ოიდიპოს მეფე

Tvis nobelis premiis miniWebisas.
saTauri da trilogiuri forma savsebiT aSka-

rad usvams xazs mis kavSirs esqilesTan warmodgenil atridTa sagvareulo
ubedurebasTan da naTel warmodgenas gviqmnis imaze, Tu rogori transformacia
SeiZleba ganicados miTosze agebuli esqiles tragediis siuJetma Tanamedrove
literaturaSi.1 esqiles tragediebis da, kerZod, òresteas~ SemoqmedebiTi aT-
visebis brwyinvale magaliTs warmoadgens nobelis premiis kidev erTi laureatis,
XX saukunis erT-erTi udidesi poetis, berZeni georgos seferisis poezia, rome-
lic gamoirCeva homerosisa da esqiles memkvidreobis Rrma wvdomiTa da sakuTar
SemoqmedebaSi farTo gamoyenebiT.2 esqiles Teodiceasa da Teologias upirispir-
deba g. hauptmani Tavisi atridebis tetralogiiT. aq adamiani gamoyvanilia usu-
sur arsebad yovlisSemZle RmerTis xelSi. iseve, rogorc o’ nilTan, aq kvalic ki
aRar aris esqileseul `tanjvis gziT swavlis~ da `qarisis~, anu `madlis~. sakmaod
sainteresoa, Tu rogor mivida gaxmaurebuli moTxrobis – `kasandra~ (1983) av-
tori xrista volfi am nawarmoebis Seqmnis ideamde. aTenSi Casuli, martodmarto
darCenili binaSi, igi iwyebs òresteas~ kiTxvas da rodesac misma emociebma
mwvervals miaRwia, mas Caesma kasandras sityvebi:
o, o, vai,
apolon, apolon, apolon.
mwerali ambobs: `me is (= kasandra) maSinve davinaxe. man, datyvevebulma, me dama-
tyveva, man, Tavad sxvaTa miznebis obieqtma, me Semipyro... misiT mojadoeba maSinve
vigrZeni. me mwamda misi yoveli sityvis...~3 esqiles sulis aRorZinebas Tanamedro-
ve scenaze Seecada p. Staini, romelmac 1980 wels berlinSi warmoadgina òrestea~.
miuxedavad misi mravalsaaTiani mimdinareobisa, XX saukunis miwurulis mayure-
belze esqilem udidesi STabeWdileba moaxdina.4
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom esqile, rogorc poetTa inspiraciis wyaro da dramatur-
gi, romlis piesebs farTod aqvs gaxsnili karebi Tanamedrove TeatrSi, klasikuri
epoqis Semdgom arasodes ar yofila iseTi popularuli, rogorc XX saukuneSi.
cxovreba da Semoqmedeba
sofokles ukve misive Tanamedroveni berZnuli kulturis oqros xanis sulis
yvelaze mkafio gamomxatvelad miiCnevdnen. mis SemoqmedebaSi klasikurma mowi-
fulobam umaRles safexurs miaRwia. sofokle Zv.w.a. 497/6 wels unda dabadebu-
liyo. Sesabamisad, mis bavSvobasa da yrmobas berZen-sparselTa omebis atomos-
fero asazrdoebda. dramaturgma cxovrebis xangrZlivi gza ganvlo da garda-
icvala Zv.w.a. 406 wels, 90 wlis asakSi. sofokle yalibdeboda maSin, rodesac
mTeli saberZneTi sparseTze gamarjvebiT movlenil aRmafrenas hyavda moculi.
misi akme, anu umaRlesi gafurCqvnis xana, diadi ormocdaaTwleulis da peri-
klesis5 epoqas daemTxva, xolo xandazmuloba – peloponesis omisa da aTenis da-
qveiTebis periods. Sesabamisad, sofoklesa da klasikuri aTenis yrmoba-aRmav-
1 Sdr. dawvrilebiT L. Käppel, Der Fluch im Haus des Atreus: Von Aischylos zu Eugene O' Neill (krebulSi:
Antike Mythen in der europäischen Tradition, hrsg. von H. Hofmann, Tübingen 1999), gv. 221 Smd.
2 dawvrilebiT ix. s. Samanidi, klasikuri tradicia axal berZnul mwerlobaSi da georgos se-
ferisi, Tbilisi 1999, gv. 133 Smd.
3 veyrdnobiT: Kleine Enzyklopädie der antiken Autoren, Frankfurt am Main und Leipzig 1992, gv. 112 Smd.
4 Sdr. DNP, 1, 356 Smd.
5 diadi ormocdaaTwleuli (Zv.w.a. 478-431) moicavs periods berZen-sparselTa omebis dam-
Tavrebidan ZmaTa Soris, anu peloponesis omis dawyebamde. am epoqis erT-erTi centraluri
figura aTenis demokratiis mama periklesi iyo. Sdr. bc, II, gv. 27 Smd.
362
loba, davaJkaceba-gafurCqvna da xandazmuloba-daqveiTeba TiTqmis erTmaneTis
paralelurad warimarTa. swored amitom, albaT, Znelia sxva iseTi mwerlis monax-
va, romelic sisxliT-xorcamde esoden aTeneli yofiliyos. Znelia aTenis iseTi
moqalaqis moZebna, romelsac ase uSualod gadaetanos Tavis Tavze sakuTari po-
lisis kargic da avic.
sofokles cxovreba marto xangrZlivi ki ar iyo, aramed erTob tevadic drama-
turgis pirovnebis ganviTarebisa da formirebisaTvis. aTenSi, kolonosis de-
mosSi dabadebulma, SeZlebuli mamis wyalobiT, saukeTeso maswavleblebTan mii-
Ro gimnastikuri wvrTna, eziara musikis, qoreografiis xelovnebas. esqiles uSu-
alo xelmZRvanelobiT Tu Zlieri gavleniT igi sakmaod adre dramaturgobas
iwyebs da Zv.w.a. 468 wels, anu daaxloebiT 28 wlis asakSi, Tavis pirvel gamarjve-
bas zeimobs Teatralur festivalze.1 Tu plutarqoss (`kimoni~. 8) davujerebT,
Tavad `tragediis mamasac~ ki moitovebs ukan. magram sofokle marto dramaturgi
ar yofila. igi Zv.w.a. 443/2 wels sazRvao kavSiris xazinadarad, anu helenotami-
asad aurCeviaT, xolo Zv.w.a. 441/39 wels periklesTan erTad aT strategoss Soris
moixsenieba.2 aris cnobebi 428 wels strategosad misi ganmeorebiT arCevis Sesa-
xeb. Zv.w.a. 413 wels igi probulosTa3 kolegiis wevria. sofokle sakmaod mWidrod
yofila dakavSirebuli religiis sferosTanac, kerZod, asklepiosis kultTan. mas
gaRmerTebuli gmir-mkurnalis halonis qurumoba hqonda dakisrebuli. sikvdi-
lis Semdeg igi am pativisaTvis, viTarca deqsioni,4 Tavad iqca gandidebul, aTe-
nelTa saTayvanebel gmirad. amgvarad, sofoklem moipova ukvdaveba am sityvis
sruli mniSvnelobiT, viTarca kultma, uRirseulesma moqalaqem5 da didebulma
dramaturgma. CvenTvis dRes misi moRvaweobis swored es ukanaskneli mxarea
yvelaze arsebiTi.
tradiciis Tanaxmad, mas 123 (zogierTi cnobis mixedviT 130) piesa hqonia daw-
erili. aqedan CvenTvis 114-is saxelwodebaa cnobili.6 xolo moaRwia sul 7 trage-
diam, rogorc Cans, maT, romelnic mogvianebiT antikuri samyaros filologebma
gansazRvres, rogorc urCeulesni mis sxva dramebs Soris.7
sofokle ucvleli warmatebiT sargeblobda mSobliur aTenSi. aq mas, arsebi-
Tad, seriozul konkurencias veravin uwevda. mas 20-mde (zogi cnobis mixedviT, 18
an 24) gamarjveba moupovebia,8 arc erTxel ar daukavebia mesame adgili.9 marTa-
lia, sofoklem miiRo tragediis esqiles mier SemoTavazebuli forma, magram mog-
vevlina rogorc WeSmariti novatori. man Semoiyvana mesame msaxiobi, gazarda
gundis raodenoba TxuTmet kacamde, ris sakompensaciodac esqilesTan SedarebiT
arsebiTad Sekveca gundis funqcia. man, rogorc Cans, garkveuli siaxleebi Seitana
scenografiaSic, Tumca maTi arsi dRes mTlad naTeli aRar aris CvenTvis.10 manve
sagrZnoblad gazarda profesionali msaxiobis roli da, albaT, pirvelma drama-
turgTagan uari Tqva sakuTar dadgmebSi msaxiobis funqciis Sesrulebaze. man
aseve uari Tqva trilogiis, rogorc siuJeturad erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli
1 Sdr. Latacz, Einführung..., gv. 161 Smd.

2 strategosebs polisis samxedro uSiSroebisa da Zlierebis uzrunvelyofa evalebodaT. faq-
tobrivad, es generaluri Stabi iyo.
3 probulosebi, anu mrCevelebi; maT evalebodaT saxalxo krebis gadawyvetilebaTa sworad war-
marTvaze Tvalyuris devneba.
4 Sdr. A. Lesky, TDH, gv. 173 Smd. deqsioni iyo sofokles saxeli, rodesac mas sikvdilis Semdeg
herooni anu gmiris sakulto taZari aRumarTes.
5 Sdr. A. Lesky, TDH, gv. 169 Smd.
6 iqve.
8 iqve, gv. 163.
9 iqve.
10 sofokles mier SemoTavazebul siaxleebze ukve aristotele gvauwyebs Tavis `poetikaSi~. sce-
nografiasTan dakavSirebiT Sdr. 1449a 18.
363
tragediebis erTobliobis, esqileseul koncefciaze1 da upiratesoba erTmane-
Tisagan damoukidebeli dramebis warmodgenas mianiWa. sofokles siaxleebi Seexo
tragikuli xelovnebis Sinagan, siRrmiseul mxareebsac. man, rogorc ukve aristo-
tele aRniSnavda, Secvala gmiris koncefcia da adamianebi warmogvidgina ise-
Tebad, rogorebic isini unda iyvnen. Tu rogor unda gavigoT es azri, sofokles
tragediebis ganxilvisas SevecadoT gavarkvioT. manve mniSvnelovnad gazarda
konfliqtis peripetiaTa moqmedebis saSualebiT Cvenebis xvedriTi wona da Sesa-
bamisad, SezRuda momxdari ambis TxrobiT gadmocemis esqileseuli tradicia. ar-
sebiTad Seicvala masTan tragikuli konfliqtis koncefcia da igi ufro metad
daukavSirda adamianur iniciativas, gmiris xasiaTis niSnebs.
sofokles Semoqmedebis adreuli periodis Sesaxeb dRes Znelia raime gada-
WriT iTqvas. misi Cvenamde moRweuli Svidive tragedia mas Semdegaa Seqmnili, rac
dramaturgma naxevarsaukunovan zRvars miaRwia da, viTarca xelovani, ukve savse-
biT Camoyalibebuli iyo. Cven ar SevecdebiT misi tragediebi mkacri qronolo-
giuri principiT davajgufoT, miT umetes, rom maTi Seqmnis zusti TariRebis
Sesaxeb Zalze cota viciT.2 CvenTvis ufro arsebiTia mokled SevexoT TiToeul
maTgans da gaverkveT sofokles, klasikuri epoqis tragikosTa Soris yvelaze
ufro klasikuris, Semoqmedebis TaviseburebaSi.
àiasi~, rogorc Cans, sofokles Cvenamde moRweul tragediaTa Soris yvelaze
adreuli unda iyos. albaT, igi Zv.w.a. V saukunis 50-ian wlebSi dadga dramaturg-
ma. piesaSi gamoyenebulia troas ciklis TqmulebaTa erTi epizodi. kerZod,
troasTan Tavmoyril aqavelTa Soris simamaciTa da ZaliT gamorCeuli salamise-
li gmiris – aias telamonis Zis, tragikuli daRupvis ambavi. aiasi sakmaod kargad
aris eqsponirebuli ukve homerosis eposSi, romlis mixedviTac igi aqilevsis
Semdeg aqavelTa yvelaze mniSvnelovani burji iyo mravalwlian omSi. homerosi
gvawvdis cnobebs misi sikvdilis garemoebaTa Sesaxebac. aiasis Tema sakmaod far-
Tod unda yofiliyo warmodgenili kiklikur eposSic. sofoklesTan Txroba
iwyeba aiasis SeSlilobis CvenebiT. prologSi aTenasa da odisevsis Sexvedris
scenaa warmodgenili. moqmedeba telamonis Zis karavTan xdeba. aq mosula odisev-
si. igi akvirdeba qviSaze kvals. mis winaSe movlenili aTena ekiTxeba odisevss, Tu
vis eZebs igi. laertesis Ze uyveba qalRmerTs, rom viRac ucnobma wina Rames mTeli
naxiri gaJlita. es aiss braldeba, rac odisevsisaTvis savsebiT gaugebaria. da ai,
igi movida aq, raTa gaarkvios, Tu ra unda momxdariyo. aTena odisevss auwyebs saq-
mis namdvil viTarebas. rodesac aqavelTa Soris aqilevsis iaraRis gamo Seqmnil
davaSi atridebma pelevsis Zis aRsaWurveli odisevss miakuTvnes da amiT misi sxva
gmirTa winaSe upiratesoba aRiares, aiasi ganrisxebula. mas swamda, rom am iaraRs
yvelaze metad Tavad imsaxurebda. mas ganuzraxavs Surisgeba – atridebisa da
odisevsis mokvla. aTenam gmirs goneba aumRvria da misi risxva naxirze gadaitana.
SeSlili aiasi, imis Rrma rwmeniT, rom Tavis Seuracxmyofelebs uswordeboda,
naxirs darevia. saqonlis nawili amouwyvetia, nawili ki karavSi Seuyvania da iq
awamebs. odisevsis dasarwmuneblad aTena gamoixmobs aiass karvidan da TviT mas
alaparakebs Tavisi SeSlili saqmeebis Sesaxeb. rodesac aiasi kvlav Sebrundeba
karavSi, aTenasa da odisevss Soris amgvari saubari imarTeba:
a T e n a:
naxe, odisevs, raodeni Zala aqvT RmerTebs?
ici Sen kaci WkuiT masze aRmatebuli
anda saqmeSi umjobesi, ros gWirdebodaT?
1 am koncefciis Sesaxeb ix. zemoT.

2 sofokles agonebSi monawileobis Sesaxeb didaskaliebi erTob mwirad SemogvrCa, ris gamoc
sakmaod rTuldeba misi tragediebis daTariReba.
364
o d i s e v s i:
me ar vici, rac unda iyos, tanjulisadmi
sibraluls vgrZnob, Tumc aseTi zizRi aqvs Cemi.
sigiJe avi, esodeni, is rom upyria.
maCvenebs metad Tavad Cems xvedrs, vidre imisas,
radganac vxedav, rom Tumc vcxovrobT, ararani varT.
moCvenebebis da msubuqi Crdilebis garda.
a T e n a:
Tuki Sen marTlac xedav amas, daimaxsovre,
nurasdros ityvi RmerTTa mimarT qedmaRal sityvas,
nurc izviadeb, Tuki vinmes aRematebi
xelis simZlavriT an qonebis auracxlobiT.
erTi dRe kmara – igi dascems an kvlav ze aswevs
yvelafers, mokvdavT rac ekuTvnis. RmerTni hyvaroben
keTilgonierT, xolo cudTa siZulvili aqvT.
(121-132)
amiT mTavrdeba prologi. parodosSi salamisel mezRvaurTa gundi aiasis
tyve-colisagan, tekmesasagan, igebs wina Ramis saSinel ambebs. aiasi ukve moego
gons. misi gamosvla salamisel TanamebrZolTa da tekmesas winaSe warmogvidgens
gmirs, romelmac gaacnobiera yovelive. marTalia, misi zizRi atridebisa da ode-
sevsis mimarT, romelTac TavianTi moqmedebiT esoden ganarisxes igi, ucvlelia,
magram yovelive momxdaris Semdeg gmiri Tavisi sicocxlis uazrobas, Tavisi
mdgomareobis autanlobas grZnobs da radgan `keTilSobil kacs hmarTebs an
lamazad sicocxle, an lamazad sikvdili~ (479), aiasi, bunebrivia, irCevs ukanask-
nels. igi tekmesas ubrZanebs maTi Cvili vaJiSvilis Semoyvanas. ZesTan gamoTxove-
bis scena warmogvidgens aiass savsebiT axali mxriv – moyvaruls, ramdenadme sen-
timentalurs. yovelive miemarTeba diadi gmiris daRupvisaken. gundi mReris sa-
lamiselTa mwuxare simReras. aq kvlav gamodis aiasi. mas xelSi xanjali uWiravs.
Tan mohyveba tekmesa, romelsac misi damSvideba surs. da aiasi kvlav warmoTqvams
sityvas, romelic TiTqos imeds aZlevs colsa da qoros. aiasi maT auwyebs, rom man
Seicvala gadawyvetileba. man Seicno, rom am qveyanaze yovelive mudmivad cvale-
badia. igi ar apirebs arc colis daqvrivebas da arc Svilis daoblebas. mxolod
wava zRvis napiras, ganibaneba da sisxlisagan ganiwmindeba, miwaSi Camarxavs Tavis
droze heqtorisgan naCuqar xanjals – mtrisgan naCuqari iaraRi xom yovelTvis
sabedisweroa – da dabrundeba. gunds kvlav imedi Caesaxeba. misi simReris tona-
loba mkveTrad icvleba. am dros scenaze Semodis aiasis Zmis tevkrosis gamogzav-
nili Sikriki. igi auwyebs salamisel mebrZolT misan kalqasis winaswarmetyve-
lebas. rogorme es dRe Tvali unda eWiroT aiasze, rom man raime ar moimoqmedos.
Semdeg ki aTenas risxva moixsneba. qalRmerTi aiass samagieros uxdis misi zviado-
bis gamo. gmirs Tavis droze mamisaTvis, romelic ase arigebda: `Svilo, SubiT
gamarjveba gsurdes, magram yovelTvis RmerTTan erTad~, amgvarad upasuxnia:
o, mamaCemo, RmerTebiT xom gaimarjvebda
sul ususuri, albaT, kacic, me ki vecdebi
imaT gareSe movipovo Cemi dideba.
(767-69)
meored, rodesac brZolaSi aTenas misTvis mouwodebia, mtrisaTvis eCvenebina
Zala msaxvrali xeliT, aiass upasuxnia:
o, meufeo, sxva aqavelT amoudeqi,
CemTan ki mwkrivi arasodes ar gawyvetila.
(774-75)
365
tekmesa da salamiselebi iwyeben aiasis Zebnas. moqmedeba gadadis sanapiroze,
sadac buCqnarTan aiass miwaSi piriT zeviT xanjali Causvia. igi martoa. 1 misi mon-
ologi sicocxlesTan gamoTxovebaa. bolo sityvebiT igi gamoesalmeba yvelas da
yvelafers, rac am qveynad misTvis Zvirfasi iyo. igi daegeba Tavis xanjals. am epi-
zods mohyveba or jgufad gayofili gundis moqmedebis adgilas misvla. gundi
eZebs aias. ismis tekmesas yvirili. man aRmoaCina qmris cxedari. datirebas trage-
diaSi mosdevs epizodi, romelic dRemde did davas iwvevs mecnierebaSi. modis
tevkrosi, romelsac gadawyvetili aqvs Zmis Rirseulad dakrZalva. mas ewinaaRm-
degebian jer menelaosi, Semdeg ki agamemnonic. aiasi, romelmac esoden samarcx-
vino saqcieli Caidina, ar unda daikrZalos. da ai, aq gamodis odisevsi aiasis
Rirsebis damcvelad. igi moiTxovs agamemnonisagan aiasi dakrZalon ise, rogorc
daRupuls ekadreba, radgan veravin daasaxelebs:
aqilevss garda masze umjobes vaJkacs, albaT,
aqavelT Soris, vinc ki aq Camovida, troas.
ar iqneboda swori, Sengan pativis ayra.
amiT imas ki ara, RmerTTa kanonebs avneb.
Tu mokvda kaci qveli, ar iqneboda swori
misTvis zianze fiqri, arc Sejavreba misi.
(1339-1345)
bolos da bolos odisevsis azri imarjvebs. igi mouwodebs tevkross:
`rogoric adre mtroba, aw iyos megobroba~ (1377). tragedia mTavrdeba gundis
sityvebiT:
bevri rame ician mokvdavT,
Tuki unaxavT. naxvamde ki, maT ar uwyian,
ra moxdeba mosaxdenTagan msgavsad misnisa.
(1419-21)
tragedia mkvlevarTa winaSe bevr problemas svams. upirveles yovlisa – piesis
kompoziciuri erTianobisa. advili SesamCnevia, rom yovelive, rac aiasis sikvdi-
lis Semdeg xdeba,2 ufro micvalebulis damarxvasTan dakavSirebul ritorikuli
Seferilobis diskusias warmoadgens, vidre tragikul vnebaTa Cvenebis cdas. bo-
loSi arsebiTad xdeba dapirispirebul mxareTa Soris SeTanxmeba, magram ara ise,
rogorc esqilesTan anu – RmerTTa monawileobiT. aqedan gamomdinare, mkvlevarTa
erTi nawili tragediis finalur monakveTs saerTod ar miiCnevs sofokleseulad
da mas Camatebad Tvlis. magram, rogorc swavlulTa umetesoba fiqrobs, ar iqne-
boda swori, es nawili dagveSorebina tragediis ZiriTadi teqstisagan. igi kravs
kompozicias. prologSi odisevsis roli ramdenadme gaugebari iqneboda, fi-
nalur nawilSi igive laertesis Ze rom ar gvevlinebodes gonivruli gad-
awyvetilebis miRebis mTavar mizezad. aseve davas iwvevs aiasis is partia, sadac
igi TiTqos moulodnelad icvlis gadawyvetilebas da uars ambobs sicocxlesTan
gamosalmebaze. aqac, aiasis am partiis gareSe, ar iqneboda saTanadod motivi-
rebuli tekmesasa da salamiselTa qorosagan mis mimarT yuradRebis Sesusteba,
gaurkveveli iqneboda, rogor gauSves igi martodmarto iaraRiT xelSi. amasTan
aq gasaTvaliswinebelia konfliqtis ganviTarebis wmindad sofokleseuli prin-
cipi, romelic mis ufro gviandel tragediebSi, kerZod òidipos mefeSi~ esoden
1 es is iSviaTi SemTxvevaa, rodesac tragediis msvlelobisas msaxiobi gundis gareSea darCenili

scenaze.
2 àiasis~ diptixuri struqturis Sesaxeb msjelobisas mkvlevarni imas iTvaliswineben, rom
tragediis mTavari gmiris sikvdiliT arsebiTad piesis mxolod pirveli nawili sruldeba,
romelic 1-865 striqonebs moicavs. 866-1420 striqonebi aiasis sikvdilis Semdeg ganviTarebul
movlenebs eTmoba.
366
mkafiod gamovlinda. vgulisxmobT moqmedebis etapebad ise ganviTarebas, rom
periodulad Cndeba saqmis keTilad gagrZelebis iluzia, romelsac Semdgom
mware sinamdvile mTlianad angrevs. es tragedias dramatizmsa sZens. da mainc,
raoden sayuradReboc ar unda iyos tragediis kompoziciisa da teqstualuri
erTianobis sakiTxi, amJamad CvenTvis gmiris aq warmodgenili koncefciisa da
tragikuli konfliqtis arsis sakiTxia ufro saintereso.
savsebiT aSkaraa, rom sofokle aq tradiciuli debulebis: `zviadobis gamo
adamians sjian RmerTebi~ apologetad gvevlineba. magram, rogorc Cans, misi um-
Tavresi mizani am debulebis sisworis ilustracia rodi iyo. eWvs gareSea, rom
tragediis mTavari gmiri aiasia. bunebrivia, Tuki aiasis zviadobis gamo dasjis
Cveneba iqneboda sofokles umTavresi amocana, maSin tragedias araferi SemaZr-
wunebeli aRar eqneboda da mTavari gmiri verc TanagrZnobas gamoiwvevda da verc
iseT adamianad CaiTvleboda, `rogoric is unda iyos~. aiasis ìdealuroba~,
rogorc Cans, jer erTi, Rirsebis sakuTar sicocxleze win dayeneba aris da meo-
rec, Tavisi tanjviT adamianebSi humanurobis grZnobis gamoRviZeba. marTlac, aia-
si sicocxles esalmeba ara imitom, rom usafuZvlod Tvlis sakuTar risxvas atri-
debsa da odisevsze, aramed samarcxvinod miaCnia is, rac man SeSlilobis Jams
Caidina. Tavis moqmedebaze gmirma Tavad unda agos pasuxi, uRirsi saqcieli Rir-
seuli sikvdiliT unda gamoisyidos. rac ufro metia Zafi, romelic mas amqveyni-
ur samyarosTan akavSirebs, miT ufro Znelia TviTmkvlelobis gadawyvetilebis
miReba. tekmesac, aiasis Cvili Svilic, gmiris monologSi gamovlenili didi siyva-
rulic bunebisa da adamianebisadmi, emsaxureba aiasis arCevanis dramatizmis ga-
mokveTas. mxolod Zlieri nebisyofis gmiri SeZlebda RirsebisaTvis yovelive
amas Tavisi nebiT gamoTxoveboda. aiasi moZmeTadmi Zlierma zizRma miiyvana am
mdgomareobamde, magram misma tanjvam ar SeiZleba adamianebSi ar aRZras keTil-
Sobiluri grZnobebi. sayuradReboa, rom swored odisevsi, romelic yvelaze me-
tad ezizReboda aiass, tragediaSi umaRlesi humanizmis ideis mTavar gamtareb-
lad gvevlineba. ukve prologSi aiasis tanjvaSi igi sakuTar da, Sesabamisad, saer-
Tod adamianis ususurobasa da xvedrs xedavs, xolo tragediis finalur nawilSi
moiTxovs mtrobis megobrobiT Secvlas. Sesabamisad, aiasis tragikuli xvedri,
RmerTebis yovelgvari Carevis gareSe, mis TanamoZmeTaTvis urTierTsiyvarulis
safuZveli xdeba. swored aq vlindeba sofoklesTan warmodgenili tragikuli
konfliqtis humanizmis arsi. amdenad dramaturgis mizani martooden hibrisis,
anu zviadobis gamo adamianis gardauvali dasjis ideis warmoCena ki ar aris, ara-
med imis Cveneba, Tu rogor SeiZleba gaxdes Rirseuli gmiris tanjva adamianTa
Soris Serigebis, urTierTsiyvarulis damkvidrebis safuZveli.1
àntigone~ sofokles nawarmoebTa Soris Tanamedrove mkiTxvelisaTvis erT-
erTi yvelaze ufro popularuli tragediaa. igi, albaT, Zv.w.a. 442 wels iyo war-
modgenili, Tumca es TariRi ar aris erTxmad gaziarebuli.2 tragediaSi oidipo-
sis sagvareulo codvis erT-erTi ukanaskneli ambavia gadmocemuli. Zneli
saTqmelia, Tu ra wyaroebi asazrdoebda dramaturgs antigones saxis Seqmnisas.
rogorc Cans, klasikuramdel tradiciaSi iyo raRac cnobebi mis Sesaxeb, magram
antigones heroikuli saxis Seqmna, misi oidiposis erTdroulad Svilad da dad
qceva3 tragikosTa Semoqmedebis nayofia. sofokles àntigone~ iwyeba uSualod
iqidan, sadac mTavrdeba esqiles `Svidni Tebes winaaRmdeg~ anu TebesTan gamar-
Tuli Serkinebis, romelSic Zmebma erTmaneTi daxoces, meore dRes. prologSi an-
tigone xvdeba Tavis das ismenes. maTi saubridan vityobT ambavs, romelic
brZolaSi erTmaneTis damxocvel maT Zmebs – eteoklessa da polinikess – exeba.
oidiposis SvilTa biZas, kreons, romelic axla Tebes mmarTveli gaxda, brZaneba
1 ufro dawvrilebiT Sdr. qvemoT, gv. 385 Smd.

