ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

nino ivaniaZe

pirovnebis sulieri transformaciis problema

vaJa-fSavelas poemebSi

filologiis doqtoris (Ph.D.)

akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad
warmodgenili disertacia

axali qarTuli literaturis istoria

samecniero xelmZRvanelebi: filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

profesori iuza evgeniZe
filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,
profesori manana kakabaZe

Tbilisi
2009
 sarCevi

Sesavali......................................................................................................................................3
Tavi I
gmiris (`kai ymis~) ideali vaJa-fSavelas TvalTaxedviT ............................11
Tavi II
pirovnebis sulieri transformaciis qristianuli motivebi poemebSi:
`aluda qeTelauri~, `gogoTur da afSina~ da `eTeri~ ................................20
1. `aluda qeTelauri~A ...............................................................................................20
2. `gogoTur da afSina~ .............................................................................................34
3. `eTeri~ ............................................................................................................................42
Tavi III
znesruli pirovnebis socialuri daniSnulebis sakiTxi poemebis:
`stumar-maspinZlis~, `baxtrionis~ da `gvelis-mWamelis~ mixedviT ........52
1. `stumar-maspinZeli~ .................................................................................................52
2. `baxtrioni~ ....................................................................................................................66
3. `gvelis-mWameli~ .......................................................................................................87
Tavi IV
rwmenisa da sindisis problema pirovnebis sulieri transformaciis
sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi .....................................................................................................107
1. `kaci marTali~ ...........................................................................................................107
2. `svindisi~......................................................................................................................117
Tavi V
bunebis gancdis sakiTxi pirovnebis sulieri transformaciis
problemasTan mimarTebaSi ..............................................................................................127
1. pirovnebisa da samyaros cnobieri arsis urTierTdamokidebulebis
sakiTxi..................................................................................................................................127
2. mTa _ pirovnuli zecnobierebis saxe-simbolo poema `mTaTa
erTobis~ mixedviT ........................................................................................................135
daskvna .....................................................................................................................................142
literatura ..........................................................................................................................151

2
 `nuTu adamianis suls ki ara aqvs Tavisi gazafxuli~
vaJa
`jer ars Tquenda meored SobaÁ~
ioane 3.7

Sesavali

vaJa-fSavela, rogorc mwerali da moazrovne, is fenomenia, romelsac

ZaluZs yvelaze gamZle da Rrma azri yvelaze didi gulubryvilobiT
gamoxatos wyaros rakrakSi, ias sicocxleSi; dagvajeros, ra saSinelebaa
uzarmazari lodebis dumili maSin, roca poets maTi ametyveleba surs,
raTa adamianebs, romlebsac erTmaneTis aRara swamT, adamianuri eniT
auwyon WeSmariti da araerTxel Tqmuli sityvebi. vaJas humanizmi
mravalgzis aRniSnula da es miuTiTebs imaze, rom misTvis adamiania
samyaros centrSi. adamiani, romlis yofis, zneobrivi ganviTarebis
winapirobas pirovnebebi qmnian. vaJas gmiri _ gmiria am sityvis
literaturuli da realuri mniSvnelobiT. gmiri socialurad faseuli
is pirovnebaa, romelsac `mTeli Tavisi sazogadoebaSi ganfenilobis
miuxedavad, srulad veravin da veraferi Secvlis, romlis danaklisi
aunazRaurebelia, araTu konkretuli sazogadoebis, aramed mTeli
samyaros mierac ki~ (93:36). vaJas gmirebis ganumeorebloba imdenad uryevi
WeSmaritebaa, rom maT mier gansaxierebul brZolis motivs maTi saxelis
mixedviTac asaTaureben: `zviadauris motivi~, `joyolas motivi~,
`gogoTuris motivi~ (43...).
gmirTa sulieri Sinaarsis xatvis xerxTan mimarTebaSi erTi aseTi
sakiTxi daisva samecniero literaturaSi: pirovnebis sulieri
transformaciis problema. am problemis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva mkvlevris
mier gamoiTqva sayuradRebo da angariSgasawevi mosazrebebi.
grigol robaqiZem, romelic maRal Sefasebas aZlevda vaJa-fSavelas
`gvelis-mWamels~, am poemis Sesaxeb erTi mniSvnelovani werili poetis
sicocxleSive – 1911 wels gamoaqveyna. pirvelad swored aq iyo
gaanalizebuli poemis gmiris _ mindias Sinagani samyaro. gr. robaqiZe

3
werda, rom `mindia gardaiqmna srulebiT, Seicvala suliTa da sxeuliT~.
misi azriT, gmirma gardaqmna sakuTari pirovnebis sulieri
gaTavisuflebiT, samyaros Tavisufali, Sinagani arsis wvdomiT moaxerxa.
es aris `wvdoma sxvisa~, `sxvad qceva~, rac religiis `Semoqmedi
daniSnulebaa~ (103:25-28).
grigol kiknaZis TvalsazrisiT, gvelismWameli mindias `gardaqmnis~
mizezi intuiciis gamaxvilebaa. mkvlevari miuTiTebs, rom `adamianis
gadasxvaferebis~ magaliTebis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs saRvTo werili da
`wmidaTa cxovrebani~ (43:149).
akaki gawerelia 1961 wels statiaSi `qarTuli poeziis dideba~ vaJa-
fSavelas gmirebis sulier gardaqmnas kaTarzisis cnebas ukavSirebda.
mkvlevris TqmiT, isini `gaivlian Rrma zneobrivi krizisis mijnas,
erTgvar kaTarziss~. vaJas gmirebi misi azriT, `zneobrivad axalSobilni
arian~ (19:139-140).
akaki baqraZe sayuradRebo narkvevSi `vaJas mrwamsi~ (15:187-210)
vrclad saubrobs vaJa-fSavelas poemebis gmirebis gardaqmnis _
feriscvalebis Sesaxeb. igi am gardaqmnis sawyis etapebze amaxvilebs
yuradRebas. a. baqraZe ara mxolod gmirTa sulier metamorfozaze,
aramed maTi tragikuli sikvdilis Semdeg TviT sazogadoebis Sinagan
mSvinvier ganwmendaze saubrobs.
pirovnebis Sinagani transformaciis problema miTosuri planiT
gaazrebulia Tamaz Cxenkelis wignSi `tragikuli niRbebi~. mkvlevris
dakvirvebiT, afSinas, aluda qeTelauris, luxumis gvelis, joyola-aRaza-
zviadauris, da bolos, gvelismWameli mindias `feriscvalebis~ miTosuri
modeli `zesknel-qvesknelis saufloSi arsTa gardacvaleba-ganaxlebas
gulisxmobs~ (78:184).
zurab kiknaZe werilSi `baxtrionis dasasruli~, vaJa-fSavelas
humanizmis udides gamovlinebad `baxtrionSi~ gvelis _ satanis keTilad
gardasaxvas miiCnevs. misi azriT, es aris `esqatologiuri legenda~
(48:120).
darejan xergiani narkvevSi `zeaRsvla aluda qeTelauris mixedviT~
(87:140-145), aluda qeTelauris pirovnul transformacias qristianul
motivs _ zneobrivi ganwmendis gzas ukavSirebs.

4
 qristianuli sinanulis motivia vaJa-fSavelas gmirebis sulieri
transformaciis stimuli Tamar SarabiZis wignSi (72... ). am motivis
kvalobazea avtoris mier ganxiluli aluda qeTelaurisa da afSinas
gardaqmna.
problemis Sesaxeb arsebuli literaturis am arasruli
mimoxilvidan Cans, rom qarTul literaturul kritikaSi vaJa-fSavelas
SemoqmedebaSi pirovnebis gardaqmna, metamorfoza calkeul filosofiur
Teoriebze dayrdnobiT aris warmodgenili da am TvalsazrisiT, mxolod
ramodenime poemaa yuradRebis centrSi moqceuli.
naSromis mizania, vaJa-fSavelas epikur TxzulebaTa Seswavlis
safuZvelze warmoaCinos pirovnebis sulieri transformaciis problema
misi socialur-fsiqologiuri da zneobriv-esTetikuri Sinaarsis
mixedviT; daaxasiaTos vaJas gmirebis sulSi mimdinare procesebi da
TvalsaCino gaxados maTi sulieri gamorCeva, amaRleba, am procesis
Sinaarsi da mniSvneloba; aseve, gamokveTos is mxatvruli saSualebebi,
riTac mwerali genialurad axerxebs sakuTari Tvalsazrisis
warmodgenas.
vfiqroT, Cveni amocana moiTxovs pirovnebis xasiaTis socialuri
daniSnulebis kvlevis gaTvaliswinebas literaturis istoriis uwyvet
procesSi.
pirovnebis xasiaTis Camoyalibeba tragediis, rogorc literaturuli
gvaris ganviTarebasTan erTad mimdinareobda. Tumca, misi preistoria
gvamcnobs, rom tragediis gmiramde msoflio xalxTa pirvelyofil
folklorSi arsebobda e.w. kulturuli gmiris saxe (101:114-132). mis
Sesaxeb gadmocemebi win uswrebs rogorc miTis, aseve mxatvruli epikuri
Semoqmedebis ganviTarebas. Tumca, es warmodgenebi ukve Seicavs
xelovnebis, religiis, sazogadoebisa da bunebis Semswavlel
mecnierebaTa Canasaxs. kulturuli gmirebi _ e.w. demiurgebi, adamianis
gemovnebisa da moralis pirveli aRmzrdelebi arian. yoveli axali
Cveulebis Camoyalibebis, axali samuSao Tu sabrZolo iaraRis
warmoSobis da ganviTarebis sxva winapirobebis paralelurad maT Sesaxeb
axali legendebi iqmneba da rogorc wesi, axali monapovari am gmirTa
saxelebs miewereba.

5
 gmiris saxis am pirvandel warmodgenebSi tragikulis gancda jer
kidev ar arsebobs. maTi yoveli nabiji sazogadoebis mier kanonad da
dogmad aRiqmeba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom faqtobrivad, maT SemoaqvT es
kanonebi. es imiT aris gamarTlebuli, rom am periodis gmirebi
`cxovrobdnen~ da `moqmedebdnen~ samyaroSi wesrigis damyarebis epoqaSi.
moRvaweobis Semdeg kulturuli gmiri mSvidad gauCinardeba dedamiwidan
(umravles SemTxvevaSi, romelime astralur sxeulad gadaiqceva).
kulturuli gmiri umaRles safexurs promeTes saxeSi aRwevs, radgan
misi gmiroba WeSmaritad humanuria da tragikulis Canasaxsac Seicavs.
samwuxarod, am eposis uZvelesi saxe Cvenamde moRweuli ar aris.
Tavisi ganviTarebis maRal safexurze kulturul gmirze legenda
SeiZleba gadaizardos religiur miTSi (Tuki mas sakralur-religiuri
datvirTva mieniWeba), an sazRapro eposSi (101:114-132).
rogorc cnobilia, tragediis warmoSoba gmiris sakralizebul saxes
ukavSirdeba. dionises sakulto dResaswaulebze msxverplis danawevreba
da misi Wama, xolo Semdeg misTvis diTirambebis miZRvna, dionises
sikvdilsa da kvlav aRdgomas ganasaxovnebs. miTosuri transformacia
swored am aqts ukavSirdeba. mokluli da Semdeg aRmdgari RmerTi iqca
tragediis simbolod. amitomac `tragedia adasturebs daRupuli,
amaRlebuli xasiaTis ukvdavebas~ (93:24). tragediis gmiris socialuri
xasiaTi da mniSvneloba TandaTan ikveTeboda. antikur epoqaSive igi
rogorc miTosur, aseve sazRapro eposis gavlenas ganicdida. gmiri jer
kidev ar gamoyofda cnobierad Tavis Tavs sazogadoebisagan. antikuri
gmiri dabadebidanve gmiria, magram mTavari is aris, rom es yvelasTvis
cnobilia, amitom TviTdamkvidrebisaTvis brZola ar uwevs. igi
gamorCeulia gansakuTrebuli Tvisebebis an bedis wyalobiT
(`davlaTiania~ _ amas Cven vnaxavT vaJasTanac). gmiri mudmiv brZolasa da
moqmedebaSia, magram ibrZvis mxolod im idealebisa Tu moTxovnebis
dasakmayofileblad, romlebic formaciis mocemul etapze aris
Rirebuli. antikuri gmiri moqmedebs mxolod bedis (moiras) farglebSi.
aseTia elinuri samyaros kosmiuri struqtura: TviT umaRlesi RvTaebac,
bedis sazRvrebSia Caketili. zevsi, romelmac bedis gadawyvetilebiT

6
moipova mamis – kronosis `taxti~, (iseve, rogorc, kronosma – uranosis),
TviTonac Zalauflebis amgvarad dakargvis SiSSia.
aseTi struqturidan Tavis daRweva adamians Tavisi sulieri
ganviTarebis adreul xanaSi ar SeeZlo, Tumca, survili hqonda: xSirad
gmiri bedis sazRvrebsac ebrZvis (an gaurbis), magram mxolod imitom,
raTa erTxel kidev daarwmunos sazogadoeba, rom winaswargansazRvruli
gardauvalia. amis dasadastureblad oidiposis magaliTic kmara.
antikuri gmiri SeiZleba daisajos RmerTebisgan (esec
winaswargansazRvruli bediT) qedmaRlobis gamo. amis magaliTia ukve
miTad qceuli promeTes gmiroba.
miTosuri samyaro dRemde rCeba literaturaSi saxe-ideaTa
gansaxierebis formad.
grigol robaqiZe werda: `miTosi kosmiuri ambavia. Kkosmiuri da ara
`istoriuli~. sallustiusi egeb gagegonoT: Zveli romaeli avtori –
exeba ra attisis miToss, Eeubneba mkiTxvels: `es ar yofila, xolo aris
yovelTvis~. ai, zedmiwevnili formula miTosisa. uxsovar droSi,
sallustiusis dabadebamde qarTveli deda mouTxrobda Svils: `iyo da
ara iyo ra, iyo erTi mzeTunaxavi~, xedavT, qarTvel dedas miTosi
sallustiusamde gaugonia, swored `qarTul genias~…... Tuki `saganis~
qceva `simbolod~ Zalian Znelia, kidev ufro Znelia `ambavis vlineba
miTosad~ (66:54).
Qqristianulma msoflxedvam gmiris axali ideali Seqmna. qristianul
samyaroSi cxovreba adamianisaTvis TviTSemecnebis erTgvar skolas
warmoadgens (89:152-165). am religiis umaRlesi mizani zrdasruli
adamiania, romelic ukve mxatvruli dakvirvebis obieqti ki ara, arCevanisa
da moqmedebis subieqtia.
Tu antikuri tragediis mizezi bedisweris gardauvaloba an
RmerTebis nebaa, romlebic SurisZiebis samarTliT sjian, qristiani
gmiris tragedias misive qmedebebi ganapirobebs. `Tu oidiposi sikeTes
Tesavs da simarTlisTvis iRwvis, amaoa, radgan bedisweram sastikad
gaswira igi, magram risTvis _ ar arsebobs es kiTxva antikuri epoqis
TvalsazrisSi, maRal RmerTTa bedisweris samarTlis mimarT~ (38:30).

7
 qristiani gmiri, romelmac Tavisufali arCevani ganaxorciela, svams
am kiTxvas da pasuxsac eZebs. aseT gmirTa Soris pirvelni agiografiis
personaJebi arian. maTi gza gamocdaa, maradiuli sicocxlisTvis
Rvawlia. borotebasTan brZola, romelic arcerTi antikuri gmiris
mizans ar warmoadgens, agiografiisa da zogadad, qristianuli
eposisaTvis mTavari motivia. qristianul tragediaSi aucileblad unda
iyos uaryofiTi gmiri, romelic am borotebas ganasaxierebs. boroteba
sxivmoklebuli sikeTea da mis gasanaTeblad agiografiis gmirebi
sulieri ZalmosilebiT ibrZvian. maTTvis `golgoTa~ gardauvalia da
misken yovelTvis sakuTari nebiT miemarTebian. TviTSewirvis procesi ki
imdenad gasxivosnebulia maradiuli naTlisaken mimaval gzaze fiqriT da
gansjiT, rom TviT am procesis heroikulobis gancdas aWarbebs. amitom
tragediis formebi agiografiam ver mogvca, Tumca, `wminda mxedarTa~
Tvisebebi rainduli eposis gmirebma imemkvidres.
qarTul sinamdvileSi rainduli instituti `kai ymis~ saxeliTaa
cnobili. kai yma, raindi _ es aris ufro metad zneobrivi principebiT
dadaRuli pirovneba, vidre antikuri gmiri. Tumca, Sua saukuneebis
raindTa Tavgadasavlebi TiTqmis sqemebiviT hgavs erTmaneTs (rogorc
agiografiis wmindanebisa). isini erToblivad qmnian zogad raindul,
zneobriv ideals, xolo individualuri nakleb axasiaTebT.
rainduli eposis qristianuli ideebiT nasazrdoebma literaturam
mogvca gmirTa xasiaTebis Seqmnis im epoqis wina etapi, rogoricaa
aRorZineba. `Seqspiris gmirebs ar SeuZliaT arsebuliT dakmayofileba...
gmiri mudmiv moqmedebasa da gardaqmnaSia da misi sulieri cxovrebis
yoveli axali etapi, araTu winas tolfasia, aramed sruliad ganaxlebul
adamianSi miedineba~ (93:60-61). Seqspiris gmirebis buneba winaaRmdegobrivi
xasiaTiTac gamoirCeva. winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTis mizezi maTi
arasakmarisi sikeTea. agiografiis gmirebi arasrulfasovnebis patara
naperwkals sakuTar TavSi stoikuri cxovrebis wesiT aRmofxvrian da
maT Semdgom cxovrebas sociumisaTvis magaliTis mimcemi funqcia rCeba.
rainduli eposis gmirebi TiTqmis aseTive stoikuri wesiT cxovroben da
maTi Zalebi ukve gareSe borotebis dasaTrgunad aris mimarTuli.

8
 humanizmis epoqaSi es stoikuri cxovrebis wesi ukve moyirWebulia.
samyaroSi dagrovili arasrulfasovnebis daZlevis problemam axali
gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebi moiTxova. Seqspiris tragediaSi TviT
adamians `moaqvs~ sakuTari TavisTvis ubedureba da Semdgom misive
dasaZlevad araadamianuri Zalisxmeva sWirdeba. gmiri, marTalia,
fizikurad nadgurdeba, magram keTili qmedebebiT gamoisyidis danaSauls
da sabolood misi bunebis saTnoebiT aRsavse nawili izeimebs. aseTia
Seqspiris hamleti.
romantizmma bedTan da sinamdvilesTan mebrZoli gmiris axali
Zalebi gamoamzeura. gmiris xasiaTi vlindeba brZolaSi. amiT
literaturuli personaJi emsgavseba yoveli droisa da mimarTulebis
gareT mdgom zRapris personaJs: `gmiri unda aCendes Tavs dro-Jamis
mdinarebaSi, acxadebdes Tavis Sinagan bunebas. dafaruli unda
cxaddebodes gzaSi, faTerakebSi, SexvedrebSi, gadamwyvet wamebSi,
dabrkolebebSi unda cnaurdebodes gmiris Tvisebebi~ (46:252). xolo
zRapris gmirisagan romantikuli epoqis tragediis gmiri Tavisi bediT
gansxvavdeba.
realistur literaturaSi mkveTrad gamovlinda gmiris socialuri
mniSvneloba. amasTanave, igi erovnuli StrixebiTac daitvirTa.
imave XIX-XX saukuneebis literaturaSi warmoiSva da ganviTarda
erTi mxriv, dekadenturi sulis gamomxatveli, nicSesa da misi
mimdevrebis mier Seqmnili individualisturi sulis tragedia da meores
mxriv, dostoevskis adamianuri rwmenisaken Semobrunebuli gmirebis
tragedia. tragikuli gmiris socialuri funqcia da misi xasiaTis
ganviTareba dekadentizmis swored imgvar daZlevas moiTxovda, rogorc
dostoevskis TxzulebebSia warmodgenili.
ai, zogadad tragikuli gmiris xasiaTis ganviTarebis gza. Tu
davukvirdebiT, antikuri mwerlobidan XIX saukunemde gmiris
Camoyalibeba sazogadoebidan misi, rogorc individualuri Tvisebebis
mqone adamianis gamorCeviT aRiniSna, ramac sabolood ganumeorebeli
pirovneba mogvca. tragedia ki sazogadoebrivad Rirebuli, ganumeorebeli
pirovnebis daRupvaSi aisaxa. gmiris tragediis mizezs hegeli `tragikul
brals~ uwodebs, rac mis mier Cadenil qmedebebSi mdgomareobs. am

9
qmedebaTa motivacia ki literaturis istoriis manZilze garemo
pirobebidan nel-nela gadainacvlebs pirovnebis SigniT. amdenad, mxolod
mis garegnul aqtiur ZalebSi ki ar gamoixateba da mimdinareobs
qmnadobis procesi, aramed sulierSic.
qarTuli literaturuli azrovneba dasawyisidanve qristianuli
kulturis monapovariTa da xalxuri zepirsityvierebiT sazrdoobda.
dasavlur da aRmosavlur kulturaTa mijnaze ganviTarebulma qarTulma
mwerlobam, marTalia, aRmosavluri eposis mdidari formebic SeiZina,
magram qristianuli esTetika yovelTvis warmmarTvel funqcias
asrulebda.
genialurma qarTvelma mweralma vaJa-fSavelam uZlieres mxatvrul
saxeebSi warmoaCina bumberazi pirovnebebi, `romlebic cnobierad
gamoyofen Tavis Tavs garemosagan, raTa axleburad, mkveTri SerCeviT
daukavSirdnen mas~ (43:66). vaJas Semoqmed suls yvela is Tviseba
axasiaTebs, romelsac literatura epoqebis ganmavlobaSi amuSavebda _
pirvelqmnili gulubryviloba, miTosuri `ambis vlineba~ da qristianuli
morali. `Tanamedrove qarTvel poetebs Soris vaJa-fSavela yvelaze
idumali da amave dros, yvelaze TviTmyofadi movlenaa. igi yovelgvari
literaturuli skolebis da mimarTulebebis gareSe dgas~, _ werda mis
Sesaxeb gr. robaqiZe (103:43) da amave dros, SeniSnavda vaJas SemoqmedebaSi
gansakuTrebuli STambeWdaobiT moZalebul miTosurs.

10
 Tavi I
gmiris (`kai ymis~) ideali vaJa-fSavelas TvalTaxedviT

`ver maawoneb karg Yymasa,

rac ar ujdeba WkvaSia~

gmirebs, romelTac vaJa-fSavela xatavs, marTlac axasiaTebT miTiuri

STambeWdaoba. qarTveli mwerlis Semoqmedeba jer kidev mis
Tanamedroveebs _ misi geniis pirvel Semfaseblebs gautolebiaT xalxis
`miTebiTa da TqmulebebiT uSualod STagonebuli~ didi poetebisTvis,
mxedruli idealis Tayvaniscemis, diadi suraTebis xatvisa da mis
TxzulebebSi warmosaxuli samyaros momnusxveli uSualobis gamo.**
tician tabiZe sagangebod aRniSnavda im gasaocar movlenas, rom `sxva
mwerlobaSi da literaturis istoriaSi aseTi mwerlebi ibadebian
mwerlobis dawyebisTanave. es aris xalxis kosmogonia~. misi azriT,
aseTebi arian homerosi da virgiliusi (66:149).
vaJa-fSavelam dekadenturi ideebis epoqaSi SeZlo, uSualo poeturi
intuiciiT wvdomoda aqtualur filosofiur sakiTxebs da yovelgvari
`izm~-ebisgan damoukideblad Seeqmna jansaRi eTikur-esTetikuri
Rirebulebebis mxatvruli samyaro. am SemTxvevaSi is sazrdoobda swored
Tavisi xalxis jansaRi fesvebidan, misi miTebidan da legendebidan.
erTi sayuradRebo Tviseba, riTac vaJa-fSavelas gmirebi miTiur
STabeWdilebas axdenen, sagangebod aRniSnul maT `davlaTianobaSi~
vlindeba. `davlaTi~ fSaur dialeqtSi gavrcelebuli terminia. es igive
RvTaebrivi niSania, romelsac sxvadasxva saxecvlilebiT yvela xalxis
miTosSi SexvdebiT. am niSniT gamorCeuli gmiris Tvisebebi imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom mis Sesaxeb gadmocemebSi zogjer moTxrobilia gmiris
saswaulebrivi dabadebis ambavi, anda araCveulebrivi Zalis qona,
romelic Tandayolilia, an Semdgom, zebunebrivi Zalebisganaa SeZenili.
miTosuri gmiri am gansakuTrebulobis demonstracias mTeli sicocxlis
manZilze axdens an saocari fizikuri ZaliT, an e.w. `Samanuri~
xelovnebiT.

**t. tabiZe, d. kasraZe da sxv. qarTveli mwerlebi vaJa-fSavelas Sesaxeb, gv. 149;
298-303.

11
 gansakuTrebul niSans, Zalas floben vaJas gmirebic:
`aluda qeTelauri, kacia davlaTiani,
safixvnos TavSi dajdebis,
sityva maudis gziani~.
aluda Satilis Temis sayvareli ymaa, es Tundac imaSi Cans, rom
safixvnos TavSi svamen da mis `gzian~ rCevas yurs ugdeben.
qisti joyolac Temis sayvareli gmiria, sanam mas ar gadaudgeba. misi
gansakuTrebuloba im `axirebebSic~ Cans, rasac moZmeebi konfliqtur
situaciaSi axseneben. Tanamemamuleebis mier poemis dasasrulisken
aRniSnulia, rom joyolam swored gansakuTrebuli niSnis wyalobiT
ajoba mTel Tems:
`martoka mtris jars dauxvda,
swored davlaTiT dagvria~.
qistebi, Tumca braziT, magram mainc aRiareben, rom erTi pirovneba _
joyola ufro metia, vidre mTeli Temi.
mindias davlaTi misi `sibrZnea,~ ufro sworad ki, is unari, riTac es
`saunje~ SeiZina.
`baxtrionis~ gmirebic saocari ZaliT arian dajildoebulebi. es
Zalaa rwmena da misiT ganpirobebuli gambedaoba. sanaTa, kviria, lela,
luxumi _ maTi brZola samSoblosTvis sxvadasxvagvaria. sanaTa udidesi
moTminebiT aris aRsavse, kviria da lela _ TviTSewirvis surviliT.
mxolod luxumi ibrZvis, erTi SexedviT, xmalamoRebuli, magram misi
brZola (`cda~ _ fSaur dialeqtSi) da davlaTi ufro laSqrisaTvis
brZnuli da saWiro drouli rCevis micemaSi gamoixateba. yoveli maTganis
`Zalis~ sawindari ki rwmenaa.
`kaci marTalis~ davlaTi marTali guliT soflisTvis zrunvis
unaria. Tumca, igi sofelSi cotas Tu miaCnia `Wkvianad~, magram mainc
misi simarTlis madliT suldgmuloben.
sayuradReboa, rom vaJas gmirebis davlaTi ufro zneobriv sferoSi
mJRavndeba. es pirovnebebi Tavisi TemisTvis srulyofili moralis
gansaxovnebebi arian (sanam zogierTi maTgani Tems ar gadaudgeba).
am TvisebiT isini scildebian zogad miTiur personaJebs, romelTa
saswaulebrivi gansakuTrebuloba xSirad fizikuri monacemebiT gamo-

12
ixateba da mas ara mxolod keTili miznebisaTvis, aramed sakuTari
ambiciebis dasakmayofilebladac, an ubralod, demonstrirebisTvis
iyeneben.
vaJas gmirebis davlaTi ufro metad fSauri legenda-gadmocemebis
gmirTa gamorCeulobas waagavs. `davlaTis~ cneba aq `dovlaTis~ _
materialuri simdidrisagan swored sulieri simdidris niSniT
gansxvavdeba. igi `jvris boZebulia ymisaTvis imis pasuxad, rasac
`samsaxuris wayenebiT~ anu msxverplis Sewirvisas iTxovs~ (49:210).
aRsaniSnavia, rom vaJas swamda gansakuTrebuli niSnis
Tandayolilobisa. patara luka razikaSvilis dabadebisas, Turme misi
Tvalebamde CamoSvebuli Tmebi axloblebs gamorCeulobis erTgvar
niSnad miuCneviaT. `am Tmianobam Tavis Tavze warmodgena ganmidida, raRac
araCveulebriv adamianad momaCvena Cemi Tavi da damisaxa araCveulebrivi
momavali~ – igonebs poeti (28:57).
Tumca, Semdeg davlaTis gamoxatulebis fizikuri niSani vaJas
cnobierebaSi sulierma samyarom – Semoqmedebis niWma Secvala. Semoqmedis
niWi vaJasTan RvTisgan boZebul madlad aRiqmeba. misi dakargva –
sicocxlis madlisgan dacarielebad, did sircxvilad:
`Congurs simebi damiwyda,
vqceulvar mkvdarze mkvdarada.
ubedurad vgrZnob Tavis Tavs,
aRara vRirvar Calada.
.................................................................
momxedos kidev ufalma
iqneb ar Sercxves WaRara.~
`davlaTis~ fenomenis gamorkvevisas mkvlevari zurab kiknaZe vaJas
erT leqss moixseniebs: `martooba~ (`aRar mewvia arwivi~), sadac misi
azriT, swored davlaTis bunebaze xalxuri warmodgenaa gamomJRavnebuli
(49:228-229). am leqsis nawyvets aqve gTavazobT:
`modi, arwivo, sada xar?
SoriTve gicnob xmazeda
Sens mosvlas rogorc ki vigrZnob
gamovicvlebi wamzeda;

13
 myis vtoveb dedamiwasa,
gadavsaxldebi cazeda~.
arwivi miTologiaSic da qristianul saxismetyvelebaSic
popularuli simboloa. igi, zogadad, haerisa da miwis stiqias
miekuTvneba.
dante arwivs `RmerTis frinvels~ uwodebda, igi sulis simaRlisa
da zecisadmi aRvlenili locvis simboloc iyo. bibliaSi arwivi RvTis
didebasa da yovlisSemZleobas ganasaxierebs, Sua saukuneebidan ki _
naTlisRebasa da mkvdreTiT aRdgomas (2:24)...
arwivi gansakuTrebiT popularuli frinveli iyo mTaSi. vaJas zemoT
moyvanil leqsSi arwivis simbolo swored zeciur swrafvas gamoxatavs _
aseTia vaJas davlaTi. Semoqmedi genia maRla eweva poets _ mTis arwivs.
aseTive zeaRsvlis precedents qmnian vaJas gmirTa zneobrivi
Tvisebebic. aRsaniSnavia, rom fSauri warmodgeniT, davlaTi Tavs ver
iCens mSvidobiani cxovrebisas, `gansxvavebiT bibliuri iosebisa,
romelsac Tavisi egvipteli batonis saxlSi yvelaferSi xeli hqonda
momarTuli~ (49:228).
vaJas gmirebis namdvili davlaTic swored maSin vlindeba, roca
isini brZolasa da moqmedebaze gadadian (aq ar igulisxmeba
maincadamainc fizikuri Zalisxmeva). Tumca, bibliuri iosebis msgavsad, es
gansakuTrebuloba Sinaganad yovelTvis aris maTSi, magram mxolod
konkretuli situaciebis wyalobiT xdeba misi gamoaSkaraveba. sabolood
isini swored am zneobrivi principebis fonze gamoeyofian da
upirispirdebian sazogadoebas, romelSic cxovroben. es gamocalkeveba da
dapirispireba ar niSnavs maT gandgomas, gaampartavnebas, rac miTosuri
gmirebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. fSavSi amgvar movlenas
(gaampartavnebas) gmiris `gabudayebas~ eZaxian.
`es mTiuluri dialeqturi sityvaa da ase ganimarteba eTnografebis
mier: ... `Temi ikveTda iseT wevrs sazogadoebisas, romelic qonebis
dagrovebisaken iswrafvoda da Temisgan gamocalkevebas cdilobda. Temi
amas gabudayebas eZaxda da gabudayebuls imiT sjida, rom srul
izolaciaSi aqcevda~ (49:212).

14
 qonebis dagroveba Tavdapirveli mizezia, Semdgomdroindeli
gandidebisa da qedmaRlobis mizeziT gabudayebaa. aseTebi arian amirani
(igive promeTe), fSaur miTosSi _ TorRva. amirani socialurad yvelaze
Rirebuli miTiuri gmiria, amasTan _ yvelaze qedmaRalic.
miTosSi gmirTa gabudayeba _ gaampartavneba gardauvali, aqedan
gamomdinare, tragikuli movlena iyo. amgvari gaampartavnebisas xati
davlaTs ukan arTmevda gmirs.
vaJa-fSavela erT-erT werilSi _ `fSavelebis amaod morwmunebani~,
gvixsnis davlaTis dakargvis mizezs: `madlians, dovlaTians kacs avi
suli, eSmaki emtereba, scdilobs Seacdinos, RmerTs gadauyenos... bevri
madliani kaci saaqaosac iRupeba. ukuRmarTad midis imisi saqme. es
moxdeba imisgan, rom cotac aris da wascdeba raSime da RmerTi am cotas
codvas, madlianis kacisagan didad iwyens~ (34:67).
Cveni azriT, davlaTis cnebis amgvar gansazRvrebaSi misi SedarebiT
gviandeli _ qristianuli msoflxedvis gavleniT Secvlili niSnebia
gamokveTili. davlaTi aq swored madlTan aris gaigivebuli da ara
mxolod `gabudayebis~, aramed nebismieri arazneobrivi saqcielis
SemTxvevaSi Sordeba adamians, rogorc RvTis wyalobis niSani. xolo
arazneobrivi saqcieli eSmakis karnaxiT Cadenil saqcielad aRiqmeba.
vaJa-fSavelas `gvelis-mWamelSi~ davinaxavT, rom misi mindia erTi
SexedviT, swored `cotac aris da wascdeba raSime~. Tumca, es `cota
wacdena~ RvTis wyromiT mTavrdeba.
vaJa-fSavelas gmirebs davlaTi ar `gaabudayebs~. gavixsenoT, rom
vaJas sayvareli miTosuri gmiria amirani. rogorc aRvniSneT, miTosuri
Txzulebis mixedviT, gmirebs Soris yvelaze qedmaRali, kunTmagari,
Tumca faseuli pirovneba. amiranis saxe msWvalavs mis leqsebs:
„amiranTan“, „sizmari amiranisa“, poemebs: „daCagruli mestvire“, „mTaTa
erToba“, moTxrobebs: „klde mtirali“, „amiranis xmali“ da sxva. Tu am
Txzulebebs Tvals gadavavlebT, aRmoCndeba, rom vaJa-fSavelas amiranis
saxe garkveulwilad modificirebulia. a. losevi werda, rom
promeTeosis, rogorc msoflio simbolos analizi uRrmesad gvarwmunebs,
rom aucilebelia simbolikis socialur-istoriul aspeqtSi ganxilva. am
erT msoflio istoriuli mniSvnelobis simboloze dakvirveba

15
gviCvenebs, Tu rogor icvleba es simbolo erTi avtoridan meoremde
(97:291). vaJas SemoqmedebaSi SeiniSneba Sevseba am personaJis
dasaxelebuli Tvisebebisa. amiranis pirovnebaSi vaJa aerTianebs
zneobrivi simaRlisa da fizikuri Zlierebis niSnebs (28:237). zneobrivi
simaRle, Seupovroba-gamZleobis motivis saxiT ikveTeba zemoT
dasaxelebul TxzulebebSi (iqve). popularuli miTosuri personaJis
saxis amgvari gansazRvreba XIX saukunis qarTuli literaturuli
azrovnebis nayofia. amirani am saukunis araerTi qarTveli mwerlisa Tu
poetisaTvis da Semdeg – mTeli qarTveli xalxisTvis iqca
Tavisuflebadakarguli, magram gautexeli qarTuli sulis simbolod.
vaJa-fSavela swored am XIX saukunis Svilia. is, rogorc mTeli XIX
saukunis saqarTvelo, savsea amiranis xelaxla mosvlis rwmeniT:
`unda vucadoT amirans,
gamouSvebden minamde,
magram sada da rodisa?
misvla gaWirda Sinamde~.
(`mTaTa erToba~)
vaJas axali amirani ufro metad zneobriobis principiT dadaRuli
pirovnebaa, vidre misi antikuri winamorbedi. poemaSi `mTaTa erToba~
amirani mTebsac mouwodebs maRali moralisa da eTikisaken: mSromeli
kacis garjis pativiscemisa da zogadad, adamianis sicocxlis
dafasebisaken. is xalxisTvis Tavdadebulia, `rogorc SvilisTvis
mSobeli~.
vaJa-fSavelas cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis araerTi mkvlevari
aRniSnavda, rom TviT poetis pirovnulma Tvisebebma iCina amiranis
gansaxierebaSi Tavi da misi poeturi sityvis stiqiad iqca. `igi ise
grZnobda Tavs, rogorc samSoblos rwmunebuli mebuke, rogorc
ganwiruli raindi, rogorc cecxlismfrqveveli amirani~ _ wers daviT
kasraZe (66:301). sxvagan ki mwerali aRniSnavs: `Tumca ubedureba is aris,
rom mgosani uZlevel Zalas grZnobs mklavSi, SeuZlian titanebs
brZolad mouxmos, magram ra hqnas, rom misi bedi amiranisas daemsgavsa~...
da aq mohyavs vaJas cnobili leqsi, sadac dev-gmiri xmals ver miswvdenia
da xmali dev-gmirs, raTa saqmes amsaxuron erTmaneTi (iqve:304).

16
 vaJa-fSavelas da ilia WavWavaZes erTi sagonebeli aqvT: ers
yovelTvis unda `RviZli sityva~ uTxran. sxvanairad SeuZlebelia misi
ndobis damsaxureba da mere _ misi esTetikuri gemovnebis aRzrda. vaJa-
fSavelas poeturi sityva arasodes gamosula saaSkaraoze eris gulis,
wiaRis gavlis gareSe. is `brZolad mouxmobs titanebs~, romelTac
amiraniseuli gautexeli da Seupovari xasiaTi dahyvebaT: aludas,
zviadaurs, joyolas, kvirias, lelas, luxums...
amiranis sicocxlis azri maTi sicocxlis azria:
`rad minda uqmi sicocxle,
mouxmarebi Zal-Rone?~
(`mTaTa erToba~)
marTalia, erTgvari `axirebis~ gamo isini izolaciaSi eqcevian
(rogorc amirani), magram arasodes Tems ar ganudgebian. piriqiT, isini
yovelTvis misTvis zrunaven. aseTebi arian: aluda, mindia, joyola,
baxtrionis gmirebi, kaci marTali...
amgvarad moqcevis winapirobas swored maTi maRalzneobrivi
Rirebulebebi warmoadgens.
am SemTxvevaSi isini ufro metad hgvanan ara miTiur gmirebs, aramed
zRapris personaJebs, romlebic ara mxolod miTiuri legendebis, aramed
Semdgomdroindeli, qristianuli legendis gmirebis _ raindebis
Tvisebebis gavlenas ganicdian. swored es aris imis mizezi, rom maTi
mizani mxolod borotebis Zlevaa. zneobrioba, romelic nebis
Tavisuflebis principiT aris nasazrdoebi, ufro metad eZleva adamians
qristianuli mwerlobis im etapze, romelsac rainduli eposi gamoxatavs.
marTalia, raindoba Sua saukuneebSi warmoiSva, magram raindobis ideali
zedroulia. es aris, rogorc hegeli uwodebs, `usasrulo Sinagani
subieqturobis principi~ (94:265). am principiT moqmedebs raindi _ mxedari,
romelsac sakuTari Tavi samarTlianobisTvis brZolaSi miaqvs
msxverplad, romlisTvisac sami ram aris mTavari _ Rirseba, siyvaruli
da rwmena (94:265). Rirseba misTvis saxelia, romelsac sikeTisTvis
brZolaSi moipovebs, siyvaruli _ misi srulyofis, sagmiro saqmeebisTvis
aucilebeli stimulia, rwmeniTa da erTgulebiT gamsWvalulia im saqmis
mimarT, romelsac emsaxureba: es iqneba rainduli ordeni (Tu aseTs igi

17
ekuTvnis), samSoblo, Tu mefe-patroni. rwmena da erTguleba am
SemTxvevaSi erTi da igivea. `yoveli sakraluri niSani da simbolo aris
imavdroulad miniSneba, romelic iTxovs rwmenas, rogorc ndobas da
amave dros _ erTgulebas (89:124). mas znemaRal adamianad Tvlian. misi
ideali ukvdavia. amitom, zogadad, am ideals suliT raindobac SeiZleba
vuwodoT (90:258-259).
qarTul sinamdvileSi raindis Sesatyvisad `yma~ ixmareboda. vaJa-
fSavelam, rogorc WeSmaritma patriotma kosmopolitma, mSobeli xalxis
wiaRSi moZebna sayrdeni. mwerlis Semoqmedebis rainduli sulis Sesaxeb
saintereso mosazrebebi jer kidev misma Tanamedroveebma gamoTqves.
mwerali Salva amirejibi mas `erovnul mqadagebels~ uwodebda:
`qarTveli xalxis dakarguli xasiaTi man armoaCina. Tavisi tipebi man
Semosa sigmiriT, radganac politikuri da sazogadoebrivi silaCris
dros esec saWiro iyo. da qarTulma zne-Cveulebam, qarTulma msofl-
mxedvelobam qarTulma patriotizmma CaCqanSi daiwyo siaruli~ (66:314).
daviT kasraZe werda, rom `vaJas mxatvruli suli mxedrul ideals
eTayvaneboda, amitom aris, rom ver naxavT mis poemebSi bwkarsac, sadac
yoveli sityva brZolis quraSi ar iyos gamowrTobili~ (iqve.302), misi
gmirebis fici ki `namdvili rainduli ficia~ (iqve.300).
am raindul fics, romelsac sruliad Seesabameba Rirsebis,
siyvarulisa da rwmenis ideali, fSav-xevsureTSi Tav-CaCqniani gmirebi
debdnen. iq `kai ymis~ instituti arsebobda. vaJas TvalTaxedviT, gmiris
ideali fSauri poeziis gamoxatulebiT raindul ideals Seesatyviseba.
`gmiri erTsa da imave dros, sisxlis mqcevelic aris da wmindanic~ (34:86)
_ wers igi. sisxlis mqceveli gmiri mtris TvalSia, TanamemamuleTaTvis
ki znemaRalia da mtris sisxlsac maRali idealebisTvis aqcevs. am
brZolaSi igi moipovebs saxels _ `gmirma iseTis saqmisaTvis unda
moiklas Tavi, rom hRirdes sikvdilad da saxelad~ (34:85) _ es misi
Rirsebis damadasturebelia. igi Temis erTgulia: `gmiri imdenad Tavis
TavisTvis ara cocxlobs da imdens ar akeTebs, ramdensac TemisaTvis,
magram am samsaxurisTvis saxelis meti araferi hrCeba~(34:87). dabolos,
tragikuli gmiris idealis Sesaxeb samecniero literaturaSi
aRniSnulia, rom `koncefcia `tragikuli bralis~ Sesaxeb sruliad

18
ususuri Cans TviTSewirvis heroikul tragediasTan SedarebiT~ (93:71).
vaJac ambobs: `diaR, gmiri msxverplia soflisa: sxvas aZRobs, TviTon
mSieria, sxvis sicocxlisaTvis mebrZoli TviTon sikvdils eZleva pirSi~
(34:87). mis poemaTa gmirebi swored aseTebi arian. maTTvis qveynis,
sazogadoebis samsaxuri pirvel adgilze dgas da ara konkretulad
viRac sxvisi `sicocxlisaTvis~ da `gaZRobisaTvis~ zrunaven mxolod,
aramed saqveyno, zogad adamianur ideaTa sicocxlisaTvis da misi
kanonzomieri ganviTarebisaTvis. vinaidan, rogorc amboben, `humanizmi _
idea kacTmoyvareobisa da raindoba erTi istoriuli xis totebia~(22:173).
vaJas gmirebis brZola anu `cda~, fSaur dialeqtSi, rogorc
aRvniSneT,S maincadamainc fizikur Zalisxmevas ki ar gulisxmobs, aramed
pirvel rigSi _ suliers. amitom hqvia suliT raindobis ideali. `vaJa-
fSavela xevsurul farikaobas ki ar hqadagebda, warsulisaken ki ar
iwvevda xalxs, aramed hqadagebda erovnul me-Si TviTCafiqrebas da
Caxedvas xalxis sulis aRsazrdelaT,~ _ werda 1915 wels vaJas Sesaxeb
Salva amirejibi (66:315). misi gmirebi swored am principiT cxovrebas
sTavazoben ara mxolod sakuTar ers, aramed mTel kacobriobas. maTi
qceva zedrouli rainduli sulis gamoxatvaa da didad gansxvavdebian
konkretuli Sua saukuneebis raindisagan, romelic mainc mocemuli
sazogadoebis gemovnebas akmayofilebs, anu sCadis im saqmeebs, romelsac
misgan moelian da xasiaTis TvisebaTa moulodneli gamovleniT arasodes
akvirvebs garSemomyofT. Tuki am TvalsazrisiT gadavxedavT vaJas gmirTa
galereas, sruliad sawinaaRmdegos SevniSnavT. pirvel rigSi,
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom vaJas epikur nawarmoebebSi mocemulia gmirTa
ara mTliani cxovrebis istoria (`kaci marTalis~ garda), aramed mxolod
garkveuli periodi, momenti, saidanac mwvaved viTardeba maTi tragikuli
bedi. nawarmoebis dasawyisSi viciT mxolod, rom isini `kai ymebi~, Temis
rCeulebi arian da, rig SemTxvevebSi, raime `davlaTiT~ dajildoebulni.
A

19
 Tavi II
pirovnebis sulieri transformaciis qristianuli motivebi poemebSi:
`aluda qeTelauri~, `gogoTur da afSina~ da `eTeri~

`maS, ideqiT da nuRar SeudgebiT monobis uRels~

pavle. galatelTa. 5.1.

