Ijkltäg ml Eljkjeäo
Pjk. 98, Gj. 83, Lglrj-Bugnj ml 966?

LX]\MNJ
O ML
KOXKJX @K\ÄMJX CNMYJ]LYDOKLX
DNGLYOKNROHNJGLX OXJHNOMJX
ML @K\JYN]O.
XLH]JY HLVN]Ï-VLXHOMLYJ, DOHNRJ ML XOG]OGMLY

Dogtnkko @neulrjo, K. H.?1 _ungtlrj Ozulrj, H. ?1 Dlso, O.91 Eorhäo Yodärlz, H. O.?1 Iortlks, C. 9

YLX\DLG
Kjs `nkjgls ml `kujrnto kjhoknzomjs lg kos zjgos dorengokls mlk Vkutøg ml Vlshomlrj (Dohnzj ml Xogtogmlr)
sl `jrdorjg lg ug odinlgtl lpntlrdok, murogtl ug lvlgtj cnmrjtlrdok qul tuvj kueor lg ugo ltopo duy
tormäo hjg rlkohnøg o ko `jrdohnøg mlk pkutøg. Kjs ogïknsns dnhrjtlrdjdîtrnhjs lg nghkusnjgls `kunmos cog
plrdntnmj nmlgtn`nhor ug `kunmj hjdpulstj prnghnpokdlgtl pjr C9J+GoHk+HoHk 9  hjg tldplroturos ml
cjdjelgnzohnøg (]c) lgtrl ??6 y ?86²H, rlspjgsoikl ml ko `jrdohnøg ml lstos dnglroknzohnjgls. Ko prlslghno
ml hjdpjglgtls jreïgnhjs, nmlgtn`nhomjs prnghnpokdlgtl lg kos dnhrj`rohturos ml kos `kujrntos, sjkj pulml
slr lxpknhoikl lg ug hjgtlxtj ml ml`jrdohnøg `rïenk, lg mjgml ko rlm ml dnhrj`rohturos `ovjrlhnø lk mlshlgsj
ml cnmrjhoriurjs, elglromjs lg kos rjhos hrltïhnhos suproyohlgtls, lg ugo ltopo tormäo hjg rlkohnøg o ko
`jrdohnøg ml kos `kujrntos.
Vokoiros Hkovl2 @kujrnto, nghkusnjgls `kunmos, cnmrjhoriurjs, Dohnzj ml Xogtogmlr.

OIX]YOH]

]cl `kujrntl
`jrdlm vlngs kjhotlm
ng og lpntclrdok ng tcl dorengok
lgvnrjgdlgt, murngezjgls j` tcl Vlshomlrj
o cymrjtclrdok Vkutjg ng
lvlgt jhhurrlm (Xogtogmlr
o vlry kotlDossn`) covl
stoel wntc illg
rlsplht
tj tcl `jrdotnjg j` tcl pkutjg. ]cl dnhrjtclrdjdltrnh ogkysls ng `kunm nghkusnjgs covl klt tj nmlgtn`y o `kunm
dongky hjdpjsslm iy C9J+GoHk+HoHk9, wntc cjdjelgnzotnjg tldplroturls (]c) iltwllg ??6 ogm ?86²H,
wcnhc ns rlspjgsnikl j` tcl `jrdotnjg j` tclsl dnglroknzotn
dnglroknzotnjgs.
jgs. ]cl prlslghl j` jreognh hjdpjugms, nmlgtn`nlm
prnghnpokky okjge dnhrj`rohturls ng tcl `kujrntls, jgky hog il lxpkonglm ng o `roenkl ml`jrdotnjg hjgtlxt,
wclrl tcl dnhrj`rohturls glt `ovjrlm tcl mlshlgsl j` cymrjhorijgs elglrotlm ng tcl jvlrkoynge Hrltohnh
rjhas, ot o kotl stoel wntc rlsplht tj tcl `jrdotnjg j` tcl `kujrntls.
Alywjrms2 @kujrntl, `kunm nghkusnjgs, cymrjhorijgs, Xogtogmlr Dossn`.

