Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
cultivos celulares
vegetales.
Aplicaciones
Producción de metabolitos secundarios
Conservación de germoplasma
Obtención de plantas libres de virus
Producción de haploides
Multiplicación de especies leñosas
Obtención de plantas transgénicas
Producción de metabolitos secundarios por
los cultivos celulares:
Incluyen: alcaloides, terpenoides, esteroides,
antocianinas, antraquinonas, y simple o
polifenoles.
Históricamente:
- Considerados no esenciales.
- Sintetizados por ramificaciones de las rutas
metabólicas primarias.
- Sin función clara.
- Limitados en su distribución tanto en la
planta como en las distintas especies.
- Confieren ventaja selectiva a la planta.
Triosas Fosfato
Cultivo de células vegetales en
Biorreactores
Los cultivos de células vegetales en biorreactores ofrecen un gran
potencial para la producción de metabolitos secundarios, con
importantes aplicaciones en la industria química, farmacéutica o
alimenticia.
Los biorreactores para el cultivo de células vegetales pueden
clasificarse en tres grandes grupos dependiendo del tipo de cultivo:
células en suspensión,
células inmovilizadas
reactores de biopelícula
Nutrientes
Condiciones de cultivo
pH
•Optimización del medio de cultivo y parámetros físico-químicos Tª,luz,HR,
aireación y
agitación
•Adición de elicitores
METHYLJASMO
NATE
β-
CD
INDOLALCALOIDES
Secondary Extracellular
metabolites proteins
production analysis
Fucosterol Peroxidases
Taraxasterol PRs
Β-sitosterol Endochitinases
Xyloglucan-specific fungal
endoglucanase inhibitor protein
WO2010/049563
Resveratrol
Biorreactor 2L
Suspensión
celular
Producción de metabolitos secundarios por
los cultivos celulares:
Importancia biotécnológica:
- Químicos.
Aplicación como químicos: drogas,
sabores, perfumes, pigmentos y agroquímicos.
- Toxicidad.
- Agentes protectores.
Problemas: acumulación en bajos niveles.
Factores importantes:
- Heterogeneicidad e inestabilidad de
expresión génica.
- Producción de metabolitos inversamente
proporcional a la tasa de células en división.
Aplicaciones de los metabolitos secundarios
PRODUCTO USO PLANTA REFERENCIA
rosmarínico
Ajmalicina Antihipertensivo Catharanthus roseus Asada and Shuler, (1989)
Digitoxina Estimulante cardíaco Digitalis lanata and purpurea Alfermann et al., (1980)
OBJETIVO:
Conservar, con la mayor integridad posible, la variabilidad
genética de las poblaciones seleccionadas
Técnicas de propagación vegetativa in vitro
Fridiano Cavara
(1897) found that a
bacterium causes
crown gall in grape
Edward L. Barnard, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Bugwood.org; Mike Ellis, Ohio State University; University
of Georgia Plant Pathology Archive, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org; Wikimedia commons
“A 1907:
plantCrown
tumorgallof
is bacterial
caused by a
origin” bacterium
1907 - Erwin Smith and C.O.
Townsend isolated a bacterium
from galls on daisy. When
inoculated onto other plants,
galls were produced
gall
gall
Smith, E.F. and Townsend, C.O. (1907). A plant-tumor of bacterial origin. Science. 25: 671-673.
Agrobacterium-induced galls do not
require bacterial persistence
White, P.R. and Braun, A.C. (1941). Crown gall production by bacteria-free tumor tissues. Science. 94: 239-241; Photo from Wood, H.N., and Kelman, A. (1987) Phytopathology 77: 991.
Gall tissues can grow indefinitely
without exogenous phytohormones
Auxin
CK
1930s – 1950s,
numerous studies High levels of auxin
and cytokinin are found
in gall tissues
Braun, A.C. (1958) A physiological basis for autonomous growth of the crown-gall tumor cell. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 44: 344–349.
Unusual compounds called opines are
found in many crown galls
The type of opine is determined by the bacterium, not the plant!
Questions raised:
• What are these compounds?
• Do they cause the tumors?
• How and why do the
Octopine-
Octopine bacteria cause the plants to
utilizing
strain make opines?
Nopaline- Nopaline
utilizing
strain 1960s – 1970s,
numerous studies
A few days after inoculation, tumors
become independent of bacteria
When the tissue was
incubated at room
temperature for one
day before heat-
killing the bacteria, no
tumors were formed
Periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus)
stems were inoculated with
When the tissue was
Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and
incubated at room
then incubated at room
temperature for four
temperature for various times,
days before heat-killing
followed by 5 days at 47°C to
the bacteria, many
kill the bacteria
tumors were formed
Viable bacteria are no longer necessary beyond two days post-inoculation. After this period,
tumors become independent of the bacteria, because the bacteria have altered the host
cells, by transferring some factors into them.