2 Sdr. A. Lesky, TDH, gv. 194.
3 stesiqorosTan es versia jer kidev ar dasturdeba, Sdr. zemoT, gv. 248 Smd.
367
gamoucia, romlis Tanaxmadac samSoblos damcveli eteoklesi sakadrisi pativiT
unda daikrZalos, xolo moRalate polinikesis gvami daukrZalavad unda dato-
von – ZaRlTa da frinvelTa sajijgnad. am brZanebis damrRvevs sikvdiliT dasja
emuqreba. antigones gadawyvetili aqvs polinikesis gvamis dakrZalva. igi ismenes
mimarTavs daxmarebisaTvis, magram das ar SeuZlia moqalaqeTa miRebuli gadawyve-
tilebis winaaRmdeg wasvla. antigone erTob mkveTria dasTan damokidebulebaSi.
igi ismenes rCevaze – ar mohkidos xeli SeuZlebel saqmes, ase hpasuxobs:
Tu ase ityvi, icode, rom mec SegiZuleb,

daRupulsac samarTlianad miuwvebi mtrad.
Tumca migviSvi mec da Cemi ugunurebac
saSineleba daviTminoT. es rodi makrTobs
ise Zlierad, viT uRirsi sikvdilis SiSi.
(93-97)
ismene, romelic xvdeba, rom antigones veRar SeaCerebs, aseTi sityvebiT aci-
lebs mas:
Tu ase fiqrob, wadi, magram es ki icode,
mogdevs sigiJec da moZmeTa Rrma siyvarulic.
(98-99)
parodosSi gundi mReris SvidkaribWian TebesTan gamarTuli brZolisa da ga-
marjvebis Sesaxeb. gamodis kreoni: igi moqalaqeT auwyebs Tavis gadawyvetilebas,
ar dakrZalos polinikesi. moqalaqeTa gundi emorCileba brZanebas. am dros Semo-
dis daraji, romelsac moaqvs kreonis ganmarisxebeli ambavi. polinikesis gvamTan
meTvalyureobisaTvis dayenebulma darajebma ver SeniSnes, ise miayara viRacam mi-
wa cxedars. kreoni aq SeTqmulTa xels xedavs, igi agdebs darajs da saSineli sik-
vdiliT emuqreba, Tuki ar aRmoaCens brZanebis xelmyofs. sityvamravali daraji
gadis. gundi umReris saocar himns adamians:
mravali ram aris saSiSi,
magram adamianze ufro saSiSi araferia;
igi seravs WaRara zRvas
TviT sastik avdarSic,
gruxuna talRebis gamkveTi. da geas,
RmerTTagan yvelaze xniers,
maradiulsa da mouRlels qancavs,
odes wlidan wlamde
cxenis jiSisgan guTnis aqeT-iqiT tareba
mas sul xnuls avlebs.
msubuq CitTa gundsac,
gareul mxecTa jogsac, zRvis arsebebsac
iWers badis xlarTebiT,
mravlismcodne kaci.
sxvadasxva xerxiT Zlevs velur,
mTebSi moxetiale cxovelT.
uRels adgams xSirfafrian cxens
da mTis mouRlel xars.
ena, qariviT mali fiqri
da qalaqis marTvis znec iswavla.
gareT Tu yinavs an kokispirulad wvims,
uwyis yovlismcodnem, rogor gaeqces.
araferia misTvis gadaulaxavi, rac myofadSi elis,
mxolod hadesisaTvis ar ZaluZs Tavis daRweva,
368
Tumc Tavidan icdens dauZlevel sneulebebs.
iseTi Seqmna xelovnebani sibrZniT moxerxebulma,
ver ifiqrebdi,
xan avisken, xan sikeTisaken miiwevs;
Tu pativs miagebs qveynis kanonT da samarTals,
RmerTs rom Sehfica,
qalaqs zedaa, uqalaqoa, Tuki misTvis simamaciT
madlobis mxveWelisTvis uRirsi ram aris saamo;
nurc CemTan erTad moujdeba keras, nurc Tanamoazred gamixdeba,
is, vinc ase iqms.1
(332-375)
Semodis kvlav daraji. igi gaxarebulia, radgan sruliad moulodnelad Se-
Zlo kreonis brZanebis ugulebelmyofelis Sepyroba. mas Semohyavs antigone, ro-
melic ganmeorebiT misula Zmis miwaSemoclil gvamTan. pirveli, rac gaocebul
kreons ainteresebs, isaa, icoda Tu ara antigonem misi brZanebis Sesaxeb. antigones
pasuxze: `vicodi, rogor ara, yvelasaTvis iyo cnobili~, kreoni mas kanonTa
darRvevas abralebs. aq iwyeba ori poziciis dapirispireba. kreoni Tavis brZane-
bas kanonad (`nomos~) Tvlis. antigone ki mxolod uwyebad (`kerÂgma~). antigones
miaCnia, rom adamians ar Sehferis Secvalos RmerTTagan dadgenili myari kanoni –
micvalebuli unda daimarxos. mas ar SeeZlo Zma daukrZalavad daetovebina. igi
mzadaa amisTvis miiRos sasjeli, Tundac sikvdili. misTvis kreoni tirania, ro-
melsac SiSis gamo veravin ubedavs sityvis Sebrunebas, uaris Tqmas brZanebaze,
romelic RmerTisagan dadgenil adamianis ubralo movaleobebs xelyofs:
magram tiranis bedniereba swored isaa,
rogorc isurvebs, ise Tqvas da ise moiqces.
(506-7)
kreonis azri uryevia, mterma unda zRos Tavisi danaSauli, ar SeiZleba sam-
Soblos moRalates, Tundac ukve mkvdars, ar gadauxadon samagiero:
mteri moyvare arasdros aris, Tundac mokvdes.
(522)
magram antigones ar SeuZlia gaigos tiranis ena. misi cnobili sityvebi:
viSvi wilisTvis siyvarulSi, ar siZulvilSi.
(523)
unda gavigoT ise, rom igi iziarebs maT grZnobas, visac uyvars da ara maT
grZnobas, visac sZuls. aqedan gamomdinare antigone verasdros gaxdeba kreonis
Tanamoazre. Tebes axali mmarTvelis sityvebi:
maS, Cadi qvemoT, Tuki unda giyvardes, dae,
hyvarobde imaT, me ki cocxals qali ver mmarTavs.
(524-25)
arsebiTad dacinvaa kacTmoyvareobisa. magram swored am momentSi tragediaSi iw-
yeba gardatexa. Tuki aqamde antigone sul marto iyo, Tuki aqamde kreoni ar uCioda
TanamoazreTa Tu misi brZanebis usityvod mimRebTa erTsulovnebas, aqedan iwyeba
adamianTa Semobruneba antigonesaken. Tavdapirvelad ismene gamoTqvams mzadyofnas,
rom Tavadac daibralos am saqmeSi monawileoba da antigonesTan erTad gaiziaros
1 am pasaJis analizisaTvis Sdr. A. Lesky, TDH, gv. 196 Smd.
369
umkacresi sasjeli, magram antigone ar iRebs mis Tanamonawileobas, xolo mas Sem-
deg, rac kreoni mas gauSvebs aRsasrulis adgilisaken, Semodis TviT kreonis vaJi
hemoni. igi antigones saqmroa. aRelvebul Svils mama mimarTavs sityviT, romelSic
igi qadagebs saxelmwifos xelmZRvanelis sruli morCilebis ideas:
vinc TavSi dasva TviT qalaqma, xams morCileba
misi mcire, marTali Tu mrudi saqmisac.
.............
anarqiaze ufro cudi araferia.
is anadgurebs qalaqebsac, angrevs saxlebsac,
is aiZulebs erTmaneTis mxardamxar mebrZol
jars daiSalos, ukuiqces, Zalauflebis morCileba –
mxolod is ixsnis sworad marTuli xalxis krebuls.
(666-7... 672-6)
da, ai, hemoni iwyebs Tavis pasuxs mamis winaSe uaRresi mowiwebiT. magram
Semdgom eubneba kreons yovelives, rasac fiqrobs. hemonis sityvebidan vigebT,
rom qalaqi antigones TanaugrZnobs, rom yvela antigones saqciels pativiscemis
Rirsad Tvlis. hemoni Tavs nebas aZlevs mamas naklzec da sakiTxis erTpirovnuli
gadawyvetis uaryofiT Sedegebzec miuTiTos:
de, nu geqneba SenSi mxolod es erTi Cveva –

rasac Sen ambob da ara sxva, is aris swori.
radgan, vinc fiqrobs, rom is aris gamorCeuli,
azriT, sityviT da suliTac sxvebs ar Camohgavs,
ros amxileben, carieli SemogvrCeba xelT;
magram kaci, Tuki brZenia, ar Tvlis sircxvilad
metis swavlas da ar cdilobs iWimebodes.
xedav, nakadi Tu movarda, is xeebiRa,
romlebic umal wawvebian, Svelian totebs.
xolo gaWimulT wyali aqcevs Zirfesvianad.
aseve Tuki gemze bagirs vinme Zalian
Wimavs da sulac aRar uSvebs danarcxebuli,
agrZelebs curvas Semdgom kiliT, yiraze mdgariT.
magram daicxre Seni risxva da ganiSore,
radganac CemSi, jer umcrosSi, Tu aris gansja,
getyvi, is kaci aris Zalze gamorCeuli,
romelmac icis yovelive, Tanac erTob Rrmad.
magram radganac aseTi ram TiTqmis ar xdeba,
kargad vinc ambobs, misgan swavla ars mSvenieri.
(705-723)
kreonis darwmuneba ver SeZlo Svilma. mama jiutad ambobs uars antigones sik-
vdiliT dasjis gauqmebaze. mamasa da Svils Soris xdeba konfliqti. aRelvebuli
hemoni tovebs kreons. qoros kiTxvaze, Tu rogor apirebs igi diswulis dasjas,
tirani pasuxobs, rom ukacriel adgilas cocxlad gamoamwyvdevs kldis qvabulSi.
Cndeba antigone, romelic miemarTeba sikvdilis Sesaxvedrad. igi martoa am
gzaze. masSi ukve aRar aris arc fanatikuri uSiSroba, arc darwmunebuloba
Tavisi moqmedebis sisworeSi. is swuxs imaze, rom cxovrebaSi ar xvda wilad arc
gaTxoveba, arc axloblebis bedniereba:
arc himenaiosebi1
mxvda wilad, arc saqorwino simReriT umReria
1 saqorwino simRerebi.
370
CemTvis aravis. aramed aqeronis1 gavxdebi coli.
(814-16)
antigone ver garkveula, Tu `ra kanonebiT midis argagonili saflavis kldiT
SemosazRvruli sapyrobilisken~ (846-47). is mistiris labdakidebis gvaris
ubedurebas, imas, rom gauTxovari midis imqveynad. antigone yoymanobs kidec, xom
ar moiqca arasworad. is ar wavidoda moqalaqeTa winaaRmdeg, rom hyoloda aseve
mokluli Svili an qmari, radgan pirvels kvlav gaaCenda, xolo meuRled meore
gamoCndeboda. magram axla, rodesac arc mSoblebi hyavs da arc Zmebi, arc aRara-
vinaa, rom mas Zma uSvas... misi monologi mTavrdeba sityvebiT, romlebic srulad
warmoaCens gmiruli sulisa da amasTanave nazi qaluri fsiqikis mqone asulis yoy-
mansa da daeWvebas:
netavi daimonTa romel kanons gadavel.
radRa vuyuro ubedurma awi kvlav RmerTebs.
vinRa movixmo mokavSired me RvTismoSiSma,
vinac saxeli movipove uRvTo arsebis.
Tuki RmerTebSi es ars kargi da mosawoni,
maSin damTmeni Sevicnobdi Cem Secodebas.
magram Tuki Tavad scodaven, nu daiTmenen
met borotebas, rac ki margunes me usamarTlod.2
(922-928)
kreoni iTxovs, dauyonebliv waiyvanon antigone. igi ar apirebs gadawyvetile-
bis Secvlas. Semdeg episodionSi antigones qomagad ukve brma misani tiresiasi
gvevlineba. igi urCevs kreons, aiRos xeli Tavis gadawyvetilebaze, winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi, mas elis didi ubedureba. da maSin, rodesac kreons TiTqos datovebs
sijiute, rodesac igi gadawyvets, Tavad wavides da gaaTavisuflos antigone, igi
zedized iRebs saSinel dartymebs gangebisagan Tavisi tiraniuli zviadobis saz-
Raurad. macnes moaqvs TebelTaTvis Semzaravi ambavi. marTalia, kreoni gaemarTa
antigones gasaTavisufleblad, marTalia, man gzad dakrZala wesisamebr poli-
nikesis gvami, riTac TviTonve daarRvia Tavisi brZaneba, misi misvla gamoqvabul-
Tan ukve dagvianebuli iyo. antigones Tavi CamoexrCo. xolo hemonma mamis Tvalwin
moikla xanjliT Tavi. am cnobis momsmeni kreonis meuRle evridike uxmod gadis
scenidan da Tavadac iklavs Tavs. brundeba kreoni. igi ganadgurebulia. misi ti-
raniuli Tavdajerebulobidan aRaraferi darCa. kreonis sityvebia:
uswrafesad wamiyvaneT, gamacaleT aqaurobas.
me aRara var an var arara.
(1321-22)
àntigone~ mravalmxrivi, xSirad erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego interpretaciis
SesaZleblobas iZleva. masSi arc erTi sakiTxi ar aris sworxazovnad dasmuli,
arsad ar aris Riad warmodgenili dominanturi, ganmsazRvreli pozicia imis
mimarT, rac piesaSi xdeba. tragediaSi erTmaneTs aSkarad ori personaJi upiris-
pirdeba, magram Znelia imis gadaWriT Tqma, Tu romeli maTgania mTavari, vis rols
asrulebda sofokles dros protagonisti.3 tragediis saxelwodebis mixedviT,
mTavari gmiri antigonea, magram scenaze yvelaze didxans kreoni imyofeba. partie-
bis moculobiT igi mniSvnelovnad aRemateba antigones.4 aseve Zneli saTqmelia,
1 mdinare hadesSi.
2 am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmebian ara RmerTebi, aramed mokvdavni, romelTac antigone am dReSi
Caagdes.
3 Sdr. W. Schadewaldt, Die griechische Tragödie, gv. 231.
4 iqve.
371
visi tragediaa aq gadmocemuli, antigonesi, tiraniuli gadawyvetilebis winaaRm-
deg aRmdgari qalis, romelmac esoden èfeqturad gamoiyena~ sakuTari sicocx-
lis gawirvis SesaZlebloba, Tu tiraniuli gadawyvetilebis mimRebis, qalaqis
mmarTvelis, kreonis. man xom verc sakuTari brZaneba daicva bolomde da verc
Svilisa da colis TviTmkvleloba aicila Tavidan, Tanac srulad SeigrZno sa-
kuTari dacemis mTeli simware.
gansakuTrebul kamaTs iwvevs dRemde imis dadgena, Tu risi Tqma unda tragedi-
aSi sofokles. piesaSi savsebiT aSkarad ikveTeba erTpirovnulad dadgenili da
RvTiuri kanonis urTierTdapirispirebis xazi.
Tavis droze hegelma dasaxa tragediis interpretaciis gza, romelmac Semdgom
didi gavlena moaxdina ara marto sofokles Semoqmedebis Semswavlelebze, aramed
antigones Temis sxvadasxva drois dammuSaveblebzec. hegelis mixedviT, tragediis
konfliqtis arsi mdgomareobs ori Tanasworuflebiani sferos – saxelmwifosa
da ojaxis, ufro sworad, saxelmwifos absoluturad WeSmariti uflebisa da
ojaxis aseTsave absoluturi uflebis dapirsipirebaSi. am Zalebs warmoadgenen
kreoni da antigone. TiToeuli maTgani mxolod calmxrivad axorcielebs Tavis
uflebas. amdenad oriveni arian erTdroulad samarTliannic da arasamarTlian-
nic.1 Tumca hegelis SeniSvna: `kreonis brZaneba mniSvnelovanwilad gamarTlebu-
lia, radgan igi mTeli qalaqis sikeTeze zrunviT aris ganpirobebuli~ amJRavnebs
filosofosis damokidebulebas tragediis ZiriTadi paTosisadmi. miuxedavad
goeTes mkveTrad uaryofiTi damokidebulebisa àntigones~ interpretaciis amg-
vari SesaZleblobisadmi, garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi klasikur filolo-
giaSi sakmaod bevri mxardamWeri hyavda imas, rom antigone ùfro damnaSavea~,
vidre kreoni. am poziciis momxreTa logika daaxloebiT amgvarad SeiZleba Camo-
vayaliboT:
saxelmwifos mmarTvels aqvs ufleba gamoces kanoni Tu brZanebuleba, romli-
Tac moRalate, Tundac daRupuli, samagaliTod SeuZlia dasajos. cnobilia, rom
mowinaaRmdegis gvamTa svavebisa da ZaRlebisaTvis sajijgnad migdeba ucxo ar
aris ukve homerosis eposisaTvis (gavixsenoT heqtoris gvamis daukrZalavad da-
toveba aqilevsis mier). rogor unda moiqces mmarTveli, Tuki am gadawyvetilebis
ignorirebas moaxdens moqalaqe, miT ufro samefo gvaris warmomadgeneli, Tundac
gamomdinare yvelaze ufro maRali principidan, RvTaebriv kanonidan – mokluli
unda daikrZalos. rasakvirvelia, motivi RvTaebrivi kanonis aRsrulebisa konk-
retul SemTxvevaSi dis daRupuli Zmisadmi damokidebulebiT aris stimulire-
buli. raoden Znelic ar unda iyos es, kreoni aRasrulebs Tavis brZanebulebas
dis Svilis mimarT da antigone iRupeba. saxelmwifosa da misi mmarTvelis Zala sa-
zogadoebis interesebidan gamomdinare gadawyvetilebis ganxorcielebaSia, Tun-
dac es tragikul movlenaTa mTel wyebas warmoqmnides da, bolos da bolos,
Tavad mmarTvels saSinel dartymad Semoubrundes Tavisi yvelaze axlobeli ada-
mianebis daRupvis saxiT.2
am pozicias upirispirdeba antigones àpologetTa~ Tvalsazrisi. am SemTxvevaSi
logika efuZneba, upirveles yovlisa, istoriul faqts. kerZod, aTenelTa
damokidebulebas daRupulis, Tundac dauZinebeli mtris, gvamis aucilebeli dakr-
Zalvis mimarT. Zv.w.a. V saukunis aTenelma mayurebelma mSvenivrad icoda, rom kre-
onis akrZalva – polinikesis gvami dakrZaluliyo, ewinaaRmdegeboda Zv.w.a. V sauku-
nis aTenelTa religiur Segnebas. aq nebismieri, vinc naTesavs ar dakrZalavda,
arsebiTad arRvevda uZveles atikur kanons, romelic, SesaZloa, solonamde, an su-
lac legendarul qurumamde, aTenelTa winapar buZigosamde adioda. es imdenad iyo
gamjdari aTenelTa (da, albaT, saerTod elinTa) sisxlSi, maT SemTxveviT rom enax-
aT sadme upatrono cxedari, igi uTuod unda miebarebinaT miwisaTvis. cnobilia,
1 Sdr. esTetika, 2, 2, 1. mimoxilvisaTvis ix. agr. W. Schadewaldt, Die griechische Tragödie, gv. 235.
2 Sdr. s. yauxCiSvili, berZnuli literaturis istoria, t. I, gv. 19502, gv. 312 Smd.
372
rom maraTonTan gamarjvebis Semdeg berZnebma daRupul sparselTa cxedrebi miwas
miabares. xolo odnav mogvianebiT, rodesac plateasTan sparselTa winamZRoli
mardoniosi daiRupa, erT-erT berZens sparteli meTaurisTvis pavsaniasisaTvis Se-
uTavazebia, moekveTaT misTvis Tavi da mieWedebinaT igi svetze iseve, rogorc es
mardoniosma moimoqmeda TermopilesTan gmirulad dacemuli leonidasis mimarT.
pavsaniass es winadadeba ar miuRia da uTqvams, rom amgvarad qceva barbarosebs Seu-
ZliaT, xolo elinebs ar SeeferebaT.1 amdenad, aTeneli mayurebeli a priori ver iqne-
boda kreonis mxareze. garda amisa, marTalia, tragediaSi antigone iRupeba, magram
mas ar Seucvlia Tavisi gadawyvetileba, xolo cocxlad darCenili kreoni aSkarad
aRiarebs sakuTar kraxs. amdenad unda miviCnioT, rom dramaturgi antigones
mxarezea. igi ori samarTlis antinomias, SeuTavseblobas ki ar warmogvidgens, ara-
med RvTiur samarTals (anu am SemTxvevaSi hadesis samarTals), saxelmwifo moxelis,
Tundac tiranis mier dadgenil samarTalze rangiT ufro maRla ayenebs.2
ukanasknel xanebSi i. lataCma wamoayena Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac sa-
kiTxis martivad, mxolod Sav da TeTr ferebSi gadawyveta ar SeiZleba. antigone
ganasaxierebs Tandayolili adaTis gaxsnilobas, kreoni ki SeTvisebuli ideo-
logiis SezRudulobas. da mainc, kreoni ar unda miviCnioT savsebiT usamarT-
lod, xolo antigone savsebiT samarTlianad. imis gamo, rom orives surs savsebiT
samarTliani iyos, isini usamarTlobas Cadian, radgan mTlianad samarTliani
SeiZleba mxolod RmerTebi iyvnen, mxolod maT SeuZliaT ganasaxieron absolu-
turi norma, rasac, rogorc ar unda ecados, ver miaRwevs adamiani. Tuki igi
amisken miiswrafis, igi, arsebiTad, miiswrafvis misTvis dadgenili zRvaris
gadalaxvisaken. es exeba tragediaSi rogorc kreons, romelic polisis kanons ab-
soluturi normis mniSvnelobas aniWebs, aseve antigonesac, radgan mas surs, is,
rasac RvTiur kanonad miiCnevs, absolutur normamde aRamaRlos adamianis mier
gamocemuli kanonis dakninebis gziT (Tumca polisis kanonic RmerTis kanonia).3
amdenad, oriveni, SesaZloa, erTi metad, meore ki naklebad, mainc adamianTa da
RmerTTa gamyofi zRvaris gadalaxvisaken miiswrafvian. antigones ar unda dae-
morCilos polisis kanons, xolo kreons qalis gulis karnaxiT gancxadebul
RvTaebriv kanons, anu adaTs. Sesabamisad, orive mTavari gmiri isjeba da aq Znelia
martivad imaze msjeloba, Tu vis mxarezea Tavad poeti.
sakmaod sainteresod aqvs warmodgenili àntigones~ sakiTxi v. Sadevaldts. mi-
si azriT, sofokles tragedias ar SeiZleba sworxazovnad mivudgeT da masSi
principTa dapirispireba davinaxoT. Tuki davukvirdebiT kreonis e.w. saprogramo
sityvas, romliTac is warsdgeba tragediis dasawyisSi, masSi araferia, erTi Se-
xedviT, miuRebeli. qalaqma gadaitana saSineli omi da RmerTebis wyalobiT gad-
arCa. mas Semdeg, rac Zmebma erTmaneTi daxoces, Zalaufleba kreonma sruliad ka-
nonierad miiRo. misi gadawyvetileba, saTanado pativiT dakrZalos eteoklesi,
xolo polinikesis mimarT, romelic qalaqisa da RmerTTa taZrebis gadawvis, Te-
belTa monebad qcevis mizniT modioda Tavisianebis winaaRmdeg, ar SeiZleba
umkacresi zomebi ar gatardes. amdenad kreoni sakmaod logikurad moqmedebs; igi
Tavis brZanebiT cdilobs, qalaqma gamoxatos damokidebuleba moyvareTa da
mterTa mimarT da amiT moiSuSos omiT miyenebuli Wrilobebi, raTa Tebem Semdeg
SeZlos daubrundes Cveul cxovrebas. kreonis Secdoma mxolod isaa, rom misi
brZaneba, anu kanoni, gamyarebuli argumentebiTa da aforistikuli winadadebeb-
iT, mxolod cocxalTa samyaros SeiZleba moicavdes, mas ar aqvs ufleba brZaneba
gaavrcelos micvalebulze, romelic sxva sferos ganekuTvneba. tiranis kanonebi
mxolod cocxlebze vrceldeba da isini ver iqnebian mizanSewonilni micvalebu-
lisaTvis. polinikesi ukve miwisqveSeTis ganmgeblobaSia, romelsac micvalebul-
1 herodot., IX, 78-79.