?Lshulko ml Eljkjeäo. \gnvlrsnmom Ngmustrnok ml Xogtogmlr, O. O. 053 Iuhorodogeo. Hjrrlj lklhtrøgnhj2 khdogtnkFuns.lmu.hj
s.lmu.hj
9Ngstntutj Hjkjdinogj mlk Vltrøklj. NHV. Vnlmlhulsto (X. X).

LX]\MNJ ML KJX @K\ÄMJX CNMYJ]LYDOKLX OXJHNOMJX O KOX DNGLYOKNROHNJGLX ML @K\JYN]O.
XLH]JY HLVN]Ï-VLXHOMLYJ, DOHNRJ ML XOG]OGMLY
NG]YJM\HHNØG
js Mlpøsntjs ml @kujrnto lg lk Dohnzj ml
Xogtogmlr sl rlpjrtog prnghnpokdlgtl lg su
`koghj lstl, lg ïrlos ml kjs Dugnhnpnjs ml
K
Hlpntï, Kjs Xogtjs,
hjrrlendnlgtjs y Vnlmlhulsto
ml Vlshomlrj y \dpokï). (lg kjs
Ko `kujrnto sl prlslgto lg `nkjgls hjg lsplsjrls lgtrl
6.6< y ?.9 d. Ko hjgtngunmom ml lstjs `nkjgls hjg
lstruhturo lg `jrdo ml –rjsornj„ suplrog lg jhosnjgls
kjs 06 d. Lspohnokdlgtl, lstjs `nkjgls sl lghulgtrog
osjhnomjs o kos zjgos dorengokls mlk Erogntj ml
Vlshomlrj (ml lmom ]rnïsnhj-Burïsnhj), lg mjgml îstl
sl pjgl lg hjgtohtj mnshjrmogtl hjg ko @jrdohnøg
Xnkeorï (@NE\YO ?).
Kjs pjhjs lstumnjs rloknzomjs sjirl lstos
dnglroknzohnjgls cog oijrmomj prnghnpokdlgtl sus
horohtlrästnhos dnglrokøenhos y lstruhturokls (Unkkds,
?>391 Yly y Xnlrro, ?>>?), y gugho sl coiäog
lstumnomj kos horohtlrästnhos dnhrjtlrdjdîtrnhos ml
kjs `kunmjs dnglroknzomjrls. Lstl òktndj osplhtj ml
erog utnknmom poro nmlgtn`nhor kjs dlhognsdjs
elgîtnhjs ngvjkuhromjs lg ko `jrdohnøg ml lstjs
mlpøsntjs.
Xleòg ko ng`jrdohnøg eljkøenho mlk ïrlo ml troiobj,
sl suenlrlg mjs pjsnikls djmlkjs ml eîglsns poro
lstjs mlpøsntjs2 (?) djmlkj cnmrjtlrdok tormä- o
pjstdoedïtnhj (Yly y Xnlrro, ?>>?) y (9) djmlkj
cnmrjtlrdok gj doedïtnhj (Unkkds, ?>39). Lg lk
prndlr hosj, okos
hjrrlspjgmlräog sjkuhnjgls
`kunmjs cnmrjtlrdokls
lxsulktjs pjr lk erogntj lg
kjs òktndjs lstomnjs ml s u hrnstoknzohnøg doedïtnho1
y lg lk sleugmj hosj, kjs `kunmjs cnmrjtlrdokls slräog
oblgjs o ko cnstjrno ml hrnstoknzohnøg mlk doedo
erogätnhj.
Lk jibltnvj prnghnpok ml lstl troiobj ls opjrtor gulvo
ng`jrdohnøg sjirl kjs mnstngtjs `kunmjs nmlgtn`nhomjs
lg kos `kujrntos ml kos dngos –Voklstngo„ y –Lk Kkogntj„
(vlr @NE\YO ?), hjg ko `ngoknmom ml lgtlgmlr dlbjr
su `jrdohnøg y lvjkuhnøg.
09
Dogtnkko @neulrjo, K. H.1 _ungtlrj Ozulrj, H.1 Dlso, O.1 Eorhäo Yodärlz, H. O.1 Iortlks, C.
HJG]LS]J ELJKØENHJ YL@LYLGHNOX
Kjs `nkjgls ml `kujrnto lstumnomjs lg lk prlslgtl Doh Gonr, D. C. (?>3?). Hrjdotjero`äo ml Eosls.
troiobj elglrokdlgtl sl lghulgtrog osjhnomjs o ugo Xlhrltoräo elglrok ml ko jreognzohnøg ml kjs Lstomjs
