Instituto Politécnico Nacional

Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica

Unidad profesional Ticomán

Motor ROK KID

ANTEPROYECTO DE UN MOTOR ALTERNATIVO

Materia:

Diseño de Elementos de Motor Alternativo

(1er avance)

Integrantes:

Arreola Nepomuceno Alejandro

Contreras Ramírez Karina
Leon Mendez Brenda Militza
Mercado Barrios Luis Angel

Docente:
ING. HECTOR DIAZ GARCÍA

Ciudad de México, 18 de marzo de 2022

 INTRODUCCIÓN

Los primeros antecedentes de los motores de combustión interna alternativos fueron sin
duda, las máquinas de vapor desarrolladas en el siglo XVIII. Durante la primera revolución in-
dustrial. Las máquinas de vapor se pueden considerar de los primeros ingenios capaces de
producir energía mecánica no natural.

Actualmente todos los motores tér-

FIGURA 1 BEACH AIRCRAFT CON MOTOR ALTERNATIVO
girar un cigüeñal en el que se obtiene un movimiento de rotación.
mico actualmente se derivan de las má-
quinas de vapor. Un motor alternativo de
combustión interna y encendido provo-
cado produce trabajo mecánico haciendo
uso de un ciclo termodinámico denomi-
nado Otto. Los motores de combustión in-
terna alternativos son motores térmicos
en los que los gases resultantes de un
proceso de combustión empujan un ém-
bolo, en el interior de un cilindro que hace

El funcionamiento cíclico de estos motores implica la necesidad de sustituir los gases de

la combustión por nueva mezcla de aire y combustible en el interior del cilindro; este proceso
se denomina renovación de la carga. En este anteproyecto se pretende conocer y valorar los
diferentes criterios para el diseño de elementos y principales unidades accesorias de un motor
alternativo de uso aeronáutico.

2
 ÍNDICE

CONTENIDO
1.PARÁMETROS DEL MOTOR ............................................................................................................ 5
Gráficas comparativas ....................................................................................................................... 7
2.HOJA DE DATOS TÉCNICOS DEL MOTOR .................................................................................... 9
3.DESPIECE TÉCNICO DEL MOTOR................................................................................................ 11
4.CICLO IDEAL PARA UN MOTOR TEÓRICO .................................................................................. 16
5.CICLO TEÓRICO DEL MOTOR TEÓRICO ..................................................................................... 18
6.PRESIÓN MEDIA IDEAL ................................................................................................................. 19
7.RENDIMIENTOS .............................................................................................................................. 19
8.BALANCE TÉRMICO DEL MOTOR................................................................................................. 20
9.DIMENSIONES DEL MOTOR .......................................................................................................... 21
10.ESCALA DE VOLUMEN ................................................................................................................ 22
11.CICLO PRÁCTICO ......................................................................................................................... 52
12.ÁREA DEL CICLO PRÁCTICO ...................................................................................................... 54
13.POTENCIA ABSORBIDA POR EL SOBREALIMENTADOR ......................................................... 54
14.ORDEN DE ENCENDIDO DEL MOTOR ....................................................................................... 54

3
FIGURA 1 BEACH AIRCRAFT CON MOTOR ALTERNATIVO ................................................................... 2
FIGURA 2 ROK KID - MOTOR DE UN GO KART ............................................................................... 5
FIGURA 3 TIPO DE COMBUSTIBLE ................................................................................................... 7
FIGURA 4 NÚMERO DE CILINDROS .................................................................................................. 7
FIGURA 5 POTENCIA REQUERIDA - REVOLUCIONES POR MINUTO ....................................................... 7
FIGURA 6 CC - POTENCIA REQUERIDA ........................................................................................... 7
FIGURA 7 DIÁMETRO DEL CILINDRO (MM) - POTENCIA REQUERIDA..................................................... 7
FIGURA 8 CARRERA (MM) - POTENCIA REQUERIDA .......................................................................... 7
FIGURA 9 CONSUMO DE COMBUSTIBLE - POTENCIA REQUERIDA ....................................................... 8
FIGURA 10 CONSUMO ESPECÍFICO DE COMBUSTIBLE - POTENCIA REQUERIDA ................................... 8
FIGURA 11 PESO EN SECO - POTENCIA REQUERIDA ......................................................................... 8
FIGURA 12 EMPUJE - POTENCIA REQUERIDA .................................................................................. 8
FIGURA 13 RELACIÓN DE COMPRESIÓN - POTENCIA REQUERIDA ....................................................... 8
FIGURA 14 VELOCIDAD DEL CIGÜEÑAL – POTENCIA REQUERIDA ...................................................... 8
FIGURA 15 CICLO OTTO IDEAL PARA UN MOTOR TEÓRICO .............................................................. 18
FIGURA 16 DESPLAZAMIENTO DEL PISTÓN CON RELACIÓN AL ÁNGULO DE GIRO ................................ 52
FIGURA 17 VOLUMEN DEZPLAZADO CON RELACIÓN AL ÁNGULO DE GIRO .......................................... 52
FIGURA 18 VOLUMEN TOTAL DESPLAZADO CON RELACIÓN AL ÁNGULO DE GIRO ................................ 52

TABLA 1 PARÁMETROS DE DISEÑO ................................................................................................. 6

TABLA 2 PARÁMETROS COMPARATIVOS PARA EL DISEÑO DE UN MOTOR ............................................ 9
TABLA 3 OBTENCIÓN DE DATOS POR ANÁLISIS ESTADÍSTICO ........................................................... 10
TABLA 4 DESPIECE TÉCNICO DEL MOTOR...................................................................................... 11
TABLA 5 CÁLCULOS DE TEMPERATURA, ENERGÍA INTERNA, PRESÍON Y VOLUMEN ............................ 18
TABLA 6 ÁNGULO DE FORMA DEL EJE DE LA BIELA ......................................................................... 22
TABLA 7 VALORES DIMENSIONALES DEL PISTÓN ............................................................................ 51

4
 1.PARÁMETROS DEL MOTOR

FIGURA 2 ROK KID - MOTOR DE UN GO KART

[Motor de referencia]

5
 En la siguiente tabla se muestra el resumen de datos con respecto a los 50 motores a investigar con base a la
similitud en el número de cilindros y potencia requerida con respecto a el motor de referencia.

TABLA 1 PARÁMETROS DE DISEÑO

Consumo
Velocidad de Peso del
Altitud Control de Especifico Tipo de
No. Cilindrada Potencia Bore Stroke Refrigeracio Rotacion del Relacion de Metodo de Configuraci Motor y Empuje
# Modelo Ciclo RPMs Combustible Disposicion Critica Combustible Válvulas del Lubricacion Tipo de Aceite
Cilindros n Cigueñal Compresion Ignicion on del Motor Accesorios
Combustible

