Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
GALT (gut-associated lymphoid tissue) = MALT (mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue), solo que
MALT se pueden extender a respiratory and urogenital.
- Protégé contra pathogenos
- Permits immunologic tolerance to bacteria and potentially immunogenic dietary en large
instestine.
- Approximately 80% of the immunoglobulin-producing cells are found in the small intestine.
- GALT secretan cytokines that triggers inflammation, reduces Cl-, fluid and mucus secretion.
- Peyer patch son lymphoid follicles cluster with immune cells. tiene immune cells (lymphocytes
and mast cells).
o Tienen las M-cells they uptake of antigens from gut.
o B-cells produces IgA (for defense of mucosal surface).
Non-immunologic mechanism to protect gastric acid, mucin, peristalsis, cell permeability.
Si es la neurona del enterico que activa el epithelio se usa Ca+ con receptores M3 de Ach, pero si es la
histamina directamente que se une al epithelio o un fibroblast es cAMP.
Clincal Correlation:
En los probioticos las mas imp. bacterias o las má s que hay son: Lactobcaillius and bifibacterium.
Los probioticos puede tener un rol en cancer colorectal como medicamento de prevencion:
- Colonization resistance
o Inhibe colonizacion de bacterias malas soltando antimicrobial peptides.
o Bajando el pH
o Directamente interaccionando con patogenos.
- Immunomodulation
o Reduce colonic inflammation o enhace antitumor immunity.
- Enhance gut barrier function
o Aumentan mucin production, produccion de tight-junctions expression and promoted
epithelial restitution.
No todo es bueno, podria esos probiotios entrar y hacer bacterial translocation and systemic invasion
haciendo que cresca antimicrobial resistance (aumentando genes de resistencia). Esto se le conoce como
Dysbiosis (imbalance in the microbiota).
Metabolic effects of the enteric bacteria:
Deficiencia de Lactase:
- Lactase is an enzyme produced in the small intestine that is responsible for breaking down lactose
into simpler sugars, glucose, and galactose
- Se detecta que tiene altos niveles de H2.
When individuals with lactose intolerance consume lactose-containing foods, such as dairy products, the
undigested lactose reaches the colon where it is fermented by bacteria. This fermentation process
produces gases, including hydrogen. The hydrogen gas is then absorbed into the bloodstream and
transported to the lungs, where it can be exhaled. By measuring the levels of hydrogen in the breath,
healthcare professionals can assess the degree of lactose malabsorption.
Regulation of Digestive system
El movimiento de materiales y secreciones a travez del digestive tract son controlladas por (se puede
regular):
- Neural mechanism
o ENS (instrinsico) y ANS (extrinsico) con reflexes locales.
- Hormonal and paracrine mechanisms.
o Para enhace or inhibit smooth muscle contraction and secretion.
- Immune (GALT)
- Local mechano-chemical mechanism.
o Responden a cambios en pH and chemical stimuli.
Neural regulation:
- Es un proceso heradico donde lo primero que
actua es el Enteric System, leugo el autonimic
ganglion, spinal cord, brainstem, higher CNS
centers (hypothalamus).
- The ENS is a “minibrain” with sensory neurons,
interneurons, and motor neurons.
Hunger/Satiety hormones
- Ghrelin es la unica que te da hambre, la demas son para no comer.
- Leptins, CCK, PYY, GLP-1/2
Respuesta fisiologica es a pequenas concetracion lo que hace la hormona/sustancia, la respuesta
farmacologica es lo que hace a altas concetraciones.
- Los colores son respuestas fisiologicas, lo que no está en color son respuestas farmacologicas.
Somatostatin:
- Secreta bicarbonato en el pancreas y bile.
- Stop la acciones de Parietal y Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells and released histamine (HA).
Enterogastrona, Nervous reflexes, Secretin, GLIP, Somatostatin son todas inhibitors de H+ secretion.
Four Basic processes along the digestive system
1. Motility
2. Digestion
3. Secretion
4. Absorption
Motility
- Hay dos tipos de musculos (voluntario) skeletal y smooth (involuntario)
- Contraction types:
o Tonic sustained and prolonged contraction (minimal relaxation)
o Phasic rhythmic, intermittent and repetitive contraction and relaxions.
- Motility Patterns:
o Segmentation
o Peristalsis
1. Skeletal (voluntary) – la boca, faringue, parte de arriba del esofago y external anal sphincter.
2. Smooth: se contract con synaptic y con electrical coupling.
a. Multi/unit smooth muscle cada celula se contracts independiently, se ven en sphincter
que se estan constantemente contracting. No tiene casi gap. junctions
b. Unitary or Single: unit smooth muscle contract coordinated fashion con muchos gap
junctions. Esos gap junctions crean electrically continuous syncytium. Se ve mucho en
active smooth muscle como el uterus and digestive tract donde necesiatas contraction.