1. `aluda qeTelauri~ A

`rada? risTvis?~ aluda qeTelauri poemaSi axalwverulvaSdamSvene-

buli Wabuki ki ara, daRvinebuli vaJkacia. vaJa mas xevsur `axaluxlebs~
upirispirebs, romlebic `guls aTrevineben gonebas~ da vaJkacs ver
cnoben `mis vaJkacuris rjuliTa~. nawarmoebis dasawyisSi aRniSnulia,
rom aludas WabukobaSi ara mxolod zneobrivad gadamuSavebuli, `karg
ymuri~ adaTebiT ucxovria, aramed sazogadoebaSi miRebul im Cvevebsac
mihyolia, romlebic aseTad ver CaiTvleba: `bevr qists maaWra marjvena, _
scada franguli fxiani~. magram vaJa nawarmoebs swored iqidan iwyebs,
roca aluda erTxel sxvagvarad moiqca da am sxvagvari saqcielis Cadena
gulisyurgaRrmavebul, dabrZenebul bunebasTan erTad, sxvagvarma
situaciamac ukarnaxa: Satilis Temis cxenebi qistebma waasxes. gudanis
jvris saukeTeso yma _ aluda iaraRasxmuli daedevna maT. erTi qisti
gzaSive mokla. meoresTan orTabrZola gamarTa. es orTabrZola metad
dinamikuri, STambeWdavi suraTiTaa warmodgenili. gudanis jvrisa da
mahmadis ymebi Tumca, erTmaneTis rjulis avad xsenebaSi arian, magram
orives emCneva vaJkaci metoqis mowonebis faqti, rasac brZolis procesi
kidev ufro azartSi Seyavs. bolos aludas tyvia umtvrevs qists gulis
ficars, romelic sikvdilis winac `fers ara hkargavs mglisasa~.
vaJa vaJkaci mucalis sikvdil-sicocxlis brZolas ase
warmogvidgens:
`mucals ar swadis sikvdili,
fers ara hkargavs mglisasa,
mahglejs, daifevs wylulSia
mwvanes balaxsa mTisasa~.

20
 `mglis feri kargi vaJkacis dasaxasiaTeblad gamosayenebeli
Sesityvebaa fSaur poeziaSi~ (86:374).
es kargi vaJkaci sicocxles – mTis mwvane balaxs epotineba.
mglisferdadebuli da wylulSi balaxCafenili mucali samudamod
daaCnda aludas mexsierebas. TviT mucalmac Seicno masSi Rirseuli
mowinaaRmdege da daafasa, rogorc vaJkaci. amis damadasturebelia mis
mier aludasTvis Tofis gadagdeba da mimarTva: `_ exla Sen iyos,
rjulZaRlo, xels ar Cavardes sxvisasa!~ aluda misTvis mainc
`rjulZaRlia~, Tumca es xels ar uSlis misi vaJkacobis pativiscemaSi.
pirispir mebrZolTa mier urTierTmowonebiT, urTierTpativiscemiT
ganmsWvalvis motivi cnobilia literaturaSi. igi rainduli eposidan
iRebs saTaves, sadac araerTi magaliTia imisa, rogor xdebian erTmaneTs
Serkinebuli vaJkacebi Semdeg Zmadnaficebi. qarTul saraindo eposSi _
`amirandarejanianSic~, gvaqvs amis nimuSebi. umaRles mwvervals es
tradicia `vefxistyaosanSi~ aRwevs (`Semomxedna, movewone~). raindoba
yovelgvari nacionalurobisa da religiuri diferenciaciis gareSe
mdgomia, magram saqme isaa, rom `aluda qeTelaurSi~ qisti mucali ara
mxolod `sxva rjulis~ ymaa, aramed momxvduri, samSoblos mteri.
gmirisTvis ki piradi mteri ise saZulveli araa, rogorc qveynisa. misi
gmiroba mxolod uazro sisxlis qcevaSi ar gamoixateba. `marto is
rodia mosawonari, rom gmiri ibrZvis, _ `sisxli gadasdis mklavzeda~, _
ara. Cven ufro imas unda mivaqcioT yuradReba, risTvis da visTvis
ibrZvis igi?~ (34:53) aluda TemisTvis ibrZvis. mucali pirispir Sebmamde
misTvis erTi mosisxle momxvdurTagania, romelsac warbSeuxrelad
mouRebs bolos. mxolod misi vaJkacobis xilvis Semdeg eufleba aludas
mowonebisa da sibralulis grZnoba. sibraluli ki imdenad didia, rom
cremlsac daaRvrevinebs, Tofsac da sxva saWurvelsac TavTiT daudebs
da ise daitirebs.
micvalebuli vaJkacis datireba mamakacisagan miRebuli yofila
saqarTvelos mTianeTSi: rogorc xevsureTSi, aseve fSavSi. xevsureTSi
qalebi tirian zariT, xolo mamakacebi Tumca cremls ar hRvrian,
`qviTineben da Tvalebzed qudebs ifareben~ (34:50). fSavSic
micvalebulTan misuli `joxebze dabjenili kacebi~ `qviTineben

21
dedakacebTan erTad~. aluda qeTelauri atirda `rogorc qalio~ _ wers
vaJa. misi tirili fSav-xevsurTa adaTobriv normas ki ar gamoxatavs ukve,
aramed im Sinagan emocias, romelic rogorc kacis, aseve qalis _ zogad
adamianis grZnobebis gamovlenaa. amgvari emociis mozRvaveba da cremliT
dacla ucxo ar aris rainduli sulisaTvis da qristianuli bunebis
gamoxatulebaa. mxolod qristianulma raindobam icis amgvari Sebraleba.
Tu antikuri Zlevamosili gmirebisaTvis ucxo iyo `cremliani
sibraluli~, romelic gagebuli iqneboda ara rogorc droebiTi efeqti,
aramed rogorc sulis mdgomareobis gamoxatuleba~ (89:60), rainduli
eposis gmirebi emociebis gamoxatvas ar eridebian, ar rcxveniaT. piriqiT,
es momentebi maTi sxivmosilebis, zeSTagonebis niSania. amis saukeTeso
magaliTebi rusTavelis personaJebi arian. `vefxistyaosnis~ raindebi:
tarieli, avTandili, fridoni da sxvebi, romlebic iseTive goliaTuri
fizikuri ZaliT dajildoebulni arian, rogorc antikuri eposis gmirebi,
xSirad tirian sulieri tkivilebis gamo. aludas sulSic amgvari
tkivili warmoSobs cremlebis nakads. imas, rom es sulieri tkivilia da
ara `droebiTi efeqti~, gmiris Semdegi qmedebebi adasturebs. aluda am
`uCveulo~ mdgomareobis Semdeg maSinve cvlis erT-erT sakuTar Cvevas. aq
aluda qeTelauri pirvelad ar Cadis imas, rac wesad hqonda mtris
mimarT da rasac daufiqreblad akeTebda misi damarcxebis Semdeg,
vinaidan gudanis jvris saymoSi ase iyo miRebuli _ aluda mucals
marjvenas ar Wris:
`marjvenas ar sWris mucalsa,
ityoda: `codva ario~.
es `codva ario~ _ Secodebis gamoxatva ki ar aris ukve, aramed aluda
marTlac codvad miiCnevs kai ymisTvis marjvenis moWras. es imas unda
niSnavdes, rom amgvari situacia, orTabrZola, misTvis ucxoa. jer ar
Sexvedria aludas mucalisTana Rirseuli mowinaaRmdege, da arc
sulTmobrZaobis aseTi STambeWdavi suraTi unaxavs... Torem rasac aqamde
albaT, uyoymanod Cadioda, is misTvis ase uecrad codvad ver iqceoda. am
SemTxvevaSi aludasTvis sulerTia, es vaJkaci misi piradi mteria, Tu
qveynisa. man qveynis winaSe vali moixada da axla ar surs, codviT
daimZimos Tavi imis gamo, rom erTi Zveli, misTvis arafrismTqmeli

22
CvevaTagani aasrulos. mowinaaRmdegisTvis xelis moWra, rogorc
cnobilia, ZvelTaganve miRebuli iyo mTaSi. mTielebs swamdaT, rom
mowinaaRmdegeni saiqioSi Sexvdebodnen erTmaneTs da amitom mters
marjvenas Wridnen, raTa iqac Tavad darCenodaT gamarjveba. Semdgom es
Cvevad iqca. aludas tragedia sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis swored am
etapzea mocemuli. qeTelaurma am Cvevas (da ara samarTlebriv normas,
adaTs) mogvianebiT sruli ignorirebac gaukeTa, rogorc znesruli
adamianisTvis miuRebel saqciels da uazro crurwmenas. misi
kacTmoyvareoba imdenad didia, rom urjulo qists qristianiviT
cxonebulad axsenebs:
`_ vaJkaco, Cemgan moklulo,
RmerTma gacxonos mkvdario!
mklavzedac gebas marjvena,
Senzed alali ario,
Sen xel Sens gulzed damiwdes,
numc xarobs qavis kario,
kargi gyolia gamdeli,
RmerTm gidRegrZelos gvario! _~
TemSi dabrunebuli aluda kidev erTxel axsenebs qistis cxonebas,
roca Tanamemamuleebs orTabrZolis ambavs uyveba. pirvel gaocebas
swored maSin iwvevs gudanis jvris kai yma:
`_ras ambob? qistis cxoneba
ar dawerila rjulada.~
_ es aris Temis pasuxi pirovnuli Segnebis mqone adamianis qmedebaze.
samecniero literaturaSi marTebulad aris aRniSnuli, rom `aluda
qeTelaurSi~ pirovnebisa da Temis ki ara, pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis
urTierTobis problemaa win wamoweuli, vinaidan yovel sazogadoebaSi
tragikulad warimarTeba im pirovnebis bedi, romelic miRebul wesebs,
kanonebs da Tundac Cvevebs ar emorCileba (43...).
gudanis jvars, bunebrivia, aludas garda, sxva rCeulebic hyavda,
romlebic aseve `kai ymis~ saxeliT sargeblobdnen. aseTebi, albaT im
`axaluxlebSic~ erivnen, romelTac `avad Sahxednes aludas~. magram sul
sxvaa aluda, igi suliT kai ymaa, suliT raindi. aluda qeTelauri

23
sxvebiviT miRebuli wesebiT, dogmebiT ki ar moqmedebs, aramed es
qmedebani mTeli misi Sinagani bunebis gamoxatulebaa. Tumca, Cven viciT,
rom aqamde isic asrulebda erT aseT Cvevas: `ramden sxva mahkal, Sens
qavze xeleb jRdesaviT hkidia~ _ axsenebs mas xevisberi. am SemTxvevaSi,
unda vigulisxmoT, rom igi arasodes CaRrmavebia, Cafiqrebia am qmedebis
arss da misi pirovnebac swored maSin gamovlinda, roca pirvelive
Sesaferis SemTxvevaSi dafiqrda: `rada? risTvis?~ vaJas TqmiT, `es
niSania adamianis keTilgonierebisa. swored amisTana fiqrebis bralia
kacobriobis winsvla~ (34:208). aludam Tavisi cxovrebis av-kargs saRi
TvaliT Sexeda da Seinana adre Cadenili arazneobrivi qmedebani. aludas
sinanulis grZnobaze metyvelebs poemis mTeli siRrmiseuli plani,
romelic im fiqrebiT iwyeba, SatilSi mobrunebuli aluda rom
SeuRonebia da `pirs daswolia nislebi~, Semdeg ki misi sizmriT
grZeldeba.
,,axla me vxarob ara imitom, rom danaRvliandiT, aramed imitom,
rom danaRvliandiT mosananieblad; rameTu danaRvliandiT RmerTis
gulisTvis~, _ ambobs pavle mociquli amgvari naRvelis Sesaxeb (pavle.
korinTelTa mimarT. 2.9.).
Sin dabrunebuli aludas gonebaSi ukve araTu `qvecnobierad
iZvrian~ (T. Cxenkeli) zneobrivi TviTgamorkvevisken warmarTuli azrebi,
aramed mis mier sruliad gacnobierebulia `sisxliani mterobis~
dausabamoba dedamiwaze. aluda xvdeba, rom mtrobis gulSi Cadeba,
erTxel `mowyurebac~ ki, kacs amgvari cxovrebis wesis miyolas aiZulebs.
gulSi Cabudebuli mtroba keraSi dagubebuli sisxliviTaa da Sig
mdgari adamiani Rvinodac sisxls `svams~ da puradac `ixmars~. yovel
diliT saydris magivrad xelCarTul brZolaSi mimavali iwers pirjvars.
sisxlis Zieba Tan sdevs misi cxovrebis ubednieres dReebs: qorwils,
col-qmrul sarecels, Svilis dabadebiT gamowveul sixaruls... da
bolos, `mterobis~ wyalobiT esalmeba sicocxles, vinaidan aseTia
amgvarad cxovrebis kanonzomiereba:
`Sen rom sxva mahkla, Senc mogkvlen,
mkvlels ar SaarCens gvaria~.

24
 aludas aRar swyuria `mteroba~. TemSi misuli `kai yma~ sinanulis
mwvervalze dgas, aRelvebulia da cdilobs amis mizezi
Tanamemamuleebsac auxsnas. aludam aRiara maT winaSe mucalis vaJkacoba
da is Sebraleba, rac qistis sicocxlis siyvarulma gamoiwvia:
`ver gavimete mucali
marjvenis mosaWrelada,
guli gamiwyra, ara hqna,
rac saqnelia Znelada:
`dae, daakldes saxelsa
me girCevnivar mrCevlada.~
man sakuTari saxeli _ is, rac uZvirfasesia kai ymisaTvis _ vaJkacis
aRiarebis samsxverploze miitana. egoizmis, sakuTari `mes~
gandidebisaTvis aluda qeTelauris gulSi adgili ar rCeba. `sulis
Tavisa Tavisagan gandgomiT moixveWeba siyvaruli~ _ ambobs isaak asuri
(62:243). aluda qeTelaurSi swored sinanuliT mogvrili siyvarulis
grZnoba iRviZebs mucalis mimarT, romelic qristes mcnebis Sinaarss
Sedgens _ `Seiyvare mteri Seni, viTarca moyvasi Seni.~ amitomac aris
`danaRvlianebuli~ RmerTis _ siyvarulis gulisTvis.
TvistomebTan pirvelive gasaubrebis dros SeimCneva, Tu ramdenad
maRla dgas aluda qeTelauri maTze. Tanamemamuleni masSi raindul
suls ki ara, mSiSara meomars dainaxaven da CaTvlian, rom qeTelauri
qistis Svils gamoeqca. amitomac ver moitana misi moWrili marjvena:
`mahkal, marjvena ar masWer,
ukven misdevdi ma rada?!~
maTTvis mTavari qavze dakruli mtris xelebia, romlebic maT
saxelze metyvelebs maSin, rodesac aludam saxeli kacTmoyvareobis
grZnobas anacvala. aluda qeTelauris pirovnuli aRorZineba grZeldeba.
misi cxovrebis yoveli dRe cxadad warmoaCens mas, rogorc gansxvavebul
pirovnebas. aluda TvistomTa TvalSi ucbad icvleba, xolo pirovnulad
viTardeba sinanulis Sedegad: amJRavnebs im Tvisebebs, romlebic masSi
Tavidanve uciloblad ido da srulad mxolod im situaciam
gamoavlina, romelic vaJas sakvanZo sakiTxad aqvs aRebuli. vaJa-fSavela
`axal-axali ambebis gadmocemas ki ar etaneba, aramed cdilobs,

25
gaaRrmavos ukve warmoSobili sulieri mdgomareoba~ (77:100). aludas
sulieri mdgomareoba sruli siRrmiseuli planiTa da simZafriT
warmoCndeba aludas sizmarSi. T. Cxenkelis azriT, poemis dasawyisSive
mucalisTvis cxonebis miniWebiT `ukve mocemulia poemis mTavari gmiris
Sinagani ganviTarebis mTeli suraTi~, xolo, rodesac mkvlevari am
procesis siRrmiseulad ganviTarebaze saubrobs aq gmiris feriscvalebas
miTosuri tranformaciis safuZvelze xsnis, romelic dionises kultis
orgiastur msaxurebaSia TavCenili. misi azriT, es miTosuri
transformaciis gza mocemulia aludas sizmarSi (77:113-124).
sizmari. bunebrivad, sizmari orgvari arsebobs: dRis fiqris
gamgrZelebeli sizmrebi, romelTac Cayolil sizmrebs eZaxian. maTi arsi
imaSia, rom ukve momxdaris mixedviT, ZilSi adamiani am moxdaris sqemebs
qmnis. aris e.w. intuiciuri sizmari, romlis drosac adamiani, isev da
isev momxdaris gamo, intuiciurad grZnobs mis SesaZlo gagrZelebas an
dasasruls. arsebobs absurduli sizmrebic.
literaturaSi sizmars xSirad damoukidebeli mxatvruli
nawarmoebis saxe aqvs da adamianis Sinagan, sulier samyaros gvixsnis.
aluda qeTelauri sizmarSi kvlav salaSqrod _ sisxlis saqcevad
emzadeba da swored am dros ecxadeba mucali _ natyviarSi brZamis lega
safeviT, rogorc orTabrZolis bolo momentidan axsovs. igi xanjlis
tars Caudebs xelSi xevsurs da exveweba _ momkalio:
`Tqven dagrCes wuTisofeli,
me ki wavide qveyniTa,
daZexiT, xevsurT Svilebo,
laSqrobiT, xmlebis qneviTa.~
`vaJas poemebSi mtruli tomebisa da sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi
ise ganixilaven urTierTs, rogorc erTmaneTis sisxlisa da xorcis
`mWamelni~, raki maTTvis mteri diaboluri anu devuri sawyisis
ganmasaxierebeli iyo~ _ wers T. Cxenkeli (77:118).
Cven vfiqrobT, poemaSi moyvanili sazogadoeba formaciis ufro
maRal etapze mdgomia, vidre erTmaneTis `xorcis mWamelni~. kacis xorcis
Wama SurisZiebasTan gaigivebuli imitomaa, rom maT araeTikur
mniSvnelobebs Soris tolobis niSani daisvas. mucalis gamocxadebac am

26
faqtTanaa dakavSirebuli. lega safevi _ sicocxlis siyvarulis
simbolo, kidev erTxel axsenebs aludas, rom ar unda `kac klas~. rac
Seexeba mtris, rogorc devis moazrebas, amasac simboluri datvirTva
aqvs. igi ara mxolod vaJasTan gvxvdeba. `TviT `SuSanikis wamebaSi~
naxsenebia miTosuri personaJebi _ devebi. SuSaniki eubneba varsqens _
mamaSenma keTili xalxi Semoikriba, Sen ki devebi daiaxloveo. SuSaniki
maTSi sparselebs gulisxmobs (56:43). ase rom, mtris devebisa da qajebis
saxiT moxsenieba am SemTxvevaSi wminda mxatvruli xerxia.
aluda qeTelauris sizmarSi swored salaSqrod mzadebas mohyveba
kanibaluri kacis xorcis Wama misgan:
`davje, jam vinam damidga,
kacis xorc iyo wvniani,
vsWamdi, mzaravda TumcaRa
kacis xel-fexi Zvliani.
`rasa vsCadio? _ vsjavrobdi, _
umsgavsi, SaCvenebuli!~
`Wameo, _ ramam miZaxa, _
nu hxdebi gaSterebuli!
kidev mimirTviT aludas
wven-xorci gacxelebuli!~
mimates kacis ulvaSiT
wven-xorci Sanelebuli.
sizmriT damtanjes, imiT var
gunebaaRelvebuli.~
T. Cxenkelis azriT, es epizodi, aseve dionisuri orgiazmiT
aRbeWdili yvela epizodiT, exmianeba leqss `devebis qorwili~. igi
`miTiur planSi dionisuri RmerTiTavsilobis Sesatyvisia... aludas
sizmarSi gamoxatulia ziarebis aqti... axal RmerTTan wilnayari an
ziarebulia qeTelauri da amitom veRara `cnobs~ ugono aludas
xevisberi~ (77:130).
miTosSi dionisuri kultis dResaswaulebTan dakavSirebuli kacis,
xolo Semdgom periodSi ukve cxovelis xorcTan ziareba da amiT
RmerTavsiloba iniciaciis tolfasi iyo. adamians swamda, rom amgvarad

27
RmerTebisTvis damaxasiaTebel ukvdavebas moipovebda, anu iseT Tvisebas,
romelic sinamdvileSi adamians ar axasiaTebda. igi ar Seicavda
pirovnebis TviTgamorkvevis, adamianis TviTCaRrmavebis motivs, radgan,
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, sazogadoebrivi formaciis am etapze adamiani,
Tundac gmiri, sazogadoebis ganuyofeli nawili iyo da mxolod im
ideals emsaxureboda, rasac sazogadoeba misgan moiTxovda. aluda
qeTelauri ki mkveTrad gamoxatuli pirovnebaa. amas igi mucalTan
orTabrZolaSi amJRavnebs. xolo Semdeg, axal-axal situaciebSi Temis
wevrTa da TviT aludasTvis cnaurdeba misi pirovnebis namdvili Sina
arsi. WeSmariti gmiris yvelaze ostaturad xatvis xerxi literaturaSi
swored aseTia: `gmiri mkacrsa da gamudmebul brZolaSi xsnis Tavis
sakuTari bunebis bevr Tvisebebs da moipovebs ukvdavebas~ (93:128).
sulieri CaRrmavebis gziT am pirovnuli Zalebis, Tvisebebis gaxsnas
emsaxureba aluda qeTelauris sizmaric. `igi ar Seicavs arc
winaswarmetyvelebas da arc aludas winaTgrZnobas avlens~ (57:385),
aramed gmiris gancdebis emociur mxares aZlierebs, raTa sizmarma,
viTarca adamianis grZnobebis gamovlenis potenciurma wyarom,
mkiTxvelSi gmiris sulieri mdgomareobis Sesabamisi reaqcia gamoiwvios.
`vaJas gmirebi iSviaTad laparakoben sakuTar grZnobebze da afaseben maT.
gmiri umTavresad ixsneba moqmedebaSi, xSirad ki sizmris meoxebiT.
gmirebi gviTxroben imas, rac TiTqos maTgan damoukideblad xdeba _
sizmarSi nanaxs. vaJa ar ereva fiqrTa da gancdaTa mdinarebaSi da
asaxvis es araCveulebrivi obieqtebi miRweulia plastikuri xatis
meoxebiT~ (39:91). ase rom, am epizodSi warmosaxuli miTosuri samyaro
mxolod aludas gancdebis efeqturad daxatvisaTvis gamoyenebuli xerxia
da ara RvTaebrivi iniciacia. amgvarsave datvirTvas Seicavs `devebis
qorwilis~ msgavsi pasaJi:
`sampirad cecxli daenToT,
zed sami qvabi Sxioda,
stumrebis wina xonCebze
kacis Tav-fexi dioda.
ukvenas yureSiiTa
kvnesis xma gamodioda,

28
 `Zmis xorci rogora vsWamo?~ –
yma vinme gamohkioda~.
es yma aluda qeTelauria, anda misnairi `davlaTiani~, romelmac
Tavis `lamaz Zmad~ aRiara qisti mucali da misi saxiT yvela vaJkacuri
sulis, sicocxlismoyvare adamiani. devebis saxe aq boroti Zalebis
simboluri gansaxierebaa.
yoveli sisxlis Ziebis mosurne adamiani vaJas azriT, boroti, devuri
bunebis matarebelia. aluda qeTelauri uaryofs am bunebas.
poemaSi `kopala~ analogiuri xilvaa warmodgenili:
`Sav-bnelT da uzarmazarTa
grgvinviT Camovlnes Walani,
kacisa sisxliT eRebaT
xel-fexi, piris balani...
Sreba guli da goneba,
Zma sisxlsa hsomda Zmisasa.
Zmas Zmebi Samaelevis,
sisxlsa eZebdis sxvisasa.
devT darbazobas rac mohrCa,
imaT laS-pirsa mglisasa,
cixes ageben devebi,
cixes kacebis Zvlisasa.~
aq ukve aSkaraa, rom Zmis sisxlis sma da xorcis Wama zogadad
kacis kvlasTan _ `sisxlian mterobasTan~ aris gaigivebuli da ara
iniciaciasTan.
sxva rom araferi, miTosur RmerTTan iniciaciis wyalobiT aluda
qeTelauri ver SeZlebda `qristianuli anu universaluri RmerTis~
(77:117) gancdas. qristianuli ziareba morwmunisaTvis sixarulia da ara
`mtanjveli~, `gunebaamaRelvebeli~ ram. aludas sizmriseuli gancdebi ki
sruliad Seesatyviseba im cnebas, romelsac ziarebis wina etapi _
sinanuli gamoxatavs. ioane oqropiri ambobs sinanulis Sesaxeb: ,,aramed
iyavn gonebai Seni yovladve mgloviare da Semusvril~ (3:134). es cneba
faqtobrivad, gulisxmobs adamianis mier Tavisi arsebobis manamdeli
wesis gadafasebas, rac sakmaod mtkivneuli da mtanjvelia. ,,pirveli saqme

29
sinanulisai aris dacadebai borotTagan da sinanuli maTTvis, romel
vqmeniT borotni, da meore _ simdable friadi~ (ioane oqropiri.
sinanulisaTvis) (3:77). rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, aluda qeTelauri swored
egoizms ukuagdebs da simdables SeiZens, rodesac xels ar Wris mucals,
vinaidan misTvis sakuTari saxelis amgvari gaformeba araferia
WeSmariti, Rirsebis mqone adamianis, namdvili vaJkacis dafasebasTan
SedarebiT. amitom mindias mier mucalisaTvis marjvenis moWrasa da amiT
aludas `saxelis aRdgenis~ mcdelobas `avad morTul saqmes~ uwodebs.
mas araferSi sWirdeba qistis moWrili xeli:
`raad mindaris, ver mixmlobs,
ar gamodgeba farada;
mTaSi waviRo, ar miTibs,
arc margebs Tivis kavada,
waiRe, Tu gwam ufali,
nuRar maCveneb TvaliTa,
kai ymis marjvena ari,
guli mewveba braliTa.~
`kai ymis~ Sebraleba aludas gulSi gzas xsnis imis Segnebisaken,
rom maRalzneobrivi pirovnebisaTvis imgvari araeTikuri saqcieli,
rogoric mklavis moWraa, miuRebelia da sinanulis grZnoba ipyrobs, rac
sizmarSi cxaddeba. am sinanulis gziT igi `meored iSveba~, viTarca
yoveli monanie adamiani _ amaSi gamoixateba misi sulieri
transformacia.
`raad swyrebian xevsurni,
rada tyvrebian javriTa?!
mters movklav, kidev ar movsWri
marjvenas magaT jabriTa!~
_ aseTi axirebiT gamoxata aludam Tavisi pirovnuli principi Temis
winaSe. Tumca `jabri~ rom aq arafer SuaSia, amas frazis daboloebac
mowmobs: `vai egeTas samarTals, monaTluls codva-braliTa!~ am codva-
braliT Sewuxebuli aluda wardgeba swored xatobaze xevisberis winaSe
`fernacvali~. Temma aludas axireba, unda vigulisxmoT, rom albaT,
saerTod daiviwya, radgan fSavSi, sazogadod, miRebulia azri, rom

30
`gmiri xSirad Temsac auxirdeba... magram es xasiaTi gmirs unda miutevos
Temma, radgan gmiri omSi, brZolaSi gamosadegia, misTvis pativsacemi da
dasazogavi~ (34:85).
amboxi. Temma gmirs amgvar axirebad CauTvala is, rac sinamdvileSi
misi Rrma principebis gamoxatuleba iyo, swored amitom arc aludas
mier `codva-bralis~ xsenebas miaqcia yuradReba. Temi da xevisberi maSin
azvavda gmiris winaSe, roca igi `sarwmunoebriv sferoSi SeiWra~. ufro
sworad, sarwmunoebis im gaqvavebul dogmebSi, romelTa asrulebac wesad
aris da romelTa mniSvneloba mxolod WeSmariti pirovnebis suls
swvdeba. aludam xevisber berdias xatobaze qisti mucalisTvis Savi
kuratis dakvla sTxova. xevisberis gaocebas sazRvari ar hqonda:
`mamiT ar modis anderZi,
papiTa-d, papis-papiTa,
gonT modi, qristiani xar,
urjulovdebi magiTa.~
aludasTvis ki qristianoba zneobriv sferoSi vlindeba, da ara
Tundac mama-papiT miRebul, misTvis gaugebari kanonis morCilebaSi.
magram aq mis `axirebas~ yurs aRar mouyrueben da misi principebis
gagebasac ar ecdebian. aluda, rogorc tragikuli pirovneba,
martodmarto da gaucxoebuli aRmoCndeba Temisgan. pirovneba, romelmac
dasZlia Sinagani konfliqti, gare samyarosTan konfliqtSi aRmoCndeba.
radgan Sinagan gaTavisuflebas im qmedebebisken mihyavs, romlebic
sxvebisTvis gaugebaria. sazogadoebisaTvis aludas bolo moqmedeba
`axireba~ ki ar aris, mxolod, aramed amboxi. n. berdiaevi wers: `amboxis
Tema bunebrivi gagrZelebaa Tavisuflebis Temisa, radgan amboxi aris
Tavisuflebisken swrafva~ (91:65). oRond amboxi gamarTlebulia mxolod
maRali faseulobebis, maRali azrisaTvis.
Tanxvdeba Tu ara qristianoba amboxis Temas? `qristianad yofna ar
niSnavs monad yofnas... Cemi amboxi aris amboxi sulisa da amboxi
pirovnebisa da ara xorcisa da koleqtivisa~ (iqve).
aludas pirovnuli amboxis umaRlesi gamoxatulebaa xatobis scena.
igi bolomde swored xatobis scenaSi amJRavnebs sakuTar Tavs
sazogadoebis winaSe. amitom es scena emsgavseba saxarebiseuli

31
feriscvalebis aqts. rogorc qristem gaacxada Tavisi RvTaebrivi buneba
mociqulTa winaSe, swored imgvarad gamoamzeura aludam Tavis WeSmariti
adamianuri buneba TanamemamuleTa Tvalwin. es WeSmariti adamianuri
buneba sxvebisaTvis jer kidev dafarulia. isini `miwieri kacebi~ arian.
aluda `Sinagani kacia~, ara mxolod xorcieli, aramed sulieri
mowifulobis asaks miRweuli (netari avgustine. WeSmariti
sarwmunoebisaTvis) (62:59-60). Tanamemamuleebma ver SeZles maT winaSe
mdgomi WeSmariti pirovnebis, maTi mxsneli da maTi msxverpli gmiris
gmirad Secnoba. igi moRalated CaTvales, roca xevisberis sastiki uaris
Semdeg TviTon scada `mounaTlavi gmirisTvis~ mozveris damwyalobeba.
risxviT anTebulma xevisberma Temidan mokveTa aluda qeTelauri da
namdvili golgoTa _ moyvasTagan moSoreba miusaja:
`mokveTil iyos, sxva qveynis
ca-Rrublis Sanamzirebi:
wadiT, umtvrieT Sav-bnelsa
saxlisa, cixis karebi.
cecxli mieciT saZnovars, _
casa swvdebodes alebi,
saTemod gamoirekeT
cxvari, Zroxa da xarebi.
Satils col-Svili utireT,
gudans _ SinSni da qalebi;
hrisxavdes Cveni batoni,
ar aris Sasabralebi!~
mSobliuri kuTxis gareSe cxovreba aludasTvis didi tragediaa,
radgan misi rainduli Cvevebi _ Rirseba, siyvaruli da rwmena
(erTguleba) swored masTan aris dakavSirebuli. igi qveynisa da xalxis
mowinaaRmdege ki ar xdeba, cdilobs, guliT nawvdomi WeSmariteba
daamkvidros xalxSi, gaqvavebuli adaTebis sawinaaRmdegod. amaSia
humanuri msoflmxedvelobiT ganmsWvaluli gmiris da, maT Soris, aludas
bunebis arsi. aseTi gmiri mxsnelia sazogadoebisa, romelic mis rCevas
mihyveba, rac Zalze iSviaTad xdeba, radgan igi pirovnebamde ver
maRldeba. amaSi mdgomareobs pirovnebis `tragikuli brali~. swored

32
amitom igi amasTanave, `msxverplia soflisa~. aluda qeTelauric
msxverplad ewireba Tavis principebs da im gmirTa Soris dgeba,
`romlebic scildebian Tems, viTarca yvelaze keTili mtrebi mTels
msoflioSi~ (43:78):
`erTxel maunda aludas,
erTxel mobrunva Tavisa:
mSvidobiT, sajixveebo,
gamaxarnelno Tvalisa!
mSvidobiT Cemo sax-karo,
gulSi amSlelo bralisa!
mSvidobiT, Cveno batono,
ymaTad mimcemo Zalisa!~
pirovnebis sulieri transformacia `aluda qeTelaurSi~ pirovnebis
namdvili Sinaarsis gamomzeurebas, zneobrivi srulyofisaken swrafvas
gamoxatavs, rac im procesis tolfasia, romelsac qristianul
anTropologiaSi pirovnebis TandaTanobiTi aRorZineba ewodeba. aluda
zeaRmavali gmiria. misi sizmari TviTSemecnebis procesis metaforuli
gamoxatulebaa. `es aris didi sulieri SeZrwunebis xati~ (39:34).
`SeZrwuneba xSirad ufro nayofieria, vidre naRveli, vinaidan mas
naRvelisgan gankurneba ZaluZs~ (91:53). gankurnebis Semdeg mikvleuli
mTavari WeSmariteba ki humanuri mcnebaa _ `giyvardes mteri Seni~...
amgvari azrovneba aluda qeTelauris pirovnuli Tavisuflebis umaRlesi
gamoxatulebaa _ `SeicnobT WeSmaritebas da WeSmariteba
gagaTavisuflebT Tqven~ (ioane. 8. 32). aqedan iwyeba TviTamaRleba. xolo
amboxi amaRlebuli adamianis mier mikvleuli WeSmaritebis sociumSi
damkvidrebis survils gamoxatavs.

33
 2. `gogoTur da afSina~

`aluda qeTelaurTan~ SedarebiT gansxvavebulad aris warmodgenili

sulieri transformaciis Tema poemaSi `gogoTur da afSina.~ aluda
nawarmoebis dasawyisSive is pirovnebaa, romlis cxovrebac sikeTisken
aris mimarTuli. samSoblos _ Temis samsaxuri umaRlesi sikeTea. aluda
mxolod zneobriv srulyofas, pirovnebis maRal ganviTarebas aRwevs.
`gogoTur da afSinaSi~ ki aseTi pirovneba gogoTuria, romelic
araviTar sulier gardaqmnas ar ganicdis. igi TviT aris stimuli sxvisi
_ afSinas metamorfozisa.
es poema `aluda qeTelaurze~ erTi wliT adre _ 1887 wels dauweria
vaJa-fSavelas. Tu Semoqmedebis qronologias SevudgebodiT, pirovnebis
sulieri ganviTarebis mizezTa Zieba vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebaSi
SeiZleba aqedanac dagvewyo. Tumca, vinaidan, zemoT moyvanil TxzulebaSi
am ganviTarebis ufro Rrma plania warmodgenili, msjelobis warmarTvis
sawyisad es poema amovirCieT.
vaJas sxva poemebis ganxilvisas Cven araerTxel davinaxavT, rom erTi
pirovnebis cnobieri cxovrebis dasawyiss xSirad araTu zogadi
situaciebi, aramed am situaciebSi monawile sxva konkretuli
pirovnebebis qcevebi gansazRvraven. kritikul leteraturaSi aRniSnulia,
rom `aluda qeTelaurSic~ mowinaaRmdegis vaJkacobis dafaseba mucalis
saqcieliT iwyeba _ mis mier aludasTvis Tofis `gadagdebiT~ (52:26).
afSina, aludasgan gansxvavebiT, srul Semobrunebas ganicdis borotebis
gzidan sikeTis gzisaken.
poemisaTvis vaJas gamouyenebia Tqmuleba gogoTurze: `es poema
sakuTarma incidentma damawerina, gogoTurad vguobdi Tavis Tavs.
hxedavT, saqme sadamdis midis. mxolod saxeSi myvanda is gogoTuri,
romelic marTla scxovrobda am mecxramete saukuneSi, iyo
mcxovrebeli sofel yofCisa. rogorc poemaSia moxseniebuli, iyo
Zalian Ronieri, mZlavri da mSromeli adamiani. imisi motanili btyeli
sipi qva dResac gdia kopalis samlocvelosTan da or kacs gauWirdeba
asawevad~ _ wers vaJa (34:323). sxva werilSi (`kritika b. ip. varTagavasi~)

34
ki gvimxels: `Cems jeilobaSi mec bevrjel vejajgurebodi am
gogoTuris motanils qvas da vcdilobdi gogoTurze meti Rone
gamomeCinao~ (34:367). ase Zlier surda, Turme, vaJas am vaJkacTan Tavis
gatoleba. `Tumca, ra piradma gancdam, ra SemTxvevam~ daawerina
`gogoTur da afSina,~ mwerali mainc bolomde ar gvimxels _ `eg Cemi
saidumloebaa da saflavSi Tan Caviyolebo~ (iqve. 368).
naTqvami gvafiqrebinebs, rom vaJas poema sakuTar pirovnebaze
dakvirvebazea agebuli. gogoTuric da afSinac misi `piradi gancdis~
nayofia.
Tqmulebis mixedviT, gogoTurs ori avazaki xevsuri Seupyria erTad
da Semdeg Seubralebia. `es orive erT kacad gardavqmeno~ _ wers vaJa
(iqve. 367). am ambavSi, cotad Tu bevrad, ukve iyo is arsi, rac mis poemas
daedo safuZvlad. `sasjeli danaSaulisaTvis namdvili gogoTurisa, rac
man daado xevsurebs, Taviseburia, damafiqrebeli da Semarcxveneli,
gamasworebeli, sinanulis aRmZravi _ vfiqrobT, amgvari sasjelis Semdeg
qurdma aRar unda gabedos qurdoba. gogoTuri xevsurebs ara scems, Tumc
esec SeuZlian, radgan xevsurebi imis xelSi arian, arca hlanZRavs,
mxolod eubneba, Tqven, qurdebo, Rirsi xarT, rogorc sxvis oflis
mWamelni, sxvis qonebis mimTvisebelni, ZaRlis salafavs sWamdeTo. am
saSualebam dabada CemSi afSinas sinanuli, loginad Cavardna, xevisberad
Sedgoma da samudamod qurdobaze xelis aReba~ (iqve. 367-368).
vaJas Tavidanve ambis im momentze gaumaxvilebia yuradReba, ramac
SeiZleba adamianSi sinanulis grZnoba gamoiwvios.
poemis mTavari gmirebi _ gogoTuric da afSinac meomrebi arian.
gansxvaveba isaa, rom gogoTurs mxolod mterTan brZoliT,
samSoblosadmi TavdadebiT mouxveWavs saxeli. fSavSi aravis axsovs
misgan usamarTloba, moZmis Cagvra. Tu omi ar aris, gogoTuri Sromobs.
misi fiqriT `xmlis qnevas madli maSin aqv, roca xmals hxedav mtrisasa~.
erTi sityviT, gogoTuri is kacia, vinc TviT `amSvenebs iaraRs.~
bloeli afSina `scarcvavs rjulian-urjulos, marjved momxmare
farisa~. misi iaraRi ki `simrudis gzaze navalia~. is Tavisuflebis
mteria. amiT gansxvavdeba misi vaJkacoba da saxeli vaJas sxva gmirTa
saxelTagan.

35
 vaJas azriT, `Tavisuflebis mteria is adamiani, visac ar uyvars
Tavisi Tavi. Tavmoyvareoba ornairia: briyvuli da gonivruli.
briyvuli, roca adamiani martodmarto Tavis Tavze zrunavs. mxolod
fiqrobs mas: `me virgo da sxva wyalma zidoso. me mqondes ufleba
sxva Seuracxvyo, da sxvas ki ara hqondes neba, pasuxi momTxovos.
marto mqondes neba vcarcvo da meores ki moespos saSualeba Tavis
dacvisa. sxvis ufleba, adamianoba Selaxos dausjelad,
xelSeubruneblad. amisTana adamiani msgavsia mxecisa, igive mxecia da
misi Tavmoyvareoba aris mxecuri. mgelic ase fiqrobs, oRond TviTon
gaZRes da imis Wiris nacvali iyos aTasi suli cxvari da aTiaTasi.
araferia mglis fiqriT es codva, es danaSauli~ (34:416). aseTi
briyvuli TavmoyvareobiT, mgluri bunebiT gautarebia afSinas
axalgazrduli cxovreba.
misi bunebis dadebiTi, keTilTvisebiani mxare mimalulia. igi poemis
erT sakvanZo situaciaSi ixsneba. afSina gaZarcvas moundomebs
gogoTursac, romelic jer Tavis Sebralebas Seecdeba, _ `oRomc
iaraRT nu amyri, ra vqna, gagiwev ymobasa~. xevsuri Seubralebelia. igi
mxolod maSin Secbeba, da sulierad Seiryeva, roca gogoTuri Tavis
namdvil saxes gamoamJRavnebs da Sekonils, damcirebuls etyvis: `_
CaCqani, rkinis perangi Senzed arami aria~. rogorc Cans, es sityvebi
Rrmad CaeWeda afSinas gonebaSi. gogoTuris mizanic es aris: afSinas
gajavreba. Torem misi `simrudis gzaze navali iaraRi~ sulac ar unda.
samagierod, afSinas igi sicocxles urCevnia. rac unda iyos, iaraRi
mamakacis Rirsebis iseTive gamomxatveli atributia, rogoric qalisTvis
_ mandili. afSinas Tavi vaJkaci hgonia. `mebrZoli adamianebi iaraRs
eferebodnen. Zvirfasi samkaulebiT rTavdnen, mowiwebiT eamborebodnen,
rogorc wminda rames da mis SesanarCuneblad sicocxlesac ar
iSurebdnen. pirovnebis, kerZod, mamakacis urTierToba iaraRTan, es mTeli
zneobrivi instituti iyo~ (52:24). afSinas iaraRi zneobrivad ar
mouxmaria, magram misdami pativiscemis tradicia mainc Rrmad aris masSi
gamjdari. Tumca `Taurmovlena~ (gr. robaqiZe ase uwodebs raime
tradiciis wyaros, saTaves), daviwyebulia. gogoTuri mis gamowvevas
cdilobs.

