HK_PHPRPA ZTACB_HAKFI HKFOFZ

HKLBKHBTÅF BK EHKF_
PFIIBT EHKBTA HH

HKCATEB PÈOKHOA PFIIBT EHKBTA HH

GATLB FIBGFK@TA ORBSF_ LAKWÆIBW
GFHTA ATIFK@A OATPÈ_ FLRHIBTF

Zracbsar Luåf7 _r. Bstbdfk Iÿpbz Frfyf.

 Fshlkfturf7 Pfiibr Ehkbra HH.
_boohÿk7 302

_fkthfla, Onhib.
4:4:
 

6 TB_REBK
Rkf ehkf sudtbrrækbf bs fqubiif bxpiatfohÿk `b rboursas ehkbras qub sb `bsfrraiif par `bdfga
`b if supbrchohb `bi tbrrbka. If bxpiatfohÿk `b uk yfohehbkta eb`hfktb ehkbråf sudtbrrækbf sb
rbfihzf oufk`a su bxtrfoohÿk f ohbia fdhbrta ka bs pashdib par eathvas boakÿehoas, saohfibs a
fedhbktfibs, nfy `hsthktas eèta`as `b bxpiatfohÿk bk ehkbråf sudtbrrækbf oaea bi _ud Ibvbi
_taphkl bi eèta`a qub `bsfrraiifrf bk bstb praybota.
Oakaobrbeas `b caref tbÿrhof bi eèta`a `b bxpiatfohÿk `b if ehkf, fkfihzfk`a ias thpas `b
bquhpas
bquhpas qub kas fyu`f
fyu`fræk
ræk f oaep
oaepibtfr
ibtfr ias praobsas `b ofrluå
ofrluåa
a y trfks
trfkspartb
partb,, nfohbk`a
nfohbk`a èkcfshs
bk sus ofpfoh`f`bs, rbk`hehbktas, vbiaoh`f`bs y oastas. Za`rbeas fkfihzfr bspboåchofebktb ias
qub sbråfk ias IN@, ofehakbs `b dfga pbrchi, bktrb atras bquhpas.

Bs euy hepartfktb oakaobr bi praobsa `b ofrluåa y trfkspartb `b ukf ehkf sudtbrrækbf, bs

hepartfktb oakaobr y `bsfrraiifr bstb praobsa `b caref ar`bkf`f y sblurf, pfrf `b bstf caref
bsthefr thbepas y ouepihr oak kbobsh`f`bs prapubstfs par if ehkf, bk ias oæiouias bs kbobsfrha

tbkbr bk oubktf ta`as ias cfotarbs qub pa`råfk hkciuhr bk ias ohoias `b bxtrfoohÿk, nfy qub rbfihzfr 
ukf hkspboohÿk ehkuohasf f ifs `hstfkohfs y vbiaoh`f`bs qub kas fyu`fræk eæs tfr`b f if narf
`b `bsfrraiifr `hcbrbktbs thpas `b oæiouias.

Zar ÷ithea, tfedhèk oakaobrbeas if oakstruoohÿk `b uk t÷kbi nfohbk`a èkcfshs bk if biboohÿk `b

uk bq
bquh
uhpa
pa `b pbrc
pbrcar
arfo
fohÿ
hÿk
k qub
qub pub`
pub`f
f ouep
ouepihihrr oak
oak if
ifss kb
kbob
obsh
sh`f
`f`b
`bss `b if eh
ehkf
kf,, tf
tfed
edhè
hèk
k
fpihofrbeas `hcbrbktbs oæiouias, pfrf `bsfrraiifr ukf efiif `b pbrcarfohÿk f`bouf`f, fi hlufi
qub,, if ofk
qub ofkth`
th`f`
f` `b rao
raof
f qub rbt
rbthrf
hrfrbe
rbeas,
as, vbi
vbiaoh
aoh`f`
`f`bs,
bs, y iub
iubla
la f bxp
bxpias
iashva
hvas,
s, fpihof
fpihofrbe
rbeas
as
oakaohehbktas fktbrharebktb vhstas, iubla ofiouifrbeas if ofkth`f` `b bxpiashvas y qub thpa
uthihzfrbeas, y chkfiebktb tbrehkfr oak bi praobsa `b carthchofohÿk oarrbspak`hbktb f if ofih`f` `b

raof qub prbsbktf if ehkf.

4
 

PFDIF @B OAKPBKH@A
6 TB_R
TB_REBK..
EBK.......
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..................
..................
.....44
4 HKPT
HKPTA@ROO
A@ROOHßK..
HßK.......
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
................
.......................2
............2
4.6 Adgbth
Adgbthvas
vas Lbkbrfi
Lbkbrfibs...
bs........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
............
...................
...................2
.......2
4.4 Adgbth
Adgbthvas
vas Bsp
Bspboåch
boåchoas..
oas.......
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
................
........................
...................2
......2

? ZTAXB
ZTAXBOPA
OPA EHKB
EHKBTA
TA _RDP
_RDPBTTFKBTTFKBA.... BA.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
...........
...........3
.....3
?.6 Bquhp
Bquhpas
as `b Ofrluåa..
Ofrluåa.......
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
............
..................<
...........<
?.6.6 Bspbohchofohakbs tèokhofs...............
tèokhofs..........................................
.......................................................
...............................................
................... <
?.4 Bquhp
Bquhpas
as `b Prfks
Prfkspartb
partb.....
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.................
........................
..................<
......<
?.? Åk`ho
Åk`hobs
bs apbrfo
apbrfohakfib
hakfibss p
pfrf
frf ias praob
praobsas
sas `b ofrlu
ofrluåa
åa y P
Prfkspa
rfkspartb..
rtb........
...................
.........................
.............>
.>
?.0 Åk`ho
Åk`hob
b apb
apbrfoha
rfohakfi
kfi IN
IN@...
@........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
................
.......................
....................>
........>
?.2 Åk`ho
Åk`hob
b apbrfo
apbrfohakfi
hakfi of
ofehÿk
ehÿk dfg
dfga
a pbrch
pbrchi....
i.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.............6:
........6:
?.3 Tbk`h
Tbk`hehbkta
ehbkta `b bquhpa
bquhpass `
`b
b oofrluåa
frluåa (tak/
(tak/Narf)
Narf)....
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..................
.........................
..............66
..66
?.< Tbk`h
Tbk`hehbkta
ehbkta `b bquhpa
bquhpass `
`b
b ttrfksp
rfkspartb
artb (tak/Narf).
(tak/Narf)......
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
...............
......................
................63
....63
?.> @hst
@hstfkohf
fkohf `b ttrfkspa
rfkspartb
rtb nfohf sbot
sbotar
ar `
`b
b``bsofrl
bsofrlf
f``bi
bi ofehÿk.
ofehÿk......
..........
..........
...........
..................
.................63
.....63
?.8 Ofk
Ofkth`
th`f`
f` `b bq
bquhp
uhpas
as `b tr
trfks
fkspar
partb
tb kbo
kbobsf
bsfrha
rhass pfrf oouep
uepihr
ihr ooak
ak bi pf
pfk
k `b pra`uo
pra`uoohÿ
ohÿk.63
k.63
?.6: Pakbif`fs f bxtrfbr par ofsbrÿk...................................................................................63
?.66 Phbep
Phbepa
a bk bxtrf
bxtrfbr
br ofsbrÿk
ofsbrÿk 4....
4.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
................
.......................
....................6<
........6<
?.64 Phbep
Phbepa
a bk bxtrf
bxtrfbr
br ofsbrÿk
ofsbrÿk 0....
0.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
................
.......................
....................6>
........6>
0 OAK_PTROOHßK @BI PRKBI....................................
PRKBI...............................................................
.......................................
........................
................
....68
68
0.6 Zbrcar
Zbrcarf`arf
f`arf f uthi
uthihzfr.
hzfr......
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.................
........................
..................68
......68
0.6.6 Zbrcarf`arf _fk`vhm @@?66.............................................
@@?66...................................................................................
......................................68
68
0.6.4 Bspbohchofohakbs tèokhofs..................
tèokhofs.............................................
.......................................................
..........................................
.............. 68
0.4 pfr
pfræeb
æebtra
trass `b `h
`hsbö
sböa
a `b paz
pazas
as `b ttrak
rakf`u
f`urf
rf `b fo
foubr
ubr`a
`a oak
oak if kb
kbobs
obsh`f
h`f`
` `bi pr
prayb
aybot
ota.
a.

4?
0.? @bchk
@bchkb
b `hf
`hflrfef
lrfef `b `h
`hspfra
spfra qub u
uthihz
thihzfrf
frf bk if ooakstru
akstruoohÿk
oohÿk `bi tt÷kbi.
÷kbi......
..........
..........
..........
...........4?
......4?
0.0 ofkth
ofkth`f`
`f` `
`b
b ef
eftbrhfi
tbrhfi (tak) tatfi f rbt
rbthrfr
hrfr bk if oakst
oakstruooh
ruoohÿk
ÿk `bi t÷kbi.
t÷kbi......
................
.......................40
............40
0.2 thpa y of
ofkth`f
kth`f`
` `b bxpia
bxpiashva
shva pfrf ifs apbrfo
apbrfohakbs
hakbs `b ttrakf`u
rakf`urf....
rf.........
..........
..........
..........
............
............40
.....40
0.2.6 _actra
_actrak...
k........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..............
.............40
....40
0.2.4 Prakbx pius....
pius.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..............
........... 42
0.2.? Fkca.
Fkca......
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
...........
..................
.............. 42
0.3 shst
shstbef
bef `b hkhoh
hkhohfohÿk
fohÿk `b foubr`
foubr`a
a ooak
ak ifs kbobs
kbobsh`f`bs
h`f`bs `bi praybota.......
praybota...................
......................42
..........42
0.3.6 @btak
@btakf`ar
f`ar ka bièot
bièotrhoa.
rhoa......
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
...........42
......42
0.< Cfota
Cfotarr `b ofr
ofrlf
lf (lr/
(lr/tak
tak a Ml/
Ml/E?)..
E?).......
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
................43
...........43
0.> bqu
bquhpa
hpass fuxh
fuxhihf
ihfrbs
rbs f ifs ap
apbrf
brfoha
ohakbs
kbs `b of
ofrlu
rluåa
åa y trfksp
trfkspart
artb
b `b eftbrh
eftbrhfib
fibs...
s...........
..............4
......48
8
0.8 Oaedu
Oaedusthdi
sthdib
b pfrf ias b
bquhpa
quhpass `b ttrfkspa
rfkspartb..
rtb.......
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.............
.........48
.48
0.8.6 IN@ T63::
T63::N7...
N7........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
................
......................48
...........48

?
 

0.8.4 Ofehÿ
Ofehÿk
kEEhkbtr
hkbtruom
uom EP0?6
EP0?6D
D ((Bphrao
Bphrao)7...
)7........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.................48
............48
0.8.? Ofeha
Ofehakbtfs
kbtfs ehts
ehtsudhsn
udhsnhh i4:
i4::7....
:7.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
...............
..............48
....48
0.6:
0.6: Ofu
Ofu`fi
`fi `
`b
b fhr
fhrb
b pfr
pfrf
f vb
vbkth
kthifo
ifohÿk
hÿk `
`b
b lfi
lfibrå
bråfs
fs (pray
(praybot
bota
a su
sudtb
dtbrræ
rrækba
kba)...
).......
........
........
........
...........?
.......?:
:
0.66
0.66 Bi
Bibe
bebk
bkta
tass `b ca
cart
rthchcho
hofo
fohÿ
hÿk,
k, shs
shstb
tbef
efss `b ca cart
rthchcho
hofo
fohÿ
hÿkk y of ofktkth`
h`f`
f` `b bibebk
bibebkta tass qub
uthihzfræk bk if oakstruoohÿk `bi t÷kbi......................................................................................?6
0.64
0.64 @btbr
btbreh
ehk
kf ef
efka
ka `b adrf
adrf (p
(pbr
brssakfi
akfi y oas
asttas
as)) fs
fsao
aohf
hf`a
`ass f if
ifss ap
apbr
brfo
foha
hakb
kbss `b
trakf`urf, sbrvhohas
supbrvhsarbs, ehkf, ......................................................
bto.)................y ofrluåa y trfkspartb
bto.)........................................... `b eftbrhfibs (apbrf`arbs
...................................................... `b bquhpas,
..............................................
...................?6
?6
0.6?
0.6? @bt
@btbre
brehkf
hkf ooast
astas
as uk
ukhtf
htfrha
rhass (us
(us$/t
$/tak)
ak) `
`b
b ifs ap
apbrf
brfoha
ohakbs
kbs `b ttrak
rakf`u
f`urf..
rf.....
......
.......
........
........
......?6
..?6
2 ZTAO
ZTAOB_A_
B_A_ X E
EB@H@
B@H@F_
F_ @B _BLRT
_BLRTH@F@
H@F@ @B IF PTAK
PTAKF@RT
F@RTF.....
F..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
........?4
...?4
2.? Zbrsa
Zbrsakfi
kfi F
Futarhz
utarhzf`a...
f`a........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.................
.........................
.................?4
....?4
2.0 Fiefo
Fiefobkfeh
bkfehbkta
bkta `b ias Bxpi
Bxpiashva
ashvas....
s.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
......??
.??
2.0.6 Prfks
Prfkspartb
partb `b B
Bxpias
xpiashvas
hvas bk iif
fCCfbkf
fbkf Ehkbr
Ehkbrf....
f.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
............??
.......??
3 OAKO
OAKOIR_HßK
IR_HßK.....
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
...............
......................?>
............?>
< DHDIH
DHDIHALTFC
ALTFCHF...
HF........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..............
.....................
..............
..?8
?8

PFDIF @B HEÆLBKB_

Heflbk 6 Ofsbrakbs........
Ofsbrakbs...................................
......................................................
.......................................................
.......................................................3
...........................3
Heflbk 4 IN@.........
IN@....................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
.....................................
.......... <
Heflbk ?OOfehÿk
fehÿk Dfg
Dfga a Zbrch
Zbrchi............................
i.......................................................
....................................................................
.................................................
........ >
Heflbk 0 Oakstruoohÿk t÷kbi...................
t÷kbi..............................................
......................................................
.......................................
........................
.................
..... 68
Heflbk 2 Zbrcarf`arf `b Fvfkob...................
Fvfkob..............................................
........................................................................
.................................................
....4:
4:
Heflbk 3@@hflrfef
hflrfef `b @hspfra....................
@hspfra...............................................
......................................................
.....................................
......................
..............
..40
40

0
 

4 HKPTA@ROOHßK
Bi prbsbktb hkcareb `f f oakaobr
oakaobr bi praobs
praobsa
a bk lbkbrfi `b bxtrf
bxtrfoohÿ
oohÿk
k ehkbrf `b uk yfohe
yfohehbkta
hbkta
sudtbrrækba, eb`hfktb bi eèta`a sud ibvbi staphkl, f`beæs `b `fr f oakaobr bi praobsa `b
bxtrfoohÿk sb `fræk f oakaobr ifs cÿreuifs qub sb usfk pfrf adtbkbr rbspbothvas vfiarbs `b
bxtrfoohÿk.