Braun, A.C. (1943) Studies on tumor inception in the crown-gall disease. Am. J. Bot. 30: 674-677
Braun called this factor the
tumor inducing principle
time
“The active principle …is responsible for the
conversion of normal cells to neoplastic cells”
“It may be
(2) a normal host constituent that is converted by the bacteria into a tumor-inducing
substance;
(3) a chemical fraction of the bacterial cell that is capable of initiating, as in the case of the
transforming substance (DNA) of the pneumococci, a specific alteration in the host cell;
or
(4) a virus or other agent which is present in association with the crown-gall organism”
Braun, A.C. (1947). Thermal studies on the factors responsible for tumor initiation in crown gall. Am. J. Bot. 34: 234-240.
Braun’s work shortly followed that of
Avery, MacLeod and McCarty
Avery, MacLeod and McCarty
showed in 1944 that non-
pathogenic bacteria were
transformed by the DNA from
heat-killed pathogenic bacteria.
The parallels to the
transformation of plant cells by
Agrobacterium were clear, but
it took many more years to
show conclusively that a similar
mechanism is involved.
Drawing courtesy of Madeline Price Ball: Avery, O., MacLeod, C., and McCarty, M. (1944), Studies on the chemical nature of the substance inducing transformation of pneumococcal types. J. Exp. Med. 79: 137-158.
Virulence can be transferred from one
Agrobacterium to another
Virulence can be transferred by transfer of isolated DNA or bacterial conjugation
A
+ B
DNA
Virulent
B
Agrobacterium Virulence transferred
A by naked DNA (Klein tumor
tumor and Klein, 1953)
A Virulence transferred
Avirulent + time in planta, later
Agrobacterium shown to be due to
B
conjugation of Ti
B plasmid (Kerr, 1969)
No
tumor Co-inoculation
of virulent and A B
avirulent strains
Klein, D.T. and Klein, R.M. (1953). Transmittance of tumor-inducing ability to avirulent crown-gall and related bacteria. J. Bacteriol. 66: 220-228.;
Kerr, A. (1969). transfer of virulence between isolates of Agrobacterium. Nature. 223: 1175-1176.
A large plasmid in gall-inducing
Agrobacterium transfers virulence
Virulent A very large
plasmid was Heat treatment tumor
identified that is removes plasmid heat
present in virulent and makes bacteria
Avirulent
but absent from non-pathogenic
avirulent strains No
tumor
A plasmid Virulent
carrying a genetic + time
tumor
marker (antibiotic
resistance) was Avirulent
shown to be
transferred along tumor
with virulence
Zaenen, I., van Larebeke, N., Teuchy, H., van Montagu, M. and Schell, J. (1974). Supercoiled circular DNA in crown-gall inducing Agrobacterium strains. Journal of Molecular Biology. 86: 109-127. Larebeke, N.V., Engler, G.,
Holsters, M., Den Elsacker, S.V., Zaenen, I., Schilperoort, R.A. and Schell, J. (1974). Large plasmid in Agrobacterium tumefaciens essential for crown gall-inducing ability. Nature. 252: 169-170. Van Larebeke, N., Genetello, C.H.,
Schell, J., Schilperoort, R.A., Hermans, A.K., Hernalsteens, J.P. and Van Montagu, M. (1975). Acquisition of tumour-inducing ability by non-oncogenic agrobacteria as a result of plasmid transfer. Nature. 255: 742-743.
Some DNA from the Ti plasmid is
transferred into the plant cells (1977)
Renaturation kinetics of
Restriction labeled plasmid DNA
enzyme fragments with various
Ti plasmid digestion
unlabeled DNA samples
The key finding
was that Ti Neg. control
(untransformed
plasmid DNA plant DNA)
anneals with DNA from
DNA isolated crown gall
from the crown
gall, meaning Pos. controls
(Ti plasmid)
that the gall
contains Ti DNA
“Our results suggest that the tumor- Increasing amounts of
inducing principle first proposed by Braun labeled Ti plasmid DNA
(1947) is indeed DNA, as many
investigators have long suspected.”
Reprinted from Chilton, M.-D., Drummond, M.H., Merlo, D.J., Sciaky, D., Montoya, A.L., Gordon, M.P. and Nester, E.W. (1977). Stable incorporation of plasmid DNA into higher plant cells: the molecular basis of crown gall tumorigenesis.
Cell. 11: 263-271. with permission from Elsevier. See also Yadav, N.S., Postle, K., Saiki, R.K., Thomashow, M.F. and Chilton, M.D. (1980). T-DNA of a crown gall teratoma is covalently joined to host plant DNA. Nature. 287: 458-461.