36
 roca afSina gogoTurs patiebas Txovs, vaJa aRniSnavs:
`_ Tan dneba, lurjad, Savada,
gulSi borotis kbeniTa.~
_ albaT, imis miniSneba unda poets, rom afSinas buneba mTlianad
boroti ki ar aris, aramed boroti, `mgluri~ instiqti `kbens~. rogorc
fsalmunebSia gamoTqmuli, adamianis yvelaze saSiSi mteri myofobs mis
SigniT. esaa vnebebi da swored maTi daTrgunviT iwyeba adamianis
ganaxlebisa da sulieri zrdis procesi: `lomsa da unass fexs daadgam,
lomis bokvers da urCxuls gaqelav~ (fsalm. 91.13). aq cxovelTa
saxelebiT moxseniebulia adamianis negatiuri Tvisebebi. fiziognomikis
(mecniereba fizikuri monacemebis mixedviT adamianis bunebis gansazRvris
Sesaxeb) azriT, adamianma cxoveluri samyaros nairsaxeobidan unda
airCios misTvis Sesabamisi da bunebrivi saxe, raTa amgvar sarkeSi
dainaxos sakuTari zne-Cveulebebi. saRvTismetyvelo moralis mixedviT,
adamiani unda ganixilavdes sikeTisa da borotebis cxovelur
heraldikas, raTa Seicnos misTvis sasurveli zne da Tavisufali nebis
aqtiT ganagdos erTi saxeoba am heraldikisa da meoriT Seimosos (89:167).
vaJa-fSavela keTilisa da borotis igavur heraldikas araerTxel
ganixilavs:
`erTi mgelia kacT Soris,
meore uwevs cxvrobasa~.
(`mTaTa erToba~)
`mgels sakmao Zala aqvs cxvrebTan sabrZolvelad, – Zala,
rasakvirvelia, fizikuri... cxvrebis Zliereba ki erTaderTi zneobrivi
Zalaa...~ (34:410).
afSinas aRmoaCnda is `erTaderTi zneobrivi Zala~, romlis
wyalobiTac man Cadenil qmedebebs kritikuli TvaliT Sexeda da dainaxa
sakuTari mgluri buneba, `lomi da unasi~, rac misTvis arasasurveli,
miuRebeli aRmoCnda. aseT SemTxvevaSi man swori arCevani gaakeTa _
gadawyvita, sakuTari zneobrivi aRzrdis Semdgomi etapi maTi
daTrgunvisaTvis mieZRvna. amitom ar ecema igi sulierad, ymobasa da
Sebralebas ki ar gamoiTxovs gogoTurisgan _ fic-vercxlis Wamas
sTavazobs:

37
 `miZme da momec abjari,
Tu ara, bevrad mirCevnav,
ro gulSi damce xanjari.~
gogoTuri mwared gakicxavs da Semdeg abjars ubrunebs. afSina eubneba:
`modi gakoco gogoTur,
sikeTisaTvis SublCia.~
vaJkacebi afSinas RviniT dailocebian da erTmaneTs avi saqmisa da avi
wadilisgan siSores usurveben, Zmadac gaificebian. sikeTe,
romlisTvisac afSina gogoTurs madls swiravs, unda vigulisxmoT, rom
mxolod imaSi ar gamoixateba, daubruna Tu ara iaraRi man bloel
vaJkacs. is aRarasodes gamouyenebia afSinas. gogoTurma raindobis
namdvili sikeTe aCvena mas da ganumarta:
`Tu mainc giyvars xmlis qneva,
qrolva, qorebul teveba,
me sam gamamyev, gaCveno
mteri saJletad veeba...~
gogoTuris TqmiT, gmiroba isaa, roca martos aTasi mteri gcems da
mainc ar drkebi, xmals xelidan ar uSveb, gagitydeba? _ sxva xmals
iSovi da vaJkacobiT, simamaciT sZlev mopirispires. aseTi yma
`pirofliania~, `mglisferia~, Rirsia welze xmlis da Tavze qudis
tarebis. gogoTuri pirdapir eubneba afSinas, rom sxva oms is ar cnobs,
sxva SemTxvevaSi xmlis qneva mxolod diacis Ciqilas axuravs vaJkacs.
mindodaurs ki aqamde mxolod aseTi brZola unaxavs, mxolod beCavTa,
omunaxavTa, `diacT nalaxis mxvetavTa~ mklavi daujabnia da ara namdvili
meomris. es rom ase ar yofiliyo, misi Zarcva-gleja amden xans ar
gastanda.
gogoTuris vaJkacobam afSinas gulSi naTeli wertili ipova da
adamianuri cxovrebisken ubiZga. swored amgvari pirovnebebis xelSia
sazogadoebisTvis dakarguli wevrebis srulfasovnebis aRdgena. vaJa-
fSavelas azriT, `mglad qceuls adamians~ ar SeiZleba mgeliviT
movepyroT. `imis gawrTvna, Cven, _ adamianTa xelT ari, Cven unda
movuspoT mas saSualeba, davuketoT bilikebi mgluri instiqtebis,
survilebis sanavardo da morCa misi mgloba~ (34:416-417).

38
 afSina pirvelad moxvda situaciaSi, romelic Tavisi aqamdeli
arsebobis cxovelur wesze, aqedan gamomdinare, briyvul, ususur
Tavmoyvareobaze miuTiTebda. marTals eubneba gogoTuri: `ar Sagxvedria
Savfera, mklav-msxvili, rkinis mkvnetavio~. afSina gogoTurTan Sexvedris
Semdeg xvdeba, Tu ra aris WeSmariti raindoba. amitom marTalia, misgan
iaraRs ibrunebs, magram Sin misuli ucnaur gadawyvetilebas iRebs.
afSina ibarebs:
`aha, waixven abjarni,
cxens nu dauyri Tivasa;
vinc xval pirvelad moides,
yvela es miec imasa;
Cem cxenic imasa hyvandes
fass ar vsTxov, arca qirasa~.
`uiaraRod xevsuri (iseve, rogorc zogadad, mTieli kaci)
warmoudgenelia, rogorc uwylod Tevzi~ (34:285). magram afSina veRar
`xevsurobs~:
`me karCi veRar gamoval,
Zmad unda vyvande jinasa;
Wiri Samyria uwamlo,
kacs, xevsurT badals, winasa~.
xevsuroba misTvis vaJkacobis tolfasi cnebaa. misi vaJkacoba ki
damcrobilia. amitom iaraRis magivrad dards unda `dauZmobildes~. rac
Seexeba iaraRis gasxvisebas, rogorc cnobilia, misi Cuqeba adamianis
mimarT pativiscemad iTvleboda. afSina `fass~ ar iTxovs, Cuqnis. Tumca,
misTvis sul erTia, vis Cauvardeba xelSi saWurveli. gavixsenoT `aluda
qeTelaurSi~ mucali: sulTmobrZav vaJkacs ar aviwydeba, rom misi iaraRi
uRirsis xelSi ar unda Cavardes. igi aludas gadaugdebs iaraRs da
etyvis: `xels ar Cavardes sxvisasa!~ am sityvebiT mucali sakuTari
iaraRis Rirsebis dacvas moiTxovs Rirseuli vaJkacis _ aludas mier.
afSina ambobs: `vinc xval pirvelad moides, yvela es miec imasa~ _ es
sityvebi ioli saTqmeli ar unda iyos mTieli kacisTvis. aseTi bedi
arguna man `simrudis gzaze naval~ saWurvels. afSinas eyo imdeni
simdable, rom mimxvdariyo _ is, rac mas vaJkacoba egona, Turme,

39
sabralo, ususuri xalxis Cagvra iyo. es mas Seuracxyofs, viTarca
vaJkacs. rodesac afSina xvdeba, Tu ra aris WeSmariti raindoba, Tavs
iaraRis tarebis Rirsad aRar Tvlis. iaraRs _ rac uZvirfasesia
vaJkacisaTvis da mis saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli, igive ganaCens
gamoutans, rasac sakuTar Tavs:
`mala da veRar damala
afSinam wyluli gulisa,
ar eTqva, aRar SaeZlo
vaJkacs mobrunva sulisa.
cxeni, abjarni sxvas miscna,
gaxda erTguli rjulisa.~
afSina xevsurTa xevisberi _ xalxis mrCeveli gaxda. erTi SexedviT,
gasakviria, adamianis sapirispiro polusisaken amgvari Semobruneba.
xevisberi uwmindesi pirovnebaa mTaSi, RvTis rCeulicaa. nuTu marTla
iqca afSinas mowodebad Rrma sulieri cxovreba _ asketoba?
am kiTxvaze pasuxs Txzulebis bolo strofi gvaZlevs:
`aboben: qviTini modis
Ram-Ram blos-TaviT kacisa:
`vah, mkvdaro vaJkacobao,
cocxlad damarxvav Tavisa!~
aq kidev erTxel gvaxsendeba ioane RvTismetyvelis sityvebi: `aramed
iyavn gonebai Tqueni yovladve mgloviare da Semusvril~. gogoTurTan
Sexvedram afSinas sulSi yinuli daZra da sinanulisTvis Seamzada.
sinanulma rom marTlac daisadgura mis gulSi, aSkaraa. marTalia,
Tavdapirvelad loginad Cavarda, `sulis mobrunva~ aRar SeeZlo, magram
mainc jiutad gaswia win _ nebelobis aRzdisaken, raTa sakuTari
pirovnuli aqtivoba SesaZlebeli gaexada. nebelobis aRzrdis ideali is
aris, rom pirovnebam nebismieri qcevis warmarTva ise SeZlos, rom
imasTan dakavSirebiT, rac SeiZleba naklebi nebelobis gancdebi hqondes.
afSina sakuTar naRvels swamlobs, raTa am (nebelobis) gancdisagan
gaTavisufldes. naRveli qristianuli anTropologiis ganmartebiT
`sulieri simSralis~ damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa. Tu amgvari mtkivneuli
mdgomareoba didxans grZeldeba, is SeiZleba aRiqmebodes, rogorc

40
erTgvari gansacdeli, romelic adamians sulier sicocxlesa da
sasowarkveTilebas _ sulier sikvdils Sua ayenebs (99:70).
afSinas magaliTi mowmobs, rom gza pirovnuli aRorZinebisaken,
nebelobis gancdis daTrgunvisaken arc ise iolia. vaJas gmiri
sasowarkveTilebas ar emorCileba. xevisberis funqciis zidva gamudmebul
locvasa da sulier sifxizles moiTxovs. afSinam es gza airCia _
sifxizlis gza. `sasowarkveTili da sulier daxsnilobas micemuli nu
etyvi Sens Tavs: mZime codvebSi Cavvardi, amdeni xnis codvili cxovrebiT
boroti Cvevebi SeviZine, isini TiTqmis bunebriv Tvisebebad meqcnen,
amitom CemTvis ukve SeuZlebelia sinanuli~ _ ganmartavs makari didi
amgvari fsiqologiuri mdgomareobidan Tavis daxsnis gzas (60:396).
mindodaurobis daZleva Znelia, uamrav survilze uaris Tqmas
gulisxmobs. afSina ara mxolod borot Cvevebze ambobs uars, aramed
yvela amqveyniur siamovnebaze. is xels iRebs raindobaze swored maSin,
roca SeuZlia, marTlac gaxdes raindi. igi Tavs isjis am cxovrebisgan
gandgomiT. İisaak asuri ambobs: `netar ars kaci, romelman uwyis Tavisi
uZlureba, rameTu es codna yovelive keTilis dasabamad Seeqmneba~ (62:24).
es sikeTea afSinas simdable. igi jer kidev ganwmendis gzazea Semdgari,
sulieri simSvide da wonasworoba jer ar moupovebia. amis
damadasturebelia misi Ram-RamobiT qviTinic.

41
 3. eTeri

pirovnebis sulieri transformaciis dros adamianis `sulis

dramatuli gancda~ vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebiTi interesis umTavres
motivs wamoadgens. is yovel ambavSi, Tqmulebasa da legendaSi eZebs
amgvar dramatul gancdebs.
oriod werilSi vaJa-fSavelam erTgvari ganmarteba mogvca imisa, Tu
ra konkretulma pirovnulma mizezebma ganapiroba misi daintereseba ama
Tu im TemiT (`kritika b-n ip. varTagavasi~, `fiqrebi `vefxistyaosnis~
Sesaxeb~). sainteresoa, rom xalxuri sityvierebis TviT is nimuSebi,
romlebic vaJam gamoiyena, dramatizms, rogorc aseTs, ar Seicaven, radgan
`drama – esaa poezia `obieqtur-subieqturisa~ (28:341).
poema `eTeri~ xalxuri sityvierebis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili
nimuSis Targzea agebuli. vaJa-fSavelas am poemis STamagonebeli mizezis
Sesaxeb araferi aqvs naTqvami. faqtia, rom xalxuri `eTerianis~ Tema
siyvarulis cnobili samkuTxedia. vaJas, garda imisa, rom am samkuTxedSi
ori figuris – mosiyvarule qal-vaJis grZnoba ufro maRal rangSi hyavs
ayvanili (abesalomi, igive goderZi, aq bolomde inaxavs eTeris mimarT
dadebul fics), mesame, antagonisti gmiris – Seres (xalxur eposSi _
murmani) sulier-dramatuli gancdebiT interesdeba. Tu xalxur eposSi
murmani sikvdilis Semdegac ar anebebs Tavs mijnurebs saflavebs Soris
amosuli eklis saxiT (cnobili Sesityveba `murmanis ekalic~ xazs usvams
xalxuri eposis am personaJisTvis damaxasiaTebel mavnebel Tvisebas),
vaJa-fSavelas personaJi Sere bolomde ar kargavs adamianur bunebas. am
poemaSi vaJa-fSavelam kidev erTxel dasva adamianis sikeTisaken swrafvis
moTxovnilebisadmi ndobis aucileblobis sakiTxi.
Tumca, mivyveT poemis dramatul kolizias. Seres sulieri drama
literaturasa da folklorSi cnobili motivis – demonur ZalasTan
garigebis fonze viTardeba. es motivi cnobilia, rogorc zRaprisTvis,
aseve miTosisTvis. literaturaSi misi yvelaze saintereso konfiguracia
`fausturi paradigmaa~ (41...). vaJasTvis am garigebis nayofis sikeTis
samsaxurSi Cayeneba SeuZlebelia. demonuri Zalisgan miRebul niWs Tu
saCuqars mxolod daRupvamde mihyavs adamiani. am mxriv vaJa-fSavela

42
qarTul folklorul wyaroebsa da literaturul tradiciebs mihyveba,
sadac devi da qaji mxolod boroti sawyisis maCvenebelia.
`qarTul folklorsa da literaturaSi ar arsebobs mefistofeluri
orsaxovneba, rogorc borotisa da keTilis `erTianoba erTSi~, ramac
Tavisebuli saxe misca fausturis qarTul paradigmebs. aq devi an qaji
mxolod borotebas ganasaxierebs. mas ufro ebrZvian, vidre iyeneben...~
(41:126) da Tu iyeneben, TviTonac amgvari (boroti) saqmis Tanaziarni
xdebian.
poemaSi sasiyvarulo samkuTxedis dramatuli ganviTareba Seres
gulSi `Ralatiani~ azris CabudebiT iwyeba:
`gareT ar imCnevs, gulSi ki
mefis Ralati hyioda.~
adamianis sulis gonieri nawili ioane damaskelis anTropologiis
mixedviT `ganiyofeba Sinagan (warmoTqmul) sityvad da garegan
(warmoTqmul) sityvad. Sinagani sityva warmoadgens gonebaSi mimdinare
raRac moZraobas, romelic aranairad ar gamoixateba metyvelebiT~ (62:301).
Sinagan sityvas garegan sityvaze aranaklebi mniSvneloba eniWeba
adamianis sulis moZraobis mimarTulebis TvalsazrisiT. radgan
Sinaganic `warmoTqmulia~, mas rezonansic moyveba. Tavisufali nebis
arCevani xom swored Sinagani sityvis safuZvelze xorcieldeba. `suli
cvalebas eqvemdebareba swored am Tavisufali nebis mizeziT, rogorc es
saerTod aris damaxasiaTebeli yoveli qmnili arsebisaTvis~ (ioane
damaskeli), (iqve. 288).
Seres gulSi boroti Zalisken warmmarTveli sityva – Ralati
`yivis~, iseve, rogorc afSina, gulSi `borotis kbeniT~ itanjeba. Sere
afSinasgan gansxvavebiT ver Zlevs am damRupvel Zalas, romelic
Sinaganad cdilobs mis mokvdinebas:
`gulSi Caujda Seresa
eSmaki Ralatiani;
Sehxvda uwamlo Wirada,
qali mklav-kalaTiani.~
personaJis `sulis cvaleba~, transformacia swored aqedan iwyeba.
poemis yoveli Semdgomi suraTi dacemuli adamianis Sinagani dramatuli

43
gancdebiT aRsavse cxovrebas warmogvidgens. gmiris sulieri cxovrebis
Semdgomi Tavgadasavali poemaSi miTiur-zRaprul planSi ganviTarebuli
koliziebiT grZeldeba. boroti Zala am planSi swored zRaprul-
miTosuri personaJebiT: kudiani bebriT, devebisa da qajebis saxiT aris
warmodgenili. TviT ambis Txrobac am dros zRaprul kiloze
grZeldeba:
`cra zRvasa, cxra mTas iqiTa,
udaburs adgils, mTiansa
scxovrobda erTi beberi
gamoqvabulsa kldiansa.~
`mkiTxveli TiTqos SeumCnevlad, TavisiT Sedis xalxis
fantastikur samyaroSi. is TiTqos uSualod, cocxlad xedavs ara marto
am kudians, `avis mTesvels~ bebers, aramed mTlianad xalxis mier
Seqmnils irealur qveyanas, romelic mkiTxvelisTvisac, rogorc
xalxisTvis, realurze Zlieri da eWvmiutaneli xdeba~ (36:629).
Tumca, fantastikuri suraTi ise agrZelebs realurs, rom aSkarad
SeimCneva miTosuri sinamdvilis Semotanis pirobiTobaze miniSneba.
miTosis funqcia realobasTan mimarTebaSi mJRavndeba. `cxra mTasa da
cxra zRvas iqiT~ momxdar epizodsa da Seres realur ganwyobas Soris
aSkara fsiqologiuri kavSiria. grZneuli beberi swored im avi fiqrebis
zRaprul-miTosuri saxe-ideaa, arqetipia, romlebic gmirs mklav-
kalaTiani qalis danaxvisas mosdis gonebaSi:
`gurgen mefisa veziro
guldakodilo Sereo,
raRas meZaxi SoriTa,
aq, CemTan, Cameereo.
adrev gagige wadili,
ori kviraa gelio.
ras Camamymui goriTa,
rogorc mSiera mgelio?!~
cxenze amxedrebul, odesRac mefis vezirobiT naqeb Seres gulis
damkodavi, zianis mimcemi fiqri gaxdomia vezirad da codvaTa xevSi
miaqanebs. welSi `orad moxrili~, `saxaTabalo ZafebiT~ SemboWveli

44
grZneulis saxiT am xevidan mas sakuTari adamianuri Rirsebis
damcrobili saxe Sehyurebs:
`suyvela imaSi budobs:
angareba da Suria;
erTxel ar ityvis, sxvas vargo,
mudam sxvis vneba swyuria;
codvebiT ver Saedreba
qristes gamcemia uria.~
angarebisa da Suris, sxvisi vnebis msurveli grZneulis saxe
sazareli StrixebiTaa warmodgenili poemaSi. `vaJa-fSavelas poemebSi
portretirebisadmi midrekileba ar igrZnoba. miT ufro sayuradReboa,
rom poemaSi `eTeri~ mocemulia grZneuli bebris sakmaod zusti da
reliefuri portreti~ (59:386):
`Tvalebi cecxlisa usxda,
kbilebi hqonda minisa,
caliers Zvlebze zed ekra
tyavad furceli rkinisa;
fexebi hqonda kacisa,
xelebad brjRlebi cicisa,
da, Tmis magivrad sulZaRlsa,
mokle fafari kvicisa.~
es garegnuli aRwera srulad Seefereba mis sulier Tvisebebs.
borotebis imgvari saxis warmodgeniT, rogorc folklorisa da
miTosisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, `xdeba ideis, arsis sqemis `gacocxleba~,
xorcSesxma, anu ideis personifikacia. maSasadame, miTosuri saxis zusti
portretireba unda aixsnas ideis personifikaciis surviliT, zogadis,
arsis personificirebis mizniT~ (iqve, 387).
borot fiqrebTan wilnayari Sere sabolood emoneba xorciel
survilebs:
`Cems suls Sen mogcem, ar mrcxvenis
me imis monebisao.~
xorcdamonebuli adamianis gancdebis eqpresiul suraTs qmnis Seres
mdgomareoba:

45
 `eklebze mZinavs, ro vwvebi,
veRar visveneb, veRara:
puri gvelia, ro viReb,
yels ver vacileb, veRara.
.....................................................
da sulic asulebuli
sasules amameCara!..~
davukvirdeT, risgan Sedgeba `wamali~, romelsac grZneulTan
garigebuli Sere sakuTari xorcis galaRebisTvis iRebs:
`fetvs mogcem, devTa naTessa,
mosulsa devTa Walada;
is urwyavs sisxlsa kacTasa,
devTagan naxmars wyalada;
Sigve dedis rZe urevav
qajTi, macilTi kvalada.
Sigvea ferfli im sulTa,
Cven romelic gvxvda wilada,
vinc Tavis meufesTana
gamoCnda ganawbilada;
Sigve lafia iudis,
qristes gamcemis sulisa
da anafxeki sasyidlad
mis miRebulis fulisa.~
Seres gayidul suls memkvidreobiT ergo kacobriobis umZimesi
codvebi: kacis mkvlelTa, ufalTan gawbilebulTa da iudas codva.
`qristes gamcemi uria~ poemaSi ramdenjermea moxseniebuli. Seres codvac
iudas codvis msgavsia. ufliswulis mimarT Cadenili Ralati sikeTis
Ralatia. mefis Ze – goderZi vaJas TxzulebaSi zneobrivi adamianis,
srulyofili moralis gansaxierebaa. Seresgan gansxvavebiT, is arasodes
Ralatobs sityvas. eTeris mimarT misi siyvaruli uRrmesi sulierebiT
gajerebuli rainduli bunebis gamovlinebaa. imis miuxedavad, rom eTeris
fizikuri silamaze Tvals miefara, goderZim `qali aravis dauTmo~.
misgan gansxvavebiT, Seres ar unda eTeris `marto daxruli Zvlebi~.

46
`mklav-kalaTiani~ qalis mimarT mis grZnobas xorcieli vneba udevs
safuZvlad, amitom Tmobs suls da eTerTan xorcieli bednierebis xuTi
wlisTvis iseve arad agdebs jojoxeTis bWes, rogorc iuda – ocdaaTi
vercxlisTvis:
`suli geyofaT, avsulno,
leSs raRas mietanebiT?
cota xans kidev damiTmeT,
mere daWeriT danebiT,
Tund kupris cecxlSi CamagdeT,
daZexiT Cemis wvalebiT.~
aq Sere miTiur personaJebs – devebs mimarTavs, romlebic rogorc
ukve avRniSneT, borotis sawyisis gansaxierebaa. `devTa mejlisSi~ is
eSmakTan garigebis – sulis gayidvis Semdeg xvdeba. `uRrans ufskruls~
gamarTuli maTi Rreobis suraTi `aluda qeTelauris~, `kopalas~,
`devebis qorwilis~ xilviTi Cvenebebis, pasaJis analogia:
`devTa xelT epyraT pir-didi
WurWlebi kokebiviTa,
Rvinis magivrad sisxls svamden
devebi sworobazeda.
saca visTvisme moeswroT
xevSi, an gorobazeda,
............................................................
sisxli, nawuri kacebis,
WurWlebSi edgaT Rvinoda,
mejlisSi sisxliT Tvreboden,
sisxls svamden mosalxinoda.~
`devebis qorwilSi~, iseve, rogorc `aluda qeTelaurSi~, yma uars
ambobs kacis – Zmis sisxlis smaze, xorcis Wamaze, rac pirovnuli
cnobieri cxovrebisaTvis upiratesobis miniWebiT aixsneba. xolo Sere,
romelic rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, borotebis arsTan wilnayarobiT yvela
codvasTan wilnayari xdeba, amgvar arCevans ver akeTebs. xorcieli
tkbobis arCevaniT is uars ambobs pirovnul Tavisuflebaze. qajTa, devTa

47
da WinkaTa Rreoba – mejlisi adamianis xorcieli bunebis zeimisa da
sulis damcrobis gansaxierebaa. Sere maTTan daZmobilebulia:
`mosZaxden: `Zmao Sereo,
rodis-Ra gnaxoT TvaliTa?!~
`mejlisis~ adgilsamyofeli is uRrani ufskrulia, sadac Serem
sakuTari `svindis-namZinarevi~ adamianuri Rirseba moisrola. Seres
sulieri transformacia aluda qeTelauris, afSinas sulieri
transformaciis sapirispiro procesia.
sindiss qristianul anTropologiaSi wminda mamebi adamianis
msajulad, misi nebis keTilisaken warmmarTvelad moixsenieben. amgvari
msajulis Zili sulis Zilia.
ufskrulis mejlisSi Casvla da amosvla poemaSi calke (X) TaviT
aris gamoyofili. samSobloSi ufskrulidan Sere ise brundeba, rogorc
`ucxoeTs~ namyofi, natanji mgzavri. sulgayidulis mZime xvedri man
mSobel miwasTan moaxloebisTanave igrZno. xorcis mejliss imdenad
daucarielebia, gauucxovebia misi suli, rom samSobloze mosul mterTan
SebrZolebac aRar SeuZlia. Tumca, wuxs, yoymanobs, magram amaod:
`Sere ucqerda xSiris tyiT
nacnobebs mwuxarebiTa
da isvelebda kalTebsa
momsqdaris mduRarebiTa.
undoda jarSi gareva,
guli uSlida tiali,
im gayidulis sulisa
gamoTxovebis wkrtiali.~
Sere uwin, albaT kargi meomaric iyo, Torem `jarSi gareva~
azradac ver mouvidoda. sakuTari `mes~ gandidebis msurvels, xorciel
sitkboebas ayolils, meomruli Rirsebac SemoeZarcva. eSmakTan garigebis
Semdeg, pirvelsave Sesaferis situaciaSi, gamoCnda pirovnebis siZabune.
borotebasTan garigebuli adamiani mkvdaria yoveli keTili saqmisTvis,
miT umetes iseTi amaRlebuli gancdisTvis, rogoric patriotuli
gancdaa. Seres suli `ucxoeTSia~ darCenili, `Sin~ misvla gasWirvebia.
`Sin misvla~ vaJasTan cnobieri cxovrebisken mobrunebis aRmniSvneli

48
metaforaa. poemaSi `mTaTa erToba~ Sesityveba `misvla gaWirda Sinamde~
eris cnobieri, erTiani sxeulis dabrunebis mtanjvel molodins
gamoxatavs.**
Seres ambavi imiTac gansxvavdeba xalxuri `eTerianis~ variantisgan,
rom man verc xorcieli wadili aisrula. SeiZleba iTqvas, es aris kidec
vaJa-fSavelas `eTeris~ da xalxuri `eTerianis~ erTi mTavari gansxvaveba.
egoisturi, qvecnobieri swrafviT, Sere sulsac kargavs da amqveyniur
siamovnebasac. amgvarad `gaveranebuls~ Seres srulad Seesabameba vaJa-
fSavelas leqsis `kai ymis~ striqonebi:
`dahkargavT saaqaosa,
verc saiqios rCebiTa.~
saaqaos dakargvaSi poeti adamianis mier socialuri daniSnulebis,
xalxisa da sikeTis samsaxuris ugulvebelyofas gulisxmobs. Sere
swored aseTi adamiania, `Tavis jams Cascqers~.
xorcieli cxovreba mas ufskrulisaken miaqanebs da am gzaze
kargavs adamianis gamakeTilSobilebel Tvisebebs: samSoblos siyvaruls,
mefe-patronis erTgulebas (rac raindis upirvelesi Cvevaa) da sakuTari
Tavis rwmenas. vaJa-fSavela uaRresad qristianuli moraliT gansjis
gmiris Secdenas. am mxriv, misi ganwyoba sruliad Seesatyviseba
romantikosTa skolis qristianuli literaturiT nasazrdoeb sevdis
motivebs. Seres, rwmenadakarguls, SeeZlo eTqva am codvis gamomwvevi
mizezisaTvis:
`hoi, aRmSfoTo, mipasuxe, nu imalebi,
ratom gacudda Zali Seni momjadoebi.~
(n. baraTaSvili, `sulo boroto~) (12:590)
eTerisa da goderZis sikvdilis Semdeg poemis bolo, saepilogo
TavSi asaxulia `sicocxle-gaarmebuli~ yofa. am yofis ambavi
SemkiTxvelis – poetisa da ambis mTqmelis dialogiT aris gadmocemuli.
mTqmelis uCveulo naambobi Seres qcevas eSmakeuli fiqrebisagan
Sewuxebul kacad warmogvidgens:
`xan lekviviTa wkavwkavebs,

* gv. 16
*

49
 ZaRliviT xmarobs enasa.
xan buisaviT gahkivlebs
sawyalad, beCavurada;
im drosve gadaiqceva
axla mCxavana turada;
xan miTam moWkviandeba,
tye-tyis pirT dadis stviriTa;~
meores mxriv, aq CamoTvlili cxoveluri heraldika aSkarad
migvaniSnebs gmiris sulSi mimdinare procesze. Seres adamianuri bunebis
erTianoba Tavisufali nebis arasworad warmarTvis gamo darRveulia.
`gonebadanakveTeb~ adamians namdvilad ar ZaluZs arsebis gamTlianeba.
sxvadasxva cxoveluri saxelebi sxvadasxva adamianuri vnebis saxe-ideebia.
Tumca, `arCevanis Tavisufleba codviT dacemul adamianSic ar
nadgurdeba~ (makari megvipteli) (99:88). Seres zemoT aRwerili qceva
gulisxmobs nebelobis gancdas. yvelaze did codvilsac ZaluZs swori
arCevanis saSualebiT pirovnuli Rirsebis aRdgena _ meored Soba. vaJa-
fSavelas – humanist poets ar ZaluZs gmiris am rwmenis gareSe datoveba:
`marto tura-mglobs, eg aris,
marto sibilwis mqnelia?~
_ ekiTxeba poeti ambis mTqmels.
`_ erT wels udabnos wavida,
sulis mogebas hlamobda,
berebTan erTad marxulobs,
imaTTan erTad galobda,
miT Serem ver daisvena,
mainc iseve wvalobda.~
_ pasuxobs mTqmeli. simdabliT, marxviTa da galobiT, keTili saqmiT,
SeiZleba `sulis mogeba~. Seres ara mxolod marxva da locva dauwyia,
aramed `glaxakobs~, amqveyniuri dideba daTmo:
`man veziroba uarhyo,
daaqvs titveli fexebi
da xmas ar iRebs, ros TavSi
ufaCuneben glexebi.~

50
 es simdablis gzaa, Tumca ramdenadac didia codva, miT ufro didi
Sromaa saWiro dacemuli Rirsebis, RvTis mimaluli xatis aRsadgenad.
Sere Tvalis dasaTxrelad amzadebs danas – Tavs isjis tanjvis
momatebiT. albaT gagvaxsendeba antikuri tragediis TvalebdaTxrili
oidiposi, magram Cadenamde man arc ki uwyis sakuTari codvis Sesaxeb.
misi tragedia bedis tragediaa. Sere axali drois tragediis gmiria. misi
tragedia sulis tragediaa. is pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT asrulebs
qristianuli moralis miTiTebas: `Tu gacdunebs Seni marjvena Tvali,
amoiTxare da gadaagde, vinaidan umjobesia SenTvis, rom erTi asoTagani
dageRupos, vidre mTeli Seni sxeuli geenaSi Cavardes~ (maTe 5.29). Seres
es geena moagona grZneulTa amao `saswaulma~ da sasjelsac TviT
ganuwesebs sakuTar Tavs.
sulieri simSvidis mopoveba arc ise advilia. vaJa gmirs gza-
gasayarze tovebs, Tumca, keTili sawyisis ukvdaveba misTvis ukve
aRiarebuli WeSmaritebaa.

51
 Tavi III
znesruli pirovnebis socialuri daniSnulebis sakiTxi poemebis:
`stumar-maspinZlis~, `baxtrionis~ da
`gvelis-mWamelis~ mixedviT

`nayofiT icnobT maT~

maTe. 7. 20

1. `stumar-maspinZeli~

zneobriv, humanur pirovnebaTa tragedias sazogadoebasTan

SepirispirebaSi vaJa-fSavela kidev erTxel Seexo poemaSi `stumar-
maspinZeli~, romelic mogvianebiT, 1893 wels gamoqveynda. aRsaniSnavia,
rom Tavdapirvel variantebSi misi saTauri iyo `zviadauri~, radgan
ambavi, romelic poetma brwyinvale nawarmoebSi gamoiyena, mxolod
zviadauris gmirobis ambavs Seicavda (34:363-364). vaJas Canafiqri ki, ara
mxolod rainduli sulis imgvari gamomJRavneba iyo, rogoric zviadauris
saxeSia, aramed iseTi humanurobisac, romelsac joyola da misi meuRle
_ aRaza gviCveneben da vaJas SemoqmedebaSi araCveulebriv, TviTmyofad
saxeebs qmnian. `joyola, aRaza da am ukanasknelis glova zviadaurisa,
agreTve galaSqreba xevsurebisa zviadauris neStis gadmosasveneblad da
sxva, yvela es avtoris braliao,~ _ werda vaJa ipolite varTagavas
kritikis pasuxad erT-erT werilSi (iqve.364).
dedamiwaze humanur tradiciaTa erT-erTi uZvelesi saxe stumar-
maspinZlobis tradiciaa. vaJa stumar-maspinZlis urTierTobaSi swored im
sakvanZo situacias poulobs, romelic yvelaze efeqturad xsnis poemis
personaJ-gmirTa xasiaTs da warmoaCens maT konfliqts sazogadoebasTan,
rasac, Tavis mxriv, am formaciaSi miRebul adaTTa Sorisve arsebuli
winaaRmdegobani ganapirobebs.
`kai ymebi~ _ joyola da zviadauri. poema `stumar-maspinZeli~ ori
`kai ymis~ SexvedriT iwyeba. orive urTierTsimpatiiT imsWvaleba. joyola
zviadauris xevsurobas ierze cnobs da uyoymanod patiJebs ojaxSi, xolo
saxlSi gacnobis Semdeg masTan Zmad Seficvasac fiqrobs:
`ivaxSmes, Tavis stumari
maspinZels moswons guliTa.

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 `kargi vaJkaci etyoba~, _
ficulobs Tavis rjuliTa:
`es erTi cnoba, xval Zmoba,
erTad SevTvisdeT suliTa~...
mahmadiani joyola qristian zviadaurTan `suliT SeTvisebas~ apirebs. es
aris is rainduli suli, romlis arsic uaRresad humanuria da, aqedan
gamomdinare, Tavisi bunebiT _ qristianuli.
vaJas personaJebis _ joyolasa da aRazas xasiaTi, rogorc Semdgom
vnaxavT, imgvarad warimarTeba, kidev erTxel adasturebs tertulianes
azrs, rom `adamianis suli (anima) Tavisi bunebiT qristiania~ (46:63).
mkvlevari akaki baqraZe aRniSnavs: `joyolasa da aRazas
feriscvaleba iwyeba maSin, roca sofelma stumar-maspinZlobis wminda
kanoni daarRvia da zviadauri dasasjelad waiyvana~ (15:187). Cven kidev
erTxel gavimeorebT, rom am poemaSi, iseve rogorc `aluda qeTelaurSi~,
`gogoTur da afSinaSi~, gmirTa cxovrebis mxolod erTi, sakvanZo
monakveTia mocemuli. amitom, am SemTxvevaSic unda gvaxsovdes, rom vaJas
pirovnebebSi Tavidanve mocemulia is wanamZRvarebi, romelic cxovrebis
mxolod erT, garkveul etapze xdeba sacnauri yvelasaTvis. `garegnulad
rac unda mSvidobianad mimdinareobdes aseTi adamianis cxovreba,
Sinaganad masSi yovelTvisaa raRac mebrZoli~ (С. Л. Рубинштейн) (41:66).
joyola rom arc ise iSviaTad amJRavnebda `axirebul~ bunebas, es im
frazidanac Cans, romelsac nawarmoebis bolos, mokluli joyolas
mimarT amboben qistebi: `exlac masxarad agvigdo, winad xom bevjer
agvria~. e.i. joyola yovelTvis sxvebisgan gamorCeuli, sakuTari
principebis mqone pirovneba yofila, magram amgvar winaaRmdegobas mainc
ar moeloda SurisZiebiT anTebuli Temi. pirovneba winaRudga qistebs.
magram is, visac joyola ar Seepua, sinamdvileSi samarTliani Temi ki ar
iyo, aramed brbo, romelsac erTaderTi mizani amoZravebda _ sisxli
swyuroda. literaturul kritikaSi dRes sadavo sakiTxs aRar
warmoadgens, rom joyola Temis adaTebs Soris Tanmxvedr situaciaSi
urTierTdapirispirebis msxverpli gaxda (43:66). `or simarTles Soris
moqceuli pirovnebis bedi yovelTvis tragikulad mTavrdeba~ (15:93).
gaigo Tu ara joyolam zviadauris mosisxleobis ambavi, `pirs sinanuli

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waeso~, radgan mixvda, rom misi stumari marTalia, kargi vaJkacia, magram
maTi Zmobis ideam, rac sul cota xnis win aSkara realobad miaCnda,
irealur sferoSi gadainacvla. Tumca, wuTiTac ar dafiqrebula imaze,
Caegdo Tu ara stumari aboboqrebul TanamemamuleTa xelSi. igi
WeSmariti raindia da raindulad icavs stumar-maspinZlobis wess.
amasTan, Seuracxyofili da gakvirvebulic aris Temis qceviT.
gakvirvebulia imitom, rom Temi Tavissave adaTs _ stumris moyvrulad
daxvedris wess arRvevs da Seuracxyofilia, rogorc am wesis
aRmsrulebeli maspinZeli. igi adaTisa da sakuTari `kacobis qelvas~ ar
apatiebs Tems:
`roca gascdeba Cems ojaxs,
iq moepyariT avada.
vis gauyidav stumari?
qisteTs sad Tqmula ambada?
ra davaSave iseTi,
rom momixvediT karada?
Tvis rjuli dagviwyebiaT,
mitom iqceviT mcdarada;~
sxva admianisTvis am SemTxvevaSi iqneb arCevanis SesaZleblobis
sakiTxic mdgariyo _ mimxroboda Tems, Tu daecva stumari. joyolas
saubarSi ki Cans, rom igi is pirovnebaa, vinc sakuTar principebs arCevans
arasodes sTavazobs. man icis, rom rainduli adaTis mixedviT `stumris
mosisxle mters, maspinZlis mezobelic, Tundac Zmac rom iyos, ar
SeuZlia, stumars xma gasces; Tu vinme gakadnierda, maSin TviTon
maspineli gascems pasuxs stumris modaves, sisxlis daqcevasac ar
daerideba~ (34:48). vaJa am raindul adaTs xevsurebis magaliTze aRwers,
Tumca qisti joyolac ambobs:
`Cems sjulsa vficav, sisxls davRvri,
gananebT briyvuls qcevasa,
gananebT, Tumca Zmani xarT,
Cemis kacobis qelvasa!~
am situaciis tragizmi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom orive mxare
kanonieria _ pirovnebac da Temic, magram WeSmariteba joyolas mxaresaa,

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vinaidan igi yoveli kanonisa da adaTis gareSe, yoveli sazogadoebrivi
formaciis gareT dgas da mas pirovnebis sworad warmarTuli
Tavisufali neba gamoxatavs. aqve mJRavndeba joyolas rainduli sulis
erTi Tvisebac _ uiaraRo meomris xelSeuxebloba. igi gulmosuli
eubneba momxvdur Tvistomebs: `uiaraRos awvalebT, guli rasa hgrZnobs
Tavada?~ joyolas ZaliT wahgvares stumari da mis mier mokluli qistis
_ darlas saflavs daakles.
joyola ganwiruli aRmoCnda sakuTari Temisagan: qistebs moRalate
hgoniaT:
`moaqvT da cocxals madeben
saflavis qvasa gulzeda,~
_ Civis vaJkaci, Tumca es araTu samagieros migebis survils aRuZravs,
aramed borotebis wil sikeTiT, TavganwirviT pasuxobs sazogadoebis
saqciels.
`sabraloa mxolod mravalTaTvis Tavdadebuli adamiani,
sxvebisTvis keTilis momqmedi, mSveleli da TviTon ki moklebuli
Svelas moyvasTagan. ar axalia da Zveli es movlena mxolod iq, sadac
bnela, _ regvens, briyvs sazogadoebaSi... sxvis rgebaze damdgari adamiani,
briyvs sazogadoebaSi, mudam zaralSia, igi zvarakia tarigad Sewiruli~
(34:190). joyola zvarakia, qistebis briyvul sazogadoebaSi. vaJas azriT,
gmiri aseTic unda iyos.
didi mistikosi mwerali grigol palama ambobs: `SesaZloa
adamianebs SeSurdeT Seni, avyia Worebis qselSi gagaban, aTasgvari oinic
mogiwyon, ar Sedrke, ganze gadeqi da yvelasaTvis keTilismyofelma
kvlav Seni sakeTebeli akeTe~ (63:433).
joyola WeSmariti raindia. misTvis ucxoa wvrilmani fusfusi,
Worebis ayola. misi pirovneba kldesaviT mtkicea. veraviTari gareSe
azri ver Seryvnis masSi qveynis siyvaruls da mis kacur sakeTebels _ am
siyvarulis samsaxuris Cvevas. igi, Tumca, ganze gamdgari, `martoka midis
cal mxares~ xevsurebTan saomrad, magram mainc `Tavdadebulia cdazeda~.
aRaza. stumar-maspinZlobis rainduli adaTis sadiaco saqme aRazam
aRasrula. qmris stumari man daitira. igi iseve moxibluli da
pativiscemiT ganmsWvalulia zviadauris mimarT, rogorc joyola.