oktlrohnøg duy ngtlgso qul su`rl lk erogntj ml Odlrnhogjs. Vrjerodo rlenjgok ml mlsorrjkkj
Vlshomlrj,
dnsdj. Bugtj prnghnpokdlgtl cohno (slrnhntnzohnøg),
hjg lsto oktlrohnøg kjs ijrmls mlk hnlgtä`nhj y tlhgjkøenhj (Uoecngtjg), pp. ?-=.
`ïhnkdlgtl nmlgtn`nhoikl lg hodpj pjr sus tj goknmomls Yly, B. lt ok. (?>>?). Dnglrokjeîglsns ml kjs
ikoghos, ko rjho prlslgto ug osplhtj pjhj hjgsjknmomj, ^ohndnlgtjs ml `kujrnto lg kos dngos Vlshomlrj y
mlinmj o ko `roedlgtohnøg ml ko dnsdo, o Voklstngos Xogtogmlr. ]lsns ml Eromj, \gnvlrsnmom
hjgslhulghno ml ko suplrpjsnhnøg ml mnstngtos `odnknos Ngmustrnok ml Xogtogmlr (Iuhorodogeo), p. ?<6.
ml mnohkosodnlgtj.
Ylygjkms, B. lt ok. (?>>=). Xystldotnhs j` `kunm
Xleòg Unkkds (?>39), kjs `nkjgls ml `kujrnto lstïg nghkusnjgs ng mnoelgltnh dnglroks. Xldp scjrt hjursl,
osjhnomjs o `okkos dlgjrls ml rudij hjg mnrlhhnjgls Pjk. 8?, VD (Xjhnlty `jr Xlmndltory Eljkjey).
L-U y GU-XL.
Kjs `nkjgls prlslgtog `ugmodlgtokdlgtl tlxturos Yjlmmlr, L. (?>3=). @kunm Nghkusnjgs. Dnglrokjenhok
hrustn`jrdls, ougqul lg jhosnjgls sl co jislrvomj Xjhnlty j` Odîrnho,
Odîrnho, Ylvnlws ng Dnglrokjey,
Dnglrokjey, Pjk
?9, p. 0==.
lg `jrdo ml
o hkostjs ml irlhcos
`kujrnto.hjg tlxturos hrustn`jrdls lgtjrgj
Unkkds, B., (?>39). Iornto y @kujrnto lg ko Dlso ml
Xleòg Yly y Xnlrro (?>>6), kjs hjgstntuylgtls kjs Xogtjs y Vlshomlrj, Xogtogmlr. Ng`jrdl Gj. ?33?,
prnghnpokls ml lstjs `nkjgls sjg huorzj ikoghj klhcjsj Ngeljdngos, p. 89.
o ernsïhlj, `kujrnto ml hjkjr vnjklto y vlrmjso o erns
pïknmj, iornto, hokhnto, y okeugjs ngtlrhrlhndnlgtjs
jhosnjgokls ml eoklgo. ]roiobj rlhninmj2 oejstj 8 ml 966?
]roiobj ohlptomj2 oejstj 99 ml 966?
DÎ]JMJX OGOKÄ]NHJX
 Lstumnj ml Nghkusnjgls @kunmos (N@)
Ko horohtlrnzohnøg dnhrjtlrdjdîtrnho ml kos N@ sl
rloknzø lg lk Ngstntutj Hjkjdinogj mlk Vltrøklj (NHV),
utnknzogmj ugo pkotngo Hoklgtomjro/Yl`rnelromjro tnpj
\XEX, hokniromo hjg potrjgls ml nghkusnjgls `kunmos
sngtîtnhos sudngnstromos pjr X^G @KNGH, Ngh. Kjs
potrjgls utnknzomjs y sus hjrrlspjgmnlgtls
tldplroturos lutîhtnhos `ulrjg2 C 9J (6.6¶H),
C 9J+A 9Hk (-?6.5²H), C 9 J+GoHk (-9?.9²H) y
C9J+HJ9 (-<0.0). Ko prlhnsnøg lg kos dlmnhnjgls ls
ml ¿6.9²H poro prjhlsjs ml lg`rnodnlgtjs y ¿9²H poro
prjhlsjs ml hoklgtodnlgtj.
Eljquädnho mlk Hokhnj
Lstjs lstumnjs sl rloknzorjg lg lk koijrotjrnj ml
Lsplhtrjshjpäo mlk NHV, hjg ug Lsplhtrødltrj ml
Oisjrhnøg Otødnho tnpj Vlrang Lkdlr <?66 ph.
05

