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Todos los temas se actualizan a medida que se dispone de nueva evidencia y se completa nuestro proceso de
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Revisión de la literatura vigente hasta: mayo de 2022. | Última actualización de este tema: 02 de diciembre
de 2021.
INTRODUCCIÓN
Casi todos los recién nacidos desarrollan un nivel total de bilirrubina (TB) sérica o plasmática >1
mg/dL (17 micromol/L), que es el límite superior normal para los adultos. A medida que
aumentan los niveles de TB, se puede desarrollar hiperbilirrubinemia neonatal, que se
manifiesta como ictericia, una decoloración amarillenta visible de la piel y/o la conjuntiva,
causada por el depósito de bilirrubina (niveles de TB de 4 a 5 mg/dL [68 a 86 micromol/L]). Los
recién nacidos a término y prematuros tardíos (edad gestacional ≥35 semanas) con una TB >25
mg/dL (428 micromol/L) o hiperbilirrubinemia "grave" corren el riesgo de desarrollar disfunción
neurológica inducida por bilirrubina (BIND, por sus siglas en inglés), que ocurre cuando la
bilirrubina cruza la barrera hematoencefálica, posteriormente se une al tejido cerebral e induce
neurotoxicidad.
DEFINICIONES
Aunque existe un consenso limitado entre los expertos en el campo para definir la importancia
clínica de la variación de los niveles de bilirrubina (TB) sérica o plasmática total para los recién
nacidos a término y prematuros tardíos, los autores utilizan las siguientes definiciones en este
tema en función de su experiencia.
METABOLISMO DE LA BILIRRUBINA
Producción de bilirrubina : la bilirrubina es un producto del catabolismo del hemo. En los
recién nacidos, aproximadamente del 80 al 90 por ciento de la bilirrubina se produce durante la
descomposición de la hemoglobina de los glóbulos rojos o de la eritropoyesis ineficaz. El 10 a
20 por ciento restante se deriva de la descomposición de otras proteínas que contienen hemo,
como los citocromos y la catalasa. Las mediciones de la producción de monóxido de carbono
(CO), como los niveles de CO al final de la espiración (ETCO) o de carboxihemoglobina (COHb),
ambos corregidos para el CO ambiental (ETCOc y COHbc, respectivamente), se pueden utilizar
como índices de la producción de bilirrubina in vivo
● La enzima hemo oxigenasa (HO), ubicada en todas las células nucleadas, cataliza la
descomposición del hemo, lo que resulta en la formación de cantidades equimolares de
hierro, CO y biliverdina.
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● Excreción biliar: la bilirrubina conjugada, que es más soluble en agua que la bilirrubina no
conjugada, se secreta en la bilis en un proceso activo que depende de los transportadores
canaliculares y luego se excreta en el tracto digestivo ( figura 3).
Los niveles normales de bilirrubina (TB) sérica o plasmática total en adultos son <1 mg/dL,
mientras que los recién nacidos a término suelen tener niveles de TB que alcanzan un máximo
de aproximadamente 8 a 9 mg/dL porque:
● Los recién nacidos tienen más glóbulos rojos (hematocrito entre 50 y 60 por ciento) y los
glóbulos rojos fetales tienen una vida más corta (aproximadamente 85 días) que los de los
adultos. Después del nacimiento, hay una mayor renovación de glóbulos rojos fetales, lo
que resulta en la producción de más bilirrubina.
Niveles máximos de TB y tiempo hasta la resolución : la bilirrubina (TB) sérica o plasmática
total máxima y el tiempo hasta la resolución varían según la dieta, el origen étnico y la edad
gestacional (EG) del bebé, probablemente debido a las diferencias en la absorción, eliminación
y excreción hepáticas [ 5 -7 ].
● Pico de TB: tanto la altura como el momento del pico de TB suelen variar según el origen
étnico:
• En los recién nacidos a término blancos y negros, los niveles medios de TB alcanzan su
punto máximo entre las 48 y las 96 horas de edad y oscilan entre 7 y 9 mg/dL (120 y
154 micromol/L). El percentil 95 varía de 13 a 18 mg/dL (222 a 308 micromol/L) [ 8 ].