2 dawvrilebiT Sdr. В. Н. Ярхо, Трагедия Софокла „Антигона“, Москва 1986.
3 Latacz, Einführung..., gv. 212 Smd.
373
Ta da maTi uflebebis damcveli Tavisi RmerTebi hyavs. maTi kanonebi – micvale-
buls glova da dakrZalva marTebs – xelSeuxebelia.1 antigone, arsebiTad, intu-
itiurad, magram gadaWriT aRudga win am kanonzomierebis xelyofas, riTac po-
lisis, anu mmrTvelis kanonis, romlis morCilebac mas moeTxoveboda, `hadesis ka-
noniT~ neitralizacia moaxdina. amdenad kreonis mier RvTiuri WeSmaritebis, anu
adaTis gauTvaliswinebloba iwvevs sapirispiro reaqciis tragikul gradacias,
romelsac, bolos da bolos, movlenaTa sabediswero ganviTareba mohyveba.2
miuxedavad tragediis am erT-erTi umTavresi aspeqtis mravalgvari interpre-
taciis SesaZleblobisa, savsebiT naTelia erTi: dramaSi saocari siRrmiT aris
warmodgenili polisis da, Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo Zalauflebis funqcionirebis
umTavresi momenti – saxelmwifosa da pirovnebas Soris urTierToba. amisaTvis
sofokle mimarTavs sakmaod ordinalur SemTxvevas, anu konfliqts brZolaSi
daRupulis gamo, romelic saxelmwifos (=mmarTvelis) azriT, unda ganvixiloT
rogorc moRalate, aqedan gamomdinare yvela SedegiT, pirovnebis, anu daRupulis
axloblis azriT ki – rogorc micvalebuli, romelic dakrZalvas eqvemdebareba.
rogori SeiZleboda yofiliyo sofokles Tanamedrove aTeneli mayureblisaTvis
amgvari konfliqtisadmi damokidebuleba? antigones àpologetebi~ gvaxseneben,
rom micvalebulis dakrZalva normaluri elinuri polisisaTvis aucilebel da
elinTa barbarosebisagan ganmasxvavebel erT-erT arsebiT niSnad iTvleboda.
Sesabamisad, mayurebels àntigoneSi~ warmodgenili konfliqtis mimarT ver iqne-
boda gaorebuli damokidebuleba. magram aseT SemTxvevaSi gaugebari xdeba,
ratomRa asrulebs berZnul tragediaSi mowinaaRmdegeTa cxedrebis dakrZalvisa
Tu ardakrZalvis Tema esoden mniSvnelovan rols. àntigones~ garda mas vxvdebiT
esqilesTan (`Svidni Tebes winaaRmdeg~), evripidesTan (`finikieli qalebi~, `ma-
vedrebeli qalebi~). aRarafers vambobT yvela epoqis elinTaTvis sanimuSo ìli-
adaSi~ mowinaaRmdegis cxedris garSemo gamarTuli brZolebis, Tu heqtoris
gvamis berZenTa upirvelesi gmiris mier Seuracxyofis scenebze. rogorc Cans, mi-
uxedavad dauwereli Tu dawerili kanonebis arsebobisa micvalebulTa auci-
lebel dakrZalvasTan dakavSirebiT, aTenelebs Zv.w.a. V saukuneSic aRelvebda
mokluli mtris cxedris mimarT Surisgebis gamoxatvis fenomeni, gansakuTrebiT
ki im mokluli moRalatis mimarT damokidebulebis Tema, romelsac axloblebi
Tavis mier moZulebul qalaqSi hyavda. aramcTu maSindel aTenSi, aramed Tanamed-
rove msoflioSic ar daukargavs am Temas aqtualoba. gana ar vicnobT micva-
lebulze Surisgebis sakmaod xSir faqtebs Cven epoqaSi? am SemTxvevaSi, rogorc
Cans, mtris xatis gancda imdenad Zlieria, rom adamians uWirs gaacnobieros, sad
gadis zRvari or sferos, saaqaosa da saiqios Soris.3
am Temis mimarT interesi sakmaod didi unda yofiliyo klasikur aTenSic.
swored es uqmnida sofokles àntigoneSi~ win wamoweul dapirispirebas sakmaod
Rrma tragikuli interpretaciis safuZvels. dramaturgisaTvis, rogorc Cans,
naTeli iyo, rom saxelmwifo kanoni ar SeiZleba iyos misaRebi, Tuki igi maqsima-
lurad ar iTvaliswinebs adamianebis sisxlsa da xorcSi gamjdar, RvTiur kanons
anu tradiciul wess, adaTs. es ukanaskneli micvalebulis aucilebel dakrZalvas
gulisxmobs. Tuki am sakiTxze saxelmwifos (mmarTvelsa) da pirovnebas Soris
konfliqti warmoiqmneba, ZiriTadi pasuxismgebloba saxelmwifos an mmarTvels
ekisreba. swored man unda miaRwios harmonias pirovnulsa da saxelmwifo inter-
1 glovis rolis Sesaxeb àntigoneSi~ dawvrilebiT ix. Ch. Segal, Sophocles' Tragic World. Divinity, Na-
ture, Society, Cambrige, London 19982.
2 dawvrilebiT ix. W. Schadewaldt, Die griechische Tragödie, gv. 231 Smd. tragediis politikuri aqtua-
lobisaTvis Tavis epoqaSi ix. Ch. Meier, Die politische Kunst der griechischen Tragödie, München 1988, gv. 208 Smd.
3 mokluli mtris daumarxavad datovebis sakiTxze dawvrilebiT ix. r. canava, miToritualuri
modelebi, simboloebi antikur mwerlobaSi da qarTuli literaturul-eTnologiuri par-
alelebi, Tbilisi 2005, 216 Smd.
374
esebs Soris, monaxos kompromisis gzebi da aicilos Tavidan sabediswero kon-
fliqti.
àntigone~ sofokles mravali sxva tragediisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebSic
aSkarad ikveTeba erTi mTavari moqmedi gmiri, rogorc aRiniSna, ori gmiris tra-
gediaa.1 da mainc, konfliqtis ZiriTadi stimuli da msxverpli antigonea. kidev
erTi aspeqti, romelic sofoklesTvis aranakleb mniSvnelovania, vidre Tavad
kreonTan dapirispireba, antigones mier gadatanili tanjvis Sedegia. marTalia,
piesaSi antigonesa da kreonis xazi urTierTgadajaWvulia, magram mainc SeiZleba
davinaxoT TiToeuli maTganis ganviTarebis kanonzomiereba. pirvelis pozicias
pirobiTad humanuri da keTilgonieri, xolo meoresas antihumanuri da arake-
Tilgonieri SeiZleba vuwodoT. Tumca antigones bolomde ar aqvs gacnobierebu-
li Tavisi saqcielis samarTlianoba, Tumca sikvdilTan uSualod Sexvedris win
igi daeWvebulia kidec sakuTari arCevanis sisworeSi da imasac ki ambobs, rom amg-
varadve SeiZleboda ar moqceuliyo arc qmris da arc Svilis mimarT, igi mainc
mihyveba sakuTari gulis karnaxs, romelic mas mouwodebs, hqondes wili siyvar-
ulSi da ara siZulvilSi. rogorc ar unda gavigoT es azri, erTi savsebiT aSka-
raa: antigone Sinaganad winaaRmdegia adamianTa gamTiSveli siZulvilisa, ro-
melsac SeuZlia mokvdavi TviT RmerTis mier dadgenili kanonis ugulebel-
yofamdec ki miiyvanos. mas ar aqvs sxva araviTari iaraRi, garda Tavis gawirvisa
sakuTari gulis karnaxis aRsasruleblad, romelic, faqtobrivad, RvTaebrivi
WeSmaritebis Zaxilad gvevlineba. da rac ufro metad axlovdeba misi aRsasruli,
miT ufro meti TanamgrZnobi uCndeba mis kacTmoyvareobas – misi sikvdili da
aqedan gamomdinare movlenebi ki, romelTa dagvirgvinebas misi mowinaaRmdegis –
kreonis saboloo kraxi warmoadgens, arsebiTad humanurobis da keTilgonierebis
sruli reabilitaciaa. tragediis gmiri itanja imisTvis, rom adamianebSi kacT-
moyvareobis grZnoba gamoeRviZebina. RmerTidan momdinare am grZnobis xelyofa
zviadobaa, romelic isjeba. amas savsebiT araorazrovnad gvauwyebs qoros fi-
naluri sityvebi:
bednierebisaTvis umTavresi
keTilgonierebaa. xams ar ganvudgeT
RmerTTa kanonebs, didi sityvebi
qedmaRalT didi dartymebiT
miuzRaven.
da swavlobs keTilgonierebas TviT xandazmulic.
(1348-53)
àntigones~ gavlena evropul literaturaze Zalze mniSvnelovania. sofokles
pirveli mimdevari misive umcrosi Tanamedrove evripide yofila, romelsac daw-
erili hqonia Cvenamde armoRweul amave saxelwodebis tragedia. misive `fini-
kieli qalebi~ aseve amave siuJetis erTgvar ganvrcobas warmoadgens. antikurobis
Semdeg antigones, iseve rogorc saerTod TebesTan brZolis Temis intensiuri da-
muSaveba renesansis epoqidan iwyeba.
mravali aTeuli nawarmoebi gvTavazobs sofokles tragediis saintereso
SemoqmedebiT mibaZvas Tu aTvisebas. mravalsaukunovan gzaze tragediis inter-
pretacia, misi Targmna da recipireba erTmaneTis paralelurad mimdinareobda.
XX saukuneSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo Jan anuis àntigoneSi~ warmodge-
nili gageba am saxisa, rogorc nihilisturi imedgacruebis gamoxatuleba msof-
lioSi mimdinare procesebis mimarT. 1944 wels parizSi premierisas piesa aRqmuli
iqna mowodebad faSizmis winaaRmdeg brZolisaken anu Résistance-sken. bertold
brextis àntigones modelSi~ (1948) antigone gaazrebulia rogorc àngariSis
1 ix. agr. W. Schadewaldt, Die griechische Tragödie, gv. 241 Smd.
375
gasworeba~ diqtaturasTan. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom àntigones~ recipireba sxvada-
sxva saukuneSi erTi arsebiTi niSniT gansxvavdeba sofokles tragediisagan. Tuki
axali dramebi upiratesad ama Tu im epoqis konkretul eTikur Tu politikur
problemebs ukavSirdebian, sofokles tragediaSi, ganzogadebis saocrad maRali
xarisxisa da tragizmis sulis gamovlenis gansakuTrebuli Zalis wyalobiT,
zogadadamianuri prevalirebs.1
`traqiseli qalebi~ dasaTariReblad erT-erT yvelaze Znel tragediad iTv-
leba. Tavisi struqturiT, igulisxmeba misi gamokveTili ornawilianoba anu
diptixonis forma, igi àiass~ uaxlovdeba, calkeuli motivebiT, a.m., winaswar-
metyvelebisaTvis erTob mniSvnelovani adgilis daTmobiT, – òidipos mefes~,
aseve igi evripides àlkestisTanac~ (daidga Zv.w.a. 438 wels) gviCvenebs garkveul
mimarTebas. mkvlevarTa erTi nawili mas àiassa~ da àntigones~, meore ki, àiassa~
da òidipos mefes~ Soris aTavsebs. Sesabamisad, tragedia SegveZlo Zv.w.a. 440
wlis maxlobel farglebSi mogveqcia.2
sofokle aq mimarTavs herakles miTis3 im versias, romelic, rogorc Cans, sak-
maod kargad unda yofiliyo cnobili ukve arqaikis epoqaSi. igi iRebs herakles
amqveyniuri cxovrebis ukanasknel epizods. moqmedeba xdeba traqisSi, Tesaliis
qalaqSi. prologSi herakles coli, deianeira gvauwyebs imas, Tu rogor
wamoiyvana Tavis droze heraklem igi mamiseuli saxlidan. axla maT, mas Semdeg,
rac ifitosi mokla heraklem, traqisisaTvis SemoufarebiaT Tavi. misi qmari kar-
ga xania wasulia. aravin icis, ukve TxuTmeti Tvea, misi adgilsamyofeli. ZiZa ur-
Cevs deianeiras, vaJiSvils, hiloss, daavalos mamis ambis Setyoba. Svili dedas
auwyebs, rom lidiis dedoflis karze msaxurad yofnis4 Semdeg, igi kunZul evbe-
aze wasula da iq mefe evritosis qalaqis darbeva dausaxavs miznad. Semodis macne,
romelsac moaqvs herakles gamarjvebisa da ukan dabrunebis sasixarulo ambavi. am
cnobas adasturebs traqisSi mosuli herakles TanamebrZoli liqasic. deianeiras
sixaruls sazRvari ar aqvs. igi uecrad yuradRebas miapyrobs tyveebs Soris
ulamazes ymawvil qals, romlis saxelic iolea. yvelafridan Cans, rom igi di-
debuli warmomavlobisaa. deianeiras surs Seityos, Tu vin aris es qali. mas surs,
Seumsubuqos tyveobis simZime am lamaz qalwuls. liqasi jer Segnebulad aridebs
Tavs pasuxs, magram, rodesac macne gaandobs deianeiras, rom iole, evritosis
asuli, herakles axali gatacebaa, romlis gulisTvisac gailaSqra man evritosis
winaaRmdeg, herakles TanamebrZoli iZulebulia daadasturos am sityvebis si-
marTle. am mZime wuTebSi herakles cols Surisgebis grZnoba rodi moicavs. mas
TavSi ar gauvlia iolesaTvis zianis motana. deianeira sakmaod fxizlad afasebs
gansxvavebas massa da lamaz ioles Soris, Tumca ar iviwyebs keTilgonierebas:
iq siWabukes vxedav, gafurCqvnisaken wasuls,

aq ki Wknobisken, uyvars Tvals motaceba erTis
yvavilis, meores ki ganveridebiT civad.
amitom vSiSob, rom Cems qmrad ar darCes herakle
mxolod saxelad, saqmiT ki ufro norCis iyos.
1 dawvrilebiT Sdr. E. Frenzel, Stoffe der Weltliteratur, Stuttgart 1981 5, gv. 50 Smd. E. M. Moormann, W. Uit-
terhoeve, Lexikon der antiken Gestalten, Stuttgart 1955, gv. 72 Smd.; K. Hamburger, Von Sophokles zu Sartre.
Griechische Dramenfiguren antik und modern, Stuttgart, Berlin, Köln, Mainz 19684, gv. 189 Smd. G. Steiner, Antigo-
nes, New Haven&London 1984.
2 Sdr. Latacz, Einführung..., gv. 168.
3 herakles miTisa da misi versiebis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT Sdr. asparezze gamodian gmirebi,
Txroba da komentarebi nana toniasi da manana RaribaSvilisa, Tbilisi 2000, gv. 65 Smd. hera-
klesa da deianeiras ambisaTvis Sdr. gv. 114 Smd.
4 herakles misgan siSmagisas daRvrili sisxlis gamosasyidad TiTqmis mudmivad uxdeboda
yvelaze Zneli, zogjer ki sulac damamcirebeli davalebebis aRsruleba.
376
magram, rogorc vTqvi ukve, keTilgonier qals ar
Sehferis aenTos risxviT.
(447-53)
deianeiras surs mxolod qmris siyvarulis dabruneba. igi gaixsenebs, rom wlebis
win kentavr nesoss miucia aseTi saSualeba misTvis. rodesac herakle Tavis jer sul
axalgazrda colTan erTad mdinare evenoss misdgomia, aq mas deianeiras mdinareze
gadayvana nesosisaTvis miundvia, romelic fulis safasurad emsaxureboda mdi-
nareze gadasvlis msurvelT. kentavrs Sua wyalSi qalis motaceba moundomebia, ma-
gram deianeiras yvirilze herakles misTvis Tavisi Sxamiani isari utyorcnia. momak-
vdav kentavrs qalisaTvis urCevia, moegrovebina da Seenaxa misi Wrilobidan moT-
qriale sisxli. misi saSualebiT igi SeZlebda imas, rom herakle sxva qals ver
Seiyvarebda metad, vidre deianeiras. da ai, axla mas marTlac ganuzraxavs herakle-
saTvis nesosis jadoTi gaJRenTili sazeimo tansacmlis gagzavna, romelic liqasma
traqisisaken momaval herakles unda gadasces. yvela sixaruliT elis herakles
dabrunebas. qoro imedian simReras asrulebs, magram saqmis keTilad dagvirgvinebis
iluzia male imsxvreva. jer sasowarkveTili deianeira auwyebs qoros, rom matyli,
romliTac man nesosis sisxli wausva tansacmels da romelic mas daudevrad gad-
augdia, mzis sxivebze erTianad gamdnara. es ukve avis momaswavebelia. marTlac, Se-
modis hilosi, romelic dedas sastik borotmoqmedebaSi sdebs brals. igi yveba, Tu
rogor itanjeba herakle deianeiras mier gagzavnili samosisagan. mas igi erTianad
mikvria tanze da axla umowyalod dagavs. momakvdavi herakle saxlisken mohyavT,
Svili daundoblad lanZRavs dedas. deianeira ar iRebs xmas, igi Tavzardacemuli
gadis. qoros simRera saocrad sevdiani xdeba. sasaxlidan gamosuli ZiZa yvelas au-
wyebs imas, Tu rogor moikla Tavi deianeiram, Tu rogori nazi da moyvaruli iyo
igi axlobelTa mimarT sicocxlis bolo wuTebamde. yvela, maT Soris hilosic,
xvdeba, rom deianeiras ar hqonia winaswar ganzraxuli esoden sastiki Surisgeba,
rom igi kentavris veragobisa da heraklesadmi didi siyvarulis msxverpli gaxda.
sust qals, katastrofis winaSe aRmoCenils, eyo nebisyofa, sakuTari TavisaTvis
ulmobeli ganaCeni gamoetana. iseve, rogorc zemoT ganxilul sxva tragediebSi,
aqac sofokle cdilobs piesis meore nawilSi gviCvenos, Tu adamianuri sikeTiT es-
oden dajildovebuli deianeiras sikvdili rogor gauZlierebs mokvdavebs
Sendobis, humanurobis grZnobas. scenaze SemohyavT sulTmobrZavi herakle. igi
mzadaa sakuTari xeliT moklas avismqneli coli. magram hilosi uambobs mamas
yovelives. herakle xvdeba, rom aRsrulda zevsis winaswarmetyveleba, romlis
Tanaxmadac gmiri `cocxali kacisagan ki ara, mkvdrisagan daiRupeboda~. risxva-
damcxrali da bedis gardauval Zalas Seguebuli herakle Svils Tavis ukanasknel
survils ganucxadebs: iole Tavad hilosma unda SeirTos colad. herakle ki oites1
mwvervalisken unda waasvenon, sadac mis cxedars cecxls miscemen. Tavdapirvelad
hilosi uarzea, iole, misi mSoblebis daRupvis mizezi, SeirTos, magram bolos da
bolos igi Tanxmdeba mamas.
es tragediac, rogorc vxedavT, savsebiT gamokveTil diptiqis formas
gviCvenebs. pirvel nawilSi mTavari moqmedi gmiris deianeiras tanjva da daRupva
aris gadmocemuli. eWvianoba misTvis arc erT SemTxvevaSi ar xdeba sisastikis,
sisxliani Surisgebis, metoqis veragulad CamoSorebis cdis mizezi. bunebrivi ke-
TilSobileba da keTilgoniereba qals qmris siyvarulis dasabruneblad mxolod
sxvaTaTvis uvnebeli gzis Ziebis nebas aZlevs. da ai, mas Semdeg, rac deianeira
Tavisi gadawyvetilebis damRupvelobas dainaxavs, igi erTi wuTiTac ar yoy-
manobs. mis cxovrebas azri aRar aqvs. meore nawilSi sofokle gviCvenebs, Tu ra
mohyva deianeiras nabijs. qalis erTgulebam siyvarulisadmi da keTilSobilebam
daacxro da daamSvida hilosic, Tavisi siSmagiT cnobili heraklec, yvelani mi-
1 mdebareobs Sua saberZneTSi.
377
marTa Sendobis, kompromisis, kacTmoyvareobisaken. tragediisadmi damoki-
debuleba mecnierebaSi ar aris erTgvarovani. zogni mas sofokles yvelaze sust
dramad da herakles miTis finaluri nawilis ordinalur dramatul interpre-
taciad miiCneven,1 sxvani Tvlian, rom `traqiseli qalebi~ e.w. col-qmruli urTi-
erTobis Sesaxeb Seqmnil erT-erT saukeTeso tragedias warmoadgens.2 aqac, iseve
rogorc sofokles sxva dramebSi, Znelia amovicnoT calsaxad poetis saTqmeli,
romelic, Cveulebriv, sakmaod kompleqsuria. `traqisel qalebSi~ warmodgenilia
im col-qmruli urTierTobebis drama, romelSic siyvaruli sabediswero rols
asrulebs. gavixsenoT qoros meore stasimonis, romelic siyvarulis sadidebel
simRerad SeiZleboda CagveTvala, Semdegi pasaJi:
didi Zalaa riTac kiprisi imarjvebs mudam.
arafers vityvi,
rogor macdurad acduna man Ze kronosisa,
arc imas, rac man hadess dahmarTa
an poseidons miwis mryevels.
(598-502)
da amis Semdeg gundi yveba, Tu ra dahmarTa man deianeiras qorwinebamde. da ai,
Tuki qorwineba aerTianebs `vaJkacTa Soris saukeTesos~, rogoric, tragediis
mixedviT heraklea da qalTa Soris `qmris yvelaze moyvarul cols~, rogoric
deianeiraa, maSin siyvarulma SeiZleba ara marto daakavSiros isini, aramed
daRupos kidec. Tavis droze siyvarulma deianeira colad gaayola herakles,
Zlierma siyvarulma wamoayvanina herakles iole Tavis saxlSi, mis Sesacvlelad,
visac igi aseve Zlier uyvarda. da isev da isev siyvarulma gadaadgmevina deianei-
ras is nabiji, romliTac qmris siyvarulis SenarCuneba surda. sabolood ki,
siyvarulma imsxverpla oriveni. rodesac siyvaruli sneulebis saxes iRebs,
razedac araerTgzis aris miniSneba tragediaSi, misi gankurneba SeuZlebeli
xdeba. swored maSin SeiZleba iqces qorwineba tragediad, risi ilustraciac aris
`traqiseli qalebi~.3 magram am dramis Zala isaa, rom deianeiram qmris SenarCuneba
sastiki SurisgebiT ki ar cada, aramed, misi azriT, sruliad uvnebeli saSu-
alebiT. nesosis mzakvrobis aRmoCenisTanave, is, Svilisgan SeCvenebuli, usityvod
tovebs scenas. mravlismetyvelia gundis wamyvanis sityvebi, romlebsac is sas-
axlisaken wasul deianeiras daadevnebs:
rad midixar sityvis uTqmelad? gana ar ici, rom
mdumarebiT Sen kvers ukrav Sen mbraldebels.
(813-14)
qalis pasuxi, misi damokidebuleba sakuTari, sruliad uneburi, magram sa-
bediswero Secdomisadmi, TviTmkvlelobaa. amiT qmris faqtobrivma mkvlelma dei-
aneiram SeinarCuna qmris yvelaze metad moyvaruli da ukeTilSobilesi qalis
saxeli. Tavis mxriv, arc herakle SeiZleba eWviani colis Cveulebriv msxverplad
CavTvaloT. swored deianeiras misdami siyvaruliT gamowveulma uneburma
Secdomam sakmaod sainteresod gaaerTiana heraklesTan dakavSirebuli RmerTebis
alternatiuli xasiaTis winaswarmetyveleba. amis Tanaxmad herakle an evritosis
qveyanaSi hpovebda aRsasruls, an brZolis warmatebiT damTavrebis SemTxvevaSi,
mTel darCenil cxovrebas bednierad gaatarebda.4 herakle brZolaSi ar daRupu-
la, xolo misi moyvaruli colis uneburi Secdoma misTvis apoTeozis, tanjvaTa
da gauTavebeli brZolebiT aRsavse cxovrebis aRsasrulad da maradiuli, RvTi-
1 ix. A. Lesky, TDH, gv. 209 Smd.