LX]\MNJ ML KJX @K\ÄMJX CNMYJ]LYDOKLX OXJHNOMJX O KOX DNGLYOKNROHNJGLX ML @K\JYN]O.
XLH]JY HLVN]Ï-VLXHOMLYJ, DOHNRJ ML XOG]OGMLY
MNXH\XNØG ML KJX YLX\K]OMJX
Ko prlslghno ml N@ prndornos y slhugmornos lg kkos
os
`kujrntos, hjg ugo hjdpjsnhnøg quädnho duy sndnkor
(C9J+GoHk+HoHk9), pulml slr ngtlrprltomo lg ug
hjgtlxtj
mlk dlmnjlg lk qul kos hjgmnhnjgls
plrdoglhnlrjg `nsnhj-quädnhos
prïhtnhodlgtl hjgstogtls.
Ls mlhnr, sng hodinjs slgsnikls ml tldplroturo y
qundnsdj ml kos sjkuhnjgls, lg ug prjhlsj lg lk qul
hjgtngòo `jrdïgmjsl `kujrnto lg ugo hovnmom oòg lg
oplrturo. Lstl clhcj, porlhl lxpknhor neuokdlgtl ko
prlslghno ml hkostjs j irlhcos ml `kujrnto hjg tlxturos
hrustn`jrdls lgtjrgj o mnhcjs hkostjs.
Ko `jrdohnøg ml kos `kujrntos lg lk Dohnzj ml
Xogtogmlr pjmräo slr ngmnhomjr mlk òktndj lvlgtj
cnmrjtlrdok rlenstroikl lg lk dohnzj, ok dlgjs lg lk
slhtjr Hlpntï-Vlshomlrj, tok hjdj kj ngmnhog kjs
rlhnlgtls motjs dnhrjtlrdjdîtrnhjs jitlgnmjs lg
vlgos
troiobjcnmrjtlrdokls
ml Dogtnkko y ml ko lg
jtrjs @jrdohnøg Xnkeorï (vlr
lstl gòdlrj).
]jdogmj hjdj rl`lrlghno kos ]c ml kos N@ ls pjsnikl
suelrnr qul ko `jrdohnøg ml kos `kujrntos pumj coilr
jhurrnmj o ugo prj`ugmnmom dïxndo ml 8.< o = ad,
supjgnlgmj ug eromnlgtl eljtîrdnhj ml 8<¶H y
lqunknirnj tîrdnhj lgtrl lk `kunmj y ko rjho hobo.
Ko prlslghno ml hjdpjglgtls jreïgnhjs hjg`ngomjs
lxhkusnvodlgtl o kos dnhrj`rohturos y ijrmls ml
hrnstokls, dulstro hkorodlgtl qul lg ugo ltopo duy
tormäo, rlsplhtj o ko `jrdohnøg ml kos `kujrntos, lstl
slhtjr sl vnø o`lhtomj pjr ko hnrhukohnøg ml
cnmrjhoriurjs, qul mlinlrjg lshopor ml kjs gnvlkls
slmndlgtornjs suproyohlgtls (pjsnikldlgtl ml rjhos
hrltïhnhos -@jrdohnøg Yjsoikogho:), y qul lg su
djdlgtj mlinlrjg lstor o ugjs 566 dltrjs pjr
lghndo ml kjs ohtuokls mlpøsntjs ml `kujrnto
lstumnomjs.
Lsto hnrhukohnøg mlshlgmlgtl ml cnmrjhoriurjs pulml
slr lxpknhomo lg ug hjgtlxtj ml ml`jrdohnøg `rïenk,
lg mjgml ko rlm ml dnhrj`rohturos, elglromos
pjsnikldlgtl murogtl ko `osl ml ml`jrdohnøg ogmngo,
