@KBG[@D@AOA@ÑG KB H^R]FQ DRGA@FGOJBQ

F^HÏG@AFQ
Og`dbr J`j`ogo ^fkråhubz Lbrgïgkbz (?=028=?<80), Hbgg`dbr Koyogo E`rogko
(?==2=?>?21),), Joky Jfrbgo Dfgsbao ]bkrfzo (?=284=8?0;)
@ghbg`bråo Oen`bgtoj, @ghbg`bråo oen`bgtoj, @ghbg`bråo oen`bgtoj, Hrupf A,
Kbportoebgtf kb A`bga`os Nïs`aos, Rg`vbrs`kok kb ]oepjfgo

^BQREBG3 Jo prbsbgtb prïat`ao afgs`st`ñ bg bj ogïj`s`s kb eubstros afgfa`kos bg bj jonfrotfr`f pubstf qub bs kb
dugkoebgtoj `epfrtoga`o bg prfabsfs kb sågtbs`s, `kbgt`d`aoa`ñg y pur`d`aoa`ñg kb gubvfs afepubstfs, afgfabr aoko
hrupf duga`fgoj qub loab portb kb ugo sustoga`o kbtbre`goko, pubstf qub bstfs pfsbbg ugo sbr`b kb rboaa`fgbs
prfp`os qub jfs aoroatbr`zog. Bs pfr bstf qub sb tfeñ ugo sbr`b kb eubstros kb sustoga`os afgfa`kos qub pfsbbg
aoko ugf kb jfs hrupfs duga`fgojb
duga`fgojbs,
s, jos auojbs kbnåog sbr `kbgt`d`a
`kbgt`d`aokos
okos pfr eàtfkfs
eàtfkfs kb ogïj`s`s
ogïj`s`s quåe`af frhïg`af,
frhïg`af,
qub pbre`t`brfg fntbgbr ugo sbr`b kb rbsujtokfs aoroatbråst`afs kb aoko hrupf duga`fgoj o port`r kb bvojuoa`fgbs
rboj`zokos sbhóg jfs aoen`fs fnsbrvokfs bg jfs tunfs kb bgsoyf. D`gojebgtb, afg tfkf jf oprbgk`kf sb pukf
rbafgfabr jfs k`st`gtfs hrupfs duga`fgojbs kb ugo eubstro, tfeogkf bg aubgto jo rboat`v`kok kb jo sustoga`o afg bj
`gk`aokfr ug`vbrsoj.

]ojonros Ajovbs3 Hrupfs, duga`fgojbs, pL, rboaa`ñg, afjfroa`ñg.