3 Latacz, Einführung..., gv. 221.
4 am winaswarmetyvelebis Taobaze Tavad deianeira uambobs hiloss (79 Smd.).
378
uri cxovrebis dasawyisad iqca.1 amdenad herakle mokvda, magram igi agrZelebs
cxovrebas axali, umaRlesi, anu RvTaebrivi statusiT, iq, sadac maradiuli bed-
niereba da sruli harmoniaa. amdenad tragediaSi, romelSic esoden Zlieradaa
warmoCenili siyvaruli da Ralati, eWvianoba da keTilSobileba, gulubryvilo
rwmena da veragoba, sicocxlis siyvaruli da sikvdili, swored misi mTavari
gmiris, deianeiras wyalobiT, saocari humanurobis suli meufebs. swored es
aZlevs tragikuli konfliqtis ZiriTad mizezs – `gadaWarbebul siyvaruls~ –
ara damangreveli stiqiis, aramed, Tavzardamcemi msxverplis miuxedavad, adamian-
Ta SemakavSirebeli, maT Soris ndobis aRmdgeneli faqtoris xasiaTs. am mxriv,
`traqiseli qalebi~ uTuod gamorCeulia col-qmruli dramis amsaxveli yvela
cnobili tragediisagan.
òidipos mefes~ sofokles SemoqmedebaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs
Tavisi tragizmiT, konfliqtis ganviTarebis axleburi principiT, kompoziciuri
SekrulobiTa da, rac mTavaria, analitikurobiT. sofokle am tragediaSi gam-
oiyenebs Tebes ciklis Tqmulebas, romlis centralur figurebs oidiposi da misi
STamomavalni warmoadgenen.2 bevri ram, rac oidiposis SemaZrwunebel Tavgada-
savalTanaa dakavSirebuli, sakmaod kargad iyo cnobili sofoklemde didi xniT
adre. droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleboda am tradiciuli ambis siuJetis calkeuli
detalebi, magram ambavi, saxeebi, arsebiTad ucvleli rCeboda. CvenTvis dRes Zne-
lia saTanado wyaroebis uqonlobis gamo zustad ganvsazRvroT, Tu siuJetis ra
elementebi Secvala sofoklem.3 moqmedebis agebis principiTac da saerTod Tavisi
poetikiTac es piesa arsebiTad gansxvavdeba ara marto mis winamorbedTa, aramed
TviT sofokles zemoTganxiluli tragediebisaganac. òidipos mefe~ Zv.w.a. 429
wlis Semdgom da Zv.w.a. 425 wlamde unda iyos dawerili. tragedia, faqtobrivad,
eqvsi nawilisagan Sedgeba. TiToeuli maTgani warmoadgens im nabijs, romelsac
mTavari gmiri dgams sakuTari Tavis, sakuTari warsulis da awmyos Secnobis
gzaze. Tavis mxriv, es aris gza saxelovani mefis oidiposis dacemisa, risi mizezic
isev da isev oidiposis dauokebeli swrafvaa – eziaros WeSmaritebas.
prologSi oidiposi warmodgenilia, rogorc Tebes saxelovani mefe. igi gam-
odis mZime epidemiiT moculi Tanamoqalaqeebis winaSe da aRuTqvams maT, rom
moutans xsnas. oidiposs ukve gaugzavnia Tavisi colis Zma kreoni delfoSi apo-
lonis samisnosagan ambis Sesatyobad. brundeba kreoni. mas saimedo ambavi moaqvs.
Turme TebeSi dausjelad dadis oidiposis winamorbedi mefis, laiosis, romlis
coli iokaste axla Tavad oidiposs uzis meuRled, mkvleli. vidre igi qalaqSi
iqneba, Tebelebs ar moasvenebs avi seni. RmerTis risxvis mizezi gairkva. gaCnda
imedis sxivi. oidiposi mzadaa miakvlios mkvlels. gundi aRavlens vedrebas Rmer-
Tebisadmi.
Semdegi nabiji ukve oidiposis aqtiuri moqmedebis dawyebaa. igi Tanamo-
qalaqeT auwyebs, rom Tuki laiosis mkvleli Tavad aRiarebs danaSauls, maSin mas
uvneblad gauSveben qalaqidan, xolo, Tuki vinme Seecdeba simarTlis dafarvas,
mas sastiki wyevla auxdeba. gundi iTxovs, tiresiasi, brma misani, ixmon. oidiposs,
1 Sdr. W. Schadewaldt, Die griechische Tragödie, gv. 253. mkvlevari gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevs
tragediaSi opoziciuri cnebebis: `tanjva~ / `cxovrebis sixaruli~ kanonzomier gamoyenebas. es
dapirispireba garkveulwilad asaxavs dramis paToss.
2 Tqmulebisa da misi versiebis Sesaxeb Sdr. `SvidbWiani Tebe~, Txroba da komentarebi giorgi
xomerikisa, Tbilisi, 2002. qarTul enaSi damkvidrda Tqmulebis centraluri figuris saxelis
oidiposi formiT gadmocemis tradicia, Tumca swori forma iqneboda oidipusi. saxeli berZ-
nulSi kompozitad gaiazreboda. misi pirveli nawili Seicavs oidi-/oide- fuZes, romelsac
`dasivebis~ mniSvneloba aqvs, xolo meore pod- fuZes, saidanac saxelobiTis forma iqneba pus
(`fexi~). Sesabamisad, oidipusi (Oijdivpou") SeiZleba gaviazroT rogorc `fexdasivebuli~. Tqmu-
lebis mixedviT, laiosma gasawirad gametebul Cvil vaJs fexebi gauxvrita. fexdasivebuli miu-
yvana igi korinTosis mefes mwyemsma, ris gamoc mas Searqves oidipusi.
3 amaze qvemoT gveqneba msjeloba.
379
kreonis rCeviT, ukve gaugzavnia masTan xalxi. modis tiresiasi. igi sastik uarzea,
uTxras oidiposs, rac icis. mxolod mas Semdeg, rac mefe mas Seuracxyofs da
brals dasdebs misnobis uunarobaSi, tiresiasi mas etyvis:
kacis mkvleli, romelsac eZeb, vambob, Sena xar.
(362)
es sityvebi oidiposs eWvs aRuZraven, rom mis winaaRmdeg kreons SeTqmuleba
Caufiqrebia, romelSic misanic aris CarTuli. igi ixsenebs imas, rom, Tavis droze,
rodesac Tebes sfinqsi tanjavda da qalaqis saxsnelad ubralo gamocanis amoxsna
iyo saWiro, misanma ver SeZlo TebelTaTvis gonivruli rCevis micema. mxolod
oidiposma amoxsna sfinqsis gamocana.1 amdenad, aqvs Tu ara tiresiass misnobis
unari, jer kidev sakiTxavia. misani auwyebs mefes, rom male gairkveva mkvlelic da
masTan dakavSirebuli sxva Semzaravi ambebic, rom oidiposs ès dRe Sobs da es
dRe daamxobs~ (438). gundi SeSfoTebulia, sad unda eZebon laiosis mkvleli? ras
unda niSnavdes tiresiasis sityvebi?
momdevno episodionSi oidiposi kreons jer sikvdiliT dasjas, xolo Semdeg
ki, iokastes Carevis wyalobiT, qalaqidan gaZevebas daudgens. oidiposs Tavadve
awuxebs misnis sityvebi. iokastesTan saubridan vigebT, rom sxvadasxva dros sam-
isnos laiosisaTvis uwinaswarmetyvelebia, rom mas sakuTari Svili moklavda,
xolo oidiposisaTvis, rom igi moklavda mamas da colad sakuTar dedas SeirTav-
da. misnobis SiSiT, laioss Tavidan moucilebia Tavisi axladSobili Ze, rac
Seexeba oidiposs, igi gamoqceula korinTosis mefis, Tavisi mamis saxlidan, rom
ar axdomoda samisnos sityva. TiTqos naTelia, rom samisno SeiZleba Secdes. lai-
osi yaCaRebma mokles, xolo oidiposma colad SeirTo misTvis sruliad ucxo
iokaste, romlisganac SeeZina Svilebi. ratomRa ar aris dasaSvebi, rom cdeba ti-
resiasic? magram oidiposs awuxebs imis gaxseneba, rom man, wlebis win samSoblo-
dan gamoqceulma, gzajvaredinze Selaparakebis Sedegad mokla swored iseTi ka-
ci, rogoric iokastes mier aRwerili laiosi unda yofiliyo. nugeSi mxolod is
aris, rom laiosis amalis wevrTagan gadarCenilma msaxurma auwya TanamoqalaqeT,
TiTqos mefe yaCaRebs mouklavT. es msaxuri, mas Semdeg, rac sfinqsis dammarcxebe-
li oidiposi mefed aurCeviaT Tebelebs, sakuTari TxovniT qalaqgareT gadasax-
lebula. TiTqos yvela monacemi imedis momcemia oidiposisaTvis, magram mas mainc
aRelvebs laiosis mokvlaSi sakuTari danaSaulis dadasturebis SesaZlebloba.
saqmisaTvis sinaTlis mosafenad aucilebeli xdeba im msaxuris gamoZaxeba, rome-
lic gadarCenila laiosis amalidan mefis mokvlis Semdeg. oidiposs isic aRel-
vebs, rom mas, Tuki Tebes yofili mefis mokvla daumtkicdeba, sakuTari pirobis
safuZvelzeve qalaqidan wasvla mouwevs, magram misTvis samSobloSi dabrunebac
saxifaTo iqneba, radgan SeiZleba auxdes misnoba. gundi mReris umaRlesi RmerTis
samarTlianobaze, tiraniis gardauval daRupvaze, RmerTisgan wamosul misnobaTa
uaryofis dauSveblobaze.
Semodis macne korinTosidan. mas moaqvs erTdroulad naRvliani da sasixa-
rulo ambavi. gardacvlila oidiposis mama, polibosi da axla korinTosis
mkvidrni mis Zes sTxoven mamis taxtis dakavebas. TiTqos samisnos kidev erTi uwye-
ba ar gamarTlda. polibosi mokvda oidiposis yovelgvari monawileobis gareSe.
magram cocxalia jer kidev deda. xom ar emuqreba oidiposs misi colad SerTvis
gardauvaloba. rodesac macne Seityobs oidiposis Relvis mizezs, igi mas
swrafad `gauqarwylebs~ am SiSs. gaumxels, rom oidiposi sulac ar aris polibo-
sis Ze, rom man Tavad miuyvana igi Tavis uSvilo mefes, rodesac kiTeronze gadasca
1 sfinqsis gamocana mravali prozauli Tu leqsad Camoyalibebuli variantiT Semogvinaxa anti-

kurma tradiciam. misi arsi amgvarad SegviZlia gadmovceT: ra aris, rasac aqvs xma da rac moZ-
raobs oTx, or da sam fexze? variantebisaTvis Sdr. L. Edmunds, The Sphinx in Oedipus Legend (L. Ed-
munds, A. Dundes (gamomc.), Oedipus: A Folklore Casebook, 1984), gv. 147 Smd.
380
mas Cvili bavSvi laiosis mwyemsma. qoro mefes auwyebs, rom es mwyemsi swored is
kacia, oidiposma rom gamoiZaxa. iokastes unda xeli aaRebinos qmars saqmis
Semdgom gamoZiebaze. oidiposi fiqrobs, rom qals misi SesaZlo mdabiuri war-
momavlobis gamoaSkaravebisa eSinia. iokaste gadis. mefe uryevia Tavis gad-
awyvetilebaSi. man simarTle bolomde unda Seicnos:
de, mosaxdeni aResrulos. me gadavwyvite
vicode Cemi warmoSoba. Tund umniSvnelo,
amas ki albaT, radgan qali Takilobs xolme,
Sercxveba Cemi mdabiuri warmomavlobis.
me ki CemTavad vrCebi bedis wyalobis Svilad,
keTilismomcem RvTaebisa. es pativs ar myris.
am dedam mSoba swored, xolo debis da Zmebis –
Tveebis brunva maqcevs xan mcired da xan ki didad.
mendomeboda gana amgvarad Sobils, vinme
sxva vyofiliyav da ar Semetyo Cemi gvari?
(1076-85)
gundis simRera oidiposis mSobelTa vinaobis garkvevis molodins gamoxatavs.
modis oidiposisgan gamoZaxebuli laiosis mwyemsi. korinTosidan mosuli mac-
ne masSi Seicnobs im kacs, romelmac Tavis droze gadasca kiTeronTan mas Cvili
bavSvi. mwyemss ar surs simarTlis Tqma. magram oidiposis muqara mas aiZulebs,
auwyos mefes yovelive. kerZod is, Tu rogor misca Tavis msaxurs laiosma Cvili
oidiposi mosaklavad, radgan misnobis Tanaxmad, mas Svilis xeliT daRupva
eloda. msaxurma ver gaimeta udanaSaulo bavSvi da igi korinTosel mwyemss Caa-
bara. yovelive gairkva. oidiposs mouklavs sakuTari mama, colad SeurTavs deda,
misgan SesZenia Svilebi, romelnic erTdroulad misTvis da-Zmanic arian.
gundi mReris oidiposis ubedurebaze. gamodis sasaxlidan TebelTaTvis axal
saSinel ambavTa mauwyebeli msaxuri. igi hyveba imas, Tu rogor CamoixrCo Tavi
iokastem, Tu rogor Camoxsna oidiposma dedisa da meuRlis cxedari da daiTxara
Tvalebi misi kabis balTebiT. male Cndeba TviT oidiposic. man ar icis, rogor
moiqces. igi aRiarebs Tavis danaSauls kreonis winaSe. es ukanaskneli ki, romlis
xelSic gadadis amieridan Tebes mmarTveloba, uaRresi TanagrZnobiT aris ganms-
Wvaluli oidiposis mimarT. gamohyavT mefis Svilebi, romelTac ubeduri mama
kreons abarebs. Tavad oidiposis survilia, rac SeiZleba Sors gadaikargos Te-
bedan. gundi mReris adamianuri bednierebis warmavlobaze:
o, mSobliuro Tebes mcxovrebno, naxeT, es aris oidiposi,
vinc mixvda cnobil gamocanebs da Tan iyo kaci uZlieresi.
TanamoqalaqeTagan vin ar uyurebda mis beds Suris TvaliT.
saSineli ubedurebis ranair morevSi moeqca igi.
da amitomac nu CaTvli bednierad nurcerT mokvdavs, romelic ki
misCerebia swored am ukanasknel dRes, vidre ar gadalaxavs
cxovrebis zRvars ise, rom araviTar satkivars ar daiTmens igi.
(1524-30)
sofokles am piesas xSirad bedisweris tragedias uwodebdnen xolme da miiC-
nevdnen, rom misi mTavari paTosi adamianis ususurobis Cvenebaa movlenaTa gan-
sazRvrulobis winaSe.1 rac ufro metad gaurbis kaci Tavis bedisweras, miT ufro
metad uaxlovdeba mis aRsrulebas. magram Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi es azri ukve
1 es tradicia momdinareobs XIX saukunis dasawyisidan. mas gansakuTrebiT bevri mimdevari aR-
moaCnda mweralTa Soris. es azri xSirad gamoiTqmis literaturaT Tu TeatrmcodneTa mier.
zogierT saxelmZRvaneloSi òidipos mefe~ bedisweris tragediis nimuSad aris miCneuli.
mimoxilvisaTvis Sdr. s. yauxCiSvili, berZnuli literaturis istoria, I, gv. 21.
381
karga xania mcdarad aris miCneuli. rasakvirvelia, Tavad im miTis siuJetSi, ro-
melic oidiposis Tavgadasavals warmogvidgenda, bedisweris gardauvaloba kar-
gad Canda da, bunebrivia, sofokles tragediaSic es momenti ver iqneboda
ugulebelyofili.1 magram, rogorc Cans, dramaturgisaTvis es ar iyo arsebiTi.
piesaSi moqmedeba imgvarad aris agebuli, rom oidiposis tradiciuli Tavga-
dasavlis TiTqmis mTeli siuJeti nawarmoebis miRma rCeba. aq uSualod moqmedeba,
faqtobrivad, gadmogvcems mxolod imas, Tu rogor Seupovrad ikvlevs oidiposi
laiosis mkvlelis ambavs da, Sesabamisad, Tebes ubedurebis mizezs. arsebiTaT,
oidiposSi erTiandeba gamomZiebelic da isic, vis saqmesac iZieben, xolo mis mier
Catarebuli `gamoZiebis~ Sedegi Tavad `mefe-gamomZieblis~ dacemis momaswavebe-
lia. sofoklesaTvis arsebiTia TviT oidiposis tragediis warmoCena, magram ara
imisTvis, rom bedisweris gardauvlobaSi dagvarwmunos, aramed imisTvis, rom
gviCvenos Tavisi gmiris tanjva, xolo am tanjvis Sedegi im RvTaebriv WeSma-
ritebasTan ziarebaa, romelic adamianebs ahumanurebs. da marTlac, sakmarisia
gamoaSkaravdes oidiposis Semzaravi bedis ambavi, rasac amdeni ubedureba mohyva,
rom oidiposi maSinve xvdeba da aRiarebs Tavis usamarTlobas kreonis mimarT,
xolo es ukanaskneli sul cota xnis win misi ase damamcirebeli mefis mimarT
saSur TanagrZnobas iCens. oidiposis tanjva yvelas ufro adamianurebad, erTma-
neTis mimarT TanagrZnobiT ganmsWvalulebad da daxmarebis gawevisaTvis mzadmyo-
febad xdis. am humanurobis atmosferos damyareba ki oidiposis pirovnuli xasi-
aTis damsaxurebaa – rom ara misi Zlieri ltolva WeSmaritebis gamoaSkaravebi-
saken, movlenebi sul sxvagvarad SeiZleboda ganviTarebuliyo. oidiposi maSinac
ki ar Sedrkeba, rodesac mefis ubedurebis mauwyebeli msaxuri mas etyvis:
vaime, vdgevar saSineli saTqmlis winaSe...
oidiposi upasuxebs:
me ki sasmenis, mainc minda rom movismino.
(1169-70)
sakuTari warsulis Secnobamde oidiposi TavSi darwmunebul, tiraniuli
Tvisebebis mqone erTmmarTvelad warmogvidgeboda, romelic sfinqsisagan Te-
belTa ganTavisuflebis gamo ramdenadme gaqedmaRlebulic ki iyo. magram mas bo-
lomde ar daukargavs Tavisi ZiriTadi Tviseba, RvTaebrivi WeSmaritebisaken
swrafva. swored amis wyalobiT misi tanjva adamianTa Soris urTierTsiyvarulis
(Tundac droebiTis) damkvidrebis safuZveli gaxda. amiT oidiposi sofokles
ìdealur adamianTa~ wreSi eqceva.2
òidipos mefes~, romelsac premierisas mxolod meore adgili miakuTvnes aTen-
Si (bunebrivia, masTan erTad tetralogiaSi warmodgenil, Cvenamde armoRweul
tragediebTan erTad), Semdgom savsebiT gamorCeuli adgili miuCines ukve anti-
kur epoqaSi. aristotele, romelic srulyofilad icnobda klasikuri epoqis
tragikosTa Semoqmedebas, `poetikaSi~ òidipos mefes~ moixseniebs imis erTgvar
nimuSad, Tu rogori unda iyos tragedia. igi ganixilavs sakiTxs: ra SemTxvevaSi
SeiZleba tragedia iyos saukeTeso, anu `TanagrZnobisa da Zrwolis gamomwvevi~.
erT-erT umniSvnelovanes kriteriumad igi miiCnevs gmirs, romlis Tavs damtydar-
ma ambavma unda aRZras tragediisaTvis aucilebel reaqcia. sanimuSod am SemTxve-
vaSi mas esaxeba oidiposi, romelic ar gamoirCeva arc siqveliTa da arc samarT-
lianobiT, arc siavisa da uvargisobis gamo daiTmens ubedurebas, aramed – `raRac
1 òidiposi~, iseve rogorc yvela didi tragedia, aris erTdroulad bedisa da xasiaTis tra-
gedia~ H. Pands, Psychoanalyse und Dichtung, Euphorion 34, 1933, gv. 54.
2 sofokles ìdealur adamianebze~ ix. qvemoT, gv. 385 Smd.
382
Secdomis gamo (di j aJmartivan tinav), [manamde] didi saxelisa da bednierebis mqone~.1 ar-
sebiTad, aristotelem dasva sakiTxi, romlis gamoc mecnierebaSi dRemde kamaTi
mimdinareobs: `ra aris oidiposis tragediis mizezi – es `raRac Secdoma?~ am Sem-
TxvevaSi ar unda daviviwyoT, rom tragikosebma da, albaT, yvelaze gamokveTilad
sofoklem oidiposis Sesaxeb arsebul tradiciul miTSi meti simZafris
Sesatanad win wamowia Tebes warmatebuli mefisa da sfinqsis gamocanis amomxsnel-
is ramdenadme transformirebuli ambavi. epikuri tradiciis mixedviT, rogorc
iTqva, RmerTebi incestis ambavs SedarebiT adre axdian fardas. oidiposis deda
da coli amis gamo Tavs iklavs, xolo maTi ori vaJi mterTan brZolaSi iRupeba.
oidiposi ara marto ganagrZobs mefobas, aramed mohyavs axali coli, romlis-
ganac SeeZineba mas ori vaJi da ori qali, CvenTvis kargad cnobili polinikesi,
eteoklesi, antigone da ismene.2 amdenad, miTologiur tradiciaSi oidiposs Tavi-
si oTxi Svili sruliad normaluri qorwinebis Sedegad hyavda da mas aRar am-
Zimebda incestis tvirTi. magram tragikosebisaTvis da, upirveles yovlisa,
sofoklesaTvis ufro mizanSewonili aRmoCnda am versiebis gaerTianeba oidipo-
sisa da misi gvaris CvenTvis cnobil ambad. am SemTxvevaSi ki, oidiposis Tavs
damtydarma ubedurebam marTlac sruliad gansakuTrebuli xasiaTi miiRo imis
gamo, rom man labdakidebis sagvareulo codvisa da oidiposis ojaxuri dramis
erT piesaSi SerwymiT tragikuli konfliqti erTob mravalplaniani, xolo oi-
diposis figura am konfliqtis gaxsnaSi ganmsazRvreli gaxada. swored amitom
dramis mier aRZrul nebismier kiTxvaze Znelia calsaxad pasuxis gacema. a.m., `dam-
naSavea Tu ara oidiposi?~ Tuki sakiTxs obieqturi realobis gaTvaliswinebiT
SevxedavT, igi damnaSavea, radgan mokla mama, colad SeirTo deda da misgan hyavs
Svilebi. amave dros, piradad mas es danaSauli ar Caudenia Segnebulad: man ar
icoda, vin iyo misi Seuracxmyofeli, romelic mokla, ar icoda, Tu vin iyo qali,
romelic colad SeirTo da ar icoda, rom misi Svilebi erTdroulad misi da-
Zmani arian. magram es arcodna odnavadac ar amsubuqebs mis mdgomareobas, radgan
verc igi da verc misi Svilebi versad wauvlen, erTi mxriv, labdakidebis
sagvareulo codvas, romlis safuZvelsac laiosis mier sruliad gacnobierebu-
lad Cadenili danaSauli warmoadgens da verc Tavad misgan savsebiT gauc-
nobiereblad Cadenil danaSauls. amdenad `raRac Secdomas~, romelic tragediis
mizezi xdeba, ori ZiriTadi wyaro asazrdoebs: a) laiosma Caidina danaSauli, ris
gamoc igi dawyevla pelopsma,3 ramac Tavisi Sedegi moitana. samisnom gaafrTxila
igi, ar gaeCina vaJi, radgan Svili mamas moklavda. laiosma ar ismina RmerTis
gafrTxileba, gaaCina Svili, Tumca Seecada, igi maSinve moeSorebina Tavidan.
Sesabamisad, igi sasjels eloda rogorc pelopsis wyevlis, aseve RmerTis gafrT-
xilebis mimarT gamoCenili zviadobisaTvis, xolo Semdgom ki, xvedris Tavidan
acilebis cdisaTvis, rac oidiposis sasikvdilod gawirvaSi gamoixata; b) oidi-
posma Seityo aseve samisnosagan, anu RmerTisagan, Tavisi sazareli xvedris Sesaxeb.
igi Seecada mas gaqceoda, rac, garkveulwilad, zviadobis tolfasi iyo. oidip-
osi, sofokles mixedviT, Tavisi yvela nabijiT, cdilobs racioTi daZlios
RvTaebriv sferosTan dakavSirebuli iracionaluris determinirebuloba. am
gzaze sabediswero zRvari aris sakuTari Tavis aRmoCena. misken oidiposi etapo-
brivad da Tanmimdevrulad mihyavs Tavis `moZalebul gonierebas:~4
1 Sdr. poet., 1443a 8-10. hamartiis Sesaxeb aristotelesa da berZnul tragediaSi dawvrilebiT
Sdr. Aristotle, Poetics. Introduction, Commentary and Appendix by D. W. Lucas, Oxford 1972, gv. 299 Smd.
2 stesiqorosTan am versiis SesaZlebel dadasturebasTan dakavSirebiT diskusiisaTvis ix. gv.
248 Smd.
3 igulisxmeba pelopsis vaJis gaupatiureba, ris gamoc am ukanasknelma Tavi moikla.
4 Sdr. agr. Th. A. Szlezák, Ödipus nach Sophokles (krebulSi: Antike Mythen in der europäischen Tradition), Sdr.
gv. 204 Smd.
383
– oidiposi cdilobs gaeqces samisnos winaswarmetyvelebas, radgan ar
surs codvis Cadena.
– igi xvdeba sakuTar mamas da klavs mas.
– oidiposi amoicnobs sfinqsis gamocanas, rac adamianuri arsis mxolod
garegnuli niSnebis identifikaciis tolfasia.
– oidiposi Cadis udides codvas, jdeba Tavisive xeliT mokluli mamis
taxtze, irTavs colad sakuTar dedas, aCens misgan Svilebs. yovelive
ki imitom xdeba, rom mas jer ar ZaluZs Seicnos sakuTari Tavi.
– RmerTi ver iqneba gulgrili TebeSi datrialebuli codvis mimarT da
igi Wirs mouvlens qalaqs.
– oidiposs surs, Seityos samisnosagan ubedurebis mizezi, anu Seavsos sa-
kuTari gonebis SesaZleblobebiT miRebuli codnis xarvezi, Cawvdes
RvTaebriv WeSmaritebas.
– samisnos uwyebas oidiposi aqtiuri moqmedebis dawyebiT xvdeba, ramac
naTeli unda mohfinos bneliT mocul ambavs.
– oidiposi ganagrZobs Ziebas maSinac ki, rodesac movlenebi aSkarad mis
winaaRmdeg trialdeba.
– WeSmaritebis dadgena, faqtobrivad, misi Zalauflebis damxoba, oi-
diposs sakuTari Tavisadmi usastikes sasjels gamoataninebs.
– oidiposma Seicno sakuTari Tavi, es identifikacia amqveyniur sike-
Teebze uaris Tqmas da axali, savsebiT gansxvavebuli cxovrebis daw-
yebas moaswavebs.1
is, Tu rogori iqneba oidiposis am gansxvavebuli cxovrebis bolo, sofokles,
rogorc Cans, Tavadac afiqrebda. am Temas igi sicocxlis bolos ubrundeba,
razec qvemoT gveqneba msjeloba.2 amgvarad, sofokles oidiposi mraval iseT mo-
ments aerTianebs, romelTac, erTi mxriv, warmogvidgines, albaT, Tavis tragiku-
li SeupovrobiT yvelaze ufro mimzidveli dramatuli saxe Tu xasiaTi, meores
mxriv ki, zogadad adamiani, romelic sakuTari Tavis Secnobis gzaze nebismieri
dartymisaTvis unda iyos mzad. swored is, rom oidiposis mTeli Semzaravi dana-
Sauli xdeba misgan uneburad, misTvis gaucnobiereblad, gmiris mimarT gan-
sakuTrebuli TanagrZnobiT gangvawyobs da Tan aRgviZravs Zrwolas, SiSs. amgvari
ram xom namdvilad yvela Cvengans SeiZleba daemarTos, amisaTvis xom arc Zlieri
nebisyofa, arc gansakuTrebuli sisastike an gambedaoba aris saWiro, aq sakmarisia
mxolod is, rom xar adamiani, romelmac bevri ram ar icis. amasTanave oidiposi
mkafio magaliTia imisa, Tu rogor ar drkeba mokvdavi imis Secnobis gzaze, rac
man ar icis da rasTanac ziareba misTvis sabediswero SeiZleba aRmoCndes. es ki
ukve misi gamorCeulobis maCvenebelia.
konfliqtisa da gmiris saxis gansakuTrebulobidan gamomdinare, savsebiT ga-
sagebia is didi gavlena, rac sofokles oidiposma3 moaxdina msoflio kul-
turaze da is didi interesi, rasac kacobrioba iCens oidiposis saxis mimarT
Tavisi istoriis sxvadasxva etapze. marTalia, antikur epoqaSi sakuTriv oidip-
osis Tema (rogorc Tebes ciklis Tqmulebebis sxva nawilebTan erTad, aseve
calke) mraval berZen dramaturgs daumuSavebia (esqile, evripide, qsenoklesi,
aqaios eretrieli, meletosi, nikomaqosi da sxv.), magram Cvenamde mxolod sofo-
kles orma tragediam moaRwia. misi aSkara gavleniT aris Seqmnili romaeli
senekas òidipusi~.
ara marto bizantiaSi, aramed Suasaukuneebis laTinurenovan evropaSic, oidi-
posis figura sakmaod cnobilia, magram misi saxis WeSmariti aRorZineba renesansis
1 am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba ukve òidiposi kolonosSi~.