CC HP mm mm m m/s L kg km/L kg
1 Blaster 200 carabela
4 1 200 14 8500 65 62 Aire 92 Lineal 1550 41.62514 9.5 Bujia 10 Lineal 2 31.66667 25 Aceite SAE 20W 50
2 Dirty Jack carabela4 1 250 17.2 8000 67 66.2 Aire 92 Lineal 1550 38.00715 9.5 Bujia 12 Lineal 2 45.33333 29 Aceite SAE 20W 50
3 Gx 250 cc 4 1 250 17 7000 65.5 66.6 Aire 92 Lineal 1550 34.01785 10.5 Bujia 10 Lineal 2 130 25 Aceite SAE 20W 50
4 R8S 4 1 250 16.5 7000 69.62 62.2 Aire 92 Lineal 1550 32.00473 10.5 Bujia 12 Lineal 2 120 25 Aceite SAE 20W 50
5 C125 4 1 125 9 8000 52.4 49.5 Aire 92 Lineal 1550 45.55962 7.6 Bujia 2.5 Lineal 2 110 45 Aceite SAE 20W 50
6 RZ 200 4 1 200 15 8000 65.5 59 Aire 92 Lineal 1550 38.87754 7.4 Bujia 16 Lineal 2 132 25 Aceite SAE 20W 50
7 R6S 4 1 250 16 7000 65.5 59 Aire 92 Lineal 1550 70.46555 6.2 Bujia 12 Lineal 2 190 25 Aceite SAE 20W 50
8 Vector 4 1 250 16.7 8000 65.5 66.6 Aire 92 Lineal 1550 8.55306 6.0 Bujia 13 Lineal 2 120 34 Aceite SAE 20W 50
9 Kronos 4 1 149.56 9.6 8500 56.6 49.5 Aire 92 Lineal 1550 22.4954 6.4 Bujia 12 Lineal 2 105.1 45 Aceite SAE 20W 50
10 BAT 4 1 150 10.4 7000 57.4 57.8 Aire 92 Lineal 1550 21.07278 6.2 Bujia 14.5 Lineal 2 250 38 Aceite SAE 20W 50
11 Kronos Advanced 4 1 149.56 9.6 8500 56.6 49.5 Aire 92 Lineal 1550 47.80272 9.5 Bujia 12 Lineal 2 105 45 Aceite SAE 20W 50
12 Route 125 4 1 125 7.5 8000 57 57.8 Aire 92 Lineal 1550 44.67507 9.5 Bujia 6 Lineal 2 125 40 Aceite SAE 20W 50
13 MP13C Parazzini 4 1 200 13 3600 88 64 Aire 92 OH 1550 10.85147 9.5 Bujia 6.5 Lineal 2 35 30 Aceite A. Synth LSP Ultra 5W-30
14 MP7C Parazzini 4 1 67 7 3600 70 55 Aire 92 OH 1800 13.64185 9.5 Bujia 3.6 Lineal 2 18 3.6 Aceite A. Synth LSP Ultra 5W-30
15 MP9 Parazzini 4 1 87 9 3600 77 58 Aire 92 OH 1800 12.40168 9.5 Bujia 6.5 Lineal 2 26 3.8 Aceite Kawashina
16 DLE61 2 1 61 6 7500 47 35 Aire 92 Lineal 1800 9.481571 10.5 Bujia 5.6 Lineal 1 1.37 15 6.5 Aceite Castrol Power 1 racing
17 DLE20RA 2 1 20 2.5 9000 32 25 Aire 92 Lineal 1800 17.40757 10.5 NGK CM6 5.3 Lineal 1 0.78 10 5.6 Aceite
18 DLE55RA 2 1 55.6 5.5 8500 45 35 Aire 87 Lineal 1800 10.61033 7.6 NGK CM6 6 Lineal 1 1.7 15 12.8 Aceite Premezclado 30:1
19 L48N 4 1 219 9.3 3600 70 57 Aire 92 Lineal 3000 16.37022 7.4 Bujía 8 Lineal 1 30 18 Aceite Castrol RX Diesel
20 IAME MICRO SWIFT 4 1 60 10 13500 42 43.3 Aire 92 Lineal 1800 106.1033 Bujía 6.2
NGK/BR_EG/BR_EIX/IRIDIUM 7 Lineal 1 105 7 Aceite Premezclado
21 IAME MINI SWIFT4 1 60 10 13000 42.1 43 Aire 92 Lineal 1800 105.8513 Bujía 6.0
NGK/BR_EG/BR_EIX/IRIDIUM 7 Lineal 1 115 7 Aceite Premezclado
22 ROK KID 2 1 55 10 13000 42 39.7 Aire 95 Lineal 1800 75.78807 6.4 Bujía 18 Lineal 1 25 38 14 Aceite Premezclado
23 RCV DF35 4 1 35 3 10000 75 128 Aire 87 Lineal 1800 42.44132 6.2 Bujía 7 Lineal 2 2 0.35 Aceite Premezclado
24 ZENOAH G25 2 1 242 22 6600 72 59.5 Aire 87 Lineal 1800 30.94679 6.5 Bujía 7 Lineal 1 23.1 15 Aceite Premezclado
25 GOBLER HIRTHMOTOREN2 F33
1 313 25 5200 76 69 Aire 95 Lineal 1800 24.29207 8.1 Bujía 10 Lineal 1 15.89 7 12.7 Aceite Premezclado
26 VERNER 1400 4 2 332.25 42 5500 97 90 Aceite 95 Lineal 1800 22.97082 9.3 Bujía 15 Twin motor 2 37.455 20 1400 Aceite SH/SG 5
27 2si-460F/FE-35 2 1 230 35 6000 69.5 60 Aire 92 Lineal 1550 25.18999 2.5 Bujía 11 Twin motor 1 66 32 2500 Aceite NMMA TC-W
28 2si-460L-50 2 2 227.5 46 6250 69.5 60 Líquido 92 OH 1550 27.47999 17.0 Bujía 11 Twin motor 1 73 3.78 1000 Aceite NMMA TC-W3
29 ZO O3A 2 2 81.3 70 2500 95 94 Aire 92 OH 1550 8.376576 17.0 Bujía Twin motor 1 121 42 108.0899 Aceite NMMA TC-W3
30 Rebel 40 MODEL 2-404 2 132.8 45 2900 67 76 Aire 92 OH 1550 9.501788 4.7 Bujía 44 Twin motor 1 85 5.6 40 Aceite Premezclado
31 Zenoah G-50 2 2 25.4 45 5800 72 59.5 Aire 91 OH 1550 25.64163 6.5 Bujía 24 Twin motor 1 90 31.8 50 Aceite Premezclado
32 kp 250 2 2 124.5 25 6000 77 53.6 Líquido 92 OH 1550 11.98829 11.5 Bujía 14 Twin motor 1 51 14.5 100 Aceite WD-40
33 Rotax 447-UL SCDI2 2 213.25 40 6500 67.5 61 Aire 87 OH 1550 32.06677 10.0 Bujía 11 Twin motor 1 72 18 436.5 Aceite Premezclado
34 Rotax 503UL DCDI2 2 248.35 50 6500 72 61 Aire 87 OH 1550 28.73631 10.0 Bujía 11 Twin motor 1 33.2 15 496.7 Aceite Premezclado
35 Twin Redrive 4 2 362.5 28 3800 72 71.5 Aire 95 OH 1550 15.91549 12.5 Bujía 11 Twin motor 1 4.8 2.6 137 Aceite GTX 20W-50
36 KTM 690 Duke 4 1 690 3 8000 102 84.5 Líquido 91 Lineal 1550 23.40514 12.6 Bujía, chispa doble 14 Lineal 2 149.5 21.7 690 Aceite SAE 15W-50
37 BMW G 310 GS 4 1 313 c 8250 80 62.1 Agua 91 Lineal 1550 36.80458 10.6 Bujía 11 Lineal 2 175 30.3 170 Aceite SAE 15W-50
38 BMW S 1000 XR 4 1 700 74 9250 80 49.7 Aceite 95 Lineal 1550 35.80986 12.5 Bujía 20 Lineal 2 228 28.6 Aceite SAE 15W-50
39 Honda Rebel 300 4 1 286 27 5200 76 63 Líquido 92 Lineal 1550 25.12973 10.7
Encendido transistorizado
11.2 Lineal 2 191 33.2 Aceite SAE 15W-50
40 NEWLAND 198F 4 1 633 15 3000 98 84 Aire 92 Lineal 1550 11.69302 10.7 Bujía 5.5 Lineal 2 57 20 Aceite SAE 15W-50
41 Kubota OC95 4 1 416 8.5 2200 83 77 Aceite 92 Lineal 1550 13.80621 12.0 Bujía 4.4 Lineal 2 55 20 Aceite SAE 15W-50
42 Honda CRF450L 4 1 449 23.6 7500 96 62.1 Líquido 92 Lineal 1550 16.57864 12.0 Bujía 7.6 Lineal 2 131 23.4 Aceite SAE 15W-50
43 Svartpilen 701 4 1 692.7 75 6750 105 80 Líquido 92 Lineal 1550 25.76794 12.8 Bujía 11.2 Lineal 2 161 28.6 Aceite SAE 15W-50
44 CCM Spitfire 4 1 600 55 5500 100 76.5 Líquido 92 Lineal 1550 18.46197 12.0 Bujía 14 Lineal 2 135 14.3 Aceite SAE 15W-50
45 Benelli Imperiale 400
4 1 374 20.79 5500 72.7 90 Aire 90 Lineal 1550 19.70281 8.5 Bujía 12 Lineal 2 200 31.3 Aceite SAE 15W-50
46 AJP PR7 4 1 600 58 6500 100 76.4 Líquido 90 Lineal 1550 19.09859 12.4 Bujía 17 Lineal 2 155 23.8 Aceite SAE 15W-50
47 Beta Alp 200 4 1 199 15 7750 66 58.2 Aire 90 Lineal 1550 43.40589 9.4 Bujía 6 Lineal 2 108 42.5 Aceite SAE 15W-50
48 Caballero Scrambler4 500 1 449 40 7500 94.5 64 Líquido 90 Lineal 1550 28.63105 11.2 Bujía 12 Lineal 2 145 23.8 Aceite SAE 15W-50
49 Royal Enfield Trials4 500 1 499 27.2 5250 84.5 90 Aire 90 Lineal 1550 19.77665 8.5 Bujía 13.5 Lineal 2 192 17 Aceite SAE 15W-50
50 Jawa Forty Two 4 1 293 26.9 6800 76 65 Líquido 90 Lineal 1550 41.88288 11.0 Bujía 14 Lineal 2 172 37 Aceite SAE 15W-50
GRÁFICAS COMPARATIVAS

FIGURA 3 TIPO DE COMBUSTIBLE FIGURA 4 NÚMERO DE CILINDROS

FIGURA 5 POTENCIA REQUERIDA - REVOLUCIONES POR FIGURA 7 DIÁMETRO DEL CILINDRO (MM) - POTENCIA RE-
MINUTO QUERIDA

FIGURA 6 CC - POTENCIA REQUERIDA FIGURA 8 CARRERA (MM) - POTENCIA REQUERIDA

 FIGURA 9 CONSUMO DE COMBUSTIBLE - POTENCIA RE- FIGURA 12 EMPUJE - POTENCIA REQUERIDA
QUERIDA

FIGURA 13 RELACIÓN DE COMPRESIÓN - POTENCIA RE-

FIGURA 10 CONSUMO ESPECÍFICO DE COMBUSTIBLE - PO- QUERIDA
TENCIA REQUERIDA

FIGURA 14 VELOCIDAD DEL CIGÜEÑAL – POTENCIA RE-

FIGURA 11 PESO EN SECO - POTENCIA REQUERIDA QUERIDA
 2.HOJA DE DATOS TÉCNICOS DEL MOTOR
TABLA 2 PARÁMETROS COMPARATIVOS PARA EL DISEÑO DE UN MOTOR

Característica encontrada Valor del motor de Valor del motor modelo Valor pro-
referencia puesto
ROK KID IAME MINI SWIFT
Potencia al freno 10 HP 10 HP 10 HP
Altitud crítica - - -
Combustible Gasolina 95 octa- Gasolina 92 octanos Gasolina 92
nos octanos
Ciclo por utilizar Otto Otto Otto
Velocidad de rotación del 75.78806814 105.8513 24.4765
cigüeñal
Velocidad de rotación de la 75.78806814 105.8513 24.4765
hélice
Disposición de los cilindros Lineal Lineal Lineal
Tipo de enfriamiento Aire Aire Aire
Aproximación de las dimensiones del motor
Diámetro del émbolo 42 mm 42.1 mm 61.265 mm
Carrera del émbolo 39.7mm 43 56.947 mm
Cilindrada 55 cc 60 cc 142.906 cc
Número de cilindros 1 1 1
Relación de compresión 6.1 6 8.6616
Potencia / Cilindro 10 HP 10 HP 10 HP
Velocidad del émbolo - - -
Método de ignición Bujia Bujia Bujia
Control de combustible. 18 7 10.1606
Forma del cigüeñal.
Número y colocación de 2 2 2
válvulas del motor
Colocación del motor en el
avión
Peso del motor y acceso- 25 kg 115 kg 75.115 kg
rios
Consumo de Combustible 38 km/L 7 km/L 24.142 km/L
Tipo de sobrealimentación. no no no
Tipo de lubricación de los Premezclado Premezclado SAE 20W 50
componentes y tipo de
aceite utilizado
TABLA 3 OBTENCIÓN DE DATOS POR ANÁLISIS ESTADÍSTICO

Parametros x y Ecuacion Resul- Com-

(HP) tado pracion
RPM 10 -41.935 x + 7887.3 y=41.935 x 7467.9 13000
+7887.3 5
CC 10 7.5483 x + 67.423 y=7.5483x + 142.90 55
67.423 6
Bore 10 0.6847 x + 54.418 y=0.6847x54.41 61.265 42
8
Stroke 10 0.4374 x + 52.573 y=0.4374x+52.7 56.947 39.7
3
Control de 10 0.0755 x + 9.4056 y=0.0755x+9.40 10.160 18
combustible 56 6
km / L 10 -0.0716 x + 24.858 y=- 24.142 38
0.0716x+24.858
Peso en seco 10 1.2841 x + 62.274 y=1.2841x+62.2 75.115 25
74
Empuje 10 11.743 x + 93.543 y=11.743x+93.5 210.97 14
43 3
Relacion de 10 -0.1194 x + 9.85566 y=-0.1194 x + 8.6616 6.4
P. 9.8566 6
Vel del cigüe- 10 -0.2927 x + 37.648 y=- 34.721 75.7880
ñal 0.2927x+37.648 7

10
 3.DESPIECE TÉCNICO DEL MOTOR
TABLA 4 DESPIECE TÉCNICO DEL MOTOR

Sistema Subsistema Componente Subcompo-

nente
Sección de po- Cilindro Cabeza
tencias Culata
Guias de válvula
Asientos de vál-
vula
Soporte de coji-
netes
Carcasa
Tren de válvulas Válvulas de es-
cape
Válvulas de ad-
misión
Bujias
Pistón Pasador
Tapón
Anillo de com-
presión
Anillo de lubrica-
ción
Anillo de reco-
lector
Balancín
Camisa
Canales de en-
friamiento
Perno
Cigüeñal Deflector de
aceite
Brazo de cigüe-
ñal
Peso de ba-
lance
Perno
Muñón de
apoyo
Piñón
Sello frontal
Polea
Crankcase Volante

11
 Pernos
Biela-Manivela Cojinetes Tuercas
Bujes
Pernos
Metal de biela
Tapeta de biela
Sistema de Lu- Cojinetes de bancada
bricación Cojinetes de biela
Cojinetes de arbol de levas
Taques de valvulas
Bielas de Empuje
Engranes de rantei
Colectores de Aceite
Bomba de Aceite Ensable de en-
granje
Caja
Engrane Impul-
sado
Cubierta
Perno
Anillo
Valvula de alivio
Resorte de val-
vula de alivio
Arandela
Rejilla de presión
Carter de Aceite tapon de dre-
naje
Rejita de suc-
cion
Almohadillas de
montaje del in-
yector de com-
bustible
Conectores de
tuberia de admi-
sión
Elevador de ad-
misión
Anillo de goma
Junta
Surtidor
Refrigerador de Aceite Cubierta

12
 Elemento
Valvula by-pass
Filtro de aceite

Sistema de Inyector Racor

combustible Tubería de re-
(Cárter hú- torno
medo)
Tubería de in-
yección
Perno
Cuerpo del in- Arandela
yector Pasador recto
Guía de atomi-
zador
Válvula de aguja
Resorte secun-
dario
Capacete
Tornillo de regu-
lación
Buje guía
Resorte primario
Barra de empuje
Tuerca de ato-
mizador
Asiento del re-
sorte
Filtro combustible Base
Perno
Tubo de alimen-
tación
Tapón de purga
de aire
Tanque de combustible Tapón de dre-
naje
Manguera de
succión

13
 Manguera de re-
torno
Tubo de respira-
ción
Unidad de indi-
cador de com-
bustible
Soporte
Bomba de inyección Perno
Tubo de aspira-
ción
Tubo de alimen-
tación
Tubo de retorno
Conector
Platillo de aco-
plamiento
Anillo de goma
Válvula de en- Soporte
trega Resorte
Asiento
Sistema de ig- Junta de magnetos
nición Acoplamiento de acciona-
miento
Buje
Tuerca del eje de transmisión
Pasador de chaveta
Cojines de conducción
Adaptador de magneto
Junta de adaptador
Sistema de en- Deflectores
friamiento Branquias o tubos aumentado-
(Aire) res

Sistema de ad- Conducto de aire Conducto supe-

misión rior
Resonador
Anillo
Abrazadera

14
 Manguera de
aspiración
Funda de goma
Válvula de des-
carga de polvos
Cubierta
Elemento
Cuerpo
Válvula de eva-
cuación
Conducto infe-
rior
Conducto de
aire
Manguera de
succión de aire
Filtro de aire
Colector de admisión Cubierta
Tornillo
Válvula de mari-
posa
Tuerca
Espaciador
Arandela de em-
puje
Eje de válvula
Reten de aceite

Buje
acoplador
Sistema de es- Múltiple de escape
cape (down ex- Acoplamientos
haust) Tubo de escape
Punta de escape

15
 4.CICLO IDEAL PARA UN MOTOR TEÓRICO

Resumen de cálculos de ciclo ideal Otto.

