Tbilisis ekonomikur urTierTobaTa saxelmwifo universiteti

ia beriZe
guram TavarTqilaZe
Tamar fanculaia

f i l o s o f i a
araspecialuri fakultetis studentebisaTvis

Tbilisi 2010

1
 redaqtorebi: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,
profesori valerian vaSakiZe

filosofiis mecnierabaTa doqtori,

profesori napo kvaracxelia

recenzentebi: filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

profesori mamuka biWaSvili

filosofiis doqtori,
profesori goCa msxilaZe

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa:
lika Sengelia, gela xabeiSvili

2
 `adamiani lerwamia, umweo lerwami, magram, es lerwami azrovnebs. mis gasasresad
sulac araa saWiro samyaros risxva. sakmarisia qaris Semoberva an ubralo wvi-
mis wveTi, magram adamiani, gasresili Tundac samyaros mier, mainc ufro Rirebu-
lia, vinaidan grZnobs Tavis aRsasrulsac da Tavis umweobasac samyarosTan Se-
darebiT.
maSasadame, mTeli Cveni Rirseba azrovnebaa. swored azri gvamaRlebs Cven da
ara dro da sivrce, romelSic Cakargulni varT~
blez paskali

winasityvaoba

winamdebare saxelmZRvanelo gankuTvnilia araspecialuri fakultetis studente-

bisTvis da maTTvis, vinc filosofiuri problematikiTaa dainteresebuli. filoso-
fiis zRva masalidan masSi win wamoweulia kacobriobis ganviTarebis yvela epoqi-
saTvis saWirboroto problemebi, romlebic, bunebrivia, arc Tanamedrove periodSi
kargavs aqtualobas, Tumca, axlebur gaazrebas saWiroebs. yuradReba gamaxvilebu-
lia im masalaze, romelic aucilebelia azrovnebis kulturis ganviTarebisaTvis,
dasabuTebiTi azrovnebis srulqmnisaTvis.
saxelmZRvanelos mizania filosofiis swavlebaSi adre arsebuli naklis SeZle-
bisdagvarad daZleva; saWiroa axleburi filosofiuri Tvalsazrisisa da Sesabami-
sad filosofiis kursis axali struqturis SemuSaveba; amave dros, igi memkvidreo-
biT iRebs tradiciuli da XX saukunis filosofiis dadebiT miRwevebs.
saxelmZRvanelo cariel niadagze ar Seqmnila. misi Sedgenisas vemyarebodiT ro-
gorc ucxour literaturas, aseve Tanamedrove qarTveli filosofosebis Sromebs da
saxelmZRvaneloebs. winamdebare naSromic didad aris davalebuli maTgan.
viTvaliswinebT wlebis ganmavlobaSi kursis swavlebisas gaCenil moTxovnas, rom
saxelmZRvaneloSi ganmsazRvreli iyos adamianis problema, ufro metic, es survili
emyareba Tvalsazriss, rom filosofiuri kvlevis amosavals adamiani warmoadgens.
Cvens erT-erT mizans Seadgens imis Cveneba, rom filosofia ara marto unda ik-
vlevdes adamians, aramed Tavad filosofia Cayenebuli unda iyos adamianisa da sa-
zogadoebis samsaxurSi. man mecnieruli dasabuTeba unda misces adamianTa da xal-
xTa Soris humanuri urTierTobebis, maTi SemoqmedebiTi, Tavisufali da demokratiu-
li cxovrebis aucileblobas. amasTanave, masSi unda aisaxos qarTuli fenomenis
TviTmyofadoba, misi tolerantuli, humanuri buneba, romelic gamomuSavda garkveu-
li pirobebisa da faqtorebis safuZvelze.
saxelmZRvaneloSi Tavmoyrili masala iTvaliswinebs Cvens qveyanaSi demokratiu-
li, Tavisufali da humanuri sazogadoebis aSenebis interesebs, qarTuli filosofi-
uri memkvidreobis tradiciebs. Cveni mizania damajereblad vaCvenoT, rom filosofi-
is sagans Seadgens adamianis yofierebis, sazogadoebis, bunebisa da maTi urTierTmi-
marTebis zogadi kanonzomierebebis dadgena.
saxelmZRvaneloSi gamoyenebulia istoriuli masala, romlis gareSec filosofi-
is swavleba ver iqneba srulfasovani. es saSualebas gvaZlevs azrovnebis istorii-
dan amovarCioT problemebi, romelebic aucilebelia mocemuli masalis TvalsaCino-
ebisaTvis.

3
 adamiani bunebasa da sazogadoebaSi arsebobs. yoveli adamiani xedavs, rom buneba
da sazogadoeba, saerTod samyaro, mas arsebobis pirobad aucilebel moTxovnaTa
rigs uyenebs. amas emateba sakuTari interesebi, survilebi, romlebic xSirad ar em-
Txveva am moTxovnebs.
adamiani cxovrobs garkveul pirobebSi da rom icocxlos, unda Wamos, svas, Caic-
vas, hqondes TavSesafari da a.S. yoveli adamianis winaSe, marTalia, sxvadasxva siR-
rmiTa da sicxadiT, magram yovelTvis dgas kiTxvebi: ras warmoadgens samyaro? ras
warmoadgens Tavad adamiani? ra adgili uWiravs adamians am samyaroSi? ra unari aqvs
da ra unda akeTos adamianma? es is kiTxvebia, romlebsac filosofiam unda gasces
pasuxi da romelTa mizanic adamianis cxovrebis sazrisis garkvevaa. imisda mixedviT,
rogori iqneba pasuxi, ganisazRvreba adamianis damokidebuleba Tavis TavTan, samya-
rosTan.
filosofiuri kiTxvebi aReZvris yovel adamians, rogorc ki gonebis mzeras miapy-
robs sicocxles, Cafiqrdeba da gava Tavisi yoveldRiuri cxovrebis CarCoebidan.
magram zogs sulac ar surs ifiqros araferze garda imisa, rom Wamos, svas, Caicvas
da a.S. aseTi tipis adamiani aucilebel biologiur moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebas
cxovrebis umaRles miznad saxavs, riTac amJRavnebs sulier siRatakes.
ismis kiTxva: gana yovel adamians aqvs Tavisi filosofia?
– diax! oRond sakiTxavia es filosofia SemTxveviTi Sexedulebebisa da azrTa
`natexebisagan~ aris Sekowiwebuli, Tu kargad mofiqrebulia da samyarosa da Cveni
cxovrebis Secnobis mcdelobazea damyarebuli. naTelia, rom bunebrivi aucileblo-
ba, biologiuri arsebobis SenarCuneba ar gvaiZulebs filosofiur sakiTxebze
fiqrs, e.i. filosofosobas. magram adamiani gonieri arsebaa da misTvis arseboba da
Rirseuli arseboba erTi da igive ar aris. Tuki am kuTxidan SevxedavT adamianis si-
cocxles, maSin Cven, georg vilhelm fridrix hegelis msgavsad, SegviZlia `filoso-
fia miviCnioT yvelaze ufro aucileblad~.
imisaTvis rom iyo, saWiroa ganuwyvetliv SeiTviso sxviseuli, radgan adamianisaT-
vis sakmarisi ar aris mxolod sakuTari yofiereba. adamianma unda eZebos sakuTari
sicocxlis azri da daniSnuleba, rameTu SeuZlebelia namdvili, Tavisufali, gam-
Tlianebuli arseboba pirovnebisa, Tu man ar icis, ra aris adamiani da ar icis, vin
aris an ra aris Tavad.
martin haidegeris Tqmisa ar iyos: `Tu gvinda Cven CavwvdeT Cvens sulier samyaros
Tavis safuZvelSi – es ki aris erT-erTi Cveni umaRlesi amqveyniuri cxovrebis miza-
ni – amisaTvis unda gadavlaxoT Teoriuli, mecnierul-logikuri azrovnebis sazR-
vrebi da misive SenarCunebiT SevideT eqsistencialuri azrovnebis usasrulo sauf-
loSi~.
ia beriZe

4
 Tavi I

filosofia rogorc fenomeni

`kulturis mTeli istoriis manZilze filosofiisadmi sakmaod arakeTilmosurne

damokidebuleba aRiniSneba... filosofia kulturis yvelaze daucveli mxarea~ – es
cnobili rusi filosofosis nikoloz berdiaevis Tvalsazrisia, ufro swored, misi
sulis amoZaxili. SevecadoT gavarkvioT, Tu ram ganapiroba filosofiisadmi aseTi
damokidebuleba.
religia sulis moTxovnilebebze msjelobs da akmayofilebs maT. adamiani mzeras
ufals miapyrobs: rodesac sulieradaa SeWirvebuli, rodesac maradisobis winaSe
warsdgomis SiSiTaa SeZrwunebuli, rodesac mtanjveli simartovis grZnobiTaa daT-
rgunuli. mistika ajadovebs mas RmerTTan miaxloebis SesaZleblobiT, saswaulis
imeds uRvivebs... …
mecniereba Semmecnebeli gonebis udavo miRwevebis demonstrirebaa. igi civiliza-
ciis burjia da ara marto gvixsnis WeSmaritebas, aramed bevrad ufro komfortulsa
da xangrZlivs xdis adamianis sicocxles.
filosofia ki, piriqiT. is Seulamazeblad Tavazobs adamians sastik simarTles,
ukanasknel nugeSs arTmevs mas. filosofia uaRresad civi gonebis, saRi azrovnebis
damkvidrebis cdaa, socialuri iluziebis aRmofxvris praqtikaa. igi, Tavisi mowode-
biTa da daniSnulebiT, `ungrevs~ adamians cxovrebis mowyobis miseul wess, arsebo-
bis tragizms `uSiSvlebs~ da gamosavlis saxiT, sxvadasxva mosazrebas sTavazobs
mas; e.i. filosofia arCevnis Tavisuflebas aZlevs adamians, raTa man Tavad agos pa-
suxi sakuTar cxovrebaze da arCevanze.
rac Seexeba samyaros saidumloebebs, maT idumal, mistikur bunebas, filosofia,
samyaros aRqmisa da Semecnebis misTvis damaxasiaTebeli SesaZleblobebidan, cdi-
lobs maT siRrmiseul, pirvelsawyisamde gaazrebas. ase Cndeba kidev erTi damokide-
buleba filosofiisadmi: `simarTle rom vTqvaT, filosofia bundovani eniT gadmo-
cemuli adamianuri gansjaa~. es mosazreba germanel poetsa da moazrovnes iohan goe-
Tes ekuTvnis. isev Cndeba kiTxvebi: ratom aris saWiro mainc da mainc bundovani, gau-
gebari enis gamoyeneba? nuTu ar arsebobs TviTgamoxatvis sxva formebi? an iqneb
swored am formiTaa SesaZlebeli WeSmaritebis dadgena? ra Tqma unda, ara. sibrZnis
moyvarulma im erTaderT, saboloo WeSmaritebas rom miakvlios, maSin samyaroSi Se-
sacnobi aRaraferi darCeba da filosofiac aRar iarsebebs. filosofiis paradoqsi
swored imaSia, rom filosofosi iseT problemebze fiqrobs da msjelobs, romelTa
erTxel da samudamod gadawyveta, gansxvavebiT religiisa da mecnierebisagan, praqti-
kulad SeuZlebelia. am paradoqsis gaazrebisaTvis aucileblad unda gaviTvaliswi-
noT Semdegi: filosofias samyaros saidumloebebis wvdomisa da axsnis miseuli,
sxvaTagan gansxvavebuli meTodebi aqvs.
adamiani filosofosobs imitom, rom es misi bunebrivi moTxovnilebaa, TviTgamo-
xatvisa da TviTdamkvidrebis yvelaze mZlavri saSualebaa.
filosofosi is adamiania, romelic cxovrebas fiqrSi atarebs. fiqrobs rogorc
Seucnobel, araCveulebriv, ise Cveulebriv, yofiT movlenebsa da sagnebze. magram mi-
si fiqrisa da gansjis mimarTuleba bevrad ufro siRrmiseuli da sainteresoa, vid-
re sxva profesiis adamianis fiqri da gansja. filosofosi erTdroulad kritikosic
unda iyos da skeptikosic, Tavsatexebis axsnac unda uyvardes da maTi mofiqrebac
SeeZlos, moralistic unda iyos, winaswarmetyvelic da WeSmaritebis maZiebelic.
`brmad nuravis endobi, Tavad ifiqre~ - ai, misi devizi.
5
 platoni gvirCevda: dakavdiT filosofiiT da Tqvenze axalgazrdebsac amisken mo-
uwodeTo. filosofia moRvaweobis keTilSobilur da brZnul sferod aris miCneuli.
filosofosi ki yovelTvis mniSvnelovan figuras warmoadgens. imisaTvis, rom gaver-
kveT, Tu ras warmoadgens filosofosis figura, kiTxva ase SegviZlia davsvaT: cxov-
robs ki filosofosi Tavisi moZRvrebisa da Sexedulebebis mixedviT? an sxva sityve-
biT rom vTqvaT: icavs Tu ara igi Tavis principebs, miznebs, Rirebulebebs cxovreba-
Si?
kacobriobis kulturis istoriaSi, albaT, ver moiZebneba iseTi popularuli maga-
liTi, rogoric sokrates gmirobaa. sokrate sibrZnis ideali gaxldaT. mis Sesaxeb
uamravi literatura arsebobs. misi pirovnebac yovelmxriv aris Seswavlili – si-
cocxle, moZRvreba, sikvdili. marTlac saintereso da cota ar iyos, ucnauri pirov-
neba iyo – sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi erTi sityvac ar dauweria. razec fiqrobda, rac
awuxebda, rogor wyvetda urTules filosofiur problemebs – amaze misi mowafeebi
mogviTxroben. nuTu saocari ar aris? gamoCenili moazrovne, romelmac mxolod ze-
piri sityva dagvitova.
aTenis sasamarTlom sokrate daadanaSaula im RmerTebis gmobaSi, romlebsac
Zvel saberZneTSi eTayvanebodnen da kidev axalgazrda Taobis SeryvnaSi. mas sikvdi-
liT dasja miusajes. Tavad mosamarTleebsac ar egonaT, rom yvelaferi ase tragiku-
lad damTavrdeboda. sokrates saSualeba hqonda Tavidan aecilebina sikvdili. mas
SesTavazes gaqceuliyo da cxovrebis darCenili periodi devnilobaSi gaetarebina,
magram sokratem uaryo es SesaZlebloba. mas bevri mdidari megobari hyavda, romle-
bic mis gamosyidvas apirebdnen, magram filosofosi am SemoTavazebasac ar daTan-
xmda. da bolos, Tavad sasamarTlom SesTavaza sokrates uari eTqva Tavis Rirebule-
bebsa da Sexedulebebze da eRiarebina danaSauli. NnuTu Zalian rTulia amisi gake-
Teba sicocxlis sanacvlod?
mosamarTleebma CaTvales, rom gamouval mdgomareobaSi Cayenebuli sokrate ukan
daixevda. magram, ara! sokratem aTenelebs dauviwyari zneobrivi magaliTi misca. ua-
ri Tqva Sens Sexedulebebze, principebze niSnavs xazi gadausva mTel Sens cxovre-
bas, Sens miswrafebebs, Sens rwmenas. sokratem sulis araCveulebrivi simtkice gamo-
avlina. man Tavad aRasrula sasamarTlos ganaCeni da cikutiT savse fiala Sesva.
antikuri xanis filosofos-moralisti diogene Turme kasrSi cxovrobda da dRi-
siT, mzisiT aTenis quCebSi farniT xelSi dadioda. `vis eZeb, da Tanac, farniT xel-
Si?~ – ekiTxebodnen gaocebuli Tanamoqalaqeebi. `adamians!~... ucnauri pasuxia, dame-
TanxmebiT. garSemo uamravi adamiania, is ki, dauRalavad dadis da mainc adamians
eZebs... ras unda niSnavdes es? diogene adamianis arssa da bunebaze Cafiqrda da mix-
vda: cxovrebis yoveldRiurobaSi Cafluli gamvlel-gamomvleli naklebad Seesatyvi-
seba adamianis WeSmarit arss. namdvili adamiani sxvagvari unda iyos! mainc rogori?
erTxel diogenem dainaxa, rogor dalia bavSvma peSviT wyali. man imwamsve amoiRo
CanTidan sasmisi da gadaagdo: `bavSvma cxovrebis ubraloebiT majobao~ – aRmoxda.
saqme imaSia, rom Ddiogenes filosofia adamianebs mouwodebda ecxovraT ubralod,
bunebrivad, zedmeti siamisa da komfortis gareSe. samyaroSi uamravi mSveniereba da
siamea – amodis mze, balaxi bibinebs, wyaros wyali CuxCuxebs. magram adamianebi ar
kmayofildebian amiT. isini Tavad irTuleben cxovrebas: zogs pativiscema sWirdeba,
zogs saxeli, zogs simdidre, zogs Tanamdeboba.
gadmocemiT viciT, rom diogenesTan sasaubrod aleqsandre didi misula. nebismi-
er Txovnas Segisrulebo – uTqvams makedonels. pasuxad ki miiRo: `Camomecale, mzes
nu miCrdilav~. raze metyvelebs filosofosis pasuxi, uzrdelobaze? Tu WeSmaritad
brZeni adamianis ucnaur xasiaTze? diogenesaTvis, romelic praqtikuli cinizmis ma-
mad iTvleboda, cxovrebiseuli oromtriali ucxo da miuRebeli iyo. yvelas sakuTa-
6
ri TavisaTvis sikeTe da keTildReoba surs da gamorCenis mizniT did adamians eTay-
vanebian. magram, nuTu es aris cxovrebis mizani da amisaTvis unda iRwvodes adamia-
ni? mzis sxivi, romelic gvaTbobs, bevrad ufro Rirebulia, vidre didi mxedarTmTav-
ris nebismieri saCuqari Tu wyaloba. ufro metic! gamoCenili mxedarTmTavari amayia
Tavisi didebiT, yovlisSemZleobiT. magram, gana marTla aseTi yovlisSemZlea igi?
mzis sxivebi xom misi brZanebisa da survilis gareSec aTboben dedamiwas...
diogene cxovrobda sakuTari principebisa da Sexedulebebis Sesabamisad.
cxadia, aravin aiZulebs filosofoss misdios Tavis swavlebas yoveldRiur cxov-
rebaSi. es sulac ar niSnavs, rom isini matyuarebi arian. filosofiaSi xom qcevis
idealur gegmas gvTavazoben, romelic TavisTavad sainteresoa. ra Tqma unda, xdeba
xolme, rom es mizani miuRweveli da Seusrulebadia ara marto sxvebisaTvis, aramed
Tavad avtorisaTvis. amis Taobaze romaelma filosofosma senekam aseTi mosazreba
dagvitova: `msayveduroben, rom Cemi cxovrebis wesi ar emTxveva Cems moZRvrebas. amas-
ve sayvedurobdnen platonsac, epikuresac da Zenonsac. yvela filosofosi miuTiTebs
ara marto imaze, Tu rogor cxovrobs Tavad, aramed imazec, rogor unda ic-
xovro. me vmsjelob saTnoebaze da ara sakuTar Tavze; vebrZvi naklovanebebsa da
codvebs, maT Soris sakuTarsac; roca SevZleb, vicxovreb ise, rogorc saWiroa~.
kacobriobis istoriaSi ar iyo iseTi periodi, filosofiaze, rogorc sibrZnis
siyvarulze moTxovnileba rom gamqraliyo. savaraudoa, igi arc axla gaqreba. filo-
sofia marad iswrafvis Seicnos, gaarkvios samyaros kanonzomierebebi, Caswvdes ada-
mianis raobas, misi sulis siRrmeebs, RvTaebriv saidumloebebs. Tumca mware simar-
Tlec arsebobs. filosofias, iseve rogorc sinamdvilis, samyaros wvdomis nebismier
formas, Tavisi ganviTarebis periodSi bevri Secdomac dauSvia, bevri mcdari azric
daumkvidrebia. miuxedavad amisa, is arsebobs. isev aris masze moTxovnileba da, al-
baT, swored amaSia filosofiis, rogorc kacobriobis mZlavri inteleqtualuri ia-
raRis, sidiade.
Tamar fanculaia

`filosofia (radgan igi vrceldeba yvelaferze, rac misawvdomia adamianuri Se-

mecnebisaTvis) erTaderTi ramaa iseTi, riTac velurebisa da barbarosebisagan gan-
vsxvavdebiT da yoveli xalxi miT ufro moqalaqeobrivi da ganaTlebulia, rac uf-
ro ukeT filosofosoben isini. amitom ara aris ra saxelmwifosaTvis sxva ram uf-
ro didi sikeTe, vidre yola WeSmariti filosofosebisa.~
rene dekarti

`filosofiam gvaswavla Cven adamianebis siyvaruli~

lucius aneus seneka

`filosofosobis siZnele imaSia, rom adamiani darCe da adamianis miRmurs swvde~.