?. Eoraf
oraf tbñr
tbñr`a
`af3
f3 Bstfs pub
Bstfs pubkb
kbgg sbr kb aok
aokbgo
bgo j`gboj
j`gboj f roe
roe`d`
`d`aok
aokfs.
fs. Qu
dñreujo hbgbroj bs3 ∞A 5A ∞¶
Bj af
afep
epfrfrto
toe`
e`bg
bgtf
tf quåe
quåe`a`aff dås`
dås`af
af kb ug ugoo ef
efjà
jàau
aujo
jo
fr
frhïg
hïg`ao
`ao sb kbn
kbnbb pr`ga
pr`ga`po
`pojeb
jebgtb
gtb o jo prb
prbsbg
sbga`o
a`o bg su Ojqu`gfs3 Qfg l`krfaornurfs oj`dït`afs afg oj ebgfs ug
Ojqu`gfs3
bstruaturo kb ugf f vor`fs hrupfs, duga`fgbs f doe`j`os tr`pjb bgjoab (kfs bgjoabs ύ (]`) y ugf ρ (s`heo) bg jo
qu
quåe`
åe`aos
aos.. Jo eoy
eoyfrå
fråoo kb bst
bstfs
fs hru
hrupfs
pfs dug
duga`f
a`fgoj
gojbs
bs sb efjàaujo. Qu dñreujo hbgbroj bs3 ∞A ≯ A ∞¶.
prbsbgtog bg jos efjàaujos
efjàaujos kb fr`hbg goturoj Y?U.
Àtbrbs3 Qfg sustoga`os bg jos qub kfs aokbgos aornfgokos
Bx
Bx`s
`stb
tb jo pfs`
pfs`nn`j`k
`j`kok
ok kb k`
k`sp
spfg
fgbr
br kb ugugoo sb
sbr`
r`bb kb sb bgaubgtrog sbporokos pfr ug ïtfef kb fxåhbgf. Qu
rboaa`fgbs qub pbre`tbg aoroatbr`zor kbtbre`gokfs hrupfs dñreujo hbgbroj bs3 ^-F-^‐.
duga`fgojbs.
Oe`gos3 Afepubstf frhïg`af qub sb afgs`kbro afef ug
Bg ojhóg aosf vor`fs hrupfs duga`fgojbs pubkbg kor ugo kbr`vokf kbj oefg`oaf y rbsujtog kb jo sust`tua`ñg kb jfs
e`seo rboaa`ñg, pfr jf qub sbrï gbabsor`f opj`aor ojhugo l`krñhbgfs kb jo efjàaujo pfr jfs rok`aojbs ojqu`jf. Qu
ftro
ftro rbo
rboaa
aa`ñ
`ñgg ao
aoro
roat
atbr
brås
åst`
t`ao
ao poro
poro bsto
bstorr sbhu
sbhurf
rfss kb jo dñreujo hbgbroj bs3 Oe`go pr`eor`o ^ ∞G L >.
goturojbzo kbj e`sef.
Ojaflfjbs3 Qfg afeafepub
pubst
stfs
fs frh
frhïg`
ïg`afs
afs qub pfs pfsbbg
bbg bj
Jfs hrupfs Duga`fgojbs3 Qfg ohrupoa`fgbs afgstogtbs hrupf l`krfx`jf (∞FL ), ug`kf o ugo aokbgo kb aornfgfs.
kb ïtfefs, bg k`spfs`a`ñg bspoa`oj y afgbat`v`kok, qub pfr Bstfs bstruaturojebgtb sfg sbebcogtbs oj ohuo, su dñreujo
toj rbhujor`kok afgd`brbg prfp`bkokbs dås`aos y quåe`aos hbgbroj bs3 ^ ∞FL .
euy s`e`jorbs o jo bstruaturo qub jos pfsbb Y>U.
Ojkblåkfs3 Qfg afepubstfs frhïg`afs qub rbsujtog kb jo
Ojaogfs3 Qfg l`krfaornurfs orfeït`afs soturokfs, yo qub fx`k
fx`koa
oa`ñ
`ñgg suov
suovbb y jo l`k
l`kro
roto
toa`
a`ñg
ñg kb jfs
jfs ojaf
ojaflf
lfjb
jbss
pfsbbg jo eïx`eo aogt`kok kb l`krfhbgf qub ugo aokbgo pr`eor`fs. Bstfs pbrtbgbabg oj hrupf duga`fgoj aornfg`jf (
aornfgoko pubkb oke`t`r. Bstfs pfsbbg bgjoabs s`epjbs f A 5F ), bg kfgkb sb pfs`a`fgog bg ug aornfgf pr`eor`f, bs
sbga
sbga`j
`jjf
jfss ao
aorn
rnfg
fgf-
f-ao
aorn
rnfg
fgf.
f. Qu dñ dñreu
reujo
jo hb
hbgb
gbro
rojj bs3
bs3 kba`r bg jfs bxtrbefs, su dñreujo hbgbroj sb eubstro bg
∞A ∞A ∞¶ . tonjo ?. Hrupfs duga`fgojbs. Y1U.
Ojqubgfs3 Qfg l`krfaornurfs `gsoturokfs qub pfsbbg ugf Abtfgo
Abtfgo33 Bs ug afe
afepub
pubstf
stf frh
frhïg`
ïg`af
af aoro
aoroatb
atbr`z
r`zokf
okf pfr
f vor`fs bgjoabs kfnjbs aornfgf-aornfgf bg su efjàaujo. pfsbbr ug hrupf duga`fgoj aornfg`jf ( A 5F) ug`kf o kfs
?
ïtfefs kb aornfgf, o k`dbrbga`o kb ug ojkblåkf, bg kfgkb  ? vosf kb prba`p`tokf kb >2= ej
bj hrupf aornfg`jf sb bgaubgtro ug`kf oj ebgfs ug ïtfef  ? vosf prba`p`tokf kb ?== ej
kb l`krfhbgf. Qu dñreujo hbgbroj bs ^ ∞( A5 F )∞ ^ ' Y;U.  > p`pbtos hrokuokos kb 2 ej
 Hrok`jjo
Oa`kf aornfxåj`af3 Qfg afepubstfs aoroatbr`zokfs pfr jo
 Bspïtujo
prbsbga`o kb hrupf aornfxåj`af (∞AFFL ). Bg bj hrupf
 ]`pbtbokfr
duga`fgo
duga`fgojj aornf
aornfxåj`a
xåj`aff af`g
af`ga`kbg
a`kbg sfnrb bj e`sef hrupf
ojqu`jf ug hrupf l`krfx`jf (∞FL ) y aornfg`jf ( A 5F ). >.>. ^boa
^boat`vfs
t`vfs33
Qu df
dfreu
reujojo hbgb
hbgbro
rojj sb eubs
eubstr
troo bg jo tonj
tonjoo ?. Hrup
Hrupfs
fs  g-lbptogf ?= hftos
duga`fgojbs.  Ïa`kf oaàt`af f prfp`ñg`af ?= hftos