Datos Presión Volumen Tempera- Energía Entalpía Entropía
tura
0 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 V0 𝑇𝐴𝑆 - - -
1 P0 E4.3B E4.2 TUH TUH -

Donde:

TAS: Tablas de atmósfera estándar

D.C: Diagrama de compresión de mezclas

TUH: Tablas de temperatura, energía interna y entalpía

GGH: Gráfica de gases quemados

Usando las siguientes condiciones iniciales y valores propuestos mostrados a continuación:

𝑇0 = 518.7 R (obtenido de tabla)

𝑇3 = 2291. 670 R (valor de nuestro motor de referencia)
T6sup=800 R
𝑟𝑐 = 8.6616
𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑅 = 10.72
𝑅
Se comienza con el siguiente factor:
𝑇0
𝑓=
𝑇0 + 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑝 (𝑟𝑐 − 1)
518.7 𝑅
𝑓=
518.7 𝑅 + 800 𝑅 (8.6616 − 1)
518.7 𝑅
𝑓=
518.7 𝑅 + 6129.28 𝑅
518.7
𝑓=
6647.98
𝑓 = 0.0780237

16
En la fórmula anterior b=0 debido a que no tiene sobrealimentación.
➢ Punto 0.
𝑇0 = 518.7 R
𝑃0 = 14.70 psi
𝑉0 = 𝑉2 = 𝑉3

➢ Punto 1.
𝑇1 = 𝑟𝑐 ∙ 𝑓 ∙ 𝑇6𝑠𝑢𝑝

𝑇1 = 8.6616 ∗ 0.0780237 = 0.675810079* 800 = 540.6480639 R

𝑃0 = 𝑃1
𝑛 = 0.352 + (0.00203 ∙ 𝑓)
𝑛 = 0.352 + (. 000158388111)
𝑛 = 0.3521583881
𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑅 ∗ 𝑛 ∗ 𝑇1 (10.72 ) (0.35215838)(540.6480639)
𝑅
𝑉1 = =
𝑃1 14.70 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑉1 = 138.8449633 𝑓𝑡 3

Con los siguientes datos obtenidos de temperaturas sacamos la entalpía de las gráficas.
𝑇0 = 518.7 R 𝑇3 = 𝑇4
𝑇3 = 2291. 670 R (Del motor °C) 𝑢1 = 206.8917 BTU
𝑇3 = 540.6480639 𝑅 ℎ1 =BTU
𝑇6𝑠𝑢𝑝 = 800 𝑅

𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑅 ∙ 𝑛 ∙ 𝑇2 (10.72 ) (0.0327)(961.119009 𝑅)
𝑅
𝑃2 = = = 11.02006956 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑉2 30.57281081 𝑓𝑡 3

17
 5.CICLO TEÓRICO DEL MOTOR TEÓRICO
𝑃
𝛾
𝑃1 𝑉11−2 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑃2) 𝛾
𝑃3 𝑉334
𝑃𝑥 = 𝛾 𝛾12 = 𝑉
1
𝑃𝑥 = 𝛾
𝑉𝑥1−2 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑉2) 𝑉𝑥34
1

TABLA 5 CÁLCULOS DE TEMPERATURA, ENERGÍA INTERNA, PRESÍON Y VOLUMEN

T U P V

1 288.15 206.8917 5.947004892 142.906

2 533.955005 383.3796936 11.0200695 30.57281081
3 1273.15 914.1217 52.5 30.57281081
4 687.0582148 493.3077982 9 142.906

Ciclo Otto Ideal

55

45

35
Presión (psi)

25

15

-15 5 25 45 65 85 105 125 145 165 185

-5
Volumen (ft3)

FIGURA 15 CICLO OTTO IDEAL PARA UN MOTOR TEÓRICO

18
 6.PRESIÓN MEDIA IDEAL

P – Presión media ideal = 11.02006956 𝑝𝑠𝑖

L – Carrera del émbolo = 2.24200787402 in
A – Área del émbolo = 4.56927528553 in2
n – Revoluciones por minuto = 7467.95
k – Número de cilindros = 1

𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 = 𝑃 ∙ 𝐿 ∙ 𝐴 ∙ 𝑛 ∙ 𝑘

7467.95
𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 = 11.02006956 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∙ 2.24200787402 in ∙ 4.56927528553 𝑖𝑛2 ∙ rps ∙ 1 = 13.85737662624 𝐻𝑃
60

Haciendo las correcciones de la potencia tenemos

𝑃𝑐𝑡 = 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 ∙ 𝜂𝑐 ∙ 𝜂𝑣 = 13.85737662624 ∙ 0.90 ∙ 0.94 = 11.6979606258

𝑃02 = 𝑃𝑐𝑡 ∙ 𝜂𝑚 ∙ 𝜂𝑑 = 11.6979606258 ∙ 0.85 ∙ 0.80 = 7.95461322554

7.RENDIMIENTOS

Rendimiento de combustión:

Valor propuesto entre 88 a 96 por ciento, el cual se eligió el 96%

Rendimiento termodinámico:
𝜂𝑡 = 𝑢3−𝑢𝑢2−(𝑢
−𝑢
4 −𝑢1 )
= 0.460347787 = 46.0347787%
3 2
Rendimiento de diagrama:
Valor propuesto entre 75 a 85 por ciento, el cual se eligió el 85%
Rendimiento mecánico:
Valor propuesto entre 80 a 90 por ciento, el cual se eligió el 90%
Rendimiento volumétrico:
Valor propuesto entre 90 a 96 por ciento, el cual se eligió el 96%
Rendimiento económico:
𝜂𝑒 = 𝜂𝑚 ∙ 𝜂𝑐 ∙ 𝜂𝑑 ∙ 𝜂𝑡 = 0.90 ∙ 0.96 ∙ 0.85 ∙ 0.460347787 = 0.33807941477 = 33.807941477%

19
 8.BALANCE TÉRMICO DEL MOTOR

Para el Balance Térmico de la Energía del árbol motriz siendo ésta la misma que la po-
tencia al freno de nuestro motor; obtenemos que:

Energía en el árbol motriz:

𝐸𝑎𝑚 = 𝐵𝑃𝐻 = 10 𝐻𝑃
Energía del ciclo práctico:
𝐸𝑎𝑚 10
𝐸𝑐𝑝 = = = 11.11111111 𝐻𝑃
𝜂𝑚 0.9
Energía de combustión
𝐸𝑐𝑡 11.11111111
𝐸𝑐 = = = 24.13634088158 𝐻𝑃
𝜂𝑡 0.460347787
Energía total liberada:

𝐸𝑎𝑚 10
𝐸= = = 29.57884911982 𝐻𝑃
𝜂𝑒 0.33807941477

Cálculo del consumo de combustible del motor:

𝐵𝑇𝑈 𝐽 𝐽
𝐻𝑐 = 20000 = 21120080 𝐸 = 29.57884911982 𝐻𝑃 = 22056.94779
𝑙𝑏 𝑙𝑏 𝑠

𝐸 22056.94779 𝑙𝑏 𝑙𝑏
𝐶. 𝐶. = = = 0.001044 = 3.75969277
𝐻𝑐 21120080 𝑠 ℎ𝑟

Consumo de aire del motor

𝑙𝑏
𝑅𝑓𝑎 = 15 𝐶. 𝐶 = 3.75969277
ℎ𝑟

𝑙𝑏
𝑐. 𝑎. = 𝑅𝑓𝑎 ∗ 𝐶. 𝐶 = 15 ∗ 3.75969277 = 56.3953915
ℎ𝑟

Consumo especifico de combustible.

𝑙𝑏
𝐸𝑎𝑚 = 10 𝐻𝑃 𝐶. 𝐶. = 3.75969277
ℎ𝑟

𝐶. 𝐶. 3.75969277 𝑙𝑏
𝑐. 𝑒. = = = 0.375969277
𝐸𝑎𝑚 10 𝐻𝑃 ∗ ℎ𝑟

20
 Con base a la Presión media efectiva obtenida en el punto 4 y las características elegidas
en el punto 2 del motor, obtendremos la potencia del ciclo ideal.

P – Presión media ideal = 11.02006956 𝑝𝑠𝑖

L – Carrera del émbolo = 2.24200787402 in
A – Área del émbolo = 4.56927528553 in2
n – Revoluciones por minuto = 7467.95
k – Número de cilindros = 1
7467.95
𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 = 11.02006956 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∙ 2.24200787402 in ∙ 4.56927528553 𝑖𝑛2 ∙ rps ∙ 1 = 13.85737662624 𝐻𝑃
60

Se calculan las potencias del ciclo teórico

𝑃𝑐𝑡 = 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 ∙ 𝜂𝑐 ∙ 𝜂𝑣 = 13.85737662624 ∙ 0.96 ∙ 0.96 = 12.77095829874 HP

𝑃02 = 𝑃𝑐𝑡 ∙ 𝜂𝑚 ∙ 𝜂𝑑 = 12.77095829874 ∙ 0.90 ∙ 0.85 = 9.76978309854 HP

Se realizan los ajustes de los rendimientos para que se cumpla la condición de

+
𝑃1 = 𝑃2 5%
−
Con los valores elegidos para los rendimientos se cumplen las condiciones ya que:
+
10 𝐻𝑃 = 9.76978309854 𝐻𝑃 5%
−

9.DIMENSIONES DEL MOTOR

Para obtener las dimensiones del motor primero comenzamos obteniendo la cilindrada
total.
𝑙𝑏𝑓∗𝑓𝑡 𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝐵𝐻𝑃 = 10 𝐻𝑃 𝑅𝑎𝑓 = 15 𝑅′ = 53.7 𝑇0 = 518.67°𝑅 𝐻𝑐 = 20000
𝑙𝑏∗𝑅 𝑙𝑏

𝑙𝑏𝑓∙𝑓𝑡
𝜂𝑒 = 0.33807941477 𝜂𝑣 = 0.96 𝑛 = 7467.95 𝑅𝑃𝑀 𝐽 = 778
𝐵𝑇𝑈

𝑃 = 5.947004892𝑝𝑠𝑖

2 ∗ 𝐵𝐻𝑃 ∗ 𝑅𝑎𝑓 ∗ 𝑅′ ∗ 𝑇0
𝑄=
𝜂𝑒 ∗ 𝜂𝑣 ∗ 𝑛 ∗ 𝐻𝑐 ∗ 𝐽 ∗ 𝑃

2 ∗ (10 ∗ 6600) ∗ 15 ∗ 53.7 ∗ 518.67

𝑄=
0.33807941477 ∗ 0.96 ∗ 124.46583333333 ∗ 20000 ∗ 778 ∗ 5.947004892

21
 𝑄 = 14.75373143863 𝑖𝑛3

Obtención del diámetro del embolo.