2 Sdr. qvemoT, gv. 380 Smd.
3 Th. A. Szlezák, dasax. naSr.; E. Frenzel, Stoffe der Weltliteratur, gv. 565 Smd.; E. M. Moormann, W. Uitterhoeve,
Lexikon der antiken Gestalten, gv. 503 Smd.
384
epoqidan iwyeba. pirvel etapze es iyo sofokle-senekaseuli oidiposis gavlenis
Sedegad Seqmnili nawarmoebebi, magram droTa ganmavlobaSi TandaTanobiT so-
fokles dramis popularoba aSkarad Crdilavs mis romael mimdevars. sul ufro da
ufro met gavlenas axdens literaturuli interpretaciis procesze òidipos
mefis~ sxvadasxva TvalsazrisiT Seswavlis Sedegebi literaturaTmcodneTa,
filosofosTa, fsiqologTa Tu eTnologTa mier. sofokles tragedia da tra-
diciuli ambavi kvlevis procesSi garkveulwilad gaerTianda da oidiposis miTze
msjelobisas xSirad avtomaturad mxolod sofokles tragedias gulisxmoben. am
miTis Tanamedrove interpretaciebze gansakuTrebuli gavlena moaxdina samma
modelma: fridrix nicSes, zigmund froidisa da klod levi-strosis.1
jer kidev XIX saukuneSi fridrix nicSe apoloniurisa da dionisuris Sesaxeb
Tavisi cnobili koncefciis farglebSi ganixilavs oidiposis miTis sofokle-
seul interpretacias. am SemTxvevaSi misTvis amosavalia dramaturgis orive tra-
gedia òidipos mefe~ da òidiposi kolonosSi~. nicSes amgvarad warmoudgeba
miTSi wvdomis gza. oidiposi, keTilSobili adamiani, cxovrebis or umniSvnelova-
nes etaps gaivlis. pirveli mimarTebas avlens adamianur ltolvasTan, Tavisi
sibrZniT Cawvdes bunebis saidumlos. am etapTan aris dakavSirebuli sami umniS-
vnelovanesi momenti: oidiposi klavs mamas, xsnis sfinqsis saidumlos da colad
irTavs sakuTar dedas. sfinqsi, es bunebis gamocanis amoxsnis tolfasia, xolo ma-
mis mokvla da incesti – dedis colad SerTva – bunebis wesrigisa da mTeli
eTikuri samyaros dangrevisa. sofokle ostaturad axerxebs Tavis pirvel trage-
diaSi gadmogvces, Tu rogor TandaTan xsnis msajuli saocrad ganaskvul kvanZs
procesisas, rasac misi damxoba mohyveba. Sesabamisad, WeSmaritad elinuri six-
aruli, gansjiT miRebuli sicxadiT datkbes, Semzarav Sedegebs aRwevs. aqtiuro-
biT da sakuTar sibrZneze dayrdnobiT mopovebulma sicxadem gmiri mxolod pa-
siurobamde miiyvana. oidiposis cxovrebis meore etapi, pirvelis sruli sa-
pirispiroa, radgan aq Tavad RvTiuri sferodan Camoedineba sicxade, romliTac
savsebiT pasiuri oidiposi umaRles aqtiurobas aRwevs. amdenad is, vinc Tavisi
codniT bunebas `mospobis ufskrulSi agdebs, Tavis Tavze gamocdis bunebis
rRvevas~. miTosi TiTqos gveubneba: `sibrZnis mwvervali brZenTa winaaRmdeg Semo-
brundeba; sibrZne aris danaSauli bunebis mimarT~. magram, Tuki gmiri gaacno-
bierebs amas, tanjvis gzis gavlis Semdeg igi saocari magiuri ZaliT aRiWurveba,
romelic misi gardacvalebis Semdgomac moqmedebs. amgvarad sofoklem SeZlo
yvelaze mniSvnelovani: èlini poeti miTosis amozidulsa da saSinel memnonis
koloss mzis sxiviviT exeba, ise, rom iwyebs uecrad JReras – sofokles melo-
diebad~.2 amdenad nicSes azriT, oidiposi `Tavis TavSi aerTianebs polarobebs
saSinelisa da sanimuSosi, unio oppositorum paraleluria inteleqtualuri Zalisa
da ucodinarobis kombinaciisa masSi~.3
nicSes mier SemoTavazebul gzas sxvadasxva variaciebiT agrZelebs zogierTi
Tanamedrove mecnieri. isini sofokles gmirSi xedaven kacs, romelic emijneba bu-
nebis uZraobas, Tavisi inteleqtis ZaliT ikvlevs bunebis saidumloebebs da bune-
bas surs gamoglijos Tavisi sakuTari adgilis saidumlo isev da isev bunebaSi.4
am modelis gavlena sakmaod STambeWdavia mxatvrul kulturaze, upirveles
yovlisa ki, literaturaze.5
1 Sdr. Ch. Segal, Sophocles Tragic World. Divinity, Nature, Society, Cambridge, London 1998, gv. 138 Smd.
2 Fr. Nietzsche, Die Geburt der Tragödie, Tavi 9 (Sämtliche Werke. Die Geburt der Tragödie. Der griechische Staat.
Stuttgart 1964), gv. 90 Smd.
3 Ch. Segal, dasax. naSr., gv. 139.
4 mimoxilvisaTvis Sdr. Ch. Segal, dasax. naSr. gv. 139.
5 uaxles literaturaSi am modelis gavlenad SeiZleba miviCnioT frangi mwerlis rene Jirar-
dis `Zala da siwminde~ (1972), romelSic oidiposis bunebrivTan SeuTanxmeblobis Temaa war-
modgenili aqedan gamomdinare SedegebiT.
385
meore aseve sayuradRebo modeli fsiqoanalizis damfuZnebelma zigmund
froidma SemogvTavaza. igi dakavSirebulia misgan momdinare òidiposis kom-
pleqsis~ cnebasTan, romelic mecnierma im movlenis saxeldebisaTvis gamoiyena,
patara biWis ocnebaSi rom gamoixateba – moklas mama da colad SeirTos deda. am
cnebis Semotana froids bunebrivad miaCnda, radgan oidiposma (marTalia,
uneburad) mokla mama da colad SeirTo deda. froidi Tvlida, rom tragedia da
Tavad miTi gviCvenebs, rom es kompleqsi ukve Zveli berZnebisaTvis unda yofiliyo
cnobili. kerZod, piesaSi iokaste Semdegs ambobs: `bevri xedavs sizmarSi, Tu rogor
sZinavs sakuTar dedasTan~ (981-82). Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi froidis Teoriis
kritikosebi aRniSnaven, rom sofokles am sakiTxisaTvis gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
ar miuqcevia da amdenad incestis moments ver miviCnevT ganmsazRvrelad tragedia-
Si. da mainc, rasakvirvelia, sofokles aSkarad aqvs yuradReba gamaxvilebuli in-
cestze, rogorc oidiposisa da iokastes umTavres ubedurebaze. oidiposi Tavs
bednierad grZnobs, vidre ar Seityobs, rom colad deda SeurTavs. TavisTavad, bi-
ologiuri TvalsazrisiT, amgvar kavSirs araviTari obieqturi winaaRmdegoba ar
eRobeba. magram arsebobs adamianTa sruliad gamokveTili, SesaZloa, RmerTisgan
Canergili rwmena, rom dedisa da Svilis sqesobrivi kavSiri dauSvebelia. es mo-
raluri tabu imdenad Zlieria, rom misi darRvevis gacnobiereba adamianebs
fsiqologiuri katastrofiT emuqreba. sofokles es momenti uTuod sagangebod
gamokveTili aqvs, miT umetes, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom adreuli epikuri tradi-
cia jer kidev ar icnobda sakuTar incestze oidiposis esoden tragikuli rea-
girebis versias. sofoklem ki miTologiur informacias incestze WeSmaritad
tragikuli JReradoba mianiWa.1 rogorc vxedavT, froidTan, nicSesagan gansxvave-
biT, codnasa da ucodinarobasTan dakavSirebuli problematika mTlianad arac-
nobieris sferoSi eqceva. masTan tragediis ZiriTad opozicias qmnis: biologiuri
daSvebuloba / moraluri dauSvebloba. pirveli aSkarad Tavsdeba bunebrivis far-
glebSi, radgan amgvari ram biologiurad SesaZlebelia. magram rogorc ki sakiTxi
moraluri aspeqtiT warmoCindeba da ukve momxdari adamianTa sazogadoebis fun-
qcionirebis mkacr moralur sistemaSi Cajdeba gaucnobierebelis gacnobierebis
Sedegad, maSin codna aSkarad Trgunavs adamianSi bunebrivad arsebul mi-
swrafebebs. froidiseul oidiposis saxis interpretacias bevri mowinaaRmdege aR-
moaCnda mecnier-filologTa saxiT da uamravi mimdevari xelovanTa Soris, ro-
melTac misi sofokleseuli oidiposis miTis fsiqoanalitikur-mxatvruli inter-
pretaciis araerTi varianti SemogvTavazes.2
mesame modeli struqturalist klod levi-stross ekuTvnis. igi oidiposis
miTs mimarTavs rogorc struqturuli analizis sakuTari meTodis warmoCenis
erT-erT tipiur magaliTs. mecnieri analizisas miTs adarebs saorkestro parti-
turas, gamohyofs masSi e.w. miTemebs, anu miTis Semadgenel garkveuli mimarTebis
Tu azris gamomxatvel elementebs.3 am miTemebs igi ajgufebs oTx vertikalur
svetad. TiToeul maTganSi Tavs iyris erT konad Sekruli mimarTebebi. pirvel
jgufs, anu svets Seadgens movlenebi, romelTac naTesauri mimarTebebis hiper-
trofia, anu gadaWarbebuli Sefaseba aerTianebT, meore warmogvidgens
naTesaobis Seufaseblobas, an arasaTanado Sefasebas, mesame urCxulebsa da maT
mospobas, meoTxe dabrkolebebs kidurebis gamoyenebisas. amis Semdgom levi-
strosi amgvarad aJRerebs oidiposis miTis partituras, anu mis arss: `sazoga-
1 Sdr. S. Freud, Die Traumdeutung (1900) (Gesammelte Schriften II, Leipzig, Wien, Zürich 1925). froidis Teo-
riisaTvis detalurad ix. Ch. Segal, dasax. naSr. gv. 161 Smd.
2 am mxriv ukanasknel xanebSi Seqmnil nawarmoebTagan gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa frangi mwer-
lis anri boSos romani òidiposi gzaSi~ (1990).
3 a.m., amgvar elementebad CaiTvleba: oidiposma mokla Tavisi mama laiosi; antigonem daarRvia
akrZalva da dakrZala sakuTari Zma da a.S.
386
doeba, romelic adamianis avtoxTonurobis1 ideas aRiarebs, ver axerxebs im azr-
Tan Seguebas, rom TiToeuli Cvengani kacisa da qalis kavSiris Sedegad aris So-
bili. es gadaulaxavi barieria. magram oidiposis miTi gvaZlevs logikur instru-
ments, romlis daxmarebiTac sakiTxis Tavdapirveli dasmidan – adamiani ibadeba
erTi Tu ori arsebidan? – SegviZlia gadavideT warmoebul, daaxloebiT amgvarad
formulirebul problemaze: msgavsi msgavsisgan iSoba Tu raRac sxvisagan? aqedan
naTeli xdeba amgvari Tanafardoba: sisxliT naTesaobis gadaWarbebuli Sefaseba
sazogadoebaSi arsebobs mis arasaTanadod SefasebasTan erTad; avtoxTonurobis
ugulebelyofisaken ltolva arsebobs amis gakeTebis SeuZleblobasTan erTad~. 2
levi-strosis modeli kidev ufro universaluria, vidre nicSesa da froi-
disa, radgan igi saerTod miTologiuri azrovnebis arsisa da sazogadod miTis
struqturis gaazrebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. amis wyalobiT, igi SeiZleba
miesadagos ara marto oidiposis miTis sofokleseul, aramed yvela versiis gaT-
valiswinebiT aRdgenil multivariantul sqemas.3
am modelebis ganxilvis Semdeg Tuki kvlav sofokles tragedias davubrundeb-
iT, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom sofokles oidiposma `moinela~ antikurobis, Sua-
saukuneebis, renesansis, postrenesansuli, axali da uaxlesi epoqebis araerTi
mwerlis Tu xelovanis mravalricxovani, oidiposis Temaze Seqmnili nawarmoebi,
radgan maT, albaT, mxolod sakuTari epoqis msoflaRqmasa Tu gemovnebasTan mis-
adagebuli gza ukve ganvles da amowures. Tuki erT-erTi uaxlesi, sakmaod gaxmau-
rebuli romanis, òidiposi gzaSi~, avtoris anri boSos sityvebs moviSveliebT,
`[sofokles] oidiposi ki kvlav aris da mudmivad iqneba gzad~.4
èleqtra~, unda vifiqroT, sofokles gviandel dramaTa rigs ganekuTvneba,
Tumca misi Seqmnis Tundac miaxloebiTi TariRis Sesaxeb dRes araviTari
konkretuli cnoba ar mogvepoveba. mkvlevarTa varaudi ZiriTadad imas eyrdnoba,
rom am tragediaSi sofokle sakmaod Sordeba zogierT im princips, rac mis
adreul SemoqmedebaSi SeiniSneboda da gviCvenebs imgvar siaxleebs, romelnic
aqamde masTan ar SeimCneoda.5 tragedia mravali TvalsazrisiT ipyrobs yur-
adRebas. jer erTi, igi arsebiTad imave fabulas amuSavebs, rac esqiles `qoefo-
rebSi~ iyo asaxuli da vinmem mokled rom moindomos am ori dramis Sinaarsis gad-
mocema, adamiani gansxvavebas verc ki SeniSnavs maT Soris. magram sakmarisia Tavad
piesebis wakiTxva, rom davrwmundeT imaSi, Tu raoden umniSvnelo iyo klasikuri
1 avtoxTonurobaSi igulisxmeba adamianis bunebidan warmomavloba, msgavsad imisa, rogorc mce-