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saerTod, aRazas gamoCenisTanave poemaSi Cans, rom col-qmari erTsul da
erTxorc arian. zviadauris mimarT aRazas grZnobaSi literaturis
kritikosebi SeniSnaven qisti qalis qaluri grZnobiT ganmsWvalvas. Cven
ar uarvyofT, rom amis damadasturebeli frazebi marTlac aris
nawarmoebSi, magram am SemTxvevaSi, gansaxilvel problemasTan
dakavSirebiT, mTavaria ara is, Tu humanur grZnobaTa ra momentebs
warmoaCens vaJa ama Tu im gmiris saxis, xasiaTis meti efeqtisTvis,
aramed, Tavad faqti humanuri grZnobis arsebobisa. ai, rogor iqceva da
ras ganicdis aRaza:
`bevri itira Cumada,
Tumca drodadro krTeboda,
zviadauris sikvdili
TvalebSi elandeboda.
stiroda, magram tirili
ar iyo, exaTreboda:
erT mxriv xaTri aqvs Temisa,
meoriT _ RmerTi aSinebs,
qisteTis mtrisa mozares
Tavs risxvas gadmoadinebs.
es fiqri gonebisaa,
guli Tavisas Svreboda,
kacis kacurad sikvdili
gulidan ara hqreboda~.
arsebobs mosazreba, rom aRazas saqcieli berZeni tragikosis _
sofokles mier gansaxierebuli antigones saqcielis eqvivalentia (43:40-
43). antigone saxelmwifos mmarTvelis winaaRmdeg amgvar saqciels
RviZli Zmis gamo Cadis, aRaza ki ara ubralod ucxo tomis kacis,
`urjulos~, aramed mosisxles gamo. amitom aRazas `RmerTic aSinebs~.
misi RmerTisTvis ucxoa mcneba: `Seiyvare mteri Seni~ (iseve, rogorc
antikuri gmirisTvis). es gonebiT icis aRazam, magram `guli Tavisas
Svreboda~. igi swored guliT wvdeba WeSmaritebas da Tavisi saqcieliT
qisteTsa da Tems ki ar Ralatobs, aramed adamianis mimarT humanuri
sibralulis grZnobiT imsWvaleba da kanibaluri msxverplSewirvis

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winaaRmdeg gamodis. amasve akeTebs qisti mucalis mimarT aluda
qeTelauri _ gulaCvilebuli daitirebs moklul vaJkacs. es mowmobs,
rom vaJasTvis, da saerTod, literaturuli simarTlisTvis, mTavaria
ara is, Tu ra formalur kavSirSia esa Tu is gmiri qristianobasTan,
aramed is, Tu rogor moqmedebs igi. aludaca da aRazac
maRalzneobrivi, qristianuli sulis gamomxatveli principebiT
moqmedeben. maTi guli gamsWvalulia cocxali arsebis mimarT
sibraluliT da misi vaJkacobis mimarT pativiscemiT. qristianuli
asketizmis mixedviT `guli~ adamianuri arsebobis safuZvels,
qvelmoqmedebiTi monacemebis, inteleqtisa da nebis centrs warmoadgens.
es is sawyisia, saidanac gamomdinareobs da brundeba mTeli sulieri
cxovreba. wm. makari megviptelis swavlebis mixedviT, guli
`simarTlisa da sicruis muSa salaroa. iq mdebareobs madlis
saganZuri~ (99:152).
aRaza wvdeba am madlis saganZurs, romelic mis gonebasac ubrunebs
sijansaRes. isaak asuris sityviT: `TviT gonebis cxovreba warmoadgens
gulis saqmes~ (99:153). gulis siwminde ubrunebs gonebas jansaRi Wvretis
unars, rac cnobierad cxovrebis dasawyisia.
gulis, cnobierebisa da gonebis urTierTdamokidebuleba
araCveulebrivad aris asaxuli `vefxistyaosnis~ ramdenime striqonSi:
`guli, cnoba da goneba erTmaneTzeda hkidian:
ra guli wava, igica wavlen da misken midian;
ugulo kaci kaci ver kacobs, kacTagan ganakidian.~
gulia adamianis adamianad yofnis safuZvelTa safuZveli, misi
arsebis erTianadqmnis mizezic da sababic.
adamianis sibralulisa da Rirsebis SegnebiT aRazas pirovnebaSi
gaRviZebuli madli mTel mis arsebas erTianqmnis da WeSmariti
cxovrebisaken mimarTavs. am cxovrebas Seadgens cneba: `Seiyvare mteri
Seni~.
poemaSi STambeWdavadaa gamoxatuli misi nebis yoymani. nebelobis
gancda yvelganaa, sadac gadawyvetilebis gamotana Zneldeba. aRazas
eCveneba, rom sasaflaodan micvalebulebi unamusobas mosZaxian da
wyevlian. qisteTis buneba: `tandawkepilni dekani, balaxni, qvani, qviSani~

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_ win eRobebian. sakuTari sxeulis nawilebic ki eurCebian: `yurebs
gaudis Jivili~, fexebi ar emorCileba, mainc garbis, `samduravs eubnebian
aRazas giSris Tmanica~. yoymani TandaTan neldeba, xolo mRelvareba
mxolod maSin cxreba, roca guliT nawvdomis WeSmaritebas qmari _
joyola udasturebs: `itire? madli giqnia~...
vaJa igonebs, rom `stumar-maspinZelSi~ im adgilma, roca qmari,
joyola, hkiTxavs cols, aRazas, `namtiralevi rada xaro~, amis gamo
col-qmris baasma mTeli ori Tve SemaCera. nametnavad im adgilma
gamoiwvia CemSi sulieri ryeva Tu ra pasuxi unda mieca joyolas
colisTvis, rogor Sehxvedriyo aRazas sityvebs, roca igi eubneboda
zviadaurze: `cremlebi Semiwiria im Seni megobrisTvisao~ (34:365).
am epizods vaxtng goguaZe ganixilavs, rogorc joyolas rainduli
qcevis erT-erT TvalsaCino magaliTs: `aRazasadmi mimarTuli pasuxi ar
aris pasuxi qmrisa, aramed kacisa, romelsac ZaluZs Tavis kerZo
arsebobas ukan daaxevinos da amaRldes yofiT realobaze~ (24:174).
vaJam ori Tve swored imisTvis ifiqra, rom joyolas colisTvis
monoliTuri pirovnebis Sesaferi pasuxi ar daeyovnebina. misi
Tavisufali buneba arCevanisganac Tavisufalia da amitom bunebrivad
miemarTeba sikeTisken _ madlisken.
`madlismqmneli~ buneba rainduli suliT gamsWvalul adamians
SeiZleba hqondes. am bunebas sakuTar TavSi vaJas gmirebi im viTarebaTa
wyalobiT pouloben, romelSic eqcevian. sazogadoebis winaSe
fernacvali gmirebi Tumca, tragikulad iRupebian, magram madls ki
toveben miwaze, adamianebTan. `tragizmi xom mxolod iqaa, sadac arsebobs
pirovnebis sazogadoebaSi gangrZobis, individis sazogadoebaSi
gansxeulebis SesaZlebloba~ (93:36). pirovnebis cxovreba da gmiroba rom
sazogadoebisTvis socialurad Rirebulia, amis dadasturebaa `stumar-
maspinZlis~ dasasruli _ fernacvali gmirebis _ daRupuli joyolas,
aRazasa da zviadauris xilviTi Cveneba kldis Tavze.
`stumar-maspinZlis~ dasasruli. `adamianis fiqrisa erTi saqeburi
Tviseba _ movlenaTa mizezis Ziebaa~, _ ambobs vaJa (34:208). Mmisi
adamianebi movlenaTa mizezebs xSirad sizmriseuli Tu xilviseuli

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CvenebebiTac wvdebian. Aamgvari poeturi suraTebi vaJas TxzulebebSi
arcTu iSviaTad mTavar ideaze migvaniSneben.
sazogadoeba, romelic sul cota xnis win koleqtivis fsiqikisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli uxeSi Sablonuri qceviT daupirispirda pirovnul
TviTSegnebas, yovel RamiT erTi scenis mxilveli xdeba: kldis Tavze
gardacvlil stumar-maspinZelTa aCrdilebi ikribebian da mwuxare, magram
mSvidi saxiT aRasruleben `Sinagani subieqturobis principiT~
nasazrdoeb madlian adaTs. Tumca, cota xanSi qistebis Tvals nisli
efareba da xilvac wamierad wydeba:
`daefareba sanaxavs
wera-mwerelis weriTa,
zed awevs jadosaviTa,
ar daimtvreva kveriTa,
verc Seulocavs mlocavi,
arc aixdeba xeliTa.~
xilva adamianis daZabuli fiqris nayofia. sizmrisagan gansxvavebiT,
igi zecnobieris sferos ufro ganekuTvneba. aCrdilebi rom umizezod
ar Cndebian adamianur warmosaxvaSi, da miTumetes, literaturaSi, amas
msoflio literaturis uamravi magaliTi adasturebs.
am TvalsazrisiT, saintereso da mravalferovania didi ingliseli
dramaturgis _ Seqspiris Semoqmedeba, sadac xilvebi xSirad Txzulebis
mTavar ideaze migvaniSneben. literaturaTmcodneobaSi gamoTqmulia azri,
rom Seqspiris `hamletis~ eqspoziciaSi `hamletis mamis aCrdilis
gamoCena sxva araferia, Tu ara hamletis sulSi momwifebuli
undoblobis Cveneba garkveuli dramaturgiuli xerxiT~ (70:159).DaCrdilis
mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebani sruliad emTxveva daniis princis eWvebsa
da fiqrTa mdinarebas. princs megobrebic TanaugrZnoben. amitom aris,
rom swored hamleti da misi Tanamoazreebi xedaven aCrdils,
gansxvavebiT dedoflisagan, romelic `SeZrwunebuli Sehyurebs fiqrebSi
wasul ufliswuls~ (70:159).
`makbetSi~ banqos aCrdilis gamoCena makbetis gaRviZebul sindisze
migvaniSnebs. Seqspiri cdilobs am xilvebiT adamianis sulis moZraoba

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gviCvenos. Bbanqos mxolod makbeti xedavs _ mxolod man icis sakuTari
danaSaulis Sesaxeb da Sesabamisad, sindisis aCrdilic mas awuxebs.
Mmxatvruli struqturis amgvari momentebi mkiTxvels sulac ar
aiZulebs, fantastikuri xilva zebunebriv realobad irwmunos. Ees aris
Semoqmedis xerxi, romliTac mas SeuZlia, erTi SexedviT realurad
daujerebeli suraTiT ufro damajereblad warmogvidginos mxatvruli
sinamdvile. `stumar-maspinZlis~ finalSic qistebis xilva erTgvari
poeturi xerxia, romelSic Cans sazogadoebis cnobierebis mibruneba
Cadenili qmedebebisken.
poemis XIV TaviT amoiwura realuri kanonzomierebis Semcveli
ambavi. specialur literaturaSi marTebulad aris aRniSnuli, rom
`stumar-maspinZelSi~ ori adaTis _ ori simarTlis Sepirispirebis fonze
Sinagan xmas damorCilebul pirovnebaTa tragediaa asaxuli (43:66).
joyolam da aRazam, romelTa humanuri buneba garegan cxovrebiseul
dabrkolebebze Zlieri aRmoCnda, ver SeZles idealis realur yofaSi
damkvidreba. Mmagram, `maRali idealebi moiTxovs am idealTa
ganxorcielebas Tundac iluziuri formiT~ (59:382). poemis dasasruls,
kldis Tavs Seyrili gmirebi swored im ideas ganasaxiereben, romlis
miwaze ganuxorcieleblobis gamo joyolas jer kidev poemis
kulminaciur momentSi `pirs sinanuli waeso~ _ stumar-maspinZlobis
humanur ideals: kldis Tavze danTebul koconTan joyola zviadaurs
uxmobs, iqve aRazac modis da Zmobilebs maspinZlobs, jixvis mwvads
uwvavs...
`vaJkacobisas amboben,
erTurTis dandobisasa,
stumar-maspinZlis weszeda
cnobis da da-Zmobisasa.~
mTel scenas sevdiani, magram mSvidi elferi adevs. es poeturi
kanonzomierebaa. joyolas da zviadauris daaxlovebis survili
mkiTxvels nawarmoebis dasawyisSive uCndeba, xolo nawarmoebis finaluri
sceniT wre ikvreba _ joyolas survili `erTad SevzavneT suliTa~
irealur, idealur planSi xorcieldeba. Mmagram vaJam finaluri sceniT
ara mxolod mkiTxvelis molodini gaamarTla, aramed nawarmoebSi

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warmodgenili sazogadoebis Semdgomi ganviTarebis procesic gviCvena.
sazogadoebas, romelic am gmirebis qmedebis mxilveli gaxda, aRar
ZaluZs ganviTarebis erT etapze SeCereba. `igi aucileblad icvleba,
Tumca garegnulad SeiZleba arc SeimCneodes~ (15:196). swored amitom aris
saWiro poeturi xilvis Semotana. `xdeba Sinagani mSvinvieri ganwmenda~
(15:196). am SemTxvevaSi rom marTlac asea, xilvis Tumca mwuxare, magram
mSvidi suraTi mowmobs. Sekruli wre transformaciis aqts ganasaxierebs,
romlis garegnuli plani imaSi gamoixateba, rom Temis wevrebisTvis
gamoaSkaravda stumar-maspinZlobis WeSmariti arsi, rac aqamde mxolod
rCeulTa _ joyolas, aRazasa da zviadauris bunebis Tviseba iyo.
`qarTuli stumarTmoyvareoba stumarTan megobrobis, an stumris
miRebis survils ki ar gamoxatavs mxolod, aramed stumris, viTarca
moyvasis siyvarulsac gulisxmobs. maSasadame, qarTul
stumarTmoyvareobaSi imTaviTve aris ukve mocemuli meti safuZveli
qvelmoqmedebiTi damokidebulebisaTvis~ (26:357). Aaqedan gamomdinare, is
Tavisi arsiT rainduli bunebis matarebelia.
stumar-maspinZlobis amgvar wess uZvelesi literaturuli
tradiciebi aqvs. bibliur TxzulebebSi stumris saxiT ojaxSi TviT
ufals maspinZloben. amgvari Rirseuli maspinZlobiT gamoirCeva abraami
(dabadeba. 18. 2-8), iobi (iobi. 31. 31). TviT qriste mouwodebs adamianebs
stumris mimarT delikaturobisken (luka. 7. 44-46). swored amgvari
Sinaarsis gamo, Cvens mier ganxilul poemaSi, `irRveva stumar-
maspinZlobis adaTis eTnografiuli lokaluroba da am masalidan vaJas
mier SemoqmedebiTad amoziduli konkretuli qarTuli Tvisebebi
zogadsakacobrio Sinaarsis matarebel motivTa donemde adian~ (28:362).
simbolurad, metamorfoza mTaze, kldis Tavze xdeba. vaJasTvis mTa
wminda adgilia:
`mTas viyav, mwvervalze videq,
Tvalwin mefina qveyana,
gulze mesvena mze-mTvare,
vlaparakobdi RmerTTana.~

61
 qristianuli xanis mwerlobaSi mTa aris wminda, anu `kvrivi~
(rogorc fSav-xevsureTSi ityvian) adgili, sadac mxolod uflis
rCeulebs SeuZliaT asvla~ (46:51).
klde simtkicis, gamZleobis, maradiulobis, Zlierebis, patiosnebis
simboloa. klde _ bibliuri metafora, simtkices gamoxatavs. is
gaTanabrebulia RvTis macocxlebel ZalasTan, romelic wyaros saxiT
modis kldidan moses kverTxis dartymisas. qriste iwodeba `saukuno
klded~, xolo Tavis usayvarles mociquls petres qristem uwoda es
saxeli (petre) im Tvisebis gamo, romelsac igi Semdgom gamoavlenda _
simtkicis (berZnulad `Petros~ _ klde) (105:330): `amitom yvelas, vinc
ismens am Cems sityvebs da asrulebs, maT vamsgavseb keTilgonier kacs,
romelmac saxli kldeze aiSena. movida wvima, gadmoskdnen mdinareebi,
amovardnen qarebi da ekveTTnen im saxls; is ki ar daeca, vinaidan
kldeze iyo dafuZnebuli~ (maTe. 7. 24-25).
stumar-maspinZlobis aqti am poemaSi swored iseTi mtkice
pirovnebebiT aris warmoCenili, rogorebic arian: joyola, aRaza,
zviadauri. amitom maTi, ase vTqvaT, Jesti, mxolod Jestad ki ar rCeba,
aramed mtkice, STambeWdav metaforad iqceva da ase warmosdgeba
qistebis Tvalwin.
Suasaukuneebis poetikaSi, rainduli kodeqsis damkvidrebis
periodSi, klde asocirdeboda cixesTan (cixe-koSkTan), romelic,
Cveulebriv, mTis Tavze Sendeboda. amitom rainduli kodeqsis mixedviT,
mTavari iyo kldis msgavsi simtkice da rwmena (105:455-456).N
nislis simbolika ki mwerlobaSi zogadad niSnavs `raime cvalebas,
gadaqcevas an zebunebriv Carevas~ (105:380).
`simbolur nisls~ miRma rogorc wesi, raRac konkretuli,
Tvisobrivi siaxle igulisxmeba. `Zvel aRTqmaSi~ nislis gamoCena
bibliur gamocxadebaTa momaswavebelia da sxvaTa Soris,
astrofizikosebis mtkicebiT, asea Tavad samyaroSic, sadac `pirveladi
materia~ swored kosmiuri nislis (mtvris) formiT arsebobs~ (2:7).
saxecvlili, manamde ucnobi arsiT stumar-maspinZlobis adaTis
xilvis unars sazogadoeba sinanulis Sedegad eufleba. sinanuli
warmoadgens transformaciis Sinagan plans. `es procesi bunebrivia,

62
radgan axali simarTle, romelic sazogadoebis cnobierebas cvlis,
pirovnebas moaqvs~ (15:196). Tumca, es progresis mxolod dasawyisia.
sinanulis patara naperwkali qistebis gulSi jer kidev zviadauris
vaJkacurma sikvdilma gaaRviva. `daklulma dakla maT guli~ _ wers vaJa.
sisxlis ZiebiT aRvsilTa xvedri aseTia: Rirsebis arsebis nacvlad _
Seuracxyofa, kmayofilebis nacvlad _ sindisis qenjna. isini Cveulebad
qceul Jests: mkvdris gvamze `sisxliT naRebi fanjrebis~ gakeTebas veRar
bedaven:
`codvaa!~ _ yvela hfiqrobda,
xalxis guli da goneba
sasinanulod mihqroda~.
es momenti erTgvari analogia aluda qeTelauris mtrisTvis
marjvenis moWraze uaris Tqmisa, mizeziT _ `codva ariso~. qistebi
zviadauris WeSmariti vaJkacobis aRiarebamde midian da saxlSi Tavis
marTlebiT brundebian:
` _ xom magas ar movuklavdiT
mtrebs, avs rom sCadiodnen?
kargi vaJkaci yofila,
yvela allaxsa hficavda,
imitom vefxvebr gvebrZoda,
Tavis miwa-wyals icavda~.
qistebic aRiareben sisxliani mterobis savalalo dausabamobas.
mTavaria, sworad gamoiyeneben Tu ara sindiss, adamianis kidev erT
`saqebur Tvisebas~.
maTi `sasinanulod mimqroli~ guli da goneba ver sZlevs `maTi
ufalis~ mier naanderZev da gaqvavebul adaTs: `sisxli sisxlis wil~:
`magram mters mtrulad moeqe,
TviTon ufalma brZanao,
is sjobs rac male vecdebiT,
gulSi CavurWoT danao~.
sazogadoeba jer kidev ar aris asuli ganviTarebis im safexurze,
rom STambeWdavma suraTma maTi sulebi mTlianad SeZras da sruli

63
transformacia moaxdinos. sazogadoebaSi, rogorc wesi, amas xSirad
saukuneebi sWirdeba, Tumca gmirebi swored amisTvis iRvwian.
`mTaze dawolili, xSiri RrublebiT warmodgenili janRi
aRniSnavda gadaulaxavi mTebis simbolos maTTvis, vinc mas aseTad
xedavda im momentSi~ (106:349-350). sazogadoebisTvis joyolas, aRazas da
zviadauris stumar-maspinZloba jer kidev gadaulaxavi, miuwvdomeli,
Tumca ukve xiluli idealia.
janRiT, nisliT Tu RrubliT Seqmnil gadaulaxav mTebs poetur
xerxad xSirad iyenebda homerosi.
Qqristianul mwerlobaSi xSirad moixsenieben da erTgvar
agiografiul Sablonsac warmoadgens `codvis nisli~, romelic madls
uziarebeli adamianis Tvalebs an gonebas efareba. wminda ninos
cxovrebaSi `codvis nisli~ jer kidev `Crdilois qveynad~ moxseniebul
qarTlis mTebzea dawolili. sagulisxmoa, rom mTa jvarTamaRlebis
potenciur wminda adgils warmoadgens. Mmefe mirianis moqcevac
nadirobis dros, `moqcevai qarTlisais~ adrindel redaqciebSi da berZen
avtorebTanac, burusis CamowolasTan aris dakavSirebuli. am buruss
Semdgom mirianis sulSi gabrwyinebuli madli gafantavs (56...). vaJas
poemis dasasruls moyvanili `janRi ram~, romelic swored sazogadoebis
Tvals efareba da xilvis gagrZelebas SeuZlebels xdis, madlTan
uziarebeli adamianis `codvis nisls~ ufro hgavs, vidre berZnul moiras
(20:150). wera-mwerlad anu moirad TviT sazogadoeba aRiqvams am nisls,
radgan misTvis aqamde mxolod misiT ganpirobebuli SesaZleblobani
arsebobda. Aalternatiul, progresul SesaZleblobebs mas madliT
aRsavse pirovnebebi sTavazoben. es SesaZlebloba `sufTa haeris
qrolvasaviT~ (15:196) moaqvT vaJas gmirebs. zviadauri Tavisi vaJkacuri
bunebis gamovleniT, xolo joyola da aRaza _ humanuri principebiT,
Cadenili qmedebebisaken abruneben sazogadoebas. vaJas Txzulebis ideac
swored es aris _ madlis imgvari qmediTi Zalis Cveneba, rogoric
stumar-maspinZlobis idealSi SeiZleba gamovlindes. im nislis
saburvelis axdac, romelTan Selocva da fizikuri Zalisxmeva verafers
awyobs, amgvarad gansxeulebul madls SeuZlia.

64
 marTalia, poetma nislis simboluri farda xelSeuvlebi datova,
magram `stumar-maspinZeli~ xom amiT ar mTavrdeba: ufskrulTan pirimzea
SeCerebuli _ mzis madliani siTbos trfiali.
mis metaforul mniSvnelobas gvixsnis moTxoba `quCi~: `is mzis
Semcqeria, imas etrfis. pirimze mzis motrfialea. aRmosavleTidam
dasavldeTamde Tvals da pirs imas ayolebs; roca mze Cava, daiqviTinebs,
iwyens satrfosTan ganSorebas~. vaJa-fSavela didi siyvaruliT Sehyurebs
`lamaz yvavils~: `miyvars es yvavili... imas kacebi pirimzes eZaxiT, radgan
piri da Tvalebi mudam mzisken aqvs miprobili, mzis motrfialea;
rogorc Cvilis Tvalebi Tan dasdevs dedas da cdilobs arsad daemalos
deda, ise imisa, mze dedaa, pirimze Svilia mzisa... dadgeba gazafxuli,
pirimze cocxldeba da mec maSin vcocxldebi~ (33:202).
Tu pirimzis mSobeli mzis siTboSi `mzis mamzevebel mzes~, `mzeTa
mzes~ davinaxavT, maSin gazafxulis mosvla da pirimzis gacocxleba
`stumar-maspinZlis~ konteqstSi adamianSi cnobierebis gacocxlebas
SeiZleba SevadaroT.

65
 2. `baxtrioni~

`baxtrionis~ gmirebi. `baxtrioni~ vaJa-fSavelas is poemaa, romelic

yvelaze metad asaxavs konkretul realobas _ 1659 wlis istoriul
movlenebs, kaxeTis ajanyebas da baxtrionis cixis aRebas, raSic
saqarTvelos mTielebs: TuSebs, fSavelebsa da xevsurebs didi
damsaxureba miuZRviT. da mainc, am poemaSic aris meore dasasruli,
idealur planSi ganxorcielebuli: gvels _ kacobriobis modgmis mters
`borotebis gza gauSvav, keTili dauWeria~...
poemis am dasasruls aqvs Tavisi winapiroba. vaJas poema, marTalia,
konkretuli istoriuli faqtiT, ufro sworad ki konkretuli gmiruli
aqtiT aris STagonebuli, magram TxzulebaSi TuSi mebrZolis _ zezva
gafrindaulis garda, istoriuli pirebi ar Canan. zezva arc aris poemis
mTavari moqmedi piri. vaJas gmirebi: kviria da lela, rogorc avtori
ambobs, misi fantaziis nayofi arian (34:322-323), xolo sanaTa, luxumi da
sxvebi sxvadasxva epoqis gmirebi yofilan, romelTa qebac mas xalxur
leqsebSi mousmenia. eWvgareSea, rom maTi Tvisebebic vaJam Tavis
`mwerlur quraSi gadaadno~ da amgvarad, im Tavisufali pirovnebebis
saxeebi warmogvidgina, romelTa Zalisxmevas unda moeyvana `eris
gazafxuli~.
sagulisxmoa genialuri mwerlis erTi mogoneba imis Sesaxeb, Tu
rogor daJinebiT sTxovda mas `erTi uswavleli fSaveli~, dasturi
mieca kiTxvaze, luxumis `laSaris goraze SedgomaSi~ xom saqarTvelos
Tavisuflebas gulisxmobo. da `xuTmeti aTasi mWermetyveli profesori
rom mogeyvanaT, imis rwmenas, azrs ver gamoucvlideno~ _ wers vaJa
(34:368-369).
es `uswavleli fSaveli~, sulieri oreulia ilia WavWavaZis lelT-
Runiasi.
`iqneba, vgulisxmobdeo~ _ pasuxobs vaJa da Semdeg aseT komentars
daurTavs: `Tavisufleba iseTi mcnebaa, imas bevri komentariebi ara
sWirdebao~ (34:369). Tumca, Semdgom or werils uZRvnis Tavisuflebaze
fiqrebs (`ra aris Tavisufleba?~ `ras hqvian Tavisufleba~ (34:409; 414)).

66
 vaJasTvis `Tavisufleba gamoixateba adamianis ndoma-miswrafebaSi...
Tavisufleba moqmedebaa, ganxorcielebaa nebisa, azrisa, grZnobisa da ara
gansveneba, uqmad yofna. Tavisufleba pirovnebisa da erisa
erTierTmaneTTan mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli~ (34:410). Tavisuflebisa
da nebis yvelaze vrceli ganmarteba qristianul saRvTismetyvelo
literaturaSia mocemuli. wminda mamaTa swavlebis mixedviT, nebis ori
kategoria arsebobs: pirveli, neba bunebisa da meore _ Tavisufali neba
(99:275). WeSmaritad Tavisufali mxolod maSin aris adamiani, roca mas
e.w. ,,Tavisufali nebis~ anu ,,arCevnis uflebis~ ZaliT arCevani ukve
gakeTebuli aqvs. maSin misi buneba gamoixateba sikeTeSi da misken
,,ndoma_miswrafebaSi~. swored amgvarad ganwyobili gmirebi arian
warmoCenili ,,baxtrionSi.~
sanaTa `afxuSouri qalia~_ moxuci, Svidi qarTveli mamuliSvilis
gamzrdeli da damkargavi deda. poemis dasawyisSive fSavelTa salocavSi
`sajaros~ misuli sanaTas saxe mTlianad qveynis viTarebis
gamomxatvelia. eris SeWirvebis Jami damdgara. sanaTa xats emsaxureba.
Tumca, xatis msaxureba qalisagan wesad ar aris:
`martos dauklav saklavi,
TviTonve utyavebia,
martodmartokas diacsa
xat-RmerTi uxsenebia.~
`dedakacs ar SeuZlian xatis karze misvla iq, sadac kaci midis,
radgan is Selaxavs anu gaauwmindurebs xatsa~ (34:28) – aseTi warmodgena
arsebobda fSavSi. magram sanaTa Sinaganad grZnobs, rom amis ufleba aqvs
maSin, roca TemSi vaJkaci aRar darCenila am saqmis aRsasruleblad.
guliT gakeTebuli saqme ki ar SeiZleba, uwmindurad gadaiqces:
`ukacurT kacoba gvmarTebs,
sanam suli gvCrav pirSia,
xatic Segvindobs codvasa,
ros gvnaxavs gasaWirSia.~
`qali, Tavisi pirovnebiT warmoadgens zneobriv sanqcias~ _ wers
vaJa (34:170). qarTul mwerlobaSi, dasawyisidan XIX saukunemde, mravlad
moipoveba am `zneobrivi sanqciis~ nimuSebi. qalis zne da kulti

67
saqarTveloSi odiTganve wminda sagans, wminda ninos da vazis jvaris
simbolikas daukavSirda. mere iyo dedofali SuSaniki... Znelia maTi aRqma
marto qalad. eseni arian qalebi, romelTac ubralod, ufleba aRar
daitoves sisustisaTvis.
zogadad, qarTulma agiografiam (gansakuTrebiT, wm. ninos saxem),
ukve ganapiroba qalis fenomenisadmi damokidebulebis im gziT
ganviTareba, romelmac XIX saukuneSi `qarTvlis dedis~ Rirssaxsovari
saxe Seqmna.
qalis fenomenisadmi erovnuli damokidebulebis gamoxatulebaa
Tamaris saxis didi popularoba qarTul folklorSi.
`vefxistyaosnis~ esTetikam qaluri buneba mravalwaxnagovani
formiT warmoaCina, rac Tamaris epoqam ganapiroba. yvelaze metad es
nestan-darejanis saxeSi Cans. nestani _ mokrZalebuli qalwuli, nestani
_ `pirgamexebuli~, nestani _ moTminebiT aRsavse, nestani – gonivrulad
ganmsjeli. da mainc, am SemTxvevaSi CvenTvis yvelaze sainteresoa nestani,
rogorc mamakacis rainduli qcevisken momwodebeli: `sjobs sayvarelsa
uCvenne, saqmeni sagmironia~...
XVII saukunis kidev erTi uZvirfasesi, istoriuli saxeli, ara
mxolod qarTuli, aramed msoflio azrovnebisaTvis – qeTevan
dedofali...
XIX saukunis qarTulma mwerlobam mTlianad Seisisxlxorca
qarTuli literaturuli da folkloruli tradiciebi. es is saukunea,
roca `qarTlis bediT~ dainteresebuli nikoloz baraTaSvili `marad
netar dedaT~ natrobda awmyosaTvis; akaki ninos, Tamaris, qeTevanisa da
sxva Rirseul qarTvel qalTa aRmzrdelobiT funqciaze miuTiTebda ers;
xolo ilia `qarTvlis dedis~ saxe-ideas qmnida.
am saukunis qarTul literaturaSi yvelaze metad qarTveli qalis
swored aRmzrdelobiTi funqcia, zneobrivi magaliTis mimcemi saxe gaxda
popularuli.
vaJa-fSavela XIX saukunis Svili iyo. literaturul tradiciebTan
erTad misi Semoqmedeba gaJRenTilia folkloris, konkretulad ki fSav-
xevsuruli poeziis memkvidreobiT. vaJa wers: `leqsebSi fSavels dedakaci
gaRmerTebuli hyavs~ (34:98-99). imdenadac ki, rom yvelaze didi niWi

68
adamianisa `siyvaruli, qalurad morTuli dadis, fSavelis warmodgeniT,
da xarulad yviris~ (34:110). vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebaSic vxedavT
xalxuri sityvierebis am daRs. mTis poetisTvis, romelsac mTeli garemo
urTierTdanaTesavebulad warmoudgenia, bunebis arsni xSirad qaluri
mSvenierebis eniT metyveleben.
vaJa-fSavela fSavuri poeziisTvis damaxasiaTebel qalis fenomenis
socialur funqciaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas: `Temis arseboba
damokidebuli iyo Zvelad vaJkacebze, mamakacebze. maTi gamamxnevebeli
brZolaSi dedakaci iyo~ (34:101).
sanaTas saxes swored am Tvisebis gamo miupyria mwerlis yuradReba.
mixeil Ciqovani ixsenebs, rom vaJa-fSavelas, romelsac xalxuri
sityvierebis SekrebaSi didi amagi miuZRvoda, 1882 wels gamouqveynebia
eTnografiuli werili `laSaroba~, sadac fSavel sanaTaze xalxuri
leqsic CaurTavs. vaJa wers: `sofel xoSaraSi vikiTxe amazed, radgan igi
(omi) iq moxda, da miTxres, fSaveli qali iyovo. imas am omSi Svidi vaJi
da merve qmari moukles, magram mainc mosZaxoda fSavelebs `gaswydiTo~.
am miTiTebis mixedviT dasaxa poetma fSavelad sanaTa `baxtrionSi~
(75:166).
vaJas poemaSi sanaTas saxiT qalis swored is fenomenia
warmodgenili, romelsac vaJkacis sulieri gamxnevebis, Temis –
samSoblos TavdadebisTvis brZolisken mowodebis funqcia akisria.
sanaTa marTlac warmoadgens zneobriv sanqcias `baxtrionSi~, miT
umetes, rom poemaSi moqmedeba swored aq, fSavelTa salocavSi, xatis win
sanaTas msaxurebiT iwyeba. Svidi Svilisa da qmris omSi damkargavi
sanaTa axla sxvebs _ kviriasa da mis Tanamoazreebs aqezebs (TviTon
moxucia Torem, albaT, brZolaSic wavidoda). da es xdeba ara
SurisZiebiT anTebiT, aramed qveynis bed-iRbalze zrunviT, misi
sikeTisaTvis `ndoma-miswrafebiT~:
`_ egeb inebos batonma,
gagmarjvebiyosT mterzeda,
Tu amas gavigonebdi,
ar vitirebdi mkvdrebzeda,
imav dRes, Svilo, dedilam,

69
 Wrels Cavicomdi kabasa~.
aq ar aris fanatizmi da grZnobaTa gaxeveba. sanaTa zustad iseTive
qalia, romelmac ufleba aRar daitova sisustisaTvis. es aris sanaTas
piradi brZola, romelic satkivaris, Wiris daTmenaSi vlindeba. es aris
misi `zneobrivi sanqcia~, riTac iwyeba poema. sanaTa moTqmiT locavs
`baxtrionis~ momaval gmirebs. `am dalocvaSi gamoixateba is, Tu qals
rogor esmis vaJkacobis, mamakacobis Sinaarsi, daniSnuleba, ra aris
vaJkacisaTvis sanatreli~ (34:103).
`obol kviria~. misi ,,Camoglejil_Camowewili, erTi yaribi~,
datanjuli garegnobis miRma Cveulebrivi Tvali mxolod fSauri ieris
kacs Tu icnobda.
kviria obolia. oc weliwads mwyemsad yofila, martoobaSi bevri
dro gautarebia, vin icis, raze ar ufiqria aqa-iq xetialisas. axla
kvlav dabrunebula TuSeTSi, raTa qarTvelTa jaris Sekreba amcnos
Tavis Tanamemamuleebs. mSobel miwaze, TavisianebTan dabrunebaSi Cans im
misiis winapiroba, rac sabolood RvTis nebis (Tu madlis) saxiT kvirias
sizmarSi cnaurdeba da baxtrionis brZolaSi cxaddeba. martoobisa da
oblobis motivi, rogorc gansakuTrebuli bedis winaswari SegrZneba,
msWvalavs vaJas SemoqmedebiT interesebs (28:239-240). es motivi mkafiodaa
warmoCenili rogorc mis epikur nawarmoebebSi, aseve prozasa da
lirikaSic. oblobis, rogorc garkveuli niSniT gamorCeulobis erTgvar
ganmartebas gvaZlevs vaJa-fSavelas poema `suli oblisa~:
`ufals Cvens gamosacdelad
sawyloba mougonia:
aTasis juris sawyali,
aTasis juris vaeba,
gulis saklavi suraTi,
scdilobs daTesos RvTaeba...~
aq obloba RvTisgan movlenil gansacdelad aris ganmartebuli,
romelic adamianis sulis ganwmendis, gaZlierebis stimulad iqceva. vaJa didi
mxatvruli sinatifiT warmogvidgens amgvarad ganwmendili sulis metaforas
– caze abrialebul varskvlavTa gunds: `isini arian obolTa sulebio~.

70
 ase rom, kidev erTi davlaTi, romliTac vaJas gmirebi arian
dajildovebuli, oblobaSi mJRavndeba. kviria aseTi davlaTiania.
`es Zveli xalxuri warmodgenaa – oblebad daizardnen amirani da
Zmani misni. oboli iyo farnavazi, romelic Semdeg didebas ewia Tavisi
davlaTiT, obolia zRapris bevri gmiri, romelic sabolood
xelmwifebas aRwevs~ (49:231).
zRaprul samyaroSi gmirebis oblobis motivis Semcvel siuJetTagan
yvelaze gavrcelebuli e.w. `ori Zmis~ siuJetia (65:63-67). msoflio
xalxTa folklorSi es zRapari met-naklebi saxesxvaobebiT aris
cnobili. maTgan uZvelesi Zvelegvipturi zRaparia, romelic Zveli
welTaRricxvis XIII saukunes ekuTvnis. zRaparma Tavidanve gamoiwvia
daintereseba folkloristikasa da religiis istoriaSi. mkvlevarTa
erTi nawilis azriT, am Zvelegvipturi zRapris motivebi did msgavsebas
amJRavnebs bibliuri iosebis ambavTan (76:61-91). es is Zmebis mier gayiduli
oboli iosebia, romelmac egvipteSi didebas miaRwia da didi xnis
Semdgom, didi SimSilobis dros, mSobels – iakobs da Zmebs mxsnelad
moevlina. iosebis oblobasa da samSoblodan moSorebaSi, rac
TavisTavad, nebayoflobiTi ar yofila, Cans swored is gansacdeli, rac
mis suls momavali didebisTvis gamoawrTobs. iosebi Tavidanve grZnobs
Tavisi oblobisa da martoobis raRac gansakuTrebul daniSnulebas –
rogorc RvTisgan boZebul niSans, miniSnebas, mis nebas (17:37-50).
`ori Zmis~ siuJetiT vaJas daintereseba rom aSkaraa, amas
`baxtrionis~ dasasrulSi moxseniebuli `ori oboli Zmis~ zRapari
adasturebs, rac SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos. amasTan, gavixsenoT, rom vaJa-
fSavelas gmirebis davlaTi sulier sferoSi mJRavndeba, gamonakliss
arc oblobisa da martoobis motivi warmoadgens. sulieri davlaTi
gansakuTrebul asparezs moiTxovs:
`ra didi asparezi gvaqvs
keTili saqmis sargavi,
bevri xrioki alagi,
SromiT da madliT sarwyavi,
damwifebuli iara,
nestariT gamosarwyavi~.

71
 (`suli oblisa~)
kviriam samSoblos iara, wyluli unda morwyos madliT –
samSoblosTvis daRvrili sisxli wminda sisxlia.
iosebis bibliur ambavSi aSkarad aris miniSnebuli, rom iosebis
egviptis qveyanaSi gandideba sinamdvileSi mis TanamemamuleTa xsnas
emsaxureba.
kviria modis samSoblodan, swavlobs mwyemsobas, aTasgvari
qartexili gadaivlis mis mxrebze:
,,mzidveli aris es qedi
tanjvisa metismetisa~ _
ambobs moxuc sanaTasTan saubarSi. amitomac xnieris STabeWdilebas
tovebs:
,,arc ise droulica var,
ucxos vgonivar xnieri.~
misi gamosvla mSobliuri Temidan `bedis saZebrad~ erTis mxriv,
zRapris gmirebis mzeTunaxavis _ bedis saZebrad cxra mTasa da zRvas
iqiT siaruls mogvagonebs, meores mxriv, bibliuri personaJebis: abraamis,
iakobis, iosebis, moses gamosvlas mSobeli xalxis wiaRidan. mwyemsuri
mimosvla am xetials ganasaxierebs. xolo kvirias kvlav dabruneba TemSi,
ukve TanamemamuleTa gamosayvanad boroti Zalis (kvirias sizmarSi
urCxulis saxiT rom evlineba) winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, mas isev bibliur
personaJebs: abraams, iakobs, iosebs uaxlovebs...
iosebi Tavisi gansakuTrebuli bedis, misiis Sesaxeb winaTgrZnobas
xSirad sizmriseuli CvenebebiT iRebs.
kviriasac sizmari amcnobs sabolood misi pirovnuli Rirsebis
Sesafer gzas, romelic moyvasTaTvis TviTSewirvas moiTxovs. radgan
`Tavisufleba pirovnebisa da erisa mWidrod aris erTierTmaneTTan
dakavSirebuli... rogor unda iqceodes Tavisufali adamiani?~ _
kiTxulobs vaJa (34:412). `misi moqmedeba unda iyos mimarTuli qveynis
sabednierod. Tu es piroba ar iqneba adamianisagan daculi, maSin misi
moqmedeba iqneba avazakuri, vinaidan yoveli avazaki Tavisuflad iqceva
mxolod piradi sargeblobisaTvis~ (iqve).