hjgmnhnjgorjg ug snstldo oinlrtj.
Ko `okto ml motjs eljhrjgjkøenhjs co ndplmnmj
prlhnsor ko lmom ml `jrdohnøg ml kos `kujrntos. Gj
00
Dogtnkko @neulrjo, K. H.1 _ungtlrj Ozulrj, H.1 Dlso, O.1 Eorhäo Yodärlz, H. O.1 Iortlks, C.
jistogtl, sleòg kjs osplhtjs oquä slÿokomjs, lstos
dnglroknzohnjgls mlilg slr pjstlrnjrls o ko `jrdohnøg
mlk pkutøg ml Vlshomlrj (hjgsnmlromj ml lmom
]räosnhj-Burïsnhj), y ogtlrnjrls o ko nghjrpjrohnøg ml
kjs cnmrjhoriurjs. Vjr kj togtj, ko `jrdohnøg ml kos
`kujrntos mlinø jhurrnr lgtrl lk Hrltïhnhj y lk ]lrhnornj
]ldprogj.
HJGHK\XNJGLX
Kjs `nkjgls ml `kujrnto lg lk ïrlo Hlpntï-Vlshomlrj
sjg lk rlsuktomj ml ugo oktlrohnøg cnmrjtlrdok qul sl
ndpusj sjirl lk erogntj ml Vlshomlrj, prnghnpokdlgtl
lg okeugjs pugtjs ml sus zjgos dorengokls. Lstos
sjkuhnjgls cnmrjtlrdokls gj euormog rlkohnøg mnrlhto
hjg prjhlsjs tormäjs ml pumnlrjg jhurrnr murogtl kos
ltopos `ngokls ml hrnstoknzohnøg mlk Erogntj ml
Vlshomlrj.
Lk `kunmj o portnr mlk huok prlhnpntø ko `kujrnto
hjrrlspjgml o ug `kunmj ohujsj hjg GoHk+HoHk 9
hjdj sokls mnsulktos.
Lk ldpjirlhndnlgtj lg Ho lg lk erogntj, jislrvomj
lg kos ngdlmnohnjgls ml kjs `nkjgls, suenlrl qul togtj
lk Ho hjdj lk @ ml kos `kujrntos prjhlmlg mlk erogntj
ml Vlshomlrj.
Ko prlslghno ml cnmrjhoriurjs lg kos `kujrntos ls lk
rlsuktomj ml ugo dnerohnøg mlshlgmlgtl ml `kunmjs,
qul pjsnikldlgtl sl elglrorjg lg rjhos slmndlgtornos
hrltïhnhos.
OEYOMLHNDNLG]JX
Kjs outjrls lxprlsog ug prj`ugmj oeromlhndnlgtj o
kjs Eløkjejs Hlsor Djro y Bjsî Negohnj Djrlgj,
mlk NHV y o ko Mjhtjro Lklgo Xtosclgaj ml ko Lshulko
ml _uädnho ml ko \NX, togtj pjr lk opjyj prlstomj
poro lk ogïknsns ml dulstros, hjdj pjr sus voknjsjs
hjdlgtornjs.
Lstl troiobj co snmj `ngoghnomj pjr ko Mnrlhhnøg
Elglrok ml Ngvlstneohnjgls ml ko \gnvlrsnmom
Ngmustrnok ml Xogtogmlr y pjr lk Ngstntutj Hjkjdinogj @NE\YO ?. Kjhoknzohnøg mlk ïrlo ml lstumnj.
mlk Vltrøklj, o trovîs mlk prjylhtj hjmn`nhomj hjdj
<=6? y ?86=6-L>=665, rlsplhtnvodlgtl.
08
 