Salva nucubiZe

`adamianur xelovnebaTagan yvelaze amaRlebuli da keTilSobili aris filoso-

fiis xelovneba.~
al-qindi

`axalgazrdobaSi nurvin daayovnebs filosofosobas. moxucobis Jams nurvin mo-

iRleba filosofosobaSi, rameTu sijansaRe sulisa aravisTvisaa arc naadrevi da
arc nagvianevi~.
epikure
7
 `WeSmariti filosofosoba aris `yofierebis mosmena~, dafarulis gacxadeba, dau-
faraoba, eqsistencis Sinagani aRmavlobiT TviTsrulyofa, Sinagani eqsistencialuri
Tavisuflebis realizacia~.
martin haidegeri

`filosofia hgavs noyier mindors, romlis niadagi masze gaSenebuli xexiliT

aris fizika, masze moweuli Wirnaxuli_eTika, xolo mindvris damcveli Robe-meseri
– logika~.
(stoelebis xatovani Sedareba).

filosofia da msoflmxedveloba

8
 filosofia berZnuli sityvaa da niSnavs sibrZnis siyvaruls. es aris sulieri
kulturis damoukidebeli dargi, romelic aerTianebs codnas samyaroze, adamianze,
adamianisa da samyaros urTierTobaze. filosofiis daniSnulebaa ikvlios pirvel-
sawyisi, arsebiTi Taviseburebebi, samyaroseuli wesrigis safuZvlebi, ipovos WeSma-
riti sazrisi procesebisa, romelTac samyaroSi, sociumSi, kulturasa da adamianSi
aqvs adgili. filosofia mowodebulia gaxsnas yofierebis bneli, gamoucnobi labi-
rinTebi.
filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba dasabams iRebs miTologiidan da religiidan.
filosofia ikvlevs im realobas, romelic mxedvelobis miRma rCeba konkretul sa-
bunebismetyvelo da humanitarul disciplinebs. is asrulebs samyaros suraTis
mTlianobaSi warmosaxvis mZime samuSaos. filosofia Rrmad da safuZvlianad gaiaz-
rebs kerZo mecnierebebis monacemebs da mowodebulia iyos adamianis orientiri sam-
yaroSi. igi enaTesaveba umaRles sibrZnes, romlis funqcia marto yvelafris codna
ki ar aris, aramed mowodebulia gaigos, Seimecnos is, rac mTavari da arsebiTia, ro-
melic exeba pirvelsawyiss, msoflio wesrigs, romlis arsis wvdomis gareSe SeuZle-
belia gaazrebuli da Rirseuli arseboba. adamians bevri ram acdunebs – fuli, sim-
didre, Zalaufleba, dideba da a. S. filosofia mowodebulia gamoarCios universa-
luri, sayovelTao mniSvnelobis Rirebulebebi – WeSmariteba, sikeTe, silamaze, sa-
marTlianoba, siyvaruli da sxva.
sokrates (Zv. w 469 – 399) Tanaxmad filosofia aris ara sibrZne, aramed sibrZnis
siyvaruli da misi Zieba, wyurvili sibrZnisa, WeSmaritebis dauflebisa, vinaidan Ta-
vad sibrZnes mxolod RmerTebi floben. RmerTi SeiZleba iyos brZeni, adamians ki mi-
si siyvaruli SeuZlia. amitomac adamiani unda iswrafvodes RmerTisaken anu sibrZnis
dauflebisaken.
yvela drois filosofia Tavisi epoqis umniSvnelovanesi problemebiT iyo dainte-
resebuli. amdenad, filosofiuri kvleva TviTmizans arasodes warmoadgenda.
filosofiis sagnis sxvadasxva gageba arsebobs, zogi
Tvlis, rom filosofiis sagania samyaros Wvreta; meoreni Tvlian, rom filosofiis
saqmea mecnierebis logikuri analizi; xolo mesameni – filosofiis sagnad adamiani-
sa da misi cxovrebis sazrisis Ziebas aRiareben. Cven romels avirCevT, es Cvens msof-
lmxedvelobazea damokidebuli.
yvela drois filosofiaSi miuxedavad am mravalgvarobisa, mainc arsebobs saer-
To momenti, romelic metnaklebad saerToa yoveli filosofiuri sistemisaTvis. es
aris is, rom TiToeuls mxedvelobaSi aqvs samyaro, rogorc mTeli. filosofias Se-
uZlia kvlevis obieqtad aqcios sinamdvilis nebismieri konkretuli saxe (magaliTad,
buneba, adamiani da a. S.), magram im pirobiT, Tu maT ganixilavs samyarosTan, rogorc
mTelTan, mimarTebaSi. miuxedavad gansxvavebuli problemebiT dainteresebisa, filo-
sofiaSi erTi mTavari sakiTxi yovelTvis idga. es aris adamianisa da samyaros urTi-
erToba.
sibrZnis siyvaruli ZvelberZnul filosofiaSi, ZiriTadad, aseTi urTierTobis
garkvevas niSnavda. amitom sibrZnes da saerTod codnas didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda
adamianTa yofierebisa da cxovrebis gaazrebaSi. sokrate sibrZnis mniSvnelobis gar-
kvevis mizniT, svams kiTxvas: vis unda ewodos brZeni? aqamde brZeni ewodeboda mcod-
nes, mecniers, magram sokrates mixedviT codna da sibrZne erTmaneTs ar emTxveva.
sibrZne da misi Zieba emsaxureba WeSmaritebisa da sikeTis dadgenas, xolo WeSmari-
tebisa da sikeTis dadgena niSnavs sibrZnis siyvaruls. Tu Cven SevadarebT erTma-
neTs RmerTs, adamians da cxovels aRmovaCenT, rom RmerTi Semecnebis procesiT ar
aris SezRuduli, radgan igi mTel sibrZnes flobs. arc cxovelia SezRuduli cod-
niT, radgan is instinqtebiT mdidaria, rac garemoSi wonasworobis SesanarCuneblad
9
sWirdeba. erTaderTi arseba dedamiwaze aris adamiani, romelic SezRudulia codnis,
Semecnebis aucileblobiT, raTa iarsebos da SeinarCunos wonasworoba bunebasTan.
adamians cxovelTan SedarebiT Raribi instinqtebi aqvs; codniT RmerTs emsgavseba,
magram ar utoldeba mas. adamiani Sua rgolia maT Soris, vinc ufro didia, vidre
adamianuri da vinc ufro kninia, vidre adamianuri. Cvens qveviT warmavlobaa, Cvens
zeviT ki WeSmariteba da maradiuloba.
cxoveli adamians instinqtebiT sjobs. amis naTeli dadasturebaa futkari, rome-
lic fiWas iseTi sizustiT aSenebs, rom nebismier arqiteqtors gaawbilebs. frinvele-
bi mifrinaven Tbil qveynebSi da brundebian ise, rom arc kompasi sWirdebaT da arc
geografiuli ruka. cxovelebi adamianebze gacilebiT adre SeigrZnoben miwisZvris mo-
axloebas, axloblis gardacvalebas da sxva. magram adamianSi aris is, rac mas cxo-
velze maRla ayenebs. es aris azrovnebis, gansjisa da gonebis unari. aqedan ki daskvna:
Tu adamians ara aqvs ganviTarebuli azrovnebis, gansjisa da gonebis unarebi, igi
cxovelze dabal safexurze dadis. arCevani adamianzea. man unda airCios: an iaros win
RmerTisaken, anu umaRlesi sikeTisa da umaRlesi mSvenierebisaken, an daeces cxovelis
doneze. udavoa, adamiani unda irCevdes RmerTisken swrafvas, radgan `adamianad yofna
niSnavs iyo imaze meti, vidre adamiania da Tu adamiani imaze meti araa, vidre adamiani,
maSin igi naklebia, vidre adamiani~ (abraham heSeli).
gonebis Tvali gadavavloT am ukidegano mravalferovan samyaros, sadac or erTna-
ir foTolsac ki ver ipovis kaci. uwvrilesi erTujrediani arsebani da gigantur var-
skvlavTa jgufi, caTaziduli mTebi da usivrco okeaneebi, bunebisa da cxovrebis sas-
waulebi. SeuZlebelia adamians ar gauCndes kiTxva: ra xelma Seqmna es silamaze?! sai-
dan warmoiSva? vin aris Semoqmedi? an TuU aris, ratom da risTvis Seqmna? swored aqe-
dan iwyeba pirveli gakvirveba, pirveli gaoceba, aq ismeba pirveli kiTxva – ratom? e.
i. iwyeba kritikuli azrovneba. ase daiwyo filosofiuri azris istoria Zvel saber-
ZneTSi daaxloebiT Zv. w. VI saukuneSi da dagvitova mdidari memkvidreoba, romelic
safuZvlad daedo evropul azrovnebasa da daimkvidra klasikuri filosofiis saxe-
li.
filosofiuri Sexedulebebi Zveli aRmosavleTis qveynebSi Zv. w. III aTaswleulSi
Caisaxa. uZvelesi cnobebi induri filosofiuri azrovnebis Sesaxeb mocemulia vedur
(sanskr. `veda~ – codna) literaturaSi, gansakuTrebiT `rigvedaSi~, romelic religiu-
ri sagaloblebis krebuls warmoadgens da, mkvlevarTa varaudiT, Zv.w. II aTaswleulis
bolosa da I aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi Seiqmna; garkveuli filosofiuri msof-
lmxedveloba Camoyalibebulia `upaniSadebSi~ (sanskr. `upaniSad~ – moZRvris gverdiT
jdoma), romlis Seqmna daaxloebiT Zv. w. VIII – VII ss. iwyeba. `rigvedasa~ da `upaniSa-
debSi~ gamoyenebulia iseTi rTuli kategoriebi, rogoricaa `yofiereba~, `arayofiere-
ba~ da sxva. am moZRvrebebs, rasakvirvelia, religiur – idealisturi xasiaTi hqonda.
CineTis filosofiuri azris istorias Zv w. I aTaswleulis damdegidan iTvlian.
cxadia, am SemTxvevaSic mxedvelobaSia calkeuli filosofiuri elementebi, romle-
bic religiur moZRvrebaSi iyo mocemuli. magaliTad, jer kidev Zv. w. VIII – VII ss. ga-
moTqmuli iyo mosazrebani samyaros Semadgeneli xuTi elementis (wyali, cecxli, li-
Toni, xe, miwa) Sesaxeb; bunebaSi arsebuli moZraobisa da cvalebadobis asaxsnelad
daSvebuli iyo urTierTdapirispirebuli Zalebis arseboba. ufro gvian (Zv. w. VI s.) Ca-
moyalibda konfucianeloba, romelic arsebiTad eTikur – politikur moZRvrebas war-
moadgens.
filosofiuri ideebi gvxvdeba Zveli aRmosavleTis qveynebis miTologiaSic. maga-
liTad, miTSi RmerTi mardukis Sesaxeb, romelic Zveli babilonis saxelmwifos ayva-
vebis periods miekuTvneba, laparakia imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor Seqmna RmerTma mardukma
samyaro wylisagan da sxva. aseve hesiodes miTologiur TxzulebaSi `Teogonia~ samya-
10
ros pirvelsawyisad miCneulia qaosi, saidanac kosmosi warmoiSva da sxva. cxovreba
mocemul SesaZleblobaTa Soris arCevnis gakeTebaa, romelic xorcieldeba Rirebule-
baTa da idealebis safuZvelze. romels mianiWebs upiratesobas, ras daisaxavs adamiani
miznad, es mis msoflmxedvelobazea damokidebuli.
adamiani dedamiwaze sicocxlis warmoSobisa da evoluciis bunebrivi da kanonzo-
mieri Sedegia. igi bunebaSi arsebobs, magram mTlianad masze ar aris mijaWvuli. igi
qmnis sruliad axal samyaros kulturis saxiT. aSenebs sazogadoebas mTeli Tavisi
mravalferovnebiT. amyarebs politikur, samarTlebriv, ekonomikur, socialur, kultu-
rul, zneobriv, religiur urTierTobebs, eweva sulier moRvaweobas, romlis Sedegad
iqmneba miTologia, religia, filosofia, mecniereba, xelovneba da sxva. e.i. adamiani
qmnis goniT samyaros, rac ucxoa nebismieri sxva arsebisaTvis.
fridrix nicSe (1844 –1900 ww.) werda: `adamiani aris xidi da ara mizani... adamiani
aris raRac, rac unda gadailaxos~. e.i. adamianad yofna gulisxmobs zrdas, cvaleba-
dobas, ganviTarebas. es ki SeuZlebelia naTeli cnobierebisa da msoflmxedvelobis
gareSe. adamiani irCevs, raRac moswons, raRac ar moswons, raRacas keTilad an bo-
rotad Tvlis, ibrZvis, uyvars an gulgrilia da a. S. is, risTvisac adamiani Tavs
gaswiravs, risic mas swams, aris misi cxovrebis sazrisi. is, Tu ras miiCnevs adamiani
Tavisi cxovrebis sazrisad, damokidebulia mis msoflmxedvelobaze.
msoflmxedveloba aris adamianis TviTcnobierebisa da TviTrefleqsiis forma, Se-
xedulebaTa da RirebulebaTa sistema, romlis mizania adamianis cxovrebis sazrisis
garkveva. msoflmxedvelobas aqvs rTuli struqtura, romlis Semadgeneli elemente-
bia: a) Sexedulebebi da warmodgenebi samyaroze, rogorc mTelze. igi aZlevs codnas
adamians sakuTari Tavisa da samyaros Sesaxeb. b) Rirebulebebi da idealebi, romle-
bic adgenen im ZiriTad mizans, rasac adamiani unda emsaxuros da ris gansaxorcie-
lebladac unda ibrZolos.
msoflmxedveloba or ZiriTad elements Seicavs: codnas (sayaros suraTs) da ide-
als. Tumca misTvis mTavari codnis mocema ar aris. codna misTvis saSualebaa idea-
lis gansazRvrisaTvis. msoflmxedvelobis mizani adamianis cxovrebis sazrisis gar-
kvevaa. man pasuxi unda gasces Semdeg kiTxvebs:
1) ra aris samyaro? 2) ra aris adamiani? anu vin var me? 3) rogoria Cemi damokidebu-
leba samyarosadmi? 4) ra unda gavakeTo? da risi imedi SeiZleba mqondes me?
msoflmxedveloba adamianis cxovrebis maswavlebeli, misi gzamkvlevia. igi adami-
ans aZlevs RirebulebiT orientacias – ra akeTos, risTvis ibrZolos, ras emsaxu-
ros. garda amisa, adamians ainteresebs iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa sulis ukvdaveba,
saiqio cxovreba, Tavisuflebis problema da uamravi sxva ram. es iseTi sakiTxebia,
imanuel kantis (1724 –1804 ww.) sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, romelTa mocileba adamians ar
ZaluZs, radgan isini misTvis TviT gonebas mouxvevia Tavs, magram arc gadamWreli
pasuxis gacema SeuZlia, vinaidan isini aRematebian adamianis gonebis yvela unars.
radgan kiTxvebi arasodes amoiwureba, maSasadame, `verc gadaWris da verc aici-
lebs!~– maS ra saWiroa igi? imanuel kantisaTvis mecnieruli codnis arseboba faq-
tia, radganac arsebobs maTematika da fizika, amgvari codnis SesaZleblobis uaryo-
fa e. i. skepticizmi – xelovnuri da swavluli uvicobaa. filosofiis valia axsnas
am codnis SesaZleblobis pirobebi. imanuel kants hqonda erTi principi, romelic
aristoteledan aiRo. es principia: `RmerTi da buneba tyuilad arafers qmnis, e. i.
Tu raime arsebobs, mas aqvs sakmao safuZveli~. ratom aris ase? – ainteresebs kants,
verc gadaWris da verc aicilebs. ratom? imitom, rom sainteresoa. kanti saWirod
Tvlida SeezRuda Teoriuli Semecnebis sfero, saerTod moazrebadi gaeTiSa orad –
TavisTavadi nivTebis sferod da movlenebis sferod. movlenebis sfero es aris –
nivTebi CvenTvis, e. i. imanenturi sfero, romelzec mecniereba Sendeba, e. i. fizikis
11
sfero da TavisTavadi nivTebis sfero, anu fizikis iqiT arsebuli metafizikuri, anu
transcendenturi sfero, romelzec mecniereba ar Sendeba. es aris rwmenisa da msof-
lmxedvelobis sfero.
ganasxvaveben Teoriul da araTeoriul msoflmxedvelobas. miTosi da religia
araTeoriuli msoflmxedvelobaa, filosofia ki – Teoriuli. arsebobs msoflmxed-
velobis sami ZiriTadi saxe:
1) miTosi, rogorc msoflmxedveloba.
2) religia, rogorc msoflmxedveloba.
3) filosofia, rogorc msoflmxedveloba.
miTosi warmosaxvis Zalas da naTqvamis avtoritets emyareba da ase axdens samya-
ros erTianobis Sesaxeb azris dafuZnebas. religia rwmenas emyareba da am gziT mi-
dis samyaros erTianobamde. filosofia ki aris dasabuTebuli msoflmxedvelobis
mocemis cda. igi cnebebisa da kategoriebis gamoyenebiT ayalibebs msoflmxedvelo-
bas da ase axdens samyaros erTianobis dafuZnebas. iq, sadac iwyeba filosofia,
iwyeba kritikuli azrovneba, ismeba kiTxva – ratom?
naTqvamidan gamomdinare, msoflmxedvelobebisaTvis saerToa – samyaros erTiano-
bis gageba. isini amas sxvadasxva meTodebiTa da xerxebiT aRweven. rogorc ukve
vTqviT, filosofia aris Teoriuli msoflmxedvelobis mocemis cda, romelic moi-
azrebs samyaros mTlianobaSi, arkvevs adamianis yofierebis sazriss.
ram gamoiwvia miTosuri azrovnebis svla filosofiuri azrovnebisaken? – cxov-
rebis amaRlebam cnobierebamde. empiriuli anu cdiseuli masalis ayvanam cnobiere-
bamde da Sefasebis survilma. es rTuli samuSaoa, romelic kacobriobam Seasrula
cxovrebis xedvis ganviTarebaSi. aqedan erTi daskvna gamodis: msoflmxedvelobebis
ganviTareba ganpirobebulia samyaros suraTis mdgradobis moTxovnilebiT. blez
paskalis azriT, `axla ki dae, adamiani kvlav miubrundes sakuTar Tavs da Seada-
ros Tavisi arseba yovelive arsebuls. dae, Seicnos, rarig dakargulia da miviwye-
buli samyaros am miyruebul kuTxeSi. adamiani moqceulia or – araraobisa da
usasrulobis ufskruls Soris da mainc svams kiTxvas – ra aris adamiani? – ara-
raoba usasrulobasTan SedarebiT da yvelaferi araraobasTan SedarebiT. anu ra-
Rac saSualo yvelafersa da arafers Soris. mas ar SeuZlia arcerTi ukidureso-
bis Secnoba, saganTa dasabami da dasasruli misTvis samudamod dafarulia iduma-
lebis ganuWvreteli ukuniT. is erTnairad umweoa Seicnos, rogorc araraoba, rom-
lisganac iSva, ise usasruloba, romelSic aris danTqmuli. adamiani eZebs myar
sayrdens, romelsac igi miendoba, magram ver poulobs, rameTu irgvliv araferia
uryevi. aseTia Cveni bunebrivi mdgomareoba da mainc sruliad arabunebrivad eCvene-
ba is Cvens grZnobebs. Cven xarbad miveltviT mkvidr samyofels, gvsurs fexqveS
vgrZnobdeT myar niadags, raTa caTaziduli godoli aRvmarTod zed, magram saZir-
kveli irRveva.
me ar vici, raa samyaro, ar vici, raa Cemi sxeuli, Cemi grZnoba, Cemi suli da Ce-
mi arsebis is nawili, romelic fiqrobs, rasac vambob, romelic cdilobs azriT
miwvdes da Seicnos yvelaferi, Seicnos Tavisi Tavic, magram ukeT rodi icnobs sa-
kuTar Tavs, vidre sxva danarCens. me vxedav samyaros saSinel sivrces, romelSic
var Caketili. me vgrZnob, rom mijaWvuli var am uvrcesi samyaros mxolod erT kun-
Wuls, magram ar vici, rad mxvda wilad es kuTxe da ara romelime sxva adgili, an
rad meboZa sasicocxlod erTi mswrafl warmavali wami maradisobis swored am da
ara romelime sxva wertilSi. maradisobisa, romelic win uswrebs Cems dasabams da
romelic mosdevs Cems dasasruls.
me verafers vxedav Cems irgvliv usasrulobis garda, romelSic atomiviT var
Cakarguli. Cemi sicocxle mxolod Crdilia, romelic mxolod wamiT evlineba
12
usasrulobas, raTa am wamis waxdomisTanave ukvalod gaqres. me mxolod is vici,
rom male movkvdebi, magram yvelaze nakleb vicnob swored am sikvdils, romelsac
ver gaveqcevi da ver avicileb~!
miTologias, religias, filosofias aqvs pretenzia iyos mdgradi, gavleniani,
iyos sayovelTaod aRiarebuli, magram icvleba dro, icvleba adamianis msoflgage-
bac. martin haidegeris (1889 –1976 ww.) azriT, SeuZlebelia mudam erTi da imave idea-
lis mimarTulebiT moZraoba. magaliTad iyo periodi, roca evropuli sazogadoebis
cxovrebaSi wina planze wamovida codnis ideali, magram mudam ase ar iyo da arc
mudam ase iqneba. iyo periodi, roca gansakuTrebiT mwvaved dadga ekonomikuri prob-
lema da misma gadaWram gadamwyveti mniSvneloba moipova. iyo iseTi periodic, roca
seqsualurma ltolvam civilizebuli adamianis cxovrebis warmarTvel faqtorTa
Soris lamis yvelaze meti ZaliT iCina Tavi. axla, fiqrobs haidegeri, civilizebuli
kacobriobis cxovrebaSi yvelaze met rols fridrix nicSes mier nawinaswarmetyve-
lebi Zalauflebis ideali TamaSobs. kacobrioba am idealis meoxebiT dRes katas-
trofis winaSe dgas da Tu ki saboloo daRupva ar uweria, momavalSi uTuod daaR-
wevs mas Tavs. naTqvamidan gamomdinare, adamiani SeZlebisdagvarad sruli saxiT yof-
nas mieswrafvis. amisaTvis ki yofnis sistemis gagebas cdilobs, swored amitomac iq-
ca adamianisaTvis aucileblobad filosofiuri azrovneba, romelic arsebiTad gan-
sxvavdeba mecnieruli, miTologiuri, religiuri azrovnebisagan.