4∗𝑄 3 4 ∗ 14.75373143863
𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑏 = 3√ = √ = 2.72385839815 𝑖𝑛
𝐿 1 ∗ 0.9295193014 ∗ 𝜋
𝑘∗ ∗𝜋
𝑑
Obtención del área del embolo.
2
𝜋 ∗ 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑏 𝜋 ∗ 2.72385839815 2
𝐴𝑒𝑚𝑏 = = = 5.82718672526 𝑖𝑛2
4 4
Desplazamiento del embolo.

𝑙
𝐿 = 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑏 ∗ = 2.72385839815 ∗ 0.9295193014 = 2.53187895536 𝑖𝑛
𝑑
Radio de la manivela.

𝑙 2.24200787402
𝑟 = = = 1.12100393701 𝑖𝑛
2 2
Longitud de la Biela

𝐿
𝑍= = 3.5 𝑎 4.5 𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 4
𝑟
𝐿 = 4 ∗ 1.12100393701 = 4,48401574804 𝑖𝑛

10.ESCALA DE VOLUMEN
TABLA 6 ÁNGULO DE FORMA DEL EJE DE LA BIELA

Θ Rad X Vd Vt S

0 0 0 0 142.906 0

1 0.01745329 0.00020867 0.0012161 142.907216 0.614542079

2 0.03490659 0.00083459 0.00486383 142.910864 1.703365042

3 0.05235988 0.00187746 0.01094148 142.916941 2.233580068

4 0.06981317 0.00333679 0.01944617 142.925446 1.933997944

5 0.08726646 0.0052119 0.03037392 142.936374 0.931867939

22
6 0.10471976 0.0075019 0.04371958 142.94972 0.055589288

7 0.12217305 0.01020572 0.05947687 142.965477 0.336359113

8 0.13962634 0.01332208 0.0776384 142.983638 1.421269088

9 0.15707963 0.01684952 0.09819564 143.004196 2.166183756

10 0.17453293 0.02078639 0.12113894 143.027139 2.103077883

11 0.19198622 0.02513084 0.14645753 143.052458 1.256165496

12 0.20943951 0.02988084 0.17413957 143.08014 0.215383933

13 0.2268928 0.03503416 0.2041721 143.110172 0.128490328

14 0.2443461 0.0405884 0.23654107 143.142541 1.105226566

15 0.26179939 0.04654095 0.27123137 143.177231 2.031872604

16 0.27925268 0.05288905 0.30822682 143.214227 2.206158816

17 0.29670597 0.05962974 0.3475102 143.25351 1.558979078

18 0.31415927 0.06675988 0.38906322 143.295063 0.459814554

19 0.33161256 0.07427616 0.4328666 143.338867 0.015809832

20 0.34906585 0.0821751 0.47890002 143.3849 0.78033262

21 0.36651914 0.09045303 0.52714218 143.433142 1.833097463

22 0.38397244 0.09910614 0.57757078 143.483571 2.241975004

23 0.40142573 0.10813044 0.63016258 143.536163 1.818654224

24 0.41887902 0.11752177 0.68489336 143.590893 0.760410638

25 0.43633231 0.12727582 0.741738 143.647738 0.012316259

26 0.45378561 0.13738811 0.80067043 143.70667 0.477287171

27 0.4712389 0.14785403 0.86166371 143.767664 1.576659208

28 0.48869219 0.1586688 0.92469001 143.83069 2.21037277

29 0.50614548 0.16982749 0.98972066 143.895721 2.021292091

30 0.52359878 0.18132505 1.05672614 143.962726 1.084878901

23
31 0.54105207 0.19315627 1.12567612 144.031676 0.118449141

32 0.55850536 0.20531581 1.19653947 144.102539 0.228444425

33 0.57595865 0.21779819 1.26928428 144.175284 1.275988052

34 0.59341195 0.23059781 1.34387791 144.249878 2.111479735

35 0.61086524 0.24370894 1.42028699 144.326287 2.159737184

36 0.62831853 0.25712575 1.49847742 144.404477 1.402282756

37 0.64577182 0.27084225 1.57841445 144.484414 0.321003538

38 0.66322512 0.28485237 1.66006266 144.566063 0.062670453

39 0.68067841 0.29914994 1.743386 144.649386 0.952258974

40 0.6981317 0.31372864 1.8283478 144.734348 1.946440966

41 0.71558499 0.32858211 1.91491082 144.820911 2.231340939

42 0.73303829 0.34370384 2.00303727 144.909037 1.687096159

43 0.75049158 0.35908727 2.0926888 144.998689 0.595665471

44 0.76794487 0.37472572 2.18382658 145.089827 0.000219561

45 0.78539816 0.39061246 2.27641129 145.182411 0.633571952

46 0.80285146 0.40674065 2.37040314 145.276403 1.719430329

47 0.82030475 0.42310339 2.46576195 145.371762 2.235555731

48 0.83775804 0.43969372 2.56244709 145.468447 1.921312517

49 0.85521133 0.45650461 2.66041759 145.566418 0.911502869

50 0.87266463 0.47352897 2.75963211 145.665632 0.048919539

51 0.89011792 0.49075963 2.860049 145.766049 0.351991543

52 0.90757121 0.50818942 2.96162631 145.867626 1.440120205

53 0.9250245 0.52581108 3.06432181 145.970322 2.172368233

54 0.9424778 0.54361733 3.16809305 146.074093 2.094417099

55 0.95993109 0.56160084 3.27289735 146.178897 1.23625668

24
56 0.97738438 0.57975425 3.37869183 146.284692 0.202657141

57 0.99483767 0.59807019 3.48543346 146.391433 0.138907116

58 1.01229097 0.61654125 3.59307907 146.499079 1.125537732

59 1.02974426 0.63515999 3.70158539 146.607585 2.042199782

60 1.04719755 0.65391898 3.81090904 146.716909 2.201681694

61 1.06465084 0.67281077 3.9210066 146.827007 1.541127761

62 1.08210414 0.6918279 4.03183461 146.937835 0.442562671

63 1.09955743 0.7109629 4.14334961 147.04935 0.019734613

64 1.11701072 0.73020834 4.25550814 147.161508 0.800339392

65 1.13446401 0.74955674 4.36826679 147.274267 1.847313158

66 1.15191731 0.76900069 4.48158222 147.387582 2.24171152

67 1.1693706 0.78853275 4.59541118 147.501411 1.803985844

68 1.18682389 0.80814553 4.70971053 147.615711 0.740581455

69 1.20427718 0.82783165 4.82443726 147.730437 0.009255642

70 1.22173048 0.84758374 4.93954854 147.845549 0.49497274

71 1.23918377 0.86739451 5.0550017 147.961002 1.59416388

72 1.25663706 0.88725665 5.1707543 148.076754 2.214323487

73 1.27409035 0.90716293 5.2867641 148.192764 2.010459249

74 1.29154365 0.92710613 5.40298913 148.308989 1.064501785

75 1.30899694 0.94707912 5.51938769 148.425388 0.108788452

76 1.32645023 0.96707477 5.63591835 148.541918 0.241832394

77 1.34390352 0.98708604 5.75254 148.65854 1.295718156

78 1.36135682 1.00710592 5.86921187 148.775212 2.119622135

79 1.37881011 1.02712748 5.98589353 148.891894 2.153028759

80 1.3962634 1.04714385 6.10254491 149.008545 1.383166527

25
81 1.41371669 1.06714821 6.21912632 149.125126 0.305931936

82 1.43116999 1.08713382 6.33559849 149.241598 0.070159531

83 1.44862328 1.10709402 6.45192256 149.357923 0.97266835

84 1.46607657 1.12702222 6.56806009 149.47406 1.958639997

85 1.48352986 1.14691189 6.68397311 149.589973 2.228838353

86 1.50098316 1.1667566 6.79962409 149.705624 1.67062704

87 1.51843645 1.18654999 6.914976 149.820976 0.576950179

88 1.53588974 1.20628578 7.0299923 149.935992 0.000878134

89 1.55334303 1.22595781 7.14463693 150.050637 0.652747023

90 1.57079633 1.24555997 7.25887437 150.164874 1.735288777

91 1.58824962 1.26508624 7.37266961 150.27867 2.23726792

92 1.60570291 1.28453073 7.48598821 150.391988 1.90838636

93 1.6231562 1.30388761 7.59879624 150.504796 0.891171449

94 1.6406095 1.32315116 7.71106035 150.61706 0.042664515

95 1.65806279 1.34231576 7.82274776 150.728748 0.367893617

96 1.67551608 1.36137586 7.93382626 150.839826 1.45883091

97 1.69296937 1.38032606 8.04426422 150.950264 2.178290401

98 1.71042267 1.39916102 8.15403059 151.060031 2.085497952

99 1.72787596 1.41787552 8.26309495 151.169095 1.216267904

100 1.74532925 1.43646444 8.37142746 151.277427 0.190270131

101 1.76278254 1.45492276 8.47899888 151.384999 0.149694436

102 1.78023584 1.47324558 8.58578059 151.491781 1.145805442

103 1.79768913 1.49142809 8.6917446 151.597745 2.052272687

104 1.81514242 1.50946558 8.79686351 151.702864 2.196941486

105 1.83259571 1.52735347 8.90111057 151.807111 1.523109653

26
106 1.85004901 1.54508728 9.00445962 151.91046 0.425539245

107 1.8675023 1.56266261 9.10688516 152.012885 0.024088643

108 1.88495559 1.5800752 9.20836227 152.114362 0.820422976

109 1.90240888 1.59732089 9.3088667 152.214867 1.861299006

110 1.91986218 1.61439562 9.4083748 152.314375 2.241184552

111 1.93731547 1.63129543 9.50686353 152.412864 1.789094838

112 1.95476876 1.64801649 9.60431049 152.51031 0.720853103

113 1.97222205 1.66455505 9.7006939 152.606694 0.00662951

114 1.98967535 1.68090747 9.79599258 152.701993 0.512863423

115 2.00712864 1.69707024 9.89018596 152.796186 1.611488945

116 2.02458193 1.71303993 9.98325409 152.889254 2.218010908

117 2.04203522 1.72881321 10.0751776 152.981178 1.999375153

118 2.05948852 1.74438687 10.1659378 153.071938 1.044102354

119 2.07694181 1.75975779 10.2555164 153.161516 0.099512985

120 2.0943951 1.77492295 10.343896 153.249896 0.255541484

121 2.11184839 1.78987944 10.4310594 153.337059 1.315349727

122 2.12930169 1.80462444 10.5169903 153.42299 2.127504606

123 2.14675498 1.81915523 10.6016729 153.507673 2.146058754

124 2.16420827 1.83346918 10.6850917 153.591092 1.36392584

125 2.18166156 1.84756376 10.7672321 153.673232 0.29115132

126 2.19911486 1.86143653 10.8480798 153.75408 0.07805282

127 2.21656815 1.87508514 10.9276212 153.833621 0.993088509

128 2.23402144 1.88850734 11.0058431 153.911843 1.970593535

129 2.25147474 1.90170095 11.0827328 153.988733 2.226072327

130 2.26892803 1.91466389 11.1582782 154.064278 1.653961167

27
131 2.28638132 1.92739417 11.2324677 154.138468 0.558404239

132 2.30383461 1.93988986 11.3052901 154.21129 0.001975389

133 2.32128791 1.95214913 11.3767347 154.282735 0.672059216

134 2.3387412 1.96417023 11.4467913 154.352791 1.75093726

135 2.35619449 1.97595148 11.51545 154.42145 2.238716631

136 2.37364778 1.98749127 11.5827016 154.488702 1.895221238

137 2.39110108 1.99878808 11.6485372 154.554537 0.870881421

138 2.40855437 2.00984044 11.7129481 154.618948 0.036827319

139 2.42600766 2.02064698 11.7759265 154.681926 0.384058025

140 2.44346095 2.03120637 11.8374645 154.743464 1.477396128

141 2.46091425 2.04151735 11.8975548 154.803555 2.18395007

142 2.47836754 2.05157874 11.9561906 154.862191 2.076321063

143 2.49582083 2.0613894 12.0133652 154.919365 1.196205576