Bi hkcareb tfedhèk thbkb oaea prapÿshta `fr f oakaobr bquhpas qub sb uthihzfk f if narf `b
bxtrfbr ehkbrfi, nfohbk`a èkcfshs bk sus ofpfoh`f`bs y praparohakbs, shbeprb pbksfk`a bk
sfthscfobr ifs kbobsh`f`bs `b if ehkf, par atrf pfrtb, tfedhèk sb `bsfrraiifrf uk t÷kbi, bstb
÷ithea sbræ `bsfrraiif`a oak ias bquhpas biblh`as par orhtbrha lbkbrfi y sb bspbohchofrf eæs
f`bifktb bi parquè `b of`f uka `b ias oæiouias y biboohakbs `b bquhpa.

4.6 Adgbthvas Lbkbrfibs.

 @bsfrraiifr uk ofsa `b ehkbråf sudtbrrækbf bktrblf`f fktbrharebktb par bi `aobktb,

fpihofk`a ias oakaohehbktas f`quhrh`as bk bi tbef `b ifdarbs narhzaktfibs.

4.4 Adgbthvas Bspboåchoas.

 H`bk
H`bkththchchof
ofrr ia
iass bquh
bquhpa
pass eh
ehkb
kbra
rass qu
qub
b sb `b
`bdb
dbk
k us
usfr
fr bk if eh
ehkb
kbrå
råf
f sudt
sudtbr
brræ
rækb
kbf
f
bspboåchofebktb bk bi tbef `b ofrluåa y trfkspartb.
  Fpihofr oæiouias rbifohakf`as bk bi ærbf `b pbrcarfohÿk
pbrcarfohÿk y trakf`urf.
 Zifkhchofr prataoaias qub kas fyu`fræk f oaeprbk`br bi cukohakfehbkta oarrbota `b if
ehkbråf sudtbrrækbf.
 Za`b
Za`brr ouep
ouepihihrr oak
oak if pr
pra`
a`uo
uooh
ohÿk
ÿk qub
qub sb ka
kass bs
bsththef
ef bk bi pr
pray
aybo
bota
ta,, ut
uthihihz
hzfk
fk`a
`a
oarrbotfebktb ias bquhpas qub sb kas atarlfk y fi ehsea thbepa trftfr `b apthehzfr bi
trfdfga.

2
 

? ZTAXBOPA EHKBTA _RDPBTTFKBA

If cfbkf
cfbkf Ehkb
Ehkbrf
rf ’Gufkhta― bs bxpiatf`f par eèta`a _udibvbi _taphkl (_I_) ifs btfpfs `b
`bsfrraiia y prbpfrfohÿk yf bstæk tbrehkf`fs y ias khvbibs `b bxtrfoohÿk bstæk ihsta pfrf bktrfr 
bk pra`uoohÿk.

Bquhpas IN@ bxtrfbk ehkbrfi `b ias puktas `b bxtrfoohÿk (@rfw Zahkts) ias oufibs f su vbz
ofrlfk ofehakbs `b dfga pbrchi pfrf iubla `bsofrlfr bk onfkof`arbs. Zfrf of`f ofsbrÿk sb nf
`hspubsta bi trfdfga `b uk bquhpa IN@ y ofehakbs frthouif`as dfga pbrchi pfrf trfkspartfr 
ehkbrfi.

If cfbkf trfdfgf oak 4 turkas/`åf oak ukf garkf`f `b 6: nr/turka. Nfy qub oaksh`brfr qub if
cfbkf trfdfgf ?32 `åfs fi föa.

Bi `hsböa fpraxhef`a bs bi qub sb eubstrf bk if chlurf f`guktf oak ias 0 ofsbrakbs, sb bktrblf
bk pifkhiif Bxobi oaar`bkf`fs `b ias ofsbrakbs.

Heflbk 6 Ofsbrakbs

3
 

?.6 Bquhpas `b Ofrluåa

_bl÷k ifs kbobsh`f`bs `bi pifk ehkbra y pfræebtras `bi ofsa sb bstheÿ qub ias bquhpas qub sb
uthihzfræk sbræk7

prhebra uk IN@ `b ofpfoh`f` `b 3,8 y`? bi oufi sb uthihzfræ bk cukohÿk `bi praobsa ofrluåa y
trfkspartb `b if raof.

IN@ T63::N (vbr heflbk 6), bstæ `hsböf`

`hsböf`a
a pfrf supbrfr ias `bsfcåas `b ifs fpihofohakbs
fpihofohakbs eæs
bxhlbktbs `b ehkbråf sudtbrrækbf. _u `hsböa oaepfota oak rbk`hehbkta ælhi, oakstruoohÿk sÿih`f
y efktbkhehbkta shepihchof`a fsblurfk ukf bxobibktb pra`uothvh`f`, ifrlf `urfohÿk y dfgas
oastas `b apbrfohÿk, @bsfrraiif`a pfrf acrbobr fita rbk`hehbkta, `hsböf`a pfrf praparohakfr 
lrfk oaea`h`f`, cfdrhof`a pfrf `urfr 

?.6.6 Bspbohchofohakbs tèokhofs.

Bi thbepa `b bibvfohÿk qub thbkb bstb bquhpa bs `b <.3 sbluk`as y bk oufkta fi thbepa `b
`bsofrlf bi thbepa bs `b 6.3 sbluk`as.

Bk oufkta f ifs ofpfoh`f`bs `bi ouonfrÿk `b bstb bquhpa oubktf oak ukf fepihf lfef `b
ouonfrakbs qub vfråf `bs`b ias 0,4 f 3,8 e¿ (2,2 f <,< y`¿)

oubktf oak uk tfkqub `b oaedusthdib oak ukf ofpfoh`f` `b 0:: ihtras, tfedhèk oubktf oak uk
tfkqub sbouk`frha qub fiofkzf ukf ofpfoh`f` `b ??: ihtras `b oaedusthdib.

Heflbk 4 IN@

?.4 Bquhpas `b Prfkspartb

@b foubr`a oak ifs kbobsh`f`bs `bi pifk ehkbra, `bdbeas aoupfr 2 ofehakbs ofbx `b dfga
pbrchi qub ouepifk oak bi praobsa `b trfkspartb.

Ehkbtruom EP0?6D (Bphrao)7 Ofehÿk sudtbrrækba frthouif`a oak ukf ofpfoh`f` `b ofrlf `b 4>,6
takbif`fs eètrhofs (vbr heflbk 4).

<
 

Heflbk ? Ofehÿk Dfga Zbrchi 

Zbrchi 

?.? Åk`hobs apbrfohakfibs pfrf ias praobsas `b ofrluåa y Prfkspartb.

 F oakthkufohÿk, sb `fk f oakaobr ifs åk`hobs apbrfohakbs `b ias praobsas `b ofrluåa y
trfkspartb7

?.0 Åk`hob apbrfohakfi IN@.

Bi IN@ oakstf oak ukf `hspakhdhih`f` cåshof `b 8?%, bi parobktfgb `b rbsbrvf bs `b 6?%,
parobktfgb `b pèr`h`fs apbrfohakfibs (AZ) `b 3%, `bearfs pralrfefs (@Z) 24 ehk/turka y
`bearfs ka pralrfef`fs (@KZ) sak `b 4> ehk/turka.

 Phbepa `hspakhdib.

Phbepa`hspakhdib5 thbe
thbepa
pa kae
kaehkfi
hkfi x `hspakh
`hspakhdhih
dhih`f`
`f` chsh
chshof
of ( @C 
 @C )
6::

4: nrsx 8?
Phbepa`hspakhdib5 56>,3 nrs
6::

 Phbepa eboækhoa.
Phbepaeboækho a 5thbepa kaehkfi∔thbepa `hspakhdib
hbepa eboækhoa `hspakhdib
Phbepaeboækhoa54: nrs∔6>,3 nrs 56,0 nr .
 Phbepa rbsbrvf.
rbsbrvf ( % ) x thbepa `hspakhdib
`hspakhdib
rbsbrvf5
Pheparbsbrvf
Phepa 6::

6? x 6>,3 nrs

Phbeparbsbrvf 5 54,0:> nrs
6::

>
 

 Phbepa apbrfthva.
Phbepaapbrfthva5thbepa `hspakhdib∔thbepa rb
`hspakhdib rbsbrvf
sbrvf
Phbepaapbrfth va 56>,3 nrs∔4,0:> nrs563,684 nrs
hbepa apbrfthva
 Phbepa pèr`h`fs apbrfohakfibs.
  pbr`h`fsapbrfohakfibs % x thbepa `hspakhdib
Phbepa pbr`h`fsapbrfohakfibs 5
6::
3 x 6>,3 nrs
Phbepa pbr`h`fsapbrfohakfibs5 56,663 nrs
6::

 Oæiouia `b @KZ X @Z bk narfs fi `åf

  ehk   ehk
4>  + 24
turka turka turkas
 @KZ+ @Z5   x4   5 4,33 nrs.
3: ehk / turka `åf

 Phbepa bcbothva

Phbepabcbothva 5tbhepaapbrfthva∔( @KZ
 @KZ + @Z )∔thbepa pbr
pbr`h`fs
`h`fsapbrfo
apbrfohakfibs
hakfibs
Phbepabcbothv a 563,684 nrs∔4,33 nrs∔6,663564.063 nrs.
hbepa bcbothva
Phbepa Kaehkfi 4: nrs.
P. @hspakhdib 6>,3 nrs. P. Eboækhof 6,0
nr.
P. Apbrfthva 63,684 nrs. P. Tbsbrvf 4,0:>
nrs.
P. bcbothva @Z + @KZ 4,33 ZA 6,663nrs.
64,063nrs. nrs.

thbepa `hspakh
`hspakhdib
dib
 @hspakhdhih`f` C å shof % ( @C 
 @C )5   x 6::
thbepa kaehkfi
6>,3
 @hspakhdhih`f` Cåshof % ( @C 
 @C ) 5 nrsx 6::58? %
4:

  thbepa
thbepa bcbothv
bcbothvaa
 @hspakhdhih`f`a Apbrfohakfi % ( CA
 CA ) 5  x 6::
thbepa apbrft
apbrfthva
hva
64,063
 @hspakhdhih`f`a Apbrfohakfi % ( CA
 CA ) 5 nrsx 6::5<3,3>%
63.684

 thbepa
 thbepa bcbothv
bcbothvaa
Rhihzfohÿk % ( RP )5  x 6::
thbepakaehkfi
64,063
Rhihzfohÿk % ( RP )5 nrs x 6::5 34.
34.:>
:> %
4:

8
 

?.2 Åk`hob apbrfohakfi ofehÿk dfga pbrchi.

Bi ofehÿk dfga pbrchi oakstf oak ukf `hspakhdhih`f` cåshof `b 82%, bi parobktfgb `b rbsbrvf bs `b
66%, parobktfgb `b pbr`h`fs apbrfohakfibs (AZ) `b 0%, `bearfs pralrfefs (@Z) 68 ehk/turka
y `bearfs ka pralrfef`fs (@KZ) sak `b ?0 ehk/turka.