72
 kviria sizmarSi qveynis sargeblobisTvis Seebmeba `Sav veSaps~ da
Tavs xmliT gadauCexavs, magram mokluli `borot sisxls~ SeanTxevs
mkerdze. sizmars mas Semdeg xedavs, rac `ganacrebuli saxis~ mqone
qadagis mier ukve gacxadebulia laSqrisTvis laSaris jvaris winZRola
`qveynis wamwymedTan saomrad~. laSaris jvari igive wminda giorgia
mTielTaTvis modificirebuli saxiT, romelmac TviT gangmira veSapi
maxviliT.
igi sizmris Semdeg daWmunebulia, naRvlianad CasCerebia miwas: `ras
fiqrobs obol kviria, amis gamgebi vin ari?~
`qristemac gamoiara gza _ `RmerTo Cemo, raisTvis damiteveb me?~
(90:322). magram saWiroa gabeduleba, romlis gamoCena adamianis
ganwmendil suls ukve ZaluZs. sxvagvarad `urwmunoTa Sroma amaoa,
SeuZlebelic mgonia: im xids, romlis gadebac muSam SeuZleblad icno,
Tavis dReSi gasadeblad ar Seudgeba~ (34:368). igive paTosia Semdeg
sityvebSi: `Tu monaniebisaTvis saWiroa didi moTmineba, SemoqmedebisaTvis
saWiroa didi gambedaoba~ (90:101).
kvirias yofnis rwmena, romelic gambedaobis tolfasia da midis
`Savi veSapis~ winaaRmdeg.
lela. kvirias sizmars TxzulebaSi mohyveba lela baClelis
gamoCena (VIII Tavi). `qali hgavs samoTxis yvavils~, `xorcSesxmuls
siyvaruls~ abjari ausxams da mxedris samosSi gamowyobili midis
laSqarTan:
`Tamamad, vaJkacurada
Tavs wamoadgaT qalia;
cxens ijda mamacurada,
welT Tumc ar ertya xmalia;
xelT epyra Subi wverbasri,
mamisTvis monaparia~.
lela baCleli laSaris jvaris samwysodanaa, misi msaxuria, magram
ara mxolod msaxuri, aramed misi mxedaric, iseve, rogorc sanaTa: `mtris
javri udgas gulSi Savi alaznis gubeda~. amitomac laSaris wyalobis
imedi aqvs:
`CemT ZmaT cxonebam, gargebdiT

73
 laSaris jvaris wyalobiT!~
eubneba lela misi qalobis damwunebel laSqars. lelas saxiT poemaSi
meored vxedavT qals, romelmac araqaluri saqme itvirTa. pirveli
sanaTaa. misi gadasaxdeli brZola aranaklebia _ moTminebas gulisxmobs.
qalis, rogorc ara mxolod RvTis, xatis msaxurisa da morCilis,
aramed misi mebrZolis literaturuli saxe jer kidev bibliur
TxzulebaSi Cndeba (msajulni). aseTia bibliuri personaJi debora.
`sicocxle Camkvdariyo israelis daba-soflebSi, Camkvdariyo, vidre ar
aRvdeqi me, debora, vidre ar aRvdeqi me, deda israelSi~ (msajulni 5,7) _
es misi simReridanaa. Zneli ar unda iyos am paTosis sanaTasa da lelas
brZolis motivTan paralelis gavleba. `sicocxle Camkvdariyo~ fSavis
daba-soflebSi, roca sanaTa xats emsaxureba da lela xelSi iaraRs
iRebs... debora `ara mxolod morCilia Tavisi RmerTis, aramed misi
meomari da masTan damegobrebuli~ (89:126). is Tavis simReraSi aqebs
israelis sxvadasxva tomis, qalaqis Tavkacebs, romelTac israelisTvis
sikvdili arad miaCniaT, xolo merozas mcxovreblebs sayvedurobs
imisTvis, rom isini `ar gamovidnen uflis saSvelad~. `am arqauli
simReris miRma ukve dgas idea `aRTqmisa~, `kavSirisa~ ufalsa da mis
`morwmunes~ Soris... am ideis konteqstSi TiToeuli sakraluri niSani
aris swored `niSani aRTqmisa~ _ dapirebisa da urTierTTanaziari
erTgulebisa winamZRol ufalsa da TanamebrZol adamians Soris~ (89:126).
lelasa da sanaTas `sanqcia~ amgvari mowodebaa mxedrobisa wminda
giorgis saqmisaken.
lelas kviriasaviT sizmarSi miuRia Tanaziarobis niSani. yovel
Rames `mzisa feri diaci~ ecxadeba da sTxovs, raime moimoqmedos
kupriviT Savi kacis winaaRmdeg, romelic mokluli kacis Tavebs
daaTrevs da Tvalwin uwyobs.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, sizmari vaJas SemoqmedebaSi gmiris xasiaTis
gaxsnisa Tu axsnisTvis moSveliebuli mxatvruli xerxia, romelic
xSirad TviTgamorkvevis, TviTSemecnebis wyaroa amave gmirebisaTvis. `aris
sizmrebi, romelSic cxaddeba zecnobiereba da SenarCunebulia
pirovnuli mTlianoba~ (91:74). amis dasturia gmirebis sizmris ara

74
bundovani, aramed azrobrivad Sekruli saxiT warmoCena. vaJas gmirebs
yovelTvis zustad gamoaqvT sizmridan azri da xsnian maT mniSvnelobas.
am SemTxvevaSic asea. sizmari lelas sakuTari SesaZleblobebis
rwmenas umtkicebs borotebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. swored amgvari
mtkice rwmena SeiZleba gaxdes niSani `wyalobisa~.
`mzis feri diacis~ mowodebac imis zecnobieri simboloa, rom
lelas sizmarSi misi pirovnuli mTlianoba Sekrulia da saomrad
momarTuli borotebis winaaRmdeg:
`metyvis: `uTxar ram, lelao,
eg aris Tqveni mteria!~
mze qristianul saxismetyvelebaSi, garda qristes simbolosi,
RvTismSoblis atributicaa. ioanes gamocxadebaSi RvTismSobelia
`sasZlo, mziT Semosili~ (106:465 ).
`uTxar ram~ Tqmas rodi niSnavs, aramed _ qmedebas. amitom lela
qadagiviT, an momavali gamarjvebis winaswarmetyveliviT ki ar midis
laSqarTan, aramed abjarasxmuli _ meomariviT.
laSqari ar iRebs lelas:
`axla ro asdeq diaco,
adgomis mizez ra ari?~
saswaulebrivi niSani, romelic mxedrobas SuaRamisas mosuli qalis
saxed eCvena, maT lamis eSmakeulad miiRes, ver mixvdnen. `TavisianebTan
movida da Tavisianebma ar miiRes igi~ (ioane 1.11).
sanaTa, kviria da lela uflis nebisa da saqmis TanaziarobaSi
erTmaneTis Tanaziarnic xdebian. ukanaskneli ori baxtrionis cixis
Signidan gasaRebad erTad miemarTeba. maT Sesaxeb namdvilad SeiZleba
gavimeoroT sityvebi: `vin aris devgmiri? is, vinc sZlia sakuTar
grZnobebs, radgan dawerilia: umjobesia sulgrZeli, vidre kunTmagari da
sakuTari sulis mflobeli, vidre grigalTa dammorCilebeli~ (89:159).
isini midian eris daZabunebuli ocnebisaTvis sicocxlis Zalis
dasabruneblad:
`daberebula pirimze,
kuzi etyoba welzeda...
ocneba tanjulis qveynis

75
 qviTinebs mTisa wverzeda~.
pirimze, romelic vaJas SemoqmedebaSi imedisa da rwmenis
ganumeorebeli saxe-simboloa, `baxtrionSi~ qveynis imedsa da ocnebas
ganasaxierebs. da sanam jer kidev hkidia misi fesvebi `mTis wverze~,
Svelas iTxovs...
isini ki, vinc garedan marjvenis misaSveleblad darCnen, ganTiadisas
daiZvrian baxtrionis cixisaken. laSaris jvaris _ wm. giorgis neba win
uZRvis mxedrobas. Tumca, TiToeuli mxedari sxvadasxva saxiT xedavs mas:
zogi lurj cxenze mjdoms, zogi _ mtredisfrad, zogi _ viT `velze
gazafxulis yoils~, magram mTavaria, rom laSaris jvarma ineba maTTvis
gamoCena da samSoblosTvis gulanTebul mxedarTa sulic imdenad
gafaqizebulia, rom SeiZles misi danaxva. am pasaJs bibliuri tradiciis
garda, qarTul saistorio mwerlobaSi moeZebneba analogi. magaliTad,
didgoris brZolis mematiane wers, rom `wminda mowame giorgi
gancxadebulad da yovelTa saxilvelad winauZRoda mas (qarTvelTa
jars) da mklaviTa TvisiTa moisrvida mowevnulTa warmarTTa~ (67:341)
pirvelad beri luxumi miuTiTebs mxedrobas win mimZRol `batonze~.
beri luxumi `baxtrionis~ is gmiria, vaJasTan saubarSi `erTma
uswavlelma glexma~ eris Tavisuflebas rom daukavSira. TxzulebaSi
dakonkretebuli ar aris sityva `beri~ xniers niSnavs, Tu `xevisbers~ _
belads. Tumca Cans, rom igi afxuSelebis razmis beladia:
`winadac ucdav TaTrebi,
ros dro mosula cdisao~.
luxumi iseve miuZRveba Tavis razms, rogorc xoSarauli, sumelji,
zezva da baxtrionis sxva gmirebi. Tumca, vaJasTvis es gmiri gamorCeulia.
Tu sxva mxedarTmTavrebs poeti ramdenime epiTetiT gvacnobs, luxumis
xasiaTs ufro metad gvixsnis mxedrobis sxvadasxva wevrTan dialogebiT.
luxums, rogorc Cans, bevri brZola gamouvlia, magram misi guli mainc
iseTi `Cvilia~ da moyvasTa sibraluliT imdenad gamsWvaluli, rom
kvirias sizmris mosmenisas cremlebi mosdis:
`_ keTilad axdes!~ _ mainc sTqva
gul-aCuyebiT, rbilada~.

76
 mxolod luxumi ar daijerebs kvirias Ralats mxedrobidan misi
gaparvis gagebisas, ar eWaSnikeba vaJkacTa Woraoba _ `sityva koWli da
lugumi~. luxums SeuZleblad miaCnia, `misi goris kaci~, am mTebis
Semyure, moRalated dabadebuliyo:
`kacs magis metad ver icnobT,
magis met ar gaqvT Snoeba?
Tavis fiqridgam SemkrTalTa
exlav mogkidaT cxroeba?~
luxumisaTvis moZmis Ralatze mafiqrali kaci `fiqridgam
SemkrTalia~. amgvari fiqri avadmyofuri mdgomareobaa.
gavixsenoT vaJas cnobili metafora `baxtrionidan~:
`nisli fiqria mTebisa,
imaT kacobis gvirgvini~.
Tuki `kacobis gvirgvini~ fiqria da amgvari fiqriT poeti mTebsac
asulierebs, misi gmirisaTvis `fiqridgam SemkrTali~ kaci albaT, kacad
ar unda vargodes. vaJas aqvs erTi simRera: `Cemis kacobis gvirgvino~,
romelic ufro zustad warmoaCens, Tu ragvari fiqri aniWebs poetis
SexedulebiT adamians amaRlebul ganwyobas.
`Cemis kacobis gvirgvino,
Cemo samSoblo mxareo!
Sengan naSobi ocneba
guls laxvrad gaviyareo.
ar mimefaro TvalTagan,
damicev, damifareo.
bevri vaeba vixile,
bevri dRe vnaxe mwareo.
mzis sxivebiviT brwyinaven,
rac me cremlebi vRvareo.~
(29:175)
yoveli cnobieri fiqri amSvenebs adamians, xolo samSobloze fiqri
uzenaesia.
samSoblos gancda jer kidev bibliur TxzulebebSi warmogvidgeba
sakralur gancdad. samSoblos cneba erTi im cnebaTagania dedamiwaze,

77
romelsac yvelaze metad ZaluZs adamianis sulieri gasxivosneba. misTvis
daRvrili cremlebic ki `mzis sxivebiviT brwyinaven.~ amitom,
mxedarTmTavrebi samSoblosTvis brZolaSi mimaval laSqars yovelTvis
sityviT amxnevebdnen. baxtrionis mxedrobas win Zneli brZola elis –
brZola RvTisa da samSoblosTvis. es ori cneba ki qarTvelisTvis
saukuneebis manZilze Serwymulia erTmaneTTan. am didi brZolis win
dauSvebelia, laSqris amaRlebuli ganwyoba raimem SeakrTos, SeaSfoTos.
luxumi namdvili mxedarTmTavaria da ar dauSvebs, rom mxedrobam
moZmis Ralatze ifiqros. madli, romelic luxumis sulSi trialebs,
gadamdebia da mTel laSqars arwmunebs. TandaTan cnobas modis `guli-d’
goneba laSqrisa~...
luxumis daxasiaTebidan misi Tanamemamulis zezvas naTqvamia metad
saintereso: kaci, romelsac cxovreba mtris xocvaSi gautarebia, Turme
imdenad gulCvilia, rom mokluli mteric ebraleba:
`Sen Sagebrala urjulo,
mogiwylianda Tvalebi...
uTuod, saiT enaxve,
mogafurTxebden qalebi~.
_ aseTi ironia gauria zezvam erTi brZolis epizodSi. misi logika
aseTia: `visac Cven ar vebralebiT, Cven Savibralod risada?~ luxumi
arafers pasuxobs, radgan icis, rom sxvebisTvis mtris Sebraleba
gaugebaria. igi iseve afasebs dausabamo `mterobas~, rogorc aluda
qeTelauri. Tumca, rogorc laSaris jvaris mxedari, mainc ibrZvis,
`sisxli gadasdis mklavzeda~, magram es aqti sruliad ar gamoricxavs
sibralulis moments. ukeT rom vTqvaT, mas mtris xocva gulqvaobaSi ki
ar gadasdis, aramed iRebs mas, rogorc samSoblos keTildReobisaTvis
aucilebel pirobas.
poemis bolos, `meore dasasrulSi~, ukve naTlad Cans, rom mtersac
ebraleba luxumi. iqneb, es pasuxia?..
kviria, lela, luxumi, sanaTa (Tumca, brZolaSi is ver wamova) da
mTeli mxedroba laSaris jvaris winZRoliT mterze gamarjvebisTvis
SemarTulan. iseve, rogorc qristes mxedrebi boroti Zalis asalagmavad.

78
 qristianuli eposisaTvis cnobilia aseTi omi. brZola _ romelSic
araTu mfarveli uZRvis mxedrobas, aramed mxedroba ibrZvis misTvis.
msoflio literaturaSi, antikuri epoqidan mecxramete saukunemde
cnobilia magaliTebi, sadac mfarveli RvTaeba an zebunebrivi Zala
exmareba brZolaSi Tavis rCeulebs. gavixsenoT homerosis aTena, apoloni
da sxvebi. `magram nuTu homerosis agamemnons da aqilevss warmoedginaT,
rom isini darazmulni dganan aTenas saqmisaTvis?.. rac misTvis
(warmarTuli RvTaebisaTvis) ar aris damaxasiaTebeli, es aris swored
sakuTari brZolis warmoeba, xalxis Sekreba, sakuTari saqmisaTvis
`amorCeva~ da `mowodeba~ sakuTari droSis qveS~ (89:125).
mxolod qristianulma eposma icis amgvari omi da mowodeba: `eha,
meomarno qristesano!..~ mTielTa laSaris jvaric, igive wminda giorgi _
TviT wminda mxedari, sakuTar brZolaSi borotebis winaaRmdeg
mouwodebs gmirebs: sanaTas, lelas, kvirias, luxums da mTel mxedrobas.
es gmirebi im Tavisufali adamianebis saxe-simboloebia, romelTac
wvlili unda Seitanon eris TavisuflebaSi.
mTielTa mxedroba laSaris droSis qveS `RirsebiT, siyvaruliTa da
rwmeniT~ aris darazmuli, rogorc wminda ordenis raindebi, urjuloTa
winaaRmdeg wminda omSi miemarTebian. RvTisa da mxedrobis erTianobis
dasturia gaTenebuli dRe:
`cam gadibana piridam
muri, nacxebi Rrublisa,
gadaefina samyaros
locva-kurTxeva uflisa.
Suqi daeca laSqarsa
mTebis brwyinvalis Sublisa,
laSarisgorze wavida
laSqari droSis JReriTa...~
es aris Tavisuflebis umaRlesi gamovlineba adamianSi, misi
pirovnuli ganviTarebis mwvervali. rogorc vaJa ambobs: `maRali, qveynis
moyvare suli SeiZleba mxolod iqmnes sicocxlis mqnelad da srulis
simSvenieriT mogvevlinos, mxolod Tu Tavisufalia igi~ (34:385).

79
 vaJas baxtrionis gmirebi: sanaTa, kviria, lela, luxumi swored im
siyvaruliT arian anTebuli, romelsac `eris gazafxuli~ mohyavs. isini,
rogorc aRvniSneT, nebelobisagan gaTavisuflebulan, vinaidan arCevani
ukve gakeTebulia, daTmenili aqvT yvelaze didi brZola _ brZola
sakuTar TavTan. `brZola sakuTar TavTan unda aRiqmebodes ara ubralod,
rogorc nebismieri stoikisaTvis kargad cnobili Zalisxmeva, aramed
rogorc Tanamonawileoba kosmiur brZolaSi, RmerTis laSqrobaSi,
RmerTis mtrebis winaaRmdeg~ (99:125). maTze Tu aqvs naTqvami vaJas: `me
ramdenadac SemeZlo davaxasiaTe mokled gazafxuli TviToeuli
adamianis sulisa, sxva Tqven gTxovT, warmoidginoT, Tu rogori unda
iyos gazafxuli eris sulisa~ (34:386).
`baxtrionSi~ swored es Jamia damdgari. `saamuri dro aris~ da
`saamuri wamia~, roca qarTvelTa mxedrobis nebis dasadastureblad
`Suqi ecema laSqars~ da mTel bunebas. kldis utyv lodebsac ki
gadasdebia maTi ganwyoba (arada, am lodebis ametyvelebis rogori
natrulia vaJa (34:193)):
`kldeTac ki esmisT, salT kldeTa,
maTurelT gulis Zgerani~.
mTel erSi danTebulia siyvarulis cecxli da Semdgaria
sulierebis mwvervalisaken gzaze:
`netavi cecxli ciuri
visac ki gulSi hnTebia,
jer ar gauqres, Tu gaqres,
isevac amohgznebia!
mkvdaria ugrZnobi kaci,
usazarlesi mkvdarzeda,
miT rome sicocxle udgas
salis yinulis taxtzeda,
ar ebraleba moyvasi
mis win rom acvan jvarzeda,
Sors aris, metad Sors aris
daSorebuli mazeda.
WaobSi aris Cafluli,

80
 vicnob mowamluls xmazeda,
sazarelia dadgoma
ugrZnobelobis gzazeda!~
es aris mTeli eris zeaRsvlis sadideblad gamoTqmuli himni da Tan
erTgvari gafrTxileba, rom vinc am siyvaruls gamoakldeba, `vera dros
ver eRirseba gazafxuls sulisas~ (34:385). es iqneba Seferxeba aRmaval
gzaze, radgan `gaqvavebuli gulis ugrZnobloba niSania sulieri
sikvdilisa~ (99:154).
`trfobis mTis~ simbolika `baxtrionSi~. mTa, adamianis zeswrafvis
vizualuri gamoxatulebaa. `mTas raRac zedrouli, absoluturi
ganzomileba Semoaqvs adamianis cxovrebaSi: mTis mwvervalidan nebismieri
fusfusi mis ZirSi wvrilman amaoebad aRiqmeba (vaJasTan _
`ugrZnobelobad~ n.i.). bumberazi mTis Semyure adamians Tavis umweobisa
da sipataravis grZnoba eufleba, xolo mis mwvervalze asuls, _
siamayisa da yovlisSemZleobis... kidev amitomacaa mTa, _ dasaZlevi
winaaRmdegobis saxe-simbolo: miTologiasa da folklorSi zRaprulma
gmirma xan cxra mTa unda gadalaxos, xan miuval mTis mwvervalze
agebuli koSkidan ixsnas mzeTunaxavi~ (2:146).
mTis saxismetyvelebiT gansakuTrebiT gajerebulia bibliuri
Txzulebani: moiras mTa _ iq RvTis morCili abraami adis; sinas mTa _
RvTisa da adamianis aRTqmis dadebis adgilia; fsalmunebSi mTa
zneobrivi srulyofilebis metaforaa:
`ufalo, vin daisadgurebs Sen karavSi?
vin damkvidrdeba Sens wminda mTaze?
vinc umwikvlod dadis, simarTlis moqmedia
da WeSmaritebas laparakobs Tavis gulSi~.
(fsalm. 14.1,2)
an:
`vin ava uflis mTaze
vin dadgeba mis wminda adgilze?
visac xelebi sufTa aqvs da guli spetaki~.
(fsalm. 23.3,4)

81
 mTis simbolikiT mdidaria saxareba: Taboris mTa uflis
feriscvalebis, misi WeSmariti saxis gamovlinebis simboloa, golgoTa ki
_ macxovaris jvarcmis adgili, sikvdilis Zlevis simbolo.
vaJasTvis mTa wmindaa. is xilvaTa adgilia, saidanac xdeba mis
TxzulebaTa mTavari ideis gamocxadeba.
`gulgrilad mcxovrebi verasodes ava zecad~ _ ambobs isaak asuri
(89:147). mTaze mowodebac swored rCeulebis mimarT gaismis. rCeulebs
eris gazafxuli mohyavT.
`baxtrionSi~ mTeli eri `trfobis mTazea~ Semdgari, amave mTaze
mtirali, damzrali pirimzis gasacocxleblad. vaJas udidesi natvraa
`gazafxuli eris sulisa~ (34:386). am mTaze `ar Sedgoma~ WaobSi Caflobis,
pirovnuli sikvdilis tolfasia. am simaRlidan sacodavad mosCans
yoveli dabla darCenili adamiani. isini im lodebiviT arian, romelTac
mcire rwmenis gamo ver gaZles mTaze: `wadiT, visac ar gindaT CvenTan
maRla, cis axlos yofna, dabla ganisveneT~ (33:308). isini mkvdrebi arian
erisaTvis da misi sulis gazafxulisaTvis. aseTia baxtrionSi wiwola:
`_ wiwolam lamiT gagvTxifa,
gagveqca sirbiliani.
netar sad daimaleba
sicocxliT sikvdiliani?~
mxedrebi ase afaseben omidan gamoqceuli meomris saqciels. wiwola
qvemoT daeSva `trfobis mTidan~. is gamoaklda `uflis saSvelad~ omSi
saxelmoxveWil mxedrobas, romlis yoveli wevri `qveynisTvis
Tavdadebuli adamiani yofila da aris gazafxulis msgavsis sulisa,
mxolod maT ganucdiaT gazafxuli sulisa~ (34:386).
gamarjvebis Semdeg mTeli eri ganicdis Tavisufali `sulis
qrolvas~:
`gadmodga borbalazeda
Tavisuflebis mTvarea~.
gmirebi _ kviria, lela, luxumi am wminda brZolaSi iRupebian.
ganadgurebuli boroteba _ `Savi veSapi~ ukanaskneli amosunTqvisas
SeanTxevs kviriasa da lelas Sxamian sisxls. Tumca, maTi daRupva eris
sicocxlis sawyisia:

82
 `netavi yvela lamazsa
asre sikvdili hxvdeboda,
dRes mkvdari, xvale diliTa
cocxali wamodgeboda,
sruli janiT da ieriT
Tvalebs win damidgeboda!~
`baxtrionis~ gmirebs `hxvdaT~ aseTi sikvdili. Tumca, aravin icis,
rodis da rogor daiRupa luxumi. is daikarga mxedarTa TvalTaxedvidan.
ase mTavrdeba poemaSi realuri ambavi.
`baxtrionis~ epilogi. `meore~ dasasruli TvalTaxedvidan dakargul
luxums ukavSirdeba.
`iwyeba esqatologiuri legenda: `ityvian, maRal mTis pirsa~ _
amieridan luxumi aRar ekuTvnis baxtrionis gmirTa, Tundac
gamarjvebulTa wres, arc maT epoqas; is kacobriobis momavalSia
gadasrolili~ (48:120). am axal epoqaSi adamianis Zlevamosili omi
mterTan sul sxvagvari gamarjvebiT mTavrdeba. daWril luxums Tavs
daadgeba gveli, `viT nisli~, romelic vaJas TqmiT, `ucdida davlasa~.
xolo `davlam~ _ luxumma `moinadira~ igi.
gveli an gveleSapi erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli animalisturi
simboloa. literaturaSi mas vxvdebiT rogorc mtris, aseve mfarvelis
statusiTac. am arsebis miTologiuri biografia aseTia: arsebobs ara
ori saxis mqone gveli, aramed misi animalisturi simbolos ganviTarebis
ori safexuri: keTilmosurne gveli TandaTanobiT ganicdis modifikacias
da Rebulobs sawinaaRmdego saxes. mxolod am ukanasknel safexurze
Cndeba warmodgena gveli-urCxulis Sesaxeb. TviT miTosSi gveli xalxuri
Tqmulebebidan, ZvelisZveli warmodgenebidanaa gadmosuli. maSin, roca
miTosi jer kidev Camoyalibebas ganicdida, gveli dadebiT movlenad
aRiqmeboda. misi xorcis Wama adamianis gankurnebas, ukve mogviano
safexurze ki axali unaris SeZenas ukavSirdeboda. gvelTan mebrZolobis
tradicia, arc ise Zvelia, es motivi mxolod saxelmwifoebriobis
gaCenasTan erTad viTardeba (102...). vaJas `baxtrionSi~ `Sav veSapTan~
(gvelis, gveleSapis, urCxulis erT-erTi saxe) brZola swored
saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis niSniT xdeba. TviT miTosSic Cans

83
gvelisadmi uZvelesi `dadebiTi~ warmodgenebi. magaliTad, igi xan `did
winaprad~ da `fuZis angelozadac~ aris warmodgenili. saqarTvelos
mTianeTSic iyo gavrcelebuli legenda gvelze, rogorc fuZis
angelozze. miTiuri legendebis Tanaxmad, apolons hyavda grZneuli
gvelebi. momdevno periodis miTosSi ukve aSkaraa gvelis (an gveleSapis)
winaaRmdeg brZolis motivi. mis pirispir aRmoCndebian herakle, arwivi
haruda, devgmirebi Tori da beovulfi da sxv. (2:51-53).
bibliaSi kacobriobis cxovreba gvelis _ satanis macdunebeli
karnaxiT iwyeba (17:3.1-14). Tumca, TviT misi preistoria gvauwyebs, rom
satana aris `cdomili angelozi~. Tavdapirvelad masac keTili saxe
hqonda, rogorc yvelafers, RvTis mier Seqmnils.
mkurnalis saxiT gveli gvevlineba bibliur TxzulebebSic: RvTis
rCeviT moses mier Seqmnili spelenZis gveli, romelic Semdgom
homeopaTiis simbolod iqca, dajildovebulia mkurnalobis ZaliT (17:21.9).
saxarebaSi qriste eubneba mowafeebs: `iyaviT gonierni, viTarca gvelni~
(maTe. 10.16). ufro gvian qristianebi gvels gamosaxavdnen jvarze, rac
qristes mier adamianis codvebis gamosyidvis simbolo iyo. jvris qveS
mikruli gveli gvxvdeba Suasaukuneebis qristianul kulturaSi da is
aRdgomisa da sulis xorcze gamajvebis simboloa (105:117).
qarTul miTologiaSi gveli laSaris erT-erTi simboloa, romelsac
mkurnalobis Zala eniWeba. laSaris modificirebuli qristianuli saxea
wminda giorgi. misi erT-erTi naxevari _ qvesknelisa, atarebs gvelis
saxe-simbolos (14:140).
vaJas `baxtrionis~ sarCulis Sesatyvisi saxe gvelis miTologiur-
bibliuri biografiidan yvelaze metad `adamis tomis mteria~, romelsac
mtrobis daviwyebis Semdgom swored is Tviseba rCeba, romelic bibliasa
da miTologiaSic mkurnalobis Zalas ukavSirdeba. es Tviseba Tanxvdeba
swored wminda giorgis erT-erT saxe-simbolos _ gveli mkurnalisas.
gza gveleSapidan `keTil gvelamde~ ki im process ukavSirdeba,
romelic mxolod qristianuli tradiciisaTvis aris cnobili: ganwmendis
gziT pirovnul ganaxlebas.
luxumis kvnesis xmaze misuli `bevri codvis moqmedi~ sibralulis
grZnobiT imsWvaleba:

84
 `bevris codvebis moqmedsa
gadaubrunda guneba,
ra sibraluliT imsWvalvis
misi gveluri buneba!~
`gunebis gadabruneba~ aq zusti Sesatyvisia berZnuli sityvisa,
romelic sinanuls aRniSnavs. `meta-noia~ pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT niSnavs
`nebelobis sferoSi gardatexas~, `Wkuis Secvlas~. es aris `meore
naTlisReba~, romelsac ufali aniWebs adamians naTlobis Semdeg~ (99:154).
Tavisufali neba cvlis adamianis adgils moralur samyaroSi
ukeTesisaken an uaresisaken. ufro adrebizantieli avtorebi am aqts
aRniSnavdnen sityviT `meta-bole~, anu gadaqceva. gadaqceva (anu moqceva)
sikeTisaken midioda sinanulis gziT (89:166).
am gzas Seudga gveli baxtrionSi. gzis bolos niWia _ madli.
madlisken zeaRsvlis gza sibraluliT iwyeba. Semdeg mohyveba dafiqreba,
anu `Wvreta~ _ TviTgamorkvevisTvis aucilebeli ram. sibraluli
gulidan modis, xolo Semdeg amgvarad ganwyobili guli Wkuasac
imorCilebs. `TviT tvinis cxovreba warmoadgens gulis saqmes, sisufTave
gulisa ubrunebs tvins mTlianobas Wvretisas _ Sesabamisad, qmediTi
cxovreba moiTxovs gulis ganwmendas da es qmedeba (ufro zustad _
qvelmoqmedeba) aris ukve gacnobierebuli SesaZlebloba, romelic Sedis
gulSi, uerTdeba guls da krebs da mimarTavs madlisaken~ _ ambobs isaak
asuri (99:153).
adamianis Sebralebis Semdeg gveli swored amgvarad Wvretis unars
iZens: `dafiqrda gveli Zlierad~. vaJa mas aniWebs im Tvisebas, rac
adamianis `kacobis gvirgvins~ Seadgens. mixvda kacobriobis mteri, rom
adamianisTvis Zvirfasia sicocxle da cremli moaskda mis Tvalebs.
cremli kidev erTi dasturia misi gunebacvalebisa. xolo fiqris Semdgom
mikvleuli SesaZlebloba ganwmendil gulSi Casaxuli qvelmoqmedebis
unaria _ gankurnebis Zala. amitomac ulokavs wyluls luxums:
`mTels erTs Tves ase uvlida
adamis tomis mteria,
borotebis gza gauSva,
keTili dauWeria.~

85
 gvelma daibruna pirvandeli saxe. igi ara mxolod luxumis
mkurnali gaxda, aramed saerTod, keTili gza airCia, uvnebeli gaxda.
`sinanulis nayofi aris uvnebloba, xolo uvnebloba aris amoxocva
vnebaTa~ _ ambobs maqsime aRmsarebeli.
aq kvlav gavixsenoT, vin aris luxumi _ laSaris jvaris
mxedrobidan erT-erTi, eris sulis gazafxulis momyvanTagan gamorCeuli.
Tumca, sxvebmac aranaklebi Tavganwirva gamoiCines. isic sxvebTan erTad
idga urCxulTan brZolaSi. magram mxolod is aris `esqatologiuri
legendis~ gmiri. mxolod mas kurnavs `gunebaSecvlili~ gveli. diax, man
sxvebTan erTad gangmira urCxuli _ boroti Zala, magram gavixsenoT, rom
mxolod misTvisaa nacnobi sxvebisaTvis ucxo mtris _ `urjulos~
sibraluli. amitomac simbolurad is xdeba mtris keTilad moqcevis
uSualo stimuli. marTalia, luxumi mters mravalgzis Sebmia, magram
arasodes daukargavs sibralulis grZnoba _ didi madli. es aris
udidesi sikeTe da am sikeTis Sedegi mtris `gunebacvalebaa~, amgvarad
gauvnebelyofa, monadireba. `ara hklaT kaci ese da aha, niWi Tqven
gardaqcevisaTvis sikeTed borotebisa~ _ meoce saukunis 70-iani wlebidan
exmianeba Wabua amirejibis sityvebi vaJas `baxtrions~.
gauvnebelyofili gveli uyveba luxums `baxtrionis~ dasasruls ori
Zmis zRapars – zRapars kacobriobis niWze: `siyvarulze, siwmindeze da
sicocxleze~. am zRapars vaJas moTxrobaSi `xmeli wifeli~ `adgilis
deda~ uambobs xeebs. Tu gvels `adgilis dedasTan~ davakavSirebT,
`baxtrionis~ dasasruli kvlav qarTul miTosur simbolikasTan – fuZis
angelozTan gvabrunebs. gveli – satana, kacobriobis modgmis mteri,
cdomilebidan Semobrundeba da angelozis saxes ibrunebs.
laSaris gorze Semdgari luxumi marTlac, simboloa kacobriobis
sikeTis niWisa, romelsac araTu eris gazafxuli moaqvs, aramed ZaluZs
samyaros kosmiuri ganTavisufleba boroti Zalisagan. amgvari dasasruli
aqvs vaJas `baxtrions~.

86
 3. `gvelis-mWameli~

adamianis sulis mravalmxrivi SesaZleblobani vaJa-fSavelam kidev

erTxel gviCvena poemaSi `gvelis-mWameli.~ am `ucnaurma poemam~ qarTul
literaturul kritikaSi azrTa yvelaze didi sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia.
vaJas sxvadasxva warmarTuli religiebis mimdevroba daswames. yvelaze
didi braldeba ki is iyo, roca aRniSnes, `ver morevia Tavis amocanaso~,
radgan nawarmoebis mTavar problemad adamianis yovlismcodneoba
miiCnies, anu samyaros inteleqtualuri Semecneba, e. w. fausturi
problema.** Tumca, am Tvalsazrisis gverdiT arsebobs azri, rom mindia
yovlismcodne ki ar aris, aramed is adamiani, romelmac adamianuri
instiqti sakuTar bunebaSi umaRles mwvervalze aiyvana (43:146-147). amitom
`gvelis-mWamelSi~ gansakuTrebuli aspeqtiT dgas pirovnebis sulier
ZalTa ganaxlebis problema. `yvelaze ufro gabedulad am poemiT Caixeda
vaJam adamianis Sina samyaroSi~ (iqve).
XIX saukunis dasasrulsa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miipyro intuitiurma Teoriebma. am TeoriaTa
Tanaxmad, samyaros arsTa wvdomisa da sicocxlis mamoZravebel Zalad
miCneulia instiqti. intuitivizmisa da sicocxlis filosofiis
warmomadgeneli anri bergsoni sicocxles, rogorc SemoqmedebiT
process, ise ganixilavs da mas xanierobas uwodebs. xanierobis
aspeqtebia: materia, cnobiereba, mexsiereba (mexsiereba-Wvreta). mxolod
adamians aqvs SesaZlebloba, instiqti praqtikul moTxovnilebaTa
klanWebidan gaaTavisuflos da cnobieri saxe mianiWos. amgvari instiqti,
romelic cnobierebiT aris gajerebuli, ukve intuiciis saxeliTaa
cnobili. adamianma rom uSualod Wvritos movlenebi, saWiroa xeli
aiRos praqtikul interesebze, inteleqtis mier mowodebuli realobis
Seryvnil formebze. amisaTvis ki didi Zalisxmeva _ nebisyofaa saWiro.
Zalisxmeva sasurvel ideasa da mis realizacias Soris arsebuli
gancdaa. misi mobilizeba da sworad mimarTva ganapirobebs adamianis

** mix. kveselava, fausturi paradigmebi. t. II; s. Ciqovani, vaJa-fSavela, qarTveli

mwerlebi vaJa-fSavelas Sesaxeb. 405-471

87
pirovnebis wvdomas, rac, Tavis mxriv, am pirovnebis zrdis ideasTan aris
dakavSirebuli (92...). zrdis Semdgom adamiani ufro metad amyarebs
kavSirs bunebis sxva qmnilebebTan. sxvadasxva cocxal arsebaTa Soris
amgvar urTierTobas, urTierTgancdas, abergsoni `simpaTiur gancdas~
uwodebs.
gvelismWamelis unari rom intuitiuria, es naTlad Cans. mindia
Sinaganad wvdeba bunebis yovel arss _ adamianTa sasargeblod momarTul
`yvavilTa znes~, sikvdilis SiSiT gamowveul xeTa da nadirTa `kvnesasa
da Civils~, puris TavTavTa usargeblod gadagebis dards. amas yvelafers
bunebis cocxali arsebebi TviTon `eubnebian~ _ aniSneben mindias, roca
maTTan urTierTobas iwyebs, xolo winaswari codna maT Sesaxeb
gvelismWamels ar gaaCnia.
mindia xvdeba, rom yoveli `cocxali arseba urTierTzea
damokidebuli da yoveli damorCilebulia erT gigantur aRtyinebas...
romelsac SeuZlia yovelgvari winaaRmdegobisa da dabrkolebis, maT
Soris sikvdilis damarcxebac~ (92:231). es aris is wesrigi, romelic mTel
organul bunebas aerTianebs. mindias Semecnebuli aqvs es wesrigi. igi
wvdeba `sicocxlis im sferos, romelic warmoadgens
urTierTgamsWvalvas da dausrulebel Semoqmedebas~ (92:152). intuitiuri
unari mas pirdapir saganze miuTiTebs da iTvaliswinebs, rom `ai aq, esa
da es aris~ gansxvavebiT inteleqtisgan, romelic damyarebulia imis
codnaze, rom `Tuki pirobebi aseTia, movlenac aseTi da aseTi iqneba~
(92:128).
mainc, ra SemTxvevam Seuwyo xeli mindias intuitiuri unaris
amaRlebas, romelic rogorc adamianTa umravlesobisTvis, misTvisac
praqtikuli interesebis CarCoebSi iyo moqceuli?
intuitiuri Teoriis Tanaxmad, pirveli nabiji aseTi unaris
gamaxvilebisaken Sinagani gamocdilebis kritikaa.
zeaRsvla. poemis dasawyisSi, romelsac epigrafad uZRvis `Zveli
ambavi~, mindia xevsurTa xatobaSia. am xevsurebisTvis cnobilia, rom igi
axali dabrunebulia qajTa Tormeti wlis tyveobidan. misi tyveobis
`daujerebeli ambebi~ legendad dadis xalxSi. vaJas pozicia gmiris
qajeTSi Sesvlisa da misi dabrunebis Sesaxeb dafiqsirebuli ar aris.

88
miTiur ambavSi ki moTxrobilia, rom mindia Tavis mokvlis mizniT eziara
qajTagan gvelis xorcad moCvenebul sibrZnes. es rom `sibrZne~ iyo,
mxolod misi dagemovnebis Semdeg mixvda:
`Seigno, Wama gvelisa
qajTagan iyo zmaneba,
sibrZne aCvenes gvelada,
rom hzizReboda saWmelad.~
am dRidan `gamecnierda glexi~, cam, dedamiwam da tyem saubari
dauwyo. jadosanTa yvela xerxi iswavla, mxolod borotma ver moikida
mis gulSi fexi. dabrunebuli mindia qveynisa da xalxis TvalSi
erTiorad amaRlda, `gvirgvinosani Tamaris~ imedi da xalxis beladi
Seiqna.
msoflio literaturaSi mravlad aris imis magaliTebi, Tu rogor
SeiZina adamianma araCveulebrivi unari gvelis xorcis WamiT. es
tradicia Cans sxvadasxva xalxTa folklorsa da miTosur TxzulebebSi.
`gvelis-mWamelSi~ mocemuli pasaJi garegnulad swored im uZveles
gadmocemas exmianeba, romlis mixedviTac gvelis mier danTqma, anda
piriqiT, TviT gvelis xorcis Wama dadebiT momentad aRiqmeboda. igi
iniciaciasTan iyo dakavSirebuli, anu imave azrs atarebda, rasac
dionisuri kultmsaxureba _ saweso adaTebSi gvelis muclidan gamosvla
gaiazreboda meored dabadebad, konkretulad ki gmiris dabadebad.
gvelis mucelSi yofna ki saiqioSi yofnas niSnavda (102...).
vaJas `gvelis-mWamelSi~ aSkaradaa miTiTebuli, rom mindia
sinamdvileSi gvelis mWameli ar aris. gvelis xorcis Wama mxolod
`zmaneba~ iyoo _ wers poeti. amasTanave, is, rac cnobilia xalxur
TqmulebaSi gvelismWameli mindias Sesaxeb, vaJas poemaSi mxolod
xevsurebSi moaruli ambis saxiT aris gadmocemuli da isic aSkaraa, rom
mindias tragedia sazogadoebrivi formaciis im safexurs ar Seesabameba,
rac miTSia mocemuli. poetis mTavari yuradReba tyveobidan dabrunebuli
mindias cxovrebisa da misi xasiaTis gaxsnisken aris mimarTuli. poemis
arsic amaSia. vaJa Tavis werilSi `kritika b. ip. varTagavasi~, aRniSnavs:
`gvelismWamelis araki, rac me gavigone da razec avaSene mTeli poema,
Semdegia: xevsuri mindia Cauvardeba tyved qajebs. maT Soris cxovrebam

89
iqamdis daaRona mindia, Tavis mokvlamde miiyvana. Tavis mosakvlelad
gvelis xorci Wama, romliTac qajebi ikvebebodnen. gvelis Wamam sruliad
sxva nayofi gamoiRo: mindia brZen kacad gadaiqca. misi sibrZne, xalxuri
TqmulebiT, Cans mcenareebis cnobaSi, Tu romeli mcenare ra satkivaris
wamalia, radgan yoveli mcenare Tavad iZaxis, ris wamalic aris da
mindiamac am mcenareTa ena kargad icis. Sedegi am codnisa aris mindias
gaeqimeba. misi wamali uebaria. xalxuri Tqmuleba amis iqiT ar gadis,
maSasadame, mindias dacolSvileba, colTan baasi, xorcis uWmeloba, Tu
SeiZleba ase vTqvaT, mxedarTmTavruli niWi gvelismWamelisa, Citebis
enis codna, _ xalxur Tqmulebas ar ekuTvnis. ambavi mindias sulis
araviTar dramatiuls gancdas ar warmogvidgens xalxis TqmiT~ (34:364) _
ai, ra yofila vaJas Txzulebis arsi. mindias, anu adamianis sulis,
dramatuli gancdis Cveneba. amisaTvis man Tavis `sulier quraSi
gadaadno~ Tqmuleba iseve, rogorc `aluda qeTelauris~, `gogoTur da
afSinas~, `stumar-maspinZlisa~ da `baxtrionis~ SemTxvevaSi.
`gvelis-mWamelSi~ Tqmuleba mxatvruli sinamdvilis agebas
emsaxureba. revaz siraZis azriT, qajTa qveyanaSi Sesvlisa da gamosvlis
Cveneba vaJas poemaSi sagangebod aris gamotovebuli. miTosuri planis
Semotana masze zogadi miniSnebebiT amoiwureba da maTi saSualebiT
Semoqmedi axdens `ara marto moqmedebaTa da garemos, aramed drois
miTologizaciasac... drois miTologizaciiT drois ganyeneba xdeba... aseT
`dros~ mxolod esTetikuri fenomenis Seqmnis funqciaRa rCeba...
personaJTa miTosur samyofelSi gadayvaniT vaJa-fSavela saxeTa
ganzogadebas aZlierebs. aq gmirebi ganitvirTebian yofiTi mimarTebis,
wvrilmanebisagan da rCebaT arsebiTi niSnebi, _ iqcevian saxe-idead~
(56:388), mindias rCeba Tavisi `davlaTi~, romelic rogorc dasawyisSi
aRvniSneT, vaJas gmirebisTvis zneobrivi SinaarsiTaa datvirTuli.
Tqmuleba `xogais mindis~ Cvenamde moRweuli variantebi (ori varianti)
aseT datvirTvas marTlac ar Seicavs. aq aRsaniSnavia, isic, rom es
variantebi mxolod vaJas poemis dabeWdvis Semdeg gamoqveynda. `g.
TevdoraZis mier Cawerili gadmocema `xogais mindze~ mxolod
nawilobrivaa xalxuri. rogorc TviTon aRniSnavs, am xalxur
TqmulebebSi CaurTavs sakuTari azrebi, epizodebi~ (18:23). mogvianebiT

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CauweriaT xevsureTSi da gamouqveynebiaT meore varianti (18:24). orivegan
mindia mxolod is adamiania, romelmac gvelis xorcis Wamis wyalobiT
Citebis ena icis da amasTanave, kargi meomaricaa. misi zneobrivi
Tvisebebi aq ar Cans. ar Cans misi misiac _ risTvis sWirdeba unari. ase
rom, vaJas mindiasa da Tqmulebis mindias mier arc unaris miRebis wyaro
emTxveva erTmaneTs (Tu garegnul mxares ar CavTvliT), da arc misi
daniSnuleba.
vaJas mindia yvelasa da yvelafris mimarT eTikur damokidebulebas
moTxovs. misi azriT, bunebisgan adamianma mxolod is unda miiRos, rasac
TviT buneba gascems. xelSeuxebia yvelaferi, rac uvnebelia. samagierod,
mindias yvavilebi Tavs sTavazoben _ mindia amis wyalobiT soflis
eqimia. aludas msgavsad, `gzian~ sityvas eubneba salaSqrod mimaval Tems
_ igi misi beladia. erTi sityviT, `madlieri hyavs qveyana~.
mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom mindia aseT codnamde Sinagani
ganviTarebis gziT mivida (58:170) marTebulad migvaCnia. es gza swored
TviTkritikas gulisxmobs. Tormeti wlis `tyveoba~ gmiris cxovrebis
rTul periodze migvaniSnebs. am rTul periodSi igi martosuli iyo.
martooba ki rogorc fsiqologiasa da filosofiaSia cnobili, gzas
xsnis adamianis Sinagani koncentraciisaken da garkveulwilad, misi
pirovnuli ganviTarebisa da samyaros Semecnebis resurss warmoadgens.**
adamiani mikrokosmosia. msoflio filosofiis istoria yovelTvis
dainteresebuli iyo adamianisa da kosmosis urTierTobis problemiT.
jer kidev antikurobaSi adamiani moiazreboda kosmosis moqalaqed.
Tumca, misi moqalaqeoba SezRuduli iyo bedis fargalSi moqmedebiT. igi
kosmiuri Zalebis dakvirvebis sagans ufro warmoadgenda. mxolod
qristianuli anTropologiisaTvis warmoadgens igi samyaros centrs,

**is. К. Юнг, Воспоминания, сновидения, размышления, hhtttpp::///w

wwww
w..kkoooobb..rruu//jjuunngg//rreeccoollleeccttiioonn__ddrreeaam
mss__rreefflleeccttiioonn,,
Н. Бердяев, Самопознание, М. 2004, стр. 47-52.