Structure and function analysis of the Ti
plasmid
Transfer DNA (T-DNA) moves
T-DNA into the plant cell nucleus. It is
flanked by two direct 25-bp
repeat border sequences,
shown as yellow triangles
pTi
The virulence (vir)
genes are required
for T-DNA
movement into the
plant cell (more on The organization of Ti plasmids
them later) varies between isolates, but all
carry one or more T-DNA region
and one vir region
The T-DNA region: tumor-inducing
genes and opine synthesis genes
Plant cell
Opine synthesis
T4SS to “feed”
T-DNA Agrobacterium
pTi Auxin
synthesis Cytokinin
synthesis
Autonomous
growth
ATP
Opine
permease
Opine
synthases
bacterium
T4SS
• Modifications to the Ti
plasmid
• Regeneration of
transgenic plants from
transformed cells
Untransformed, primary transformant, and progeny
Reprinted from Barton, K.A., Binns, A.N., Matzke, A.J.M. and Chilton, M.-D. (1983). Regeneration of intact tobacco plants containing full
length copies of genetically engineered T-DNA, and transmission of T-DNA to R1 progeny. Cell. 32: 1033-1043, with permission from Elsevier.
The Ti plasmid can be used to introduce
any gene into plants
The discovery that T-DNA was inserted into
the plant genome raised the possibility that
T-DNA “any gene” could be transferred into plants
Gene of Selectable
pTi interest marker
Hoekema, A., Hirsch, P.R., Hooykaas, P.J.J. and Schilperoort, R.A. (1983). A binary plant vector strategy based
on separation of vir- and T-region of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ti-plasmid. Nature. 303: 179-180.
Development of binary vectors that
separate T-DNA and vir genes
T-DNA and the vir genes can be located on separate
plasmids or replicons, making cloning easier Agrobacterium
tumefaciens
T-DNA
Because the Ti The smaller Helper
plasmid is so plasmid is
plasmid
large, a binary introduced into
Binary system was Agrobacterium
vector developed to allow carrying a helper
gene cloning into a plasmid with the
smaller plasmid vir genes
Manipulated in E. coli
Hoekema, A., Hirsch, P.R., Hooykaas, P.J.J. and Schilperoort, R.A. (1983). A binary plant vector strategy based on separation of vir- and T-region of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ti-plasmid. Nature. 303: 179-180.
Transformación genética
Las enzimas de restricción
cortan el gen deseado
1
* La bacteria se reproduce, generando
muchas bacterias con la nueva
característica
Vector intermediario
Plásmido con muchos
hospedadores
1
* Secuencia Gen
Promotor
Gen de
Terminador
Gen
reguladora marcador interés informador
Célula con vector
intermediario
Inserción e integración Plásmido de expulsión
2
*
A. tumefaciens Doble entrecruzamiento
Planta de tabaco
*
transgénica
Plántula
Solución A. tumefaciens MG
Cultivo de células
Callo Explanto
2 Célula transformada Célula planta tabaco Planta de tabaco
3
*Borde izquierdo Oncogenes Gen de opinas Borde derecho
* Borde Secuencia Gen Gen de Gen Borde
Promotor Terminador
izquierdo reguladora marcador interés informador derecho
Regeneration of transgenic plants from
transformed cells
Methods Regenerating plants
had been expressing resistance to the
developed antibiotic kanamycin plated on Negative
earlier to selective medium control
regenerate
whole
plants from
single cells
Reprinted from Vasil, V. and Hildebrandt, A.C. (1965). Differentiation of tobacco plants from single, isolated cells in microcultures. Science. 150: 889-892 and Horsch, R.B., Fry, J.E., Hoffmann, N.L., Eichholtz, D., Rogers, S.G., and Fraley, R.T.
(1985). A simple and general method for transferring genes into plants. Science. 227: 1229-1231. Reprinted with permission from AAAS. See also Sussex, I.M. (2008). The scientific roots of modern plant biotechnology. Plant Cell. 20: 1189-1198.
Applications of Agrobacterium-
mediated transformation
Basic research – plant transformation
allows in vivo study of plant genes
Expression pattern of an
Lobed-leaf phenotype of
auxin-inducible promoter
plants overexpressing
fused to GUS reporter gene
KNAT1 gene
Population
segregating for short-
hypocotyl phenotype
conferred by PHYB
overexpression
Wagner, D., Tepperman, J.M. and Quail, P.H. (1991). Overexpression of phytochrome B induces a short hypocotyl phenotype in transgenic Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 3: 1275-1288; Chuck, G., Lincoln, C.
and Hake, S. (1996). KNAT1 induces lobed leaves with ectopic meristems when overexpressed in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 8: 1277-1289. Casimiro, I., Marchant, A., Bhalerao, R.P., Beeckman, T., Dhooge,
S., Swarup, R., Graham, N., Inzé, D., Sandberg, G., Casero, P.J. and Bennett, M. (2001). Auxin transport promotes Arabidopsis lateral Root Initiation. Plant Cell. 13: 843-852.
Agrobacterium enables novel or
modified genes to be introduced
Transgenic plant Golden rice is a
expressing nutritionally
Bacillus
thuringiensis insecticidal Bt gene enhanced plant
expressing Bt
toxin
Plant cell
expressing Bt
toxin