● Tiempo de resolución: la ictericia visible se resuelve dentro de las primeras una o dos
semanas después del nacimiento. La ictericia clínica generalmente se resuelve a la
semana en los bebés blancos y negros alimentados con fórmula, y al décimo día en los
Estas diferencias en los niveles máximos de TB y el tiempo necesario para la resolución entre
los grupos étnicos pueden deberse a variaciones genéticas específicas en la capacidad de
conjugación hepática de la bilirrubina [ 2 ]. Como ejemplo, los polimorfismos en el gen UGT1A1 ,
debido a las diferencias en el número de repeticiones de timina-adenina (TA) o "caja TATA" en la
región promotora del gen, varían entre individuos de ascendencia asiática oriental, africana y
europea. 11 ]. Estos polimorfismos se correlacionan con disminuciones en la actividad de la
enzima UGT1A1, lo que resulta en un aumento de los niveles de TB y una mayor duración de la
resolución.
Otra causa de variación racial es el resultado de una mutación común en el gen UGT1A1 en
Gly71Arg (conocida como mutación UGT1A1*6 ) que ocurre en los bebés de Asia oriental. Esta
mutación conduce a una mayor incidencia de hiperbilirrubinemia neonatal grave
(aproximadamente el 20 por ciento) [ 12,13 ]. La mayor frecuencia de este polimorfismo
aumenta el riesgo de desarrollar hiperbilirrubinemia en bebés nacidos de madres del este de
Asia. También se han identificado otros polimorfismos de UGT1A1 ( UGT1A1*9 , UGT1A1*16 ,
UGT1A1*27 y UGT1A1*28), pero se necesita más trabajo para dilucidar por completo el impacto
de estas mutaciones en el riesgo de un bebé de desarrollar hiperbilirrubinemia grave. (Ver
"Hiperbilirrubinemia no conjugada en recién nacidos a término y prematuros tardíos:
epidemiología y manifestaciones clínicas", sección sobre 'Factores de riesgo' ).
Descripción general : la hiperbilirrubinemia puede ser causada por condiciones patológicas
subyacentes específicas o por exageraciones de los mecanismos responsables de la ictericia
"ictericia fisiológica" neonatal normal ( Figura 2). La identificación de una causa patológica
subyacente de la hiperbilirrubinemia neonatal es útil para determinar si se necesitan
intervenciones terapéuticas y el momento de la intervención para prevenir la
● Sepsis: se desconoce el mecanismo; sin embargo, una teoría sugiere que el aumento del
estrés oxidativo debido a la sepsis daña los glóbulos rojos neonatales [ 8 ].
● Los bebés macrosómicos de madres diabéticas (IDM) tienen una mayor producción de
bilirrubina debido a policitemia o eritropoyesis ineficaz. (Consulte "Bebés de mujeres con
diabetes" .)
Disminución de la eliminación : los defectos hereditarios en el gen que codifica la enzima
UGT1A1, que cataliza la conjugación de bilirrubina con ácido glucurónico, disminuyen la
conjugación de bilirrubina. Esto reduce el aclaramiento de bilirrubina hepática y aumenta los
niveles de bilirrubina (TB) total en suero o plasma [ 21 ]. Estos trastornos incluyen el síndrome
de Crigler-Najjar tipos I y II y el síndrome de Gilbert. Estos síndromes se resumen brevemente a
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Síndrome de Crigler-Najjar : existen dos variantes del síndrome de Crigler-Najjar. (Consulte
"Síndrome de Crigler-Najjar" .)
● Síndrome de Crigler-Najjar tipo I (CN-I): esta es la forma más grave de los trastornos
hereditarios UGT1A1. La actividad de UGT1A1 está esencialmente ausente y se desarrolla
hiperbilirrubinemia severa en los primeros dos o tres días después del nacimiento. Se
requiere fototerapia de por vida para evitar el desarrollo de disfunción neurológica
inducida por bilirrubina (BIND), a menos que se realice un trasplante de hígado. El modo
de herencia es autosómico recesivo.
● Síndrome de Crigler-Najjar tipo II (CN-II): la CN-II es menos grave que la CN-I. La actividad
de UGT1A1 es baja pero detectable. Aunque algunos niños afectados desarrollan ictericia
grave, la hiperbilirrubinemia a menudo responde al tratamiento con fenobarbital . La CN-
II generalmente se hereda de forma autosómica recesiva, aunque en algunos casos se
produce una transmisión autosómica dominante.