nareebi aRmocendebian miwidan. Ch. Segal, dasax. naSr. specialur Tavs uZRvnis miwis rols òi-
dipos mefeSi~, gv. 199 Smd.
2 К. Леви-Строс, Структура мифа (wignSi: Структурная антропология. Перевод с французского под редакцией и
с примечаниями Вяч. Вс. Иванова, Москва 1985), gv. 189 Smd.
3 Sdr. К. Леви-Строс, dasax. naSr., gv. 194. mimoxilvisaTvis ix. r. gordeziani, miTebis sibrZne, Tbi-
lisi 2005, 78 Smd.
4 oidiposis Temis mxatvrul literaturaSi asaxvis TvalsazrisiT, Sua saukuneebidan moyo-
lebuli Semdegi nawarmoebebi SeiZleba miviCnioT umniSvnelovanesad:
Le Roman de Thèbes (daaxl. 1150).
Giovanni Boccacio, De mulieribus claris (1362).
Pierre Corneille, Oedipe (1659).
John Dryden, Nathaniel Lee, Oedipus (1679).
Voltaire, Oedipe (1719).
August Graf von Platen, Der romantische Oedipus (1829).
Hugo von Hofmannsthal, Ödipus und Sphinx (1905).
Andre Gide, Oedipe (1931).
Jean Cocteau, La machine infernale (1932).
Friedrich Dürrenmatt, Das Sterben der Pythia (1976).
Henry Bauchau, Oedipe sur la route (1990).
5 Sdr. A. Lesky, TDH, gv. 229 tragediis 412/411 wlebiT daTariRebas miiCnevs SesaZleblad. W.
Schadewaldt, Die griechische Tragödie, gv. 281 tragedias sofokles Semoqmedebis gviandel periods
miawers, romelic Zv.w.a. 415 wlidan iwyeba.
387
epoqis tragikosisaTvis nawarmoebisaTvis SerCeuli ambis Sinaarsi TavisTavad,
Tu raoden ar aRelvebda mas ukve gamoyenebuli fabulis damuSavebis problema,
Tu rogor SeiZleba erTi da imave fabulis safuZvelze Seiqmnas ramdenime Tavisi
poeturi koncefciiT sruliad gansxvavebuli da originaluri genialuri na-
warmoebi. am sakiTxs Cven kidev erTxel movubrundebiT, rodesac evripides
èleqtraze~ vimsjelebT, aq ki SevecadoT gaverkveT sofokles tragediis Tavise-
burebaSi. sofokle Tavisi piesis siuJetur modelad sruliad aSkarad iRebs es-
qiles `qoeforebs~. amas gviCvenebs is, rom misi piesis siuJeturi RerZi (Tavisi
dasawyisiTa da dasasruliT) arsebiTad emTxveva esqilesas, magram msgavseba,
faqtobrivad, amiT amoiwureba. tragikuli konfliqtis arsis gaazrebasa da
ganviTarebaSi sofokle savsebiT gansxvavebuli gziT wavida.
tragediis moqmedeba mikenSi mimdinareobs. prologSi gamodian orestesi, misi
moxuci aRmzrdeli da orestesis megobari piladesi. aRmzrdeli arkvevs agamem-
nonis Zes imaSi, Tu sad imyofebian. mayurebeli aqve Seityobs imasac, rom Turme
Cvili orestesi agamemnonis tragikuli mkvlelobis dRes eleqtras gadaucia
aRmzrdelisaTvis da gauparebia mikenidan. axla orestesi dabrunda, raTa,
rogorc apolonis piTiur samisnos orestesisaTvis urCevia, moxerxebulobiT
iZios Suri mamis mkvlelebze. agamemnonis Zis gegma amgvaria. aRmzrdeli, ro-
melsac sasaxleSi veRar icnoben, gamocxaddeba mikenis meufeTa, klitemnestrasa
da egisTosis winaSe da auwyebs maT, TiTqos orestesi daiRupa piTiur TamaSebSi
monawileobis dros. amasobaSi Tavad orestesi da piladesi agamemnonis saflavze
wavlen da aRasruleben rituals – pkurebiTa da Tmis moWrili kululebis iq da-
tovebiT. Semdeg mobrundebian sasaxleSi urniT, romliTac viTomda orestesis
ferfls moitanen, rasac Surisgebis aRsruleba mohyveba. parodosi, faqtobrivad,
komoss warmoadgens, sadac eleqtra gundTan erTad moTqvams mamis mzakvrul
mkvlelobaze, Tavis unugeSo mdgomareobaze da imediT elis orestesis – Su-
rismgeblis dabrunebas. ukve aq Cvens win ikveTeba tragediis WeSmaritad mTavari
gmiris – eleqtras sulieri dramis mizezi: fiqri mamis ulmobel da usamarTlo
mkvlelobaze, mkvlelebTan – klitemnestrasa da egisTosTan – wlebis ganmavlobaSi
erT WerqveS iZulebiTi, arsebiTad monuri cxovreba yovelgvari sixarulis gareSe.
mis umTavres miznad qceula Surisgeba dedasa da mis meuRleze, ris ZiriTad
aRmsrulebladac orestesi unda moevlinos. pirvel episodionSi sofokles
eleqtras poziciis ufro mZafrad gamosakveTad Semohyavs moqmedebaSi misi da qri-
soTemisi (SesaZloa, Tavadve dramaturgis mier gamogonebuli saxe),1 romlis msof-
laRqma Zireulad gansxvavdeba eleqtrasagan. igi gamodis, raTa eleqtras gau-
Tavebeli moTqma Seakavos da mouwodos mas meti praqtikulobisaken. man icis, rom
..... Tu Tavisuflad mmarTebs cxovreba,
saWiro aris yvelaferSi mbrZanebelT smena.
(339-40)
eleqtra zizRs da risxvas gamoTqvams dis mimarT, romelic Tumc ganicdis ma-
mis mokvlas, magram saqmiT mkvlelTa mxarezea. igi amiT Ralatobs mamis xsovnas,
xolo eleqtras is mainc amSvidebs, rom godebiT uwamlavs sicocxles damnaSave-
ebs; qrisoTemiss awuxebs dis bedi, man icis, rom, rogorc ki egisTosi mikenSi dab-
rundeba, eleqtras bnel sardafSi Caketaven. eleqtras igi imasac auwyebs, rom
klitemnestram avismauwyebeli sizmari naxa da axla qrisoTemiss agamemnonis saf-
lavze zedaSis Sesawirad agzavnis. sizmarSi TiTqos agamemnoni kvlav dabrunda
sasaxleSi, xeli daavlo Tavis kverTxs, romelic axla egisToss upyria da Caaso
igi keraSi. kverTxi SeifoTla da misma Crdilma mTeli mikenis mxare moicva. eleq-
tra iTanxmebs das, ar aRasrulos zedaSis Sewirva. mamis saflavze Sesawirad Ta-
visi Tmis kululebi waiRos, aseve eleqtras Tmis sacodavi narCenebi da misi Rari-
1 qrisoTemisis Sesaxeb Sdr. RE, III, 2520 Smd.
388
buli qamari, anu yovelive, rac mas kidev SemorCenia. gundi mReris moaxloebuli
Surisgebis Sesaxeb. Semdegi episodioni klitemnestrasa da eleqtras dialogiT
iwyeba. klitemnestra ukmayofiloa, rom eleqtra ase gauTaveblad moTqvams xal-
xis Tvalwin da lanZRavs Tavis dedasa da egisToss. igi Tavs imarTlebs da yove-
lives agamemnons abralebs, romelmac ase gulgrilad Seswira Tavisi qaliSvili,
ifigenia, aqavelebisa Tu menelaosis gamo RmerTebs. xom ar mosvlia TavSi aravis
sxvas, maT Soris menelaossac, Tavisi Svilis ase gawirva. eleqtras mamxilebeli
sityva arsebiTad aSiSvlebs yovelives, rac moxda. ara qaliSvilis siyvarulma da
samarTlianobis grZnobam, aramed sayvarelma aiZula klitemnestra, moekla agamem-
noni. rogor SeiZleba agamemnonis dadanaSauleba, rodesac man qaliSvili artemi-
sis survilis gamo Seswira qalRmerTs, riTac ixsna aqavelTa laSqari gamouvali
mdgomareobidan. magram, romc Tavisi Zmis gamo gaewira mas Svili, klitemnestra
raRa uflebiT klavda qmars. yovelive amis Semdeg rogori damokidebuleba SeiZ-
leba hqondes eleqtras dedis mimarT:
...... mogixsenebdi Cemda Tavad
av qalbatonad namdvilad ufro, vidre dedad,
me, romelic autaneli cxovrebiT vcxovrob.
Sengan da Seni meuRlisgan sul cuds rom veli,
orestesi ki, romelic Zlivs gaeqca Sens xels,
mravlis amtani ubedurad atarebs dReebs.
Sen bralsa mdebdi, rom me TiTqos imas gizrdidi
Surismgeblad. o, amis qmna rom SemZleboda,
xom kargad ici, vizamdi kidec. amis gamo
miwode ginda avi, yvelas winaSe, ginda
enaaSvebuli, ginda sul mTlad usircxvilo.
Tuki me viSvi marTlac aseT saqmeTa mqmnelad,
mgoni, amiT sruliadac ar varcxven – Sens jiSs.
(597-609)
klitemnestras aRar ZaluZs gamexebul eleqtrasTan saubris gagrZeleba. igi
mouwodebs msaxurT, daexmaron, aRasrulos apolonisadmi vedrebis rituali.
klitemnestras ar surs misi locvis Sinaarsi sxvebma gaigon da amitom RmerTs
mxolod mianiSnebs Tavis Txovnaze, Tuki mis mier naxuli sizmari keTilismauwye-
belia, de, igi axdes, xolo Tu avis, nu axdeba. Semodis orestesis aRmzrdeli, ro-
melic auwyebs klitemnestrasa da eleqtras orestesis piTiur TamaSebze daRup-
vis ambavs. igi imdenad ostaturad aRwers am TiTqosda momxdar ambavs, rom mis
sityvebSi eWvis Setana Znelia. dedis reaqcia Svilis daRupvis cnobaze ar aris
calsaxa:
o, zevso, ra vuwodo amas – bedniereba
Tu Tavzari, Tumc sasargeblo, samwuxaroa,
rom sicocxles vinarCuneb Cemianis aviT.
(766-68)
eleqtrasaTvis es cnoba WeSmaritad Tavzardamcemia. da Tuki, bolos da bo-
los, klitemnestra kmayofilia Svilis daRupvis uwyebiT da igi aRmzrdels sas-
axleSi SeipatiJebs, eleqtra iwyebs Zmis glovas, romelic komosSi gadaizrdeba.
Semdeg episodionSi brundeba gaxarebuli qrisoTemisi. man mamis saflavze Sewir-
vis kvali naxa da sjera, rom orestesi dabrunda, magram eleqtra mas Zmis
daRupvis ambavs axvedrebs. mas aRar aqvs meti gamosavali. Tavad unda iZios Suri
mamis mkvlelebze. qrisoTemisi uars eubneba Tanamonawileobaze. gundi exmaureba
eleqtras mZime mdgomareobas. Semodian orestesi da piladesi msaxurebiT, ro-
melTagan erTs micvalebulis ferflisaTvis gankuTvnili urna moaqvs. orestesi,
romelic Tavs egisTosTan mosul fokiselad acxadebs, auwyebs eleqtras, rom es
aris klitemnestras Zis ferfli. qals uaxldeba tkivili, igi moTqvams Zmis gamo.
389
orestess gaaocebs, Tu rogor dauWknia ubedurebas erT dros lamazi misi da. es
aris kulminaciuri scena, romelSic moCvenebiTisa da realuris TamaSi ukidures
zRvars aRwevs. eleqtra dastiris Zmas, romelic mis winaSe dgas saR-salamaTi.
orestesi rwmundeba dis usazRvro erTgulebaSi da gamoutydeba mas simarTleSi.
eleqtra swrafad ijerebs orestesis sityvebs, miT ufro, rom Zma mas mamis beWed-
sac aCvenebs. udidesi mwuxareba icvleba udidesi sixaruliT. eleqtra zeimobs.
misi cxovrebis mizani aRsrulebas uaxlovdeba. gamodis aRmzrdeli, romelic da-
Zmas TavSekavebisaken mouwodebs. orestesi Sedis sasaxleSi dedis mosaklavad.
gareT ki eleqtra mikenel qalTa gundTan erTad elis misTvis esoden sanukvar
moments. igi garedan amxnevebs Zmas. dedis yovel kvnesas eqstazSi mohyavs eleqtra.
bolos da bolos, rodesac klitemnestras aRmoxdeba: `vaime, Camcxo~... eleqtra
garedan SesZaxebs: `Cacxe, Tu SegiZlia, orgzis~ (1415). dedis mkvleloba aRsrulda.
axla jeri egisToszea. igi udardeli brundeba sasaxleSi da elis stumrebisgan
misTvis sasurveli cnobis mosmenas. mas auwyeben, rom orestesis gvami Camoasvenes.
gaixsneba sasaxlis kari da iqidan sudaragadafarebuli cxedari Semosvendeba.
rodesac egisTosi safars axdis, igi dainaxavs klitemnestras. yvelaferi cxadia.
egisToss, eleqtras rCeviT, aRar aclian zedmet laparaks. igi sasaxlisaken mi-
hyavT Surisgebis aRsasruleblad. gundi amgvarad asrulebs tragedias:
o, atrevsis modgmav, esoden bevris damTmeno,
Zlivs moipove Tavisufleba
axla am Taosnobis aRsrulebiT.
(1508-10)
gundis am sityvebSi, rogorc Cans, gamoxatulia piesis tragikuli konfliqtis
arsi. agamemnonis Svilebma, romelTac awevT mamisaTvis Surisgebis tvirTi, am Su-
risgebis aRsrulebiT moixsnes igi da moipoves is, rasac sofokle Tavisuflebas
uwodebs. am sityvaSi igulisxmeba isic, rom orestesma mmarTvelobis ufleba dai-
bruna, isic, rom atrevsis STamomavalni moralurad ganTavisufldnen. Sesabami-
sad, sofoklesaTvis, esqilesagan gansxvavebiT, sagvareulo Surisgebis aRs-
rulebis siZnelis da amiT gamowveuli vnebaTaRelvis Cveneba ki ar iyo mTavari,
aramed imisi, Tu ra mdgomareobamde mihyavs adamianebi movaleobas – aRasrulon
umZimesi Surisgeba. aman ki aqcentebis sruli gadasma gamoiwvia tragikuli kon-
fliqtis ganviTarebaSi da piesis mTavar moqmed pirad orestesi ki ara, eleqtra
gaxada. da marTlac, orestesisaTvis, romelic izrdeboda sasaxlidan Sors,
dedisadmi siZulvils ar SeiZleboda iseTi simZafre hqonoda, rogorc eleqtra-
saTvis, romelic ara marto msxverpli iyo dedis mier Cadenili danaSaulisa, ara-
med mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi dedis Svilebis mimarT gamoCenili usulgu-
lobis, mtruli damokidebulebis yoveldRiuri mowme. sofoklesTan orestesi,
misi TanmxlebebiTurT, faqtobrivad, RmerTis, apolonis nebis aRmsrulebelni
arian, Surisgeba maTTvis ar aris organul moTxovnilebad qceuli. Sesabamisad,
orestesis partia piesaSi erTob mokrZalebulia. igi arsebiTad mxolod piesis
Tavsa da boloSi Cndeba. tragikuli konfliqtis mTel simZimes eleqtra atarebs.
misTvis Surisgeba cxovrebis mizania da maSinac ki, rodesac eleqtra dakargavs
orestesis dabrunebis imeds, igi mzadaa Tavadve aRasrulos mZime movaleoba. misi
ukompromiso, fanatizmamde misuli figuris ufro mkafiod gamokveTisaTvis,
sofokles gamohyavs, rogorc Cans, tradiciisaTvis ucnobi an naklebad cnobili
qrisoTemisi, romelmac klitemnestrasa da egisTosTan `gonieri Tanaarsebobis~
gza airCia.1 marTalia, misi sulis siRrmeSi darCenilia mamis mkvlelobiT gamo-
wveuli tkivili, rac eleqtrasadmi gamovlenil TanagrZnobas da orestesis dab-
runebis molodins asazrdoebs, magram es tkivili arc ise mZafria, rom man qriso-
Temisi SurisgebaSi eleqtras mokavSired aqcios.
1 Sdr. A. Lesky, TDH, gv. 230 Smd.
390
piesaSi, esqilesagan gansxvavebiT, ara marto centraluri gmiria Secvlili,
aramed ukana planzea gadatanili TviT apolonis nebis aRsrulebis motivic.
Tavad orestesisaTvis, Tumca igi apolonis rCevis mixedviT moqmedebs, Surisgeba
aris sasjeli veragobisaTvis, adamianTa urTierTobebSi dadgenili kanonis
xelyofisaTvis, codvis Segnebulad CadenisaTvis. misi sityvebi Surisgebis aRs-
rulebis Semdeg, arsebiTad, gamarTlebaa agamemnonis Zis mier daRvrili sisxlisa:
kargi iqneba ase rom daisajos yvela,
vinc ki esoden xelyofs kanonebs, unda mokvdes.
maSin veragoba, albaT, ar iqneboda bevri.
(1505-7)
samagierod, eleqtrasaTvis Surisgeba ara marto umaRlesi samarTlis aRs-
rulebaa, aramed im adamianebisagan ganTavisuflebacaa, romelTac mas moukles
axalgazrdoba da bedniereba. im detalSi, rom orestesi sakuTari dis garegnul
Caferfvlas SeniSnavs, aSkaradaa naCvenebi, Tu raoden imoqmeda eleqtraze
ubedurebam da SurisZiebisaken esoden dauokebelma ltolvam. eleqtras, trage-
diis aSkarad centraluri gmiris, partiebs piesaSi yvelaze meti adgili uWiravs.
igi, faqtobrivad, sul scenazea da, Tumca Tavisi xeliT ar aRasrulebs mkvlelo-
bis aqts, misi monawileoba SurisgebaSi erTob aqtiuria. igi aris am aqtis suli
da guli, ZiriTadi inspiratori. misi agresiulobisa da ukompromisobis moti-
vaciisaTvis sofokles gamohyavs klitemnestra egoist, gulqva, ramdenadme dema-
gogiur saxed, romlisTvisac mTavaria daasabuTos sakuTari danaSaulis
uflebamosileba, romelsac SeuZlia sakuTari Tavis gadarCenisaTvis Svilis
daRupvis cnobiTac ki gaixaros, qaliSvili pirdapirobisa da mamis glovisaTvis
jurRmulSi Caketos.
rogorc vTqviT, sofokles ufro ainteresebs is, rac xdeba Surisgebis mo-
lodinSi adamianebSi, vidre Tavad Surisgeba, an rac mas mohyveba. aq dramaturgma,
ZiriTadad eleqtras vnebaTaRelvis warmoCeniT, mSvenivrad gviCvena, Tu rogor
aTamaSebs adamians mis cxovrebaSi moCvenebiTisa da realuris mudmivi cvale-
badoba. Tumca piesis TavSive yvelaferi garkveulia, Cven viciT, rom orestesi
dabrunda mikenSi Surisgebis aRsasruleblad, magram Tavad eleqtra amas mxolod
tragediis finalSi igebs. manamde ki, pirvel rigSi, igi, magram mniSvnelovanwilad
klitemnestrac, qrisoTemisic da egisTosic ganwyobilebaTa mudmiv cvlaSi arian.
rogorc Cans, sofokles am tragediaSi gansakuTrebiT ainteresebda adamianis su-
lieri mdgomareobis intensiuri da kontrastuli cvalebadobebis, sxvadasxva
adamianebis sulier mdgomareobaze erTsa da imave informaciis gansxvavebuli
efeqtis Cveneba. arsebiTad, aq sofokles ufro is surs gvaCvenos, Tu rogoria
gmiris reaqcia imaze, rac xdeba, vidre is, Tu ra xdeba saerTod. es ki, albaT, am
periodis berZnul literaturaSi saerTod gmiris fsiqologizmis mimarT yu-
radRebis gaZlierebis maCvenebeli unda iyos.1
da bolos, unda aRiniSnos isic, rom tragediaSi sofokle aSkarad sakmaod
daSorda e.w. idealuri adamianis warmosaxvis princips. ver vityviT, rom trage-
diis finali orestesisa da eleqtras moqmedebis humanuri Sedegebis demonstra-
cia iyos. piriqiT, sofokle aq gviCvenebs, Tu raoden arahumanuri da Seu-
bralebeli SeiZleba gaxados Surisgebis mZime tvirTma adamianebi. piesis bolos
verc yovelgvar saTnoebamoklebul eleqtras, verc garkveulad meryev da dis
brZanebebis TiTqmis meqanikurad aRmsrulebel orestess ver TanaugrZnobs
mkiTxveli Tu mayurebeli.2
1 Sdr. Latacz, Einführung..., gv. 240.

2 interpretaciisaTvis Sdr. A. Lesky, TDH, gv. 230 Smd.; W. Schadewaldt, Die griechische Tragödie, gv. 281
Smd.
391
eleqtras saxe msoflio literaturisaTvis sakmaod mimzidveli aRmoCnda,
Tumca igi Tavisi popularobiT ramdenadme Camouvardeba antigonesa da oidiposs.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom recefciis ZiriTad wyaros sofoklesTan erTad evripidec
warmoadgenda. amitom, sofokles èleqtras~ gavlenis masStabebze msjelobisas,
unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom am saxis gviandel interpretaciebze orive wyaro
erTdroulad axdenda gavlenas. da mainc, xSir SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba imis gan-
sazRvra, esa Tu is Tanamedrove mwerali romeli wyarosagan aris ufro da-
valebuli. eleqtras saxis popularoba antikurobis Semdgom arsebiTad XVII-XVIII
saukuneebis evropul mwerlobaSi aRorZinda. P. J. Crébillon-Tan (1709), H. B. Longepier-
sa (1719) da J. Bodmer-Tan (1760) Surisgeba dedaze ukana planze inacvlebs da yur-
adReba egisTosis mokvlazea gamaxvilebuli.1 XX saukunis mweralTa Semoqmede-
baSi eleqtras saxis formirebaze aSkarad sofokles tragediam moaxdina udidesi
gavlena. upirveles yovlisa, es iTqmis h. fon hofmanstalis èleqtraze~ (1903),
romelic sofokles dramis Tavisufal gadatanas warmoadgens germanul enaze da
aqac gansakuTrebiT esmis xazi eleqtras aqtivobas Surisgebis aRsrulebaSi. 1937
wels gamodis Jan Jirodus èleqtra~. aq savsebiT Secvlilia sofokleseuli da
evripideseuli tragediebis paTosi. klitemnestra, romelic Tavs agamemnons
uwodebs da cdilobs mas JestikulaciiTac ki mibaZos, egisTosTan erTad sakmaod
warmatebiT marTavs qalaqs da xalxi kmayofilia. aravis ar awuxebs agamemnonTan
dakavSirebuli moraluri tvirTi. eleqtra warmodgenilia am ìdiliuri~ situa-
ciis xelisSemSlel elementad, Tavisi mudmivi zizRiTa da sicocxlis siZul-
viliT. eleqtram jer arc mamis mokvlis ambavi icis (radgan maSin is jer kidev
bavSvi iyo) da arc is, rom egisTosi dedamisis sayvarelia, radgan isini jer kidev
ar dakavSirebian erTmaneTs qorwinebiT. magram, mas Semdeg, rac igi yovelives
Seityobs, misi ltolva Surisgebisaken damangreveli xdeba qalaqisaTvis, egisTo-
sisaTvis, klitemnestrasa da orestesisaTvis da, bolos da bolos, Tavad eleqt-
rasaTvis. amdenad klasikuri moralis idea JirodusTan garkveulwilad iro-
nizebulia. o' nilisa da hauptmanis nawarmoebebs, romlebic ufro kompleqsurad
asaxaven atridebis Tqmulebas, zemoT ukve SevexeT. sainteresoa, sofokles trage-
diasTan mimarTebis TvalsazrisiT, Jirodus èleqtras~ Seqmnidan eqvsi wlis
Tavze dawerili Jan pol sartris `buzebi~. piesaSi erTi movleniT, SurisgebiT,
gaerTianebuli eleqtra da orestesi, erTdroulad upirispirdebian erTmaneTs
rogorc negatiuri da pozitiuri funqciiT aRWurvili personaJebi. orestesi
Tavisuflebis filosofiis gansxeulebas da amdenad, Tavisufal adamians war-
moadgens. eleqtra, faqtobrivad, ar aris Tavisufali, mas sZuls da igi moqmedebs
mTlianad sakuTar impulsebs, grZnobebs daqvemdebarebuli. da miuxedavad imisa,
rom eleqtra mets daiTimens da ufro metad itanjeba, igi Tavad ar axorcielebs
Surisgebas, eleqtras rolia, Surismgebel Zmas elodos. mas eSinia damoukide-
blad imoqmedos. Sesabamisad, èleqtra Tavad ar irCevs sakuTar qmedebas da ar
surs, Tavis nebasa da saqcielze pasuxismgebloba aiRos, rogorc orestesma~.2
`filoqtetesi~, romelic sofokles 85 wlis asakSi dauweria, daidga (Zv.w.a.
409 wels).3 is e.w. umsxverplo tragediaa. masSi aravin iRupeba. igi gviCvenebs, rom
genialuri dramaturgi TviT sicocxlis bolo wlebamde eZiebda dramatuli
konfliqtis ganviTarebis axal-axal gzebs. es tragedia imiTac aris yuradRebis
Rirsi, rom igi sofokles Cvenamde moRweuli erTaderTi piesaa, romelSic qali
saerTod ar monawileobs. tragedia gamoiyenebs ukve homerosisaTvis kargad
cnobil legendas aqaveli gmiris filoqtetesis Sesaxeb. mas Tavis droze momak-
vdavma heraklem dautova Tavisi mSvild-isari. filoqtetesi aqavel winamZRoleb-
1 Sdr. E. M. Moormann, W. Uitterhoeve, Lexikon der antiken Gestalten, gv. 252.

2 Sdr. K. Hamburger, Von Sophokles zu Sartre, Griechische Dramenfiguren antik und modern, Stuttgart, Berlin, Köln,
Mainz 19684, gv. 65 Smd.
3 Sdr. W. Schadewaldt, Die griechische Tragödie, gv. 295.
392
Tan erTad troasaken gaemarTa, magram gzad mas gvelma ukbina. Wriloba ar xorc-
deboda da saocar simyrales afrqvevda. odisevsis rCeviT igi kunZul lemnosze
datoves. aTi weli gagrZelda troas omi. berZnebma winaswarmetyvelebis saSu-
alebiT Seityves, rom herakles mSvild-isris gareSe isini troas ver aiRebdnen.
odisevsi da diomedesi (sofoklesTan neoptolemosi) gaemgzavrnen lemnosze da
SeZles filoqtetesis wamoyvana. igi troadaSi gankurnes. misma isarma ki imsxverp-
la troas omis mizezi – parisi. omis Semdeg filoqtetesi mSvidobiT dabrunda
samSobloSi.1
filoqtetesis lemnosidan wamoyvanis Tqmuleba, rogorc Cans, gansakuTrebiT
izidavda tragikosebs. am Temaze piesebi dauweriaT esqiles, evripides, romlebic
win uswrebdnen sofokles tragedias.2
`filoqtetesSi~ sofoklem Secvala ramdenime siuJeturi elementi: masTan lem-
nosi ukacriel kunZulad aris warmodgenili; odisevss Tan axlavs aqilevsis Ze
neoptolemosi; xolo gundi Sedgeba ara lemnosis mkvidrTagan, aramed neoptole-
mosis Tanmxleb mezRvaurTagan.3 magram umTavresi is aris, rom sofokle Seecada
am tragediaSi arsebiTad paTosur-kaTartituli koncefcia analitikur-
kaTartituliT Seecvala. man ZiriTadi yuradReba gmiris tanjvis Cvenebaze ki ar
gadaitana, aramed sakuTari poziciis gamoxatvaze Zv.w.a. V saukunis meore naxevris
saberZneTSi mimdinare diskusiis zogierT moralur-didaqtikur TezisTan da-
kavSirebiT. amisaTvis man SearCia sami xasiaTis urTierTSepirispirebis principi,
odisevsis, filoqtetesis da neoptolemosis.
moqmedeba iwyeba lemnosze moxvedrili odisevsisa da neoptolemosis saubriT.
odisevsi arigebs Tavis axalgazrda Tanamgzavrs, Tu rogor unda eZebos filo-
qtetesi, rogor unda daarwmunos igi, rom Tavadac ganawyenebuli, aqavelebs gamo-
eqca da rogor unda Caigdos misi iaraRi xelSi motyuebiT. laertesis Zem icis,
rom xalasi neoptolemosisaTvis amdeni tyuilis Tqma Zneli iqneba, magram
odisevss Tavisi principi aqvs, romelic aqavelTaTvis sasurveli miznis nebismi-
eri gziT miRwevaSi mdgomareobs:
Svilo, xom vici, rom bunebiT ar xar iseTi,
ase icruo anda SeZlo xrikTa mowyoba.
Tumc radgan Zlevis mopoveba erTob tkbilia,
gabede, samarTlis mcvelni merec gavxdebiT,
am dRes cota xniT, gTxov, gadade ganze sircxvili,
momande Seni Tavi, xolo momavalSi ki
geqneba dro, RvTismosavad kvlav Tavs racxavde.
(79-85)
neoptolemosi ar iRebs Tavdapirvelad odisevsis rCevas:
me is sityvebi, romelTa smenac guls matkens,