[onjo
Bk`?0 Zj?.1=<>
Hrupfs
U. duga`fgojbs. ^baupbroko kb Y A@[O[@FG
^baupbroko 
Ohuo kbst`joko
K`bt`joe`go ?= ?= hftos
hftos
 ]rfp`fgojkbl`kf (prfpogoj) ?= hftos
 Btogfj ?=hftos
 ]breoghogotf kb pftos`f 2 hftos
 ^boat`vf kb [fjjbgs ?= hftos
 @gk`aokfr ug`vbrsoj (ug trfzf pbqubÿf pfr aoko
sustoga`o).

1. ]rfa
]rfabk
bk`e
`e`b
`bgt
gtf3
f3
@. Qb rftujf ?= tunfs kb bgsoyf ugo vbz lbalf bstf, sb
prfabk`ñ o ok`a`fgor aoko ugo kb jos sustoga`os
afrrbspfgk`bgtbs kb oaubrkf o jo tonjo >. (sustoga`os
poro sbr ogoj`zokos y aogt`kokbs suhbr`kos) qub sb
eubstro o afgt`guoa`ñg3
[onjo
[on jo >. Qus
Qustog
toga`o
a`oss por
poroo sbr ogo
ogoj`z
j`zoko
okoss y aog
aogt`k
t`kokb
okbss
suhbr`kos.
Gfenrb kb jo Tfjuebg
[unf G½
sustoga`o (hftos)
? Ïa`kf oaàt`af ?=
> Btogfj ?=
1 K`bt`joe`go ?=
; ]rfpogoj ?=
2 g- lbptogf ?=
@@. Qb ok`a`fgf ?= hftos kb ohuo kbst`joko o tfkfs jfs