LX]\MNJ ML KJX @K\ÄMJX CNMYJ]LYDOKLX OXJHNOMJX O KOX DNGLYOKNROHNJGLX ML @K\JYN]O. Dogtnkko @neulrjo, K. H.1 _ungtlrj Ozulrj, H.1 Dlso, O.1 Eorhäo Yodärlz, H. O.1 Iortlks, C.
XLH]JY HLVN]Ï-VLXHOMLYJ, DOHNRJ ML XOG]OGMLY

 Lstumnj ml kjs hjdpjglgtls jreïgnhjs

jreïgnhjs mnhcjs hkostjs. Lstl tnpj ml N@ sjg in`ïsnhos, hjg ugo C9 J
C9J

rlkohnøg käqunmj/vopjr hjgstogtl, sndnkor o kos O

Ko nmlgtn`nhohnøg y horohtlrnzohnøg ml hjdpjglgtls ogtlrnjrls. t.

w
% 6
? ?
6
w
t.
jreïgnhjs prlslgtls lg kos `kujrntos sl rloknzorjg 6
9 Nhl + K
%

9
6
?
Nh l + K H
?
6

dlmnogtl ogïknsns ml dnhrjshjpäo uktrovnjklto (D\), Lk lstumnj dnhrjtlrdjdîtrnhj lg odios `odnknos ml 6 ?9%
I ?9%
-9?.9²H %
CC+ K -?6¶H
t
w w
6.?²H

hrjdotjero`äo ml eosls (HE) y lsplhtrjdlträo ml N@ dulstrog horohtlrästnhos duy sndnkorls. Kos -<9²H O 8 %
6 6
9 96

dosos (LD). tldplroturos ml cjdjelgnzohnøg (]c) jitlgnmos lg -96¶H

I

odijs hosjs huirlg ug rogej ml tldplroturo lgtrl OG]+ K

COK N] L+K =6
-86¶H
CC+K

Co kntl + K

Kos lxpkjrohnjgls dlmnogtl D\ sl rloknzorjg lg ug ??6 y ?86²H, snldprl hjg cjdjelgnzohnøg o `osl <
6
Ho Hk9 6.9   6.=   6.0   65
.3 6 .3 Go Hk

dnhrjshjpäj tnpj Hork Rlnss-Oxnjpcjt ml kuz käqunmo. HoHk 9 6.9   6.=   6.0

w t . r o t nj G o H k / G o H k + H o H k9
  6.3
GoHk wt. ro tnj Go Hk/Go Hk+Ho Hk9