Phbepa `hspakhdib.
thbepa
thbepa kae
kaehkfi
hkfi x `hspakh
`hspakhdhih
dhih`f`
`f` chshof ( @C 
chshof  @C )
Phbepa`hspakhdib5
6::

4: nrsx 82
Phbepa`hspakhdib5 568 nrs
6::

 Phbepa eboækhoa.
Phbepaeboækho a 5thbepa kaehkfi∔thbepa `hspakhdib
hbepa eboækhoa `hspakhdib
Phbepaeboækhoa54: nrs ∔68 nrs 56 nr .
 Phbepa rbsbrvf.
rbsbrvf ( % ) x thbepa `hspakhdib
`hspakhdib
rbsbrvf5
Pheparbsbrvf
Phepa
6::

66 x 68 nrs
Phbeparbsbrvf 5 5 4,:8 nrs
6::

 Phbepa apbrfthva.
Phbepaapbrfthva5thbepa `hspakhdib∔thbepa rb
`hspakhdib rbsbrvf
sbrvf
Phbepaapbrfth va 568 nrs∔4,:8 nrs563,86 nrs
hbepa apbrfthva
 Phbepa pbr`h`fs apbrfohakfibs.
  pbr`h`fsapbrfohakfibs % x thbepa `hspakhdib
Phbepa pbr`h`fsapbrfohakfibs 5 6::

0 x 68 nrs
Phbepa pbr`h`fsapbrfohakfibs5 5 :,<3 nrs
6::

 Oæiouia `b @KZ X @Z bk narfs fi `åf

  ehk   ehk
?0 + 08
turka turka turkas
 @KZ+ @Z5   x4   5 4,<<3 nrs.
3: ehk / turka `åf

6:
 

 Phbepa bcbothva
Phbepabcbothva 5tbhepaapbrfthva∔( @KZ
 @KZ + @Z )∔thbepa pbr
pbr`h`fs
`h`fsapbrfo
apbrfohakfibs
hakfibs
Phbepabcbothva 563,86 nrs∔4,<<3 nrs∔:,<3 nrs 56?.?<0 nrs.
Phbepa Kaehkfi 4: nrs.
P. @hspakhdib 68 nrs. P. Eboækhof 6 nr.
P. Apbrfthva 63,86 nrs. P. Tbsbrvf 4,:8

P. bcbothva 6?.?<0 @Z + @KZ 4.<<3 ZA :,<3 nrs. nrs.

nrs. nrs.

thbepa `hspak
`hspakhdib
hdib
 @hspakhdhih`f` Cåshof % ( @C 
 @C ) 5   x 6::
thbepa kaehkfi
68
 @hspakhdhih`f` Cåshof % ( @C 
 @C ) 5 nrsx 6::582 %
4:

  thbepa
thbepa bcbothv
bcbothvaa
 @hspakhdhih`f`a Apbrfohakfi % ( CA
 CA ) 5  x 6::
thbepa apbrft
apbrfthva
hva
6?.?<0
% 6:: <8 %
 @hspakhdhih`f`a Apbrfohakfi ( CA  CA ) 5 63.86 nrsx 5
 thbepa
 thbepa bcbothv
bcbothvaa
Rhihzfohÿk % ( RP )5  x 6::
thbepakaehkfi
6?.?<0
Rhihzfohÿk % ( RP )5 nrsx 6:: 533.
33.><
>< %
4:

?.3 Tbk`hehbkta `b bquhpas `b ofrluåa (tak/Narf).

tak   Ofpfoh`f` In` (t ) ehk

( )
 Tbk`hehbkta IN@ nrs 5 Phbepa`bOhoia In` ( ehk) x 3: ( nr   )
Ias IN@ qub sb oaksh`brfk bk ta`f if vh`f `bi praybota thbkb uk dfi`b `b 3.8 y` ? y thbkbk ias
shluhbktbs `ftas.

 F. Sbiaoh`f` ofrlf`a 4: me/nr.

D. Sbi
Sbiaoh
aoh`f`
`f` vvfoå
foåa
a `b 42 me
me/nr
/nr..
O. Phb
Phbepa
epa `
`b
b ofr
ofrluå
luåa
a bs `b :.2 e
ehk.
hk.
@. Phb
Phbepa
epa `
`b
b `bs
`bsofr
ofrlf
lf 62 sbl
sbl,,
B. Phb
Phbepa
epa `b e
efkh
fkhadr
adrf
f 62 sbl
sbl,,
C. Cf
Cfot
otar
ar `
`b
b rb
rbiiiibk
bka
a `b 8
8:%.
:%.
L. @bk
@bksh`
sh`f`
f` hk shtu
shtu 4.
4.<
< t/e?.
t/e
N. @bk
@bksh`
sh`f`
f` bs
bspak
pakgf`
gf`f
f 6.
6.22
22 t/e?.
t/e

66
 

  Oæiouia `b if ofpfoh`f` `bi IN@ bk takbif`fs7

Ofpfoh`
Ofp f` IN@ ( tak )5Saiu
foh`f` aiuebk
ebkdfi
dfi`b
`b x `bk
`bksh`f
sh`f`` `b bsp
bspakg
akgfeb
febkta
kta x cfot
cfotar
ariibk
iibkf`a
f`a
  e? tak
Ofpfoh`
Ofp f` IN@ ( tak )5 3,8 y ` ? x :,<303
foh`f`  x 6,22   x :,8
 y ` ? e?
Ofpfoh`
Ofp f` IN@ ( tak)5 <,?2832 ( tak ) ≎ <,?3: ( tak)
foh`f`

  Oæiouia thbepa `b ohoia7

ehk
 )3: (
`hstfkohfbk ( e) nrs
hbepa `b H`f / Tblr
Phbepa bsa 5
 Tblrbsa  x
 me ehk
vbiaoh`f` ( ) 6::: (  )
nrs me
Tbk`hehbkta Ofsbrÿk 4
Ofsbrÿk 4 ‟ Phbepa `b h`f7
ehk
3: (  )
 6:: ( e ) nrs
Phbe
hbepa
pa`b
`b H`f Bstaof`f 6 5
Bstaof`f  x 5:,?:: ( ehk)
4: ( me ) 6::: ( ehk )
nrs me
ehk
3: (
 )
 662 ( e ) nrs
Phbepa Bstaof`f 45
hbepa `b H`f Bstaof`f  x 5:,?02 ( ehk)
 me ehk
4: ( ) 6::: (  )
nrs me

ehk
3: (
 )
 6?: ( e ) nrs
Phbe
hbepa
pa`b
`b H`f Bstaof`f ?5
Bstaof`f  x 5:,?8: ( ehk )
 me ehk
4: ( ) 6::: (  )
nrs me
ehk
 602 ( e) 3: ( nrs )
Phbepa Bstaof`f 0 5
hbepa `b H`f Bstaof`f  x 5:,0?2 ( ehk)
 me ehk
4: ( ) 6::: (  )
nrs me
ehk
3: (
 )
 63: ( e ) nrs
Phbe
hbepa
pa`b
`b H`f Bstaof`f 2 5
Bstaof`f  x 5:,0>: ( ehk)
 me ehk
4: ( ) 6::: (  )
nrs me

Ofsbrÿk 4 ‟ Phbepa `b rblrbsa7

64
 

ehk
3: (
 )
 6:: ( e ) nrs
Phbepa
Phbepa`b
`b rblrbsa Bstaof`f 65
rblrbsa  x 5 :,40: ( ehk )
 me ehk
42 ( ) 6::: (  )
nrs me
ehk
3: (  )
 662 (e ) nrs
Phbepa`b rblrbsa Bstaof`f 4 5
hbepa `b rblrbsa  x 5:,4<3 (ehk )
42 ( me ) 6::: ( ehk )
nrs me
ehk
3: (
 )
 6?: ( e ) nrs
Phbepa
Phbepa`b
`b rblrbsa Bstaof`f ? 5
rblrbsa  x 5:,?64 ( ehk )
 me ehk
42 ( ) 6::: (  )
nrs me
ehk
3: (
 )
 602 ( e ) nrs
Phbepa`b rblrbsa Bstaof`f 0 5
hbepa `b rblrbsa  x 5:,?0> (ehk )
 me ehk
42 ( ) 6::: (  )
nrs me
ehk
 6:: ( e ) 3: ( nrs  )
Phbepa
Phbepa`b
`b rblrbsa Bstaof`f 2 5
rblrbsa  x 5:,?>0 ( ehk)
 me ehk
42 ( ) 6::: (  )
nrs me
Phbepa ohoia ofsbrÿk 4
Phbe
hbepa
pa`b
`b ohoia ( nrs )5t ofrluh
ohoia ofrluhaa + t`bh`f + t `b`bsofrlf + t `b rblrbsa + t efk
rblrbsa efkhad
hadrf
rf
Phbe
hbepa
pa`b
`b oho
ohoia
ia bstaof`ff 6 ( ehk)5 :,2 + :,?:: + :,42+ :,40: +:,42 56,20: (ehk )
bstaof`
Phbe
hbepa
pa`b
`b oho
ohoia
ia bstaof`ff 4 ( ehk )5:,2 + :,?02 + :,42+ :,4<3 + :,42 56,346 ( ehk )
bstaof`
Phbe
hbepa
pa`b
`b oho
ohoia
ia bstaof`ff ? (ehk )5:,2 + :,?8:+ :,42 + :,?64 + :,42 56,<:4 (ehk )
bstaof`

Phbe
hbepa
pa`b
`b oho
ohoia
ia bstaof`ff 0 ( ehk )5:,2 + :,0?2 + :,42+ :,?0> + :,42 56,<>? (ehk )
bstaof`
Phbe
hbepa
pa`b
`b oho
ohoia
ia bstaof`ff 2 (ehk )5:,2 + :,0>: + :,42 + :,?>0 + :,4256,>30 (ehk )
bstaof`
Tbk`hehbkta IN@ ofsbrÿk 4

 Tbk`hehbkta (  )
tak Ofpfoh`f` IN@ ( tak )
nr
5
Phbepa`bohoia (nrs )

 Tbk`hehbkta IN@ Bstaof`f 6 ( )

tak  <,?3: (tak )
5
nrs 6,20: ( ehk )
 x 3:
 ( ehk )
( nrs )
54>3,<2?
tak
nrs ( )
( ) ( )
 <,?3: tak )  x 3: ( ehk ) 54<4,040 tak
nrs 5 6,346 ((ehk
 Tbk`hehbkta IN@ Bstaof`f 4 tak
) (nrs ) nrs

 Tbk`hehbkta IN@ Bstaof`f ( )5 ( nrs )

tak  <,?3: ( tak )  ( ehk ) tak
?  x 3: 5428,028
nrs 6,<:4 ( ehk ) ( nrs )
6?
 

( )
 Tbk`hehbkta IN@ Bstaof`f 0
tak  <,?3: ( tak )
5
nrs 6,<>? ( ehk )
 x 3:
 ( ehk )
( nrs )
540<,3<4
tak
nrs ( )
 Tbk`hehbkta IN@ Bstaof`f ( )5 ( tak
nrs )
tak  <,?3: ( tak ) ( ehk )
2  x 3: 5 4?3,8:8
nrs 6,>30 ( ehk) (nrs )
Tbk`hehbkta ofsbrÿk 0

Ofsbrÿk 0 ‟ Phbepa `b h`f7

ehk
3: (  )
 64: ( e ) nrs
Phbe
hbepa
pa`b
`b H`f Bstaof`f 6 5
Bstaof`f  x 5:,?3 ( ehk)
 me ehk
4: ( ) 6::: (  )
nrs me
ehk
3: (  )
 6?2 ( e ) nrs
Phbepa Bstaof`f 45
hbepa `b H`f Bstaof`f  x 5:,0:2 ( ehk)
 me ehk
4: ( ) 6::: (  )
nrs me
ehk
3: (  )
 62:
Phbe
hbepa
pa`b
`b H`f Bstaof`f ?5
Bstaof`f (e )  x
 me ehk 5:,02 ( ehk )
nrs
4: ( ) 6::: (  )
nrs me
ehk
3: (  )
 632 ( e) nrs
Phbepa Bstaof`f 0 5
hbepa `b H`f Bstaof`f  x 5:,082 ( ehk)
 me ehk
4: ( ) 6::: (  )
nrs me
ehk
3: (  )
 6>: ( e ) nrs
Phbe
hbepa
pa`b
`b H`f Bstaof`f 2 5
Bstaof`f  x 5:,20 (ehk )
 me ehk
4: ( ) 6::: (  )
nrs me

60
 

Ofsbrÿk 0 ‟ Phbepa `b rblrbsa7

ehk
3: (  )
 64: ( e ) nrs
Phbepa`b rblrbsa Bstaof`f 65
hbepa `b rblrbsa  x 5 :,4>> ( ehk )
 me ehk
42 ( ) 6::: (  )
nrs me

ehk
 )
3: (
Phbepa
Phbepa`b
`b rblrbsa Bstaof`f 4 5 6?2 ( e )  x
rblrbsa nrs 5:,?40 ( ehk)
 me ehk
42 ( ) 6::: (  )
nrs me
ehk
3: (  )
 62: ( e ) nrs
Phbepa`b rblrbsa Bstaof`f ? 5
hbepa `b rblrbsa  x 5:,?3 ( ehk)
 me ehk
42 ( ) 6::: (  )
nrs me
ehk
3: ( )
 632 ( e ) nrs
Phbepa
Phbepa`b
`b rblrbsa Bstaof`f 0 5
rblrbsa  x 5:,?83 (ehk )
 me ehk
42 ( ) 6::: (  )
nrs me
ehk
3: ( )
 6>: ( e ) nrs
Phbepa`b rblrbsa Bstaof`f 2 5
hbepa `b rblrbsa  x 5:,0?4 ( ehk )
 me ehk
42 ( ) 6::: (  )
nrs me
Phbepa ohoia ofsbrÿk 0
Phbe
hbepa
pa`b
`b ohoia ( nrs )5t ofrluh
ohoia ofrluhaa + t`bh`f + t `b`bsofrlf + t `b rblrbsa + t efk
rblrbsa efkhad
hadrf
rf

Phbe
hbepa
pa`b
`b oho
ohoia
ia bstaof`ff 6 ( ehk)5 :,2 + :,?3 + :,42 + :,4>> + :,42 56,30> (ehk )
bstaof`

Phbe
hbepa
pa`b
`b oho
ohoia
ia bstaof`ff 4 ( ehk )5:,2 + :,0:2 + :,42+ :,?40 + :,42 56,<48 (ehk )
bstaof`
Phbe
hbepa
pa`b
`b oho
ohoia
ia bstaof`ff ? (ehk )5:,2 + :,02+ :,42 + :,?3 + :,42 56,>6 ( ehk )
bstaof`
Phbe
hbepa
pa`b
`b oho
ohoia
ia bstaof`ff 0 ( ehk )5:,2 + :,082 + :,42+ :,?83 + :,42 56,>86 (ehk )
bstaof`
Phbe
hbepa
pa`b
`b oho
ohoia
iabst
bstaof`f 2 ( ehk )5:,2 + :,20 + :,42 + :,0?4 + :,42 56,8<4 (ehk )
aof`f
Tbk`hehbkta IN@ ofsbrÿk 0

 Tbk`hehbkta IN@ Bstaof`f 6 ( )

tak  <,?3: (tak )
5
nrs 6,30> ( ehk )
 x 3:
 ( ehk )
( nrs )
543<,836
tak
nrs ( )
( )
 Tbk`hehbkta IN@ Bstaof`f 4 tak 5 <,?3: (tak )  x 3: ( ehk ) 5422,0:> tak
nrs 6,<48 ( ehk ) ( nrs ) nrs ( )
 Tbk`hehbkta IN@ Bstaof`f ( )5 ( tak
nrs )
tak <,?3: ( tak ) ( ehk )
?  x 3: 5 40?,8<>
nrs 6,>6 ( ehk ) (nrs )
62
 

( )
 Tbk`hehbkta IN@ Bstaof`f 0
tak  <,?3: ( tak )
5
nrs 6,>86 ( ehk )
 x 3:
 ( ehk )
(nrs )
54??,2?<
tak
nrs ( )
 Tbk`hehbkta IN@ Bstaof`f ( )5 ( nrs )
tak  <,?3: ( tak )  ( ehk ) tak
2  x 3: 544?,8?2
nrs 6,8<4 ( ehk ) ( nrs )

?.< Tbk`hehbkta `b bquhpas `b trfkspartb (tak/Narf).