In the United States, 9 percent of the population is homozygous and 42 percent heterozygous
for the Gilbert mutation [24]. Newborns who are homozygous for the gene mutation have a
higher incidence of developing hyperbilirubinemia during the first two days after birth than
infants without the mutation or those who are heterozygous [25]. Similar findings have been
noted in other parts of the world, especially in Eastern Asian countries [13,26]. There is also
evidence that increased hemolysis contributes to neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in addition to the
reduction in bilirubin conjugation [27].
However, data from case series have reported that the Gilbert genotype alone is not sufficient
to increase the incidence of hyperbilirubinemia [28,29]. Rather, the Gilbert genotype appears to
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only become clinically relevant when affected newborns have increased bilirubin production or
enhanced enterohepatic circulation of bilirubin [30,31]. In particular, the combination of a
Gilbert genotype with an underlying condition that increases TB production, such as G6PD
deficiency, is associated with severe or significant hyperbilirubinemia [18,30,32]. (See "Gilbert
syndrome and unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia due to bilirubin overproduction".)
Breast milk jaundice — Breast milk jaundice is defined as the persistence of benign neonatal
hyperbilirubinemia beyond the first two to three weeks of age. It typically presents after the
first three to five days of life, peaks within two weeks after birth, and progressively declines to
normal levels over 3 to 12 weeks [9,35]. Breast milk jaundice needs to be distinguished from
breastfeeding (lactation) failure jaundice, the latter is due to suboptimal fluid and caloric intake
during the first seven days of life. (See 'Lactation failure jaundice' below.)
In infants with jaundice who exclusively receive human milk, TB levels >5 mg/dL (86 micromol/L)
often persist for several weeks after delivery [9]. Although the hyperbilirubinemia is generally
mild and typically does not require intervention, it should be monitored to ensure that it
remains in the unconjugated form and does not increase. If TB levels begin to increase or there
is a significant component of conjugated bilirubin, evaluation for other causes of
hyperbilirubinemia should be performed. In the case of elevated conjugated bilirubin, causes of
cholestasis need to be considered. If after evaluation human milk intake is the only remaining
viable factor, human milk feeding can continue if the TB remains in a safe zone with the
expectation of resolution by 12 weeks of age [36]. (See "Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in
term and late preterm infants: Screening" and "Causes of cholestasis in neonates and young
infants" and "Approach to evaluation of cholestasis in neonates and young infants".)
The underlying mechanism of "breast milk jaundice" is not fully known. Human milk contains
high concentrations of beta-glucuronidase, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of beta-D-glucuronic
acid [37]. In contrast, there is negligible amounts of beta-glucuronidase in infant formula, and
formula-fed infants have lower levels of bilirubin than those who receive human milk [38,39].
For breast milk-fed infants, the loss of beta-D-glucuronic acid due to increased degradation is
thought to promote an increase in intestinal absorption of unconjugated bilirubin [37] (
figure 2). Beta-glucuronidase inhibitors, such as enzymatically-hydrolyzed casein or L-
aspartic acid, which is contained in casein hydrolysate formula, have been used prophylactically
in breastfed newborns [40]. However, the prolonged unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
associated with human milk is benign, and there appears to be no benefit for the use of these
agents [41]. As a result, we do not recommend these agents for treating breast milk jaundice.
Late preterm infants (defined as gestational age [GA] between 34 and 36 weeks and 6 days) are
more likely to experience difficulty in establishing successful breastfeeding than term infants.
Late preterm infants may not fully empty the breast because of increased sleepiness, fatigue,
and/or difficulty maintaining a latch because their oro-buccal coordination and swallowing
mechanisms are not fully matured. As a result, additional support and close monitoring are
warranted for this group of infants and their mothers. (See "Breastfeeding the preterm infant",
section on 'Late preterm infants'.)
Links to society and government-sponsored guidelines from selected countries and regions
around the world are provided separately. (See "Society guideline links: Neonatal jaundice".)