miTosuri msoflmxedveloba

filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebas istoriulad win uZRoda miTo-

logiuri da religiuri msoflmxedvelobis arseboba. miTologiuri msoflmxedvelo-
ba Seiqmna kacobriobis warmoSobis pirvelsave safexurze.
miTologia aris sxvadasxva epoqebisa da xalxebis miTebis da legendebis erTob-
lioba. isini mogviTxroben samyaros, RmerTebis, fantastikuri arsebebis da adamiane-
bis Sesaxeb. miTosuri azrovneba adamianuri cnobierebis Tavdapirveli formaa. igi
warmoiSva calkeuli miTebis da legendebis saxiT, TandaTanobiT xdeboda maTi mo-
wesrigeba da sistematizacia.
bevri ram iyo uZvelesi adamianisaTvis idumali da Seucnobeli, amasTan SiSis
momgvreli da Semzaravic: stiqiuri ubedureba – gvalva, wyaldidoba, miwisZvra, qa-
riSxali, qarborbala; bunebis sxvadasxva movlenebi – wvima, setyva, Weqa-quxili, mou-
savlianoba, gamyinvareba, mzisa da mTvaris dabneleba, weliwadis droTa monacvleo-
ba; piradi cxovrebidanac ki – Zili, sizmari, avadmyofoba, sikvdili... adamianis cde-
bi, aexsna da Caswvdomoda maT saidumloebas, uSedegod mTavrdeboda. Tavisi ganviTa-
rebis dabali donis gamo, mas ar Seswevda unari Seecno movlenaTa arsi da pasuxi
gaeca iseT kiTxvebze, romlebsac dRes daufiqreblad upasuxebs skolis moswavle. im
uxsovar droSi ki yvelaferi es uxilavi RmerTebis neba-survilis gamovlinebad mi-
aCndaT da miTebSi cdilobdnen bunebis movlenebis axsnas, sikvdilisa da sicocxlis
saidumloebaTa Secnobas, adamianisa da samyaros urTierTobis garkvevas. swored ami-
tom uwodeben miTologias `winafilosofias~. aristoteles azriT, adamianebma fi-
losofosoba pirvelad gaocebis Sedegad daiwyes. igi Tvlida, rom adamiani, romel-

13
sac uyvars da TviTonac Txzavs miTebs, garkveuli azriT ukve filosofosia, rameTu
sibrZne gulisxmobs mizezTa codnas, xolo miTebi ki bunebis movlenaTa mizezebis
axsnaa.
uZveles xalxTa miTebs Soris erT-erTi TvalsaCino da sapatio adgili ukavia
Zvel berZnul miTologias, romelsac sxva xalxebis miTologiisagan, ZiriTadad,
ori Tavisebureba gamoarCevs – anTropomorfizmi da bedisweris principi. Zvel ber-
ZenTa warmodgeniT, samyaro ase Seiqmna:Y Tavdapirvelad arsebobda mxolod maradiu-
li, usazRvro, bneli qaosi, romelSic iyo qveynierebis sicocxlis wyaro. yovelive,
mTeli samyaro da ukvdavi RmerTebic, usazRvro qaosidan warmoiSva. qaosidan warmo-
iSva dedamiwis qalRmerTi gea – Zalumi, sicocxlis momniWebeli yovelisTvis, rac
masze cocxlobs da izrdeba. Sors, miwis qveS ki, ise Sors, rogoradac Sorsaa Cven-
gan ukidegano, naTeli ca, ganuzomel siRrmeSi daibada pirquSi tartarosi – sazare-
li qveskneli, savse maradiuli wyvdiadiT. qaosidanve, sicocxlis wyarodan, iSva di-
adi Zala, yovlis gamacocxlebeli siyvaruli – erosi. daiwyo qveynierebis Seqmna.
usazRvro qaosma Sva maradiuli wyvdiadi – erebosi da bneli Rame niuqsi. Ramisa da
wyvdiadisagan warmoiSvnen maradiuli Suqi – eTeri da sixarulis momgvreli, naTeli
dRe – hemera. sinaTle moefina mTels qveynierebas da daiwyo dRisa da Ramis cvla.
yovlisSemZle dedamiwam Sva unapiro lurji ca – uranosi, da gadaiSala zeca. ama-
yad aRimarTnen cisaken miwis Svilebi – maRali mTebi da farTod gadaiSala marad
mRelvare zRva. qalRmerTma Ramem gaaCina sazarel RvTaebaTa mTeli dasi: Tanatosi –
sikvdili; erida – ganxeTqileba; apatu – sicrue; keri – ganadgureba; hipnosi – Zili,
saSinel moCvenebaTa mTeli gundiT, romlebmac ar ician Sebraleba, nemesida – Su-
risZieba danaSaulisaTvis. saSineleba, ganxeTqileba, sicrue, brZola da ubedureba
moitanes am RmerTebma qveynad.
samyaro SemosazRvruli iyo vrceli mdinariT, romelsac okeanes uwodebdnen. okea-
nis aRmosavleTiT yovel diliT amodis mze – RmerTi heliosi, xolo dasavleTiT (i-
mave dros) Cadis mTvare – qalRmerTi selene. mTel samyaros ganagebs zevsi – Myvela
RmerTisa da adamianebis mama da mbrZanebeli. igi yovlisSemZlea. zevsi ganagebs casa
da ciur movlenebs. igia Weqa-quxilis RmerTi – elvisa da mexis mfrqveveli zevsi. mi-
si survilisamebr ikribeba Rrubeli caze, igi ugzavnis adamianebs wvimas, misi brZane-
biT moZraobs qari, icvleba weliwadis droni. man daamyara qveynad sazogadoebrivi
wesrigi da dauwesa adamianebs kanonebi. adamianTa bedi zevsis nebas emorCileba.
olimpos mTidan ugzavnis igi adamianebs wyalobasa da risxvas. RmerTebi monawileo-
ben adamianTa cxovrebaSi, isini aswavlian adamianebs garkveul saqmes da mfarvelo-
ben maT saqmianobas. aTenam aswavla safeiqro xelovneba. hefestom – mWedloba da
sxva. RmerTebs adamianisTvis moaqvT, rogorc sikeTe, ise boroteba, rogorc bedniere-
ba, ise ubedureba. ismis kiTxva: Tu yvelaferi RmerTebis nebiT xdeba, xolo isini
mravalia da damoukideblad moqmedeben, maSin, xom ar sufevs samyaroSi qaosi da ga-
nukiTxaoba? miTologia miiCnevs, rom samyaro mkacrad mowesrigebuli mTelia. amgvar
samyaros kosmosi ewodeba. masSi batonobs uryevi wesrigi da gardauvaloba, sadac ga-
moricxulia yovelgvari SemTxveviToba da TviTneboba. ra Zala udevs safuZvlad am
rkinisebur aucileblobas? es aris bediswera, romelic winaswar, erTmniSvnelovnad
gansazRvravs yovelive imas, rac samyaroSi xdeba. moxdeba mxolod is, rac bediswe-
riT aris dadgenili da gadawyvetili. vervin gaeqceva imas, rac uweria. bedisweras
berZnulad moira hqvia, rac `wils~, `xvedrs~ niSnavs. yovel sagans, maT Soris adami-
ansac, Tavisi wili, xvedri aqvs miCenili.
Tebes mefis memkvidrem laiosma, pisaSi mefe pelopTan stumrad yofnis dros, misi
qaliSvili qrisipe moitaca da TavisTan waiyvana. ganrisxebulma da danaRvlianebulma
mamam laiosi dawyevla – RmerTebma Cemi Svilis gamtacebeli imiT dasajon, rom saku-
14
Tarma Svilma daRuposo. garkveuli drois Semdeg, laiosi menekevsis asul iokasteze
daqorwinda, magram Svili ar eRirsaT. apolonis qurumma qalma piTiam laioss Rmer-
Tebis neba auwya: Svili geyoleba, magram pelopis wyevla giwevs da sakuTari Svilis
xeliT sikvdili giweriao. Tavzardacemulma laiosma gadawyvita, Svili dabadebisTa-
nave moekla. asec moiqca – axalSobils fexebi RvediT Seukra, terfebSi wvetiani
rkina gauyara, uxmo monas da ubrZana yrmis dagdeba kiTeronis ferdobze, raTa iq ga-
reul mxecebs daeglijaT. magram monam ar Seasrula mefis brZaneba. bavSvi Seecoda
da korinTos mefis monas gadasca. korinTos mefe uSvilo iyo da bavSvis gamoCena
RmerTebis wyalobad miiCnia. man gadawyvita ymawvili sakuTari SviliviT aRezarda da
memkvidred gamoecxadebina. bavSvs saxelad oidiposi uwodes. erTxel nadimze erTma
SezarxoSebulma megobarma gazrdil da davaJkacebul oidiposs naSvilebi uwoda. oi-
diposma simarTlis dadgenis mizniT delfos orakuls miakiTxa. sxivnaTelma apolon-
ma misan piTias piriT oidiposs misi sazareli bedi gaando: Sen moklav mamaSens, Se-
irTav sakuTar dedas da am qorwinebidan geyoleba Svilebi, dawyevlili RmerTebisa-
gan da SeZulebuli adamianTagan. SeZrwunebulma oidiposma ganizraxa uTvistomo, una-
Tesavo, samSoblos moklebul moxetiale yaribad darCeniliyo. magram gana SeiZleba
vinme bedisweras gaeqces? oidiposma ar icoda, rom, rac ufro Seecdeboda gaqceoda
Tavis bedisweras, miT ufro mtkiced wavidoda im gziT, rac bedma ganuCina. gzad mima-
vals, parnasis mTis Ziras, SemTxveviT ucnobi berikaci Semoakvda. oidiposi Tavs dam-
naSaved ar grZnobda – igi xom mxolod Tavs icavda. alalbedze arCeulma gzam oidi-
posi TebeSi Caiyvana. qalaqSi glova sufevda – sfingiones mTaze dasaxlebuli, tiTo-
nisa da eqidnas naSieri sfinqsi sul axal-axal msxverpls iTxovda da kidev, viRac
ucnobs Tebes mefe laiosi moekla.
oidiposma moqalaqeTa daxmareba gadawyvita.
saSineli sanaxavi iyo qalis Taviani, uSvelebeli lomis tanis, basri klanWebiTa
da uzarmazari arwivis frTebiani sfinqsi. RmerTebis gadawyvetilebiT sfinqsi manam-
de unda darCeniliyo TebeSi, vidre vinme mis gamocanas ar amoxsnida. mravalma sca-
da, magram amaod, yvela daiRupa. sfinqsma oidipossac uTxra Tavisi Tavsatexi:
miTxari, vin dadis diliT oTx fexze, SuadRisas orze da saRamos samze? arcer-
Ti miwieri arseba ar icvlis saxes masaviT. roca oTx fexze dadis, maSin naklebi Za-
la aqvs da ufro nelac moZraobs, vidre sxva dros. wamiTac ar dafiqrebula oidi-
posi, ise upasuxa: – es adamiania! roca pataraa, mxolod dilaa misi sicocxlisa, ma-
Sin sustia da oTx fexze daxoxavs. dRisiT, e.i., simwifis asakSi, or fexze dadis,
xolo saRamos, e.i. siberis dros, sustdeba, dasayrdeni sWirdeba da joxs iyenebs, ma-
Sin sam fexze dadis.
SeZlo oidiposma am Tavsatexis gamocnoba. sfinqsma ki frTebi aiqnia da kldidan
zRvaSi gadaeSva. aseTi iyo RmerTebis neba – sfinqsi unda daRupuliyo, Tuki vinme mis
gamocanas gamoicnobda. ase gaaTavisufla oidiposma Tebe ubedurebebisagan da madli-
erma xalxma igi mefed gamoacxada. oidiposma colad SeirTo qvrivi dedofali da mis-
gan ori vaJi da ori qaliSvili SeeZina. brZnulad marTavda oidiposi Tebes, xalxis
siyvarulic daimsaxura, magram vin gaqcevia bedisweras? isev didi gansacdeli daaty-
da Tavs Tebes – apolonma saSineli seni, Savi Wiri mouvlina qalaqs. uamravi adamiani
daixoca. misanma tiresiam ubedurebaSi oidiposi daadanaSaula, rogorc sakuTari ma-
mis mkvleli da Tavisi mSobeli dedis qmari. SeZrwunebulma, sasowarkveTilma oidi-
posma Tvalebi daiTxara – aRar surda ecqira mzis sinaTlisaTvis, aRar surda Svile-
bis xilva, romlebic misTvis imavdroulad debi da Zmebic iyvnen. axla misTvis yove-
live daiRupa. amaod cdilobda oidiposi beds gaqceoda! veravin Seclis RmerTebis ne-
bas, TviT zevsic ki.

15
 berZnul miTologiaSi Taviseburi asaxva hpova bunebis kultmac. am TvalsazrisiT
erT-erT yvelaze momxibvlel miTad miCneulia Zveli berZnuli Tqmuleba nimfa eqos
Sesaxeb. mSvenieri nimfa eqo qalRmerTma heram dasaja. amieridan eqos mxolod masTan
mosaubris mier warmoTqmuli ukanaskneli sityvis gameoreba SeeZlo... da ai, eqos Se-
uyvarda saxemSvenieri Wabuki narcisi. ver SesZlo eqom Tavisi unugeSo siyvarulis
gandoba. uaryo igi narcisma. martod cxovrobda amieridan ukacriel da miuval ga-
moqvabulSi eqo, mZimed ganicdida Tavis siyvaruls. Camoxma da mxolod Zvlebi da
uwindeli xma-Ra SemorCa. bolos Zvlebic qvad iqcnen, magram darCa eqos xma. veravin
xedavs mas udabur tyeebsa da maRal mTebSi, Tumca yvelas esmis misi xma...
CvenTvis sainteresoa is faqti, rom Zvel berZnul miTologiaSi vrceli da Tavi-
seburi asaxva hpova Zveli saberZneTis urTierTobam qarTul-kavkasiur samyarosTan:
amorZalebi, meomar qalTa miTiuri tomi, Zvel berZenTa warmodgeniT, Savi zRvis sam-
xreT-aRmosavleT sanapiroze cxovrobdnen md. Termodontis maxloblad; berZen gmi-
rebs polidevkesa da kastors (dioskurebs) kolxTa qveyanaSi dauarsebiaT qalaqi di-
oskuria; kavkasionis qedze iyo mijaWvuli berZenTa gmiri promoTe. magram berZnul
miTologiaSi Zvel saqarTvelosTan urTierToba yvelaze ufro naTlad aisaxa Tqmu-
lebaSi argonavtTa kolxeTSi laSqrobis Sesaxeb. straboni gvawvdis Semdeg cnobas:
`(kolxeTSi)... mdinareebs CamoaqvT oqro, rasac barbarosebi daxvretili varclebiT
da bewviani tyavebiT agroveben. aqedan momdinareobs miTi oqros sawmisis tyavze...~
sxvaTaSoris, oqros mopovebis es wesi svaneTSi, e.i. istoriuli kolxeTis mTian rai-
onebSi, yofila SemorCenili. svaneTSi aseTi gadmocemaa Semonaxuli: – TiTqos leS-
xvaraze mdgara orsarTuliani taZari. miwisqveSa sarTulSi oqros ganZeuloba inaxe-
boda. aqve iyo oqros jaWviT dabmuli oqros verZi...
axla vnaxoT, rogoria qarTuli miTosuri panTeoni: `mTaze cxraTvala, bedgaute-
xeli, caswvermibjenili cixe dgas. aq aris RvTis kari: oqros taxtze morige RmerTi
zis da oqrosave bageebs Zravs. aqve dgas qvesknelSi fesvgadgmuli alvis xe, romlis
wverSi oqros cxrakeci Sibi hkidia. alvis rtoebze `yurebad sanatreli~, TeTrmxria-
ni RvTisSvilebi sxedan, xolo mis fesvebSi ukvdavebis veSa-wyaro Cqefs. veSa-wyaros
RvTaebrivi veSapi patronobs. cixidan wyaromde `miwi-miw~ darani Cadis. am daranidan
moZraoben varskvlavTa ganmasaxierebeli, erTmaneTis mode-moZme RvTisSvilebi~ (T.
Cxenkeli). qarTvelebs mravali RmerTi hyavdaT. RmerTTa mamamTavars erqva `morige~,
anu wesisa da rigis gamrigebel-gamkanonebeli. is iyo qarTvelTa zevsi. mas hyavda
RvTisSvilebi, igive naxevarRmerTebi – kopala, iasaxari, laSarela, pirquSi da sxva-
ni; qalRmerTebi – dali, xelsamZivari, pirimze da mzeqala; maTze dabla dganan gmi-
rebi, igive piroflianebi – amirani, xogais mindi, sulkalmaxi da sxvani.
yvelas sakuTari adgili da Tvisebebi gaaCnia. magram miTosur fantazias Tavisuf-
leba uyvars da xSirad saxes ucvlida RmerTebs. RmerTebi Tu naxevarRmerTebi ada-
mianurad iqceodnen: uyvardaT, ibrZodnen, mxiarulebas Tu mwuxarebas eZleodnen. gmi-
rebi ki zogjer RvTaebriv Zalas avlendnen da RmerTsac ki eWidebodnen. RvTismeb-
rZoli gaxda amirani, rogorc promeTe. promeTem xom adamianebs cecxli moupova,
RvTaebrivi cecxli, romelsac manamde mxolod RmerTebi flobdnen. amitom igi kavka-
sionze miajaWves. miTosis Tanaxmad, igi sul gaTavisuflebas elis. aseTia amiranic.
amiranSi adamianuric aris da RvTaebrivic. igi mxatvruli saxea da masSi sxvadasxva
azri SeiZleba amovikiTxoT. akakim xom mijaWvuli amirani Tavisuflebis momlodine
tyvedqmnil saqarTvelod warmoidgina. Zvel miTologiur saxeebs unari aqvT axali
drois ideebic gamoxaton.
erTi SexedviT, miTosuri Tqmulebani fantastikur ambebs Seicavs. es ambebi dau-
jerebelia, zRaprulia. magram, sulxan-saba orbelianisa ar iyos, am sicrueSi sib-
rZnea. Cven igi unda amovicnoT.
16
 religiuri msoflmxedveloba

religia (laT. religio – keTilmsaxureba, RvTismoSiSeba, RvTismosaoba, siwminde)

SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc msoflmxedveloba da msoflSegrZneba, agreTve ada-
mianis Sesabamisi grZnobebi, qcevebi da specifikuri moqmedebebi, romelic emyareba
zebunebrivi Zalis rwmenas.
religia sulieri kulturis fenomenia, romelic mxolod adamianebs, moazrovne
arsebebs aqvT. ismis kiTxva: arsebobs Tu ara RmerTi? SeiZleba vupasuxoT erTmniS-
vnelovnad – diax! arsebobs, magram ratomaa sakamaTo es kacobriobis mTeli istori-
is manZilze? saqme imaSia, rom RmerTi maTTvis arsebobs, visac igi swams, da ar arse-
bobs maTTvis, visac ar swams. aTeisti moiTxovs dasabuTdes RmerTis arseboba da mi-
si moqmedebebi. aris ki samarTliani es moTxovna? ratom aviwydebaT maT, rom codna
da rwmena, mecniereba da religia sul sxvadasxva fenomenebia. ratom ar ixseneben
pavle mociqulis sityvebs: `amqveyniuri sibrZne RvTis winaSe aris ugunureba~. es xom
qristianobis amosavali debulebaa. rwmena mxolod imitom arsebobs, rom rwmenis
obieqtis Sesaxeb codna SeuZlebelia. imas, rac viciT, rwmena ar sWirdeba; rac ar
viciT, rwmenac swored mas exeba. samyaroSi gana yvela movlena Seimecneba da dasa-
buTdeba? amitom sworia debuleba: `iwameT RmerTi zebunebrivi (sawinaaRmdegod bu-
nebrivisa, romelic drosa da sivrceSi arsebobs, SegrZnebebSi gveZleva da amdenad
Semecnebadia), radganac Tqven ar SegiZliaT gaigoT, icodeT is~. ganvixiloT imanuel
kantis mosazreba am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. igi wers: `SevzRude codna, raTa adgi-
li dameTmo rwmenisTvis~. rogorc ukve viciT, kantma moazrebadi samyaro gayo or
nawilad, TavisTavadi nivTebis sferod da movlenebad. movlenebi es fizikis sferoa,
romelzec mecniereba Sendeba, e. i. cdaSi gveZleva. es imanenturi sferoa. TavisTava-
di nivTebis sfero ki fizikis iqiT arsebuli sferoa, e. i. transcendenturi sfero,
romelic cdaSi ar gveZleva da romelzec mecniereba ar Sendeba. es rwmenis sferoa.
kantma isic gviCvena, rom dasabuTebis TvalsazrisiT, ramdeni argumenticaa RmerTis
arsebobis damadasturebeli, zustad imdenivea misi uarmyofeli. aseT SemTxvevaSi,
arcerTi araa dasabuTebuli. miuxedavad imisa, Tu romels miiReben adamianebi, amiT
RmerTis arsebobas araferi daakldeba.
zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs erTi daskvna: codna da codnis sfero sxvaa
(is exeba bunebriv movlenebs, drosa da sivrceSi rom arseboben), xolo rwmena da
rwmenis sfero sxva. es ukanaskneli exeba zebunebrivs, RmerTs, romelic ar eqvemdeba-
reba dasabuTebas. igi rwmeniT unda miviRoT. maTTvis, visac swams RmerTi, igi iseTi-
ve arsebulad iTvleba, rogorc aTeistisaTvis bunebrivi movlenebis arseboba. xom
ar veWvobT imaze, rom arsebobs Cvens garSemo movlenebi? ara, imitom rom maT vxe-
davT, isini SegrZnebebSi gveZleva. aseve ar eWvdeba morwmune RmerTis arsebobaze,
isic `xedavs~, oRond ara SegrZnebebiT, aramed misdami garkveuli sulier - xedviT
mdgomareobaSi CadgomiT. Tu rogor xdeba es, amis aRwera iseve SeuZlebelia, ro-
gorc RmerTisa da masTan dakavSirebuli zebunebrivi movlenebis dasabuTeba – gad-

17
mocema. e.i. movlenebis wvdoma – Semecneba ufro advilia, vidre zebunebrivis, Rmer-
Tis wvdoma.
adamianebi yovelTvis eswrafvodnen Caswvdomodnen da SeecnoT saocrad idumali
da amaRlebuli fenomenis – religiis – arsi. ra ganapirobebs adamianis rwmenas –
daucvelobis grZnoba? siyvarulisa da Tanaziarebis nakleboba cxovrebaSi? sikvdi-
lis winaSe SiSi? an ukvdavebisaken maradiuli swrafva? Tu... ? ufali uxilavia, Cven
ki, Tanamedrove adamianebi, vazrovnebT mxolod konkretuli kategoriebiT, aRviqvamT
mxolod konkretul movlenebsa da sagnebs da `gviWirs~ maTi ganzogadeba. maS, ro-
gorRa gvwams RmerTis, Tu ki mas ver vxedavT, ver aRviqvamT, ar gvesmis misi xma?
mitropolit anton suroJels saubrebis ciklSi _ `Sexvedrebi RmerTTan cxovelTan~
_ metad sagulisxmo mosazreba aqvs gamoTqmuli, raTa agvixsnas, migvaxvedros, ras
niSnavs religiuri grZnoba, uxilavi RmerTis siyvaruli: `sastumro `ukrainasTan~
taqss velodebodi. axalgazrda kaci momiaxlovda da mkiTxa: `Tqveni samosi mimaniS-
nebs, rom morwmune xarT. sasuliero piri brZandebiT?~ `diax~ – vupasuxe me~. `ai, me
ki, RmerTis ar mjera...~ `Zalian samwuxaroa!~ – vupasuxe. – `rogor damimtkicebT
RmerTis arsebobas?~ – `rogori, ra saxis damtkiceba gWirdebaT?~ – `xelis gulze
maCveneT Tqveni RmerTi da viwameb...~ man xeli gamomiwoda da me mis TiTze saqorwilo
beWedi SevamCnie. `daojaxebuli xarT?~ – vkiTxe. `diax~. – `bavSvebi gyavT?~ – `diax,
myavs~. – meuRle giyvarT?~ – `ra Tqma unda, miyvars~. – `bavSvebi?~ – `bavSvebic~. `ai,
me ki, amisi ar mjera!~ –
`rogor Tu, ar gjeraT? me xom geubnebiT...~ – `diax, magram me mainc ar mjera. dami-
deT Tqveni siyvaruli xelis gulze, me mas Sevxedav da davijereb...~
f. dostoevskis gmiri, ivane karamazovi erTi aTeistis istorias mogviTxrobs, romel-
sac saiqio cxovrebis ar swamda da romelsac sikvdilis Semdeg RmerTma mosananieblad
miliardi milis gavla miusaja. aTeisti gzaze dawva da milioni wlis manZilze uars
ambobda am gzis gavlaze. magram, erTxel igi wamodga da sakuTari nebis sawinaaRmdegod,
gaiara es manZili. da rodesac mas, bolos da bolos, neba darTes warmsdgariyo uflis
winaSe, imwamsve aRiara, rom saufloSi 5 wuTis yofnac ki Rirs imad, rom aTjer meti
sigrZis gza ganvlo.
sakmarisia CaviZiroT sakuTar `me~-Si, CavuRrmavdeT Cveni sulis idumal, gaucnobiere-
bel siRrmeebs, sadac azri da sindisi erTmaneTs emTxveva (`svindisi – mamxilebeli go-
neba~, sulxan saba orbeliani), rom vigrZnoT, rogori daucvelebi varT, rogor varT da-
mokidebuli garemomcvel samyaroze, usasrulo yofierebaze da raoden didia masTan er-
Tianobis gancdis survili. es grZnoba Cveni, adamianuri bunebidan gamomdinareobs, rame-
Tu TiToeuli Cvengani absoluturi sawyisis matareblebi varT da ara aqvs mniSvneloba,
ganaTlebuli xar, Tu naklebad naziarebi codnas, SeuZlebelia ar igrZno am sawyisis
arseboba SenSi da ar dageuflos masTan miaxlebis, urTierTobis moTxovnileba. es gan-
cda mxolod gonier arsebas uCndeba, radganadac mxolod igi acnobierebs sakuTar sas-
rulobasa da arasrulyofilebas da miiswrafvis, cdilobs SeuerTdes usasrulobas da
eziaros maradiul WeSmaritebas.
religia adamianisaTvis absolutTan uSualo urTierTobisaken swrafva da
moTxovnilebaa. adamiani mudam eZebs RmerTs, dalxinebuli da SeWirvebulic, imedi-
ani da nugeSis maZiebelic da arasodes rCeba gacruebuli – sulier sazrdos
iRebs, zneobrivad ixveweba, Svebas, nugeSsa da imeds povebs masSi. anu, es aris
cocxali urTierToba RmerTsa da adamians Soris da swored amaSia rwmenis arsi
da Zala.
yoveli religia msoflmxedvelobaa, e.i. Camoyalibebulia garkveuli warmodgene-
bi RmerTze, samyarosa da masSi mimdinare procesebze, gansazRvrulia adamianis ra-
oba, cxovrebiseuli mizani da misi amqveyniuri daniSnuleba. am azriT, religia em-
18
Txveva filosofias, maTi Sinaarsi igiveobrivia. religia da filosofia ar emTxve-
va erTmaneTs kerZo aRmoCenebSi, midgomebsa da damokidebulebaSi. absolutis cno-
biereba, romelic filosofiaSi viTardeba ganyenebuli formiT, religiaSi mocemu-
lia RmerTTan cocxali urTierTobis formiT, rac mTel adamianur cxovrebas moi-
cavs. Tu filosofia absolutis ganyenebuli Semecnebaa, xolo religia ki abso-
lutTan cocxali urTierToba, maSin filosofia religiaze upiratesi ver iqneba.
Tumca, es arc aris saWiro. filosofia verasodes Seucvlis adamians religias,
iseve, rogorc religia ver ugulebelyofs filosofiis mniSvnelobasa da daniSnu-
lebas adamianisaTvis. rogorc f. bekoni aRniSnavda, zereled miwodebuli filoso-
fia gvaSorebs religias, siRrmiseuli filosofia ki gvabrunebs mis wiaRSi.
magram, visac RmerTis Sesaxeb warmodgena Camoyalibebuli ara aqvs, igi mis si-
axloves ver igrZnobs. ufali adamianebs imdenad aZlevs misi Secnobis saSualebas,
ra xarisxiTac adamianis gonebas SeuZlia misi arsis wvdoma da gageba.
religia viTardeba ara imitom, rom religiuri grZnobebi da Sexedulebebi icvle-
ba, aramed imitom, rom adamianis goneba viTardeba, ufro siRrmiseuli xdeba misi da-
mokidebuleba samyaros, masSi mimdinare procesebisa da sakuTari Tavisadmi.
kacobriobis istoria mraval religias icnobs, primitiuli Sexedulebebidan
dawyebuli ganviTarebuli msoflio religiebiT damTavrebuli:
1) pirvelyofili religiuri formebi:
animizmis (laT. anima – suli) mixedviT, yvela materialur obieqtsa da process
bunebaSi Tavisi zebunebrivi oreuli hyavs. es termini mecnierebaSi daamkvidra e. tei-
lorma. teilors religia, ZiriTadad, esmoda, rogorc sulieri arsebebis rwmena, anu
animizmi, romelsac igi `religiis minimums~ uwodebda. animisturi rwmena, misi mosaz-
rebiT, ganpirobebulia adamianis codnis dabali doniT. am periodis adamiani axsnas
ver uZebnida iseT biologiur movlenebs, rogoricaa Zili, sizmari, gulyra, sikvdi-
li. cdilobda ra aexsna es movlenebi, `veluri-filosofosi~ mivida sulis, patara
oreulis ideamde, romelic yvela adamianSia Casaxlebuli da tovebs mas Zilis, siz-
mrebisa (am dros suli mogzaurobs da am mogzaurobis STabeWdilebebi aisaxeba ada-
mianis sizmrebSi) da sikvdilis (am SemTxvevaSi suli adamianis sxeuls aRar ubrun-
deba) SemTxvevaSi.
magia (berZ. magia – jadoqroba) gulisxmobs bunebasa da adamianze zemoqmedebis
zebunebrivi saSualebebis arsebobas (magaliTad, ritualuri wes-Cveulebebi, specifi-
kuri moqmedebebi da sxva). magiis saxeebi mravalferovania: TeTri magia, Savi magia,
sasiyvarulo magia, samkurnali magia, sasoflo-sameurneo magia da a.S.
fetiSizmi – `mojadoebuli sagani~, `gakeTebuli~, ase uwodebdnen portugalieli
mogzaurebi im materialur obieqtebs, romlebsac Tayvans scemda da aRmerTebda maT
mier dapyrobili teritoriebis aborigeni mosaxleoba. es aris bunebis garkveuli
movlenebisa da sagnebis religiuri Tayvaniscema da gaRmerTeba. fetiSebs miewerebo-
daT zebunebrivi Tvisebebi. magaliTad, Cv. w. pirvel saukuneSi Zveli germanelebisaT-
vis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani da yovlisSemZle fetiSi iyo naZvi. zamTarSi
isini gansakuTrebul pativs miagebdnen mas, ferad-feradi saCuqrebiT rTavdnen, mRe-
rodnen da cekvavdnen misTvis, Txovdnen daxmarebasa da Semweobas. Cveni saaxalwlo
naZvis xis tradicia swored am Zveli wes- Cveulebis Taviseburi gagrZelebaa.
totemizmi (`misi gvari~, sityva `totemi~ – aRebulia Crdiloamerikel indielTa
erT-erTi tomis enidan). totemizmis mixedviT, cxovelTa da mcenareTa garkveuli sa-
xeobebi ama Tu im Temis an tomis mfarvel-winaprebs warmoadgenen. maTi mokvla akrZa-
luli iyo, magram weliwadSi erTxel, religiuri mizniT, adamianebi valdebuli iy-
vnen moeklaT Tavisi totemi da SeeWamaT misi xorci. iTvleboda, rom es rituali sa-