144 2.51327412 2.07094827 12.0690723 154.975072 0.178228841

145 2.53072742 2.08025433 12.1233062 155.029306 0.160847051

146 2.54818071 2.08930663 12.1760612 155.082061 1.166022833

147 2.565634 2.09810426 12.227332 155.133332 2.062090442

148 2.58308729 2.10664637 12.2771137 155.183114 2.191938292

149 2.60054059 2.11493217 12.3254017 155.231402 1.504929275

150 2.61799388 2.12296088 12.3721914 155.278191 0.408751938

151 2.63544717 2.13073182 12.4174789 155.323479 0.028869748

152 2.65290046 2.13824431 12.4612602 155.36726 0.840575425

153 2.67035376 2.14549773 12.5035317 155.409532 1.875052807

154 2.68780705 2.1524915 12.54429 155.45029 2.240394099

155 2.70526034 2.15922507 12.5835319 155.489532 1.773983824

28
156 2.72271363 2.16569794 12.6212544 155.527254 0.701233631

157 2.74016693 2.17190963 12.6574549 155.563455 0.004439179

158 2.75762022 2.17785971 12.6921308 155.598131 0.530951338

159 2.77507351 2.18354776 12.7252796 155.63128 1.628630378

160 2.7925268 2.18897341 12.7568993 155.662899 2.221434987

161 2.8099801 2.19413631 12.7869876 155.692988 1.988040951

162 2.82743339 2.19903614 12.8155428 155.721543 1.023687829

163 2.84488668 2.2036726 12.8425632 155.748563 0.090627285

164 2.86233997 2.20804541 12.868047 155.774047 0.269565209

165 2.87979327 2.21215433 12.891993 155.797993 1.3348768

166 2.89724656 2.21599912 12.9143997 155.8204 2.135126714

167 2.91469985 2.21957959 12.9352659 155.841266 2.138827472

168 2.93215314 2.22289553 12.9545906 155.860591 1.344566253

169 2.94960644 2.22594678 12.9723727 155.878373 0.276668593

170 2.96705973 2.22873319 12.9886113 155.894611 0.086346428

171 2.98451302 2.23125462 13.0033057 155.909306 1.01351196

172 3.00196631 2.23351095 13.0164551 155.922455 1.982300162

173 3.01941961 2.23550207 13.028059 155.934059 2.223042879

174 3.0368729 2.23722789 13.0381167 155.944117 1.637102138

175 3.05432619 2.23868832 13.0466278 155.952628 0.540035659

176 3.07177948 2.23988332 13.053592 155.959592 0.003510777

177 3.08923278 2.24081281 13.0590089 155.965009 0.691500455

178 3.10668607 2.24147676 13.0628783 155.968878 1.766372765

179 3.12413936 2.24187514 13.0652 155.9712 2.23990186

180 3.14159265 2.24200794 13.0659739 155.971974 1.881819009

29
181 3.15904595 2.24187514 13.0652 155.9712 0.850640581

182 3.17649924 2.24147676 13.0628783 155.968878 0.031410854

183 3.19395253 2.24081281 13.0590089 155.965009 0.400477374

184 3.21140582 2.23988332 13.053592 155.959592 1.495810907

185 3.22885912 2.23868832 13.0466278 155.952628 2.189347076

186 3.24631241 2.23722789 13.0381167 155.944117 2.0668871

187 3.2637657 2.23550207 13.028059 155.934059 1.176076211

188 3.28121899 2.23351095 13.0164551 155.922455 0.16653906

189 3.29867229 2.23125462 13.0033057 155.909306 0.172359562

190 3.31612558 2.22873319 12.9886113 155.894611 1.186183139

191 3.33357887 2.22594678 12.9723727 155.878373 2.071652235

192 3.35103216 2.22289553 12.9545906 155.860591 2.186672225

193 3.36848546 2.21957959 12.9352659 155.841266 1.48659127

194 3.38593875 2.21599912 12.9143997 155.8204 0.392208339

195 3.40339204 2.21215433 12.891993 155.797993 0.034075546

196 3.42084533 2.20804541 12.868047 155.774047 0.86078883

197 3.43829863 2.2036726 12.8425632 155.748563 1.888572463

198 3.45575192 2.19903614 12.8155428 155.721543 2.239340162

199 3.47320521 2.19413631 12.7869876 155.692988 1.758655534

200 3.4906585 2.18897341 12.7568993 155.662899 0.681731105

201 3.5081118 2.18354776 12.7252796 155.63128 0.002685746

202 3.52556509 2.17785971 12.6921308 155.598131 0.549228558

203 3.54301838 2.17190963 12.6574549 155.563455 1.645584274

204 3.56047167 2.16569794 12.6212544 155.527254 2.224595688

205 3.57792497 2.15922507 12.5835319 155.489532 1.976457863

30
206 3.59537826 2.1524915 12.54429 155.45029 1.003265511

207 3.61283155 2.14549773 12.5035317 155.409532 0.082135713

208 3.63028484 2.13824431 12.4612602 155.36726 0.283896955

209 3.64773814 2.13073182 12.4174789 155.323479 1.354293523

210 3.66519143 2.12296088 12.3721914 155.278191 2.142488066

211 3.68264472 2.11493217 12.3254017 155.231402 2.131335252

212 3.70009801 2.10664637 12.2771137 155.183114 1.325093443

213 3.71755131 2.09810426 12.227332 155.133332 0.262490548

214 3.7350046 2.08930663 12.1760612 155.082061 0.095036269

215 3.75245789 2.08025433 12.1233062 155.029306 1.033931286

216 3.76991118 2.07094827 12.0690723 154.975072 1.993758541

217 3.78736448 2.0613894 12.0133652 154.919365 2.219750037

218 3.80481777 2.05157874 11.9561906 154.862191 1.620053673

219 3.82227106 2.04151735 11.8975548 154.803555 0.521852421

220 3.83972435 2.03120637 11.8374645 154.743464 0.005483526

221 3.85717765 2.02064698 11.7759265 154.681926 0.711062662

222 3.87463094 2.00984044 11.7129481 154.618948 1.781592395

223 3.89208423 1.99878808 11.6485372 154.554537 2.240823606

224 3.90953752 1.98749127 11.5827016 154.488702 1.868181625

225 3.92699082 1.97595148 11.51545 154.42145 0.830456772

226 3.94444411 1.96417023 11.4467913 154.352791 0.026417814

227 3.9618974 1.95214913 11.3767347 154.282735 0.417144187

228 3.97935069 1.93988986 11.3052901 154.21129 1.514070418

229 3.99680399 1.92739417 11.2324677 154.138468 2.194481275

230 4.01425728 1.91466389 11.1582782 154.064278 2.057196792

31
231 4.03171057 1.90170095 11.0827328 153.988733 1.155886426

232 4.04916386 1.88850734 11.0058431 153.911843 0.155206425

233 4.06661716 1.87508514 10.9276212 153.833621 0.184226411

234 4.08407045 1.86143653 10.8480798 153.75408 1.206279692

235 4.10152374 1.84756376 10.7672321 153.673232 2.080957311

236 4.11897703 1.83346918 10.6850917 153.591092 2.181143421

237 4.13643033 1.81915523 10.6016729 153.507673 1.468100404

238 4.15388362 1.80462444 10.5169903 153.42299 0.375915964

239 4.17133691 1.78987944 10.4310594 153.337059 0.039703442

240 4.1887902 1.77492295 10.343896 153.249896 0.881055325

241 4.2062435 1.75975779 10.2555164 153.161516 1.901855973

242 4.22369679 1.74438687 10.1659378 153.071938 2.238022744

243 4.24115008 1.72881321 10.0751776 152.981178 1.743112809

244 4.25860337 1.71303993 9.98325409 152.889254 0.662353599

245 4.27605667 1.69707024 9.89018596 152.796186 0.001370088

246 4.29350996 1.68090747 9.79599258 152.701993 0.56768712

247 4.31096325 1.66455505 9.7006939 152.606694 1.662346854

248 4.32841654 1.64801649 9.60431049 152.51031 2.227492979

249 4.34586984 1.63129543 9.50686353 152.412864 1.964627188

250 4.36332313 1.61439562 9.4083748 152.314375 0.98284278

251 4.38077642 1.59732089 9.3088667 152.214867 0.074042448

252 4.39822972 1.5800752 9.20836227 152.114362 0.29852999

253 4.41568301 1.56266261 9.10688516 152.012885 1.373594159

254 4.4331363 1.54508728 9.00445962 151.91046 2.149588304

255 4.45058959 1.52735347 8.90111057 151.807111 2.123582467

32
256 4.46804289 1.50946558 8.79686351 151.702864 1.305513204

257 4.48549618 1.49142809 8.6917446 151.597745 0.248623858

258 4.50294947 1.47324558 8.58578059 151.491781 0.104118073

259 4.52040276 1.45492276 8.47899888 151.384999 1.054339146

260 4.53785606 1.43646444 8.37142746 151.277427 2.004967412

261 4.55530935 1.41787552 8.26309495 151.169095 2.216193833

262 4.57276264 1.39916102 8.15403059 151.060031 1.602819617

263 4.59021593 1.38032606 8.04426422 150.950264 0.503862469

264 4.60766923 1.36137586 7.93382626 150.839826 0.00789265

265 4.62512252 1.34231576 7.82274776 150.728748 0.730737767

266 4.64257581 1.32315116 7.71106035 150.61706 1.796593364

267 4.6600291 1.30388761 7.59879624 150.504796 2.241481868

268 4.6774824 1.28453073 7.48598821 150.391988 1.854311137

269 4.69493569 1.26508624 7.37266961 150.27867 0.810337882

270 4.71238898 1.24555997 7.25887437 150.164874 0.021850689

271 4.72984227 1.22595781 7.14463693 150.050637 0.434050909

272 4.74729557 1.20628578 7.0299923 149.935992 1.532169958

273 4.76474886 1.18654999 6.914976 149.820976 2.199352541

274 4.78220215 1.1667566 6.79962409 149.705624 2.047250922

275 4.79965544 1.14691189 6.68397311 149.589973 1.135642938

276 4.81710874 1.12702222 6.56806009 149.47406 0.144236414

277 4.83456203 1.10709402 6.45192256 149.357923 0.196441883

278 4.85201532 1.08713382 6.33559849 149.241598 1.226305926

279 4.86946861 1.06714821 6.21912632 149.125126 2.090004971

280 4.88692191 1.04714385 6.10254491 149.008545 2.175352033

33
281 4.9043752 1.02712748 5.98589353 148.891894 1.449461568

282 4.92182849 1.00710592 5.86921187 148.775212 0.359882251

283 4.93928178 0.98708604 5.75254 148.65854 0.04575064

284 4.95673508 0.96707477 5.63591835 148.541918 0.901367091

285 4.97418837 0.94707912 5.51938769 148.425388 1.914901432

286 4.99164166 0.92710613 5.40298913 148.308989 2.236441845

287 5.00909495 0.90716293 5.2867641 148.192764 1.727358602

288 5.02654825 0.88725665 5.1707543 148.076754 0.64310919

289 5.04400154 0.86739451 5.0550017 147.961002 0.000492866

290 5.06145483 0.84758374 4.93954854 147.845549 0.586319027

291 5.07890812 0.82783165 4.82443726 147.730437 1.678914458

292 5.09636142 0.80814553 4.70971053 147.615711 2.230126838

293 5.11381471 0.78853275 4.59541118 147.501411 1.952550304

294 5.131268 0.76900069 4.48158222 147.387582 0.96242709

295 5.14872129 0.74955674 4.36826679 147.274267 0.066351478

296 5.16617459 0.73020834 4.25550814 147.161508 0.313457465