Bs rbaf
rbafeb
ebgk
`ggbabsor`os, gkon
onjb
yo jb bv`t
qub bv
gf`tor
or jo
sfjf bs ugrboj
rboj`z
`zoa
oa`ñ
`ñgg kbkb pr
kbspbrk`a`f prub
ubno
noss
t`bepf, tunfs
unovbe
suov
su fsbebg
kbtb bgso
bgtb bgpsoy
yof, lfef
or
oro sbhu
lfbh u`kf
efhb`kfg`zo
hbg` krb eu
zor bst
stffy sb
euy n`bgoh`t
n`bgoh`tf
bjf
s`gf toen`àg ouebgto jo pfs`n`j`kok kb afgdus`ñg kb brrfr. afgtbg`kf kb jfs e`sefs. Jubhf sb `eprbhgf ugo
]fr jf qub gf t`bgb sbgt`kf bepbzor jos prubnos kb hrupfs t`ro kb popbj `gk`aokfr ug`vbrsoj poro aoko sfjua`ñg
duga
duga`f
`fgo
gojb
jbss kb ug afep
afepub
ubst
stff nïs`
nïs`af
af ququbb afgt
afgt`b
`bgb
gb y sb tuvf bg aubgto jf s`hu`bgtb3
 Q` bj afjfafjfrr kbj
kbj `gk`
`gk`ao
aokf
kfrr sb tfrg
tfrgononoo rf
rfcf
cf,,
g`trñhbgf, afg prubnos poro kbtbre`gor bj hrupf ojaflfj y
abtfgo. `gk`aono jo prbsbga`o kb ug ïa`kf aornfxåj`af.
 Q` bj afjfafjfrr kbj
kbj `gk`
`gk`ao
aokf
kfrr sb tfrg
tfrgononoo ozuj
ozuj,,
>. Eo
Eotbr
tbr`o
`ojb
jbss y ^
^bo
boat
at`v
`vfs3
fs3 `gk`
`gk`ao
aono
no prbs
prbsbg
bga`
a`oo eu
euyy prfn
prfnon
onjbjb kb ugo
ugo
oe`go.
Jfs `gstruebgtfs kb jonfrotfr`f sfg `gk`spbgsonjbs poro jo  Q` bj afjfr kbj `gk`aor sb tfrgono oeor`jjf f
okbauoko rboj`zoa`ñg kb jo prïat`ao y pfr jf togtf su nubg oeor`jjf-gorogco, jo k`sfjua`ñg bro j`hbroebgtb
usf y rbspbat`vf au`kokf, loab kb jo bxpbr`bga`o ojhf ïa`ko, pfr jf qub sb pfkråo trotor kb ug ojaogf
nbgbd`a`fsf poro qu`bg
qu`bg bcbauto jo prïat`ao. f ug ojaf
ojaflf
lfjj pfr jf qub qub sb pr prfa
fabk
bk`ñ
`ñ o
>.?. Eotb
Eotbr`ojb
r`ojbs3
s3 @@@. Bg afgt`guor
bs
bstb aosfafg
tb aosf sbbj ok`a
s`hu`bgtb
ok`a`fgf posf.
`fgf ?= hfto
hftoss kb ohuo
ohuo
 ?> tunfs kb bgsoyf
kbst`joko y 2 hftos kb ]breoghogotf kb pftos`f, sb
>
 oh`tf bj tunf afg au`kokf pfr oprfx`eokoebgtb ug
e`gutf. Jubhf sb tuvf bg aubgto jf s`hu`bgtb3
 Q` posokf bj t`bepf sb fnsbrvono jo dfreoa`ñg
kb ug prba`p`tokf afjfr aodà, sb trotono kb ug
ojkblåkf f ug ojqubgf.
 ]brf s` pfr bj afgtror`f gf faurråo aoen`f y jo
>. Btogfj3
ebzajo pbreogbaåo v`fjbto qubråo kba`r qub gf
lonåo faurr`kf rboaa`ñg pfr jf togtf sb pfkråo A L 1 A L > FL + L > F ↞A L 1 A L > FL + L > F
trotor kb jo prbsbga`o kb ug ojaogf, ojaflfj f
abtfgo.
@T. Bg bj aosf bg qub bj afepubstf dubro ug ojkblåkf
f ojqubgf, o jfs tunfs sb jbs ok`a`fgf ?= hftos kb
rboat`
rboat`vf
vf kb [fj[fjjbg
jbgs,
s, oh`
oh`tog
togkf
kf suo
suovbe
vbebgt
bgtbb afg
prbaoua`ñg pfr kfs e`gutfs y sb kbcorfg rbpfsor
pfr 2 e`gutfs. Bg bstb prfabk`e`bgtf toen`àg sb 1. K`bt`joe`go3
tuv`brfg bg aubgto jf s`hu`bgtb3
 Q` posokf bj t`bepf sb fnsbrvono jo dfreoa`ñg
;. ]rfpogfj3
kb ug prba`p`tokf f ug bspbcf kb pjoto, sb A L 1 A L > A L > FL +L >
F ↞ A L 1 A L > A L > FL +L >
F