UpToDate offers two types of patient education materials, "The Basics" and "Beyond the
Basics." The Basics patient education pieces are written in plain language, at the 5th to 6th grade
reading level, and they answer the four or five key questions a patient might have about a given
condition. These articles are best for patients who want a general overview and who prefer
short, easy-to-read materials. Beyond the Basics patient education pieces are longer, more
sophisticated, and more detailed. These articles are written at the 10th to 12th grade reading
level and are best for patients who want in-depth information and are comfortable with some
medical jargon.
Here are the patient education articles that are relevant to this topic. We encourage you to print
or e-mail these topics to your patients. (You can also locate patient education articles on a
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● Beyond the Basics topics (see "Patient education: Jaundice in newborn infants (Beyond the
Basics)")
● Introduction and definitions – Total serum or plasma bilirubin (TB) levels >1 mg/dL (17
micromol/L) occur in almost all term and near-term newborn infants ( figure 1). Infants
with severe hyperbilirubinemia (TB >25 mg/dL [428 micromol/L]) are at risk for developing
bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction (BIND), presenting acutely as acute bilirubin
encephalopathy (ABE) and, if not treated appropriately or in a timely manner, leading to
long-term neurologic sequelae of chronic bilirubin encephalopathy (CBE, previously
referred to as kernicterus). (See 'Introduction' above and 'Definitions' above.)
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a specific genotype: a population-based case-control study. Pediatrics 2014; 134:510.
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dehydrogenase deficiency: a dose-dependent genetic interaction crucial to neonatal
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35. Grunebaum E, Amir J, Merlob P, et al. Breast mild jaundice: natural history, familial
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38. Gourley GR, Kreamer B, Arend R. The effect of diet on feces and jaundice during the first 3
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39. Gourley GR, Kreamer B, Cohnen M, Kosorok MR. Neonatal jaundice and diet. Arch Pediatr
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40. Gourley GR, Li Z, Kreamer BL, Kosorok MR. A controlled, randomized, double-blind trial of
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Topic 5020 Version 42.0
GRAPHICS
Las zonas de riesgo se designan según el percentil: alto (TB ≥95 ) , intermedio
alto (95 >TB ≥75 ) , intermedio bajo (75 >TB ≥40 ) y bajo ( TB <40 ) . Los bebés
con valores en la zona de alto riesgo tienen un mayor riesgo de desarrollar
hiperbilirrubinemia clínicamente significativa que requiera intervención.
Reproducido con autorización de Pediatrics, vol. 114, páginas 297-316, Copyright © 2004 de la
AAP.
*Physiologic mechanisms that reduce the movement of free bilirubin across the
blood-brain barrier include binding to plasma albumin and rapid uptake,
conjugation, and clearance by the liver. These protective mechanisms are less
efficient in neonates (especially preterm infants) and individuals with inherited
disorders of bilirubin conjugation. As a result, these patients are at risk for
bilirubin-induced neurotoxicity.
Adapted from: Hansen TWR, Bratlid D. Physiology of neonatal unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. In:
Care of the Jaundiced Neonate, Stevenson DK, Maisels MJ, Watchko JF (Eds), McGraw-Hill Companies,
New York 2012.
Factores que impactan en la carga de bilirrubina medida por la tasa de aumento de bilirrubina por hora.
Contributor Disclosures
Ronald J Wong, BA No relevant financial relationship(s) with ineligible companies to disclose. Vinod K
Bhutani, MD, FAAP No relevant financial relationship(s) with ineligible companies to disclose. Steven A
Abrams, MD Grant/Research/Clinical Trial Support: Fresenius Kabi[Fatty acids];Perrigo Nutrition [Food
insecurity].
Speaker's Bureau: Abbott Nutrition [Physiology of infant nutrition].
All of the relevant financial
relationships listed have been mitigated. Elizabeth B Rand, MD No relevant financial relationship(s) with
ineligible companies to disclose. Laurie Wilkie, MD, MS No relevant financial relationship(s) with ineligible
companies to disclose.
El grupo editorial revisa las divulgaciones de los contribuyentes en busca de conflictos de intereses.
Cuando se encuentran, estos se abordan mediante la investigación a través de un proceso de revisión de
múltiples niveles y mediante los requisitos para que se proporcionen referencias para respaldar el
contenido. Se requiere que todos los autores tengan contenido referenciado de manera adecuada y debe
cumplir con los estándares de evidencia de UpToDate.