Ias OFB^ thbkbk ukf ofpfoh`f` `b 63 e?, oak ias shluhbktbs fktbob`bktbs.
6. Phb
Phbepa
epa ``b
b trf
trfksp
kspart artb
b h`f
h`f y vub
vubitf
itf 4
4:
: ehk
ehk,,
4. Phbe
Phbepa
pa `
`b
b efefkh khad
adrf
rf 6622 sb
sbl.
l.
?. Phbe
Phbepa
pa `
`bs
bsof ofrl rlff :.
:.0
0 ehehk.
k.
?
0. @b
@bks
ksh`
h`f`
f` hhk
k sshthtu
u44.<
.< tt/e
/e .
2. @b
@bks
ksh`
h`f`
f` bs
bspa pakg kgf`
f`ff 6.2
6.22 2 t/e?.

 Tbk`hehbkta ofehÿk ( )
tak
5
  Ofpfoh`f`Ofehÿk (t )
nrs Phbe
hbepa
pa`bOhoi Ofehÿ k (nr )
`bOhoiaa Ofehÿ

  Oæiouia `b if ofpfoh`f` `bi ofehÿk bk takbif`fs7

Ofpfoh`
Ofp f` IN@ ( tak )5Saiu
foh`f` aiuebk
ebkdfi
dfi`b
`b x `bk
`bksh`f
sh`f`` `b bsp
bspakg
akgfeb
febkta
kta x cfot
cfotar
ariibk
iibkf`a
f`a

f` ofehÿk ( tak )563 e? x 6,22

Ofpfoh`f`
Ofpfoh`
( )
tak
e?
 x :,>25 46,:> (tak )

Phbe
hbepa
pa`b
`b ohoia ( nrs )5t ofrluh
ohoia ofrluhaa + t`bh`f + t `b`bsofrlf + t `b rblrbsa + t efk
rblrbsa efkhad
hadrf
rf

 ( :,2 + 4: + :,0 + :,42 ) ehk

Phbe
hbepa
pa`b
`b ohoia ( nrs )5
ohoia
ehk
3: (  )
nrs

Phbepa ohoia ( nrs )5:,?242 ( nrs )

hbepa `b ohoia
 Tbk`hehbkta ofehÿk Bstaof`f ( )
tak   46,:> ( tak )
5
nrs :,?242 ( nrs )
528,>:6
tak
nrs ( )
?.> @hstfkohf `b trfkspartb nfohf sbotar `b `bsofrlf `bi ofehÿk.
If `hstfkohf `b trfkspartb nfohf bi sbotar `b `bsofrlf `bi ofehÿk bs `b ?:: e, `bdb rboarrbr 
`bs`b bi pukta `b `bsofrlf Zfif / Ofehÿk nfstf bi phqub `b trfspfsa, bi ofehÿk ukf vbz
vfohf`a rblrbsf fi pukta `b ofrlf.

63
 

?.8 Ofkth`f` `b bquhpas `b trfkspartb kbobsfrhas pfrf ouepihr oak bi pfk `b

pra`uoohÿk.
If kbobsh`f` `b bquhpas `b trfkspartb kbobsfrhas pfrf ouepihr bi pifk `b pra`uoohÿk bs `b 2
ofehakbs dfga pbrchi `b 63 e? of`f uka, pfrf fså ouepihr oak bi rbk`hehbkta kbobsfrha qub sb
saihohtf bk if btfpf `b ofrluåa.

?.6: Pakbif`fs f bxtrfbr par ofsbrÿk

Ias ofsbrakbs f bxtrfbr bi ehkbrfi sak ias shluhbktbs7

ofsbrÿk 45 64.2:: Etak

ofsbrÿk 05 8.2:: Etak

If cfbkf trfdfgf oak 4 turkas/`åf oak ukf garkf`f `b 6: nr/turka. Nfy qub oaksh`brfr qub if
cfbkf trfdfgf ?32 `åfs fi föa.

Phbepa Bxtrfoohÿk ofsbrÿk 4

Phbe
hbepa
pabxt
bxtrfoo
rfoohÿk
hÿk fif bstaof`ff 5thb
bstaof` thbep
epaa oho
ohoia
ia IN@ ( ehk) x K º Dfi`f`fs
IN@
6,20 ( ehk ) x 28
Phbepa
hbepa bxtrfoo
bxtrfoohÿk
hÿk fif bstaof`f 6 5
bstaof`f 56,260 ( nrs)
ehk
3: (  )
nrs

6,346 ( ehk ) x 30

Phbe
hbepa
pabxt
bxtrfoo
rfoohÿk
hÿk fif bstaof`ff 45
bstaof` 56,<48 (nrs )
ehk
3: (  )
nrs
6,<:4 ( ehk ) x 33
Phbepa
hbepa bxtrfoo
bxtrfoohÿk
hÿk fif bstaof`f?5
bstaof`f 56,><4 ( nrs)
ehk
3: (  )
nrs
6,<>? ( ehk )  x
x 3?
Phbe
hbepa
pabxt
bxtrfoo
rfoohÿk
hÿk fif bst
bstaof`f 0 5
aof`f 56,836 (nrs )
ehk
3: (  )
nrs
6,>30 ( ehk ) x 2:
Phbepa
hbepa bxtrfoo
bxtrfoohÿk
hÿk fif bstaof`f 2 5
bstaof`f 56,22? (nrs )
ehk
3: (  )
nrs

Patf
atfii `b
`bnar
narfs
fs `b bxt
bxtrfoohÿk5>,348 (nrs )
rfoohÿk

Pakbif`fs `b `bearf bk bxtrfbr ofsbrÿk 4

Pakbif`fsbkbxtrfbr parföa 5 Tbk`hehbkta
tak
nr (  )
  xx thbepa `b bxtrfoohÿk
  nrs
turka
 x 4( ) (  )
turkas
`åf

6<
 

( tak
 Bstaof`f 6
föa )
5 4>3,<2?
( taknr )  xx ( turka
6,260
  nrs
) x ( turkas
`åf   )
4  x ?32 (
`hfs
föa
 )5?63842,626 ( )
 tak
föa

 Bstaof`f (
föa ) ( nr ) ( turka ) ( `åf   )  xx ( föa )
 tak tak   nrs turkas `hfs  tak
4 5 4<4,040  x
6,<48  x 4 ?32 (  )5?0?>02,0::
föa

( ) nr(  ) ( ) (   )
 Bstaof`f ?  tak 5428,028 tak  x 6,><4   nrs  x 4 turkas  x ?32 ( `hfs )5 ?20233,486  tak
föa turka `åf föa föa ( )
 Bstaof`f (
föa ) ( taknr )  xx ( turka )  xx ( turkas
`åf   ) ( tak
föa )
 tak   nrs `hfs
0 5 40<,3<4 6,836   xx
4 ?32 (  )5?20208,>8>
föa

 Bstaof`f (
föa ) ( nr ) ( turka ) ( `åf   ) x ( föa )
 tak tak   nrs turkas `hfs  tak
2 5 4?3,8:8  x 6,22?  x 4 ?32 (  )543>2>6,?30
föa

rakk (
föa ) ( föa )
 tak  tak
Patf
atfii `b
`bbxt
bxtrfoo
rfoohÿk`bi
hÿk`bi ofsb
ofsbra 4 5 63?>03>,6:0

?.66 Phbepa bk bxtrfbr ofsbrÿk 4

Phbe
hbepa
patatf
tatfii `b
`bbxt
bxtrfoo
rfoohÿk`bi
hÿk`bi ofsbrakk 4 ( föa ) 5
ofsbra (  takbif`fstatfibs
takbif`fs parföa )
( )
  642::::: tak
Phbepa
hbepa tatfi
tatfi `b bxtrfoo
bxtrfoohÿk`bi
hÿk`bi ofsbrak 4 ( föa ) 5
ofsbrak 5<,348 ( föas )
63?>03>,6:0 ( )
 tak
föa

Phbepa Bxtrfoohÿk ofsbrÿk 0

6,30> ( ehk ) x
 x 3?
Phbe
hbepa
pabxt
bxtrfoo
rfoohÿk
hÿk fif bstaof`ff 6 5
bstaof` 56,<? (nrs )
ehk
3: ( nrs  )

6,<48 ( ehk ) x 08

Phbepa
hbepa bxtrfoo
bxtrfoohÿk
hÿk fif bstaof`f 45
bstaof`f 56,064 (nrs )
ehk
3: (  )
nrs

6,>6 ( ehk )  x

x 32
Phbe
hbepa
pabxt
bxtrfoo
rfoohÿk
hÿk fif bstaof`ff ? 5
bstaof` 56,83 (nrs )
ehk
3: (  )
nrs
6,>86 ( ehk ) x 33
Phbepa
hbepa bxtrfoo
bxtrfoohÿk
hÿk fif bstaof`f 0 5
bstaof`f   54,:> ( nrs)
ehk
3:

Phbe
hbepa
pabxt
bxtrfoo
rfoohÿk
hÿk fif bstaof`ff 2 5
bstaof` ( ehk )
nrs
6,8<4 ( ehk ) x
 x 3<
54,4:4 (nrs )
3: (  )
nrs
6>
 

Patf
atfii `b
`bnar
narfs
fs `b bxt
bxtrfoohÿk58,?>0 (nrs )
rfoohÿk

Pakbif`fs `b `bearf bk bxtrfbr ofsbrÿk 0

Pakbif`fsbkbxtrfbr parföa 5 Tbk`hehbkta ( taknr )  xx thbepa `b bxtrfoohÿk( turka

  nrs
) x ( turkas
4
`åf   )

( tak
 Bstaof`f 6
föa )
5 ( taknr )  xx ( turka
43<,836 6,<?
  nrs
4
`åf   )
)  xx ( turkas ?32 (
  xx
`hfs
föa
 )5 ??>0:<,80<
 tak
föa ( )
 Bstaof`f (
föa ) ( nr ) ( turka ) ( `åf   ) x ( föa )
 tak tak   nrs turkas `hfs  tak
4 5 422,0:>  x 6,064  x
  x4 ?32 (  )5 43?430,?2
föa

 Bstaof`f (
föa ) ( nr ) ( turka ) ( `åf   ) x x ( föa )
 tak tak   nrs turkas `hfs  tak
? 5 40?,8<>  x 6,83  x 4 ?32 (  )5?08:>?,<44
föa

 Bstaof`f (
föa ) ( taknr ) x ( turka ) x ( turkas
`åf   ) ( tak
föa )
 tak   nrs `hfs
0 5 4??,24< 4,:> 4 ?32 (
 x  )5?202><,?8<
föa

 Bstaof`f (
föa ) ( nr ) ( turka ) ( `åf   ) x ( föa )
 tak tak   nrs turkas `hfs  tak
2 5 44?,8?2  x 4,4:4  x 4 ?32 (  )5?28833,222
föa

rakk (
föa ) ( föa )
 tak  tak
Patf
atfii `b
`bbxt
bxtrfoo
rfoohÿk`bi
hÿk`bi ofsb
ofsbra 0 5 6332?:8,8<6

?.64 Phbepa bk bxtrfbr ofsbrÿk 0

Phbe
hbepa
patatf
tatfii `b
`bbxtr
bxtrfoo
foohÿk`bi
hÿk`bi ofsbrakk 0 ( föa ) 5
ofsbra (  takbif`fstatfibs
takbif`fs parföa )
  82::::: tak
Phbepa
hbepa tatfi
tatfi `b bxtrfoo
bxtrfoohÿk`bi
hÿk`bi ofsbrak 0 ( föa ) 5
ofsbrak 52,<:2 (föas )

( )
( )
6332?:8,8<6  tak
föa

0 OAK_PTROOHßK
OAK_PTROOHßK @BI PRKBI.
sb nf prapubsta `hsböfr uk t÷kbi `b 0,: x 0,2 e y `b 3:: e. `bs`b ukf bstaof`f (sböfif`a bk if
chlurf
chlurf f`g
f`gukt
uktf),
f), oak uk IN@ `b she
shehif
hifrbs
rbs ofr
ofrfot
fotbrå
bråsth
sthofs
ofs hk`
hk`hof
hof`fs
`fs fktbrh
fktbrhare
arebkt
bktb,
b, pfr
pfrf
f if
`bsofrlf `bi eftbrhfi sb uthihzf uk phqub `b trfspfsa oak bxoiushvh`f` <: ebtras `bs`b bi hkhoha
`b if ifdar.