o, laertis Zev, mejavreba Sesasruleblad.
radgan gavCndi, rom cudi ar vqna xrikTa wyalobiT,
iseve rogorc iqceoda Cemi mSobelic.
mzad var, rom me is kaci ZaliT wamoviyvano,
Tumc ara eSmakobiT ..........
......................
1 filoqtetesis Sesaxeb berZnul miTologiur tradiciaSi ix. DNP, 9, 832 Smd.; miTisa da ver-
siebisaTvis Sdr. troas omi, Txroba da komentarebi laSa beraiasi, Tbilisi 2002.
2 dawvrilebiT Sdr. W. Schadewaldt, Die griechische Tragödie, gv. 297 Smd. ix. agr. H. J. Mette, Der uerlorene
Aischylos, gv. 99 Smd.
3 Sdr. W. Schadewaldt, Die griechische Tragödie, gv. 300 Smd.
393
meufev, ufro metad msurs kargis mqmnelma
vigemo marcxi, vidre avisam – gavimarjvo.
(86-95)
amis Semdeg imarTeba dava imaze, Tu romeli ufro swori gzaa – motyueba, Tu
darwmuneba. odisevsi iqiTken ixreba, rom mocemul SemTxvevaSi umjobesia tyuili
da neoptolemosis kiTxvaze:
gana Sen ar Tvli, rom tyuili samarcxvinoa
(108)
odisevsi pasuxobs:
ara, Tuki gadarCenas mogvitans tyuili.
(109)
bolos da bolos, odisevsi daarwmunebs neoptolemoss da isic Tavisi
mezRvaurebiTurT mzad aris, iTamaSos laertesis Zis mier mogonil speqtaklSi.
filoqtetesTan neoptolemosis Sexvedras pirvelisaTvis udidesi sixaruli
moaqvs – rogorc iqna, man dainaxa adamiani, Tanac elini.
kidev ufro keTilad ganewyoba filoqtetesi Wabukis mimarT, rodesac Sei-
tyobs, Tu visi Svilia igi da ratom gamoeqca troadidan aqavelebs. Tavis mxriv,
filoqtetesi uyveba aqilevsis Zes ukacriel kunZulze Tavisi mZime cxovrebis
ambavs. igi sTxovs neoptolemoss, ar datovos lemnosze mamamisis megobari da, mi-
uxedavad imisa, rom misi fexi saocrad yars, waiyvanos Tavisi xomaldiT samSob-
loSi. neoptolemosi qorosTan TaTbiris Semdeg hpirdeba am survilis aRs-
rulebas. filoqtetesi saocrad miendo aqilevsis Zes, mas eWvic ki ar epareba
Wabukis gulwrfelobaSi. igi mas uyveba, Tu rogor Seuracxyves odisevsma da
atridebma, misma umTavresma piradma mtrebma. am dros Semodis viTomda vaWari,
romelic neoptolemoss odisevsisa da diomedesis aqeTken wamosvlis ambavs
atyobinebs. filoqtetesi Relavs, ar mouswros maT laertesis Zem da iZulebiT ar
waiyvanos troadaSi. uecrad filoqtetess tkivilis saSineli Seteva wamouvlis.
igi Tavis mSvild-isars, erTaderT ganZs, neoptolemoss miandobs, TviTon ki Zli-
eri tkivilisagan miiZinebs. Wabuks awuxebs Tavisi araRirseuli roli. mas rcxve-
nia, rom ase umowyalod atyuebs tanjul kacs. da rodesac filoqtetesi
gaiRviZebs, igi mzadaa mTeli simarTle patiosnad uTxras, magram odisevss esec
gaTvaliswinebuli aqvs. igi Semodis da yovelives naTels hfens. laertesis Ze ur-
Cevs filoqtetess nebiT wahyves troadaSi. Tu ara da, misi mSvild-isari ukve ne-
optolemosis xelTaa. filoqtetess amis gagonebac ki ar unda. mas sikvdili ur-
Cevnia odisevsis daTanxmebas. igi isev Tavis eul TavSesafars miaSurebs. ne-
optolemosis moTminebis fiala aivso. igi gadawyvets, daubrunos filoqtetess
iaraRi, miuxedavad odisevsis gaafTrebuli winaaRmdegobisa.
marTlac, neoptolemosi filoqtetess ubrunebs mSvild-isars, Tumca mas ar
aZlevs saSualebas isari odisevss styorcnos. filoqtetesi madlieria Wabukisa,
romelSic bunebiT Tandayolilma sikeTem gaimarjva. neoptolemosi kidev erTxel
Seecdeba, daarwmunos filoqtetesi, wahyves maT troadaSi. rodesac yvela imedi
amoiwureba da neoptolemosi dapirebisamebr filoqtetesis samSobloSi wayvanas
gadawyvets, sofokle deus ex machina-s mimarTavs. Cndeba herakles aCrdili, rome-
lic mouwodebs filoqtetess, Seasrulos zevsis neba da gahyves neoptolemoss
troadaSi. filoqtetesi brZanebas emorCileba. saocrad lirikul pasaJSi igi
eTxoveba adgils, romelmac amdenxans Seifara. gundis mokle finaluri partia
mouwodebs gmirebs, Seevedron zRvis nimfebs, bednierad amgzavron isini.
rogorc aRvniSneT, tragediaSi Tumca Zlieri vnebaTaRelva boboqrobs, tan-
jvas iwvevs ara sikvdili, aramed is, rasac gmirebi ganicdian, rodesac movlenaTa
394
msvleloba maT mZime arCevanis winaSe ayenebs. filoqtetesi, neoptolemosi da
odisevsi sami gansxvavebuli xasiaTia. kunZulze eulad da veragulad datovebu-
li filoqtetesi warmogvidgeba Tavisi Selaxuli Rirsebis ukompromiso
damcvelad da sazogadoebriv interesebze maRla Tavisi piradi, savsebiT sa-
marTliani ganawyenebis damyeneblad. moZmeTa veragobam, martod yofnam da mou-
SuSebelma, avsurnelianma Wrilobam es pirdapiri da keTilSobili kaci ramde-
nadme daakompleqsa. Tumca, tragediis saxelwodebis mixedviT, misi centraluri
gmiri filoqtetesia, arsebiTad piesaSi am funqcias neoptolemosi asrulebs.1 mi-
si saxiT mweralma saukeTesod warmogvidgina pirovneba, romelic Tandayolili,
bunebiTi anu, Tanamedrove terminologiiT, genetikuri TvisebebiT amarcxebs
naswavl, darigebiT miRebul, sazogadoebrivi movaleobidan gamomdinare
moqmedebis gegmas. es ki xdeba maSinve, rogorc ki mis winaSe gamoikveTeba arCevani
– tyuilisa Tu pirdapiri darwmunebis gziT Seasrulos mis TanamoZmeTaTvis eso-
den mniSvnelovani davaleba. Tavdapirvelad, Tumca sakmaod didi winaaRmdegobis
gawevis Semdeg, igi irwmunebs odisevsis darigebasa da rCevas, magram Semdeg masSi
kvlav Tandayolili keTilSobileba da tyuilis mimarT zizRis grZnoba
imarjvebs. neoptolemoss urCevnia, aqavelebma troaze gamarjveba ver izeimon,
oRond mas ar mouxdes pirSavad yofna filoqtetesis winaSe.
odisevsi tragediaSi ar warmoadgens macdunebel borot Zalas, igi, arsebiT-
ad, moqmedebs principiT: mizani (Tuki igi TavisTavad keTilSobiluri da Tana-
moZmeTaTvis sasargebloa) amarTlebs saSualebas (Tundac igi saocrad araeTiku-
ri da sulac veraguli iyos calkeuli pirovnebis mimarT). odisevss aqvs ara mar-
to unari, imoqmedos am principiT, aramed Zalac, sityviT daarwmunos savsebiT
sxva fsiqikis mqone adamiani Tavisi naTqvamis sisworeSi.
Sesabamisad, sofoklem tragediaSi gadmoitana diskusia, romelic mis epoqaSi
mimdinareobda sofistebsa da maT mowinaaRmdegeebs Soris,2 imis Taobaze, Tu ra
aris adamianisaTvis ganmsazRvreli: swavliT miRebuli aRzrda (`paideia~), Tu bune-
ba (`fÂsisi~). odisevsi warmoadgens pirveli poziciis ganmasaxierebels. igi ar uar-
yofs, rom adamianebi bunebiT sxvadasxvagvarni SeiZleba iyvnen. da mainc, mas sjera,
rom pirovnebaSi sityvam (Tundac droebiT) SeiZleba daamarcxos Tandayolili
Tvisebebi da mas gaakeTebinos misi bunebisaTvis miuRebeli ram. neoptolemosi ga-
nasaxierebs meore pozicias, Tumca igi ar aris kategoriuli winaaRmdegi gansazRv-
rul situaciebSi odisevsis darigebasac misdios, magram, bolos da bolos, masSi
imarjvebs is, rac mis bunebaSia. man, filoqtetesis ubedurebasTan pirispir darCe-
nilma, swrafad daiviwya sityviT miRebuli codna da gaakeTa is, rac mis bunebaSi
iyo. Znelia, calsaxad imis Tqma, sworad moiqca Tu ara neoptolemosi. rom ara hera-
kles aCrdilis gamocxadeba, faqtobrivad, misi saqcieli aqavelTa laSqris inter-
esebis Ralatad CaiTvleboda. erTi cxadia, rom wminda adamianuri TvalsazrisiT,
humanizmis principidan gamomdinare, mas sxva gza ar hqonda. da, deus ex machina-c
tragediis boloSi, arsebiTad, erTgvari jildoa neoptolemosis humanizmisaTvis.
marTalia, man Tavad ver moaxerxa, daerwmunebina filoqtetesi, magram am ukanaskne-
lis dayolieba mainc moxda, radgan RmerTis nebas pirovneba ver gaduva. man SeiZle-
ba ukiduresi winaaRmdegoba gauwios mokvdavTa survils Tu Txovnas, magram mokv-
davs ar hmarTebs RmerTis urCoba. vfiqrob, herakles gamocxadebas tragediis fi-
nalSi da misgan zevsis nebis gancxadebas martooden teqnikuri funqcia ki ar
akisria – gamoiyvanos moqmedeba Cixidan, aramed mas konceptualuri datvirTva aqvs
– moaxdinos humanizmis ideis reabilitacia.3
`filoqtetesi~ xandazmuli dramaturgis uWknobi poeturi SemarTebis Tval-
saCino magaliTia. aq gamovlinda sofokles daucxromeli ltolva tragikuli
1 Sdr. W. Schadewaldt, iqve.

2 Sdr. A. Lesky, TDH, gv. 246.
3 Sdr. qvemoT, gv. 386 Smd.
395
konfliqtis axal-axali formebis Ziebisaken da aseve misi negatiuri damoki-
debuleba Tavisi epoqis `moxerxebuli inteleqtualizmisadmi~.1
sofokles tragediam sakmaod didi gavlena moaxdina Tanamedrove literatu-
raze. XVIII saukuneSi Tavis dramaSi Châteaubrun-ma (1756) Semoiyvana damatebiTi per-
sonaJi, filoqtetesis asuli, romelic mamasTan erTad aris kunZulze. mas Seiyva-
rebs neoptolemosi, xolo SeyvarebulTa gaerTianeba ufro mniSvnelovania, vid-
re troas aReba. La Harpe (1783) ufro amZafrebs deus ex machina-s rols konfliqtis
Cixidan gamoyvanaSi imiT, rom herakle, faqtobrivad, wamiT mouswrebs imas, rom
filoqtetesma ukve momarTuli sabediswero isari odisevsisaken ar gaisrolos.
herderi Tavis filoqtetesis `scenaSi simReriTurT~ (1774/75), piriqiT, uars am-
bobs RmerTis gamocxadebaze da nawarmoebs adamianuri sibrZniT amTavrebs: `vinc
bedisweras emorCileba, gamarjveba imas eqneba~. andre Jidi traqtatSi `filo-
qtetesi~ (1899) tanjul gmirs keTilSobilur nabijs adgmevinebs. igi sakuTari
nebiT ambobs uars Surisgebaze da svams odisevsisgan momzadebul dasaZinebel
wamals, raTa Seqmnas mSvild-isris gatacebis SesaZlebloba. k. fon levecovis
dramaSi `filoqtetesis mSvild-isari~ (1909) gmiri mowinaaRmdeges Tavisi Sina-
gani keTilSobilebiT amarcxebs da xels aRebinebs motyuebaze. Semdeg ki sakuTa-
ri nebiT aZlevs mSvild-isars neoptolemoss, Tavad ki zRvaSi gadaeSveba da ase
amTavrebs sicocxles. xolo r. panvitci Tavis dramaSi (1913) aseve aTmobinebs gmirs
Tavis iaraRs, imis SegnebiT, rom troas dampyrobi Tavad aris. h. fon haisleri
omis Semdgom Seqmnil dramaSi (1948) Temas gamoiyenebs imisaTvis, rom Tavisu-
flebisa da WeSmaritebis politikuri aucileblobisagan dacvis mizanSewoni-
loba gviCvenos. h. miulers Tavis piesaSi (1968) yuradReba gamarjvebis momtani
mSvild-isridan filoqtetesis mebrZolebze gadaaqvs, romlebic meTauris gareSe
ibrZvian troasTan. neoptolemosi gajiutebul filoqtetess maxvilis zurgSi
CacemiT gangmiravs. xolo gmiris sikvdilis mizanmimarTuli aRwera mis mebr-
Zolebs omis gagrZelebisaken ganawyobs.2
òidiposi kolonosSi~, rogorc Cans, sofokles gedis simReraa. tragedia mas
sicocxlis bolo dReebSi dauweria, xolo misi dadgma, antikuri tradiciis
mixedviT, mxolod Zv.w.a. 401 wels ganuxorcielebia mis SviliSvilsa da sexnias.
biografTa naklebad sarwmuno anekdoturi gadmocemis Tanaxmad, sofokles vaJiS-
vili iofoni ganawyenebula mamamisis erTob didi siTboTi SviliSvilis, saxelad
aseve sofokles mimarT, romelic mas sxva qalisagan gaCenilma, udrood gar-
dacvlilma Svilma, aristonma, dautova. mas mamisaTvis SeSliloba daubralebia
fratorebis3 winaSe. sofokles Tavisi simarTlis dasamtkiceblad tragedia òi-
diposi kolonosSi~ waukiTxavs. misi gonebis sicxade yvelasaTvis aSkara gamxdara,
xolo iofons ciliswamebisaTvis jarimis gadaxda dakisrebia. SesaZloa, es anek-
doti mogvianebiT Seiqmna, radgan klasikuri da ramdenadme elinisturi tradicia
sruliad araorazrovnad Tvlida, rom sofoklem uRrublod ganvlo Tavisi
xangrZlivi cxovreba, magram erTi aSkaraa – tragediaSi umweo, moxuci mamis vneba-
ni marTlac xazgasmiT aris warmoCenili.4
90 wels mitanebuli dramaturgis es, albaT, ukanaskneli nawarmoebi misi geniis
kidev erTi mZlavri gamovlinebaa. man Seqmna piesa, romelic, rogorc Cans, win wev-
1 Latacz, Einführung..., gv. 345.

2 Sdr. E. Frenzel, Stoffe der Weltliteratur, gv. 621 Smd.
3 fratriis, atikis mosaxleobis solonis Semdgom momdinare erT-erTi administraciuli da-
nayofis wevri.
4 sofokles biografiis am moments zogierTi mkvlevari komediografosebis fantaziis nayofad
miiCnevs, yoveli SemTxvevisaTvis, ar Tvlis istoriul realobad. Sdr. A. Lesky, TDH, gv. 174.;
T. B. L. Webster, An Introduction to Sophocles, London 1969 2, gv. 14 Smd. rac Seexeba sakiTxs, Tu ratom ar
daidga tragedia sofokles sicocxleSi, amis mizezi iyo peloponesis omis bolos Seqmnili
umZimesi viTareba aTenSi.
396
da im sakiTxebs, Tavad sicocxlis samans mitanebul sofoklesac rom aRelvebda.
rogori aris aRsasruli adamianisa, romelsac amqveyniur cxovrebaSi RmerTebma
tanjva ganumzades da romelmac Seimecna sakuTari ususuroba gardauvlobis
winaSe. marTalia, oidiposma Tavi daibrmava, magram, samagierod, miiRo Wvretis,
naTelxedvis bevrad ufro maRali unari. swored RmerTis nebiT mivida igi Tavisi
qaliSvilis antigones TanxlebiT aTenTan mdebare kolonosSi, mis cnobil
evmenidebis WalaSi.1
tragediis pirvel scenaSi oidiposi da antigone, mosulni atikis miwaze, adge-
nen, Tu sad imyofebian. Cndeba ucxo, romelic mouwodebs oidiposs, datovos wmin-
da Wala, radgan iq yofna mokvdavTaTvis ar aris daSvebuli. rogorc ki igebs oi-
diposi, rom ukve Tavisi miznisaTvis miuRwevia, romelic bedis niSnebiT aris gan-
sazRvruli, sTxovs ucxos, ixmos qveynis mefe. mas oidiposi auwyebs raRac iseTs,
rac am mxarisaTvis uaRresad sasargebloa. ucxo midis. parodosi atikel uxuces-
Ta qoros oidipossa da antigonesTan Sexvedris scenas warmogvidgens, sadac gun-
di yvelaze codvili adamianis atikis miwaze mosvliT aris SeSfoTebuli. pirve-
li episodioni iwyeba kvlav gundTan saubriT, Semdeg modis oidiposis meore
qaliSvili ismene, romelic mamasTan iCqaris Tebedan, raTa axali Semzaravi ambavi
auwyos. oidiposis vaJiSvilebs erTmaneTTan sisxlismRvreli omis dawyeba ganuz-
raxavT. misnobis Tanaxmad, gaimarjvebs is, vis mxarezec iqneba oidiposi. ase rom,
sul male oidiposs SeiZleba Tavad kreoni gamoecxados mis TebeSi dasabrune-
blad. am episodionis dialogebidan msmeneli ityobs, Tu ra momxdara TebeSi oi-
diposis mier sakuTari Tavis dabrmavebis Semdeg. oidiposs, rogorc Cans, tragi-
kul movlenaTa dRes miRebuli Tavisi gadawyvetileba Seucvlia da sacxovreb-
lad darCenila TebeSi, rasakvirvelia, Sors samefo da saxelmwifo saqmeebisagan.
magram wlebis Semdeg kreons, xalxze dayrdnobiTa da oidiposisave ukve wamo-
zrdili vaJebis TanxmobiT, usinaTlo da gatexili kaci gauZevebia qalaqidan,
rogorc saxifaTo codvili. mama ar miutovebia antigones, romelic misi moxe-
tiale cxovrebis Tanaziari gamxdara. mamisadmi siyvaruls mudam gamoxatavda
ismenec, romelic TebeSi darCenila. ai, axlac, rodesac qoro mouwodebs moxucs,
man, an romelime misianma evmenidebisadmi vedrebis rituali Seasrulos, ismene
gaeSureba amis gasakeTeblad. oidiposi, esodeni siyvaruliT ganmsWvaluli qal-
iSvilebis mimarT, saocari risxviTaa ganwyobili Tavisi vaJiSvilebisadmi. amas
mosdevs komosi, romelSic xdeba gaxseneba oidiposis Semzaravi Tavgadasavlisa.
oidiposi arwmunebs qoros, rom yvela codva man armcodnem Caidina da amdenad mas
ver davdebT brals mamis ganzrax mkvlelobaSi, anda dedis ganzrax colad SerT-
vaSi. Semodis Tesevsi. oidiposi atyobinebs atikis mefes, rom mas aq darCena da
sikvdili aqvs gadawyvetili, rom misi saflavi atikis bednierebisa da uZlevelo-
bis mfarveli iqneba. magram amjerad mas emuqreba safrTxe. SesaZloa, vaJebma sa-
kuTari nebis winaaRmdeg waiyvanon oidiposi TebeSi. bolos da bolos, SeiZleba
moxdes brZolac Tebesa da aTens Soris. oidiposi Tesevss auwyebs: roca Sesaf-
erisi dro mova, im saidumlos gaumxels, misTvis da misi samefosaTvis maradiuli
sikeTis momtani rom iqneba. Tesevsi hpirdeba oidiposs, rom ausrulebs yvela
survils, rom veravin SeZlebs aqedan ZaliT waiyvanos igi. gundi ugalobs brwyin-
vale himns kolonoss.
Semdeg episodionSi Semodis kreoni, romelsac surs oidiposi jer sityviT
daiyolios, magram oidiposi mis gamomZevebelT Tebedan arasdros SeukavSirdeba.
maSin kreoni Zalas mimarTavs. mas ukve Seupyria ismene da axla cdilobs antigonec
mostacos oidiposs. saqmeSi ereva Tesevsi, romelic kreons ukrZalavs mis qalaqSi
aseT TviTnebobas, mefis daukiTxavad mis qveyanas Semofarebuli mavedreblebis
Seuracxyofasa da iZulebas. aTeni xom qalaqia, sadac `kanonis gareSe arafers ar
1 evmenidebisa da maTi aTenTan kavSiris Sesaxeb ix. esqiles èvmenidebi~, zemoT. gv. 333 Smd. èvme-
nidebis Walis~, rogorc sakulto adgilis Sesaxeb, Sdr. DNP, 4, 71 Smd.
397
moimoqmedeben~ (914). kreoni ar eloda Tesevsis amgvar winaaRmdegobas, is darwmu-
nebuli iyo, rom oidiposis msgavs codvils aTeni ar miiRebda. igi itovebs ufle-
bas TebeSi gadawyvitos, Tu rogor upasuxos aTenelTa uars. Tesevsi miemarTeba
oidiposis qaliSvilTa dasaxsnelad. gundi SesTxovs RmerTs, Semwed eyolos asu-
lebs da aTens.
Semodian oidiposis qaliSvilebi da Tesevsi. es ukanaskneli atyobinebs Svile-
bis dabrunebiT bednier oidiposs, rom viRac kacs surs masTan Sexvedra. oidipo-
si xvdeba, rom es misi vaJi, polinikesi unda iyos. mas ar surs mamis gamZevebel
SvilTan Sexvedra. magram Tesevsi sTxovs, esaubros mosuls. moxuci ver eubneba
aTenis mefes uars. gundi mReris naRvlian, saocari lirizmiT aRsavse simReras
adamianis cxovrebis amaoebaze, oidiposis Tavs datrialebul ubedurebaze. gan-
sakuTrebiT pesimisturia sikvdilisa da siberisadmi miZRvnili striqonebi:
visac surs, misTvis mozomilze met xans icxovros,
Cemi Rrma rwmeniT,
mTlad ugunur azrs icavs igi.
radgan mravalwil swored grZeli dReebi
gviaxloeben satanjvelT, xolo siames ver naxav sadme.
Tuki vinme mets eltvis gansazRvrulze,
yvelas gaasworebs hadesis
damxmare sikvdili, rodesac moira saqorwino simRerebis,
liris JReris da cekvis gareSe
gagamwesebs dasasrulisken.
ar daibado, iqneboda yvelaze kargi, xolo Tuki qveynad gamoCndi,
kvlav iqiT wasvla, saidanac moxvedi
da Tan swrafad, rac SeiZleba.
odes gaivlis axalgazrdoba, msubuq ugunurebaTa mtarebeli,
ra gaWirveba, ra jafa ar dagatydeba Tavs:
Suri, ganxeTqileba, SuRli, omebi
da mkvlelobebi. xolo Semdeg ki Seni xvedri es iqneba:
SeCvenebuli, Rrma, umweo, martoxela
usiamovno moxucoba, raTa yovelgvari
siave SenTan cxovrebdes.
(1211-1236)
Semodis polinikesi. igi mTlianad ganadgurebulia misdami gamoCenili usamar-
TlobiT. eteoklesma da kreonma mas kuTvnili taxti waarTves da aiZules argosi-
saTvis Seefarebina Tavi. axla polinikesi sakuTari simarTlis aRsadgenad argo-
selTa jariT daZrula Tebesken. igic, rogorc oidiposi, gamoZevebulia qalaqi-
dan da, Tuki mama masTan iqneba, gamarjvebis Semdeg igi mSvidad gaatarebs Tavis
dReebs mSobliur mxareSi. magram oidiposs ar unda Svilis sityvebis Sesmena. igi
wyevlis Zalauflebis JiniT anTebul, Tavis droze mamis gamZevebel Zmebs. polini-
kesi debs ubarebs anderZad, daitiron da dakrZalon igi. komosSi oidiposi grZ-
nobs sakuTari aRsasrulis moaxlovebas da kvlav ixmobs Tesevss. igi iTxovs, gah-
yves Tesevsi oidiposs aRsasrulis adgilisaken, saiTkenac moxuci TviT RmerTs
mihyavs. oidiposs mxolod Tesevsi unda axldes da Tesevsis metma aravin ar unda
icodes, Tu sad iqneba misi saflavi. xolo atikis mefe, oidiposTan pirispir dar-
Cenili, Seityobs misi qalaqis momavali keTildReobis saidumlos, romelic man
sikvdilis moaxlovebis Jams sakuTar memkvidres unda gadasces. gundi SesTxovs
RmerTebs, udrtvinveli sikvdiliT Cavides moxuci miwisqveSeTSi.
Semodis macne, romelic gunds auwyebs oidiposis sakvirveli gardacvalebis
ambavs. sakvirveli ukve is iyo, rom davrdomili oidiposi Tavad gaemarTa aR-
sasrulis adgilisaken. igi gzis garkveuli monakveTis gavlis Semdeg gamoeTxova
mwuxarebiT SeZrul asulebs. am dros yoveli mxridan moisma RmerTis Zaxili:
398
o, Sen mand, Sen mand, oidipos, ratom ayovneb
wamosvlas. es Segiferxda xom isedac erTob...
(1627-28)
amis Semdeg oidiposma Tanmxlebni, garda Tesevsisa, ukan gaabruna. rodesac maT
miixedes, iq ukve mxolod Tesevsi idga, rogorc Cans, raRac zebunebrivi suraTis
xilviT Tavzardacemuli. oidiposi gardaicvala uCveulo sikvdiliT, adamianTa
Soris yvelaze ufro saocari kaci. antigone da ismene gundTan erTad daitireben
oidiposs. antigones sityvebi mamisa da qaliSvilebis urTierTdamokidebulebis
Sesaxeb mamaSviluri siyvarulis didebuli odaa:
vinmes SeiZleba zogjer cudic moenatros,
radgan, rac aravisTvis ar aris sayvareli, iyo sayvareli,
rodesac igi xelT myavda.
o, mamav, o, Zvirfaso,
o, samudamod dafarulo miwis wyvdiadiT,
iqidanac siyvarulis gareSe arc me,
arc amas ar dagvtoveb.
(1699-1705)
dabrunebuli Tesevsi hpirdeba oidiposis qaliSvilebs Semweobas. antigone
sTxovs, TebeSi gauSvas isini, rom rogorme Zmebs daRupva aacilon Tavidan.
Tesevsi mzadaa oidiposis madlisTvis yovelive aRasrulos.
Znelia zustad iTqvas, ramdenad Seesabameboda tragediaSi gadmocemuli mo-
xuci oidiposis gancdebi Tavad sicocxlis zRvars mitanebuli moxuci sofokles
gancdebs, ramdenad avtobiografiulia oidiposis zizRi da wyena dauZlurebul
mamas dapirispirebuli vaJebis mimarT da Zlieri siyvaruli mzrunveli qa-
lebisadmi,1 ramdenad exmianeba tragediaSi warmodgenili Tebesa da aTenis ur-
TierTdapirispireba Zv.w.a. 407 wels aTenis mxedrionis mier Tebelebze mopovebu-
li gamarjvebis istoriulad realur faqts.2 erTi sruliad ucilobelia, rom am
tragediiT sofoklem aTensa da Tavis mSobliur kolonoss diadi himni miuZRvna.
unda vifiqroT, rom mravlismnaxveli da mravlisganmcdeli sofokles winaSe
sikvdilis win, albaT, marTlac idga kiTxva: ra elis Semdeg adamians, romelmac
cxovrebis grZeli, tanjviT aRsavse gza ganvlo, Seicno Tavisi Tavic da am
cxovrebis amaoebac? pasuxi tragediaSi sakmaod imedis aRmZvrelia: aseT adamians
ar iviwyeben RmerTebi, misi aRsasruli araordinaluria. oidiposma xom Tavad
ganicada apoTeosi da misi kulti, rogorc aTenis mfarvelisa, saukunod darCa
atikaSi.3 da raoden sagulisxmoa, rom TviT sofoklesac msgavsi pativi ergo Ta-
namemamuleTagan gardacvalebis Semdgom.4
piesa gvaocebs Tavisi novatoruli suliT. igi, msgavsad tragediebis umeteso-
bisa, adamianis tanjvasa da tragikuli konfliqtis sikvdilis an raRac sxva ube-
durebis saSualebiT ganmuxtvas ki ar warmosaxavs, aramed Tavisi gmiris amaRle-
bas gviCvenebs. tragediaSi oidiposis tanjviT aRsavse cxovreba ukve ganvlil
etapia. piesa uSualod iqidan iwyeba, sadac oidiposis Tavisi apoTeosis adgilas
misvlaa aRwerili. da, miuxedavad garkveuli daZabulobisa, romelsac jer kre-
onis, xolo Semdeg ki polinikesis gamoCena iwvevs,5 yvelasaTvis naTelia, rom oi-
1 Sdr. T. B. L. Webster, An Introduction..., gv. 14 Smd.