trogsdntnmo y rl`klbomo, mjtomj ml ugo `ulgtl ml kuz

uktrovnjklto tnpj CIJ ml <6 w. Lstl lstumnj sl kklvø
o hoij lg lk NHV.
Voro ko horohtlrnzohnøg ml kjs hjdpjglgtls jreïgnhjs
sl utnknzø ug Hrjdotøero`j ml Eosls CV <3>6,
ohjpkomj o ug mltlhtjr slklhtnvj ml dosos (LD) tnpj
CV <>59. Ko hjkudgo hrjdjerï`nho ldpklomo ls ml
tnpj sldnpjkor CV< <6 d. Lstjs ogïknsns sl rloknzorjg
lg kjs koijrotjrnjs ml ko Lshulko ml _uädnho ml ko
\gnvlrsnmom Ngmustrnok ml Xogtogmlr (\NX).
YLX\K]OMJX
Nghkusnjgls @kunmos
Kjs lstumnjs pltrjerï`nhjs y dnhrjtlrdjdîtrnhjs ml
nghkusnjgls `kunmos lg dulstros ml `kujrntos ml kos
Dngos Voklstngo y Lk Kkogntj (vlr @NE\YO ?),
prlslgtog horohtlrästnhos duy porlhnmos qul `ohnkntog
ug trotodnlgtj hjgbugtj ml kjs motjs. Lstjs lstumnjs,
plrdntnlrjg ml`ngnr mjs `odnknos mnstngtos ml N@.
N@ ]NVJ N2 N@ prndornos, ml todoÿj suplrnjr o kjs =6
dd, hjg djr`jkjeäos nrrleukorls (lg jhosnjgls
mlgmrätnhos). Xjg nghkusnjgls in`ïsnhos o tldplroturo
odinlgtl, `jrdomos pjr ugo sjkuhnøg ohujso y ugo
ml vopjr, lg mjgml lsto òktndo jhupo dlgjs mlk 96%
mlk vjkudlg tjtok ml ko nghkusnøg.
N@ ]NVJ NN2 N@ slhugmornos, ml todoÿjs lgtrl < y
86dd, hjg djr`jkjeäos jvokomos (@NE\YO 9).
Ougqul su horïhtlr ml slhugmornj sl lstoiklhl
plr`lhtodlgtl lg kjs hkostjs ml `kujrnto, gj sl mlshorto
su horïhtlr prndornj, lsplhnokdlgtl lg oqulkkjs
slhtjrls hjg tlxturo hrustn`jrdl qul lgekjiog o
Kos tldplroturos ml hjdnlgzj ml `usnøg `ulrjg
mltlhtomos lgtjrgj
lgtjrgj o kjs -=<²H erohnos o ko `jrdohnøg
ml ug djsonhj erogukor qul mlsoporlhl
mlsoporlhl o -9? y -
98²H, mogmj posj o ko `jrdohnøg ml hrnstokls ml cnlkj,
qul o su vlz prlslgtog tldplroturos ml `usnøg `ngok
(]dn) lgtrl -<.8²H y -0.<²H (Vugtjs I y H, @NE\YO
8).
@NE\YO 9. Nghkusnjgls `kunmos tnpj NN.
Lk hodinj ml `osls jislrvomj o -=<²H gj sl hjgsnmlro
hjdj ko tldplroturo lutîhtnho mlk snstldo (]l), yo
qul lsto slräo ml -<9²H (Ylygjkms ogm Ejkmstlng,
?>>=1 Yjlmmlr, ?>3=).Gj jistogtl, lstjs vokjrls
plrdntlg rl`lrlghnor kos N@ ml tnpj N y NN ok snstldo
quädnhj C9J+GoHk+HoHk9.
Kjs hodinjs ml `osls jhurrnmjs murogtl lk prjhlsj
hrnjshøpnhj plrdntlg
plrdntlg lstndor ugo rlkohn
rlkohnøg
øg lg plsj
ml GoHk/GoHk+HoHk9 oprjxndomodlgtl ml 6.53, poro
ug hjgtlgnmj ml sokls lg lk snstldo lgtjrgj o ?9 %
lg plsj ml GoHk+HoHk9 (@NE\YO 8).
@NE\YO 8. Mnoerodo ml `osls poro lk snstldo C9J+GoHk+HoHk9 (djmn`nhomj ml Ylygjkms ogm Ejkmstlng, ?>>=).
Eljquädnho mlk Hokhnj Lstumnj ml kjs hjdpjglgtls jreïgnhjs
Hjg lk prjpøsntj ml hjgjhlr ko prjhlmlghno mlk Ho Ko prlslghno ml hjdpjglgtls jreïgnhjs lg kjs `nkjgls