297 5.18362788 0.7109629 4.14334961 147.04935 1.392773093

298 5.20108117 0.6918279 4.03183461 146.937835 2.15642711

299 5.21853446 0.67281077 3.9210066 146.827007 2.115569532

300 5.23598776 0.65391898 3.81090904 146.716909 1.285831446

301 5.25344105 0.63515999 3.70158539 146.607585 0.235075072

302 5.27089434 0.61654125 3.59307907 146.499079 0.113587386

303 5.28834763 0.59807019 3.48543346 146.391433 1.074728279

304 5.30580093 0.57975425 3.37869183 146.284692 2.015925591

305 5.32325422 0.56160084 3.27289735 146.178897 2.212374309

34
306 5.34070751 0.54361733 3.16809305 146.074093 1.585403931

307 5.3581608 0.52581108 3.06432181 145.970322 0.48607371

308 5.3756141 0.50818942 2.96162631 145.867626 0.010736943

309 5.39306739 0.49075963 2.860049 145.766049 0.750517711

310 5.41052068 0.47352897 2.75963211 145.665632 1.811372999

311 5.42797397 0.45650461 2.66041759 145.566418 2.241876646

312 5.44542727 0.43969372 2.56244709 145.468447 1.840209693

313 5.46288056 0.42310339 2.46576195 145.371762 0.790291839

314 5.48033385 0.40674065 2.37040314 145.276403 0.017711756

315 5.49778714 0.39061246 2.27641129 145.182411 0.451189914

316 5.51524044 0.37472572 2.18382658 145.089827 1.550104943

317 5.53269373 0.35908727 2.0926888 144.998689 2.20396077

318 5.55014702 0.34370384 2.00303727 144.909037 2.037050335

319 5.56760031 0.32858211 1.91491082 144.820911 1.115352562

320 5.58505361 0.31372864 1.8283478 144.734348 0.133634347

321 5.6025069 0.29914994 1.743386 144.649386 0.209000114

322 5.61996019 0.28485237 1.66006266 144.566063 1.24625538

323 5.63741348 0.27084225 1.57841445 144.484414 2.09879457

324 5.65486678 0.25712575 1.49847742 144.404477 2.169298239

325 5.67232007 0.24370894 1.42028699 144.326287 1.430679776

326 5.68977336 0.23059781 1.34387791 144.249878 0.344114551

327 5.70722665 0.21779819 1.26928428 144.175284 0.052214133

328 5.72467995 0.20531581 1.19653947 144.102539 0.921716358

329 5.74213324 0.19315627 1.12567612 144.031676 1.927707029

330 5.75958653 0.18132505 1.05672614 143.962726 2.234597469

35
331 5.77703982 0.16982749 0.98972066 143.895721 1.711395984

332 5.79449312 0.1586688 0.92469001 143.83069 0.624005957

333 5.81194641 0.14785403 0.86166371 143.767664 5.45E-05

334 5.8293997 0.13738811 0.80067043 143.70667 0.605116257

335 5.84685299 0.12727582 0.741738 143.647738 1.695283545

336 5.86430629 0.11752177 0.68489336 143.590893 2.232497248

337 5.88175958 0.10813044 0.63016258 143.536163 1.940228669

338 5.89921287 0.09910614 0.57757078 143.483571 0.942025967

339 5.91666616 0.09045303 0.52714218 143.433142 0.0590666

340 5.93411946 0.0821751 0.47890002 143.3849 0.32867242

341 5.95157275 0.07427616 0.4328666 143.338867 1.411824825

342 5.96902604 0.06675988 0.38906322 143.295063 2.163004194

343 5.98647933 0.05962974 0.3475102 143.25351 2.107296902

344 6.00393263 0.05288905 0.30822682 143.214227 1.266054192

345 6.02138592 0.04654095 0.27123137 143.177231 0.221850613

346 6.03883921 0.0405884 0.23654107 143.142541 0.123439573

347 6.0562925 0.03503416 0.2041721 143.110172 1.095091506

348 6.0737458 0.02988084 0.17413957 143.08014 2.026631969

349 6.09119909 0.02513084 0.14645753 143.052458 2.208291518

350 6.10865238 0.02078639 0.12113894 143.027139 1.567810705

351 6.12610567 0.01684952 0.09819564 143.004196 0.468494004

352 6.14355897 0.01332208 0.0776384 142.983638 0.01401498

353 6.16101226 0.01020572 0.05947687 142.965477 0.770394454

354 6.17846555 0.0075019 0.04371958 142.94972 1.825928733

355 6.19591884 0.0052119 0.03037392 142.936374 2.24200794

36
356 6.21337214 0.00333679 0.01944617 142.925446 1.825879544

357 6.23082543 0.00187746 0.01094148 142.916941 0.770326607

358 6.24827872 0.00083459 0.00486383 142.910864 0.014003082

359 6.26573201 0.00020867 0.0012161 142.907216 0.468553509

360 6.28318531 7.48E-33 4.36E-32 142.906 1.567870917

361 6.3006386 0.00020867 0.0012161 142.907216 2.208305869

362 6.31809189 0.00083459 0.00486383 142.910864 2.026595936

363 6.33554518 0.00187746 0.01094148 142.916941 1.095022209

364 6.35299848 0.00333679 0.01944617 142.925446 0.123405376

365 6.37045177 0.0052119 0.03037392 142.936374 0.221895092

366 6.38790506 0.0075019 0.04371958 142.94972 1.2661217

367 6.40535835 0.01020572 0.05947687 142.965477 2.107325515

368 6.42281165 0.01332208 0.0776384 142.983638 2.16298224

369 6.44026494 0.01684952 0.09819564 143.004196 1.411760164

370 6.45771823 0.02078639 0.12113894 143.027139 0.328620124

371 6.47517152 0.02513084 0.14645753 143.052458 0.059090716

372 6.49262482 0.02988084 0.17413957 143.08014 0.942095411

373 6.51007811 0.03503416 0.2041721 143.110172 1.940271045

374 6.5275314 0.0405884 0.23654107 143.142541 2.232489623

375 6.54498469 0.04654095 0.27123137 143.177231 1.69522814

376 6.56243799 0.05288905 0.30822682 143.214227 0.60505197

377 6.57989128 0.05962974 0.3475102 143.25351 5.53E-05

378 6.59734457 0.06675988 0.38906322 143.295063 0.624070766

379 6.61479787 0.07427616 0.4328666 143.338867 1.711450697

380 6.63225116 0.0821751 0.47890002 143.3849 2.234604197

37
381 6.64970445 0.09045303 0.52714218 143.433142 1.927663827

382 6.66715774 0.09910614 0.57757078 143.483571 0.921647001

383 6.68461104 0.10813044 0.63016258 143.536163 0.052191418

384 6.70206433 0.11752177 0.68489336 143.590893 0.344167789

385 6.71951762 0.12727582 0.741738 143.647738 1.430743976

386 6.73697091 0.13738811 0.80067043 143.70667 2.169319301

387 6.75442421 0.14785403 0.86166371 143.767664 2.098765075

388 6.7718775 0.1586688 0.92469001 143.83069 1.246187578

389 6.78933079 0.16982749 0.98972066 143.895721 0.20895677

390 6.80678408 0.18132505 1.05672614 143.962726 0.133669823

391 6.82423738 0.19315627 1.12567612 144.031676 1.115421734

392 6.84169067 0.20531581 1.19653947 144.102539 2.037085505

393 6.85914396 0.21779819 1.26928428 144.175284 2.203945522

394 6.87659725 0.23059781 1.34387791 144.249878 1.550044148

395 6.89405055 0.24370894 1.42028699 144.326287 0.45113116

396 6.91150384 0.25712575 1.49847742 144.404477 0.017725123

397 6.92895713 0.27084225 1.57841445 144.484414 0.790359975

398 6.94641042 0.28485237 1.66006266 144.566063 1.840258106

399 6.96386372 0.29914994 1.743386 144.649386 2.241875749

400 6.98131701 0.31372864 1.8283478 144.734348 1.811323044

401 6.9987703 0.32858211 1.91491082 144.820911 0.75045018

402 7.01622359 0.34370384 2.00303727 144.909037 0.010726519

403 7.03367689 0.35908727 2.0926888 144.998689 0.486133941

404 7.05113018 0.37472572 2.18382658 145.089827 1.585463546

405 7.06858347 0.39061246 2.27641129 145.182411 2.212387764

38
406 7.08603676 0.40674065 2.37040314 145.276403 2.015888699

407 7.10349006 0.42310339 2.46576195 145.371762 1.074658882

408 7.12094335 0.43969372 2.56244709 145.468447 0.113554485

409 7.13839664 0.45650461 2.66041759 145.566418 0.235120667

410 7.15584993 0.47352897 2.75963211 145.665632 1.28589864

411 7.17330323 0.49075963 2.860049 145.766049 2.115597262

412 7.19075652 0.50818942 2.96162631 145.867626 2.156404263

413 7.20820981 0.52581108 3.06432181 145.970322 1.39270799

414 7.2256631 0.54361733 3.16809305 146.074093 0.313406136

415 7.2431164 0.56160084 3.27289735 146.178897 0.066376983

416 7.26056969 0.57975425 3.37869183 146.284692 0.962496597

417 7.27802298 0.59807019 3.48543346 146.391433 1.952591849

418 7.29547627 0.61654125 3.59307907 146.499079 2.230118315

419 7.31292957 0.63515999 3.70158539 146.607585 1.67885837

420 7.33038286 0.65391898 3.81090904 146.716909 0.586255289

421 7.34783615 0.67281077 3.9210066 146.827007 0.000495109

422 7.36528944 0.6918279 4.03183461 146.937835 0.643174494

423 7.38274274 0.7109629 4.14334961 147.04935 1.72741261

424 7.40019603 0.73020834 4.25550814 147.161508 2.236447676

425 7.41764932 0.74955674 4.36826679 147.274267 1.91485741

426 7.43510261 0.76900069 4.48158222 147.387582 0.901297849

427 7.45255591 0.78853275 4.59541118 147.501411 0.045729337

428 7.4700092 0.80814553 4.70971053 147.615711 0.359936408

429 7.48746249 0.82783165 4.82443726 147.730437 1.44952529

430 7.50491578 0.84758374 4.93954854 147.845549 2.175372202

39
431 7.52236908 0.86739451 5.0550017 147.961002 2.089974595

432 7.53982237 0.88725665 5.1707543 148.076754 1.226237851

433 7.55727566 0.90716293 5.2867641 148.192764 0.196399697

434 7.57472895 0.92710613 5.40298913 148.308989 0.144273152

435 7.59218225 0.94707912 5.51938769 148.425388 1.135711962

436 7.60963554 0.96707477 5.63591835 148.541918 2.047285227

437 7.62708883 0.98708604 5.75254 148.65854 2.199336398

438 7.64454212 1.00710592 5.86921187 148.775212 1.532108595

439 7.66199542 1.02712748 5.98589353 148.891894 0.433992933

440 7.67944871 1.04714385 6.10254491 149.008545 0.021865518

441 7.696902 1.06714821 6.21912632 149.125126 0.810406279

442 7.71435529 1.08713382 6.33559849 149.241598 1.854358767

443 7.73180859 1.10709402 6.45192256 149.357923 2.241480074

444 7.74926188 1.12702222 6.56806009 149.47406 1.796542651

445 7.76671517 1.14691189 6.68397311 149.589973 0.730670579

446 7.78416846 1.1667566 6.79962409 149.705624 0.007883707

447 7.80162176 1.18654999 6.914976 149.820976 0.503923399

448 7.81907505 1.20628578 7.0299923 149.935992 1.602878619

449 7.83652834 1.22595781 7.14463693 150.050637 2.216206391

450 7.85398163 1.24555997 7.25887437 150.164874 2.004929664