trotoråo kb ug ojkblåkf. 2. g-lbptogf3

 Q` gf sb fns fnsbrv
brvono
ono g`g
g`ghóg
hóg prb
prba`p
a`p`to
`tokf
kf sb
trotono kb ug ojqubgf. A L1 ¶

N. ^boaa
^boaa`fgbs
`fgbs afg ]
]breo
breoghogo
ghogotf
tf k
kbb pf
pftos`
tos`f3
f3
;. ^bsujtokfs y Ogïj`s`s3
;.?. ^bsu
^bsujtokf
jtokfs3
s3  ]rfpogfj3
AL AL ALF IE g F A L A L AF F Eg F I
1 > ; 1 > >
[onjo 1. ^bsujtokfs hrupfs duga`fgojbs y bsaojo kb pL. + ↞ ∞ + +
[unf Gfenrb kb jo Hrupf pL
G½ sustoga`o duga`fgoj (Bsaojo)  g-lbptogf3
Ïa`kf Ïa`kf A L1 ¶
? oaàt`af aornfxåj`af ?
> Btogfj Ojaflfj 2 A. ^bo
^boaa`
aa`ñg
ñg afg
afg rboa
rboat`v
t`vff kb [fj
[fjjbg
jbgs3
s3
1 K`bt`joe`go Oe`go ?1 A L 1 A L > A L F + Oh ¶
; ]rfpogoj Ojkblåkf ;
2 g- lbptogf Ojaogf 4 @T.1. Ogïj`s`s kb rbsujtokfs3

2. Afgajus`fgbs3
Bg bj prbsbgtb jonfrotfr`f sb jfhrñ rb rbooj`zor bj
rbafgf
rbafgfa`e
a`e`bg
`bgtf
tf b `kb
`kbgt`
gt`d`a
d`aoa`
oa`ñg
ñg kb k`d
k`dbrb
brbgt
gtbs
bs hru
hrupfs
pfs
du
duga
ga`f
`fgo
gojb
jbss afef
afef ïa`kïa`kfs
fs aorn
aornfx
fxåj
åj`a
`afs
fs,, ojaf
ojaflf
lfjb
jbss,
ojkblåkfs, oe`gos, ojaogfs. Oså e`sef jo vbr`d`aoa`ñg kb jo
D`huro ?. Bsaojo kb pL. ^baupbroko kb Y A@[O[@FG Afg?0 Zj prbsbga`o kb k`alfs afepubstfs bg sfjua`fgbs usogkf bj
1=<> U prfabk`e`bgtf y rboat`vfs
rboat`vfs okbauokfs poro jjbv
jjbvorjf
orjf o aonf.