91
`ufliswuls~, romelic mxolod sakuTar codvaTa gamo Cavardnilia
misTvis damamcirebel mdgomareobaSi.
didi mistikosis dionise areopagelis mixedviT, Seqmnili samyaro
erTgvari ierarqiis realuri analogia. `yoveli safexuri ierarqiisa
sakuTari Zalebis Sesabamisad monawileobs saRvTo saqmeSi~ (99:75).
maqsime aRmsareblis swavlebis mixedviT ki samyaro xuTi
ganyofilebisagan Sedgeba, romlebic qmnian yofierebis koncentrirebul
sferoebs. am samyaros SuagulSi dgas adamiani, romelic potenciurad
Tavis TavSi moicavs am yvelafers (99:82).
adamiani pasuxismgebelia mTeli samyaros winaSe, vinaidan misi
Sinagani samyaros rRvevidan gamomdinare, irRveva mTeli samyaros
mTlianoba, xolo Sinagani koncentraciis wyalobiT myardeba wesrigi.
XIX-XX saukuneebSi ganviTarebulma intuitiurma metafizikurma
Teoriebmac aRiares, rom samyaros TiToeuli Semadgeneli nawili
erTmaneTzea damokidebuli da adamians aqvs SesaZlebloba,
warmoadgendes im centrs, saidanac es wesrigi imarTeba (92:161-231).
a. bergsonis azriT, intuicia adamianis sulis Sinaarss warmoadgens
(92:229), vinaidan sulis mTlianobas adamiani mxolod intuiciuri
CaRrmavebiT aRidgens.
qristianuli anTropologiuri filosofia swored Tavisufal
intuicias eyrdnoba da ara avtoritetul dogmats.
saerTod ki, samyaros Semecnebis orgvari meTodi arsebobs: pirveli
_ roca adamiani cdilobs kosmiuri movlenebis Secnobis niadagze
sakuTari Tavis Semecnebas _ es saRvTismetyvelo meTodia, da meore _
roca adamiani sakuTari Sinagani samyaros SemecnebiT Seimecnebs kosmoss
_ es meTodi fsiqologiuria (99:87).
mindia sakuTari sulis wvdomiT samyaros arsTa intuiciur
wvdomamde mivida:
`axalad suli Caedga,
axali xorci aisxa,
gulis xedva da Tvalebis,
rogorc brmas da yruvs, gaexsna.~

92
 erTi sityviT yovelive qmnilis arsi Seicno, mxolod `borotma mis
gulSi ver moikida fexia~ _ roca man sulieri Zalebi Sinagani
koncentraciisaken warmarTa, sikeTe amoitana zedapirze. igi ar
gaborotda, Tumca SeiZleboda asec momxdariyo im adamianis Tavs,
romelic martoobas da satanjvels eziara. mis bunebaSi sikeTe iyo
moWarbebuli, ramac `tyveobidan~ dabrunebis Semdeg, saSualeba misca,
Tavisi unari sikeTisken waremarTa. A
amgvarad, Tu miTosuri saxeebi poemaSi garegnul-esTetikur fenomens
qmnis, Sinagani, Rrma plani poemisa _ mindias mier `axalad sulis Cadgma~,
`axali xorcis asxma~, rac mis zneobriv srulyofas emsaxureba,
SeuZlebelia warmarTul iniciacias davukavSiroT.
mindias mier miRweul zneobriv sisrules `gvelis-mWamelis~
metaforis imgvari gaazrebisken mivyavarT, romelic ucxoa miTosisaTvis.
amgvari metafora mxolod qristianuli didaqtikis motivebSi gvxvdeba.
saxarebaSi aris erTi pasaJi, sadac ieso ambobs znesrul adamianebze _
mis mimdevrebze: `gvelebs aiyvanen da Tundac raime sasikvdilo Sesvan, ar
avnebT~ (markozi. 16.18). es metafora gulisxmobs adamianis mier sakuTari
Sinagani Zalebis wvdomas, rac qristianuli moralis mixedviT, rwmeniT
miiRweva.
`mdogvis marcvlisodena rwmenac rom gqondeT, da uTxraT am mTas:
aqedan iqiT gadadio, igi gadava da araferi iqneba TqvenTvis SeuZlebeli~
(maTe.17. 20). _ esec metaforaa.
adamiani, romelic Sinagan Zalebs wvdeba, pirvel rigSi amarcxebs
borots. `gvelis xorciT~ xom qajebi _ boroti Zalebi ikvebebodnen,
romelTac tyved hyavdaT mindia. mindiam SeZlo boroti Zalisagan
gaeTavisuflebina, gaeuvnebelyo sakuTari Tavi, xolo adamians, romelmac
es moaxerxa, verc garegani mteri ereva. yvelaze saSiSi mteri adamianisa
sakuTriv misi vnebebia:
`mas aRarafris eSinis,
Tund Tavs daatydes mexia.
qajni brazoben, ra hxedven _
gamecnierda glexia.
aRar aSinebs tyveoba,

93
 aRarc xrikebi qajuri,
dRes Tu xval imedianobs
qajebs uWiros panCuri~.
mindias gamosvla qajTa tyveobidan, rogorc aRvniSneT, poemis
garegan planSi ar Cans. es swored imaze miuTiTebs, rom poemaSi mindias
gadasxvaferebis ara garegan, aramed Sinagan Sinaarsze unda gavamaxviloT
yuradReba.
`rasakvirvelia, yoveldRiur sityvaxmarebaSi xSirad iTqmis, adamiani
gamoicvala, axali suli Caedga da a. S., magram es Cven ar gvayenebs mis
warmarTobaze laparakis aucileblobis winaSe. magram, garda amisa, rigi
SemTxvevebisa, rac cnobilia saRvTo werilidan da riTac savsea `wmidaTa
cxovrebani~, _ araiSviaTad adamianTa arsebiT gadasxvaferebas
gulisxmobda~... _ wers gr. kiknaZe (43:149).
sanam intuitiuri Teoriebi gaCndeboda, adamianis mier sakuTari
Zalebis wvdomis SesaZlebloba saRvTo werilsa da wmindanTa cxovrebaSi
iyo mocemuli.
ioanes saxarebaSi naTqvamia: `jer ars Tquenda meored SobaÁ~ (ioane
3.7), rasac isev sinanulis saTnoebasTan mivyavarT. sinanulis berZnuli
Sesatyvisi _ meta-noia, rogorc aRvniSneT, niSnavs swored ganaxlebas,
Secvlas. `sinanulis nayofi aris uvnebloba. xolo uvnebloba aris
amoxocva vnebaTa~ _ maqsime aRmsarebeli. tyveobidan dabrunebul mindias
amgvari uvnebloba aqvs Sesisxlxorcebuli. es (sinanulis) aqti swored
TviTCaRrmavebis safuZvelze xorcieldeba da Tavisufali nebis sworad
warmarTvas emsaxureba.
sainteresoa vaJas azri pirovnebis Tavisuflebasa da sazogadoebaze.
misi fiqriT, `adamiani Tavisufali ibadeba~ da `usamzRvro
Tavisuflebisaken miiswrafvis~. magram `gaizrdeba, mova gonebaze da maSin
xom Sinaur ufrosebTan erTad uCndeba gareT sxva ufrosi _ sazogadoeba
auarebeli zne-CveulebiT, azrebiT, wesebiT, romelTa Soris mravali
uvargisi da pirdapir damRupvelia adamianisa, SemboWveli imis
Tavisuflebisa, saRis msjelobisa... rac uxSavs mas gonebas, unergavs
cxovrebisaTvis mavne azrebs, aCvevs gonebas morCilebas, moTmenas, uklavs
siyvaruls Tavisuflebisadmi. ase: adamiani mosisxle mteri xdeba

94
bunebisa; imis magivrad, rom xeli Seuwyos da ganaviTaros es Zvirfasi
ganZi _ Tavisufali grZnoba, misces mas gonivruli mimarTuleba,
cdilobs daaxSos, mospos igi sruliad amoagdos Zirian-foCvianad
adamianis gulidan. am dros sazogadoeba vera grZnobs ramdenad
mosisxle mteri xdeba igi Tavis Tavisa. ratom? mitom, rom xes totebs
aWris, qerqs aclis garSemo tanze, ris gamo igi xels uwyobs Stoebis
gaxmobas, rasac adre Tu gvian TviT xis gaxmobac mosdevs. diaR,
gamxmaria, xmelia is sazogadoeba, romelTa wevrebic monurad, yeyeC-
CerCetad arian aRzrdilni da ar uyvarsT Tavisufleba, hxdeba Tavis
Tavis mteri, sTelavs fexiT Tavisive bednierebas~ (34:415). vaJas werilis
es nawyveti swored im sazogadoebis saxes gviCvenebs, romlis praqtikuli
moTxovnilebebis gamo realobis saxe Seryvnilia da adamianis
Tandayolili intuitiuri unaric daqveiTebulia. amgvar sazogadoebaSi
gaTqvefa pirovnebas WeSmarit Tavisuflebas ver apovninebs. saWiroa misi
daxsna.
vaJas mindiam martoobaSi SeZlo praqtikuli moTxovnilebebisgan
instiqtis gaTavisufleba. sulierad ganaxlebulma gmirma saukeTeso
adamianuri Tvisebebi gamoavlina da zecnobiereba SeiZina _ samyaros
arsTa wvdomis unari. pirovnebis amgvari ganaxleba saRvTismetyvelo
literaturaSi sulieri aRorZinebis saxeliTaa cnobili. zecnobiereba
intuitivistTa TqmiT, metafizikuri realobaa. cnobierebis
zecnobierebamde amaRleba maSin xdeba, roca mas organizmis saxiT
nivTierebis pasivoba aRar eRobeba win (64:144). xdeba saganTa uSualo
Wvreta. mindias es miRweuli aqvs. igi zeadamiania, romelic
realizaciisaken miiltvis. mxolod ara nicSeseuli zeadamiani _
zaratustra, romlis idealia zekacTa, rCeulTa Zlieri sazogadoeba. igi
aseT sazogadoebas ver qmnis da gandegilad rCeba. TviT zaratustra
udidesi moraliT dajildovebuli adamiania. magram gandegilobis,
sazogadoebisgan gamocalkevebis gamo, misi tragedia dasabams aZlevs ara
socialurad Rirebuli adamianis axal tragedias, aramed Zlieri
individualisturi pirovnebis kults. kultis warmoSobasTan erTad
mTavrdeba pirovnebis qmedebis sazogadoebaSi gangrZobis SesaZlebloba
da iwyeba rwmenis krizisi. nicSeanizmi amis damadasturebelia. nicSes

95
zeadamiani individualistia. individualizmi ki moklebulia WeSmarit
SemoqmedebiTobas. Tumca, zaratustra swored Semoqmedebas qadagebs,
magram Semoqmedeba siyvarulis gareSe ar arsebobs. mas mxolod sulier
ZalTa gaflangva axlavs Tan. zaratustra _ zeadamiani swored nicSes
epoqis sulier ZalTagan gaflanguli dekadenturi samyaros tkivilis
gamoxatulebaa. misi tragedia adamianuri rwmenis tragediaa.
s. Ciqovani aRniSnavda, vaJas Sesaxeb: `qarTveli poeti qvecnobierad
grZnobda dekadenturi, darRveuli sulieri cxovrebis moaxlovebas. man
dekadentur saxeebs daupirispira umwikvlo mTielTa (e.i. bunebis SvilTa)
gaubzaravi xasiaTebi da legendaruli ieris mqone gmirebi. nebsiT Tu
uneblied vaJa fSavelas mier Seqmnili saxeebi _ luxumi da mindia
upirispirdeba Sinagani uTanxmoebiT Sepyrobil da sulieri rRvevis
gamomsaxvel evropeli mwerlebis mier Seqmnil saxeebs. qarTveli poeti
axali humanizmis dasamkvidreblad mogvevlina mTidan~ (66:448). vaJas
mindia ganwmendili da cnobierebaamaRlebuli kvlav sazogadoebas
ubrundeba _ mopovebuli siyvarulisa da madlis gadmosacemad. mas
gacnobierebuli aqvs, rom uSualo Wvretis Sedegad miRweuli madli,
rogorc qmediTi Zala, Tu ar gasca, daiRupeba.
`marto erTaderTi kaci rom yofiliyo qveyanazed, gulic ar
iqneboda. guli madlia, da madli marto ors Sua hsaqmobs. orni mainc
unda iyvnen, rom madli mohxdes, imitom rom madli erTisagan gawirvaa da
meorisagan Sewirva erTsa da imave dros. Tu an gamwirveli ar aris,
maSasadame, gulic. Tu orni ar arian, gulma rogor unda amociqulos an
ena, an Tvali, an yuri. Tavis TavTan mociquli saWiro ar aris, mociquli
sxvasTan unda. usxvisod erTis guli marto parkuWia, sisxlis aReb-
mimcemi agebulebisaTvis~ _ wers ilia WavWavaZe (84:313-314), kacobriobis
codva-madlian `sakiTxavze~ dafiqrebuli XIX saukunis kidev erTi didi
qarTveli. iliasa da vaJasTvis swored is gulia Rirebuli da
cocxalmoqmedi, romlis funqcia mxolod `sisxlis aReb-micemoba~ ar
aris. `ugulo kaci ver kacobs~ (`vefx.~), misi adamianuri funqcia
moSlilia.
vaJas mindias ar emuqreba saSiSroeba, rom `pirvelTagan~ iqces
`ukanasknelad~. is sazogadoebaSi, rogorc individi ki ara, rogorc

96
pirovneba imkvidrebs adgils. pirovnebas ki, romelic mxolod sakuTar
individualobazea koncentrirebuli `ar ZaluZs bolomde ganxorcieleba,
is icriceba~ (99:95).
Tumca, mindiac xSirad aris ganmartoebuli, daRonebuli. magram
`martosuloba ar niSnavs kosmosisgan gandegilobas. is SeiZleba iyos
mxolod sinonimi im mdgomareobisa, rom pirovnebam gauswro sxvaTa
mocemul sulier mdgomareobas da misi universaluri Sinaarsi ar aris
sxvebis mier aRiarebuli~ (89:151). mindias martosuloba vaJas
SemoqmedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli martoobisa da sulieri oblobis
motivis xazis gagrZelebas warmoadgens.
mindias unars sazogadoeba ufro gamomyeneblurad, egoisturad
eqceva. marTalia, igi beladad aRiares da mis rCevas iTvaliswineben,
radgan gamoscades, rogorc meomari da beladi, magram amis iqiT
sazogadoeba mindias bunebiT ar interesdeba. mindia imitom ki ar
amoirCies beladad, rom mTeli cocxali bunebis mimarT eTikur ganwyobas
moiTxovs: yvavilTa, puris TavTavis, xeebisa da nadirTa `ena esmis~,
aramed isev sakuTari utilitaruli moTxovnebis gamo: mindia avadmyofebs
kurnavs da mxedrobas gamarjvebas moupovebs. xolo misi sulis
sifaqizes, ra mizeziTac igi beladad yofnas axerxebs, sazogadoeba cota
ironiiTac uyurebs:
`ena Tu hqondes xe-qvaTa,
Cvenc rad ar gagvigonia?
Cven satyueblad mindias
sicrue mougonia~.
mindia cdilobs realuri magaliTis safuZvelze (Citebis saubars
rom ismens) auxsnas xalxs sakuTari unaris arsi. da Tumca, isini
rwmundebian mis SesaZleblobebSi, magram `nagrZnobsa guliTa gonebiT
Svelen verasa~. amitom mindia kvlav martosulad rCeba. gvelismWameli
maTTvis gaucxoebulia da amitomac SeuTxzavT misi unaris mopovebaze
zRapruli miTi.
nicSes zaratustra, mindiasgan gansxvavebiT, ver axdens realizebas,
radgan madls ar gascems. n. berdiaevi aRniSnavs: `zaratustra~ _
didebuli adamianuri wignia madlis gareSe~ (90:84). mindias swored

97
imgvari maRali cnobiereba aqvs mopovebuli, romelic madliT aris
gajerebuli. maqsime aRmsareblis sityviT, `adamianis pirovneba Tavidanve
mowodebuli iyo, madliT SeeerTebina RvTaebrivi da Seqmnili buneba~
(99:98). swored amgvarad moqmedi madliT xdeba adamiani mikrokosmosi da
SeigrZnobs samyaros suls.
movlenaTa uSualo Wvreta (mexsiereba _ Wvreta) rac metafizuri
filosofiisTvis sulier mexsierebas warmoadgens, qristianul
anTropologiaSi pirovnebis mier zecnobierebis mopovebis, aRorZinebis
erT-erTi postulatia. `swored qristianul tradiciaSi Cndeba pirvelad,
SemdgomSi erTob ucnauri bedis mqone termini `zeadamiani~ _ wers s.
averincevi (89:78). marTlac, petre mociquli Tavis pirvel werilSi
mimarTavs `rCeulTa modgmas~, romelmac unda `gamoacxados misi
saTnoebani, vinc sibnelidan Tavisi sakvirveli naTlisaken gamoixmo~ (I
petre, 2. 9).
grigol robaqiZe sworad aRniSnavda, am `ucnauri poemis~ gmiris
Sesaxeb, rom igi `zesTaadamiania namdvili, magram ara nicSes
zesTaadamiani _ individualisti, aramed religiuri universalisti~
(66:186).
mindias intuitiurad nawvdomi WeSmariti realoba madlia, romelic
mas `naTlisaken gamoixmobs~. misi arseba `dausruleblad ixsneba da
mdidrdeba im yvelafriT, rac sxvebs ekuTvniT~ (99:95).
sulierad ganaxlebulma gmirma saukeTeso adamianuri Tvisebebi
gamoavlina da zecnobiereba SeiZina _ samyaros arsTa wvdomis unari.
pirovnebis amgvari ganaxleba saRvTismetyvelo literaturaSi sulieri
aRorZinebis saxeliTaa cnobili. vaJa ki adamianuri sulis gazafxuls
uwodebs: `nuTu adamianis suls ki ara aqvs Tavisi gazafxuli? adamianic
aris da adamianic; kacic aris da kacic, yvela erTnairad gonebriv
simaRleze ara sdgas, yvela erTnairad ar aris ganviTarebuli; yvela
erTnairis TvaliT ar ucqeris cxovrebis av-kargs. yvelas erTnairad ar
axarebs sasargeblo~. sxvagan igi ambobs: `roca mas daudgeba gazafxuli,
igi yovel Tavis ZalRones mihmarTavs eris sasicocxlod~ (34:385-386).
mindias umaRlesi misiac es aris _ `eris sasicocxlod~ qmedeba. igi
meomaria, eris beladi da mis gulSi gaRviZebuli uaRresi uvneblobis,

98
humanizmis grZnoba sruliad ar gamoricxavs imas, rom xmalSemarTuli
Seebas samSoblos, Temis mters:
`malia tyviasaviTa,
grZneuli, rogorc gvelia,
aRmerTebs, nugeSad hsaxavs
fSav-xevsureTi mTelia,
gvirgvinosani Tamari
sulmudam amis mTqmelia:
`_oRond mindia Tan myvandes,
masTan mTieli eria,
rac und Zalian ecados,
veras damaklebs mteria.~
mindias tragedia mainc gardauvalia. SeZlebs sazogadoebaSi
dabrunebuli gmiri, mxolod erTi miznisken warmarTos Tavisufali neba
da danarCeni yvelaferi mas daumorCilos?
daRmarTi. mindia bolomde ver Tmobs pirad cxovrebas da ojaxs
ekideba. ojaxma yofiT realobaSi CaiTria igi. `cot-cotad, nelaobiTa
daviwye Tavis rwmenasTan moqceva melaobiTa~ _ xvdeba mindia. Svilebisa
da ojaxis sazrdod xeebis moWrac daiwyo da nadiris xocvac. es kidev
araferi, man RvTisgan miniWebul da sakuTari nebisyofiT mopovebul
madls xeli hkra:
`sul rom aRara megrZno ra,
Zalac viTxove RvTisao.~
zecnobierma madlma nel-nela Zala dakarga, intuicia dauqveiTda. da
bunebamac gawyvita masTan kavSiri. man ver Seasrula misia.
sainteresoa, ra iyo mindias tragediis mizezi: ojaxuri disharmonia,
Tu TviT am ojaxis yola.
qristianul didaqtikaSi ojaxi, anu saxloba gamarTuli da
mowesrigebuli samyaros simboloa, romelic SemosazRvrulia kedlebiT
uwesrigo qaosuri sivrcisagan (89:153).
amgvari harmonia maSin iqmneba, roca meuRleni ara mxolod
`erTxorc~ aramed `erTsul~ arian. am SemTxvevaSi ojaxSic igive madli
trialebs, rac erT pirovnebaSi misi sulieri ganviTarebisas.

99
 `dabadebis~ mixedviT, dedakaci aris adamis `Semwe~, `misi Sesaferi~
(17:2.20.). imgvari ojaxi, sadac coli qmris Sesaferia, srulyofili
adamianuri cxovrebis gansaxierebaa, radgan `Rirseuli dedakaci qmris
(anu adamis) gvirgvinia~, _ gveubneba igavTa wigni (17:12.4), magram ara
Sesafers, SeuZlia adamianuri sulis Senobis dangrevac. amitomac
`Semarcxveneli~ coli qmris `Zvlebis gamomSrobelia~ (17:12.4).
amave igavTa wignis IX Tavi ase iwyeba: `sibrZnem saxli aiSena~ _
sibrZneSi igulisxmeba gonebisa da nebis erTianoba, moTmineba, mxneoba,
rac adamianur cxovrebas _ saxls gamZleobas, simtkicesa da
mowesrigebulobas aniWebs. `igavTa wignis~ yvela swavlebaSi gatarebulia
ori nebis kontrasti: neba aRmSenebeli da damangreveli, Semgrovebeli da
gamflangveli. neba Tanxmobisa da neba ganxeTqilebisa. erTis saxea _
sibrZne, meoresi _ `suleli qali~ (89:153-154).
`suleli qali myviralaa, briyvi da arafrismcodne~ (17:9.13)
pirdapiri mniSvnelobiTac asea. ase rom, saxli (ojaxi), romelic
sibrZniT aris aSenebuli, harmoniulia da kosmosSic harmonia Seaqvs,
xolo `sulel qals~ _ disharmonia, ngreva.
vaJa-fSavelasTvis sakmaod axlobelia qalis daniSnulebis bibliuri
morali. Tavis werilSi `qalTa Sesaxeb~ is werda: `dedakacs didi
mniSvneloba aqvs kacobriobis cxovrebaSi. kacobrioba Sesdgeba
sxvadasxva erebisagan, erebi calke ojaxebisagan, xolo saZirkveli
pirvelisa, meorisa da mesamisa aris pirovneba, cali adamiani; ramdenadac
maTi Semadgeneli adamianebi arian srulni, amaRlebulni, ganviTarebulni
da bednierni, imdenadve amaRlebulia ojaxi, ojaxs gareSe _ eri, ers
gareSe – kacobrioba. Tavi da Tavi, maSasadame, ojaxis gonivrulad
mowyoba unda vaRiaroT, xolo ojaxSi uflobs dedakaci. dedakacs didi
Zala aqvs ojaxSi didze da pataraze... mas SeuZlian daamxos eri da
kidec aRadginos~ (34:347).
vaJam `stumar-maspinZelSi~ gviCvena amgvari ojaxuri harmonia. xolo
`gvelis-mWamelSi~ is moSlilia, rasac mindias sulSi, romelic mTeli
samyaros mimarT simpaTiiTaa gamsWvaluli, ngreva Seaqvs. ojaxi mindias
erTgvari gamocdaa _ gansacdeli. mzias saxe simboloa adamianis
utilitaruli moTxovnilebisa, romlis mimyoli intuicia kvlav

100
praqtikul moTxovnilebaTa CarCoebSi iketeba. mindias suli kvlav
uxeSdeba da samyaros Zalebic wyveten masTan kavSirs.
mindias madlis dakargvamde daaxloebiT is kavSiri hqonda
bunebasTan, rogoric ucodvel adamians wminda mamaTa swavlebis
mixedviT. igi (adamiani) samyaros `mefed~ iwodeba qristianul
RvTismetyvelebaSi, romelmac dakarga Tavisi mefuri adgili.
marTlmadidebeli mistikosi svimeon axali RvTismetyveli adamis
Secodebis Semdeg mis mdgomareobaze wers: `yvela qmnilebas, roca
dainaxa, rom adami gaZevebulia samoTxedan, aRar surda metad
damorCileboda mas. arc mTvaresa da mnaTobebs surdaT gamosCenodnen
mas; wyaroT ar surdaT gadmoedinaT wyali da mdinareebs gaegrZelebinaT
Tavisi dineba. haeri ar fiqrobda qrolvas, rom Secodebul adamians
esunTqa. roca dedamiwis yvela nadirma da cxovelma dainaxa, rom mas
(adams) SemoeZarcva pirovnuli dideba, SeiZules igi da yvelani maSinve
mzad iyvnen masze Tavdasasxmelad. ca masze dasamxobad iyo gamzadebuli
da dedamiwas aRar surda misi tareba~ (90:67).
es pasaJi harmoniadarRveuli kosmosis mxatvruli saxea. kosmosis
ngreva adamianis dacemiTaa ganpirobebuli. adamis dacema sakacobrio
mniSvnelobis faqtia bibliaSi.
bunebis ZalTa ganwyoba `mcnebadakarguli~ mindias ojaxisadmi mzias
sizmarSi Cans:
`movardniliyo Rvarebi,
rogorc devebi mqSinavi;
Tan maarRvevden mTa-barsa,
idga dgandgari, Rriali.
ca-xmelTa daqcevas hgvanda,
iseTi ismis griali.
mTebsa stydeboda wverebi,
dabla xevebSi wveboden.
mTebTan erTada kldeebic
TofebiviTa tyvreboden.
ca iseTi Cnda, viT kupri,
Savad hRelavda, Sxioda,

101
 kuprs awvimebda miwasa,
cxeli wveTebi scvioda,
Rvarebi ise sazarlad,
Seupovarad dioda~.
mzias sizmarSi bunebis am `gaborotebas~ ojaxis daRupva mosdevs,
xolo sinamdvileSi es sizmari ara mxolod ojaxis daRupviT, aramed
eris damarcxebiTac mTavrdeba.
mindias dacema, ara mxolod misi dacemaa, aramed mTeli eris. am
saSiSroebas igi unaris dakargvisTanave grZobs:
`veRaras vargeb qveyanas
mtris mamgerebels jarSia,
mitom, rom winandebuli
cneba aRar maqvs TavSia.~
_ mwvervals aRwevs mindias mwuxareba da sinanuli, zedized wiravs
zvaraks RmerTs, raTa ubedurebad ar uqcios misi Secdoma qveyanas,
magram amaod. cxel gulze igi col-Svils adanaSaulebs:
`Tqvengan davkarge goneba,
wminda gavyide rjulia...
axla qveyanac davRupo,
Tqven pirSi gedgasT sulia!..
an me rad minda sicocxle,
an Tqven gacocxloT raRada,
Tu mTeli Cemi arseba
aRar iqneba saRada?!
an aq ra piriT vicocxlo,
Tavs riT vimarTleb RmerTTana?~
mindia acnobierebs, ra didi pasuxismgebloba akisria RvTis
winaSe. misi arseba, rogorc ambobs, `saRi~ anu jansaRi aRaraa,
vinaidan Sinagani uvnebloba dakarguli aqvs, ukve yvelasa da
yvelafers ZaluZs avnos mas. igi uvargisia, imitom rom sakuTar Tavs
im SegrZnebaTa unari waarTva, romelic asuldgmulebda, misi
sicocxlis Zalas Seadgenda. `fuWia Cemi sicocxleo~ _ ambobs
is.MZalze mtkivneulad ganicdis mindia madlis dakargvas, Tumca

102
aravis sjera, rom sxvisi wylulebis mkurnali beladi TviTon
dawylulebulia, mxolod xatSi naxavs gaocebuli xevisberi, `sul-
mebrZol sneulad~ qceuls da mainc Tvalebs ar daujerebs. mindias
arseba mkvdaria. amas TviTonac xvdeba da glovobs:
`ar uRirs, mkvdarma icodes
Tavis sikvdili, _ mkvdaria,
iglovos Tavisi Tavi,
Tvis yofna Sesazaria?
sxva yofna, amaze mware,
mipovne Sesadaria!
amgvari mkvdari dRes me var,
sxva mkvdrebs ra uWirT mkvdrobiTa!~
es glova gamoxmaurebaa baxtrionis taepisa:
`mkvdaria ugrZnobi kaci,
usazarlesi mkvdarzeda.~
mindia `trfobis mTidan~ dabla daeSva. sadRaa misi faqizi suli?
col-Svils wyevlis da `briyvebs~ uwodebs Tanamemamuleebs, romelTac
uwin gaucxovebis miuxedavad, sulgrZelad eqceoda.
Mmindiam orjer `moikla Tavi~: erTxel _ roca sakuTar Tavs
sulieri sicocxlis sazrdo waarTva, xolo meored fizikurad
gaanadgura. Ppirveli danaSauli mindiam moinania. Ees monanieba cxadad
Cans mzias sizmarSi, sadac mindia mTlianad iRebs pasuxismgeblobas
sakuTar Tavze:
`_ gTxov, mapatio, mziao,
rac glanZRe, gagabrazia;
rasaca hxedav Cems Tavze,
Rirsi var, swored axia.~
`mzias da bavSvebs erTi da igive `danaSauli~ miuZRviT mindias winaSe.
es danaSaulia maTi arseboba, magram mindias uneburad ar Seqmnila es
ojaxi. igi mindiasia da pasuxic swored mas unda moeTxovos~ (73:146).
mziam mxolod is icis, rom `col-Sviln Tu undan vaJkacsa, Snoc unda
hqondes xarjisa~. mxolod imas ver xvdeba, rom am `xarjiT~ mindia im

103
unars dakargavs, romelic samSoblos sWirdeba, romlis gamoc xalxma
beladad aRiara.
bolos, xaxmatis xatSi daCoqili, unaris dabrunebas ki ara, qveynis
gadarCenas evedreba gvelismWameli moZmeTagan jer arnaxuli
mxurvalebiT ufals:
`loculobs Tvalcremliani,
azri ar ismis locvisa.
ase mxurvaled mlocveli
ver naxa vera rodisa
winad berdiam, _ es ukvirs:
ufro tanjvaa glovisa,
vidre gul-dawynarebuli
wyalobis gamoTxovisa.
cremli sdis, Cumi qviTini
abjris JReraSi ereva,
loculobs, daCoqilia,
xanic mravali eleva.~
`ase mxolod qristianuli RmerTis winaSe loculobs qristiani,
magram es qristiani _ mindiaa~... SeniSnavs T. Cxenkeli (77:161). mindia
TviTCaRrmavebisa da sinanulis gziT swored qristianuli RmerTis
WeSmaritebas eziara da pasuxismgeblobasac mis winaSe ganicdis. igi
grZnobs, rom sworad ver gamoiyena Tavisufali neba, romelic yovel
adamians eZleva _ Tavis principebs uRalata. mindias zecnobierebam Zala
dakarga. sinanuli kvlav Tavidan iwyeba.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, qristianul eposSi sinanulis cremli da
sulieri tkivilis gamoxatva arasodes raindis sircxvilad ar
CaiTvleba. arcerTma sxva religiam ar icis sulieri glovisa da
tkivilis imgvari saxeebi da metaforebi, rogoric qristianulma,
bibliurma tradiciam:
`da Cemi Zvlebi daibuga, rogorc koconze,
daWkna balaxiviT da gaxma Cemi guli.
radgan damaviwyda Cemi puris Wama

104
 Cemi kvnesis xmisagan mihkvria
Cemi Zvlebi Cems xorcs~.
(fsalm. 101. 4-5)
mindias locva swored amgvar mdgomareobaSi mimdinareobs. es
sinanulis locvaa. berdias TvaliT danaxuli mindiac aseTia:
`sul-mabrZol sneulsa hgavda,
tanjva-vaebiT kvdeboda~.
magram SeZlebs ki igi kvlav sulis gamTlianebas, zeaRsvlas? misi
cxovrebis gza ki ukve gaorebulia _ SeZlebs mindia `ori ufalis
msaxurebas?~ gmiri ver uZlebs satanjvels da Tavs iklavs _ sabolood
iWris gzas sinanulisken. İigi sxva gamosavals ver xedavs _ qveyana misi
mcdari rCevis gamo mtrisgan aoxrda. albaT, masTan erTad ojaxic (mzias
sizmari unda vigulisxoT, rom acxadda).
vaJa bolomde miyva gmiris im `sulier-dramatul gancdebs~, romlis
warmoCenac nawarmoebSi ganizraxa. am TxzulebaSi yvelaze metad aris
ganviTarebuli vaJas weris manerisTvis damaxasiaTebeli siRrmiseuli
plani. faqtiurad, mzia, Calxia, bavSvebi da sxva `martivi gonebis~
personaJebi imisaTvis arian gamoyvanilni, raTa ufro mZafrad,
yovlismomcvelad warmoCndes erTaderTi mTavari gmiris _ mindias
tragedia. vaJas mindias pirovnebas Seesabameba dostoevskis tragikul
gmirebze naTqvami: `es tragedia gamowveulia imis SemecnebiT, rom
saukeTeso unda arsebobdes, magram misi miRweva SeuZlebelia~ (92:137).
Mmindia, miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianis sulis yvelaze ufro Rrma
Zalebs wvdeba, sabolood kargavs sinanulis saTnoebas da masTan erTad
zecnobier madls. Amindia ver SeZlebs im bewvis xidze gavlas, romelic
sinanulis naRvelsa da sasowarkveTilebis mwuxarebas Soris hkidia.
amgvarma gansacdelma gmiri sulieri sikvdilis piras miiyvana. rogorc
Cans, pirovnuli aRorZinebis gza arc ise ioli da usafrTxoa (99:170).
mindias tragedia rwmenis tragediaa. zogierTi mkvlevari sworad
aRniSnavs, rom ilias `gandegili~ yvelaze met naTesaobas asketur-
monazonuri siuJetebis mqone evropul romanebTan ki ara, vaJa-fSavelas
`gvelis-mWamelTan~ amJRavnebs... gandegilica da mindiac `veRar
laparakobs RmerTTan~, iliasagan ganyenebuli Temis aReba, xolo mTis

105
warmodgena vaJas mier, ar unda yofiliyo SemTxveviTi. maTi gmirebis
tragedia, rogorc es gandegilTan dakavSirebiT warmoaCina akaki
baqraZem, rwmenis tragediaa~ (23:88-89).
aludas, afSinas, joyolasa da aRazas, maTi madliT sulieri
transformaciis gzaze damdgari sazogadoebis, baxtrionis gmirebisagan
gansxvavebiT, mindias zeaRsvla wydeba. wydeba swored TviTmkvlelobis
aqtiT, sadamdec mindia sasowarkveTilebas mihyavs. igi uvneblobis
nacvlad, sabolood, vnebas ayenebs sakuTar suls da gzas aRar itovebs
ukan _ sinanulisTvis. Aamitom igi qvedaRmavali gmiria. Tuki `stumar-
maspinZlis~ pirovnebebi ara Tu sakuTari sulis, sazogadoebis mSvinvier
ganwmendas axerxeben, mindias madli utilitarul yofasTan WidilSi
ikargeba.

106
 Tavi IV
rwmenisa da sindisis problema pirovnebis sulieri transformaciis
sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi (`kaci marTali~, `svindisi~)

`gqondes rwmena da keTili sindisi, romelic dakarges

zogierTebma da daimsxvra maTi rwmenis xomaldi~
pavle. I tim. 1.19.

1. `kaci marTali~

vaJa-fSavelas poemebis gmirebi, iseve, rogorc misi lirikuli Tu

prozauli personaJebi, publicisturi werilebi, mowmoben, rom igi
mxolod adamianis Sinagani samyaros kvleviT aris dainteresebuli.
mwerali ramdenjerme ubrundeba erTsa da imave sakiTxs da cdilobs,
axali kuTxiT warmoaCinos adamianuri buneba.
vaJas aqvs 1900-ian wlebSi dawerili ramdenime poema, romlebic
TiTqos misi Semoqmedebis motivTa Serwymas, gameorebas warmoadgenen.
Tuca, isini iseTi mxatvrulobiT ar gamoirCevian, rogorc Cvens mier
zemoT ganxiluli poemebi. aq zedapirzea amotanili vaJas SemoqmedebiTi
interesebi da misi religiur-mistikuri msoflmxedveloba.
adamianuri bunebis Rrma religiuri aspeqtebia mocemuli poemebSi
`kaci marTali~ da `svindisi~. es ori poema CvenTvis imdenad aris
saintereso, rom maTSi pirovnebis sulieri transformacia or
urTierTsapirispiro poluss gviCvenebs.
`kaci marTali~ 1915 wels aris dawerili. TviT saTauri migvaniSnebs,
rom `kaci marTali~ vaJas mTel SemoqmedebaSi gamJRavnebuli znesruli
adamianebis krebiTi saxelia. igi Tavis TavSi aerTianebs genialuri
mwerlis TiTqmis yvela gmiris Tvisebas, romelsac isini viTarebaTa
wyalobiT hpouloben da amave viTarebaTa wyalobiT sazogadoebis
Segnebisaken mimarTaven, mis cnobierebaSi siaxle SeaqvT. es pirdapir
aris gacxadebuli poemis SesavalSi:
`mas gahyav cxovrebis mkerdze
gza ram axali, uvali~.

107
 `kaci marTalis~ dasawyisi Tavidanve migvaniSnebs poemis Sinaarsis
religiur aspeqtebze:
`iyo ram kaci marTali,
wminda viT wyaro ankara~.
es ambavi arc zRapariviT iwyeba: `iyo da ara iyo ra~, arc
TqmulebasaviT: `amboben~, `ityvian~ da a.S. aramed sityviT `iyo~, rogorc
`pirveladve iyo sityva~... marTal kacs vaJa ankara wyaros adarebs.
`ankara wyaro~, igive `cxovrebis wyaro~ qristes simboloa. marTali
kacis yofa-qcevasa da saqmeSi qristianuli cxovrebis, qristes gziT
siarulis metaforaa am simbolikiT gamoxatuli. poemis siuJetis
Semdgomi ganviTarebidan aSkarad Cans, rom marTali kaci sakuTari
magaliTiT amgvari `cxovrebis wyaros~ asmevs sofels. igi `sxvisi dardis
mtiralia~ da `sxvisa saqmis mkeTe~:
`TavisTvis sabralobelsa
arc exna, arca eTesa,
sxvisas sdarajobs saTibsa,
sxvisas gars uvlis yanasa,
da roca mwyemsi iZinebs,
igi hmwysis imis farasa.
sul sxvisa saqmeze hxarjavs
Tavis Rones da Zalasa~.
es kaci sxvisTvis mSromeli gmiris ganzogadebuli saxea, romelzec
vaJa Tavis werilSi mogviTxrobs `gmiri imdenad Tavis TavisTvis ara
cocxlobs da imdens ar akeTebs, ramdensac TemisTvis... sxvas aZRobs,
TviTon mSieria, sxvis sicocxlisaTvis mebrZoli TiTon sikvdils eZleva
pirSi~ (34:87).
Semdgomi strofebidan Cans, rom es kaci uqoneli ki ar aris, beRel-
sabZelic aqvs da qonebac, kidec Tesavs da mkis, magram imdenad TavisTvis
ar moixmars, ramdenadac sxvisTvis _ `araferi aqvs ziarad~. am ucnaur
kacs vaJas `ucnauri poemis~ gmiris `mindias~ Tvisebebi etyoba. mas
`yanis gadias~ uwodebs poeti, radgan mTeli soflis yanas darajobs da
is cocxali arsebasaviT uyvars:
`ros hnaxavs motexils TavTavs,

108
 bavSviviT tirils daiwyebs,
ebralvis friad TavTavi:
Tavs puriT veRar aivsebs,
yanac xom dazaraldeba,
xalxic kuWs veRar gaiZRebs~.
marTal kacs `umravlesoba giJad Tvlis, umciresoba Wkvianad~,
magram misi moqmedeba rom saziano ar aris, yvela xvdeba. yvela mis
moqmedebas vaJa erTi sityviT aRniSnavs: `cda~. `cda~ laSaris saymos
enaze brZolas ewodeba (49:228.). vaJa poetur TxzulebebSi xSirad swored
`cdas~ xmarobs da ara `brZolas~.
`cda~ anu `brZola~ aris fizikuri da sulieri. magaliTad, roca
joyolas xevsurebis winaaRmdeg gasvlas aRwers, vaJa ambobs, rom is
`Tavdadebulia cdazeda~ _ es fizikuri Zalisxmevaa. poemaSi `kaci
marTali~ mTavari gmiris `cda~ sulieri Zalisxmevaa, vinaidan aq
mSvidobian periodSi moqmedi kai ymis _ raindis saxea warmodgenili.
marTali kaci cdilobs `axali, uvali gzis~ magaliTis Cvenebas. amgvari
`axali, uvali gzebiT~ midian vaJas sxva gmirebic: aluda, joyola, aRaza,
mindia. maTi cdac `sulieri Zalisxmevaa~. sulieri Zalisxmevaa
baxtrionis gmirebis Zalisxmevac, `trfobis mTaze~ Sedgomis survils
rom moicavs. es sulieri ganapirobebs Semdeg fizikurs. Tavis sakuTar
`cdaSi~ es gmirebi martoni arian. martoa aluda: xevsurT `gawires
qeTelauri, guliTa narianiTa~, martoa joyola: `martokam unda viomo~,
aRaza: `qisteTSi Cemi erTguli kenWic ki arsad aria~, kviria: `ras
fiqrobs obol kviria, misi gamgebi vin ari?~ mindia: `arvin icoda, Tu
imas guli risagan stkioda~ da a.S. karg ymas monurad (`ZaRlurad~)
sicocxles `sikvdili ujobs cdaSia~, radgan SeuZlebelia im saqmeze
misi dayolieba, `rac ar ujdeba WkvaSia~.
kaci marTalic martoa. misic ar esmiT. es ganapirobebs
umravlesobis mier mis giJad monaTvlas. vaJas poemis sxva gmirebisgan
gansxvavebiT, is am martoobas _ `Sinagani subieqturobis princips~ mTeli
cxovrebis manZilze atarebs:
`Taviseburad kiTxulobs
cxovrebis ana-banasa~.