qul portnhnpø lg ko `jrdohnøg ml kos `kujrntos, sl hjg `kujrnto, porlhäo slr ug clhcj o mlshortor mlsml
lstumnorjg okeugos dulstros mlk slhtjr ml ko dngo lk hjdnlgzj, pjr trotorsl ml ug hjgtlxtj äeglj-
dltodør`nhj. Xng ldiorej, sl rloknzorjg okeugjs
–Voklstngo„. Voro lkkj,
oisjrhnøg otødnho dlmnogtl
sl ogoknzø ug lsplhtrødltrj
lsplhtrødl
lk hjgtlgnmj ml Ho,trj ml
togtj ogïknsns ml `kujrntos ml ko dngo Voklstngo, hjg lk
lg kos zjgos dorengokls mlk erogntj ml Vlshomlrj sng prjpøsntj ml lstoiklhlr j mlshortor pjsnikls väos ml
ugo oktlrohnøg lvnmlgtl (zjgo ?), hjdj lg kos hnrhukohnøgg ml `kunmjs, qul pumnlrog hjdugnhorsl hjg
hnrhukohnø
ngdlmnohnjgls ml kos vlgos hjg `kujrnto, mjgml ko kjs gnvlkls slmndlgtornjs (prnghnpokdlgtl mlk
oktlrohnøg ls duy dorhomo (zjgo 9). Hrltïhnhj), qul ohtuokdlgtl o`kjrog ugjs 566 dltrjs
pjr lghndo ml lstos dnglroknzohnjgls.
dnglroknzohnjgls.
Kjs rlsuktomjs jitlgnmjs, djstrorjg qul ko zjgo ?
prlslgto ug hjgtlgnmj ml Ho lgtjrgj o kjs 38< ppd Hjg lstl prjpøsntj sl rloknzorjg lxpkjrohnjgls
dlmnogtl D\ lg okeugos kïdngos mlkeomos hjg
dnlgtros qul ko zjgo 9 prlslgto vokjrls ml <9-<8 ppd
lg prjdlmnj. `kujrnto. Lg tjmos lstos dulstros sl hjdprjiø ko
prlslghno ml hjdpjglgtls jreïgnhjs, hjg`ngomjs
lxhkusnvodlgtl o dnhrj`rohturos y o kjs plqulÿjs
Lk ldpjirlhndnlgtj lg Ho lg ko zjgo oktlromo lgtj rgj
o kjs mlpøsntjs ml `kujrnto sjkj pulml slr ngtlrprltomo lspohnjs `jrdomjs lgtrl hrnstokls. Gugho sl jislrvø
hjdj prjmuhnmo pjr ugo `ulrtl ngtlrohhnøg `kunmj- l`lhtjs ml `kujrlshlghno lg kos nghkusnjgls `kunmos.
rjho. Kjs ogïknsns rloknzomjs dlmnogtl HE lg `kujrntos ml
ko dngo ml Voklstngo, hjg`nrdorjg ko prlslghno ml kjs
Kjs `kunmjs qul portnhnporjg lg lstl prjhlsj `ulrjg hjdpjglgtls jreïgnhjs. Kjs pnhjs jitlgnmjs lg kjs
rlspjgsoikls ml ko lxtrohhnøg mlk Ho, lg su doyjräo hrjdotjerodos, lg ko rlenøg ml kjs 09, 03 y 50 dng.
prlslgtl lg kos pkoenjhkosos, y ml su trogspjrtl cohno (vokjrls tlørnhjs, sleòg Doh Gonr, ?>3?), ngmnhoiog
kos hovnmomls mjgml prlhnpntoräo ko `kujrnto. Lg lstl ko prlslghno ml cnmrjhoriurjs plsomjs.
dnsdj `lgødlgj sleurodlgtl lstuvj ngvjkuhromj
lk `kujr prlslgtl lg lk erogntj, prnghnpokdlgtl lg kos Dlmnogtl lg mltlhtjr slklhtnvj ml dosos (LD) sl
`osls ml `nkjsnknhotjs. pumj lstoiklhlr qul kjs cnmrjhoriurjs lghjgtromjs
sjg ml kjs tnpjs2 Nsjprjpyk Dyrnstotl, Ïhnmj Vokdätnhj
(ïhnmj clxomlhogjnhj, ïhnmj hltäknhj), ?-
Jhtomlhogjk, Go`toklgj, Ïhnmj Vrjplgjnhj y Ïhnmj
Jhtomlhogjnmj.

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