451 7.87143493 1.26508624 7.37266961 150.27867 1.054269673

452 7.88888822 1.28453073 7.48598821 150.391988 0.104086484

453 7.90634151 1.30388761 7.59879624 150.504796 0.248670546

454 7.9237948 1.32315116 7.71106035 150.61706 1.305580062

455 7.9412481 1.34231576 7.82274776 150.728748 2.123609312

40
456 7.95870139 1.36137586 7.93382626 150.839826 2.149564567

457 7.97615468 1.38032606 8.04426422 150.950264 1.373528633

458 7.99360797 1.39916102 8.15403059 151.060031 0.298479652

459 8.01106127 1.41787552 8.26309495 151.169095 0.07406933

460 8.02851456 1.43646444 8.37142746 151.277427 0.982912324

461 8.04596785 1.45492276 8.47899888 151.384999 1.964667898

462 8.06342114 1.47324558 8.58578059 151.491781 2.227483559

463 8.08087444 1.49142809 8.6917446 151.597745 1.662290097

464 8.09832773 1.50946558 8.79686351 151.702864 0.567623959

465 8.11578102 1.52735347 8.90111057 151.807111 0.001373825

466 8.13323431 1.54508728 9.00445962 151.91046 0.66241937

467 8.15068761 1.56266261 9.10688516 152.012885 1.743166101

468 8.1681409 1.5800752 9.20836227 152.114362 2.238027677

469 8.18559419 1.59732089 9.3088667 152.214867 1.901811138

470 8.20304748 1.61439562 9.4083748 152.314375 0.880986225

471 8.22050078 1.63129543 9.50686353 152.412864 0.039683563

472 8.23795407 1.64801649 9.60431049 152.51031 0.375971015

473 8.25540736 1.66455505 9.7006939 152.606694 1.46816363

474 8.27286065 1.68090747 9.79599258 152.701993 2.181162695

475 8.29031395 1.69707024 9.89018596 152.796186 2.080926058

476 8.30776724 1.71303993 9.98325409 152.889254 1.206211366

477 8.32522053 1.72881321 10.0751776 152.981178 0.184185402

478 8.34267382 1.74438687 10.1659378 153.071938 0.155244407

479 8.36012712 1.75975779 10.2555164 153.161516 1.155955279

480 8.37758041 1.77492295 10.343896 153.249896 2.057230228

41
481 8.3950337 1.78987944 10.4310594 153.337059 2.194464236

482 8.41248699 1.80462444 10.5169903 153.42299 1.514008503

483 8.42994029 1.81915523 10.6016729 153.507673 0.417087015

484 8.44739358 1.83346918 10.6850917 153.591092 0.026434097

485 8.46484687 1.84756376 10.7672321 153.673232 0.830525404

486 8.48230016 1.86143653 10.8480798 153.75408 1.868228465

487 8.49975346 1.87508514 10.9276212 153.833621 2.240820914

488 8.51720675 1.88850734 11.0058431 153.911843 1.781540932

489 8.53466004 1.90170095 11.0827328 153.988733 0.710995845

490 8.55211333 1.91466389 11.1582782 154.064278 0.005476067

491 8.56956663 1.92739417 11.2324677 154.138468 0.521914022

492 8.58701992 1.93988986 11.3052901 154.21129 1.620112051

493 8.60447321 1.95214913 11.3767347 154.282735 2.219761698

494 8.6219265 1.96417023 11.4467913 154.352791 1.993719941

495 8.6393798 1.97595148 11.51545 154.42145 1.033861762

496 8.65683309 1.98749127 11.5827016 154.488702 0.095006007

497 8.67428638 1.99878808 11.6485372 154.554537 0.262538308

498 8.69173967 2.00984044 11.7129481 154.618948 1.325159945

499 8.70919297 2.02064698 11.7759265 154.681926 2.13136121

500 8.72664626 2.03120637 11.8374645 154.743464 2.142463439

501 8.74409955 2.04151735 11.8975548 154.803555 1.354227591

502 8.76155285 2.05157874 11.9561906 154.862191 0.283847632

503 8.77900614 2.0613894 12.0133652 154.919365 0.082163958

504 8.79645943 2.07094827 12.0690723 154.975072 1.003335066

505 8.81391272 2.08025433 12.1233062 155.029306 1.976497732

42
506 8.83136602 2.08930663 12.1760612 155.082061 2.22458537

507 8.84881931 2.09810426 12.227332 155.133332 1.645526859

508 8.8662726 2.10664637 12.2771137 155.183114 0.549166001

509 8.88372589 2.11493217 12.3254017 155.231402 0.002690975

510 8.90117919 2.12296088 12.3721914 155.278191 0.681797315

511 8.91863248 2.13073182 12.4174789 155.323479 1.758708102

512 8.93608577 2.13824431 12.4612602 155.36726 2.239344199

513 8.95353906 2.14549773 12.5035317 155.409532 1.88852682

514 8.97099236 2.1524915 12.54429 155.45029 0.860719897

515 8.98844565 2.15922507 12.5835319 155.489532 0.034057099

516 9.00589894 2.16569794 12.6212544 155.527254 0.392264257

517 9.02335223 2.17190963 12.6574549 155.563455 1.486653983

518 9.04080553 2.17785971 12.6921308 155.598131 2.186690605

519 9.05825882 2.18354776 12.7252796 155.63128 2.071620107

520 9.07571211 2.18897341 12.7568993 155.662899 1.186114585

521 9.0931654 2.19413631 12.7869876 155.692988 0.172319751

522 9.1106187 2.19903614 12.8155428 155.721543 0.166578268

523 9.12807199 2.2036726 12.8425632 155.748563 1.17614487

524 9.14552528 2.20804541 12.868047 155.774047 2.066919664

525 9.16297857 2.21215433 12.891993 155.797993 2.189329142

526 9.18043187 2.21599912 12.9143997 155.8204 1.495748454

527 9.19788516 2.21957959 12.9352659 155.841266 0.400421032

528 9.21533845 2.22289553 12.9545906 155.860591 0.031428583

529 9.23279174 2.22594678 12.9723727 155.878373 0.850709421

530 9.25024504 2.22873319 12.9886113 155.894611 1.881865051

43
531 9.26769833 2.23125462 13.0033057 155.909306 2.239898271

532 9.28515162 2.23351095 13.0164551 155.922455 1.766320562

533 9.30260491 2.23550207 13.028059 155.934059 0.691434036

534 9.32005821 2.23722789 13.0381167 155.944117 0.003504805

535 9.3375115 2.23868832 13.0466278 155.952628 0.540097905

536 9.35496479 2.23988332 13.053592 155.959592 1.637159876

537 9.37241808 2.24081281 13.0590089 155.965009 2.223053644

538 9.38987138 2.24147676 13.0628783 155.968878 1.982260715

539 9.40732467 2.24187514 13.0652 155.9712 1.013442409

540 9.42477796 2.24200794 13.0659739 155.971974 0.086317508

541 9.44223125 2.24187514 13.0652 155.9712 0.276717402

542 9.45968455 2.24147676 13.0628783 155.968878 1.344632379

543 9.47713784 2.24081281 13.0590089 155.965009 2.138852542

544 9.49459113 2.23988332 13.053592 155.959592 2.135101199

545 9.51204442 2.23868832 13.0466278 155.952628 1.334810483

546 9.52949772 2.23722789 13.0381167 155.944117 0.269516923

547 9.54695101 2.23550207 13.028059 155.934059 0.090656879

548 9.5644043 2.23351095 13.0164551 155.922455 1.02375737

549 9.58185759 2.23125462 13.0033057 155.909306 1.988079974

550 9.59931089 2.22873319 12.9886113 155.894611 2.221423773

551 9.61676418 2.22594678 12.9723727 155.878373 1.628572317

552 9.63421747 2.22289553 12.9545906 155.860591 0.530889412

553 9.65167076 2.21957959 12.9352659 155.841266 0.004445898

554 9.66912406 2.21599912 12.9143997 155.8204 0.701300253

555 9.68657735 2.21215433 12.891993 155.797993 1.774035657

44
556 9.70403064 2.20804541 12.868047 155.774047 2.240397238

557 9.72148393 2.2036726 12.8425632 155.748563 1.875006363

558 9.73893723 2.19903614 12.8155428 155.721543 0.840506686

559 9.75639052 2.19413631 12.7869876 155.692988 0.028852744

560 9.77384381 2.18897341 12.7568993 155.662899 0.408808699

561 9.7912971 2.18354776 12.7252796 155.63128 1.50499146

562 9.8087504 2.17785971 12.6921308 155.598131 2.191955777

563 9.82620369 2.17190963 12.6574549 155.563455 2.062057441

564 9.84365698 2.16569794 12.6212544 155.527254 1.165954074

565 9.86111027 2.15922507 12.5835319 155.489532 0.160808456

566 9.87856357 2.1524915 12.54429 155.45029 0.178269256

567 9.89601686 2.14549773 12.5035317 155.409532 1.196274018

568 9.91347015 2.13824431 12.4612602 155.36726 2.076352752

569 9.93092344 2.13073182 12.4174789 155.323479 2.183931241

570 9.94837674 2.12296088 12.3721914 155.278191 1.477333155

571 9.96583003 2.11493217 12.3254017 155.231402 0.384002539

572 9.98328332 2.10664637 12.2771137 155.183114 0.036846486

573 10.0007366 2.09810426 12.227332 155.133332 0.870950442

574 10.0181899 2.08930663 12.1760612 155.082061 1.895266476

575 10.0356432 2.08025433 12.1233062 155.029306 2.238712145

576 10.0530965 2.07094827 12.0690723 154.975072 1.750884327

577 10.0705498 2.0613894 12.0133652 154.919365 0.671993223

578 10.0880031 2.05157874 11.9561906 154.862191 0.001970909

579 10.1054564 2.04151735 11.8975548 154.803555 0.558467103

580 10.1229097 2.03120637 11.8374645 154.743464 1.654018254

45
581 10.140363 2.02064698 11.7759265 154.681926 2.226082194

582 10.1578162 2.00984044 11.7129481 154.618948 1.970553244

583 10.1752695 1.99878808 11.6485372 154.554537 0.993018957

584 10.1927228 1.98749127 11.5827016 154.488702 0.078025258

585 10.2101761 1.97595148 11.51545 154.42145 0.291201155

586 10.2276294 1.96417023 11.4467913 154.352791 1.363991571

587 10.2450827 1.95214913 11.3767347 154.282735 2.146082935

588 10.262536 1.93988986 11.3052901 154.21129 2.127478203

589 10.2799893 1.92739417 11.2324677 154.138468 1.315283044

590 10.2974426 1.91466389 11.1582782 154.064278 0.255494259

591 10.3148959 1.90170095 11.0827328 153.988733 0.099543915

592 10.3323492 1.88850734 11.0058431 153.911843 1.044171856

593 10.3498025 1.87508514 10.9276212 153.833621 1.999413326

594 10.3672558 1.86143653 10.8480798 153.75408 2.217998797

595 10.384709 1.84756376 10.7672321 153.673232 1.611430253

596 10.4021623 1.83346918 10.6850917 153.591092 0.512802156

597 10.4196156 1.81915523 10.6016729 153.507673 0.006637715

598 10.4370689 1.80462444 10.5169903 153.42299 0.720920109

599 10.4545222 1.78987944 10.4310594 153.337059 1.789145925

600 10.4719755 1.77492295 10.343896 153.249896 2.241186793

601 10.4894288 1.75975779 10.2555164 153.161516 1.861251768

602 10.5068821 1.74438687 10.1659378 153.071938 0.820354458

603 10.5243354 1.72881321 10.0751776 152.981178 0.024073089