19
sargeblo iyo rogorc adamianisaTvis, aseve cxovelisaTvis – adamianze gadadioda
totemis Zala da yovlisSemZleoba, xolo cxovels ki gamravlebaSi uwyobda xels.
2) poliTeizmi anu mravalRmerTianoba. poliTeizmi win gadadgmuli nabiji iyo
pirvelyofil religiur formebTan SedarebiT. Tu pirvelyofil religiebSi adamiani
emorCileba bunebis brma Zalebs, axla emorCileba adamianuri saxisa da moqmedebis
RmerTebs.
3) Tanamedrove ganviTarebuli monoTeisturi religiebi, romelTa Soris ganasxva-
veben msoflio da nacionalur religiebs.
a) iudaizmi – nacionaluri monoTeisturi religia, romelic, ZiriTadad, mxolod
ebraeli eris religiuri msoflmxedvelobas, ideologias warmoadgens.
b) budizmi – safuZveli Caeyara Zv. w. VI–V saukuneebSi indoeTSi. igi xuTi sauku-
niT `ufrosia~ qriatianobaze, xolo islami ki Tormeti saukuniT axalgazrdaa masze.
misi warmoSoba ukavSirdeba mogzaur-mqadageblis sidxartxas saxels, romelic Tavis
Tavs budas (`WeSmaritebiT gasxivosnebuls~) uwodebda. mravaljeradi xelaxali da-
badebis Semdeg, budam airCia SakiamunTa gvaris ufliswul sidxartxas saxe da erTa-
derTi mizniT moevlina dedamiwas – aswavlos cocxal arsebebs tanjvisagan gaTavi-
suflebis, xsnis gza. am religiis qvakuTxedia budas swavleba da oTxi keTilSobi-
li WeSmariteba: tanjva, tanjvis mizezi, tanjvisagan gankurneba (mospoba) da gankur-
nebis saSualebebi. gankurneba (gaTavisufleba) am SemTxvevaSi niSnavs nirvanas. bu-
dizmSi gansakuTrebuli adgili aqvs daTmobili karmis cnebas, romelic gagebulia,
rogorc gansakuTrebuli mentaluri struqtura.
b) qristianoba – msoflioSi yvelaze gavrcelebuli religiaa, romelic warmoiS-
va romis imperiaSi, palestinaSi.
Zv.w. VII saukuneSi winaswarmetyvelma ieremiam Tqva: ase ambobs ufali: me davdeb
adamianebTan axal aRTqmas, axal kavSirs,... igi amotvifruli iqneba gulebSi... da, ai,
700 wlis Semdeg, patara oTaxSi Seikriba 12 adamiani da aRsrulda msxverplTSewir-
va. es rituali uwin yovelTvis sisxlis TanxlebiT sruldeboda. sisxli xom si-
cocxlis simboloa, sicocxle ki mxolod RmerTs ekuTvnis. ase iyo moses drosac.
im Rames ki, Cv.w. 30 wlis gazafxulze, ieso nazarevelma aRasrula es wesi, magram aq
sisxli ar iyo, iyo Rvino da puri. man gatexa puri, dauriga TiToeul iq myofs da
uTxra: ai, Cemi xorci xorcTagani, rogorc samsxverplo kravi adamianebisaTvis. Camo-
asxa Rvino fialaSi, Camoatara da dasZina:P ai, Cemi sisxli, romelic me adamianebi-
saTvis gaviRe. es axali aRTqmaa Cems sisxlSi. amgvarad, am wminda trapezSi RmerTi
da adamiani SeerTda ara realur, fizikur sisxlSi, aramed miwis simbolur sis-
xlSi, rameTu yurZnis wveni, Rvino miwis sisxlia, puri ki miwis xorci. es RmerTia,
romelic CvenTvis Tavs wiravs. `giyvardeT erTmaneTi, rogorc me SegiyvareT Tqven~
(ioan. 15.12) – es siyvarulis umaRlesi, miuwvdomeli formulaa, idealia, romelic ie-
so qristem samoqmedod dagvitova da amitomac gvTxovs Cven, adamianebs, visac masTan
yofna surs, ukuagdos Tavisi siamaye, didebismoyvareoba, ampartavneba, itvirTos Ta-
visi jvari da gahyves qristes gzas.
qristianoba axali eTika ar aris. qristianoba axali cxovrebaa, romelic saSua-
lebas aZlevs adamians uSualod iurTierTos RmerTTan. sad aris aq saidumlo? ra-
tom izidavs andamativiT es religia adamianebs? gansakuTrebiT ieso qristes pirov-
neba? mis sityvebSi xom ar iyo aRmosavleTis poetebisa da filosofosebisaTvis da-
maxasiaTebeli bundovaneba, maRalfardovneba? macxovari yovelTvis martivad da ga-
sagebad saubrobda. misi igavebic Cveni cxovrebiseuli magaliTebi iyo. es saidumlo,
mRvdel aleqsandre menis azriT, irkveva aseTive martiv sityvebSi: filipe ekiTxeba:
gviCvene mama, mama yovelivesi, berZnebi rom arxes uwodeben. sad aris igi? da ieso pa-
suxobs, rogorc ar upasuxia arcerT filosofoss: amdeni xania TqvenTan var da Sen
20
ar micnob? vinc me mnaxa, man mamac naxa. ieso qriste aris usasrulos, auxsnelis, Se-
ucnobelis adamianuri saxe, CvenTvis movlenili, vinc CvenTan erTad tvirTulobs
Cveni cxovrebis simZimes, vinc msxverplad Seewira adamianebs da gamoisyida kacobri-
obis codvebi, CvenTvis rom axali cxovrebis dawyebis saSualeba moeca.
qristianobis gavrceleba, Zveli aRTqmisa da wminda werilebis safuZvelze, ar
iyo mxolod religiuri fenomeni. qristianobiT daiwyo kacobriobis Tvisobrivad
axali era, romelic dRes evropuli da dasavluri civilizaciis saxeliT aris cno-
bili.
d) islamis mimdevrs musulmani hqvia, rac arabuli sityvaa (muslimi) da niSnavs
`mindobils~, `morCils~. islami yvelaze axalgazrdaa ganviTarebul monoTeistur
religiaTa Soris. igi aseve warmoiSva axlo aRmosavleTSi, eyrdnoboda igive ideebs,
efuZneboda imave kulturul tradiciebs, rasac qristianoba da iudaizmi. es religi-
uri sistema, Tavisi uaRresad mkacri da dasrulebuli, SeiZleba iTqvas, ukidureso-
bamde miyvanili monoTeizmiT, Camoyalibda misi ori winamorbedis niadagze. ase, rom
maTi gavlena igrZnoba rwmenis simboloSi, kultis principebSi, moralur mcnebebSi
da a.S. da, mainc, miuxedavad amisa, islami, rogorc msoflio religia TviTmyofadi
da ganumeorebelia. am religiis rolisa da adgilis Sefasebisas bevrad ufro arse-
biTia is, rom praqtikaSi, aziisa da afrikis xalxTa yoveldRiur yofasa da kultu-
raze kolosalur zemoqmedebaSi, islams gaaCnia ara marto Tavisi ganumeorebeli sa-
xe, aramed sakmaod specifikuri xasiaTic. es specifika imdenad didi da sagrZnobia,
rom SemTxveviT ar saubroben `islamur samyaroze~, islamur (arabul-islamur) civi-
lizaciaze.
aseTia mokled religiis istoriaSi cnobili ZiriTadi msoflmxedvelobani. ra
Tqma unda, es ar aris sruli suraTi. yoveli msoflio religia Tavis TavSi Seicavs
mraval mimdinareobas, romlebic erTmaneTisagan sakmaod gansxvavdebian TavianTi Se-
xedulebebiT.
filosofiisa da religiis mimarTeba progresulad moazrovne sazogadoebaSi
normaluria. ra Tqma unda, isini rogorc sulieri kulturis formebi, erTmaneTze
zemoqmedeben, urTierTs amdidreben da saerTo jamSi emsaxurebian adamianis sulier
da zneobriv srulyofas.

filosofia da kerZo mecnierebebi

filosofiis sagani

filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba, rogorc ukve vTqviT, universaluri msoflmxedve-

lobaa, mTeli sinamdvilis Sesaxeb SexedulebaTa sistemaa. kerZo mecnierebebi swavlo-
ben Tvalxilul, dakvirvebad, drosa da sivrceSi arsebul sinamdviles. filosofia ar
aris erT-erTi kerZo mecniereba sxva mecnierebaTa Soris. igi specifikuri msoflmxedve-
lobaa, romelic tvirTad iRebs kerZo mecnierebaTa miRwevebis gaTvaliswinebas, raTa
Seqmnas sinamdvilis, rogorc mTelis srulyofili suraTi.
imisaTvis, rom gavarkvioT filosofiisa da sxva mecnierebaTa urTierTmimarTeba, sa-
Wiroa gavaanalizoT mecnierebisa da msoflmxedvelobis cnebebi.
mecnierebis zogadi gansazRvreba did siZneleebTan aris dakavSirebuli, radgan ar
arsebobs erTi mecniereba. arsebobs mecnierebis ramdenime tipi, romlebic erTmaneTisa-
gan gansxvavdebian codnis xasiaTiT, SinaarsiTa da kriteriumebiT. Tanamedrove gagebiT,

21
arsebobs mxolod kerZo mecniereba, sxva e. w. filosofiuri mecniereba ar arsebobs.
mecnierebis arsi zogadad aseTia: mecniereba aris intersubieqturi meTodebiT dasabu-
Tebuli obieqturi codnis sistema. igi iyenebs iseT problemebs, romelTa dadebiTi da
uaryofiTi gadawyveta xdeba erTmniSvnelovnad. mecniereba adgens utyuar da ueWvel de-
bulebebs, romelTac axasiaTebs WeSmariteba, maTi sapirispiro debulebebi mcdaria.
Zvel saberZneTSi filosofia mecnierul codnasTan erTad daibada da masTan iyo
gaigivebuli. am droisaTvis mecniereba da filosofia gayofili ar iyo. amitom yvela
didi mecnieri amave dros didi filosofosic iyo. Zveli berZeni filosofosebi ase-
ve iyvnen maTematikosebi, astronomebi, fizikosebi, fsiqologebi, logikosebi da sxva.
mecnierebisa da filosofiis aseTi damokidebuleba TiTqmis XIX saukunis bolomde
gagrZelda. didi maTematikosebi da fizikosebi dekarti (1596 – 1650 ww.), laibnici
(1646 –1716 ww.), paskali (1623 – 1662 ww.) da sxvebi didi filosofosebic iyvnen. rode-
sac mecnierebaSi damkvidrda eqsperimentuli meTodi, daiwyo konkretul mecniereba-
Ta diferenciacia. gaCnda mravali sabunebismetyvelo, socialuri da fsiqologiur-
eqsperimentaluri mecniereba; amas mohyva mecnierebaTa funqciebis dayofa. amrigad,
mTeli samyaros Semadgeneli sferoebi danawilda konkretul mecnierebebze, magram
es danawileba TviTneburad ar momxdara. is sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis praqtikuli
moTxovnilebebis safuZvelze warmoiSva. yvela konkretuli mecniereba Seiswavlis ra
romelime konkretuli sferos kanonzomierebas, am codnis safuZvelze axorcielebs
am sferos movlenebisa da procesebis winaswarxedvas da prognozirebas, analizs
ukeTebs miRebuli Sedegebis mniSvnelobas. es aris yvela konkretuli mecnierebis
praqtikuli daniSnuleba. es iTqmis ara mxolod sabunebismetyvelo da socialur
mecnierebaze, aramed fsiqologiazec. eqsperimentuli fsiqologia Seiswavlis ra qce-
vebs, mis xasiaTs, nebisyofas, temperaments da sxva fsiqologiur Tvisebas, amis sa-
fuZvelze axdens imis prognozirebas, Tu rogor moiqceva esa Tu is adamiani ama Tu
im konkretul situaciaSi. aseT gamokvlevebs farTo praqtikuli gamoyeneba aqvs me-
dicinaSi, pedagogikaSi, iurisprudenciaSi da sxva sferoSi. ibadeba kiTxva: radgan
mTeli samyaros sferoebi danawilda konkretul mecnierebebze, ra darCa filosofi-
as Sesaswavli da ra praqtikuli daniSnuleba aqvs mas?
filosofiurma kvleva-Ziebam swored maSin monaxa Tavisi namdvili Sesaswavli saga-
ni, rodesac samyaro konkretulma mecnierebebma dainawiles. mecnierebaTa aseTma dife-
renciaciam filosofias saSualeba misca epovna misTvis mniSvnelovani, wminda filoso-
fiuri problemebi. darCa iseTi kiTxvebi, romelsac arc erTi konkretuli mecniereba
ar Seiswavlis. mas mxolod filosofia ikvlevs. es kiTxvebia: ra kavSiria materialur
da sulier samyaros Soris? ra aris sulieri da materialuri samyaros safuZveli anu
sawyisi? ras warmoadgens am samyaroSi sazogadoebrivi yofiereba? gaaCnia Tu ara sazo-
gadoebriv yofierebas kanonzomiereba? SeiZleba Tu ara sazogadoebrivi yofierebisa da
sazogadoebrivi istoriis marTva? ras warmoadgens am samyaroSi adamiani? ra aris ada-
mianis sicocxlis azri da cxovrebis mizani? da sxva. am kiTxvebze sxvadasxva filoso-
fiur sistemebSi gansxvavebuli pasuxebi arsebobs, magram miuxedavad amisa, yvela pasuxs
aqvs Tavisi Rirebuleba, radgan is garkveul msoflmxedvelobas warmoadgens da adami-
anTa sulieri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas emsaxureba. mTavari ki mainc is aris,
rom dReisTvis arsebobs filosofiis dargi, romelsac mecnierebis filosofia ewode-
ba. Tavis mxriv, es iyofa bunebaTmecnierebis filosofiad da sazogadoebriv mecniereba-
Ta filosofiad. arsebobs teqnikis filosofia, kibernetikis filosofia, fsiqologiis
filosofia, istoriis filosofia, samarTlis filosofia, kulturis filosofia, re-
ligiis filosofia da sxva.
amrigad, filosofia ar emijneba arc mecnierebas da arc religias. filosofia im
kuTxiT awarmoebs aRniSnul sferoebSi Tavis kvleva-Ziebas, rac aucileblobiT sWirde-
22
ba filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebas. aqedan kargad Cans filosofiis
praqtikuli daniSnuleba. yvela problema adamianis sulieri moTxovnilebidan gamomdi-
nareobs da amdenad Tavad adamiani aris sulieri kulturis erT-erTi fenomeni. garda
amisa, filosofia TviTon ikvlevs kulturas da kulturul Rirebulebebs da es aris
misi umTavresi daniSnuleba. aqedan gamomdinare, cxadia, rom filosofia mniSvnelovan
rols asrulebs sakacobrio Rirebulebebisa da kulturis ganviTarebaSi. es aris misi
sazogadoebrivi funqcia da praqtikuli daniSnuleba. amitom filosofiis yofna-aryof-
nis sakiTxi sabolood moxsnilia da is arasodes ar daismeba sanam kacobrioba da misi
kultura iarsebebs. aq dasaSvebia poziciis arCevis SesaZlebloba. poziciaSi Camoyali-
bebuli ideebi, Sexedulebebi da principebi warmoadgenen kulturul Rirebulebebs, ro-
melebic safuZvlad udevs adamianTa cxovrebis wess da mas filosofiuri msoflmxedve-
loba ewodeba.

filosofia da xelovneba

xelovneba sulieri kulturis specifikuri formaa, romelic sinamdviles mxatvrul

saxeebSi asaxavs. xelovneba aris sinamdvilis esTetikuri dauflebis umniSvnelovanesi
xerxi. adamiani dRidan misi warmoSobisa upirispirdeba misTvis ucxo sinamdviles. am
sinamdvilesTan urTierTobis mogvarebis sxvadasxva formaTa Soris xelovnebas gan-
sakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs. xelovnebas, rogorc sulieri kulturis erT-erT
formas, mWidro urTierToba aqvs filosofiasTan. xelovneba garkveuli sulieri in-
formaciis wyaroa, romelic SinaarsiT da formiT religiis, mecnierebis da filo-
sofiis identuri ar aris.
xelovneba sxvadasxva formiT arsebobs (leqsi, proza, qandakeba, musika, ferwera
da sxva). igi grZnobadi formebisagan Sedgeba. unda davinaxoT da movisminoT, rom
davtkbeT xelovnebis nawarmoebiT, magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom xelovneba danaxu-
liT da mosmeniliT amoiwureba. magaliTad: ferweruli nawarmoebi gadmogvcems ama
Tu im obieqtis grZnobad-konkretul xats, magram amave dros am nawarmoebSi vxedavT
mxatvris, xelovanis damokidebulebas obieqtTan, obieqtis ganwyobilebas da bedsac.
amgvar damokidebulebas xelovnebis nawarmoebSi ver dainaxav da verc moismen. amitom
xelovnebis nawarmoebi ori Srisagan Sedgeba. pirvelis elementebia grZnobad arsebu-
li formebi, ferebi, bgerebi, riTac vxedavT, SevigrZnobT da vismenT. meorisa – suli-
eri cxovrebis elementebi da faqtebi, romelTac grZnobadi xati ara aqvT (siwminde,
ubraloeba, erTguleba, siyvaruli, siZulvili, SiSi, Suri, da sxva). xelovnebaSi ar-
sebobs grZnobadi da zegrZnobadi fenebi. xelovnebis fenaTa Sinaarsis gaxsna iwyeba
grZnobadiT. aRniSnul fenaTa urTierTmimarTeba Taviseburia. grZnobadi fena aris sa-
fuZveli, saidanac aragrZnobadi fenebi aRmocendebian.
xelovnebis Sinaarsi arasodes aris neitraluri. igi an mSvenieria, an amaRlebu-
li, an tragikuli, an komikuri, an erTdroulad mSvenieric da amaRlebulic, tragi-
kulic da komikuric. xelovnebis Sinaarsi udidesi emociuri zemoqmedebis Zalisaa.
ra aZlevs xelovnebas, mis Sinaarss emociurobas? saidan aqvs mas Tvalwarmtaci, `ja-
dosnuri~ momxibvleloba? ra elementebisagan Sedgeba igi? xelovnebis Sinaarsis
elementebs, uwinares yovlisa, Seadgenen bunebisa da admianTa yofa-cxovrebis faqte-
bi. masSi CvenTvis cnobili sinamdvilea asaxuli. xelovnebis zogierTi dargi, maga-
liTad mxatvruli literatura, ara marto asaxavs sinamdviles, aramed ama Tu im
23
movlenis Sesaxeb garkveul codnasac Seicavs. xelovneba ara marto imecnebs sinam-
dvilis konkretul movlenebs, aramed afasebs kidec maT. xelovnebis nawarmoebs Tu
davukvirdebiT, is ara marto imas gviCvenebs rac aris, aramed Semoqmedebacaa, axlis
qmnacaa.
xelovnebis SemoqmedebiTi buneba araa RvTaebrivi qmnadobis igiveobrivi. RmerTi
samyaros qmnis araradan, Tavisuflebidan. igi, rogorc umaRlesi Semoqmedi arafriT
ar aris gansazRvruli, garda Sinagani aucileblobisa; xelovani qmnis mxolod axal
kompoziciebs. zogjer bunebrivad daukavSirebelsac ki akavSirebs erTmaneTTan mxat-
vruli saxisa da Semoqmedebis meSveobiT.
xelovneba Semoqmedebaa. igi axal kompoziciebs, axal kavSirebs qmnis. magram, aqvs
ki raime mizani am saqmianobas, Tu igi ubralo garTobaa? iqneb ucnauri mxatvruli
saxeebis Seqmnis TavisuflebiT tkbobaa? nawilobriv es sworia. xelovnebaSi, radga-
nac igi Semoqmedebaa, aris TamaSis momentic, magram motivi, romelic axali sinamdvi-
lis Sesaqmnelad amzadebs xelovans, aris adamianis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizani, Tavi-
si idealebis mixedviT gardaqmnas samyaro, yvelasaTvis misawvdomi gaxados igi. xe-
lovnebas qmnis adamiani, romelic sazogadoebis produqtia. kacobriobis sxvadasxva
tipis sazogadoebebs sxvadasxva sazrunavi da saocnebo hqondaT. amitom xelovnebis
istoriaSi arsebobs gansxvavebuli idealebiTa da ideebiT sulCadgmuli sxvadasxva
epoqis xelovneba. magaliTad: antikuri, Sua saukuneebis, aRorZinebis epoqis da sxva.
xelovneba warmoadgens Semoqmedebis erT-erT specifikur sferos. gasagebia is,
rom Semoqmedeba ver daemTxveva xelovnebas, radganac Semoqmedeba ufro farTo cne-
baa, vidre xelovneba. yovelgvari Semoqmedeba ar aris xelovneba, xolo yovelgvari
xelovneba Semoqmedebaa. aris SemTxveva, roca xelovani gvevlineba rogorc formis,
ise Sinaarsis Semoqmedad. ra Tqma unda, Tvisobrivad axali Sinaarsi axal formas
moiTxovs. es ki yovel saukuneSi ar xdeba. mas sWirdeba garkveuli epoqebi, romelTa
momzadebasac axdens sazogadoebis rTuli Sinagani winaaRmdegobani da maTi gada-
laxva. aseT dros saWiroa geniosi xelovani, romelsac Semoqmedeba xelovnebaSi ah-
yavs filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobis simaRleze. aseTi xelovanis Sefasebisas yo-
velTvis iyeneben cneba `filosofiurs~. filosofosi cnebebis meSveobiT aRwevs Se-
moqmedebiT warmatebas, xelovani – mxatvruli saxeebiT. Sinaarsi orive SemTxvevaSi
uzogadesia, magram did epoqebs Soris arseboben talantebi xelovnebaSic da filo-
sofiaSic, romlebic `baZaven~ geniosebis mier Seqmnil sinamdviles formisa da Sina-
arsis TvalsazrisiT. magaliTad: filosofiaSi platoni – neoplatonikosebi, kanti -
neokantianelebi da sxva. xelovnebaSi -klasicizmi, romantizmi, formalizmi, realiz-
mi, abstraqcionizmi da sxva. am saxis xelovanTa meSveobiT epoqis filosofiuri ga-
azreba gasagebi xdeba maTTvis, visTvisac igi filosofiurad gaugebaria. aseTia mok-
led xelovnebis specifika. filosofiasa da xelovnebas Soris kavSiri rom arse-
bobs, es udavoa. filosofia uzogadesi msoflmxedvelobaa, Teoriulad gaazrebuli
da am msoflmxedvelobam angariSi unda gauwios am `msoflioSi~ kanonieri adgilis
mqone xelovnebis mier Seqmnil sinamdviles, romelic mTeli sinamdvilis nawilia.
nawilis gareSe ki mTeli ar iqneba, xolo msoflmxedveloba _ srulyofili.
sulieri kulturis sxva formebTan SedarebiT xelovneba filosofiur msof-
lmxedvelobasTan yvelaze axlos imyofeba. rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, xelovneba Semoq-
medebaa. Semoqmedeba gulisxmobs axali sinamdvilis Seqmnas subieqtis, Semoqmedis mi-
er. filosofiac Semoqmedebaa, igi sinamdvilis axali suraTis Seqmnaa, romelic ar
daiyvaneba sinamdvileze. filosofia rom Semoqmedeba ar iyos, maSin erT filosofi-
ur problemaze erTi WeSmariteba iarsebebda, iseve rogorc es kerZo mecnierebebSia
mocemuli, magram erT da imave problemaze filosofiaSi imdeni azri arsebobs, ram-
deni filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobacaa filosofiis istoriaSi. rogorc viciT, fi-
24
losofia msoflmxedvelobaa da `mxedveli~, subieqti gansxvavdeba adgilsamyofeliT,
rac ganapirobebs SexedulebaTa sxvadasxvaobas, magram es ar niSnavs, rom igi subieq-
turia. esa Tu is Sexeduleba mainc obieqtiTaa gansazRvruli. xelovnebaSic aseT
mdgomareobasTan gvaqvs saqme. filosofiasa da xelovnebaSi rac ufro metia Semoqme-
diseuli, pirovnebiseuli, miT ufro didia esa Tu is nawarmoebi. mecnierebebSi es
procesi sawinaaRmdegoa. mecnieruli azri rac nakleb subieqturia, SeiZleba iTqvas,
maSin iTvleba metad Rirebulad.
filosofiasa da xelovnebas Soris gansxvavebac Zalian didia. xelovanis mier
qmnadoba xorcieldeba mxatvruli saxeebis meSveobiT, filosofosi ki, ZiriTadad,
cnebebiT operirebs. iyenebs rogorc formalur, ise filosofiur logikas, romelic
racionalur azrovnebasTan erTad iracionalur azrovnebasac gulisxmobs. xelovne-
bis interesis obieqti aris bunebisa da sazogadoebis esa Tu is movlena. xelovnebis
daniSnulebaa am movlenebis mxatvruli ganzogadeba, romelsac Zalian didi mniSvne-
loba aqvs sazogadoebisaTvis. filosofiis sfero ki vrceldeba mTels sinamdvile-
ze, arsebulze mTlianad, romelSic Sedis xelovnebis mier ganzogadebuli, Seqmnili
sinamdvilec.
aseTia xelovnebisa da filosofiis msgavseba – gansxvavebis zogierTi aspeqti. es
ufro kargad gamoCndeba filosofiisa da kerZo mecnierebaTa mimarTebis garkvevis
Semdeg.