@T.>. ^boaa`fgbs3 sb pubkb afgaju`r qub jfs `gk`aokfrbs ut`j`zokfs bg jo

O. ^boaa
^boaa`fgbs
`fgbs kb jos susto
sustoga`os
ga`os bepjb
bepjbokos
okos eos `kbgt`d`a
`kbg t`d`aoa`ñ
oa`ñgg kb jos doe`doe`j`os
j`os prbsb
prbsbgtbs
gtbs bg afep
afepubstf
ubstfss
ohuo3 frhïg`
frhïg`afs
afs rbv
rbvbjo
bjorfg
rfg bdb
bdbat`
at`vo
voebg
ebgtbtb jo got
goturo
urojbz
jbzoo kb jo
sust
sustog
oga`a`oo ogojogoj`z
`zok
oko,
o, fntb
fntbg`
g`bg
bgkf
kf aoen
aoen`f`fss dås`dås`af
afss
fnsb
fnsbrv
rvon
onjbjbs,
s, oafr
oafrkb
kb afgafg jfsjfs dudugk
gkoeb
oebgtgtfs
fs tbñrtbñr`a
`afs
fs
?. Ïa`kf oaàt`af3 afgs
afgsuj
ujto
tokf
kfs.
s. Bg jos jos sfju
sfjua`
a`fg
fgbs
bs qub
qub rb rbsu
sujt
jtor
orfg
fg bg
rbo
rboaa`
aa`fgb
ogoj`z
ogo fgbs
or sbj sot
j`zor sot`sd
`sdoat
afe oatfr`
afepfr fr`os,
pfrtoeos,
toe`bgjf
tf qub
`bgtf pbr
pbre`t
kb aok oe`t`ñ
aoko `ñ pf
hru
hrupf `kb
`kbgt`
gt`d`a
dugd`aor
duga`forgoj,y,
a`fgoj
sbhóg bj `gk`aokfr afg bj auoj tuvf afgtoatf y jfs aoen`fs
1
kb afjfroa`ñg f dfreoa`ñg kb bspbcfs sbhóg aoko aosf, jfs
auojbs dubrfg kbsar`tfs pugtuojebgtb bg bj ogïj`s`s kb
rbsujtokfs.
4. ^b
^bdb
dbrbg
rbga`
a`os
os N`nj
N`nj`f
`fhr
hrïd
ïd`ao
`aos3
s3
^bdbrbga`os3
?. YA
A@[
@[O[
O[@F
@FG
G _u`
_u`?0?0 Zj 1=<>
1=<> U
>. YA
A@[
@[O[
O[@F
@FG
G @@gs
gs?0
?0 Zj 1=<>
1=<> U
1. YA
A@[
@[O[
O[@F
@FG
G ]ot
]ot?0?0 Zj
Zj 1=<
1=<>
>U
;. YA
A@[
@[O[
O[@F
@FG
G _uå
_uå?0
?0 Zj 1=<>
1=<> U

N`nj`fhrodåo3
?. _u`frbk. (?4 kb ?? kb >=?0). Okbe`o.bku.
Fntbg`kf kb
lttps3//www.oaokbe`o.bku/8;80<22
lttps3//www.oaokbe`o.bku/8;80<22/@kbgt`d`aoa`ñg
/@kbgt`d`aoa`ñg
VkbVhrupfsVduga`fgojbs
VkbVhrupfsVdug a`fgojbs
>. @gst
@gst`tut
`tutff [ba
[bagfjfh
gfjfh`af
`af kkbb Abjo
Abjoyo.
yo. (?
(?44 kb ???? kb >>=?0)
=?0).. Qtukyj`n.bs. Fntbg`kf kb
lttps3//stukyj`n.bs/kfa/>=
lttps3//stukyj`n.bs/kfa/>=>004/hrupfs-duga
>004/hrupfs-duga`fgojbs---`gst`t
`fgojbs---`gst`tutf-tbagfjñh`af-k
utf-tbagfjñh`af-kb-abjoyo
b-abjoyo
1. ]otr
]otr`a
`a`f
`f.. (?
(?44 kb ???? kb >>=?
=?0)
0).. _u`e`ao y ojhf eos. Fntbg`kf kb lttps3//qu`e`aoyojhfeos.afe/qu
lttps3//qu`e`aoyojhfeos.afe/qu`e`ao-
`e`ao-
frhog`ao/ojaflfjbs-ojkbl`kfs-abtfg
frhog`ao/ojaflf jbs-ojkbl`kfs-abtfgos/ojkbl`kfs/
os/ojkbl`kfs/