2 mimoxilvisaTvis ix. A. Lesky, TDH, gv. 248.
3 oidiposis saflavisa da kultis Sesaxeb atikaSi Sdr. L. Edmunds, The Cults and the Legend of Oedipus,
HSPh 85, 1981, gv. 221 Smd.
4 Sdr. Lesky, TDH, gv. 173.
5 zogierT mkvlevars es epizodebi sofokles mier teqstis Tavdapirvel variantSi dramatizmis
gaZlierebis mizniT damatebul nawilebad miaCnia, Tumca mecnierTa umetesoba ar iziarebs am
Tvalsazriss.
399
diposs aRaraviTari safrTxe aRar emuqreba. RmerTma, romelmac amdeni tanjva
gadaatanina mas, Tvalis sinaTlis dakargvis sazRaurad misca sulieri xedvis is
unari, oidiposs rom RvTiuri gegmebis wvdomis saSualebas aZlevs. am unarma moi-
yvana igi aq, kolonosSi, evmenidebis wminda WalaSi, Tavisi uCveulo gardacva-
lebis adgilas. jer RmerTis Zaxili da Semdeg misi idumali gauCinareba imis mau-
wyebelia, rom moxda oidiposis amaRleba, tanjuli saaqaos sazRaurad RvTaebaTa
maradiul samyarosTan ziareba. TiTqos tragediaSi yvelaferi mTavari gmiris
zeaRsvlis gzis Cvenebas eZRvneba, rac ar SeiZleba cremls iwvevdes, magram na-
warmoebi mainc saocrad naRvliania. esaa adamianis gamoTxoveba amqveyniur
cxovrebasTan, Cvens tanjul saaqao yofasTan, romelic, miuxedavad Tavisi amaoe-
bisa, mainc TavisTan gamoTxovebisas adamians tkiviliT aRavsebs, aRavsebs, radgan
mokvdavi aq tovebs ara marto mtrobas da siZulvils (rac esoden naTlad aris
warmoCenili kreonisa da polinikesis epizodebSi), aramed did siyvarulsac (ra-
sac oidiposis antigonesa da ismenesTan urTierToba warmosaxavs), ara marto
veragobas, gaZevebis SiSs, RvTiuri gansazRvrulobis winaSe ususurobas (rac
oidiposis mTeli amqveyniuri cxovrebis retrospeqciiT aris warmodgenili), ar-
amed Tanadgomis, adamianuri damokidebulebis, RmerTis nebis wvdomis sixarul-
sac (rac oidiposisa da Tesevsis urTierTobis, oidiposis naTelxedvis, RmerTis
Zaxilis scenebiT aris gadmocemuli). tragediis bolos yvelas moicavs siyvaru-
lis, humanizmis is grZnoba, romelic am uCveulo kacma, oidiposma dautova adami-
anebs, romelTa gza aris ara TebesTan gamarTuli ZmaTa sisxliani brZolebi, ara-
med is siyvaruli, oidiposs Tavis qaliSvilebTan rom akavSirebs, is siTbo da
urTierTgageba, romelic massa da Tesevss Soris sufevs. ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom
sofokles SemorCenili Svidi tragediidan sami Tebes ciklis, kerZod, oidip-
osTan da mis SvilebTan dakavSirebul Tqmulebebs amuSavebs. es sofokles Seu-
nelebel interesze metyvelebs oidiposis saxis mimarT TiTqmis mTeli Semoqmede-
biTi cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom es tragediebi sxvadasxva
drosaa Seqmnili, maTgan sakmaod srulyofili trilogia SeiZleboda Camoyal-
ibebuliyo: òidipos mefe~, òidiposi kolonosSi~, àntigone~. maTi Tanmim-
devruloba miTologiuri fabulis gadmocemisas imdenad TvalsaCinoa, rom XIX-
XX saukunis ganmavlobaSi isini araerTgzis warmoadgines swored trilogiis
formiT. maTgan umniSvnelovanesi iyo 1867 wels mainingenSi, 1872 wels manhaimSi da
1991 wels stretfordSi ganxorcielebuli dadgmebi, sadac mayurebeli ramdenime
saaTis ganmavlobaSi Tvals adevnebda labdakidebis sagvareulo ubedurebis
Sesaxeb Seqmnil sam saukeTeso tragedias.1 òidiposi kolonosSi~, bunebrivia,
garkveulwilad arekvlas poulobs yvela im nawarmoebSi, romlebic zemoT ganvi-
xileT, viTarca sofokleseuli dramebis recefciis nimuSebi Tanamedrove lit-
eraturaSi.2 XX saukunem, rogorc aRiniSna, froidis wyalobiT oidiposis saxes
organulad daukavSira cneba òidiposis kompleqsi~.3 Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi
sofokleseuli saxisa da misi froidiseuli interpretaciis organuli erTiano-
ba sakmaod maxvilgonivrulad Camoayaliba J. p. vernanma: òidiposs ar aqvs oidip-
osis kompleqsi – is aris oidiposis kompleqsi~.4
1 Sdr. DNP, 11, 1129

2 Sdr. zemoT.
3 dawvrilebiT Sdr. R. Schlesier, Auf den Spuren von Freuds Ödipus (krebulSi: Antike Mythen in der euro-
päischen Tradition), gv. 281 Smd.
4 J. P. Vernant, Ambiguité et renversement. Sur la structure énigmatique d' OEdipe-Roi (krebulSi: J. P. Vernant, P.
Vidal Naquet, Mythe et tragédie en Grèce ancienne, t. I, 1972), gv. 101 Smd.
400
sofokle – klasikuri tragediis mwvervali
sofokles òidiposi kolonosSi~, `Tuki mas mTlianobaSi ganvixilavT, aris
gamoTxoveba: gamoTxoveba cxovrebasTan, qalaq aTenTan, amdeni xnis ganmavlobaSi
gamowrTobil poetur xelovnebasTan da bolos, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, kul-
turis im periodTan, romelsac klasikurs vuwodebT~.1 am periodis mravalmxrivsa
da brwyinvale sulier cxovrebaSi tragedias WeSmaritad gamorCeuli adgili
eWira, xolo tragikosTa Soris e.w. òqros saSuali~, anu yvelaze ufro klasiku-
ri, sofokle iyo. igi, rac zustad SeniSna aristofanem `bayayebSi~, saSualedo
adgils iWerda amaRlebul da ramdenadme `Zvelmodur~ esqilesa da àvangardist~
evripides Soris. sofoklesTan klasikuroba Tavisi optimaluri formiT gamoix-
ata dramatuli azrovnebis yvela doneze.
Tuki klasikurad CavTvliT umaRles mowifulobas, konkretul epoqasTan da-
kavSirebuli da zogadsakacobrio orientirebis sanimuSo urTierTmisadagebas,
idealursa da realurs, amaRlebulsa da miwiers Soris zusti zRvaris monaxvas
da a.S.,2 SegviZlia darwmunebiT vTqvaT, rom, am mxriv, tragikuli Semoqmedebis
sferoSi yvelaze mets sofoklem miaRwia.
SevecadoT, es Tezisi zogierTi zemoT aRniSnuli im momentis win wamoweviT
naTelvyoT, romlebic mTel mis Semoqmedebas mkafiod gamoxatul sofokleseul
iers aniWeben. upirveles yovlisa unda aRiniSnos, rom sofokle e.w. miTologiur
siuJetTa realizaciis procesSi esqileze Sors wavida miTis struqturis darR-
vevaSi da misi tragikuli konfliqtis axali koncefciis Sesabamisad transforma-
ciaSi. mis tragediaTa umetesobaSi arsebiTad qreba an erTob gafermkrTalebu-
lia konfliqtis ageba uaryofiTi da dadebiTi funqciebis mqone personaJebis
urTierTdapirispirebis principze. rogorc wesi, konfliqti viTardeba TviT
centraluri gmiris arCevanis Sedegad da e.w. tragikul tanjvasac swored es
gmiri ganicdis. Tu èleqtras~ ar miviRebT mxedvelobaSi, rogorc wesi, iRupeba,
an vnebas daiTmens piesaSi TviT es mTavari gmiri. mizezi amisa SeiZleba iyos an
tragikuli Secdoma (`hamartia~), romelsac gmiri arcodnis gamo uSvebs, an
siSmage (àte~), romelic personaJs wonasworobas akargvinebs, an erTguleba ra-
Rac principisadmi, romelic gmirs mxolod tanjvis gadatanis gziT SeuZlia
gamoxatos. sofokle, Tumca igi udidesi mowiwebiT aris ganmsWvaluli Rmer-
Tebisa da maTi samisnoebis uwyebaTa mimarT, arCevanis moxdenisas mTavar pasux-
ismgeblobas gmirs akisrebs. magram rogoria masTan Tavad es gmiri? imas, rom tra-
gediis sami korifevsi adamianis koncefciis sferoSi arsebiTad gansxvavdeboda
erTmaneTisagan, ukve antikur epoqaSi aRniSnavdnen sakmaod garkveviT. esqiles
gmirebi RmerTebTan SeTanxmebulni moqmedeben da isini amis gamo imdenad am-
aRlebulni arian, rom maT zegmirebic ki SeiZleba vuwodoT. rac Seexeba danarCen
or tragikoss, aristoteles cnobiT, `sofokle ambobda, rom is [adamianebs] gvix-
atavda iseTebad, rogorebic hmarTebT [rom iyvnen], xolo evripide ki iseTebad,
rogorebic isini arian.~3 rogorc ar unda gavigoT am winadadebaSi oi{ou" dei' (`ro-
gorebic hmarTebT [rom iyvnen]~), aSkaraa, rom sofokles adamianebs saSualo
pozicia uWiravT esqiles zegmirebsa da evripides yovlad miwier personaJebs
Soris. isini ar arian imdenad ganzogadebulni, rom miwier vnebebze maRla
dadgnen, magram arc imdenad Cveulebrivni arian, rom mokvdavTa yoveldRiuro-
bamde CamoqveiTdnen. ra igulisxmeba aristotelesTan warmodgenil adamianis
sofokleseul koncefciaSi da vin axdens tragediebSi mis realizacias – cen-
traluri gmiri, Tu saerTod dramis yvela personaJi? vfiqrob, Znelia imis
daSveba, rom `rogorebic hmarTebT [rom iyvnen]~ idealur an idealizebul adami-
1 W. Schadewaldt, Die griechische Tragödie, gv. 309.

2 klasikuri xelovnebis Sesaxeb Sdr. bc, II, gv. 351 Smd.
3 poet., 1460b 34.
401
ans gulisxmobs, radgan, rogorc sofokles Cvenamde moRweuli tragediebis ana-
lizi gviCvenebs, garTuldeboda maTSi romelime personaJi idealur adamianad
migveCnia am sityvis sruli mniSvnelobiT. aseve, ramdenadac sofoklesTan, metwi-
lad, gmirebi ar arian erTmaneTTan dapirispirebulni funqciaTa pozitiurobisa
da negatiurobis niSniT, unda vifiqroT, rom oi{ou" dei' masTan moicavs saerTod
dramis personaJebs da ara mxolod protagonistebs. zemoT ukve aRiniSina, rom
sofokles eqvsi tragedia (èleqtras~ garda) konfliqtis ganviTarebis erT uzo-
gades sqemas gvTavazobs: dapirispireba, romlis safuZvelia siZulvili, mtroba
an undobloba, protagonists iZulebuls xdis didi tanjva daiTminos an sulac
daiRupos, rac iwvevs dakarguli urTierTsiyvarulis, urTierTpativiscemis Tu
urTierTndobis dabrunebas da sazogadoebaSi wonasworobis aRdgenas. protago-
nisti, SesaZloa, zogjer Tavad iyos am dapirispirebis, mtrobisa Tu siZulvilis
wyaro, SesaZloa, man katastrofamde verc ki daZlios dapirispirebulTadmi si-
Zulvili, magram misi tragikuli vnebisa da, Sesabamisad, konfliqtis ganviTare-
bis paralelurad, ikveTeba movlenaTa msvlelobis sxva mimarTulebac, romelsac
pirobiTad urTierTSerigebis an urTierTsiyvarulis xazi SeiZleba vuwodoT. igi
konfliqtis ganmuxtvis, metwilad, protagonistis katastrofis Semdeg, adamianebs
ucbad aSorebs ufskruls da maT kvlav adamianurobas, humanurobis grZnobas
ubrunebs. Sesabamisad, aq SeiZleba vimsjeloT ara imdenad imaze, rom aucileblad
protagonistia iseTi, rogoric unda iyos adamiani, ramdenadac imaze, rom protag-
onistis mier gadatanili tanjva adamians abrunebs adamianurobisaken da amdenad
amiT Tavad mTavari gmiris reabilitaciac xdeba. swored amaSi unda davinaxoT
sofokles adamianebis idealuroba da tragikosis humanizmis arsi.1
sofoklesTan konfliqtis simZafres mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobebs ara im-
denad gadmocemuli ambavi, ramdenadac garkveul situaciaSi moxvedrili gmiris
arCevanTan dakavSirebuli intriga. amitom mis tragediebSi esoden Cveulebrivi
movlenaa, gmiri Tavidanve sakuTar arCevanze pasuxismgeblobis winaSe dadges. es
ki zrdis tragikul konfliqtSi personaJTa xasiaTis individualobis funqcias.
sofokles gmirebi, rogorc wesi, rodi arian uzadoebi. zogs axasiaTebs gada-
Warbebuli sificxe. zogs undobloba, zogs tiraniuloba, zogs sijiute da mra-
vali sxva iseTi Tviseba, romelic xazs usvams maT adamianur sisusteebs, maT ordi-
nalurobas. magram yvelas aerTianebs saocari nebisyofa arCevanis moxdenisas.
swored es aZlevs Zalas sofokles TiTqosda Cveulebriv personaJebs Segnebulad
wavidnen sikvdilze, TviTmkvlelobaze, saocar ubedurebaTa daTmenaze sakuTari
arCevanidan ukan ardaxevis survilis gamo. es Tviseba gamoarCevs maT sxva adamian-
Tagan, xolo misi SeerTeba xasiaTis sxva, sruliad ordinalur, magram erTma-
neTisagan gamorCeul StrixebTan, iZleva sofokles individualur xasiaTebs.2
amas mis zogierT tragediaSi xels uwyobs gmirTa martoobis gamokveTa arCevanis
moxdenisa da tanjvis momentSi. aiasi, deianeira, antigone, eleqtra, filoqtetesi
xom sul martoni arian sakuTar ubedurebaSi.3
iseve, rogorc zogadad adamianis koncefciis SemTxvevaSi, gmirTa xasiaTebis
warmoCenis momentSic sofokle zomierebas icavs da ganzogadebul, misi personaJe-
bisaTvis saerTo maxasiaTeblebs ostaturad uxamebs individualur Strixebs. es mis
gmirebs warmogvidgens erTdroulad cxovrebaSi garkveuli principis gamtarebel
Zlier figurebad da, amasTanave, mkveTrad individualizebul pirovnebebad, ro-
melnic zogadisa da individualuris amgvari Sexamebis wyalobiT msoflio lite-
1 dawvrilebiT Sdr. r. gordeziani, àdamianebi, rogorebic isini unda iyvnen (ANAQESIS,

filologiur-istoriuli Ziebani, akademikos TinaTin yauxCiSvilis saiubileod, Tbilisi
1999), gv. 113 Smd. (= Lektav, gv. 293 Smd.).
2 sofokles gmirebis xasiaTebis Sesaxeb Sdr. T. B. L. Webster, An Introduction to Sophocles, gv. 55 Smd.; B.
M. W. Knox, The Heroic Temper, Studies in Sophoclean Tragedy, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London 1964.
3 Sdr. Lesky, TDH, gv. 262 Smd.
402
raturis umniSvnelovanes saxeebad iqcnen. TavianTi klasikuri daxvewilobiT isini
yvelaze metad fidiasis plastikur Sedevrebs Tu SeiZleba SevadaroT.
sofokles tragediebis erT nawilSi, rogorc ukve iTqva, dramatizms amZaf-
rebs imedis aRmZvreli moCvenebiTobis da mware sinamdvilis gamudmebuli mon-
acvleoba, rac gmiris ganwyobilebaTa ganuwyvetel da kontrastul cvlilebas
iwvevs da adamianuri bednierebisa Tu ubedurebis iluziurobas usvams xazs. aman
ar SeiZleba sofokles gmirebSi ar gamoiwvios samyaros samarTlianobis mimarT
kritika. da Tumca yvela maTgani, arsebiTad, morwmunea da RvTismoSiSi, maTSi,
arcTu iSviaTad, gaielvebs xolme daeWveba RmerTTa sikeTeSi. magaliTisaTvis
gamodgeboda filoqtetesis sityvebi sasowarkveTilebis Jams, rodesac igi Sei-
tyobs, Tu rogor daRupulan saukeTeso aqaveli gmirebi troasTan:
rogor moviqce, ra vTqva, Tumca vadideb RvTiurs,
vxedav, rom Turme avis mqmnelni arian RmerTni.
(451-52)
am striqonebisa da tragediebis sxva pasaJebis erTmaneTTan Sedareba gviCve-
nebs, rom sofokles religiuri Sexedulebebi ar SeiZleba calmxrivad ganvix-
iloT. igi iseve Sorsaa esqiles principisagan, RmerTebi mudam wina planze hyav-
des da maTdami mowiwebas qadagebdes, rogorc evripides analitikur-kritikuli
damokidebulebisagan tradiciuli religiis mimarT. sofokle erideba RmerTTa
aqtiur monawleobas dramis moqmedebaSi. igi upiratesobas gmirTa tanjvisa da
vnebebis warmoCenas aniWebs. sofokle religiuria, rogorc aTenis nebismieri
normaluri moqalaqe, magram, rasakvirvelia, es dramaturgs xels ar uSlis ic-
nobdes mis Tanamedrove filosofiur moZRvrebebs. tradiciuli religiisa da
filosofiuri azrovnebis Sexvedras sofokles msoflmxedvelobaSi mivyevarT
RvTaebrivi sferos abstrahirebis tendenciis gaZlierebisaken, Tumca igi ar
ikavebs Tavs RmerTebis yovlisSemZleobis warmoCenisagan. mniSvnelovani roli
ekisreba mis tragediebSi misnobasa da samisnoebs, romelTa rwmena gansakuTrebiT
gamokveTilia.1 gansxvavebiT esqilesagan, sofokles tragediebSi naklebi optimiz-
mia. ufro metic, misi piesebis araerTi pasaJi pesimisturi poeziis saukeTeso ni-
muSad gamodgeboda. adamianis umweobisa da gardauvali aRsasrulis SegrZnebas
sofokle aneitralebs im humanuri atmosferoTi, romelic misi gmirebis tanjvis
Sedegad moicavs adamianebs, anu yvelaze metiT, riTac mokvdavebs SeuZliaT
Seimsubuqon amqveyniuri yofa. eTikis sekularizacia, romelic sofokles axasi-
aTebs, aseve klasikuri epoqis azrovnebis erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli niSania.
sofokle SeiZleba CaiTvalos tragediis garegnuli da Sinagani elementebisaTvis
sabolood Camoyalibebuli formis mimcemad, romelSic aristoteles ganyenebu-
lad Tqmuli sityvebi rom movixmoT. `mravali cvlilebebis Semdeg tragediam
Tavis sakuTar bunebas miaRwia~.2 marTalia, safuZveli am srulyofisa esqilea,
magram misi damagvirgvinebeli uTuod sofoklea, romlis Semdegac, arsebiTad,
berZnulma tragediam veRar SeZlo formis ganviTareba TiTqmis verc erTi metad
Tu naklebad mniSvnelovani parametriT.
sofokles teqstis istoriisaTvis

sofokles antikur biografiaSi, romelic Zv.w.a. II-I saukuneebSi unda Seqmnili-
yo, dramaturgis 123 piesa aris cnobili. Tavis mxriv, mTeli es informacia adis
did aleqsandriel filologebamde. cnobilia, rom tragikosebis teqstebis kat-
alogizacias da gamocemas antikurobis udidesma filologma aristofane bizan-
1 sofokles religiuri Sexedulebebis Sesaxeb Sdr. M. P. Nilsson, Geschichte der griechischen Religion,
Bd. I, München 19673, gv. 754 Smd.
2 aristoteles am TezisTan dakavSirebiT dawvrilebiT ix. qvemoT, gv. 453 Smd.
403
tionelma mohkida xeli. rogorc esqiles teqstis istoriis Sesaxeb msjelobisas
aRiniSna, aleqsandrielebi eyrdnobodnen Zv.w.a. IV saukuneSi likurgosis inicia-
tiviT Seqmnil tragikosTa teqstebis saxelmwifo, anu oficialurad dadgenili
teqstebis originalebs an aslebs. paralelurad mravlad yofila sxvadasxva dam-
dgmelTa mier ama Tu im masStabiT Seryvnili teqstebi, romelTa arsebobas axali
papirologiuri aRmoCenebi gvidasturebs. aleqsandrieli filologebi, bunebri-
via, cdilobdnen originalTan maqsimalurad miaxloebuli, saTanado komen-
tarebiT aRWurvili teqstebi gamoecaT. Zneli saTqmelia, vin da rodis SearCia
esqilesa da sofokles Svid-Svidi tragedia. Cvenamde am tragediebma 950 wli-
saTvis bizantiaSi Sesrulebuli xelnaweris wyalobiT moaRwia, romelic Semdeg
`mieba~ esqiles 1000 wliT daTariRebul xelnawers. `krebuli~, romelsac apolo-
nios rodoselis argonavtikac axlda Tan, 1423 wels konstantinopolidan jovani
aurispam italiaSi waiRo. igi mediCebis florenciis biblioTekaSi, laurentia-
naSi aRmoCnda da dResac iq inaxeba. garda amisa Cvenamde moRweulia 200-mde
xelnaweri. sofokles Tanamedrove gamomcemelni mxolod maT erT nawils iTva-
liswineben.1 amasTan erTad berZen tragikosTa fragmentebis axali gamocemis IV
tomSi Tavmoyrilia sofokles cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis Sesaxeb antikuri da
bizantiuri cnobebi. aqve mocemulia sofokles 100-ze meti dramis 1154 fragmenti.2
SedarebiT ukeT SemogvrCa sofokles erTi satiruli drama, romelzedac qvemoT,
sadac tragikosTa am Janris nawarmoebebze SevaCerebT yuradRebas, SedarebiT
dawvrilebiT gveqneba msjeloba.
sofokles did gavlenas msoflio kulturaze, zemoT, calkeuli tragediis
ganxilvis dros SevexeT. aq damatebiT mxolod imas aRvniSnavT, rom, Tuki
klasikuri aTenis mayurebelSi aSkarad SeiniSneboda erTgvari gamijvna esqilesa
da evripides momxreebad, sofokle yovelTvis yvelasaTvis misaRebi tragikosi
iyo, romlis genialoba aravis arasodes gauxdia saeWvod.
cxovreba da Semoqmedeba
evripide asrulebs tragikosTa diad sameuls. rogorc Cans, igi Zv.w.a. 485/4-
480 wlebs Soris unda dabadebuliyo. zogierTi wyaro misi dabadebis TariRad
Zv.w.a. 480 wels asaxelebs. es ukanaskneli TariRi, rogorc fiqroben, antikuri
epoqis avtorTa cdas gamoxatavda, salamisTan gamarjvebasTan daekavSirebinaT
samive tragikosi – esqile am brZolaSi monawileobda, sofokle – gamarjvebis
zeimTan dakavSirebul ferxulSi da, Tuki evripidesac amave wels gaCenilad
miviCnevdiT, maSin Zv.w.a. 480 weli saberZneTisaTvis marTlac magiur mniSvnelobas
moipovebda.3 magram, rogorc Cans, ufro axlosaa WeSmaritebasTan SedarebiT
adreuli TariRi.4 evripideze uamravi biografiuli cnoba mogvepoveba, magram
maTSi isea erTmaneTTan gadaxlarTuli anekdoturi da realuri, rom dRes
darwmunebiT mis cxovrebaze erTob cota SegviZlia vTqvaT. naTelia erTi, rom
igi aTenSi moRvaweobda TiTqmis mTeli Tavisi sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi da uSu-
alod icnobda mis TiTqmis yvela cnobil politikur moRvawes, xelovansa Tu
mecnier-filosofoss. evripide Tavis SemoqmedebaSi farTod uRebda kars misi
drois sxvadasxva saazrovno mimarTulebebis meTodebsa Tu debulebebs, imdenad
1 sofokles uaxlesi gamocemebi Sdr. qvemoT, gv. 462 Smd.

2 Sdr. bibliografia, qvemoT, gv. 462.
3 Sdr. H. Kuch, Euripides, Leipzig 1984, gv. 6.
4 antikur biografiul tradiciaSi evripides dabadebis ori ZiriTadi TariRi dasturdeba
Zv.w.a. 485/84 (`parosis marmarilo~), Zv.w.a. 480 (sxva biografiuli wyaroebi). Sesabamisad,
Znelia romelime maTgani kategoriulad gamovricxoT.
404

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saTauri da trilogiuri forma savsebiT aSka-

1 Sdr. Latacz, Einführung..., gv. 161 Smd.

1 am koncefciis Sesaxeb ix. zemoT.

1 es is iSviaTi SemTxvevaa, rodesac tragediis msvlelobisas msaxiobi gundis gareSea darCenili

1 ufro dawvrilebiT Sdr. qvemoT, gv. 385 Smd.

Tu ase ityvi, icode, rom mec SegiZuleb,

1 am pasaJis analizisaTvis Sdr. A. Lesky, TDH, gv. 196 Smd.

de, nu geqneba SenSi mxolod es erTi Cveva –

1 herodot., IX, 78-79.

1 ix. agr. W. Schadewaldt, Die griechische Tragödie, gv. 241 Smd.

iq siWabukes vxedav, gafurCqvnisaken wasuls,

1 mdebareobs Sua saberZneTSi.

1 ix. A. Lesky, TDH, gv. 209 Smd.

1 sfinqsis gamocana mravali prozauli Tu leqsad Camoyalibebuli variantiT Semogvinaxa anti-

1 am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba ukve `oidiposi kolonosSi~.

1 avtoxTonurobaSi igulisxmeba adamianis bunebidan warmomavloba, msgavsad imisa, rogorc mce-

1 qrisoTemisis Sesaxeb Sdr. RE, III, 2520 Smd.

1 Sdr. A. Lesky, TDH, gv. 230 Smd.

1 Sdr. Latacz, Einführung..., gv. 240.

1 Sdr. E. M. Moormann, W. Uitterhoeve, Lexikon der antiken Gestalten, gv. 252.

neoptolemosi ar iRebs Tavdapirvelad odisevsis rCevas:

me is sityvebi, romelTa smenac guls matkens,

1 Sdr. W. Schadewaldt, iqve.

1 Latacz, Einführung..., gv. 345.

1 Sdr. T. B. L. Webster, An Introduction..., gv. 14 Smd.

1 Sdr. DNP, 11, 1129

1 W. Schadewaldt, Die griechische Tragödie, gv. 309.

1 dawvrilebiT Sdr. r. gordeziani, `adamianebi, rogorebic isini unda iyvnen (ANAQESIS,

sofokles teqstis istoriisaTvis

1 sofokles uaxlesi gamocemebi Sdr. qvemoT, gv. 462 Smd.

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