sakontrolo kiTxvebi

ras Seiswavlis filosofia?

ra aris msoflmxedveloba?
daasaxeleT msoflmxedvelobrivi kiTxvebi.
ram gamoiwvia miTosuri azrovnebis svla filosofiuri azrovnebisaken?
riT gansxvavdeba filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba miTosuri da religiuri msof-
lmxedvelobebisagan?
ra aris saerTo msoflmxedvelobebisaTvis?
ra aris poliTeizmi? monoTeizmi?
gaanalizeT imanuel kantis mosazreba: `SevzRude codna, raTa adgili dameTmo
rwmenisaTvis~?
ra problemebs ikvlevs filosofia?
ra urTierTmimarTebaa filosofiasa da kerZo mecnierebebs Soris?
rogor gesmiT – `filosofia azrovnebis avantiuraa~?

Tavi II

logika
25
 filosofia hgavs nayofier
mindors, romlis niadagi masze
gaSenebuli xexiliT aris fizika,
masze moweuli Wirnaxuli – eTika,
xolo damcveli Robe – meseri
– logika.
stoelebi

logika aris mecniereba mwyobri, Tanmimdevruli, swori azrovnebis formebisa da

kanonebis Sesaxeb.
am ganmartebaSi igulisxmeba, rom azrovnebis simwyobre, misi Tanmimdevruloba
anu siswore, sxva ramaa da misi WeSmariteba, sinamdvilesTan misi Sesabamisoba, sxva.
is imecnebs garkveuli tipis obieqtebs, romelTac Tavisi Sinaarsi da struqtura
aqvT. is ganyenebas axdens ara Sinaarsisagan, aramed materiisagan (masalisagan).
aviRoT ori winadadeba: `yoveli adamiani mokvdavia~ da `yoveli xe mcenarea~. lo-
gikas ar ainteresebs am winadadebaTa konkretuli Sinaarsi, romelic exeba `adamians,
`xes~, `mcenares~ da a. S. maTi kvleva Sesabamis mecnierebaTa (anatomiis, fiziologiis,
botanikis da a. S.) da ara logikis saqmea. am ukanasknels ainteresebs am winadadebaTa
zogadi struqtura, romelsac gamoxatavs sqema: `yoveli A aris B~. winadadeba uSina-
arso rodia. mas Tavisi logikuri Sinaarsi aqvs, romelic ganyenebulia konkretuli
masalisagan anu, materiisagan. Semdegi magaliTi ki aseTia: `yvela liToni eleqtro-
bis gamtaria da rkina liTonia, maSasadame, rkinac eleqtrobis gamtaria~. zemoTqmu-
li sworia, Tanmimdevrulia da amave dros masSi Semavali azric (winadadebac) eTan-
xmeba sinamdviles, WeSmaritia.
mocemuli ganmarteba aris logikis yvelaze gavrcelebuli, oRond mxolod miax-
loebiTi da amasTanave arasakmarisad mkafio daxasiaTeba.
logikis, rogorc mecnierebis damoukidebeli dargis Semqmnelia aristotele.
sityva `logika~ mecnierebis am dargis saxelad ufro mogvianebiT SemoiRes. igi ber-
Znuli sityvaa (`logos~), rac niSnavs sityvasac, sityviT gamoxatul azrsac da gone-
basac saerTod.
WeSmariteba da mcdaroba. azrovnebis erT-erTi mizania sinamdvilis Semecneba,
WeSmaritebis dadgena, magram raze da ra pirobebSi vambobT, rom WeSmaritia an mcda-
ria?
TxrobiT winadadebaSi gamoTqmul azrs vaxasiaTebT, rogorc WeSmarits an
mcdars. sityva `azri~ ki niSnavs raime viTarebis, sagnobrivi viTarebis mosazrebas,
cnobierebaSi mis warmodgenas (reprezentacias), cnobierebis Sinaarsad gadaqcevas.
cnobierebis Sinaarsad misi gadaqceva msjelobiT xdeba. msjeloba aris TxrobiT wi-
nadadebaSi gamoTqmuli azri, romliTac cnobierebaSi mocemulia raime sagnobrivi
viTareba da am viTarebis sinamdvileSi ganxorcielebis dasturi an uaryofa. magali-
Tad: `es vardi wiTelia~ adasturebs sinamdvileSi am vardis siwiTles; xolo msje-
loba: `mze ar brunavs dedamiwis garSemo~ uaryofs dedamiwis garSemo mzis brunvas.
Tu msjeloba adasturebs raime sagnobrivi viTarebis ganxorcielebas sinamdvile-
Si da es viTareba marTlac arsebobs, an Tu uaryofs am viTarebis arsebobas da es
viTareba marTlac ar arsebobs, maSin msjeloba WeSmaritia. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi,
igi mcdaria.

26
 bWoba da daskvna. rogor axerxebs adamiani imis dadgenas, rom esa TuU is winada-
deba aris WeSmariti Tu mcdari? amis dasadgenad ori gza arsebobs: sinamdvileze
uSualo dakvirveba da gansja anu bWoba.
WeSmariteba winadadebisa – `fanqari, romelic jibeSi midevs, aris mwvane~, SeiZle-
ba davadginoT sinamdvilis Wvretis, aRqmis, gancdis gziT: Sexedav fanqars da Sevig-
rZnob, is marTla mwvanea, Tu ara. Tumca yvela SemTxvevaSi ase ver moiqcevi. mecnie-
rebis kanonebis, magaliTad, mizidulobis kanonis WeSmaritebas dakvirvebis, aRqmis
gziT ver davadgenT. SeiZleba dainaxo, rogor vardeba Zirs qva, magram mizidulobis
kanons veraviTar SemTxvevaSi ver dainaxav. mecnierebis kanonebi, jer erTi, exeba
usasrulod bevr sagans, xolo usasrulod bevri sagnis aRqma SeuZlebelia da me-
tic, imas, rasac es kanonebi adgens, arc feri aqvs da arc gemo, rom SevigrZnoT. ase-
Ti winadadebebis WeSmaritebasa da mcdarobas mxolod gansja, bWoba adgens.
bWobis, gansjis procesSi adamiani cdilobs ukve cnobili WeSmariti winadadebe-
bis gamoyenebiT sarwmuno gaxados sxva winadadebebis WeSmariteba. bWoba winadadebe-
bis sasruli mimdevrobaa. is iwyeba da mTavrdeba. masSi, erTis mxriv, gamoiyofa wina-
dadebebi, romelTa WeSmariteba CvenTvis bWobamde iyo cnobili, maT bWobis wanam-
ZRvrebi, sabuTebi, argumentebi ewodebaT. meores mxriv, bWobaSi gvaqvs winadadeba,
romlis WeSmaritebis dasadgenad tardeba es bWoba. mas bWobis Tezisebi ewodeba.
bWobis procesSi wanamZRvrebidan Tezisebze gadasvla da misi WeSmaritebis dadgena
TandaTanobiT xdeba. jer erTi winadadebis WeSmaritebas davadgenT, Semdeg meorisas
da a. S. yoveli aseTi gadasvla da amiT codnisTvis kidev erTi axali winadadebis
Semateba, daskvniT xorcieldeba.
magaliTad: A an durgalia, an mWedeli, an kalatozi.
A ar aris arc durgali da arc kalatozi.
A aris mWedeli.
pirveli da meore winadadeba wanamZRvrebia,
A aris mWedeli – daskvnaa.
logikis Rirebuleba gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans adamianTa saqmianobis iseT sfero-
ebSi, rogoricaa kamaTi (diskusia) da dasabuTeba. bWobis wanamZRvrebSi SesaZloa, Cven-
da uneburad, mcdari winadadeba gagveparos, xolo mcdarma wanamZRvrebma SeiZleba mog-
vces mcdari daskvna. am SemTxvevaSi vityviT, rom daSvebulia ZiriTadi Secdoma.
Tu wanamZRvrad gamoviyeneT TviTon bWobis Tezisi an winadadeba, romlis WeSmarite-
bis dasadgenad bWobis Tezisi gamoiyeneba, es dausabuTebeli wanamZRvris kerZo Sem-
Txvevaa da mas mankieri wris Secdoma hqvia.
azrovnebis ZiriTadi kanonebi. arsebobs uzogadesi moTxovnebi (maT azrovnebis Zi-
riTad kanonebs uwodeben), romlebsac unda akmayofilebdes yovelgvari bWoba, Tuki
gvinda, rom is usagno, ufro metic, uazro laparaki ki ara, marTlac Cvens xelT arse-
buli codnis gamarTuli, Tanmimdevruli gafarToebis cda iyos. maTi dacva aucilebe-
lia, magram arasakmarisi pirobaa bWobis sisworisa. bWobis siswores maT garda sakuTa-
ri kanonebic aqvs. es kanonebia: igiveobis kanoni, winaaRmdegobis SeuZleblobis kanoni,
gamoricxuli mesamis kanoni, sakmao safuZvlis kanoni. davaxasiaToT TiToeuli cal-
calke.
igiveobis kanoni. igi azrovnebis, bWobis garkveulobis moTxovnaa. bWobis procesSi
yoveli cneba, yoveli sityva unda vixmaroT erTi da imave mniSvnelobiT. igiveobis ka-
nons Tu davarRvevT da terminebSi xan erT mniSvnelobas CavdebT, xan meores, gaqreba
azrebs Soris kavSiri, SeuZlebeli gaxdeba urTierTgagebineba, raimes dasabuTeba. igi-
veobis kanonis darRvevis tipiuri SemTxveva gvaqvs Semdeg gamoTqmaSi: `urems aqvs Tva-
li, Tvali ki mxedvelobis organoa~. arsebobs igiveobis kanonis sxvagvari gagebac: `A
aris A~, anu yoveli sagani drois yovel momentSi Tavisi Tavis igiveobrivia.
27
 winaaRmdegobis SeuZleblobis kanoni. igi azrovnebis, bWobis, TviTTavsebadobis, Ta-
vis TavTan Tanxmobis moTxovnaa. Cvens azrebs Soris, bWobaSi Semaval winadadebebs So-
ris ar unda iyos winaaRmdegoba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Tuki raRac saganze vam-
tkicebT raimes, igive imave sagnis Sesaxeb ar unda uarvyoT kidec (imave dros, imave
azriT). magaliTad: Tuki CvenTvis cnobilia, rom yvela liToni eleqtrobis gamtaria
da spilenZi liTonia, ar SeiZleba WeSmaritad virwmunoT isic, rom spilenZis naWeri,
romelic me axla xelSi miWiravs, ar atarebs eleqtrobas, radgan es debuleba ewinaaR-
mdegeba pirvel ors.
winaaRmdegobis SeuZleblobis kanoni amtkicebs, rom arc- erTi TxrobiTi winada-
deba, arcerTi msjeloba ar SeiZleba erTdroulad WeSmaritic iyos da mcdaric.
gamoricxuli mesamis kanoni. es kanonic azrovnebis, bWobis, Tavis TavTan Tanxmo-
bis moTxovnaa. Tuki winaaRmdegobis SeuZleblobis kanoni moiTxovs, rom ar vamtki-
coT ori erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego, erTmaneTis uarmyofeli winadadeba, gamoricxu-
li mesamis kanonis Tanaxmad, dauSvebelia
erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego winadadebebidan uarvyoT erTic da meorec. radgan ori
erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego winadadebidan erTi aucileblad WeSmaritia. spilenZi an
atarebs eleqtrobas, an ar atarebs; es vardi an wiTelia, an ar aris wiTeli. mesame
SemTxveva gamoricxulia.
amrigad, gamoricxuli mesamis kanoni amtkicebs, rom yoveli TxrobiTi winadadeba
an WeSmaritia, an mcdari. winaaRmdegobis SeuZleblobis kanonsa da gamoricxuli me-
samis kanonebs erToblivad orfasobis principi ewodeba. igi amtkicebs, rom yoveli
TxrobiTi winadadeba an WeSmaritia (da ar aris mcdari) an mcdaria (da ar aris WeS-
mariti).
sakmao safuZvlis kanoni. am kanonis Tanaxmad, arcerTi winadadeba ar SeiZleba
iyos WeSmariti, Tu ar arsebobs sakmao safuZveli imisa, ratom aris am winadadebaSi
aRwerili viTareba swored aseTi da ara sxvagvari. xSirad es kanoni gagebulia, ro-
gorc moTxovna, WeSmaritad ar miviCnioT winadadeba misi dasabuTebis gareSe. sakmao
safuZvlis kanoni daufiqrebeli da zerele bWobis winaaRmdegia. magaliTi: `A imyo-
feboda quTaisSi im dros, roca B mokles TbilisSi~, sakmao safuZvelia imisaTvis,
rom WeSmaritad miviCnioT debuleba: `A-s ar mouklavs B~.
deduqciuri daskvnebi. daskvnas, romlis wanamZRvrebis WeSmariteba aucileblobiT
ganapirobebs daskvnis WeSmaritebas, deduqciuri daskvna ewodeba. magaliTad: Tu man-
qanas sawvavi gauTavda, maSin misi Zrava gaCerdeba. manqanis Zrava ar aris gaCerebuli.
maSasadame, manqanas sawvavi ar gauTavda.
deduqcia zogadidan kerZoze gadasvlaa.
deduqciuri daskvna xasiaTdeba Semdegi TaviseburebebiT:
1) Tu deduqciuri daskvnis wanamZRvari WeSmaritia, maSin misi danaskvic WeSmari-
tia. an kidev, deduqciuri daskvnis wanamZRvrebidan danaskvi logikurad gamomdinare-
obs.
2) Tu deduqciuri daskvnis wanamZRvrebidan erT-erTi mainc mcdaria, maSin danas-
kvi SeiZleba mcdaric iyos da WeSmaritic. maSasadame, mcdari wanamZRvrebidan SeiZ-
leba logikurad gamomdinareobdes rogorc WeSmariti, ise mcdari danaskvi.
3) Tu deduqciuri daskvnis danaskvi mcdaria, maSin misi wanamZRvrebidan erTi ma-
inc (SesaZloa yvela) mcdaria.
4) Tu deduqciuri daskvnis danaskvi WeSmaritia, maSin misi wanamZRvrebidan yvela,
zogierTi an arcerTi WeSmariti araa.
mcdari wanamZRvrebidan WeSmariti daskvnis magaliTia: yvela cxeni aris adamiani.
yvela adamians aqvs fafari, maSasadame, yvela cxens aqvs fafari.

28
 induqciuri daskvnebi. daskvnas, romlis wanamZRvrebidan danaskvi logikurad ar
gamomdinareobs, magram romlis wanamZRvrebic garkveuli xarisxiT adastureben da-
naskvs, induqciuri daskvna ewodeba.
induqcia aris kerZoobiTi an erTeulovani winadadebebidan zogad winadadebaze
gadasvla (e.i. kerZodan zogadze gadasvla).
A dros gaixsna onkani da wamovida wyali.
B dros gaixsna onkani da wamovida wyali.
G dros gaixsna onkani da wamovida wyali.
yovelTvis (nebismier dros), roca gaixsneba onkani, wamova wyali. Tuki ar Seg-
vxvedria SemTxveva, rom gavxseniT onkani da ar wamovida wyali, maSin Cveni molodi-
ni zogad xasiaTs miiRebs da sarwmunod gveCveneba, rom yovelTvis, roca gaixsneba
onkani, wamova wyali. Cvens magaliTSi rwmenis xarisxi sakmaod dabalia. maTi wanam-
ZRvrebis WeSmaritebis sruli rwmena Sedegad ar gvaZlevs danaskvis WeSmaritebis
srul rwmenas.
miCneulia, rom deduqciuri daskvna ar iZleva axal codnas, xolo induqciuri
daskvna Cvens codnas afarToebs.
logika iyofa or nawilad: deduqciuri logika da induqciuri logika. deduqciu-
ri logika Tavisi mniSvnelobiT ufro fundamenturia da safuZvlad udevs induqci-
ur logikas.
cneba, msjeloba, daskvna. msjeloba TxrobiTi winadadebis iseTi Sinaarsia, rome-
lic adasturebs an uaryofs garkveuli sagnobrivi viTarebis ganxorcielebas.
daskvna msjelobebis (an maTi gamomTqmeli TxrobiTi winadadebebis) erTobliobaa.
cneba aris samyaros asaxvis erT-erTi forma Semecnebis im safexurze, romelic
dakavSirebulia enis gamoyenebasTan. is sagnebisa da movlenebis ganzogadebis formaa
(xerxia). cneba sagnis arebiT niSnebs asaxavs.