;. _uåe`ao
lttps3//s`t
frhïg`ao afg [@A. (?8 kb ?? kb >=?0). Fntbg`kf kb
lttps3//s`tbs.hffhjb.afe/s`tb/
bs.hffhjb.afe/s`tb/qu`e`aofrhog`aoafgt
qu`e`aofrhog`aoafgt`as/lfeb/abtfgos
`as/lfeb/abtfgos
G`aos`f, B. (?8 kb ?? kb >=?0).
>=?0). Njfhs pft qu`e`ao. Fntbg`kf kb lttps3//bk`tl
lttps3//bk`tlg`aos`f?=<n;.njf
g`aos`f?=<n;.njfhspft.afe/>=?1/
hspft.afe/>=?1/=;/hrupfs-
=;/hrupfs-
duga`fgojbs.lte

2.
4. Afgabptf.kb. (?0 kb ?? kb >=?0). Fntbg`kf kb
lttps3//afgabptf.kb/pl/

OGB\FQ3

D`h
uro >. Hrok`jjo afg jfs tunfs kb bgsoyf afg jos rbspbat`vos
sustoga`os (ïa`kf oabt`af, g-lbptogfj, k`bt`joe`go, prfpogoj y
btogfj).

;
 D`huro 1. [unf kb bgsoyf afg ïa`kf oaàt`af, kfgkb sb fnsbrvo
jo af
afjf
jfro
roa`
a`ñg
ñg rf
rfco
co,, `gk`
`gk`ao
aogk
gkff jo pr
prbs
bsbg
bga`
a`oo kb ug ïa ïa`k
`kff
aornfxåj`af.

D`huro ;. [unf kb bgsoyf afg btogfj, kfgkb sb fnsbrvo ugo

afjfroa`ñg oeor`jjo ajoro qub `gk`ao jo prbsbga`o kb ug ojaflfj.

2
D`huro 2. [unf kb bgsoyf qub afgt`bgb k`bt`joe`go bg jo qub sb
fnsbrv
fnsbrvoo ugo afj
afjfro
froa`ñ
a`ñgg bgt
bgtrb
rb ozuj
ozuj y efrokf
efrokf,, `gk`ao
`gk`aogkf
gkf jo
prbsbga`o kb ugo oe`go.

D`huro 8. [unfqub
pubkb oprba`or kb bgsoyf qubafjfroa`ñg
t`bgb ugo
t`bgb afgt`bgb g-lbptogf,
oeor`jjf bg jo aubjo
oeor`jjf vbrkfsf, sb
jf qub
`gk`ao jo prbsbga`o kb ug ojaflfj f ojaogf.

D`huro 4. [unf kb bgsoyf qub afgt`bgb prfpogoj bg bj qub sb

fnsbrvo qub t`bgb ugo afjfroa`ñg oeor`jjo, jf qub `gk`ao jo
prbsbga`o kb ug ojaflfj f kb ug ojaogf.
ojaogf.
D`huro <. [unf kb bgsoyf qub afgt`bgb prfpogoj, jo auoj sb jb
ohrbhñ ?= hftos kb ohuo kbst`joko y 2 hftos kb pbreoghogotf kb
pftos`f, pbrf afef sb fnsbrvo, sb dfreñ ug prba`p`tokf kb tfgf
aodà, jf qub pubkb `gk`aor jo prbsbga`o kb ug ojkblåkf f ug
ojqubgf.
4
D`huro 8. [unf kb bgsoyf qub afgt`bgb g-lbptogf, jo auoj sb jb
ohrbhf ?= hftos kb ohuo kbst`joko y 2 hftos kb pbreoghogotf kb
pftos`f, pfr jf qub sb fnsbrvo tfef ugo afjfroa`ñg v`fjbto jf
qub `gk`ao jo prbsbga`o kb ug ojaogf.

D`huro <. [unf kb bgsoyf qub afgt`bgb prfpogoj o jo qub sb jb

ohrbhf ?= hftos kb rboat`vf kb [fjjbgs, bg bj qub posokf bg bj
t`bepf kb rbpfsf sb pukf fnsbrvor jo dfreoa`ñg kb ug bspbcf kb
pjoto, `gk`aogkf
`gk`aogkf jo prbsbga`o kb ug ojkblåkf.