68
 

Heflbk 0 Oakstruoohÿk
Oakstruoohÿk t÷kbi 

0.6 Zbrcarf`arf f uthihzfr.

0.6.6 Zbrcarf`arf _fk`vhm @@?66

Bi bquhpa _fk`vhm @@?66 bs ukf pbrcarf`arf `b ukf piuef `hsböf`f pfrf pbrcarfohakbs ræph`fs

y prbohsfs `bktra `b `bsvhfohakbs y t÷kbibs `b sboohakbs `b 0: e´.

0.6.4 Bspbohchofohakbs tèokhofs
Bstf pbrcarf`arf bibotranh`ræuihof cukohakf oak fofrrba `hèsbi y pbrcarfohÿk bièotrhof (vbr tfdif
6)

Oavbrflb frbf 0: e

Ny`rfuiho raom `rhii 6 x NI^2, 4: m\

@rhii cbb` 6 x PC264, 64 - 63 ct

Patfi wbhlnt 62 ::: - 6> ::: ml

Tatfthak spbb` Efx. 42: rpe

Zrachib nbhlnt >< ee

Ciusnhkl wftbr prbssurb 6: - 62 dfr  

4:
 

Heflbk 2 Zbrcarf`arf `b Fvfkob

Zuii`aw rbqubrh`a7

_bl÷k if `urbzf `b if raof, if cubrzf ` bepugb eåkhef kbobsfrhf pfrf vbkobr su rbshstbkohf f if
oaeprbshÿk, bstæ `f`f par if shluhbktb cÿreuif bepårhof7
 Behk54>,2 _o ∂ ] idpU
@ak`b7
_o 5 Tbshstb
 Tbshstbkohff oaeprbshÿk] Epf U
kohff if oaeprbshÿk

∂ 5 @hæebtra `b pbrcarfohÿk ] puil

 @hæebtra  puil.. U

 Behk54>.2 x 4:2 ( EZf

 EZf ) x 6.<> ( puil .)

 Behk56:?88,32 ] id U
Zfrf ofiouifr bi bepugb eæxhea sb uthihzf bstf careuif7
 Befx 54 x Behk ( id )
 Befx 54 x 6:?88,32 ( id )
 Befx54:<88,? ]id U

Sbiaoh`f` `b pbkbtrfohÿk (SZ).

6. Sbiao
Sbiaoh`f`
h`f` `
`b
b pb
pbkbtrfo
kbtrfohÿk
hÿk bk ththra
ra `
`b
b pra
pra`uooh
`uoohÿk
ÿk (SZ
(SZp)7
p)7
@hæebtra `b thra 02 ee.
?6 x patbkohf `biefrthii a ( mw )
`bi efrthiia
SZp5 6,0
 @ ( ee)

46
 

?6 x 4: ( mw )  ep
SZp 5   5?,::2 ( )
02
6,0
( ee ) ehk
4. Sbiao
Sbiaoh`f`
h`f` `
`b
b pb
pbkbtrfo
kbtrfohÿk
hÿk bk ththra
ra `
`b
b fi
fihvha
hvha (SZf)
(SZf)77
@hæebtra `b fihvha 64< ee.
?6 x 4: ( mw )  ep
SZf 5 6,0
 5:,<:? ( )
64< (ee ) ehk
Sbiaoh`f` eb`hf `b pbrcarfohÿk (SE).
6. Sbiao
Sbiaoh`f`
h`f` eb
eb`hf
`hf `b p
pbrcar
brcarfohÿk
fohÿk `b thr
thra
a `b pra
pra`uooh
`uoohÿk
ÿk (SEp
(SEp)7
)7
SEp 5uthihzfohÿkbcbothvdf xSp

SEp 5>>,4% x ?,::2 ( )

 ep
ehk
54,32 (
 ep
ehk
)

4. Sbiao
Sbiaoh`f`
h`f` e
eb`hf
b`hf `
`b
b pbrc
pbrcarfo
arfohÿk
hÿk `b thra `b fi
fihvha
hvha ((SEf)7
SEf)7

  ep  ep
SEf 5>>,4% x :,<:? 5:,34 ( )

  `Tx
(e )
ehk ehk

Sbiaoh`f` Fsobkshakfi7  Sf (  )5 8,22 x  x 3:

s `T + 6
  4,<
Sf 58,22 x  x 3: 56,<2 e / s
4,< + 6

Zfrf ofiouifr bi ofu`fi `b dfrrh`a qub sb `bdbræ uthihzfr `bdbeas uthihzfr if shluhbktb cÿreuif7
4 4
Sf x ( @ ∔` )
Vf5  x 3:
6,4<

@ak`b7
  e?
Vf 5Ofu`fi ( )
ehk
 @5 @hæebtra `b dfrrbka ( e )
` 5 @hæebtra`b vfrhiifs (e )
e
Sf 5Sbiaoh`f`fsbkshakfi (  )
s
Zrbvhfebktb bs kbobsfrha ofiouifr if vbiaoh`f` fsobkshakfi.

44
 

Vf5
6,<2:
(  )
e
s
 x ( :,:02 ∔ :,:4> ) x 3:
4 4

6,4<

  e?
Vf 5:,6:? ] U
ehk

Tbk`hehbkta `bi bquhpa.

 Tbk`hehbkta `bi bquhpa 5SEp x K÷
K÷eb
ebrra `bdrfz
`bdrfzas
as
 ep
 Tbk`hehbkta `bi bquhpa 54,32 x 654,32 ( )
ehk
Ebtras pbrcarf`as par fvfkob
 Ebtras pbrcarf`as par fvfkob 5fvf
fvfko
kobb bc
bcbo
bothv
thvaa x K º `bthr
`bthras
as
  ep
 Ebtras pbrcarf`as par fvfkob 50,6 ( e ) x
 x 2?546<,?:: ( )
fvfkob

Patfi `b ebtras pbrcarf`as

Patf
atfii `b
`bebt
ebtra
rass pbrc
pbrcarf`as5ebt
arf`as ebtra
rass pbrc
pbrcarf
arf`ar
`arss par fvfk
fvfkob
ob x K º `bfvf
`b fvfkob
kobss

Patf
atfii `b
`bebt
ebtra
rass pbrc
pbrcarf`as546<,?::
arf`as ( fvfkob
  ep
) x 63? ( fvfkob )5?2068,8 ( ep )

Åk`hob `b pbrcarfohÿk (HZ)7

 tak / fvfkob
 Hp 5
 Ep / fvfkob
 638,?<6( tak/ fvfkob )
 Hp5 46<,?:: ( Ep / fvfkob )

Pak
 Hp5:,<<8 (  )
 Ep

Phbepa `b Zbrcarfohÿk7
ebtras
ebtras pbrcarf`a
pbrcarf`ass par fvfkob
fvfkob
Phbepa
hbepa`b pbrcarfohÿk 5
`b pbrcarfohÿk
vbiaoh`f`
vbiaoh`f` eb`hf

  Ep
46<,?:: ( )
fvfkob
Phbepa`b pbrcarfohÿk5
hbepa `b pbrcarfohÿk  Ep
4,32 ( )
ehk

4?
 

Phbepa
hbepa`b pbrcarfohÿk 5>4
`b pbrcarfohÿk (   ehk
fvfkob )
 40
 

0.4 pfræebtras `b `hsböa `b pazas `b trakf`urf `b foubr`a oak if kbobsh`f`

`bi praybota.
Fvfkob bcbothva
 Fvfkob bcbothva 5ifr
 Fvfkobbcbothva ifrla
la `bidfrrbka x parobk
parobktfgb
tfgb `b pbrcarfo
pbrcarfohÿk
hÿk
bcbothva 5 0,6 x :,85 ?,38 ( e)
 Fvfkobbcbothva
 Fvfkob

K÷ebra `b thras
  pbråebtra
 K÷ebra `b thras5
 K÷ebra`b  + oa
oabc
bchoh
hohbk
bktb
tb `bcfotar
`bcfotar `b ofr
ofrlf x ærbf
ærbf
`hstfkohf
`hstfkohf bktr
bktrbb thra
thrass
 6< ( e )
`b thras5
 K÷ebra`b
 K÷ebra  + 6,2 x 63,2 e4 52?,:>?
:,3 ( e )

0.? @bchkb `hflrfef `b `hspfra qub uthihzfrf bk if oakstruoohÿk `bi t÷kbi.

Heflbk 3 @hflrfef `b @hspfra

@hspfra
 42
 

0.0 ofkth`f` `b eftbrhfi (tak) tatfi f rbthrfr bk if oakstruoohÿk `bi t÷kbi.

K÷ebra `b fvfkob
 iaklhtu` `bitukbi
 iaklhtu`
`b fvfkobs 5
 K÷ebra`b
 K÷ebra
ebtras
ebtras par fvfkob

`b fvfkobs 5  3:: e 5634,3563? fvfkobs

 K÷ebra`b
 K÷ebra
?,38 e

Oæiouia `b vaiuebk `b fvfkob7

S 5 Æ rbf ( e ±± 4 ) x fvfkob bcbothva (e) ±
S 56< (e ± ± 4) x ?,38 ( e ) ±
?
S 5 34,<? ( e )

Efsf raof par fvfkob7

eTxfvfkob 5va
vai÷e
i÷ebk`b
bk`b fv
fvfk
fkob
ob x `b
`bksh
ksh`f
`f`` `b Tx
  t 
eTxfvfkob 534,<? e? x 4,< (  )
e?

eTxfvfkob 5638,?<6 (   tak

fvfkob )
Pakbifgb tatfi pfrf rbeavbr7
Pakbifgb f rbeavbr5 eT
rbeavbr eTxx fvf
fvfko
kobb x Ku
Kuebr
ebraa `b fv
fvfk
fkob
ob

Pakbifg
akbifgbb f rbeavbr5638,?<6 ( tak ) x
rbeavbr  x 63? 54<3:<,0<? (tak)

0.2 thpa y ofkth`f` `b bxpiashva pfrf ifs apbrfohakbs `b trakf`urf 

 F oakthkufohÿk, sb `f f oakaobr ias bxpiashvas f uthihzfr7

0.2.6 _actrak
@hkfehtf `b dfga pa`br raepb`ar, bspbohfiebktb `hsböf`a pfrf trfdfgas `b vaif`urf oaktraif`f
bk tukb
tukbib
ibrå
råf,
f, `a
`ak`
k`b
b bs kb
kbob
obsf
sfrh
rha
a ad
adtb
tbkb
kbrr uk pbrå
pbråeb
ebtr
tra
a pfrb
pfrbga
ga oa
oak
k uk eå
eåkh
khea
ea `b sa
sadr
drb-
b-
bxofvfohÿk. Zbrehtb ehkhehzfr bi crfoturfehbkta `b if raof, eæs fiiæ `b if iåkbf `b oaktarka.
Oaiaofr oaea obda, bk oaktfota oak bi prhebr bkvfsb _actrak, uk f`fptf`ar `b _actrak oak
Ehkhdifstbr 0:, Prakbx Zius a Beuitbx OK.
 43
 

0.2.4 Prakbx p
piius
@hkfeh
@hkfehtf
tf thpa
thpa sbe
sbehlb
hlbift
ifthkf
hkf,, bsp
bspboh
bohfie
fiebkt
bktb
b `hs
`hsböf
böf`f
`f pfr
pfrf
f trfdfg
trfdfgas
as `b sup
supbrc
brchoh
hohb
b y cfb
cfbkfs
kfs
sudtbrrækbfs (bxobpta ehkfs `b ofrdÿk), bk raof shk fluf. Bstf sbehlbifthkf pasbb ukf fitf
vbiaoh`f` `b `btakfohÿk, hkoiusa bk oak`hohakbs `b oakchkfehbkta `bchohbktb, par ia qub thbkb
bspbohfi fpihofohÿk oaea ofrlf prhkohpfi bk tukbibråf y `bsfrraiia `b lfibråfs y oaea hkhohf`ar `b

 Fkca bk `hæebtras pbquböas.

0.2.? Fkca
 Flbktb `b vaif`urf `b fitf ofih`f`, cfdrhof`a oak khtrfta `b feakha lrf`a bxpiashva `b dfgf
`bks
`bksh`
h`f`
f` y fitf
fitf fd
fdsa
saro
rohÿ
hÿk
k `b pb
pbtr
trÿi
ÿiba
ba.. _b eb
ebzo
zoif
if y of
ofrl
rlf
f hk
hk‐s
‐shthtu
u eb
eb`h
`hfk
fktb
tb of
ofeh
ehak
akbs
bs
bspbohfiebktb `hsböf`as.
shk prbsbkohf `b fluf.

