceumhklkhcmis (iskrhtl c vhsulo) ji uml
 

ncrel shstieìthkl y cfgithvl. [i fuskl istujhlr jckueimtcs prcjukhjcs pcr ols

 pirscmls, ols crblmhzlkhcmis c ols kuoturls, tlois kcec7 jckueimtcs cnhkhlois y
 p÷fohkcs
ohf
ohfrcs, (oiyis,
rcs, rivhstls, riboleimtcs,
rivhstls, elt
eltirhlo
irhlo hmncrel lktlsthvc,
hmncrelthvc ji, eltir
riumhcmis,
eltirhlo eiecrhls,
hlo lkljèe
lkljèehkc, polmis,
is, pirhûjh
hkc, eurlois,
eurlo pirhûjhkcs,
kcs,
nctcbrlnåls,
nctcbrlnåls,
klrtls cnhkhlois, nhk`ls ji trlflgc, scntwlri, imtri ctrcs) c jckueimtcs prhvljcs c
 pirscmlois
 pirscmlois (j
(jhlrhcs
hlrhcs,, nctc
nctcbrlnål
brlnåls,s, klrtls pirscmlois, elhos, imtri ctrcs).
klrtls

³Kuìmjc uthohzlr io lmìohshs ji jckueimtcs3

• Tlrl kcmckir oc prcjukhjc pcr ols pirscmls im um thiepc c kcmtixtc
jitirehmljc.
• Kulmjc mc si puiji lkkijir jhriktleimti l ocs sugitcs, shmc l trlvès ji sus
 prcjukkhcmis.
• ×tho plrl cftimir hmncrelkhûm ritrcspikthvl.
• Tlrl kcepoieimtlr ol hmncrelkhûm rikcbhjl pcr ctrls tèkmhkls. Is uml ncrel
ji kcmtrlstlr ncreloeimti
³Kuìois scm sus ohehtlkhcmis3
• Ocs jckueimtcs puijim mc timir tcjl ol hmncrelkhûm riquirhjl lo jitlooi.
LMÌOH[H[ JI • Ocs jckueimtcs plslm pcr ol sufgithvhjlj y io ‟tlehz― ji quhim c quhimis oc `lm
JCKYEIMZC[  prcfljc.

³\uè ixhbi io lmìohshs ji jckueimtcs3

• Ol sioikkhûm y ivloulkhûm ji ocs jckueimtcs qui si lmlohzlrìm.
• Ol kcmtixtulohzlkhûm
kcmtixtulohzlkhûm jio jckueimtc, is jikhr, hmncrelr scfri io kcmtixtc
`hstûrhkc y sckhckuoturlo im io qui tuvc oublr io jckueimtc.

³Kûec rilohzlroc y què hmstrueimtcs uthohzlr3

Istl tèkmhkl si kimtrl im ocs jckueimtcs kcec cfgitc ji istujhc. Tcr iooc, is
hepcrtlmti sioikkhcmlr ocs jckueimtcs kcmshjirlmjc què thpc ji jckueimtc is (stltus,
mlturloizl
mlturloizl y eijhc jio jckueimtc)
jckueimtc),, quhèm oc iolfcrû (iehscr jio jckueimtc),
jûmji y plrl què (kcmtixtc), im què thiepc (tiepcrlohjlj). Tlrl rilohzlr io lmìohshs ji
jcku
jckuei
eimt
mtcs
cs `ly
`ly qui
qui iolfc rlr el
iolfcrlr eltr
trhk
hkis
is ji lmìo
lmìohs
hshs
hs qui  pirehtlm rikcbir y
kceplrlr ol hmncrelkhûm.
 

LKZH^HJLJ7 Iolfcri um kuljrc kceplrlthvc jcmji si lprikhi ols sieiglmzls y jhnirimkhls imtri ocs
tèrehmcs7 EÈZCJC[ X ZÈKMHKL[.

Vinirimkhl Fhfohcbrl
Fhfohcbrl hkl
Ji Ol Kruz, K. H. (64<<).
(64<< ). Eètcjcs y Zèkmhkls ji ol Hmvisblkhûm . Eètcjc y Zèkmhkls ji
ol Hmvisblkhûm Jckueimtlo .

@irmlqmjiz, V., Nirmlmjiz, K. y Flpstl, T. (64<4). Eitcjcocbål ji ol Hmvisblkhûm . Eèxhkc7

Ek. Brlw @hoo.

Thocül Crz, B. L. (64<<). Hmvisblkhûm Jckueimtlo - Eitcjcocbål Hmvisblkhûm Khimkl.

Bultielol, Bultielol7 BT Ijhtcris.