109
 amitom sazogadoebasTan konfliqtic gardauvalia. kaci marTalic
sazogadoebis zvarakad, msxverplad gamzadebuli gmiria.
vaJa wers erTgan: `filosofosebs rom davugdoT yuri, magaliTad,
spensers, amboben: `kargi is aris, rac miznis miRwevas gviadvilebso...
axla is vikiTxoT, kai kaci vinRaa?~ (34:188) vaJasTvis `kai kaci~ marTali
kacia, romelic swored am funqcias asrulebs _ sazogadoebas miznis
miRwevas uadvilebs. mxolod es mizani arautilitaruli daniSnulebisaa
_ sikeTisadmi rwmenis gamomuSavebas gulisxmobs. marTali kacis mizani
`ufro RvTiuria, ufro kacobrivi~, vinaidan sikeTisadmi rwmena `spobs
Surs, mtrobas kacTa Soris~ (34:190).
marTali kacis cxovrebaSic dadga gamocdis Jami. da `gaxda kaci
marTali, zvarakad umecrebisa~.
poemaSi marTali kacis sapirispirod vaJa gvacnobs `kaci ram erTi
mdidaris~ cxovrebis wessa da zne-Cveulebebs. ramdenadac zneobrivia da
moyvasTa sargeblianobisken mimarTuli marTali kacis yoveli moqmedeba,
imdenad sakuTar sargebelzea mdidari gadagebuli:
`mdidari arafers dasdevs,
saxe aqvs mudam mcinari:
alaRebs oqro da vercxli,
Sin uxvad Semomdinari~.
ar SeiZleba aq ar SevniSnoT simdidriT `ganlaRebis~ saxarebiseuli
kritika: `umal aqlemi gaZvreba nemsis yunwSi, vidre mdidari Seva RvTis
sasufevelSi~ (maTe 19.20). marTal kacTan mimarTebaSi gamoCnda misi
urwmunoeba. sxvis rgebaze damdgarma marTalma, RamiT mdidaris
cecxlmokidebuli yanis Svela ganizraxa. mdidaris msaxurebma ki maTi
mxsneli mtrad miiRes da Seipyres:
`borotis saqmis Cadena
marTlis kiserzed daedvaT.
magris TokiTa meSvlisTvis
xeli da fexi gaekraT.
joxi da mjiRi mravali
sabralosaTvis daekraT~.
SeuZlebelia am striqonebma ar gagvaxsenos daviT guramiSvili:

110
 ` aw, naxeT, misad sanufqod rac maT mas SeamTxvieso:
borotisagan keTili SuriT ver ganarCieso;
RvTis saidumlo gatexes, gulSi ver daitieso,
TavianT macxovrebeli wamwymedlad miiCnieso~.
(25:40)
vaJasa da daviT guramiSvilis SemoqmedebiT naTesaobaze saubrobda
tician tabiZe. misi azriT, leqsiT `daviT guramiSvilis xsovnas~ vaJam
migvaniSna Tavis poetur winamorbedze (66:352).
amgvari `mimarTebis Cveneba ukve niSnavda da niSnavs mTel Cvens
adrindel literaturul samyarosTan, qarTul saxarebasa, himnografiasa,
`vefxistyaosanTan~, Tu xalxuri poeziis wiaRTan vaJas mxatvruli
naTesaobis rkvevas, vinaidan daviT guramiSvili, ise rogorc vaJa-
fSavela, warmoudgenelia arsebobdes am didi kulturuli safuZvlis
gareSe...~ (28:146)
leqsSi, romelzec gvsurs ramdenadme Tqveni yuradRebis SeCereba,
poeti daviT guramiSvils pirdapir asaxelebs `winamorbedad~,
`uZvirfases papad~. misi Sinaarsi aSkarad migvaniSnebs, Tu raSi
mdgomareobs am ori geniosis SemoqmedebiT interesTa Tanxvedra:
`Senis cremlebiT movxarSe
Cemis grZnobebis fafao.
amgvari saWmlis keTebas
didi sdomnia jafao;
gavuRe suli da guli
rodis xania vylapao,
gauTavebi gamodga,
arc damkargvia madao.
vici, ar gamijavrdebi
da arca mkiTxav: radao?~
(31:233)
vaJa-fSavelas Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi grZnobebisTvis imgvari
mimarTuleba miuniWebia, rac daviT guramiSvils Tavis pirmSod
aRiarebul, gaWirvebaSi gamozrdili leqsebisTvis:
`gulzed mqonda moxazuli cxovrebisa wyaros Rari,

111
 vitire da gardvadine me imaze cremlis Rvari.~
(25:43)
`cxovrebis wyaro~, rogorc qristes simbolo, adamianis `Sinagan
kacad~ yofnis, cnobierad cxovrebis wess gansazRvravs. amgvari sulieri
cxovrebisTvis gauRia orive genioss `suli da guli~ da SemoqmedebiT
principadac is gauxdia – `SemoqmedebiT quraSi~ gadaudnia, `mouxarSavs~
da poeturi sityvis miznad uqcevia:
`mas aqeT Congurs vaJRereb,
Tanac leqsebsa vCmaxao“
_ `bubunebs~ `naialaRar xars~ damsgavsebuli mTieli geniosi.
`mdidar var Tu mwiri, lxini maqvs Tu Wiri,
vimReri Tu vstiri, qnari maqvs Tu stviri,
zeg davmReri amas!~
(25:133)
_ es XVIII saukunis geniosi Semoqmedis qnaria.
emsaxuro ara mxolod sakuTar, cnobier cxovrebas, aramed Seni
xalxis moralur-zneobrivi faseulobebis aRzrdas – amgvari
SemoqmedebiTi cxovreba ar advilia, didi jafa sWirdeba, emociebisa da
poeturi sityvis ulevi maragi. igi uRalato samsaxurs moiTxovs. es is
cxovrebis wesia, romlisTvisac vaJa ambobs `ar damkargvia madao~ da
daviT guramiSvils misi `xilis WamiT piri ar damwarebia~.
piriqiT, am niWis SenarCunebisTvis iRwvian da misi dakargva didi
madlis dakargvad – SemoqmedebiT sikvdilad miaCniaT:
`RmerTo, miiRe vedreba
es Cemi saTxovaria,
ar damikargos gulidam
me Seni saxsovaria.~
(30:205)
vaJas am striqonebs exmianeba daviT guramiSvilis uflisadmi
vedreba leqsSi `obolni~:
`vai, Tu mokvde umadlo, Seviqna codvis ziari~.
(25:123)

112
 SeiZleba iTqvas, es aris swored cnobierad cxovrebis arsi: eris
samsaxurSi yofna da Tu saWiro iqna, mis naklovanebaTa daufaravi
mxilebac. pirovnebis aRzrdis didaqtikuri motivi swored amas
gulisxmobs, rogorc daviT guramiSvilisTvis, ise vaJasTvis
ganuyofelia, saqveyno da piraduli, sakuTari da erovnuli satkivari.
`daviTianis~ lirikul-istoriuli gmiri daviT guramiSvili metad
axlobelia vaJas ara mxolod lirikuli, aramed epikuri gmirebisTvisac.
vaJas SemoqmedebiTi interesebi mTlianad gansxeulebulia am gmirTa
moqmedebebSi.
“kaci marTali~ ki araTu exmianeba guramiSvilis lirikuli gmiris
umTavres princips, simarTlis Tqmisas, SeiZleba iTqvas, mis erTgvar
metaforasac warmoadgens.
kaci marTali aris is `Sinagani kaci~, romelic `axali adamis~ _
qristes xatebas moipovebs. is ufalTan daaxloebulia. es iqidan Cans,
rom ufali `usmens~ mas, roca TanamemamuleebisTvis evedreba.
`da RmerTic ismens mis Txovnas,
aacdens sofels sasjelsa. _
bevri sxva anTebs, marTlisas
sul sxva Zala aqv sanTelsa~.
magram aseTive kaci `briyvs sazogadoebaSi~ `tarigia, zvarakad
Sewiruli~.
im ambavs, roca marTalisa da borotis brZolaSi marTali kaci
saocari ZalmosilebiT gasxivosnda, vaJas TqmiT, mSoblebi zamTris
RameSi axlac uamboben Svilebs. es ambavi adamianisTvis `sacnobo,
safiqrebelia~ da fiqriT xom `movlenaTa mizezs~ SeiZleba CavwvdeT.
im xalxis winaprebi ki, vinc marTali kacis ambavs Taobidan Taobas
gadascemen _ misi Tanamedroveni, mis mimarT eWviT ganimsWvalnen da
umecrebiT Tvaldabnelebuli bevri maTgani moadga mindors, sadac mefis
brZanebiT marTali unda CamoexrCoT. seiris mayurebelTa ricxvi
yovelTvis ufro didia, vidre gonivrulad ganmsjelTa. marTali kaci ki
am seiris mayurebelTa winaSe mSvidad, xmaamouReblad idga:
`igi arafers ar ambobs
gulmSvidi, gasaocebi, _

113
 cad miupyria Tvalebi,
gulSi Tumc uTqvams locvebi~.
romanoz tkbiladmgalobeli lamazad werda qristes Sesaxeb:
`mdumared idga, Weqa-quxilebiT mosaubre da usityvod is, vinc Tavad
sityvaa~ (89:71).
dumilis aseTi poetika mxolod qristianuli anTropologiisaTvisaa
cnobili. antikuri warmarTi gmirisaTvis grZeli, lamazi gamonaTqvamebis
gareSe sikvdili sisuleled aRiqmeboda, rogorc arasakmarisi gmiroba.
xolo wminda mama Teofilaqte bulgareli, swored qristes magaliTze
miuTiTebs simarTlisaTvis devnilebs: `viswavloT Cvenc aqedanve, Tuki
usamarTlo msajulTa winaSe aRmovCndebiT, araferi vTqvaT... roca ar
esmiT Cveni simarTle~ (88:71).
kaci marTali swored ase iqceva. Tumca, saswauli, romelic xalxma
ixila, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mis nacvlad, mis gasamarTleblad
laparaks iwyeben bunebis Zalebi:
`am dros miwidan yanama
moxeTqa, viT tyem burvilma,
miT Sveba igrZno marTalma.
moisma yanis JiJini _
miwidan amomdinari:
`gvaCveneT marTlis mtanjveli,
Zalian gvinda, vin ari!~
yanis tye boZad Seudga
marTalis mqanavs sxeulsa.
aswia caSi TavTvebma,
viT SvilTa dedas sneulsa _
kisridan Toki moexsna,
boZebic dabla daemxo.
dasarCobeli is gaxda,
vinc marTals avad Saexo~.
`netar arian isini, visac ar vunaxivar da swamT~ (ioane. 20.29)... Tumca
qristianuli anTropologia swored is filosofiaa, romelic
saswaulebiT cxovrebas iTxovs. TviT qristem uamravi saswauli moaxdina

114
swored im rwmenisaTvis, romelic kacobriobas ixsnida. rwmenaa
yvelafris sawyisi amave moZRvrebis mixedviT. mis gareSe ar arsebobs
araviTari pirovnuli Tavisuleba da pirovnuli principebis erTguleba.
vaJas sjera, rom bunebaSi mravlad arsebobs sakraluri niSnebi,
romlebic Cvens yuradRebas moiTxoven. es is poetia, romelic cxovrobs
am niSnebis rwmeniT da Tavisi Txzulebebis gmirebsac am rwmeniT
acxovrebs. is, rac sxvisTvis SeiZleba ubralo ambavi iyos, vaJasTvis
sakraluri niSania, simboloa, romelic moiTxovs rogorc rwmenas, aseve
erTgulebas. roca amgvar niSanzea saubari, maSin misdami `rwmena da
erTguleba TiTqmis erTi da igivea~, _ wers sergei averincevi (89:124).
simarTle rogorc rwmenas, aseve erTgulebas _ mis miyolas moiTxovs.
am simarTlisken abrunebs poemaSi `kaci marTali~ sazogadoebas momxdari
saswauli. is ganiwmindeba adamianis mimarT undoblobisagan da iRebs
rwmenas, romlis gareSe dacema gardauvalia. Tuki sakuTar ZalebSi
rwmenadakarguli iRupeba gvelismWameli mindia, imitom, rom ver
uerTgula Tavis principebs _ Tavis simarTles, samagierod, marTali
kacis rwmena saswauls sCadis: mTeli buneba mis dasacavad moemarTeba da
am saswaulis Semyure xalxic didxans inaxavs am faqtis sakralurobis
erTgulebas:
`mnaxvelni didad gafrTxilden,
ori Taobac iqneba~.
ori Taoba _ arc ise cota droa, erTi adamianis sulgrZelobam da
simarTlem rom asazrdoos. vaJas gmirebis simarTle, marTalia, Taobebs
asazrdoebs, magram poetis azriT, adamianTa modgmas axali saswaulebi,
axali gmirebi sWirdeba, raTa win gaswios:
`magram qmna kargis radRaca
xalxs male moewyineba.
drom ganvlo, saqme momxdari
iqca ubralo ambada
da daekarga is Zala,
rac hqonda pirvel xanada~.
yvelaferi isev `ubralo ambamde~ midis. am `ubralo ambebs~, `Zvel
ambebs~, `ZvelisZvel ambebs~ acocxleben vaJas goliaTuri sulisa da

115
amtanobis gmirebi, raTa `gulgrilobasTan erTada~ ar Seetyos
sazogadoebas `azris gamocvlileba~.
marTali kaci erTaderTi poemaa, sadac vaJam metnaklebad aSkara
didaqtikuri toniT iqadaga da ara sakraluri niSnebiTa da miniSnebebiT:
`gamoRviZeba sWiria,
roca xalxs daeZineba.
mal-male movagonebdeT,
arafers awyens mxileba.
sargoa. roca morwyuls vels
mzis sxivi moefineba~.
amgvari mziT gasxivosnebuli gmirebi is `kai kacebi~ arian, romlebic
vaJas TqmiT, sanTels hgvanan: `sanTelic imiTia kargi, rom TviT iwveba da
sxvas gzas unaTebs, wyvdiads aqarwylebs, naTels gvfens, uxilavs
midamos xilulada hqmnis~ (34:189).

116
 2. `svindisi~
LKKKKKH
poema `svindisi~ 1913 wels aris dawerili. vaJas am dros ukve
Seqmnili aqvs Tavisi genialuri epikuri Txzulebebi. am poemiT poeti
kidev erTxel ubrundeba adamianis bunebis urTules Sreebs da amjerad
pirovnebis ara zeaRsvlas, aramed dacemas erTi bibliuri ambis Wrilidan
ganixilavs. es aris kaenis codvis ambavi (dabadeba, 4, 1-16).
Cvens mier zemoT ganxiluli masalidan Cans, rom adamianis sulier-
fsiqologiuri transformaciis sawyisi nebelobaa: qristianuli
anTropologiis mixedviT, Tavisufali neba, anu arCevanis Tavisufleba.
nebelobis mimarTva or sapirispiro mxares SeiZleba _ pirovnuli
gamTlianebisaken an daSlisaken. qristianuli anTropologiis
terminologiiT _ zeaRsvlisken an dacemisken.
`adamianma Tavisufalma Sescoda~ _ wers vl. loski adamianis pirvel
codvaze (99:99).
arCevanis Tavisufleba aqvs yvelas, magram TviT Tavisuflebis cneba
amas ar gulisxmobs. Tavisufleba TviT am arCevanis Tavisuflebisagan
ganTavisuflebas da pirvelqmnili adamianuri bunebis sikeTis gziT
siaruls niSnavs. is, vinc am gzas ar irCevs, nebelobisgan verasodes
gaTavisufldeba.
ismis kiTxva: risTvis sWirdeboda adamians Tavisufali neba, Tuki
misi pirvelqmnili buneba mxolod sikeTisken iyo mimarTuli? nuTu
imisaTvis, rom codvaSi Cavardniliyo?
qristianuli anTropologia amaze aseT pasuxs gvaZlevs: neba viRacis
an raRacis _ sxvis mimarT aqtiur damokidebulebas gulisxmobs da
radgan `uflis gareSe araferi arsebobs~, ufals surda, rom misi da
adamianis kavSiri Tavisufal nebaze yofiliyo dafuZnebuli (99:70-75).
am sakiTxze sxvagvari pasuxi ubralod ar arsebobs, _ arcerT
religias, filosofiur moZRvrebas is ar moucia. ase rom, yvelaferi
urTierTidan gamomdinareobs: adamianma arCevanis saSualebiT
uflebamosilma Sescoda da vinaidan Secodebisas sakuTari bunebis
WeSmariti miswrafeba sikeTisaken Sesustebulia, yovelTvis arCevanis

117
winaSe dgas. igi an daecema, an kvlav moipovebs gaxunebul RvTis xats,
romelic codvis miuxedavad, mas arasodes tovebs.
vaJa fSavela `svindisSi~ swored am problemas exeba. poeti kaenisa
da abelis bibliuri ambis zogadsakacobrio savalalo mniSvnelobas
sagangebod irCevs, radgan `sisxliani mterobis~ dausabamoba dedamiwaze
swored aqedan iwyeba _ Zmis xeliT Zmis sikvdiliT:
`sikvdili! mkvdari!~
samyaro iZvris.
es sazareli
Cvens Soris sityva,
pirvelad im wuTs
da im dros iTqva~.
`yovel Semxvedrs SeeZleba Cemi mokvla~ (17:4. 14). _ SesCivis
bibliuri kaeni ufals, radgan adamianis mier adamianis mokvdinebis
precedenti erTxel daSvebulia. kaens qvecnobieridan warmoscdeba es
sityvebi, rogorc kacis modgmisaTvis Tanamdevi codvis aRiareba:
`mas aqeTia...
.............................
xmeleTi srulad
zRvaa sisxlisa
da ar iwynarebs
sjabnis vinc visa~.
kaeni ukve kargavs ndobas adamianebis mimarT. ndobis gareSe
siyvaruli ar arsebobs da adamiani adamianisaTvis axloblad aRar
aRiqmeba. vaJasTvis ki, romlisTvisac ara Tu adamiani, aramed Seqmnili
bunebis yoveli nawili erT Zalas _ sicocxlis wyurvils emorCileba da
am ZaliT erTiandeba, es tragediaa. vaJas esmis, rogor kvnesis am
`sisxlis zRvidan~ `yoveli arsi mTaTa da barTa~.
grigol palamas SemoqmedebaSi codva _ nebis daavadebaa da mas
SecdomaSi Sehyavs adamiani, roca arCevanis zRvarze dgas (99:98).
vaJa aRniSnavs, rom kaens, romelsac guli SuriT hqonda savse,
abelis moSorebis Semdeg egona, RmerTi mxolod mas Seiyvarebda, misi
cxovreba madliT gabrwyindeboda. e.i. kaens siyvarulis moTxovnileba ki

118
hqonda, magram Surma, romelmac misi nebeloba daaavada, `muriT Selesa~,
boroti gziT waiyvana.
misi saqcieli gaucnobierebelia. aracnobiereba aris swored dacemis
niSani _ `sulis Zili~ (99:163), cnobiereba ki piriqiT, mxolod zemoT
eweva adamians da pirovnebad aqcevs. cnobieri cxovrebis dasawyisi,
rogorc zemoT ganxilul masalaSia warmodgenili, adamianis mier
sakuTari qmedebebis gaazrebiT da arazneobrivi saqcielebis SenanebiT
iwyeba, anu TviTkritikiT. TviTkritikis es cnobieri Zalaa sindisi,
romelic vaJas personaJad Semohyavs poemaSi:
`Cem magieri
xma cnobieri
mogec darajad,
gegrZno ar avad,
keTilis mrCevlad
igi gyoloda,
Sen yuri gegdo
misTvis mxoloda~.
es cnobieri xma uflis `magieric~ ki aris. `magivroba~ gulisxmobs
msgavsebasac. Tuki adamianSi RvTis magieria, misi xatia, adamianic
msgavsia. kaenisTvis es msgavseba ukve lodiviT mZime satarebelia, radgan
aracnobiers aris ayolili. Tumca, sindisi Tavs ar anebebs:
`Cavida gulSi,
CauZvra sulSi,
mTels mis arsebas
Caavlo brjRali~.
sindisis qenjna uwyaloa, cremls adeninebs, tanjavs. am xmas jer
kidev Zmis mokvlamde Seuwuxebia kaeni:
`maSinac es xma
aborgvda, mwvrTnida,
abelis mokvla
Zalian swyinda,
`codvaa,~ _ amas
meubneboda, _

119
 `nu hklao, nuo!~ _
meurCeboda~.
gafrTxilebas ar mousmina kaenma. swored amgvari gafrTxilebaa
sityvebSic: `Tu sikeTis mqmneli xar, gana Tavaweuli ar unda iyo? Tu
sikeTis mqmneli ara xar, codva Casafrebulia karTan (`borot sulTa
brbo axlo xarxarebs~(vaJa)), Sensken aqvs mas ltolva, Sen ki ibatone
masze~ (dabadeba. 4. 7.).
sindisis xma da uflis xma erTia. kaenma ver `ibatona~ borotze. is
xels kravs sindisis xmas da gulSi sinanulis saTnoebis gamwmend Zalas
ar uSvebs. `sinanuli aris dacadeba borotTagan~, magram is mtkivneuli
procesia. kaeni ki, romelic `lxins~ eZebs, ar surs raimeze wuxdes an
raime tkiodes, tirilsa da glovas ar Seudgeba. mware fiqrebiT
mowyluli sicocxle misTvis sicocxle ar aris. gana imitom ar mokla
Zma, rom gulis wyluli moeSorebina? sindisis xma cdilobs, miaxvedros
Zmis mkvleli, rom misi `bedis ayvavebis~ molodiniT lxena `mxolod
wuTisa iyo~, magram amaod.
`vidre kacis guli ar damdabldeba, manamde ver gaeqceva gancxromasa
da gafantulobas, rameTu simdable Semoikrebs gafantul guls~ (62:241).
kaeni arasodes damdabldeba. `kaenoba~ amgvari simdablis sapirispiro
polusze mdgari cnebaa:
`unda davixSo.
es meore xma,
sinanulisa
raRac gulis-Tqma.
ris kaeni var,
Tu ver SevZeli,
mas, rac CemSia,
davrio xeli?~
misi dacemuli bunebis miswrafebaa gandideba Tavisa, Zmaze amaRleba.
amitom misi guli ara saTnoebiT, aramed SuriT aris Sekruli da am
`muris~ `gaTeTrebas~ amaod elis. xati RvTisa masSi gacveTilia, radgan
simdablis saTnoebis madli kaenma `dawixla~. kaenis suli verasodes
damSviddeba da lxenas ver moipovebs, rogorc mravalTa sulebi, visac

120
swyins Zmis sikeTe, Zmas gascems, samSoblos uRalatebs piradi
sargeblobisaTvis. pirvelobis amgvari msurvelni RvTis winaSe gaxdebian
ukanasknelni _ `SxamiT mTvralebi~, `mofarfateni~ radgan:
`msgavseba RvTisi,
ar Seibrales,
ar dainanes,
aqcies buded,
eSmakis zRuded~...
poeti gmirs swored im gzajvaredinze tovebs, sadac bibliuri kaeni
rCeba: sindisi samudamod mihyveba kaenianTa modgmas gamawameblad, Tumca,
`msgavseba RvTisa~ damcrobilia. `unda mivefaro Sens saxes~ _ eubneba
kaeni ufals (1. 14).
poemis meore _ mTavar nawilSi amgvarad damcrobili RvTis xatisa
da devnilis sindisis tragediaa asaxuli.
qristianuli RvTismetyvelebis mixedviT, adamianis cxovreba skolaa.
kacobriobis istoria _ pedagogiuri procesi (89:163). am procesis
saboloo mizani adamianis zrdasruli asakia, romelic misi TviTSegnebis
umaRles safexurze ayvanas gulisxmobs. TviTSegnebis mmarTveli Zalaa
sindisi.
msoflio istorias, iseve, rogorc literaturis istorias, mravlad
axsovs sindisisa da usindisobis magaliTze kacTa, rogorc zneobrivi
ganwmendis, aseve dacemis magaliTebi.
genialuri ingliseli poetis _ jorj baironis `kaenis~ wamyvani
laitmotivi sindisis qenjnis motivia. kaeni am xmis ZaliT xvdeba, rom
`daaSro wyaro, romelic STamomavlobas warmoSobda sikeTiT savses da
mSvidobians~ (11:178). `RvTis sxvagvari ganaCeni,~ romelic mas sikvdiliT
codvis gamosyidvis Txovnis sanacvlod miegeba, swored sindisis xmis
devnas gulisxmobs. kaenis mama _ adami ambobs: `me mas ar vwyevli, mis
sulSi aris misive wyeva~ (11:173). kaenis sulSi sindisis qenjna
isadgurebs, romelic mas mTeli `gandevnili, moxetiale~ sicocxlis
ganmavlobaSi ar moasvenebs. `paradoqsia, magram faqtia, rom xetiali _
mwyemsuri mimosvla da ara wriali dedamiwis zurgze, romelic sasjelad
dauwesa ufalma kaens, miCneulia kacobriuli cxovrebis idealad

121
(abraami, iakobi, daviT mefe, mose, rjulis kidobani...)~ (45:20). kaenis
sulieri ganwmenda amgvari xetialiT unda moxdes.
XIX-XX saukuneebis literaturaSi am TvalsazrisiT gamorCeulia m.
dostoevskis Semoqmedeba. es genialuri mwerali mxolod adamianiT da
misi bunebis siRrmeebiT aris dainteresebuli. misi gmirebi ZiriTadad
sulierad daavadebuli, janmrTelobaSeryeuli adamianebi arian, rac
simbolurad mwerlis Tanamedrove epoqis dekadentur ganwyobilebas
gamoxatavs: amgvari nihilisturi ganwyobilebis winaaRmdeg daZabuli
brZola Cveulebrivi adamianis Zal-Rones aRemateba. Tumca, dostoevskis
gmirebi ibrZvian dakarguli wonasworobis mosapoveblad da swored
sindisis xmis damorCilebis Sedegad aRweven Sinagan mSvinvier ganwmedas.
am mxriv gamorCeulia misi romani `danaSauli da sasjeli~, romlis
mTavari gmiri _ `zekacobis~ ideiT Sepyrobili studenti raskolnikovi
saSinel danaSauls sCadis im motivaciiT, rom uzenaesi miznis misaRwevad
`zekacs~ `Cveulebrivi adamianis~ mkvlelobis ufleba aqvs. magram
sindisis xma miaxvedrebs, rom sxva adamianis mkvleloba sakuTari sulis
dangrevaa, sakuTar sulSi adamianis _ RvTis xatis mokvla. amgvari
sulieri sikvdilisgan, tanjvisgan Tavis daRwevis gzas raskolnikovi
qristianul zneobriv principebTan ziarebiT axerxebs.
XIX saukunis didi qarTveli moRvawe ilia WavWavaZe ambobda: `Cemi
msajuli Cemi xalxia da is patara RmerTi, romelsac sindiss eZaxiano~.
vaJac adamianSi Casaxlebul am `patara RmerTs~ mis mwvrTnels uwodebs.
`sindisis~ cneba qristianul saxismetyvelebaSic adamianis mwvrTnelis,
ganmsjelis mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba. TviT termini `sindisi~ mxolod axal
aRTqmaSi Semodis, pavle mociqulis epistoleebSi da Teoriul-
inteleqtualuri gamocdilebis niSani ki ar aris, aramed intuitiuri
niWis gamoxatulebaa da gulis moqmedebasTan aris dakavSirebuli.
sindisis gansja yovelTvis daqvemdebarebulia RvTaebriv gansjas:
`vinaidan araferi vici Cems Tavze, magram amiT ar vmarTldebi. Cemi
ganmsjeli xom ufalia~ (I. kor. 4. 4.) _ naTqvamia pavle mociqulis mier.
am ganmsjeli xmis ZaliT arian Sekruli, `akinZuli~ vaJas
STambeWdavi gmirebi da msoflios sicocxlec mxolod misiT
suldgmulobs:

122
 `aba gahxedeT
saukuneTa!
istoriisa
naxeT furclebi,
ramdeni sCans iq
kargi, _ urgebi,
frang-ingliselni,
sparsni, Turqebi.
mTeli msoflios
mcxovrebni vinca,
am xmisa Zafze
kvlav aikinZa,
vinc isvindisa...~
sindisis saxiT RmerTi ar tovebs marto adamians, raTa misi xmiT
amcnos, rom `codva Casafrebulia karTan~ da kacma unda `ibatonos
masze~.
`yvelaze mcire maTgani (demoni) mTeli dedamiwis ganadgurebas
SeZlebda, RvTaebrivi madli rom ar ganaiaraRebdes maT RvTis qmnilebis
winaSe, magram adamianis nebis borotisaken mimarTviT, isini qmnilebis
Signidan mokvdinebas cdiloben~ (99:99). Signidan am borotebas yovelTvis
ebrZvis sindisi:
`milion welTa
ganmavlobaSi,
sakvirvelia,
rom ara kvdeba, _
isev mxne ari
da ara scxreba~.
`keTili sindisis~ moqmedebas pavle mociqulis sityviT, `wminda
gulTan~ da `upirfero rwmenasTan~ erTad aqvs nayofi (I tim. 1. 5.). vaJas
azriT, yvelafris sawyisi rwmenaa, `rwmenis gareSe yoveli Sroma amaoa~.
rwmeniT ganiwmindebian da amaRldebian vaJas gmirebi: aluda, joyola,
aRaza, mindia... da `svindisi~. sakuTar ZalebSi rwmenas kargavs mindia da
zeaRsvlas wyvets. `svindisSic~ rwmenadakarguli sindisis xma RaRadebs.

123
es ukve ara adamiani-individis, Tundac gmiris, aramed, zogadad,
adamianuri sulis tragediaa. amgvari tragikulobiT aris daRdasmuli
vaJas Tanamedrove, dekadenturi ideebis msoflio. vaJa-fSavelas poetur
suls ar SeiZleboda ar egrZno es procesi, ar ganecada im drois
SemoqmedTa tkivili. rwmenadakargulia is, rac unda acocxlebdes,
asuldgmulebdes adamianis guls. `Tmagawewili, nacem-nagvemi da
daTenTili~ sindisis xati swored epoqis am sulieri krizisis
gamomxatvelia:
`hoi, ufalo,
miSvele, vkvdebi!
veRar sWris, RmerTo,
Cemi mxneoba,
sxva xalxi gaCnda
da sxva zneoba...~
misi sikvdili adamianis cnobieri cxovrebis dasasrulis
momaswavebelia. vaJas poemis gmir `svindiss~ swored es mouwadinebia:
amqveynad cxovreba moswyenia, radgan qreba da ileva sanTeliviT misi
saxeli. misi kvnesa `Semzaravia~. is dacemuli kacis sindisia da
dasustebuli, mxolod sakuTar rgebaze, gadarCenaze fiqris
gamomxatvelia:
`verafers gavxdi,
Tavadac wavxdi,
da rom sruliad
ar davikargo,
gTxov, damexmaro,
Sen rame margo.
aRar maqvs, RmerTo,
kacT Soris bina~.
sindisi uars ambobs sakuTar daniSnulebaze.
`da is mebrZoli
Cvens gulSi RmerTi
movkaliT kacTa...~

124
 am sityvebSi Cans nicSeseuli `RmerTis sikvdilis~ gancda. is, rac
adamianis nebas madlisaken warmarTavs, RmerTia, magram urwmunoebis mier
daviwyebulia. Tumca, samwertilis Semdeg vaJa agrZelebs:
`tanjvul-gvemuli
sabralo gacvda.
Tumc mis sicocxlis
Zafi ar gawyda~.
vaJa-fSavelas uaRresad humanur poetur suls ar ZaluZs adamianis
imedis, rwmenis gareSe datoveba. adamiani uZluria mis gareSe _ es icis
vaJam. amasTan, misTvis sruliad axlobelia qristianuli mistikis
naazrevi, rom kacSi sindisisa da rwmenis gaqrobas mTeli samyaros
ganadgureba SeiZleba mohyves. poemis bolos warmodgenili suraTi: mzis,
mTvaris, mTa-baris `daxocviT~ gamowveuli mefistofeluri xarxari,
swored adamianuri nebisyofis dauZlurebis avismomaswavebeli xilvaa.
Tumca, am xilvis axdenas sindisTan mosaubre RmerTi ar uSvebs:
`didi Senoba
risTvis vaSene,
an bneli Rame
rad gavaTene?
risTvis Sevamke
mTeli buneba,
Tu mas dahRupavs
kacTa cduneba?~
amitom sindisi kvlav rCeba `adamianuri Senobis~ aRsadgenad
dedamiwaze. uflis nebiT is `amowvdil xmalad~ unda daadges qveyanas da
gaaspetakos. misi ZaliT da mxneobiT kvlav unda daitanjos da daRondes
avismqmneli, xolo keTilismoqmeds _ frTebi Seesxas. vaJam genialurad
gadawyvita problema: TviT RmerTi ar tovebs adamians Tavisi RvTaebrivi
energiis ZalmosilebiT.
`rwmena, WeSmariteba, siyvaruli, sibrZne _ RvTaebrivi energiebia da
maT gareSe samyaros arcerTi arsi ar arsebobs~ (99:63). Tu madli mokvda
adamianSi, RvTis xatic mokvdeba, magram amas RmerTi ar dauSvebs. ar unda
dauSvas Semoqmedmac. `nicSe Signidan unda gadaitano da dasZlio~ _

125
ambobs n. berdiaevi (90:316). vaJa `Signidan~ sZlevs dekadenturi bunebis
moZalebas.
k. gamsaxurdia werda, rom `msoflio mwerlobaSi ori sawyisi
ebrZoda urTierTs _ mTisa da barisa. amas vakvirdebiT rogorc
germaniis, ise safrangeTisa da italiis literaturaSi~ (66:385).
mTis arwivis – vaJas bunebisaTvis ucxoa urwmunoeba. mTieli
geniosis gaubzaravi suli, rogorc ankara mTis wyaro, uaRresad humanuri
msoflSegrZnebis kalapotSi miedineba. misi gmirebic aseTi Seuryvneli
sulis matareblebi arian _ kldesaviT `kvrivi~ rwmeniTa da mTis
wyarosaviT ankara sindisiT~, `raTa iomon, rogorc keTilma meomrebma~ (I
tim. 2. 19).

126
 Tavi V
bunebis gancdis sakiTxi pirovnebis sulieri transformaciis
problemasTan mimarTebaSi

1. pirovnebisa da samyaros cnobieri arsis urTierTdamokidebulebis

sakiTxi

bunebis grZnoba vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebaSi im umaRles safexurze

adis, roca misi movlenebi TavisTavadi Rirebulebis STabeWdilebas
toveben. vaJas buneba iseTive sulieri SinaarsiTaa aRsavse, rogorc
adamianis Sinagani samyaro. es imitom, rom poetma buneba Tavis sulier
Sinaarsad gadaaqcia (43:80-115) da adamianis eniT aametyvela is, raSic
sulierebis natamali dainaxa. vaJasTvis mTeli buneba cocxalia da
yoveli misi nawili ganicdis samyaroSi arsebul borotisa da keTilis
Widils.
`igi (vaJa) ar aris panTeisti figuralurad: ara, igi Tavis
panTeistobaSi mistikosia. buneba misTvis cocxali arsia, romelic
hlamobs Taviss srulobas. logosia saTave vaJas poeturi geniisa!
logosis gareSe misi poeturi sityvac mxolod `Wreli sityva~ iqneboda~
_ werda vaJa fSavelas Sesaxeb gr. robaqiZe (66:185).
marTlac, am logosis _ Taurmovlenis (gr. robaqiZe), engadis gareSe
vaJa mravalTaTvis isev panTeistad an sxva warmarTuli religiis
mimdevrad darCeboda, rogorc daabrales kidevac. magram mis
SemoqmedebaSi swored is mistikuri urTierTobaa bunebis yovel movlenas
Soris, romelic cocxalqmnis yovel arsebas.
`mistikuri filosofiisaTvis buneba yovelTvis rCeboda cocxal
arsebad, cocxal organizmad~ _ aRniSnavs n. berdiaevi (90:65).
vaJas SemoqmedebaSi ar SeiZleba ar davinaxoT bunebis movlenebis
imgvari cocxali urTierTdamokidebuleba, romelic swored mistikuri
azrovnebisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli:
`xevi mTas hmonebs, mTa _ xevsa,
wyalni _ tyes, tyeni _ mdinareT
yvavilni miwas da miwa _
Tavis aRzrdilTa mcenareT~.
(`Rame mTaSi~)

127
 erTis cvlileba meoreSic hpovebs cvlilebas da ase mTeli bunebis
movlenebi SeTanxmebulad moqmedeben. qristianuli mistikis udidesi
warmomadgenlis wm. gr. palamas SemoqmedebaSi materiis elementebis
swored amgvari urTierTobaa aRwerili: `yvelaferi ise gadadis
urTierTSi da ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs, rom mTeli samyaros sxeuli
erTianad warmogvidgeba~ (99:79).
es urTierTdakavSirebuli cocxali movlenebi vaJasTan yvelasa
da yvelafrisagan eTikur damokidebulebas moiTxoven. adamiani,
romelic am samyaros centrSi dgas, Tavisi moqmedebiT xan arRvevs,
xan aSenebs am `did Senobas~. amitom buneba vaJasTan gansakuTrebuli
simZafriT ganicdis misi umTavresi nawilis _ adamianis zeaRsvlasa
da dacemas.
poemaSi `svindisi~ kaenis dacemiT, dedamiwaze daRvrili pirveli
sisxliT, bunebis yoveli Zala grZnobs moaxlovebul disharmonias,
`sisxliani mterobis~ dasawyiss dedamiwaze da zariTa da grialiT
gamoxatavs Tavis SeSfoTebas:
`maSin SeinZra
didroni mTebi
da aboboqrda,
aRelvda zRvebi.
tye iRvreboda
cxare cremlada,
yvavilovani
mwvane velada.
nadiri tyisa,
Tevzebi wyalTa,
yoveli arsi
mTaTa da barTa,
yvela SfoTavda,
yvela kvnesoda,
es Semzaravi
xma rom esmoda~.

128
 SeSfoTeba miT ufro Zlieria, rom `yoveli arsi~ acnobierebs
adamianis daniSnulebas. poemaSi `svindisi~ yvelaze metad aris
gamoxatuli is mosazreba, rom mTeli samyaro adamianisTvisaa Seqmnili,
is aris sicocxlis centri. ierarqiis centris daqveiTeba-dacemas Tan
mohyveba mTeli bunebis dacemac, yvelaze dabali safexuris CaTvliT. es
sityvebi pirdapir aris warmoTqmuli ciuri xmis mier:
`risTvis Sevamke
mTeli buneba,
Tu mas dahRupavs
kacTa cduneba?
risTvis Sevmose
tyiT dedamiwa,
Tu dRes gafuWda
da waibilwa?..~
swored amitom ar SeiZleba rwmena, Rirseba da siyvaruli
amoiZirkvos adamianis gulidan. sanam amgvari energiebi arsebobs,
samyaros Carxic brunavs, Tumca
`... maSindeli
jerac atyvia
WuWyi da muri
caze mTvaresa.~
mTeli qveyana `moirwyo sisxliT~. `stumar-maspinZelSic~ mTebi
`sisxls ver ixdenen tanzeda~. Tumca, `bevri momkvdara maT mkerdze~,
magram mainc ver Sehguebian ZmaTa kvlas, Tu Zmis sisxlis wyurvils.
bunebis cocxali arsis wvdoma da misi dakargvis tragikuloba vaJam
poemaSi `gvelis-mWameli~ gamoxata. misi mindia swored `logosis
sxeulebad~ (gr.robaqiZe) (66:186), bunebis cocxali arsis nawilad iqca.
amitom bunebac esaubreba mas, uambobs sakuTar Tavze _ tkivilsa da
sixarulze:
`esmis dReidan yoveli,
rasac frinvelni galoben,
an mcenareni, cxovelni
rodis ilxenen, wvaloben.

129
 rac ki ram daubadia
ufals sulier-usulo,
yvelasac Turme ena aqvs,
ara yofila urjulo~.
adamianisa da bunebis sulis amgvari urTierTdamokidebuleba mindias
dacemisTanave wydeba. mindiam uRalata bunebas da bunebac aRar eubneba
`tkbil salams~. mindia ukve aRar aris misTvis faseuli sicocxle,
amitom mis sikvdilsac gulgrilad dascqeris:
`niavic mid-modioda
udardod, nelis mReriTa...
frTa gahkris wversa xmlisasa
amoRerebuls eniTa,
SaRebils Wiaferada
kacis gul-mkerdis wveniTa,
da gaTamaSdis mwvaneze
laRad, molxeniT, stveniTa~.
aseTive gulgrilia buneba wiwolas sikvdilis mimarT, romelic ukve
`sicocxliT sikvdiliania~ qveynisTvis:
`Tavi daurCvav mxedarsa,
Tu iyo guljavriani?!
iori yursac ar ugdebs,
nelad aqanebs talRebsa,
ar edardeba, daoblden,
mama aRar hyav balRebsa.~
bunebis arsebebi vaJas TxzulebebSi imgvari moraliT sjian,
romliTac TviT poeti sjis adamianis arsebobis sakiTxs:
`leSs wilad ra hxvda usulos,
..............................................................................
maZiebeli ara var,
arc viyav Tavis dReSia...
miwa varT, mainc miwa varT,
bevri aiReT, daiReT,
miwobas ver avicilebT,

130
 aTasjer qrTamic gaiReT!
suli madardebs me, suli,
imisi yofna – Tviseba...~
(`suli oblisa~)
buneba swored sulis Tvisebas Sehyurebs. `gvelis-mWamelisa~ da
`svindisis~ magaliTze naTlad Cans, rom is mxolod kacis sulier
sikvdils glovobs, misi sulieri dacemiT aris aRSfoTebuli. amgvarad,
bunebis arsebebi adamianebs mosalodneli sikvdilis saSiSroebis Sesaxeb
afrTxileben. im adamianis fizikuri ganadgurebis mimarT ki, romelsac
socialuri funqcia dakarguli aqvs, bunebis arsebebi gulgrilni
rCebian.
SedarebisTvis gavixsenoT, rom socialurad faseuli adamianis
sicocxles vaJasTan mTeli buneba glovobs. vaJas leqsebsa da poemebSi
gabneulia Rirseuli adamianis _ vaJkacis sikvdilis TanagrZnobis
bunebiseuli gancdis margalitebi. es gancda arc Tu iSviaTad xalxur
SemoqmedebaSic gvxvdeba da umaRles gamoxatulebas leqsSi `xogais
mindi~ hpovebs. vaJas poezia swored am xalxuri sityvierebis rainduli
suliT aris nasazrdoebi. `stumar-maspinZelSi~ zviadauris sikvdilis
magaliTi sruliad sakmarisia imis dasadastureblad, rom mTeli
samyarosTvis Rirseuli sicocxlis danaklisi aunazRaurebelia:
`zviadaursa glovobda
SfoTva da borgvna wylisao,
niavad Camonadeni
oxvra maRali mTisao.
cremli nislebis jarisa
nabZanebia RvTisao~.
zviadaurs mosisxle miwis buneba glovobs, magram vaJas buneba
imdenad humanuria, ramdenadac misi gmirebi _ joyola da aRaza. man ar
icis `sxva~, urjulo. zviadauris vaJkacoba mTeli samyaros simpaTias
iwvevs da misi sikvdili mTel samyaros aRonebs.
bunebas, TviTon cocxals, grZnobiT aRsavses, ukvirs adamianTa
gulgriloba da miuxvedreloba, WeSmariti pirovnebis daufasebloba da
mokveTa ucxoa misTvis:

131
 `Sterad damdgaran mTis wverni,
ismis xivili qarisa~...
(`aluda qeTelauri~)
vaJas buneba xan ara mxolod pasiuri `gaSterebiT~, an `glovis
zariT~ gamoxatavs sakuTar damokidebulebas, aramed znesruli
pirovnebis simarTlis damcvelad, mosarCledac gamodis. amgvari motivia
poemaSi `kaci marTali~. erTi SexedviT fantastikur suraTSi, romelic
am poemis ganxilvisas moviyvaneT, WeSmaritebis realuri principia
gamoxatuli: simarTlis saboloo aRzeveba da misi Zalmosilebis
gamovlena. suraTis mxilveli `mravali fiqrebs cisaken waeRo~.
sazogadoebis mSvinvieri ganwmenda, amaRleba, swored am fantastikuri
xilvis wyalobiT iwyeba.
pirovnebis sulieri transformaciis, ganaxlebis, amaRlebis
winaswarganwyoba, vaJa-fSavelas poemebSi, TiTqmis, yovelTvis bunebis
suraTebiT, bunebis ganwyobiT gadmoicema.
poemaSi `gogoTur da afSina~, afSinas sulieri ganaxlebis molodini
gazafxulis suraTiTaa warmodgenili:
`gazafxul iyo maSina,
axlad yooden iani,
mwvanis qaTibiT koxtaobs
mTebis kalTebi tyiani;
beq-buqSi Tovli damdnara,
miwa gamxdara wvniani,
mwvanes ewvdeba foTolsa
xari iremi rqiani.
galaRebulan frinvelni,
isedac laRiznianni;
aragvic mohquxs mrisxaned,
am dros Savferad mdinare,
iRviZebs, ifSvnets Tvalebsa
mis are-mare mZinare,
kldeebic wyalsa hJonaven,
srulad damdnara myinvare...~

132
 swored aseT gazafxuls xdeba afSinas sulSi yinulis daZvra,
gamofxizleba da laRi _ keTili adamianuri znis gamoaSkaraveba.
vaJas yvelaze mZafri, aRmavali gancdebi, sulieri silaRe
gazafxulTan aris dakavSirebuli. gazafxulia misi miswrafeba. is da
sicocxle uerTmaneTod ar arseboben. `dafaruli azri gazafxulisa
sicocxlea _ wers vaJa `sagazafxulo fiqrebSi~ (34:384)... _ maS viwamoT
sicocxlisa da gazafxulis erTgvaroba, erTbunebovnoba: usicocxlod
gazafxuls ver vigrZnobT ise, rogorc ugazafxulod sicocxles.
gazafxuli mqmneli, mSobelia sicocxlisa: gazafxulze yoveli Zala
bunebisa, yoveli arsi, TviT iseTic ki, rasac adamiani, Tu ar
SeiaraRebuli TvaliT, ver dainaxavs, mimarTuli, midrekilia sicocxlis
Sesaqmnelad~.
sicocxle mudmiv ganaxlebas moiTxovs, amitomac aris gazafxuli ase
sayvareli vaJasTvis _ mis SemoqmedebaSi is mudmivi ganaxlebis, ZalTa
mokrebis simboloa. poeti adamianis sulis ganaxlebas,
gakeTilSobilebas, pirovnebis zeaRsvlasac adamianis `sulis
gazafxuls~ uwodebs. gazafxulis `yoveli movlena, yoveli Zali
bunebisa cal-calke da erTad cdilobs mieSvelos sicocxles, srulyos
sicocxle~ (iqve.385). amgvaradve iqcevian misi gmirebi _ srulyofen
adamianTa sulier sicocxles.
`baxtrionSi~ sulieri sicocxlis mwvervalia warmodgenili, swored
amitom aris galaRebuli buneba _ aq is araTu kerZo adamianis, aramed
mTliani eris gazafxulis molodinSia. erTmaneTisa da adamianis, miwisa
da cis mimarT eniT gamouTqmel siyvaruls gamoxatavs alaznis buneba:
`gadviden alaznis Tavsa,
mTebis wverebi Cndeboden,
roca gahxedav, yovelgan
gasaSteroni dgeboden;
zogni cis gul-mkerds hkocnian,
zogni ukana rCeboden~.
mTebi mTielTa laSqris raindul SemarTebas gauSterebia da
sixaruliT cis gul-mkerdi daukocniaT.