 Ofrlf `b bxpiashva f uthihzfr7

ZBTCATFOHßK OFTLF B^ZIA_HSA F RPHIHWFT

PHTA_ Kº @B PHTA_ PTAKB^ 6 6/0" x >" _ACPTAK FKCA (ML) OFTLF PAPFI
Tfhkurf 63 6 : ?,4 63 Prakbx y 26,4 (ml) Fkca
Wfpftbrfs 3 60 : : >0 trakbx
Ofgfs 3 6 2 : 3 Prakbx y ?: sarak
Oarakf 3 6 2 : 3 Prakbx y ?: sarak
Fuxhihfrbs 6> 6 : ?,4 6> Prakbx y 2<,3 (ml) Fkca
Bsofrbf`as 6 : : : :
Patfi 2? 6?: 3: 6:>,>

Ofkth`f` `b bxpiashva f uthihzfr7

B^ZIA_HSA F RPHIHWFT
  B^ZIA_HSA_ ZAT FSFKOB OFKPH@F@ @B FSFKOB_ PAPFI (ukh`f`bs)
PTAKB^ 6 6/0" x >" 6?: 63? 4668:
_ACPTAK 3: 63? 8<>:
FKCA (ML) 6:>,> 63? 6<<?0,0
@BPAKF@AT KA BIBOPTHOA 2? 63? >3?8
OFDIB @B OAKB^HßK 2? 63? >3?8

0.3 shstbef `b hkhohfohÿk `b foubr`a oak ifs kbobsh`f`bs `bi praybota

0.
0.3.
3.66 @b
@bta
takf
kf`a
`arr k
ka
a bbiè
ièotr
otrho
hoa
a
Oakshstb bk uk tuda `b onaqub `b ifrla `btbrehkf`a par bi `hsböa `b if vaif`urf, bksfedif`a f
uk `btakf`ar `b fitf patbkohf y pbrha`a `b rbtfr`a pfrf hkhohfr if ofrlf bxpiashvf. Bi atra
bxtrbea `bi tuda `b onaqub sb bkoubktrf sbiif`a y pasbb uk oakbotar piæsthoa thpa Oadrf y
bthqubtf f`nbshvf qub hk`hof bi k÷ebra oarrbspak`hbktb fi rbtfr`a.
 4<
 

0.< Cfotar `b ofrlf (lr/tak a Ml/E?)

_b thbkb if shlubktb sboohak `b 6< (e) 4, ouyas ifrla `b thras sak `b 0,6 (e) oak uk
parobktfgb `b fvfkob fpraxhef`a `b uk 8:%. Ias thras sbrfk `b (02 ee) y ias `b fihvha sbrfk `b
(64< ee) y sb ofrlfrfk `b iif
f shlubktb efkbrf.

Oaktarka (Ofgfr y oarakfs), 6 Prakbx oaea hkhohf`ar eæs 2 sactrak

Wfpftbrfs 7 60 Prakbx

 Fuxhihfrbs y rfhkurfs, 6 trakbx oaea

oaea hkhohf`ar efs ?,4 (ml) `b FK
FKCA
CA

Bkbrl
Bkbrlhhf Vb (MG/ml)
(MG/ml) Bkbrlh
Bkbrlhff Vb (Mofi/Ml
(Mofi/Ml)) Saiue
Saiuebk
bk `b lfsbs (It
(It/m
/ml)
l)
_actrak 00>: 6:>: 83>
Prakbx 08:> 66>? 804
Z bktrhtf 228> 6?2: 8::
Fkca ?<06 8:4 83:
' 
6
 (@bksh`f` 6,6> lr/oe?)
@hebkshakbs Prakbx 7 6  x > '  (@bksh`f`
>
' 
66
@hebkshakbs _actrak7  (@bksh`f` 6,68 lr/oe?)
 x 4: °  (@bksh`f`
63

@btbrehkfr bi Cfotar `b ofrlf bk (Ml `b bxpiashva bquhvfibktb par e ? `b raof).

Zrhebra qub ta`a, `bdbeas `bsliasfr of`f uka `b ias 2? thras tatfibs.
 Kuebra `b thras
Tfhkurf 63
Fuxhihfrbs 6>
Oaktarka (Ofgfs y oarakfs) 64
Wfpftbrfs 3
Patfi 24

@bs`b bsb pukta, `bdbeas adtbkbr if ofkth`f` `b trakbx, sactrak y mhialrfeas `b Fkcas tatfibs
bk if crbktb `b trfdfga.

 _h bk Tfhkurf y fuxhihfrbs, sb uthihzfrf uk ofrtuona `b trakbx oaea hkhohf`ar eæs ?,4 (ml)
`b Fkca, pa`beas `b`uohr qub bk ias ?0 pazas kbobshtfrbeas ?0 Prakbx.
 _h bk ias thras `b Oaktarka (Ofgfr y oarakfs), sb uthihzfrf uk trakbx oaea hkhohf`ar y 2

sactrak pfrf of`f uka `b ias thras, bk ias 64 thras kbobshtfrbeas 64 trakbx eæs 3:
sactrak.
 _h bk ias
ias thra
thrass `b zfpf
zfpftb
tbrf
rfs,
s, ut
uthihihz
hzfr
frbe
beas
as 60 of
ofrt
rtuo
uona
nass `b tr
trak
akbx
bx,, bk ia
iass 3 ththra
rass
kbobshtfeas >0 ofrtuonas `b trakbx.
 4>
 
 48
 

ZBTCATFOHßK OFTLF B^ZIA_HSA ZFTF RPHIHWFT

PHTA_ Kº @B PHTA_ PTAKB^ 6 6/0" x >" _ACPTAK FKCA (ML) OFTLF PAPFI
Tfhkurf 63 6 : ?,4 63 Prakbx y 26,4 (ml) Fkca
Wfpftbrfs 3 60 : : >0 trakbx
Ofgfs 3 6 2 : 3 Prakbx y ?: sarak
Oarakf 3 6 2 : 3 Prakbx y ?: sarak
Fuxhihfrbs 6> 6 : ?,4 6> Prakbx y 2<,3 (ml) Fkca
Bsofrbf`as 6 : : : :
Patfi 2? 6?: 3: 6:>,>

 Ia qub kas `f uk tatfi `b 6?: ofrtuonas `b Prakbx, 3: ofrtuonas `b sactrak y

6:>,> Mhialrfeas `b FKCA.
 Oaea tbkbeas if efsf `b bxpiashvas oak ifs `hebkshakbs y ifs `bksh`f`bs `bi
trakbx y bi sactrak adtbk`rbeas sus efsfs.
Bxpiashva Prakbx _actrak
@bksh`f` (lr/oe?) 6,68 6,6>
@hfebtra (puilf`fs) 6,642 :,3><2
Ifrla (puilf`fs) > 4:
Efsf (ml) :,63 :,60

Zar bk`b, Euithpihofk`a if efsf `b uk ofrtuona par if ofkth`f` `b ukh`f`bs pa`beas

adtbkbr if efsf bk (ml) `b of`f bxpiashva bk if crbktb.
Bxpiashva Prakbx _actrak
Efsf (ml) :,63 :,60

Rkh`f`bs 6?: 3:

Efsf tatfi (ml) 4:,> >,0

Tboar`beas qub bi Cfotar `b ofrlf sb ofiouif7

 Mhialrfeas `b bxpiashva bquhvfibktb
 Co 5
e ? `b raoff tr
trak
akfr
fr
@ak`b, ias mhialrfeas `b bxpiashva bquhvfibktb `bdbk sbr rbspbota f uk pftrÿk qub bs bi
 FKCA, par ia qub `bdbeas trfkscarefr ias >,0 mhialrfeas `b sactrak y ias 4:,> mhialrfeas `b
trakbx f su bquhvfibktb bk FKCA, fpihofk`a if shluhbktb careuif.

 Z . B 5
2
3 ( ) ( )
Vb 6 Sb
+
Va 3 Sa
Z.B 5 Zbsa bquhvfibktb

Vb 5 Ofiar @bsfrraiif`a `bi bxpiashva f uthihzfr (Mofi/ml)

Va 5 Ofiar @bsfrraiif`a `bi bxpiashva pftrÿk (Mofi/ml)

Sb 5 Saiuebk `b Lfsbs `bi bxpiashva f uthihzfr (It/ml)

Sa 5 Saiuebk `b Lfsbs `bi bxpiashva pftrÿk (It/ml)

 ?:
 

@ak`b

 Z . B ( sactrakff Fkca )5
sactrak
3 (  ) ( )5
2 6:>:
8:4
+
6 83>
3 83:
6,6<

Bsta quhbrb `bohr qub uk mhialrfea `b _actrak bquhvfib f 6,6< Ml `b FKCA

Asbf, >,0 (ml) `b _actrak bquhvfibk f 8,>? (ml) `b FKCA

 Z . B ( tr
trakb
akbxx f Fkca )5
Fkca
3 (  )+ ( )5
2 66>?
8:4
6 804
3 83:
6,43

Bsta quhbrb `bohr qub uk mhialrfea `b Prakbx bquhvfib f 6,43 ml `b FKCA

Asbf, 4:,> (ml) `b Prakbx bquhvfibk f 43,46 (Ml) `b FKCA

Ia qub kas `f uk tatfi bquhvfibktb f FKCA bk if crbktb `b 600,>0 (ml)

 Fnarf qub tbkbeas ias ml `b bquhvfibktbs f FKCA, `bdbeas ofiouifr ias e?  `b if
sboohÿk

Tboar`beas qub bi ifrla `b ias thras sak 0(e) pbra saia sb fvfkzf uk 8:% par ia qub bi fvfkob
bcbothva bs7

bcbothva 5 0,6 ( e )∜:.85?,38 ( e )

 Fvfkobbcbothva
 Fvfkob
X bi vaiuebk bs if Frbf `b if sboohÿk par bi ifrla bcbothva

S 5 F ( e4 )∜ Fvfkob bcbothva ( e) 56< ( e4 )∜?,38 ( e )534,<? ( e? )

 Fvfkobbcbothva

Chkfiebktb, bi Cfotar `b ofrlf bs7

600,>0 ( ml FKCA )
FKCA ml
 Co 5 54,?:8
( )
? ?
34,<? ( e ) e
 ?6
 

0.> bquhpas fuxhihfrbs f ifs apbrfohakbs `b ofrluåa y trfkspartb `b eftbrhfibs.

@bpbk`hbk`a `hrbotfebktb `bi praobsa `b ofrluåa y trfkspartb sb `btbrehkf eb`hfktb ukf sbiboohÿk
`b bquhpas, qub ias bquhpas f uthihzfr sbræk ias ehseas ebkohakf`as fktbrharebktb7
 IN@ 3,8 yrs?
 Ofehÿk Dfga Zbrchi 63 e?

0.8 Oaedusthdib pfrf ias bquhpas `b trfkspartb

Lrfohfs fi lrfk tfeföa `b ias eatarbs `b ias bquhpas ehkbras, bi pbtrÿiba bs bi bkofrlf`a `b
fihebktfr y pbrehthr bi oarrbota cukohakfehbkta `b ias `hcbrbktbs bquhpas rbifohakf`as fi praobsa
`b ofrluåa y trfkspartb.

bsthefk`a qub bi prboha `bi pbtrÿiba nay bk `åf bs `b :,34 R_@ qub bs bquhvfibktb f 082,0
OIZ, sbl÷k liadfi pbtrai prhobs= sb praob`b f rbfihzfr if bsthefohÿk tatfi `b usa `b oaedusthdib
`b ias `hcbrbktbs bquhpas7

 IN@.
 Ofehÿk Ofbx.
 Ofehakbtfs `b _upbrvhsarbs.

0.8.
0.8.66 IN@ T63
63::
::N7
N7
Bsthefk`a qub bi bquhpa oakthbkb uk tfkqub bquhvfibktb f 0:: ihtras y bi pbtrÿiba nay bk `åf
thbkb uk prboha `b :,34 R_@ sb bsthef qub bi lfsta bk oaedusthdib `bi IN@ bs `b 40> R_@ par 
tfkqub, fi ehsea thbepa ofdb rbofiofr qub bstb bquhpa thbkb uk tfkqub sbouk`frha bi oufi sb
`bdb iibkfr bstb tfkqub bquhvfib f ??: ihtras bsta bquhvfib f 4:0,3 R_@, bktakobs sb pa`råf
oakoiuhr qub sb lfstfrf bk pbtrÿiba if suef `b 024,3 R_@.

0.8.4
0.8.4 Ofe
Ofehÿk
hÿk Ehk
Ehkbtr
btruom
uom EP0
EP0?6D
?6D (Bp
(Bphra
hrao)7
o)7
Bstb bquhpa oubktf oak tfkqub `b oaedusthdib bquhvfibktb f 00: Ihtras, yf qub pfrf bstb
praobsa kbobshtfrbeas 2 `b bstas ofehakbs bi prboha bsthef`a pfrf iibkfr bi tfkqub `b ias
bquhpas sbråf `b 6?30 R_@.

0.
0.8.
8.?? Of
Ofeh
ehak
akbt
btfs
fs eh
ehts
tsud
udhs
hsnh
nh i4
i4::
::77
ifs ofehakbtfs `b ias supbrvhsarbs oubktfk oak uk bstfkqub `b 642 Ihtras, yf qub kbobshtfeas
4 ofehakbtfs bi prboha pfrf iibkfr bi tfkqub `b fedfs sbråf `b 622 R_@.
 ?4
 

0.6: Ofu`fi `b fhrb pfrf vbkthifohÿk `b lfibråfs (praybota sudtbrrækba).

_hstbef `b vbkthifohÿk prhkohpfi.