Secdomebi dasabuTebaSi

raimes gakeTebis cda ar niSnavs imas, rom es cda warmatebiT damTavrdeba. es asea
adamianis yovelnair saqmianobaSi. maT Soris bWobaSic. bWoba yovelTvis ver aRwevs mi-
zans, radgan zogjer bWobis procesSi raRac ise ar an ver xdeba. e. i. bWobaSi uSveben
Secdomebs. bWobaSi daSvebuli Secdomebis wyaro SesaZlebelia iyos gamoyenebuli
terminebis mniSvnelobebisa da maTi xmarebis xarvezebi (enis Secdomebi) da bWobis Te-
zisisa da argumentebis SerCeva an sakuTriv bWobis msvlelobaSi daSvebuli uzusto-
bani (enisgare Secdomebi). Tu Secdoma bWobis msvlelobaSi, demonstraciaSia daSvebu-
li, mas formaluri Secdoma ewodeba.
deduqciur bWobaSi formaluri Secdoma mxolod maSin aris daSvebuli, rodesac
am bWobis wanamZRvrebidan misi Tezisi ar gamomdinareobs. formalur Secdomas yovel-
Tvis iwvevs romelime araswori daskvnis swor daskvnad miCneva. Tu Secdoma daSvebu-
lia imis gamo, rom sakmarisi yuradRebiT ar movekideT bWobis wanamZRvrebis (argumen-
tebis, sabuTebis) da Tezisis SerCevas, maSin mas araformaluri (materialuri) Secdo-
ma ewodeba. araformaluri Secdomebis oTxi umniSvnelovanesi saxe – ZiriTadi Secdo-
ma, dausabuTebeli wanamZRvris Secdoma, mankieri wre da Tezisis Secvla – enobriv ga-
mosaxulebaTa orazrovneba (omonimia, maTi sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiT xmareba) SeiZleba
iqces araswori, gaumarTavi bWobis wyarod, usagno kamaTis mizezad.
Tu mTeli gamosaxulebis, iqneba es calkeuli fraza, winadadeba Tu daskvna, oraz-
rovneba gamowveulia romelime sityvis orazrovnebiT, mas ekvivokacia ewodeba, xolo
Tu es gamosaxulebis struqturis orazrovnebiTaa gamowveuli – amfibolia.
29
 pirveli saxis Secdomis tradiciuli magaliTia Semdegi daskvna: `raimes dasruleba
misi srulyofaa. sikvdili sicocxlis dasrulebaa, maSasadame, sikvdili sicocxlis
srulyofaa~. bWoba ar aris gamarTuli, radgan pirvel wanamZRvarSi sityva `dasruleba~
naxmaria xorcSesxmis, Canafiqris mTlianad ganxorcielebis, meoreSi – daboloeba-dam-
Tavrebis azriT.
Secdomebis mimoxilvis safuZvelze SemuSavebulia garkveuli wesebi (sifrTxilis
zomebi), romelTa dacva aucilebelia imisaTvis, rom bWoba iyos dasabuTeba da ara
mxolod dasabuTebis warumatebeli mcdeloba. dasabuTebis es wesebia:
1) Tezisi unda iyos zustad da naTlad Camoyalibebuli;
2) Tezisi mTeli bWobis manZilze ar unda icvlebodes;
3) argumentebi WeSmariti, an sakmaod kargad dadasturebuli debulebebi unda iyos;
4) argumentebis WeSmariteba dadgenili unda iyos Tezisis gamouyeneblad;
5) argumentebidan Tezisi unda gamodiodes (ar aris gamoricxuli, rom es mxolod al-
baTobis garkveuli xarisxiT dafuZneba iyos).

kamaTi (polemika) da misi saxeebi

mokamaTeTa urTierTobis principebi

dasabuTebas komunikaciuri funqciac aqvs. igi ganisazRvreba Semecnebis socialu-
ri xasiaTiT, raTa ara mxolod efeqturad viazrovnoT da movipovoT codna, aramed
sxvac davarwmunoT Semecnebis Sedegebis sisworeSi. mecnierebis farglebs gareT da-
sabuTebis komunikaciuri funqcia mJRavndeba adamianTa inteleqtualur urTierToba-
Si. igi aq sakuTari mosazrebis WeSmaritebaSi an gadawyvetilebaTa sisworeSi sxvebis
darwmunebis saSualebaa.
adamianTa inteleqtualuri urTierTobis erT-erTi saxea kamaTi anu polemika. ka-
maTis Teoriis, misi logikuri aspeqtis Seswavlas didi mniSvneloba aqvs, radgan ka-
maTSi SeiZleba CavebaT cxovrebis nebismier sakiTxze. dava mezoblebs an politikur
Zalebs (partiebs) Soris, saparlamento debatebi, molaparakeba, samecniero diskusia,
sasamarTlo procesi, eqimTa konsiliumi da sxva, kamaTis tipiuri nimuSebia. garda
amisa, Tanamedrove msoflioSi arsebobs uamravi teqnikuri saSualeba (radio, presa,
televizia, filmebi, reklama da a.S), romelTa gamoyenebiTac adamianebs arwmuneben
sxvadasxva, xSirad urTierTsawinaaRmdego debulebebis Sefasebebisa da Tvalsazri-
sebis samarTlianobaSi. adamians unda hqondes unari, mis fsiqikaze xelovnurad Tav-
smoxveuli zemoqmedebisagan gaarCios gonieri, racionaluri gansja; miiRos SemoTa-
vazebuli dasabuTeba an win aRudges mas, daarRvios is. amisTvis aucilebelia kamaT-
Si dasabuTebisa da ukugdebis xerxebis, kamaTis warmarTvis elementaruli wesebis
codna.
kamaTi (polemika) aris adamianis erT-erTi ZiriTadi uflebis – sakuTari azris
gamoTqmisa da dacvis – realizacia. ufro metic, dialogSi, saubarSi, romlis kerZo
saxesac warmoadgens kamaTi, vlindeba adamianis WeSmariti arsi. sazogadoebriv Za-
lebs Soris polemikis usafrTxoebis garantiebi, sazogadoebaSi demokratiis sayrde-
nia.
kamaTSi Cabmis motivebis mixedviT SeiZleba gamoiyos kamaTis (polemikis) sami ti-
pi: 1) Teoriuli polemika; 2) praqtikuli polemika; 3) kamaTi – Sejibri;
1) Teoriuli polemikis mizania raime sakiTxze WeSmaritebis dadgena;
2) praqtikuli polemika, romelic miznad isaxavs samoqmedo gadawyvetilebis miRe-
bas an moqmedebis Sefasebas;
3) kamaTi – Sejibri, Tundac sxva adamianTa Tvalis asaxvevad, miznad isaxavs
mowinaaRmdegeze gamarjvebas.
30
 pirvelsa da meores dialeqtikuri kamaTi ewodeba. mesames – eristikuli.
dialeqtika aris kamaTis (an ufro zogadad dialogis) warmarTvis ostatoba da
moZRvreba mis Sesaxeb. eristikac analogiuri disciplinaa, oRondac misi obieqti, Se-
jibri – polemika, yvela saSualebiT kamaTSi mowinaaRmdegis damarcxebis xelovnebaa.
orive es disciplina Seiqmna da farTod gavrcelda Zvel saberZneTSi. amis safuZveli
iyo is udidesi roli, rasac qveynis sulier cxovrebaSi sajaro polemika da disku-
siebi TamaSobda. polemikis umaRlesi saxea diskusia – azrTa Tematurad mkafio da
formiT koreqtuli urTierTgacvla raime sakiTxis erToblivi ZalebiT gadaWris miz-
niT.
Tu kamaTi mimdinareobs zneobrivi normebis darRveviT, mowinaaRmdegeTa dasarwmu-
neblad araracionaluri, logikurad gaumarTavi saSualebebis moSveliebiT, is Cxu-
bi, cilobaa. aseT kamaTs Zveli berZnebi logomaxias uwodebdnen. kamaTi rom CxubSi,
logomaxiaSi an dogmatur monologSi ar gadaizardos, saWiroa davicvaT ramdenime
martivi cneba, romlebic xels uwyoben kamaTis zneobrivad jansaRi da fsiqologiu-
rad gawonasworebuli kalapotiT warmarTvas:
pativi eci oponents! piradi urTierToba masTan, Seni azri mis Sesaxeb, ar aris
argumenti misi Tvalsazrisis dasarRvevad. mas iseve ainteresebs sakamaTo sa-
kiTxebis gadawyveta, rogorc Sen (zneobrivi tolerantobis moTxovna).
oponentis azri ar miiCnio miuReblad, Tuki ara gaqvs saamiso argumentebi! aravi-
Tari azri ar SeiZleba iyos mcdari mxolod imis gamo, rom Sen mas ar iziareb
(gnoseologiuri tolerantobis moTxovna);
ar gamoiyeno araviTari iaraRi, garda kamaTis TemasTan dakavSirebuli codnisa,
gansjisa da warmosaxvis unarisa (kamaTis racionalurobis moTxovna).
kamaTis yovel monawiles aqvs sakuTari mosazrebis dacvisa da mowinaaRmdegis na-
azrevSi Secdomebis mxilebis Tanabari ufleba, miuxedavad imisa rogoria Ti-
Toeuli maTganis piradi Tvisebebi, sazogadoebrivi mdgomareoba, Tu prestiJi
(kamaTis demokratiulobis moTxovna).
moToke emociebi! polemika metoqeTa paeqrobaa da maSinac ki, rodesac is mxolod
WeSmaritebis mopovebas isaxavs miznad, SeuZlebelia grZnobebisagan sruli ga-
Tavisufleba. marjved moZebnili argumenti sixarulis wyaroa, mowinaaRmdegis
mier mxilebuli Secdoma, uneblie gulistkivils iwvevs, magram am grZnobebs
gasaqani ar unda misce. aRelvebuli mokamaTe susti mokamaTea, igi argumentebis
nacvlad lozungebs isvris, yviris, yvirili ki mis debulebebs ar asabuTebs
(emociuri zomierebis moTxovna).
daiviwye jibri! ar iTakilo ukan daxeva, Tuki darwmundi, rom simarTle mowinaaR-
mdegis mxarezea! kamaTi TanamSromlobis saxea (gonieri kompromisis moTxovna).

kamaTis warmarTvis xerxebi

radgan kamaTis mizania ara mxolod debulebis dasabuTeba, aramed dasabuTebis

meSveobiT darwmunebac, argumentebisa da argumentebiT Tezisis logikuri dafuZne-
bis garda mniSvneloba aqvs agreTve kamaTis xerxebs, anu kamaTSi Tavis dacvis da
mowinaaRmdegeze Setevis ileTebs. marTalia es xerxebi erTs uadvileben, xolo meo-
res uZneleben kamaTs, magram es ar unda xdebodes usamarTlod, mowinaaRmdegis Sec-
domaSi Seyvanis xarjze: patiosan dialeqtikur kamaTSi am xerxebis gamoyenebis miza-
nia sakuTari poziciis Zlieri da mowinaaRmdegis susti mxareebis win wamoweva.
ganvixiloT kamaTis warmarTvis ramdenime xerxi.

31
 1) dasabuTebis tvirTi. rodesac ori mxare kamaTobs, is mxare, romelic valdebu-
lia daasabuTos raime debuleba, an gaamarTlos sakuTari moTxovnebi, uares mdgoma-
reobaSia meoresTan SedarebiT. radgan meore mxare mxolod Semmowmeblis rolSi ga-
modis. magaliTad, Tu vinme faqtobrivad flobs sakuTrebas, xolo meore pretenzias
acxadebs masze, faqtobrivi mflobelis ufleba sakuTrebaze avtomaturad iqneba
cnobili, Tuki pretendenti ver SesZlebs sakuTari pretenziebis samarTlianobis
damtkicebas. amitom swored mas awveba dasabuTebis tvirTi. asevea bralmdeblisa da
braldebulis `davaSi~. dasabuTebis tvirTi ekisreba bralmdebels. amdenad bralde-
buli udanaSaulod iTvleba, Tuki bralmdebeli ver daasabuTebs mis braleulobas.
aqedan gamomdinare, mokamaTisaTvis sasargebloa ise warmarTos kamaTi, rom dasabu-
Tebis tvirTi mis mowinaaRmdeges daekisros.
2) yuradRebis koncentracia mowinaaRmdegis argumentebis, gansakuTrebiT misi da-
sabuTebis ZarRvis kritikaze xdeba. Tu dasabuTeba deduqciuria, mowinaaRmdegis ar-
gumentebis ukugdeba arRvevs mis dasabuTebas, magram sakmarisi ar aris Tezisis
mcdarobis dasamtkiceblad. induqciuri dasabuTebis dros, irRveva Tezisi anda
mcirdeba misi sarwmunoebis xarisxi.
3) imanenturi kritika, anu dasabuTeba `iqidan, rasac mowinaaRmdege eTanxmeba~. mo-
winaaRmdegis mier wamoyenebuli argumentebidan iseTi daskvnis gamotana, romlebic
Seicaven winaaRmdegobas, ewinaaRmdegebian oponentis Teziss, anda uSualod adastu-
reben Seni debulebis samarTlianobas. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, berZeni filosofosi
sokrate polemikis didostati iyo. mis meTods igi bebiaqalis xelovnebas adarebda
da varaudobda, rom igi iseve exmareboda mokamaTes WeSmariti azris dabadebaSi, ro-
gorc bebiaqali exmareba mSobiares Svilis SobaSi.
4) dazustebis da naTelyofis moTxovna. kamaTSi wamoyenebuli yoveli debuleba
rac SeiZleba mkafiod da araorazrovnad unda iyos Camoyalibebuli. mowinaaRmdeges
unda moeTxovos mis mier wamoyenebul debulebaSi gamoyenebuli saeWvo Sinaarsis
cnebebis gansazRvra, mTeli winadadebis sruli formulireba. aseT moTxovnaze pasu-
xis Semdeg SeiZleba mowinaaRmdegem TviTonve moxsnas Tavisi Tezisi, an iseTi saxe
misces mas, romelic sakamaTo aRar iqneba.

sofizmebi

kamaTSi warmatebis miRwevisaTvis arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs mowinaaRmdegis mier

bWobaSi daSvebuli Secdomebis aRmoCenas. yoveli amocnobili Secdoma aris mowinaaR-
mdegis bWobaSi susti adgilis gamovlena, xolo misi daZleva, kidev erTi nabijia WeS-
maritebis Ziebisaken. zogjer dasabuTebisas Secdomas uneblied uSveben. bWobaSi uneb-
lie Secdomas paralogizmi ewodeba. magram kamaTi – polemika gonebis garda, grZnobe-
bisa da ltolvebis sarbielicaa. warmatebis miRwevis mizniT, zogierTi mokamaTe gan-
zrax uSvebs Secdomas, anda mimarTavs araseriozul xerxs, romlis meSveobiTac cdi-
lobs mowinaaRmdeges sinamdvile TavisTvis sasurvelad moaCvenos da ase daarwmunos
garkveuli debulebis WeSmaritebaSi. es ar aris darwmuneba dasabuTebis meSveobiT,
darwmuneba racionaluri saSualebebiT. bWobaSi ganzrax daSvebul Secdomas, an masSi
araracionaluri xerxebis gamoyenebas, sofizmi ewodeba. ganvixiloT zogierTi maTga-
ni.

1) Zalisadmi mimarTvis (joxis) argumenti. Tu erTi ver arwmunebs meores – an sus-

ti argumentebia, an maT damajerebloba ar aqvT, bWoba gaumarTavia. kamaTis gagrZe-
leba moiTxovs sakiTxSi CaRrmavebas, gansjis daxvewas, mowinaaRmdegis interesisa da
32
xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebas. amaze ki yvelas ar miuwvdeba xeli. amitom pirveli mimar-
Tavs Zalas an Zalis muqaras (SesaZloa faruls), raTa meore aiZulos miiRos, aRia-
ros misi winadadeba. es `ugunuri argumenti~ Zalian gavrcelebulia politikaSi Cab-
mul, dogmaturad moazrovne da pativmoyvare adamianebSi. politikuri represiebic
Zalisadmi mimarTvis argumentis gamovlenaa.

2) pirovnebisadmi (adamianisadmi) mimarTvis argumenti. am Secdomas uSveben maSin,

rodesac raime debulebis mcdarobaSi an WeSmaritebaSi dasarwmuneblad Sesabamisi
dasabuTebis motanis nacvlad, uteven da ganaqiqeben an aqeben da xotbas asxamen pi-
rovnebas, vinc es debuleba wamoayena. am xerxs opoziciasTan davaSi xSirad mimarTa-
ven avtoritaruli xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi. imisaTvis, rom ukuagdon opozi-
ciis moTxovnebi (magaliTad, informaciis saSualebebis Tavisuflebis, adamianis uf-
lebebis dacvis, ekonomikis liberalizaciisa da kerZo sakuTrebaze gadasvlis auci-
leblobis da sxva), lanZRaven opozicias, pirovnul Seuracxyofas ayeneben mis cal-
keul warmomadgenels. bWoba, romelSic gamoyenebulia pirovnebisadmi mimarTvis ar-
gumenti, swori ar aris, radgan pirovnebis Tvisebebs araviTari logikuri kavSiri
ara aqvs imasTan, rasac is amtkicebs. rac ufro dabalia adamianis azrovnebis kul-
tura, miT ufro naklebad Seswevs mas unari gamoyos bWobis Zala simpaTiisa da anti-
paTiis grZnobebisagan, romlebsac mas `Zlierni ama qveynisa~ unergaven. amitomac is
ufro iolad eqceva aseTi `argumentis~ gavlenis qveS da mas WeSmaritad miiCnevs.

3) xalxisadmi mimarTvis argumenti. am dros cdiloben wamoyenebuli debulebisad-

mi brbos mxardaWeras miaRwion iseTi vnebebisa da grZnobebis gaRvivebiT, romlebic
adamianebs akargvineben bWobis mimdinareobisadmi kontrolis unars. am gziT xdeba
rwmenis Tavs moxveva da ara rwmenis aRmoceneba dasabuTebis safuZvelze. am sofizms
xSirad mimarTaven propagandistebi da demagogi politikosebi, romlebic argumentad
iSvelieben `yvelas azrs~. aseTi msjeloba arasworia, radgan yvelas Tanxmoba ar
aris WeSmaritebis garantia. sasamarTlo praqtikaSi xSiria SemTxveva, rodesac kama-
Tisas dacvis mxare, sakuTari mosazrebis sisworis damtkicebisaTvis, cdilobs mowi-
naaRmdeges gansasjelis mimarT aRuZras sibraluli da TanagrZnoba. esec amgvari so-
fizmis erT-erTi saxea.

4) avtoritetisadmi mimarTvis argumenti gulisxmobs raime debulebis WeSmarite-

baSi mowinaaRmdegis darwmunebas gamoCenili adamianis Sexedulebis damowmebiT. am
arguments Zala ara aqvs, radgan azri WeSmariti ver iqneba mxolod imis gamo, rom
mas viRac, Tundac gamoCenili adamiani (xelmZRvaneli, beladi da a.S) eTanxmeba. WeS-
maritebis garantia sinamdvilesTan Sesabamisobaa. miuxedavad am argumentis sofistu-
ri xasiaTisa, mainc unda gavarCioT misi gamoyenebis is SemTxveva. roca miuTiTeben
codnis mocemul sferoSi aRiarebuli specialistis Sexedulebebze. marTalia aseTi
miTiTeba dasabuTeba araa, magram mas sakmao damarwmunebeli Zala aqvs.

5) arcodnisadmi mimarTvis argumenti aris debulebis WeSmaritad miCneva imis ga-

mo, rom misi mcdaroba dasabuTebuli ar aris. es sofizmi mkafiod vlindeba uCveu-
lo fenomenebTan (magaliTad, telepatiis, telekinezis an amoucnob mfrinav obieq-
tebTan) dakavSirebul bWobaSi. am sofizmis gamoyenebis sferoSi erTi mniSvnelovani
gamonaklisia: adamiani iTvleba udanaSaulod, Tuki misi danaSauli sasamarTlos mi-
er damtkicebuli ar aris.