604 10.5417887 1.71303993 9.98325409 152.889254 0.425596824

605 10.559242 1.69707024 9.89018596 152.796186 1.523171294

46
606 10.5766953 1.68090747 9.79599258 152.701993 2.196958076

607 10.5941486 1.66455505 9.7006939 152.606694 2.052238815

608 10.6116019 1.64801649 9.60431049 152.51031 1.1457365

609 10.6290551 1.63129543 9.50686353 152.412864 0.149657076

610 10.6465084 1.61439562 9.4083748 152.314375 0.190311733

611 10.6639617 1.59732089 9.3088667 152.214867 1.216336106

612 10.681415 1.5800752 9.20836227 152.114362 2.085528765

613 10.6988683 1.56266261 9.10688516 152.012885 2.178270677

614 10.7163216 1.54508728 9.00445962 151.91046 1.458767433

615 10.7337749 1.52735347 8.90111057 151.807111 0.367839011

616 10.7512282 1.50946558 8.79686351 151.702864 0.042685109

617 10.7686815 1.49142809 8.6917446 151.597745 0.891240624

618 10.7861348 1.47324558 8.58578059 151.491781 1.908430788

619 10.8035881 1.45492276 8.47899888 151.384999 2.237262537

620 10.8210414 1.43646444 8.37142746 151.277427 1.735235125

621 10.8384947 1.41787552 8.26309495 151.169095 0.652681483

622 10.8559479 1.39916102 8.15403059 151.060031 0.000875147

623 10.8734012 1.38032606 8.04426422 150.950264 0.577013633

624 10.8908545 1.36137586 7.93382626 150.839826 1.670683463

625 10.9083078 1.34231576 7.82274776 150.728748 2.228847323

626 10.9257611 1.32315116 7.71106035 150.61706 1.958598868

627 10.9432144 1.30388761 7.59879624 150.504796 0.972598822

628 10.9606677 1.28453073 7.48598821 150.391988 0.070133338

629 10.978121 1.26508624 7.37266961 150.27867 0.305982774

630 10.9955743 1.24555997 7.25887437 150.164874 1.383231844

47
631 11.0130276 1.22595781 7.14463693 150.050637 2.15305205

632 11.0304809 1.20628578 7.0299923 149.935992 2.119594846

633 11.0479342 1.18654999 6.914976 149.820976 1.295651127

634 11.0653875 1.1667566 6.79962409 149.705624 0.241786251

635 11.0828408 1.14691189 6.68397311 149.589973 0.108820702

636 11.100294 1.12702222 6.56806009 149.47406 1.064571223

637 11.1177473 1.10709402 6.45192256 149.357923 2.010496568

638 11.1352006 1.08713382 6.33559849 149.241598 2.214310479

639 11.1526539 1.06714821 6.21912632 149.125126 1.594104569

640 11.1701072 1.04714385 6.10254491 149.008545 0.494912157

641 11.1875605 1.02712748 5.98589353 148.891894 0.009265328

642 11.2050138 1.00710592 5.86921187 148.775212 0.740648819

643 11.2224671 0.98708604 5.75254 148.65854 1.804036178

644 11.2399204 0.96707477 5.63591835 148.541918 2.241712865

645 11.2573737 0.94707912 5.51938769 148.425388 1.847265134

646 11.274827 0.92710613 5.40298913 148.308989 0.800271123

647 11.2922803 0.90716293 5.2867641 148.192764 0.019720517

648 11.3097336 0.88725665 5.1707543 148.076754 0.442621041

649 11.3271868 0.86739451 5.0550017 147.961002 1.541188841

650 11.3446401 0.84758374 4.93954854 147.845549 2.201697388

651 11.3620934 0.82783165 4.82443726 147.730437 2.042165043

652 11.3795467 0.80814553 4.70971053 147.615711 1.12546863

653 11.397 0.78853275 4.59541118 147.501411 0.138871009

654 11.4144533 0.76900069 4.48158222 147.387582 0.202699911

655 11.4319066 0.74955674 4.36826679 147.274267 1.23632462

48
656 11.4493599 0.73020834 4.25550814 147.161508 2.094447033

657 11.4668132 0.7109629 4.14334961 147.04935 2.172347616

658 11.4842665 0.6918279 4.03183461 146.937835 1.440056241

659 11.5017198 0.67281077 3.9210066 146.827007 0.351937844

660 11.5191731 0.65391898 3.81090904 146.716909 0.048941552

661 11.5366264 0.63515999 3.70158539 146.607585 0.911572171

662 11.5540796 0.61654125 3.59307907 146.499079 1.921356128

663 11.5715329 0.59807019 3.48543346 146.391433 2.23554945

664 11.5889862 0.57975425 3.37869183 146.284692 1.719375967

665 11.6064395 0.56160084 3.27289735 146.178897 0.633506893

666 11.6238928 0.54361733 3.16809305 146.074093 0.000218068

667 11.6413461 0.52581108 3.06432181 145.970322 0.595729487

668 11.6587994 0.50818942 2.96162631 145.867626 1.687151906

669 11.6762527 0.49075963 2.860049 145.766049 2.231349011

670 11.693706 0.47352897 2.75963211 145.665632 1.946399004

671 11.7111593 0.45650461 2.66041759 145.566418 0.952189495

672 11.7286126 0.43969372 2.56244709 145.468447 0.062645643

673 11.7460659 0.42310339 2.46576195 145.371762 0.321055355

674 11.7635192 0.40674065 2.37040314 145.276403 1.402347639

675 11.7809725 0.39061246 2.27641129 145.182411 2.159759583

676 11.7984257 0.37472572 2.18382658 145.089827 2.111451562

677 11.815879 0.35908727 2.0926888 144.998689 1.275920698

678 11.8333323 0.34370384 2.00303727 144.909037 0.228399387

679 11.8507856 0.32858211 1.91491082 144.820911 0.118482694

680 11.8682389 0.31372864 1.8283478 144.734348 1.084948251

49
681 11.8856922 0.29914994 1.743386 144.649386 2.021328552

682 11.9031455 0.28485237 1.66006266 144.566063 2.210358866

683 11.9205988 0.27084225 1.57841445 144.484414 1.576599292

684 11.9380521 0.25712575 1.49847742 144.404477 0.477227301

685 11.9555054 0.24370894 1.42028699 144.326287 0.012327423

686 11.9729587 0.23059781 1.34387791 144.249878 0.760478332

687 11.990412 0.21779819 1.26928428 144.175284 1.818703795

688 12.0078653 0.20531581 1.19653947 144.102539 2.241975452

689 12.0253185 0.19315627 1.12567612 144.031676 1.83304866

690 12.0427718 0.18132505 1.05672614 143.962726 0.780264625

691 12.0602251 0.16982749 0.98972066 143.895721 0.015797201

692 12.0776784 0.1586688 0.92469001 143.83069 0.459873689

693 12.0951317 0.14785403 0.86166371 143.767664 1.559039582

694 12.112585 0.13738811 0.80067043 143.70667 2.206173614

695 12.1300383 0.12727582 0.741738 143.647738 2.031837

696 12.1474916 0.11752177 0.68489336 143.590893 1.105157328

697 12.1649449 0.10813044 0.63016258 143.536163 0.128455492

698 12.1823982 0.09910614 0.57757078 143.483571 0.215427849

699 12.1998515 0.09045303 0.52714218 143.433142 1.256233154

700 12.2173048 0.0821751 0.47890002 143.3849 2.103106936

701 12.2347581 0.07427616 0.4328666 143.338867 2.166162246

702 12.2522113 0.06675988 0.38906322 143.295063 1.421204655

703 12.2696646 0.05962974 0.3475102 143.25351 0.336306344

704 12.2871179 0.05288905 0.30822682 143.214227 0.055612707

705 12.3045712 0.04654095 0.27123137 143.177231 0.931937343

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 706 12.3220245 0.0405884 0.23654107 143.142541 1.934040732

707 12.3394778 0.03503416 0.2041721 143.110172 2.23357289

708 12.3569311 0.02988084 0.17413957 143.08014 1.703309981

709 12.3743844 0.02513084 0.14645753 143.052458 0.614477528

710 12.3918377 0.02078639 0.12113894 143.027139 2.55E-09

711 12.409291 0.01684952 0.09819564 143.004196 0.614606632

712 12.4267443 0.01332208 0.0776384 142.983638 1.703420101

713 12.4441976 0.01020572 0.05947687 142.965477 2.233587244

714 12.4616509 0.0075019 0.04371958 142.94972 1.933955153

715 12.4791042 0.0052119 0.03037392 142.936374 0.931798535

716 12.4965574 0.00333679 0.01944617 142.925446 0.055565873

717 12.5140107 0.00187746 0.01094148 142.916941 0.336411885

718 12.531464 0.00083459 0.00486383 142.910864 1.42133352

719 12.5489173 0.00020867 0.0012161 142.907216 2.166205262

720 12.5663706 2.99E-32 1.74E-31 142.906 2.103048827

TABLA 7 VALORES DIMENSIONALES DEL PISTÓN

Radio cigueñal (manivela) 1.12100397 in

Carrera 2.24200795 in
Longitud de la biela 4.48401589 in
Lamda 0.25
Area del Piston 5.8278 In2

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FIGURA 16 DESPLAZAMIENTO DEL PISTÓN CON RELACIÓN FIGURA 17 VOLUMEN DEZPLAZADO CON RELACIÓN AL ÁN-
AL ÁNGULO DE GIRO GULO DE GIRO

FIGURA 18 VOLUMEN TOTAL DESPLAZADO CON RELACIÓN AL ÁNGULO DE GIRO

11.CICLO PRÁCTICO

Para la apertura y cierre de válvulas:

De acuerdo a la tabla, se proponen los siguientes valores:

Apertura de la válvula de admisión: AVA=15°

Cierre de la válvula de admisión: CVA=30°

Apertura de la válvula de escape: AVE=60°

Cierre de la válvula de escape: CVE=15°

Para el adelanto de chispa:

𝑛𝑆
𝛼0 = 0.375 = 0.56289856 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 32.25171178°
𝑐𝑖

Donde:

n: La velocidad el motor en RPS (124.46583333 RPS)

S: Diámetro del émbolo (2.41200787 in)

ci: La velocidad de flama en ft/s (200 ft/s)

Para el tiempo de combustión:

𝛼𝑓 = 1 − 𝛼0 = 1 − 0.56289856 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 0.43710143 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 25.044067158°

Trazando el ciclo práctico:

50% 𝑃4

FIGURA 19 OBTENCIÓN DEL DIAGRAMA DEL CICLO OTTO PRÁCTICO

53
 12.ÁREA DEL CICLO PRÁCTICO

𝐴 = 2000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 𝑓𝑡 2

FIGURA 20 ÁREA DEL DIAGRAMA DEL CICLO OTTO PRÁCTICO

Á𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑗𝑜 = 2000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 𝑓𝑡 3 = 370.099429 𝐵𝑇𝑈

Calculando la potencia indicada 𝐸𝑐𝑝 :

370.099429 𝐵𝑇𝑈 𝐵𝑇𝑈

𝐸𝑐𝑝 = = 10.574269 = 14.9610389 𝐻𝑃
35𝑠 𝑠
Comparando con la potencia indicada obtenida en el punto 4 (13.85737662624 𝐻𝑃) se puede
observar un incremento del 7.377%.

Calculando la potencia al freno 𝐸𝑎𝑚 :

𝐸𝑎𝑚 = 𝜂𝑚 ∗ 𝐸𝑐𝑝 = 0.88 ∗ 14.9610389 𝐻𝑃 = 13.165714 𝐻𝑃

13.POTENCIA ABSORBIDA POR EL SOBREALIMENTADOR

No aplica para la configuración de motor presentada.

14.ORDEN DE ENCENDIDO DEL MOTOR

El orden de encendido es el mismo debido a que sólo se cuenta con un cilindro para
dicho motor.

54