Oæiouia ofu`fi `b fhrb.
K÷eb
K÷ebra
ra eæ
eæxh
xhea
ea `b pbrs
pbrsak
akfs
fs pa
parr tu
turk
rka
a 7 62 pbrs
pbrsak
akfs
fs
Zfrqub `b bquhpa `hbsb apbrfthva 7 0 ofehakbs `b dfga pbrchi x 4<: NZ
 + 6 IN@ x 4?: NZ
 + 4 vbnåouias ihvhfkas x 66: NZ
Tbqubrhehbkta `b fhrb (Bquhpas)
 V Ofehÿk 5 4<: NZ x 6::  phb? / ehk
  +4<: NZ x 6::  phb ? / ehk  x :,<2
+4<: NZ x 6::  phb? / ehk x :,2: x 4
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
?
V ofehÿk 5 <042:  phb / ehk
 V IN@ 5 4?: NZ x 6::  phb? / ehk
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
  V IN@ 5 4?:::  phb? / ehk
 V Sbnåouias ihvhfkas 5 66: NZ x 6::  phb? / ehk
  +66: NZ x 6::  phb? / ehk  x :,<2
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
V vbnåouia ihvhfka 5 6842:  phb? / ehk

 V Prfdfgf`arbs 5 62 trf
rfd
dfgf`arbs x 6:3 OCE
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 
 
V trfdfgf`arbs 5 628:  phb? / ehk

Patfi V rbqubrh`a (Bquhpas + trfdfgf`arbs) 566>:8:  phb? / ehk

 V chitrfohakbs 5 (:,62 x 66>:8:) phb ? / ehk
5 6<<6?,2  phb? / ehk
V PAPFI (V rbqubrh`a + V chitrfohakbs) 5 66>:8: phb? / ehk + 6<<6?,2  phb? / ehk
?

V PAPFI5 6?2>:?,2  phb / ehk

 ??
 

0.66 Bibebktas `b carthchofohÿk, shstbefs `b carthchofohÿk y ofkth`f` `b bibebktas

qub uthihzfræk bk if oakstruoohÿk `bi t÷kbi.
Pfdif `b oifshchofohÿk
 F pfrthr `bi åk`hob TV@, pa`beas
pa`beas oifshchofr if efsf `b if raof7
raof7

ofih`f` `b efsf `b if raof TV@

942% euy efif

42-2:% efif

2:-<2% karefi

<2-8:% dubkf

8:-6::% bxobibktb

 F pfrthr `b if `bshlkfohÿk `b if tfdif kubstra TV@ bs bquhvfibktb f <: par ia oufi sb praoifef

oaea ukf raof `b dubkf ofih`f`, par ia oufi bi eèta`a `b carthchofohÿk `bdb sbr pravhsarha a
shepib par fså `bohria, sb aoupfræk efiifs `b fobra pfrf carthchofr bi efohza raoasa foaepföf`a
`b pbrkas `b fkoifgb, pfrf bvhtfr bi `bsprbk`hehbkta `b pifkonakbs y fså bvhtfr fooh`bktbs qub
pa`råfk rbsuitfr bk uk nbona cftfi.

0.64 @btbrehkf efka `b adrf (pbrsakfi y oastas) fsaohf`as f ifs apbrfohakbs `b

trakf`
trakf`urf
urf,, sbr
sbrvho
vhohas
has ehk
ehkf,
f, y ofr
ofrlu
luåa
åa y trf
trfksp
kspart
artbb `b eft
eftbrh
brhfib
fibss (ap
(apbrf
brf`ar
`arbs
bs `b
bquhpas, supbrvhsarbs, bto.)
0.6? @btbrehkf oastas ukhtfrhas (us$/tak) `b ifs apbrfohakbs `b trakf`urf
 ?0
 

OA_PA_ F_AOHF@A_
B^ZIA_HSA PAPFI @B B^ZIA_HSA SFIAT B^ZIA_HSA SFIAT _RDPAPFI
PTAKB^ 6 6/0" x >" 4668: :,<> R_$/Rkh`f` 6324>,4
_ACPTAK 8<>: 6,:3 R_$/Rkh`f` 6:?33,>
FKCA (ML) 6<<?0,0 :,8> R_$/Ml 6<?<8,<64
@BPAKF@AT KA BIBOPTHOA >3?8 4,>: R_$/Rkh`f` 406>8,4
OFDIB @B OAKB^HßK >3?8 :,42 R_$/Rkh`f` 4628,<2
SFIAT PAPFI <:34?,334

2 ZTA
ZTAOB_
OB_A_
A_ X E
EB@H
B@H@F
@F_
_ @B
@B _
_BLR
BLRTH@
TH@F@
F@ @B IF PTA
PTAKF@
KF@RTF
RTF
Zfrf ias shluhbktbs praobsas y eb`h`fs `b sblurh`f` `b if trakf`urf sb `bdbk oaksh`brfk ias
shluhbktbs fspbotas7

2.6 Oaksh`brfohakbs bk Prakf`urfs `b Ehkbråf sudtbrrækbf7

 If trakf`urf saia pa`ræ rbfihzfrsb oak iuz kfturfi.
  Fktbs `b bcbotufr if trakf`urf sb `bdb bvfoufr f ta`a bi pbrsakfi fhsifk`a
oaepibtfebktb bi ærbf ehkf, udhofk`a iaras nuefkas bk ukf `hstfkohf sblurf bk
ta`as ias pashdibs foobsas f if zakf feflf`f.

2.4 Fothvh`f`bs Zrbvhfs `b if Prakf`urf

Oaksh`brfr ifs shluhbktbs fothvh`f`bs prbvhfs7

  Fhsifr oakvbkhbktbebktb bi ærbf f trakfr, `bs`b bi eaebkta bk qub sb hkhohbk ias

prbp
prbpfr
frft
fthv
hvas
as `b ofrl
ofrluå
uåa,
a, oaia
oaiaof
ofk`
k`a
a if
ifss sb
sböf
öfihihzf
zfoh
ohak
akbs
bs `b f`
f`vb
vbrt
rtbk
bkoh
ohf
f qu
qub
b
oarrbspak`f y suspbk`hbk`a ta`f fothvh`f` fgbkf bk bi sbotar oaepraebth`a.
 _ÿia
_ÿia pb
pbre
rehththr
hr bk bi ær
ærbf
bf fhsi
fhsif`
f`f
f fi pb
pbrs
rsak
akfi
fi fu
futa
tarh
rhzf
zf`a
`a b hk
hkva
vaiu
iuor
orf`
f`a
a bk if
efkhpuifohÿk `bi bxpiashva.
  F if bktrf`f `bi rbibva fkukohfr fi pbrsakfi `b apbrfohÿk `b if rbfihzfohÿk `b
vaif`urfs bsb `åf.
 Tb`uohr fi eæxhea bi bquhpa `b pbrsakfi `b ofrlf, y kaedrfr f uk rbspaksfdib y
supbrvhsar.

2.? Zbrsakfi Futarhzf`a

@hspfrf`ar77 trfdfg
@hspfrf`ar trfdfgf`ar
f`ar ofpfohtf`a
ofpfohtf`a,, ofihc
ofihchof`a
hof`a y futarh
futarhzf`a
zf`a pfrf bcbot
bcbotufr
ufr if apbrfo
apbrfohÿk
hÿk trakf`urf
trakf`urf
bk ukf cfbkf ehkbrf7

  Fpradfr Oursa `b carefohÿk `b @hspfrf`ar.

 ?2
 

 Ihobko
Ihobkohf
hf pfr
pfrf
f efk
efkbga
bga `b bxp
bxpias
iashva
hvass fpr
fpradf
adf`f
`f par if Futarh
Futarh`f`
`f` Chs
Chsofi
ofihzf
hzf`arf
`arf `b
 Frefs y Bxpiashvas.

Zart
Zartf`
f`ar
ar `b Bx
Bxpi
pias
ashv
hvas
as77 Oufi
Oufiqu
quhb
hbrr pb
pbrs
rsak
akf
f pub`
pub`b
b sb
sbrr fs
fshl
hlkf
kf`f
`f pa
parr bi su
supb
pbrv
rvhs
hsar,
ar, sb
sbræ
ræ
rbspaksfdib `b `frib ifs hkstruoohakbs rbifthvfs fi ouh`f`a qub `bdb tbkbr oak if `hkfehtf.

2.?.6
2.?.6 Iho
Ihobko
bkohf
hf E
Efkh
fkhpui
puifoh
fohÿk
ÿk `
`bb Bx
Bxpia
piashv
shvas
as

If trakf`urf hkvaiuorf bi usa `b bxpiashvas, par ia qub ifs pbrsakfs bkofrlf`fs `b efkhpuifr 
bstas pra`uotas `bdbræk kbobsfrhfebktb oaktfr oak ihobkohf vhlbktb y ouepihr oak ia pfotf`a bk
if iby 6<.<8>, sadrb bi oaktrai `b frefs y bibebktas shehifrbs.

Oak rbifohÿk fi shluhbktb frthouia7

  Frtåouia 442 ifs pbrsakfs qub efkhpuibk bxpiashvas, Zra`uotas Vuåehoas a Frthchohas
Zhratèokhoas oufiquhbrf sbf su kfturfibzf, `bdbræ oaktfr oak ukf ihobkohf atarlf`f
par if Futarh`f` Chsofihzf`arf.

2.0 Fiefobkfehbkta `b ias Bxpiashvas

Ias bxpiashvas y sus foobsarhas sb fiefobkfk bk iulfrbs cåshoas `bkaehkf`as paivarhkbs, ia
qub sb rbfihzf dfga bstrhotfs karefs `b sblurh`f` y rblifebktfrhfs. Zar ia tfkta, sb trftf `b
rbohktas qub `bdbk sbr futarhzf`as par if futarh`f` oaepbtbktb.

 sb fie
fiefob
fobkfr
kfræk
æk `b ea`
ea`a
a tfi qub su `hs
`hspas
pashoh
hohÿk
ÿk sbf sblurf,
sblurf, su cæo
cæohihi efk
efkbga
bga,,
pbrehthbk`a ukf pbrcbotf vbkthifohÿk y ohrouifohÿk `b pbrsakfs.
 Ka sb fiefobkfræk prhefs fref`fs, bs `bohr, ofrtuonas `b `hkfehtfs oak oar`ÿk
`btakfktb a cuiehkfktbs bk su hktbrhar, kh bxpiashvas bk efi bstf`a.


 Fi hklrbsfr kubvfs pfrth`fs `b bxpiashvas, èstas `bdbræk sbr sböfihzf`as oak if
cbonf `b su hklrbsa.
  Fiefobkfr shbeprb ias bxpiashvas bk paivarhkbs qub sb fgustbk f ifs ofrfotbråsthofs
y rbqubrhehbktas `b ifs karefs iblfibs y rblifebktas bk vhlbkohf.

2.0.6
2.0.6 Prf
Prfksp
kspart
artbb `b Bx
Bxpia
piashv
shvas
as bk if Cf
Cfbkf
bkf E
Ehkb
hkbrf
rf
Bk bi trfsif`a `b bxpiashva fi hktbrhar `b if cfbkf ehkbrf, sb `bdb oaksh`brfr ias shluhbktb7

 Ias `btakf`arbs y fitas bxpiashvas ka sb `bdbk trfsif`fr guktas.

 Bi trfkspartb `b bxpiashvas `bdb sbr sÿia oak bsb adgbthva. Zar ia tfkta, ka sb `bdbk
trfkspartfr atras eftbrhfibs.
 Bstæ bstrhotfebktb pranhdh`a cuefr oufk`a sb trfkspartf bxpiashvas.
 Bi trfkspartb `b bxpiashvas `bdb nfobrsb bk ofgfs `hsböf`fs pfrf `hona chk.
 _ÿia `bdb trfsif`frsb bxpiashvas bk if ofkth`f` kbobsfrhf f usfr bk if trakf`urf.
 ?3
 

 Bk lbkbrfi, ka `bdb trfkspartfrsb eæs `b 42 mhias par pbrsakf.

Prfkspartb bk vbnåouia7

 If vbiaoh`f` eæxhef ka `bdbræ bxob`br ias 2: mhiÿebtras par narf (me/nr), bvhtfk`a
laipbs y sfou`h`fs.
 Bi ofehka bk qub sb uthihzfræ bi vbnåouia ofrlf`a oak bxpiashvas sbræ shbeprb bi eæs
oarta y `b ebkar træchoa.
 Vub`fræ bstrhotfebktb pranhdh`a trfkspartfr pbrsakfi bk bi vbnåouia gukta oak ias
bxpiashvas.

2.2 Eb`h`fs bk bi Ærbf `b if Saif`urf

Oaksh`brfr ifs shluhbktbs eb`h`fs7

 Ihephfr bi ærbf `b if vaif`urf rbthrfk`a ifs raofs subitfs, if efibzf, ias ebtfibs y
atras eftbrhfibs.

@bihehtfr oak bstfofs a dfk`brhkbs `b oaiarbs iifefthvas if zakf f vaifr b hepb`hr bi
pfsa `b efquhkfrhf sadrb if ehsef.
 Hepb`hr bi pfsa `b efquhkfrhf sadrb bi ærbf `b if vaif`urf `bs`b bi eaebkta bk qub
sb hkhohbk ias prbpfrfthvas `b èstf.
 Hepb`hr bi foobsa f if zakf sböfihzf`f y praxheh`f`bs fi pbrsakfi fgbka f ifs ifdarbs
`b efkhpuifohÿk `b ias bxpiashvas.
 _böfihzfr oarrbotfebktb if udhofohÿk `b ta`as ias dfrrbkas.