133
 baxtrionis saxelovani gamarjvebis Semdeg aforiaqebuli bunebis
Zalebi mSviddebian. qveynis xsnasa da aRdgomas bunebac dauxsnia
yoveldRiuri mware fiqrisagan da Wmunvisagan:
`Ramesa sZinavs mTa-barze,
buneba dasvenebula,
manaTobeli qveynisa
mTvarec xom Casvenebula!
moismis ivris Cxriali,
sizmars uambobs Walasa,
erTad hkecs saubarSia
cisa da qveynis Zalasa.
ca TavisaTvis myudrod sdgas,
mkerd-sufTa, varskvlaviani.~
qveynis bunebis amgvari Zili sapirispiro suraTia imave epoqis didi
mwerlis ilia WavWavaZis mier warmodgenili qveynis Zilisa:
`videq martoka da mTebis Crdili
kvlav Cems qveynis Zils ealerseba...
ox, RmerTo Cemo! sul Zili, Zili,
rosRa gveRirsos Cven gaRviZeba?!~
(`elegia~. 81:47)
amgvari Tvlemis dros vaJas mTa-bars mainc ar sZinavs _ `fiqrs
miscemia mwaresa~. `baxtrionSi~ warmodgenili suraTi ki qveynis
gazafxulis dadgomas moaswavebs, romelsac XIX saukunis yoveli didi
moazrovne: vaJa, ilia da akakic sulmouTqmelad elodnen. mokrialebuli
ca, ivris mSvidi Cxriali da mware fiqrisgan dasvenebuli buneba `cisa
da qveynis Zalas~ RvTisa da adamianis saerTo Zalisxmevas emadliereba
da kacobriobis gazafxuls moelis.
amgvari suraTebi, sadac bunebis movlenebi adamianuri yofis av-kargs
ganicdian, vaJa-fSavelas poemaTa mxatvruli konstruqciis Seqmnas
emsaxureba. msgavs pasaJebSi samyaros gancda da poetis gancda erTia da
TiTqmis yovelTvis avtoris poziciaze migvaniSnebs.

134
 2. mTa _ pirovnuli zecnobierebis saxe-simbolo poema `mTaTa
erTobis~ mixedviT

vaJa-fSavelas bunebis wiaRSi yvela arseba `mgrZnobiare da

azriania~ (42:109). yvela maTgani ganicdis gazafxulis mSvenierebas, magram
mTa gansakuTrebulia. mTa mis SemoqmedebaSi araTu zneobrivi
srulyofisaken swrafvis zogadi gamoxatulebaa, aramed vaJas gmirTa
goliaTuri zneobrivi Zalis Sesatyvisi cnebac. amitom, is gansakuTrebul
azrovnebasa da mgrZnobiarobasac amJRavnebs. poema `mTaTa erToba~ mTis
gasulierebis erT-erTi saintereso nimuSia. vaJa-fSavela xSirad
alaparakebs bunebis qmnilebebs imis Sesaxeb, rom kacTa Soris yvelaferi
rigze ar aris. am kuTxiT gamorCeulia misi proza. am poemaSi ki mTebi
ara mxolod bunebis TvalsaCino arsebebi arian, aramed kacobriobis
saWirboroto sakiTxebze Cafiqrebuli pirovnebebis saxes gamoxataven.
isini akritikeben adamianis uaryofiT zne-Cveulebebs da xazs usvamen,
rom es Tvisebebi maT Tumca, ar axasiaTebT, magram sakmaod kargad aqvT
gaazrebuli da awonil-dawonili:
`ise vcnob kacis bunebas,
rogorac RrubelT elvasa.~
_ ambobs ialbuzi, kavkasionis mTebs Soris gamorCeuli. vaJa-fSavelas
mTas esmis bunebis kanonzomierebis filosofiuri mniSvneloba: `bunebasa
da cxovrebas Tavisi sakuTari wesi da rigi aqvs da Cveni Teoriebi ver
SeuSlian arCeul gzaze svlas~ (32:393). am wesis mixedviT, samyaroSi
yvelaferi dialeqtikurad aris erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, TavisTavadi
Rirebulebis mqone da urTierTTavsebadia. didisa da mcires arseboba ar
gvayenebs am ukanasknelis gaufasurebis, gaTqvefis winaSe. adamianTa
sazogadoebaSi moSlilia kanonzomiereba. `vaJam buneba kvlav moiSvelia
sakuTari `jansaRi nacionalizmis~ ideis dasacavad. misi azriT, `maxinji
kosmopolitizmi~ TviT uflisa da bunebis sibrZnisa da nebis winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli movlenaa~ (82:328). mTebma kargad ician, rom kacTa Soris did-
pataraoba Sursa da mtrobas warmoSobs da maT bunebas mglur
instinqtebs uqvemdebarebs, rac sazogadoebaSi socialuri
uTanasworobis, usamarTlobis mizezad iqceva amgvari usamarTloba
mTebis bunebisTvis miuRebelia. simaRlis metoba mTisTvis mxolod

135
sxvaTa mimarT meti pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis gamomxatvelia. aranair
SeWirvebas, qartexils, wvimasa da setyvas ar ZaluZs maTi gatexa, am
pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis moSorebis survilis warmoqmna. ialbuzi –
umaRlesi mwvervali Tavs bednierad racxs amgvari zrunviT:
`sxvas ras mimatebs simaRle,
Tu ar tanjvasa da susxsa?
magram mec bednieri var
sxva gorakebTan erTada.~
aseTi pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba WeSmariti sulieri simaRlis
SemTxvevaSi Cndeba. `zeaRsvlis gzaze pirovneba moipovebs sulier
Zalas, romlis meoxebiTac qmnis Rirebulebas. magram is arasodes
iviwyebs qvemoT darCenilebs _ sulierad sustebs, romlebic mowyvetili
arian am Rirebulebebs. da iwyeba pirovnebis qvemoT daSvebis gza, raTa
daexmaros Tavis Zmebs, gauziaros maT sulieri simdidre da
Rirebulebebi, mieSvelos maT zeaRsvlaSi. zeaRmaval adamians, ar
SeuZlia da arc SeiZleba daSordes qveyanas, ar surs, moixsnas sxvis
mimarT pasuxismgeblobis tvirTi. yoveli aseTi pirovneba yvelas
magivrad agebs pasuxs, radgan maradiuli cxovrebisTvis ara calkeul
pirTa, aramed mxolod saerTo gadarCenas aqvs fasi~ (89:70) _ wers n.
berdiaevi. es saxarebiseuli sibrZnea `pirvelTa da ukanasknelTa~
Sesaxeb: `visac Tqvens Soris surs pirveli iyos, is Tqveni mona iyos.
iseve, rogorc kacis Ze ar mosula imisTvis, rom mas emsaxuron, aramed
imisTvis, rom Tavad moemsaxuros da Tavi Seswiros mravalTa
gamosasyidad~ (maTe 20.26-27).
XIX saukunis qarTul mwerlobaSi erovnuli xsnis ideasTan da
marTlis Tqmis principTan gadajaWvulia es motivi. ilia WavWavaZis
`gandegili~ swored imis gamoxatulebaa, rom calkeuli individis
sulieri gadarCena araTu arafers matebs sazogadoebas, aramed, arc aris
SesaZlebeli.
am suliskveTebis gamoxmaurebaa vaJa-fSavelas `mTaTa erToba~. TviT
poemis saTauridan `erTobis~ ZaliT gadarCenis idea gamosWvivis. mTebs
Soris am ideis garSemo amtydari `aur-zauri~ amao msjelobaa, rac imas
niSnavs, rom `erTobis fargalSi cxovreba~ maTi cxovrebis wess

136
warmoadgens. aq cneba `erToba~ ara mxolod mTebis _ sazogadoebis e.w.
elituri nawilis Tanxmobas, aramed mTeli samyaros cocxali arsis
urTierTSeTanxmebulobas, urTierTsargeblianobis miniWebas gulisxmobs.
isini mxolod sakuTari keTildReobisa da simaRlis SenarCunebisTvis ar
inaxaven im Zalas, romelic misca `RmerTma imave TaviTa~. vaJa-fSavelas
`mTaTa erTobaSi~ mocemulia `erTobis~ cnebis is filosofiur-
mxatvruli ganmarteba, romelic adamianuri yofis saWirboroto sakiTxze
dasmul mraval kiTxvaTagan imazec mogvigebs, Tu raSi mdgomareobs
Zveli igavuri sibrZnis _ `Zala erTobaSia~ namdvili arsi.
vaJas mTa ar aris mTa – gandegili, romlis `Sublzec qveynierebis
fusfusi erT ZarRvsac ar aatokebs~ (84:20). vaJas mTa `mTa – cxovelia~,
romelic adens civ mdinareebs, axarebs balaxs da yvavilebs, Tval-warbSi
SesTamaSebs sakuTar mkerdze gazrdil Svilebs: jixvebs, arwivebs,
kakbebs; arc sazogado (baris) sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi rCeba gulgrili –
Tavis sityvas abarebs niavs.
vaJa-fSavelas TxzulebebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki moTxrobebSi
gamokveTili sargeblianobis motivi msWvalavs misi mTis simaRles
TxemiT terfamde. misi mTa sargebliani simaRlea:
`miaqvs Cvenidan visc ra hsurs,
rad vinme dagvemdureba?
Cvenis amagiT sargeblobs
da arc Cven mivdevT ginebiT,
mihxed-mohxedeT Tqvens gul-mkerds,
sul savse aris binebiT.
rogorc dResnamde madls vsTesdiT,
dReidgec ase viqnebiT.~
vaJasTvis mTis madlianobis pirveli niSani maTi pirvelqmnili
TvisTavadi simarTle da uzRvavi energiaa. erT-erT werilSi `Zveli da
axali fSavelebis poezia~ vaJa-fSavela mTisa da baris cxovrebas swored
am kuTxiT upirispirebs erTmaneTs: `me is garemoeba makvirvebs, romelsac
baris qarTvelebsa da fSavelebs Soris vxedav: barSi Semoqmedebas
erisas, TiTqos momkvdarao, Tvalebi miululia, xolo fSavSi sCqefs,
sduRs da gadmodis~ (34:169). mTisa da baris es gansxvaveba zustad

137
exmianeba ilia WavWavaZis mTisa da baris Tergis aRweras: `codva ar aris
Seni Weqa-quxili, Seni zariani xmauroba, Seni SfoTva da foTva, Seni
gauTavebeli brZola qva-klde-RresTan, TiTqo Seni ganieri wadili erT
viwro sawolSi moTavsebulao. bevri ram sagulisyuroa SenSi, Cveno
daumonavo Tergo, Sens Zlevamosils da Seupovars denaSi. aq ki
mimxrCvalxar damarcxebul da naTrev lomsaviTa~ (84:9-10).
vaJas mTa am Tergis _ energiis mSobelia, misi aRmzrdeli, Tumca
ialbuzs, myinvars, sperozas, borbalas zneobrivi principebi saukuneebis
manZilze damuSavebuli dogmaturi da gaqvavebuli wes-kanonebiT ki ar
aris nasazrdoebi, aramed RvTaebrivi energiiT – madliT: sikeTiT,
sibrZniT, WeSmaritebiTa da siyvaruliT. es igive SemoqmedebiTobis
energiebia (99:57-70):
`Cven yvelas vaZRobT, Tumc codniT
Wkua ar gagvilesia,
ammaRlebeli gonebis
codna ar dauTesia
CvenSi aravis...~
es is sibrZnea, romelic ara pasiur ganswavlulobas, aramed aqtiur
ganaTlebulobas gulisxmobs. amgvari sibrZne mindiasa da moxeve lelT-
Runias sibrZnea, amgvari WeSmariteba da siyvaruli aludas, joyolas,
zviadauris, aRazas mier nawvdomi WeSmariteba da siyvarulia. mTebi –
`Tav-CaCqnianebi~ TviTon arian raindebi: RirsebiT, siyvaruliTa da
rwmeniT aRsavseni. maTi rwmena adamianSi rainduli sulis ukvdavebis
rwmenaa:
`adamianni Tavis Tavs
dResa, xvale Tu gviana,
mouZebnian wamalsa, _
ramac ki daaziana
kacTa saerTod cxovreba,
maTi Zmoba da erToba.~
TviTon ki am `erTobis Zalis~ erTgulebi arian (RirsebiTa da
siyvaruliT moqmedeba, rogorc aRvniSneT, rwmenasa da erTgulebas
erTdroulad moiTxovs):

138
 `mis fiqri erTobazeda
am mxriv ucvleli darCeba
da sakamaTo sagani
mxolod kacT krebuls SahrCeba.~
TanagrZnoba ki, siyvarulis udidesi gamovlineba nebas ar aZlevT,
sakuTari Rirsebis SegrZnebiT gandegilobaSi icxovron. ar SeuZliaT
bars – imis kopwia alagebs, `kacT krebuls~ ar miexmaron:
“ar mivceT aqiT litoni
xma mainc TanagrZnobisa,
niSani Cvenis kacobis
da Cveni cocxlad yofisa?!~
`kacobis niSnis~ – TanagrZnobis TvisebiT xdebian upirvelesi
Sinagani kacebi aluda, joyola, mindia, aRaza, luxumi, kviria... vaJas mTis
`kacobis gvirgvini~ simboloa `adamianis keTilgonierebis~. keTilgonieri
adamiani TviTSemmecnebeli adamiania. mTebisTvis sakuTari Tavis Semecneba
upirvelesi mizania:
`mxolod ukeTes yofnisa
vinac ki ari mndomia,
ar aris dasaZraxisi...
advilad misaxvdomia,
gacnoba Tavis-Tavisa
pirveli saqme mgonia.~
fiqrianobis, TviTSemecnebis kvalobaze amaRlebuli mTa –
znesruli pirovneba Sors aris qedmaRlobisa da gandidebisagan. swored
am mTis Svilia amirani – vaJas sayvareli gmiri. igi sruliad daclilia
raindisTvis Seuferebuli amgvari saqcielisgan. ialbuzi, sadac amiranis
mudmivi adgilsamyofelia, am gmiris saxe-simbolocaa.
swored is ambobs `mTaTa erTobaSi~:
`eg fiqri ara gqonia
ara dros, _ RmerTad gaxdomis,
uWkosgan mosandomia.~
vaJas mTa pirovnuli zecnobierebis simboloa. misi mopovebis
Sedegad sruliad daTrgunulia `lomi da unasi~. amitom ar axasiaTebT

139
vaJas mTebs kacTa mgluri zne-Cveulebebi. es buneba, Tumca nacnobi,
magram maT mier ukve didi xnis winaT uaryofilia. amitom grZnoben isini
met pasuxismgeblobas – Sinagani CaRrmavebis Sedegad miRweuli
WeSmaritebis sxvebisTvis gaziarebis survils.
es is mTaa, romelzec Sedgebian luxumi, kviria, lela, sanaTa;
sadac joyolas, zviadaurisa da aRazas stumar-maspinZlobis wesi
aRsruldeba. amgvari zecnobiereba socialurad Rirebuli niWia. es is
simaRlea, saidanac xdeba sazogadoebis mowodeba zneobrivi
Rirebulebebisaken. am simaRlis xilvis wyalobiT ganiwmindeba sisxls
mowyurebuli xalxi `stumar-maspinZelSi~, `kaci marTalSi~. vaJas mTa
pirovnebis sulieri transformaciis, aRorZinebis mwvervalia. am mTidan
gamocxadebul yovel simarTles erTaderTi WeSmaritebis daRi atyvia –
humanisturi msoflSegrZnebis, romlis mizania Tavisufali, zrdasruli
adamiani.
vaJa-fSavela erT-erT Tavis werilSi literaturuli gmiris
socialur Rirebulebaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas. misi azriT, yoveli
niWieri mwerali movalea, sami ZiriTadi aspeqtiT daukvirdes cxovrebis
movlenaTa mimarTulebas: `pirveli is, rom Cven monani varT cxovrebis
pirobebisa, uZlurni varT mis winaSe, _ ar arsebobs Tavisufali Cveni
neba, _ yoveli ubedurebaa Cvens Tavs: usamarTloba, uzneoba, siRaribe,
yovelgvari cdomileba am pirobebis bralia.
meore mimarTuleba gvikarnaxebs, rom aq cxovrebis pirobebi arafers
SuaSia da Tu Cven, sazogadoebis wevrni, piradad ar gavukeTesdebiT,
aTasi kargi pirobebic rom SevqnaT, mainc arafrad vevargebiT, ubedurebi
viqnebiT, mainc usamarTlobas, sawylobas, uswormasworobas Tavidan ver
avicilebT.
mesame mimarTuleba, aerTebs ra pirvel or mimarTulebas, e.i.
cxovrebis pirobaTa Zlierebas iRebs mxedvelobaSi, pirovnebaTa,
individTa gaumjobesebas mets Rirebulebas, mets mniSvnelobas aZlevs~
(34:296).
vaJa-fSavelas yoveli axali Txzuleba pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis
Sinagan Tavisufal, erTobiT cxovrebaze Ffiqris Sedegad aris dawerili.
misi yoveli gmiri Tvisufali pirovnebis gaumjobesebul saxes

140
warmogvidgens. TiToeuli Txzulebis mxatvruli konstruqcia, TiToeuli
gmiris xasiaTis Strixebi ki yovelTvis axleburi, ganumeorebelia da
saocari uSualobiT mowodebuli. `saRi fantazia iseTs arafers
Sehqmnis, sinamdviles ar eTanxmebodes, ar Saeferebodes~ (34:362).
ai, Tundac mTebis Tavisuflebis sagalobeli:
`ufalo, dambadebelo,
mTa-bars mohniWe wyaloba,
acxovre bednierada
da aacile wvaleba.
da mouxdine keTilad
cudisa kargzed cvaleba.
nugeSmcemelad eyavi
daCagrulebsa yvelaTa.
Tavisuflebis gvirgvini
daadgi kargis mcvelada.
daTrgune usamarTloba,
gamefebuli qveynada.~
vaJa-fSavelas gmirebi soflisTvis mzrunveli pirovnebebi, am
locvis aRmsruleblebi arian: xalxis nugeSis mcemeli, sikeTis mcveli
da usamarTlobis mdevneli raindebi.

141
 daskvna

pirovnebis sulieri transformacia vaJa-fSavelas poemebSi, rogorc

davinaxeT, diametralurad gansxvavebuli ori gziT _ aRmasvlisa da
daRmasvlisaken mimarTuli adamianuri bunebiT aRiniSneba. amosavli
wertilia nebeloba. ar SeiZleba ar daveTanxmoT genialur moazrovnes, n
berdiaevs, romelic fiqrobs, rom namdvili tragedia adamianis
Tavisuflebis tragediaa da ara bedis (90:66). vaJas gmirebis tragediac
Tavisufali nebis tragediaa.
gansxvavebuli pirovnebis cnobieri cxovreba yovelTvis
upirispirdeba socialuri garemos yofiT moTxovnilebebs, romelSic is
cxovrobs. axali simarTlis damkvidrebisTvis brZolaSi umravlesi
maTgani iRupeba da tragediac amgvari pirovnebis daRupvaSi aisaxeba.
cnobierad cxovrebis madlis dakargvisas ki adamianuri sulis
tragediis mxilvelni vxvdebiT.
adamianis cnobieri cxovreba _ es aris vaJas SemoqmedebiTi interesis
umTavresi sagani. Tu raimeTi hgavs igi Tavis `uZvirfases papas~, swored
am saganze fiqriT:
`Secnoba Tavis Tavisa
pirveli saqme mgonia~
_ vaJas `mTaTa erTobaSi~ gamJRavnebulia adamianuri cxovrebis da
Semoqmedebis pirvelwyaro, iseve, rogorc `daviTianSi~:
`ymawvili unda swavlobdes sacnoblad Tavisadao.~
cnobieri cxovreba TviTanaliziT, sakuTar TavSi CaRrmavebiT
moipoveba. Tu vaJa-fSavelas Cvens mier warmodgenil poemebs
qronologiis TvalsazrisiT ganvixilavT, davinaxavT, rom TviTanalizis,
samyaros Secnobis filosofiuri wyurvili mis SemoqmedebaSi wlebis
ganmavlobaSi ufro da ufro Rrmavdeba da Sesabamis WrilSi
warmosdgeba.
`gogoTur da afSina~ am poemaTagan pirvelia (qronologiuri
TvalsazrisiT) – 1887 wels aris dawerili. `aluda qeTelauri~ – 1888
wels, `eTeri~ – 1890 wels, `stumar-maspinZeli~ _ 1893 wels, `baxtrioni~ –

142
1896 wels. 90-ian wlebSia Seqmnili vaJas `gvelis-mWameli~, `svindisi~,
`kaci marTali~.
Sinagani cnobieri cxovrebisaken mowodeba gansakuTrebiT mkafiod
vaJas SemoqmedebiTi mowifulobis xanaSi: 90-ian, 900-ian wlebSi SeiniSneba.
amave periodSi Seqmnili misi prozauli, lirikuli, Tu publicisturi
Txzulebebis motivebic adamianis TviTgamorkvevis, `fiqrianobis~ (28:224)
gancdiT aris datvirTuli. 90-ian wlebSi iwereba misi werilebi:
`fiqrebi~, `fiqriani~, `yoveldRiuri fiqrebi~, `zogi ram fiqrebidam~;
leqsebi: `martooba~, `simRera~ (ram Semqmna adamianad), `saiT geZebo, ar
vici~, `ialbuzi~, `sizmari~; moTxrobebi: `xmeli wifeli~, `ras fiqrobs
tye~, `fiqrebi~, `papas msoflio fiqrebi~.
gazafxuli – vaJas miswrafebis pirveli sagani _ swored am wlebSi
iZens cnobieri cxovrebis aRmniSvnel metaforul mniSvnelobas. am
wlebSia Seqmnili vaJas publicisturi werili: `sagazafxulo fiqrebi~;
leqsebi: `gazafxuli~ (yinvisgan Sewuxebulma), `rad ambobT
gazafxuldao~, `kidevac vnaxav gazafxuls~ da sxva.
xSirad mis leqsebze, prozaul Txzulebebsa, Tu publicistur
werilebze dakvirvebiT ixsneba vaJa-fSavelas poemebis bevri miTosuri
planis, Tu religiuri xatis Sina arsi. Tumca, am poemaTa gmirebi
mTlianad iteven genialuri mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi interesebis
nairsaxeobas. vaJa sakuTari msoflmxedvelobis, interesebis
gasamJRavneblad uxmobs gmirebs: `aludas, zviadaursa da luxums
Tavaziansa, lelasa, SubiT aRWurvils, kvirias – konkebiansa~. mouwodebs,
raTa maT Tqvan mwerlis saTqmeli, nafiqri da gulistkivili.
vaJa am gmirTa sulieri Sinaarsis CvenebiT gvixsnis adamianis
sulieri Sinaarsis mravalferovnebas. erT-erT Tavis werilSi `rame-rume~
is werda: `poetis erTi umTavresi movaleobaTagania tipebis xatva –
iseTis tipebis, romlebic uvargisni (отрицательные типы) da meore,
romelnic saWironi arian cxovrebis gasaukeTeseblad (положительные типы).

amitom didi codva da naklia mwerlebisa da poetebisa, Tu maT

SeuZlianT da vera hxataven axalgazrdobisTvis misabaZav axalgazrdobis
aRmzrdel tipebs~ (34:398).

143
 aseTi `misabaZavi~ tipebi arian: aluda, joyola, aRaza, zviadauri,
marTali kaci, baxtrionis gmirebi, afSina. maTi gza zneobrivi
srulyofisaken gzis maCvenebelia. sayuradReboa erTi ram: isini Sinaganad
arian iseTi pirovnebebi, rogoradac Tavs warmoaCenen im garemoebaTa
wyalobiT, romelSic eqcevian. amgvar situaciebs ki vaJa gangeb arCevs.
gmirTa aRorZinebis, sulieri srulyofis garegnuli (sazogadoebis
TvaliT xiluli) plani am WrilSi saxarebiseul feriscvalebas
emsgavseba, im gansxvavebiT, rom isini cnobieri cxovrebiT Sesaferis
dros WeSmarit adamianur bunebas avlenen, xolo qriste _ RvTaebrivs.
pirovnebis sulieri aRorZinebis Sinagani planis gasaanalizeblad
dagvWirda mogvecva samecniero disciplinaTa farTo speqtri: miTologia,
qristianuli dogmatika da mistika, klasikuri da Tanamedrove
filologia, fsiqologia. sabolood davaskveniT, rom vaJa-fSavelas
poemebSi adamianuri aRorZinebisken mimavali gza Semdegnairad
warimarTeba: TviTkritika (TviTanalizi) _ Wvreta (marTlWvreta) _
cnobieri cxovreba (xSirad zecnobierebac). aRmaval gzaze pirovnebis
sulieri mdgomareobis Tanamdevi ramdenime fsiqologiuri movlena
dafiqsirda, romlebic daskvnis saxiT SegviZlia motivebad
warmovadginoT: es aris: TviTgamorkvevis motivi, romelic sinanulis
qristianul gagebasTan povebs analogs. misi yvelaze Rrma plani `aluda
qeTelaurSia~ warmodgenili. aludas sizmari pirovnebis sulieri
transformaciis, udidesi sulieri SeZrwunebis gamomxatveli mxatvruli
pasaJia. am transformaciis Sedegad mikvleuli cnobiereba ki uSualod
wvdomili qristes mcnebaa: `giyvardes mteri Seni~. `giyvardes~ _ aq
TanagrZnobas, adamianuri sicocxlis dafasebas gulisxmobs. xolo
cnobierebis mier boZebuli jildoa pirovnuli Tavisufleba.
aluda qeTelauris sulieri transformaciis Sedegad miRweuli
WeSmaritebis tolfasia aRazas mier mikvleuli cnobieri cxovrebac.
misi buneba imdenad SeZrulia araadamianuri msxverplSewirvis aqtiT, rom
ara mxolod sazogadoebis, aramed sakuTari rjulis winaaRmdeg qmedebas
sCadis da mters daitirebs. marTalia, aRazas Tavidan `RmerTi aSinebs~,
magram mis sibraluliTa da siyvaruliT ganwmendil gulSi am

144
rjulmdebeli RmerTis nacvlad siyvarulisa da Sendobis, cnobieri
cxovrebis momniWebeli RmerTi isadgurebs.
TviTgamorkvevis motivia wamyvani pomebSi `gogoTur da afSina~ da
`eTeri~. am Txzulebebis mTavar gmirTa saxeebSi zneobrivi ideali
mocemuli ar aris, magram Cans misken swrafva. afSinasa da Seres mier
moxveWili umaRlesi saTnoeba – simdablis saTnoebaa. gansxvaveba is aris,
rom afSina zeaRmavali gmiria, xolo Seres sulieri mTlianoba
darRveulia. afSinam am saTnoebis kvalobaze SeZlo sulis sifxizle
aRedgina da sazogadoebisTvis Rirebuli adamiani – xevisberi gamxdariyo.
misi cxovrebis erTi epizodi, romelsac vaJa pirovnebis sulieri
trasformaciis sawyis wertilad irCevs, sabolood cvlis afSinas
cxovrebas. gogoTurTan Sexvedris Semdgomi yoveli momdevno dRe cxadad
warmoaCens mas, rogorc gansxvavebul pirovnebas. afSina jer aRiarebs
sakuTari cxovrebis wesis uvargisobas, Semdgom xvdeba raindobis
umaRles daniSnulebas, momdevno etapi amqveyniuri cxovrebis srul
uaryofas moicavs, xolo bolo – adamianuri cxovrebis socialuri
RirebulebisaTvis saWiro sulier ZalTa gaxsnas.
Cven ar viciT, rodis, ratom airCia afSinam is gza, romlis
saboloo uayofisTvis mas didi Zalisxmeva dasWirda. samagierod, Seres
magaliTze naCvenebia pirovnebis dacemis gza da mizezebi – Suris,
moyvasis Ralatis vneba. dacemidan xelaxal sulier transformaciamde
Seres cxovreba tanjviT aRsavse adamianis yofad warmogvidgeba `tanjva
bunebis sawinaaRmdego moZraobaa. am debulebidan gamomdinare, qmedebas
tanjva ewodeba im SemTxvevaSi, roca sagani bunebis Sesabamisad ar
moZraobs~** (61:303).
Sere adamianuri bunebis sawinaaRmdegod moqmedebs boroti gzis
arCevisas. adamianur bunebas sikeTisken swrafva axasiaTebs. vaJa-fSavela
swored am sikeTis rwmeniT acxovrebs sakuTar gmirebs. is xom is poetia,
romelmac gvelsac ki daubruna pirvelqmnili buneba. amitom, Serec
cdilobs am arabunebrivi tanjvis daTrgunvas. amisaTvis glaxakur
cxovrebas iwyebs da berebTan yofnasa da locvaSic atarebs dros, `raTa

** ioane damaskeli, marTmadidebluri sarwmunoebis zusti gadmocema, wigni II

145
gamoiZios gulissityvani da ilocos, raTa moipovos Tvalni, keTilad
mxedvelni~ (isaak asuri, 60:246). gonebis borotisagan dacvisa da Sinagani
xedvisaTvis Sere gareT mxedvel Tvals ibrmavebs. amgvar gzagasayarze
tovebs Semoqmedi gmirs. marTalia, Seres gza rTulia da saxifaTo,
magram imedianobis motivs mainc moicavs. vaJa-fSavelam afSinasa da Seres
saxiT adamianSi daCrdiluli sikeTis gamococxlebis SesaZlebloba
dagvanaxa.
TviTgamorkvevis motivTan gadajaWvulia martooba-oblobis motivi,
romelic vaJas yvela poemaSi ikveTeba. misi gmirebi `axali, uvali
gzebiT~ siarulisas, Tavis `cdaSi~ martoni arian.
Tavisufleba realizacias iTxovs, radgan es is cnebaa, romelic
sociumSi unda ganxorcieldes da damkvidrdes. amitom iwyeba amboxi.
amboxi erT-erTi saintereso motivia, romelsac vaJas gmirebi amJRavneben.
es ar aris amboxi _ viwro piraduli. vaJas gmirebis cnobieri cxovreba
Sors aris amgvari egoizmisgan. maTi amboxi mxolod umaRlesi
faseulobebisTvis xdeba. aseTia aluda qeTelauris, joyola _ aRazas
amboxi. es Tema vaJa-fSavelas aRniSnul poemaTa kulminaciuri wertilia.
meamboxuri bunebis gamomJRavnebis Semdgom saocari simSvidiTa da
uSfoTvelobiT warmoCndeba Satilionebisagan mokveTili aludas,
qistebis mier xiluli aRaza _ joyola _ zviadauris, Temisgan
gaucxovebuli mindias saxe. amgvari zecnobieri simSvidis motivs poeti
xSirad poemis dasasruls warmogvidgens, garda poemebisa `kaci marTali~,
`mTaTa erToba~ da `gvelis-mWameli~, romelTa ukve saTaurebic
pirovnebis zecnobier aspeqtebze migvaniSnebs. simSvidiTa da
uSfoTvelobiT aRsavse mindias saxe (rwmenis dakargvamde) _ pirovnuli
aRorZinebis mwvervalze myofi adamianis gansaxierebaa. mindia is
pirovnebaa, romelic adamianis sulis yvelaze Rrma Zalebs wvdeba da
poema `gvelis-mWamelSi~ adamiansa da mTel samyaros Soris imgvari
intuitiuri kavSiri myardeba, rogoric iyo maSin, roca ena TviT
arsebebis Sinagan azrs (Sinaarss) gamoxatavda. amgvari niWi swored
intuiciuria. intuicia rom adamianis gulis saqmea, amaze metafizika,
fsiqologia da mistikac Tanxmdebian. qristianul mistikaSi es guli
sinanulis gziT ganwmendili gulia. mindia namdvilad aRwevs im ideals,

146
rac adamianur zecnobierebas gulisxmobs. Tumca, sabolood, cxovrebis
kanonebTan WidilSi Tavisufali nebis arasworad warmarTvis gamo
kargavs aRorZinebis madls...
znesruli adamianebi vaJas poemebSi xSirad garemomcveli wris
gardaqmnis stimulatorebad gvevlinebian. aseTebi arian joyola,
zviadauri, baxtrionis gmirebi da marTali kaci. isini TviT ar
saWiroeben simarTlis Ziebas. WeSmariti rainduli ideali maT
pirovnebebSi ukve mocemulia.
`stumar-maspinZelSi~ maRali mxatvruli ostatobiT aris warmoCenili
is `sufTa haeris qrolva~, sazogadoebis feriscvalebis dasawyisi, rasac
WeSmariti tragikuli gmiri tovebs sazogadoebaSi. sazogadoebis
sinanulis, ganwmendis gzaze dadgomis damadasturebelia misi xilva.
zviadauris vaJkacobis, Rirsebis dafasebiT iwyeba sazogadoebis mier
Cadenili qmedebis samarTlianobis gansja. amis damadasturebelia
vaJkacis dananeba: `magas xom ar movuklavdiT, mtrebs avs rom ar
sCadiodnen~. joyola da aRaza amgvari vaJkacis dafasebisa da
stumarTmoyvareobis wesis aRsrulebis magaliTs aZleven qistebs...
adamianTa yvelaze didi sociumis _ eris sulieri aRorZineba
yvelaze Zalumad `baxtrionis~ epopeaSia warmoCenili. aRorZinebis
mwvervals `trfobis mTis~ ganumeorebeli metafora warmoadgens. vaJa-
fSavelas kargad esmoda, rom eris `gaaxalgazrdaveba~, `macocxlebel
pirobebSi Cayeneba~, `calke pirovnebas ar ZaluZs~ (34:381). saWiroa
znesrul pirovnebaTa mTeli pleada. `baxtrionSi~ swored gmirTa mTeli
pleadaa warmodgenili. vaJa adamianis meored Sobas, TviTgamorkvevidan
TviTSemecnebisken gzas adamianis `sulis gazafxuls~ uwodebs, magram
calke, kerZo individis gazafxuli ra aris, Tu is eris gazafxuls ar
dagviyenebs. Tumca, `baxtrionSi~ vaJa-fSavelas genia nacionalur
problematikasac scildeba da gvelis _ borotebis sulieri
transformaciiT kacobriobis gazafxulis winaswarmetyvelad gvevlineba.
poemaSi `kaci marTali~ vaJam kidev erTxel warmogvidgina is
simarTle, romelic misi yoveli zeaRmavali gmiris Tvisebas warmoadgens.
am poemis saTauri garkveulwilad migvaniSnebs misi Sinaarsis religiur
aspeqtebze. poemas laitmotivad gasdevs rwmenis motivi, romelic

147
saswaulis tolfasia. saswaulebi, romlebic vaJas poemis gmirebs xSirad
xilvisa Tu Cvenebis saxiT evlinebaT, aq pirdapir realistur planSia
daxatuli. Tumca, mTeli saswauli metaforaa, romelsac saxarebiseuli
moralis daRi amCnevia: `WeSmaritad geubnebiT Tqven: mdogvis
marcvlisodena rwmenac rom gqondeT, da uTxraT am mTas: aqedan iqiT
gadadio, igi gadava da araferi iqneba TqvenTvis SeuZlebeli~ (maTe.17.20).
marTali kacis rwmena mTebs, zRvebs, tyeebs, mTeli samyaros suls wvdeba.
erTi kacis rwmeniT xdeba saswauli da saswauliT xdeba kacTa
rwmenisaken moqceva.
rwmenis motivi, saerTod, wamyvania vaJas SemoqmedebaSi. Tu rwmena
aSenebs adamianuri sulis Senoba, urwmunoeba arRvevs mas. dacemisken gza
amgvaria: sulieri disharmonia (yoymani) _ nebis arasworad warmarTva
(qvecnobierisadmi damorCileba) _ pirovnuli mTlianobis rRveva. am
SemTxvevaSi adamianuri sulis tragediis mxilvelni vxdebiT.
gvelismWameli mindia rwmenis dakargvis gamo iRebs monaniebaze
xels, igi qvedaRmavali gmiria. madlis dakargvas is sasowarkveTilebamde
mihyavs. amitom am poemaSi mTeli simZafriT aris warmoCenili rwmenis
dakargviT gamowveuli Sedegi.
rwmena da urwmunoeba xdeba sabolood vaJas gmirTa cnobieri Tu
aracnobieri cxovrebisaken nebelobis mimarTvis mizezi. rwmeniT
cxovreba, rac cnobierad cxovrebas niSnavs, vaJa-fSavelas azriT,
adamianuri arsebobis erTaderT dogmats unda Seadgendes. swored amitom
ibrZvian misi gmirebi rwmenisaTvis, moipoveben mas da sxvasac gadascemen.
Tumca, xelaxla mopovebis aucilebloba swored misi dakargvis,
gacveTis saSiSroebidan momdinareobs. poema `svindisSi~ adamianis
cnobier-sindisier cxovrebasTan dapirispirebulia qvecnobier,
utilitarul yofas daqvemdebarebuli cxovreba. rwmena, swored amgvar
qvecnobier moTxovnilebebTan WidilSi ikargeba. kaenis codva adamianis
qvecnobierisadmi damorCilebis pirveli precedentia. amitom vaJa swored
am bibliuri ambiT iwyebs da Semdeg qvecnobieri bunebis mier CaTreul
mTel msoflios da misgan devnil `svindiss~ gvixatavs. `daRlili,
gaTelili~ sindisi gacveTili rwmenisa da adamianuri Rirsebis
damcrobis metaforaa. am poemaSi vaJam warmoaCina pirovnebis

148
damangreveli, misi mTlianobis momSleli Tvisebebi: urwmunoeba da
egoizmi. vaJa-fSavelas, am vnebaTa sapirispirod, adamianSi rwmenisa da
simdablis saTnoebis, sinanulisa da sikeTis moTxovnilebis ararseboba
araTu dauSveblad, aramed SeuZlebladac miaCnia. amitom mravaljer
ubrundeba erTsa da imave sakiTxs da sxvadasxva WrilSi ganixilavs. vaJa-
fSavela siRrmis mweralia. WeSmariti SemoqmedebiTi cxovreba swored
amgvar azrovnebas moiTxovs _ ara horizontalur-sivrcobrivs, aramed
vertikalur-siRrmiseuls. amgvari fiqrisa da gansjisas warmoCndeba
adamianis, rogorc gamTlianebis, aseve misi bunebis daSlis, dacemisaken
warmmarTveli mizezebi. vaJas fiqri am mizezebs eZiebs. vaJa-fSavela
rwmenis poetia. misi ideali rwmeniT, RirsebiTa da vaJkacobiT
mopovebuli WeSmaritebaa.
`gqondes rwmena da keTili svindisi, romelic uaryves zogierTebma
da daimsxvra maTi rwmenis xomaldi~ (pavle. I tim. 1.19). vaJas zeaRmavali
gmirebi am xomaldis `mesaWeebi~ arian. isini zedroul raindul suls
ganasaxiereben. es is gmirebi arian, romelTa `tragikuli brali~
mTlianad pirovnebis SigniT moeqca. TiToeuli maTgani axali tragediis
gmiria _ sakuTar golgoTaze aatarebs sakuTar jvars _ `Sinagani
subieqturobis princips~, radgan mkvTrad gamoeyofa sazogadoebas da
uswrebs mis ganviTarebas. Tumca, principebi mxolod kacTmoyvareobisken
mimarTuli aqvT. gadaWarbebuli ar iqneba, Tu vityviT, rom isini iseve
arian qristes mxedrebi, rogorc agiografiis gmirebi, vinaidan mis
mcnebas asruleben _ `giyvardes mteri Seni~; im gzas mihyvebian, romelzec
aravis uvlia qristemde _ TviT qristes yofna adamianebTan iyo
gansaxiereba umaRlesi pirovnebisa, romelsac arasodes ucxovria
dogmebiT da Segnebulad miitana kacobriobis xsnis samsxverploze Tavi
(vinaidan feriscvalebis aqtSi gamJRavnebuli RvTaebrivi buneba mxolod
rCeulebma ixiles, xolo danarCenebma ver Seignes).
vaJac, am WeSmaritebis saCveneblad, araviTari `winaswaraRebuli
sqemebiT ar iborkavs Tavs~ (43:253). misi SemoqmedebiTi suli iseve
Zaldautaneblad wvdeba cxovrebis saidumlos, rogorc misi gmirebi. erT-
erT werilSi mwerali SeniSnavs, rom `Sexeduleba ufro iq aris utyuari,
sadac gonebas ara aZaladebs ra, aCrdilebs ra~ (34:82).

149
 Semoqmedebac maSin aris gamarTlebuli, roca igi raime dogmatis
gavleniT ki araa Seqmnili, aramed uSualo WvretiT dauflebulia.
rogorc erTi moazrovne ambobs `Semoqmedeba ki ar daiSveba da
marTldeba religiiT, aramed Semoqmedeba – TviT religiaa~ (89:104).
aludam, joyolam, aRazam, mindiam, baxtrionis gmirebma ki TavianTi
golgoTa ganvles, raTa adamianebTan suliT nawvdomi WeSmariteba
mietanaT. amitom maTi `subieqturobis principi~ individualisturi ki
ara, socialurad Rirebulia sazogadoebisaTvis. amitom arian isini
gmirebi _ `mxsnelni soflisa~.
pirovnuli cnobieri cxovrebisken mimavali gzis CvenebiT vaJa-fSavela
yovelTvis samyaros harmoniul principebze migvaniSnebs, xolo
pirovnebis sulieri tragediis CvenebiT gveubneba, Tu ra SemTxvevaSia
SesaZlebeli dairRves `didi Senoba~ _ harmoniuli wonasworoba
(`gvelis-mWameli~, `svindisi~). Cveni azriT, es motivebi vaJa-fSavelas
warmoadgens, rogorc filosofiurad moazrovne did xelovans.

150
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