2.2.6
2.2.6 Tbs
Tbstrh
trhooh
oohak
akbs
bs bk if C
Crbk
rbktb
tb `
`bb Pr
Prakf
akf`ur
`urff

Bi foobsa fi paivaråk thbkb ifs shluhbktbs rbstrhoohakbs7

 Bi rbohkta `bi paivaråk pbrefkbobræ obrof`a `b efkbrf qub heph`f bi pfsa `b
vbnåouias, pbrsakfs y/a fkhefibs.
 Ka sb pa`ræ hklrbsfr fi rbohkta partfk`a cÿscaras, bkobk`b`arbs a oufiquhbr atra
flbktb hkcifeftarha, kh oak bibebktas ebtæihoas qub pub`fk lbkbrfr onhspfs.
 Ka pa`ræ hklrbsfr fi rbohkta `b paivarhkbs pbrsakfs fgbkfs f biias, f ebkas qub sb
nflf foaepföfr par bi rbspaksfdib `b if cfbkf.

2.3 Eb`h`fs Zfrf Zrbpfrfr bi Obda

Oaksh`brfr ifs shluhbktbs eb`h`fs7

 Zrbpfrfr ias obdas `b foubr`a oak ias eèta`as rboaebk`f`as par ias cfdrhofktbs `b
bxpiashvas y oaepradfr qub bi hkhohf`ar bstæ dhbk oaiaof`a `bktra `bi ofrtuona.
 ?<
 

  Fsblurfrsb qub `urfktb if ofrlf ka sb bgbrob tbkshÿk bk ias ofdibs `bi `btakf`ar a
bk bi oar`ÿk `btakfktb y puktas `b ukhÿk.
 Hksbrtfr ias `btakf`arbs `bktra `b uk arhchoha prfothof`a bk ias ofrtuonas oak uk
oaihnub `b ef`brf.
 Ka prbpfrfr oak euonf fktbifohÿk kh bk ofkth`f` efyar f if qub sb vf f uthihzfr `b

hkeb`hfta ias obdas. Pfepaoa rbfihzfr `honf apbrfohÿk bk bi hktbrhar `b paivarhkbs a

obrof `b bxpiashvas.

2.< Ofrluåa `b ias Phras

 Fktbs `b bcbotufr bi ofrluåa, ias dfrrbkas `bdbræk sbr sapif`as oak fhrb oaeprheh`a pfrf
ihihep
ephf
hfri
rias
as.. Bk kh
khkl
kluk
ukf
f ohro
ohrouk
ukst
stfk
fkoh
ohf
f sb `bdb
`bdbræ
ræ sa
sapi
pifr
fr y ofrl
ofrlfr
fr bk if eh
ehse
sef
f cr
crbk
bktb
tb
sheuitækbfebktb.

Zfrf bi ofrluåa `b thras sb `bdbk taefr ifs shluhbktbs oaksh`brfohakbs7

Bk bi ærbf `b ofrluåa ka sb pa`ræk bcbotufr trfdfgas `hcbrbktbs f `honf apbrfohÿk.

 If `hstfkohf `ak`b `bdb bstfr bi bxpiashva qub sb bstæ ofrlfk`a bk if crbktb, ka `bdb
sbr hkcbrhar f > ebtras `bi thra eæs obrofka.
 If iaklhtu` `b if luåf `bdbræ sbr `b uk ifrla tfi qub pbrehtf fi ofrlf`ar `b thra
fiofkzfr ukf `hstfkohf sblurf bk ias eaebktas `b bcbotufr if trakf`urf.
 Zrbvbr shbeprb if pashdhih`f` `b pbihlra `b bibotrhoh`f` bstæthof oufk`a sb bcbot÷f if
ofrlf kbueæthofebktb y taefr ta`fs ifs eb`h`fs `b prbofuohÿk kbobsfrhfs, oaea if
`b oaiaofr ukf iåkbf f thbrr
thbrrf.
f. Nfy qub rboar`
rboar`fr
fr qub ukf dfgf nueb`f` rbifthvf
rbifthvf bk if
fteÿscbrf fuebktf bi rhbsla `b bibotrhoh`f` bstæthof.
 Oartfr `bi ofrrbtb bi traza `b oar`ÿk `btakfktb ukf vbz qub nfyf pbkbtrf`a bk bi
dfrrbka y fktbs `b hktra`uohr bi rbsta `b if ofrlf bxpiashvf.

2.> Pfqubf`a `b ias Phras

Zfrf bi tfqubf`a `b thras sb `bdbk taefr ifs shluhbktbs oaksh`brfohakbs7

 Zfrf bcbotufr bi tfqubf`a `b ias thras sb `bdb usfr bibebktas ka ebtæihoas oaea sbr 
uk oaihnub.
 _b pra
pranåd
nådb
b bst
bstrho
rhotfe
tfebkt
bktb
b tfq
tfqubf
ubfrr ias obdas `b trakf`
trakf`urf
urf,, ias qub `bdbræ
`bdbræk
k sbr 
`bpashtf`as sufvbebktb bk if pbrcarfohÿk.

Zfrf bstf apbrfohÿk sb uthihzfræ frbkf, thbrrf, dfrra u atra ehkbrfi hkoaedusthdib
fpraphf`a.

2.8 Bkobk`h`a `b ias Phras y/a Prakf`urf `b if crbktb.

 ?>
 

 Fktbs `b bcbotufr bi bkobk`h`a `b ias thras

thras sb `bdb taefr ifs shluhbktbs oaksh`brfohakbs7

 Ias bxpiashvas bxob`bktbs `bdbk bkoaktrfrsb cubrf `bi ærbf y bk uk iulfr sblura, y
ta`fs ifs pbrsakfs y vbnåouias `bdbk bstfr f ukf `hstfkohf sblurf.
 Zratblbr ta`fs ifs våfs `b foobsa f if zakf feflf`f oak iaras vhvas (pbrsakfs),
pbrcbotfebktb hkstruh`as par bi rbspaksfdib `b if Cfbkf u apbrf`ar f ofrla. Bk
ofsas `bd
ofsas `bdh`f
h`febk
ebktb
tb gus
gusthc
thchof
hof`as
`as,, sb pa`
pa`ræk
ræk uth
uthihz
ihzfr
fr iaras
iaras cås
cåshoa
hoass oae
oaea
a ’tf
’tfpf`
pf`as―
as―,,
dfrrbrfs a ibtrbras pranhdhthvas.
 Ka sb praob`bræ f `hspfrfr shk ukf sböfi `b futarhzfohÿk `bi Bkofrlf`a `b if Cfbkf
a `b quhbk ia rbbepifob.
  Fktbs `b qubefr sb `bdbræ vbrhchofr qub if sfih`f bstè bxpb`htf y/a if bxhstbkohf `b
uk iulfr sblura `b rbslufr`a.
 Bi `btakf`ar a `btakf`arbs rbqubrh`as pfrf bi bkobk`h`a `bi `hspfra ka `bdbræk sbr 
ukh`as fi oar`ÿk nfstf qub ta`fs ifs pbrsakfs, bxobpta bi `hspfrf`ar y fyu`fktb, sb
nfyfk fibgf`a f ukf `hstfkohf sblurf.


 Fi rbfihzfr bi bkobk`h`a, sb `bdb bepibfr oaea eåkhea `as pbrsakfs, oufiquhbrf sbf
if ofkth`f` `b thras.

2.6: Zastbrhar f if trakf`urf

@bspuès `b if trakf`urf, sb `bdbk oaksh`brfr ias shluhbktbs rbslufr`as7

 Bi hklrbsa `bi pbrsakfi f ifs crbktbs a rfga ka `bdbræ sbr fktbs `b ?: ehkutas
`bspuès `b if trakf`f, y rbvhsfr bi tbrrbka par ofusf `b if befkfohÿk `b paivas y
lfsbs `föhkas pfrf if sfiu` `bi trfdfgf`ar.
 Ias iaras cåshoas y/a nuefkas sbræk rbthrf`as par if ehsef pbrsakf qub ias oaiaoÿ.
 Bi rbs
rbspak
paksfd
sfdib
ib `b if tra
trakf`
kf`urf
urf `bd
`bdb
b rbv
rbvhsf
hsfrr if crb
crbktb
ktb trakf`f
trakf`f pfr
pfrf
f vbrhch
vbrhchofr
ofr if
prbsbkohf `b thras qub`f`as.

2.6:.6 Bihehkfohÿk `b Phras Vub`f`as

Bi rbspaksfdib `b if cfbkf a pbrsakf f ofrla `b if trakf`urf qub `btbotb uk thra qub`f`a

praob`bræ f `btbkbr ta`f fothvh`f` bk bi iulfr, fvhsfr f ias atras trfdfgf`arbs y f rbslufr`fr bi

ærbf. F oakthkufohÿk, bi thra qub`f bihehkf`a bk bi turka qub sb `btbotb. _h par filukf rfzÿk ka
bs pashdib nfobria, if pbrsakf bkofrlf`f `b if trakf`urf `bdb pbrefkbobr bk bi iulfr, pfrf
hkcarefr pbrsakfiebktb fi atra turka.
 ?8
 

_b `bdbk taefr ifs shluhbktbs oaksh`brfohakbs7

 Bk ias thras qub`f`as, ofrlf`as oak ebzoifs bxpiashvfs f dfsb `b khtrftas (Fkca) sb
sfofræ bi tfoa y f oakthkufohÿk sb fkblfræ oak fluf, sb oaiaofræ uk obda y sb
trakfræ.
 Oufk`a sb trftb `b thras qub`f`as ofrlf`as oak bxpiashvas qub ka sbfk bk dfsb f
khtrftas, sb `bdb sfofr bi tfoa, `bgfr bi bxpia
khtrftas, bxpiashva
shva f if vhstf, oaiaof
oaiaofrr uk obda y iubla
trakfr.
 Bi ofrtuona `bi obda pfrf hkhohfr uk thra qub`f`a `bdb sbr `b hlufi a `b efyar 
patbkohf qub bi uthihzf`a bk bi obda arhlhkfi.
 Ias rbstas `b bxpiashvas
bxpiashvas qub sb bkoubktrf
bkoubktrfk
k bk if efrhkf `bspuès `b ukf trakf`
trakf`urf
urf
sb `bdbræk rboalbr y praob`br f su bihehkfohÿk (qubeæk`aia).

2.66  Filukfs Ofusfs `b fooh`bktbs oak Bxpiashvas

Bxpiashvas

Ias
Ias fooh
fooh`b
`bkt
ktbs
bs par
par bxpi
bxpias
ashv
hvas
as,, bk su lb
lbkb
kbrf
rfihih`f
`f`
` sa
sak
k ao
aofs
fsha
hakf
kf`a
`ass par
par if hl
hlka
karf
rfko
kohf
hf,,
kblihlbkohf, y if tbebrh`f` `b ias naedrbs qub ia efkbgfk.

 Filukfs `b bstfs ofusfs sak7

 @bsadb`bobr ifs hkstruoohakbs

 Oaiaofr eæs ofrlf `b ia prbvhstf
 Ka nfobr bxfebk ehkuohasa `b lfs, fktbs `b bcbotufrsb bi `hspfra `b if trakf`urf.
 @hspfra f oartf `hstfkohf
 Efif y/a cfitf `b udhofohÿk `b "iaras" f ias foobsas `b ukf trakf`urf.
 Tblrbsfr fktbs `b ia rblifebktf`a fi iulfr `b ukf trakf`urf.

Phras efi ofrlf`as.
 Efi trfta bk su trfkspartb y efkhpuifohÿk.
 0:
 

3 OAKOIR_HßK
Chkfihzfk`a bstb hkcareb, sb oakoiuyb y sb `f f oakaobr bi praob`hehbkta pfsa f pfsa `b if
adtbkohÿk `b oakobktrf`as `b oadrb.

_b bxpusa sadrb ias bquhpas kbobsfrhas pfrf if apbrfohÿk `b eaihbk`f ciatfohÿk, y sb `bsorhdhÿ

if cukohÿk qub ouepib of`f uka `b biias bk bi praobsa.

_b rbfihzÿ uk dfifkob `b efsf (ehkbrfi) oak ias `ftas bspboåchoas yf ebkohakf`as bk bi
`bsfrraiia `bi hkcareb, pu`hbk`a fså ofiouifr7 if bktrf`f `b ehkbrfi crbsoa fi eaihka `b daifs, ifs
takbif
takbif`fs
`fs tat
tatfib
fibss `bk
`bktra
tra `bi eai
eaihka
hka,, ifs tak
takbif
bif`fs
`fs bkt
bktrfk
rfk`a
`a fi nh`
nh`rao
raohoi
hoiÿk
ÿk y sfi
sfihbk
hbk`a
`a `bi
nh`raohoiÿk y bi ehkbrfi rbtarkfk`a fi eaihka `b daifs.

Zarr ÷ith
Za ÷ithea
ea,, sb rbfi
rbfihz
hzÿ
ÿ uk df
dfif
ifko
kob
b pfrf
pfrf ofio
ofioui
uifr
fr if rb
rbou
oupb
pbrf
rfoh
ohÿk
ÿk `bi
`bi oa
oadrb
drb,, if rf
rfzÿ
zÿk
k `b
oakobktrfo
oakobktrfohÿk
hÿk y ifs takbif`fs `b oakobktrf`a
oakobktrf`a par ebs, ta`as bstas oæiouias
oæiouias cubrak rbfih
rbfihzf`as
zf`as
par ias `ftas yf fktbs vhstas bk bi `bsfrraiia `bi hkcareb.
 06
 

< DHDIHALTFCHF