33
 6) adamianis mdgomareobisadmi mimarTvis argumenti saxezea, rodesac erTi adamia-
ni ki ar usabuTebs meores raime debulebis WeSmaritebas, aramed cdilobs uCvenos
mas, rom igi valdebulia daeTanxmos am debulebas sakuTari mdgomareobis gamo. es
sofizmia, radgan debulebis WeSmariteba ar aris damokidebuli adamianis mdgomareo-
baze. miuxedavad amisa, es argumenti Zalian Wris. magaliTad, monadires kicxaven imis
gamo, rom is umowyalod xocavs nadirs. is ki pasuxobs – ratom maSin ar gawuxebT
sindisi, rodesac uwyinari saqonlis xorcs SeeqceviTo? aq monadire ar asabuTebs
sakuTari moqmedebis samarTlianobas, aramed cdilobs uCvenos, rom misi mowinaaR-
mdegis sityva da mdgomareoba ewinaaRmdegeba erTmaneTs. monadiris Sepasuxebis usu-
surobas maSinve davinaxavT, rogorc ki warmovidgenT, rom mas vegetarianeli akriti-
kebs.
7) mravlobiTi kiTxva. uZvelesi droidan cnobilia eSmakuri kiTxvebi, romlebic
TiTqos moiTxoven mkafio `ho~ an `ara~ pasuxs, magram mopasuxes CixSi aqceven, radgan
nebismier SemTxvevaSi igi garkveul pasuxs aZlevs agreTve sxva, farulad nagulis-
xmev kiTxvasac. magaliTad, `gaanebe Tavi avi gzebiT siaruls~? `kidev scem cols~?
rogori pasuxic ar unda gaeces am kiTxvebs, orive SemTxvevaSi dadasturdeba, rom
pasuxis gamcemi adre an avi gzebiT dadioda, an cols scemda. am sofizms xSirad mi-
marTaven araobieqturi gamomZieblebi da demagogi politikosebi.

sakontrolo kiTxvebi

ras Seiswavlis logika?

daaxasiaTeT azrovnebis ZiriTadi kanonebi.
romeli daskvna afarToebs Cvens codnas _ induqciuri Tu deduqciuri?
ra saxis Secdomebi SeiZleba iqnas daSvebuli bWobaSi?
rogor SeiZleba Tavidan aviciloT Secdomebi dasabuTebaSi?
ras niSnavs dialeqtikuri da eristikuli kamaTi?
ras niSnavs kamaTis zneobrivad jansaRi da fsiqologiurad gawonasworebuli me-
TodiT warmarTva?
ra aris sofizmi?
ra aris WeSmariteba da mcdaroba?

Tavi III
34
 universaluri problemebi
pirvelsawyisis idea

filosofiuri problemebi universaluri xasiaTisaa. maTSi moiazreba ontologiu-

ri, gnoseologiuri da aqsiologiuri problemebi. amjerad pirvels ganvixilavT, Sem-
deg ki SevexebiT gnoseologiur da aqsiologiur sakiTxebs.
ontologia (ontos – arsebuli) aris moZRvreba samyaros arsis Sesaxeb. samyaros
arsSi igulisxmeba rogorc sazogadoebrivi, ise Tavad adamianis pirovnuli yofiere-
bac. ontologiis centralur sakiTxs warmoadgens substanciis anu pirvelsawyisis
problema. aqedan gamomdinare, yvela filosofia Taviseburad wyvets samyaros kanon-
zomierebis sakiTxs.
Zvel saberZneTSi antikuri filosofia ontologiuri problemebiT daiwyo. sa-
kiTxi dadga yovelives ganmsazRvreli erTis aRmoCenisa da dasabuTebis Sesaxeb. ami-
tom pirveli filosofiuri problema Camoyalibda rogorc erTisa da simravlis da-
mokidebulebis problema. pirveli filosofosebi eZebdnen erTs, rogorc samyaros
sawyiss. berZnuli filosofiis ganviTarebis pirvel periods kosmologiuri periodi
ewodeba, xolo samyaros pirvelsawyisis problemas substanciis problema hqvia.
substancia laTinuri sityvaa da niSnavs qvemdebares, anu imas, rac safuZvlad
devs, anu arxes. substanciis problemas sxvagvrad `arxes~ problema hqvia. swored
amitom mas aristotele `qvemdebares~ uwodebda.
ontologia aris moZRvreba substanciis Sesaxeb. substancia mTeli sinamdvilis
pirvelsafuZvelia. benediqt spinozas (1682 –1677 ww.) azriT, igi aris `kau sa sui ~ –`mi-
zezi Tavisi Tavisa~.
ismis kiTxva: xom ar arsebobs am mravalferovnebis erTi Ziri, safuZveli, arxe? am
kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemiT daiwyo filosofiuri azrovneba Zvel saberZneTSi. sub-
stanciis problema filosofiaSi erT-erTi ZiriTadia, romelic Semdgom ori aspeq-
tiT daisva: 1) mTlianad samyaros da 2) individualuri sagnis mimarT.
Seqmnilia samyaro Tu ara? am kiTxvaze ori Tvalsazrisi arsebobs: 1) religiuri
da 2) arareligiuri. religia Sesaqmidan amodis. arareligiuri miiCnevs, rom samyaro
maradiulad arsebobda, arsebobs da momavalSic iarsebebs. aq orgvari pasuxia: pozi-
tivisturi da metafizikuri. pozitivisturi – sxvadasxva mecnierebis monacemebze
dayrdnobiT Tvlis, rom substanciis problema aramecnieruli, usazriso problemaa.
misi mecnieruli, dasabuTebuli, erTmniSvnelovani gadawyveta ar arsebobs. igi meta-
fizikuri Sinaarsis mqonea. SemovifargloT mxolod imiT, rac cdaSi gveZleva.
metafizikuri Tvalsazrisi aRiarebs substanciis arsebobas, magram mis SigniT az-
rTa sxvadasxvaobaa, imis mixedviT, Tu ramdeni substanciaa – erTi, ori Tu mravali.
Sesabamisad, Camoyalibda sami mimarTuleba – monizmi, dualizmi da pluralizmi.
ontologiur problemebze saerTod uars ambobs neopozitivisturi filosofia.
amisagan gansxvavebiT aRniSnul sakiTxze Seiqmna ramdenime seriozuli gamokvleva:
huserlis (1859 –1938 ww.) `transcendentaluri ontologia~; hartmanis (1859 –1938 ww.)
`kritikuli ontologia;~ haidegeris (1889 – 1976 ww.) `fundamenturi ontologia;~ da
sxva. amdenad, Tu tradiciuli ontologiuri sistemebi ZiriTadad samyaros, sub-
stanciisa da kanonzomierebis problemebs ikvlevdnen, Tanamedrove filosofiaSi
kvlevis obieqti gaxda TviTon adamiani, misi Semadgeneli unarebi, emociebi, gancde-
bi da saerTod sulieri fenomenebi.
berZnuli filosofia TalesiT (Zv. w. VII) iwyeba. man pirvelma Cauyara safuZveli
mileTis fizikis skolas da dasva sakiTxi, Tu ra aris mravalferovani movlenebis

35
sawyisi. misi azriT, samyaros mravalferovnebas erTi da yvelasaTvis saerTo sawyisi
unda hqondes. Talesi mas bunebaSi eZebs. misi azriT, samyaros sawyisi unda iyos wya-
li, radgan yvelaferi wylisagan warmoiSoba da wylad iqceva. kiTxvaze Tu ra amoZ-
ravebs wyals, Talesi pasuxobs: wyali TviTmoZravia, radgan sulieria. aseT Tvalsaz-
riss filosofiaSi hiloZoizmi ewodeba.
Talesis Sexedulebas ar eTanxmeba misi mowafe anaqsimandre (610 – 546 Zv. w.). misi
amosavali debulebaa: `arafrisagan raime ar warmoiSoba da raime araferSi ar gada-
va~. am debulebas ver uZlebs Talesis azri, radgan bunebaSi aris iseTi sagnebi,
romlebic wyals ar Seicaven. aseTia magaliTad: rkina, cecxli da sxva. anaqsiman-
dres azriT, wyali gansazRvruli stiqiaa da amitom is yvelafris Ziri ver iqneba,
arxed ar gamodgeba. arxe unda iyos ganusazRvreli, romelic yvelafers Seicavs.
gansazRvrul movlenaTa sawyisi unda iyos TviTon ganusazRvreli, rasac anaqsiman-
drem apeironi (berZnulad ganusazRvreli) uwoda. misi azriT, apeironi usazRvroa
Tvisobrivadac da raodenobrivadac. is arc magaria, arc Txieri, arc haerovani, arc
Tbili da sxva. apeironi moculobiTac usazRvroa da droSic usasrulo. apeirons
SeuZlia Tavisi Tavidan warmoSvas yvelaferi, amitom is yovlad Zlieria, is usazR-
vrod gasulierebuli nivTierebaa. rac Seexeba sagnebis warmoSobas, es niSnavs apei-
ronidan mis gamoyofas. es sagnebi apeironSi mzamzareulad arseboben da drodadro
axorcieleben gamoyofas da masSi ukan dabrunebas.
anaqsimandres Sexedulebas ar iziarebs aseve mileTis skolis Semdegi warmomad-
geneli anaqsimene (Zv.w. 588 – 525). anaqsimenes azriT, anaqsimandre Talesis sapirispi-
ro ukiduresobaSi gadavida. TalesisaTvis es iyo gansazRvruli substanciis daSve-
ba, xolo anaqsimandresTvis – substanciis gaurkvevloba. anaqsimenes mixedviT, gaur-
kvevlobidan mzamzareuli sagnis warmoSoba niSnavs araraobidan raimes warmoqmnas.
es ki SeuZlebelia. anaqsimenem am siZnelis daZleva raodenobrivi principiT scada.
is fiqrobs, rom arxe sawyisi nivTierebaa, sadac ar aris saganTa gansxvavebani. sag-
nebi erTi meorisagan gansxvavdeba mxolod am pirveli, sawyisi nivTierebis raode-
nobriobiT. saganTa Tvisobriobas pirveli nivTierebis raodenobrivi moculoba gan-
sazRvravs. anaqsimenes azriT, haeri aris is pirveli nivTiereba, romlis gasqeleba
da gaTxeleba iZleva samyaros mravalferovnebas. haeri raodenobrivad da Tvisobri-
vadac ganusazRvreli kosmosia. is aris msoflio suli, romlis gareSe msoflio
daiSleboda da qaosad gadaiqceoda.
mileTis skolis gulubryvilo da stiqiuri materializmi ganaviTara heraklite
efeselma (Zv. w. 530 – 470). heraklitem, mileTelebisagan gansxvavebiT, samyaros sub-
stanciad marad ucvlelis nacvlad maradcvalebadi cecxli aRiara. igi ambobs: `es
kosmosi, romelic erTi da igivea mTeli arsebulisaTvis, ar Seuqmnia araviTar
RmerTs da araviTar admians, aramed igi mudam iyo, aris da iqneba marad cocxali,
romelic kanonzomierad inTeba da kanonzomierad qreba~. mTeli es procesi logoss
(kanons) emorCileba, romelic obieqturia. heraklites mixedviT, samyaros sagnebi
ara mxolod raodenobriobis mixedviT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, aramed isini
Tvisobrivadac erTimeores upirispirdebian da ebrZvian. miuxedavad amisa, am sag-
nebs swored es dapirispireba da brZola aerTianebs. sicocxles azri aqvs sikvdi-
liT, sikvdils ki – sicocxliT. yvelaferSi winaaRmdegoba da cvalebadobaa, yve-
laferi icvleba, rogorc cecxli. xolo TviTon cvalebadoba maradiulia. cecxli
maradiuli cvalebadobaa.
ZvelberZnul gulubryvilo materializms daupirispirda Zveli berZnuli idea-
listuri filosofia, romelic eleaturi metafizikis saxeliT aris cnobili. misi
warmomadgenlebi arian qsenofane kolofoneli, parmenide, Zenoni da meliso. elea-
turi metafizika warmoadgens mileTis fizikosebis sapirispiro Teorias. metafizi-
36
ka berZnul filosofiaSi niSnavda aragrZnobad sinamdviles. is SegrZnebaSi ar eZ-
leva adamians, aramed misi Semecneba mxolod gaazrebiT SeiZleba. eleaturi meta-
fizikis mTavar arguments warmoadgens swored is debuleba, rom fizikuri sinam-
dvile, romelic grZnobaSi eZleva adamians, mudam icvleba. aq sagnebi mudmivad war-
moiSvebian da ispobian. amitom fizikur sinamdvileSi substanciis Zieba uazrobaa.
maTi azriT, substancia unda iyos iseTi ram, rac ar warmoiSoba da arc ispoba,
rac TviTon ar moZraobs, magram sxvas amoZravebs. is, rac moZraobs moCvenebiTobaa,
WeSmariteba mxolod uZravs da maradiul sinamdviles aqvs.
eleaturi metafizikis yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli parmenide (Zv. w. 540
– 480) Tavis filosofias afuZnebs aseT aqsiomaze: `rac aris, is aris da rac ar
aris, is ar aris; anu, arsi aris da ararsi ar aris`. misi azriT, WeSmaritebis miRe-
ba mxolod am debulebaze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba. heraklites filosofia am debu-
lebas ver uZlebs, radgan heraklites mixedviT, sagnebi warmoiSvebian da qrebian, e.
i. isini arian da arc arian. debulebidan – arsi aris da ararsi ar aris – gamomdi-
nareobs is, rom arsi aris erTi. igi erTze meti ar SeiZleba iyos. arsi rom ori an
meti iyos, maSin maT Soris iqneboda sazRvari. sazRvari niSnavs ararss. ararsis
daSveba ki Secdomaa, radgan ararsi ar arsebobs. e. i. arsi unda iyos simravle. ar-
si aris sruli, unaklo, ucvleli, maradiuli, ganuyofeli. es arsi droisa da siv-
rcis gareSea. droSi da sivrceSi mxolod fizikurad cvalebadi sagnebia. parmeni-
des filosofiam safuZveli moumzada didi berZeni moazrovneebis platonis (Zv.w.
427 – 347) da aristoteles (Zv.w. 384 – 322) filosofias.
sanam platonisa da aristoteles Sexedulebebs ganvixilavdeT substanciis Sesa-
xeb, unda SevexoT kvlav berZnul materialistur filosofias, romelmac brZola
gamoucxada eleatur metafizikas. mileTis materialistebisa da fizikosebis naaz-
revi ganaviTares empedoklem (Zv. w. 487 – 424) da anaqsagoram (Zv.w. 500 – 428). empe-
dokles mixedviT, erTi substanciidan mravlis axsna saswauls niSnavs. misi azriT,
samyaros mravalferovnebas aqvs oTxi substancia. esenia: wyali, haeri, cecxli da
miwa. yvelaferi am oTxi elementidan iwyeba da am oTx elementad iSleba. sxvadas-
xva sagnebis arsebobas ganapirobebs am oTxi elementis sxvadasxva zomiT Serwyma.
amiT empedoklem safuZveli Cauyara pluralistur materializms.
empedoklesgan gansxvavebiT, anaqsagoram samyaros substanciad bunebis usasrulo
mcire nawilakebi miiCnia. isini substanciebia im gagebiT, rom dayofas ar eqvemdeba-
rebian da maTi SeerTeba usasrulo mravalferovan samyaros iZleva.
empedoklesa da anaqsagoras pluralisturi materializmi ufro maRal doneze
aiyvana demokritem (Zv.w. 460 – 371). demokrites materialisturi moZRvrebis amosa-
vals warmoadgens buneba. misi azriT, saWiroa bunebis mravalferovani sagnebis ax-
sna da ara uaryofa, rogorc amas eleatelebi akeTebdnen. parmenides sawinaaRmde-
god, romelic samyaros ganuyofel erT arss aRiarebda, demokritem simravlis arse-
boba dauSva. parmenidesaTvis miuRebeli da dauSvebeli iyo simravle, radgan is Ta-
visTavad moiTxovda sazRvris arsebobas, romelic parmenidesTan niSnavda araarse-
bobas, sicarieles. demokritem swored es sicariele gamoiyena simravlis asaxsne-
lad. parmenidesTan buneba usasrulod dayofilia da qreba. demokrites mixedviT, es
dauSvebelia, radgan bunebis arseboba faqtia da misi gaqroba SeuZlebelia. amis ga-
mo, demokritem dauSva ganuyofeli nawilebis anu atomebis (atomi berZnulad ganu-
yofels niSnavs) arseboba, xolo am atomebis moZraobis pirobad sicariele aRiara.
demokrites azriT, vinaidan atomi ganuyofelia da Seuvalia, unda arsebobdes sica-
riele, raTa atomebis dajaxebis dros SesaZlebeli iyos gadaadgileba. demokritem
atomebs substanciebi uwoda. man mTeli samyaro atomebiT, moZraobiT da sicarielis
cnebebiT axsna. rac Seexeba samyaros mravalferovnebas, es gamowveulia gansxvavebu-
37
li formis, sididis atomebis SeerTebiT. demokrites azriT, adamianis azrovnebac
atomebisgan Sedgeba. mxolod es atomebi Tavisi formiT da TvisebebiT sxva atomeb-
Tan SedarebiT cecxlovani da daxvewilia. e.i. mTeli samyaro mxolod usasrulod
mravali gansxvavebuli materialuri atomisgan Sedgeba. atoms sivrciTi ganzomile-
bac aqvs. ase rom ar iyos, maSin unda dagveSva araraobidan raimes warmoSoba. demok-
ritem atomisturi SexedulebebiT aago Tavisi kosmogonia. misi azriT, msoflios
ara aqvs dasawyisi da dasasruli, xolo kosmosi ki warmoSobadia. kosmosi warmoiS-
va gabneuli atomebis moZraobis procesSi SeerTebiT. ase warmoiqmneba ara erTi,
aramed mravali kosmosi. demokrites filosofiam, da saerTod berZnulma gulub-
ryvilo materializmma, safuZveli moumzada me-XVII-XVIII saukuneebis meqanistur da
metafizikur materializms.
berZnul materialistur filosofias mkveTrad daupirispirda idealisturi moZR-
vreba. platonma gansakuTrebiT kritikulad Seafasa da uaryo heraklites filoso-
fia, romelic moZraobis maradiulobas aRiarebda, xolo eleaturi filosofia, ro-
melic moZraobis moCvenebiTobas asabuTebda, mTlianad gaiziara. platonma amis gamo
samyaro orad dayo: 1) fizikuri, moZravi, moCvenebiTi, amqveyniuri movlenebis samya-
rod da 2) maradiuli, uZravi, srulyofili ideebis imqveyniur samyarod. misi azriT,
amqveyniuri movlenebis moZraobas iwvevs imqveyniuri ideebisaken swrafva, e.i. movle-
nebs amoZravebs mizani. es mizani mdgomareobs srulyofilebisken swrafvaSi. amitom
moZraobs mxolod is, rac naklovania, xolo ideebs maTi srulyofilebis gamo aravi-
Tari moZraoba ar sWirdebaT. eleaturi metafizikisagan gansxvavebiT, platonma da-
uSva miznis cneba. amiT samyaros moZraobas kanonzomieri xasiaTi misca. platonis
azriT, amqveyniur samyaros hyavs Semqmneli mizezi anu demiurgi, romelic awesrigebs
yvelafers. es aris RmerTi. RmerTi aris umaRlesi sikeTec da Semoqmedic. RmerTi ab-
soluturi substanciaa. platonis azriT, RmerTma amqveyniuri samyaro anu movlene-
bis samyaro ideebis samyarosTan daakavSira msoflio sulis saSualebiT.
platonis azriT, obieqturad da WeSmaritad arsebobs mxolod is, rac ucvleli
da maradiulia, rac zogadia yvela erTeulisaTvis, xolo is, rac droSi da sivrce-
Si moZraobs da cvalebadobs, aris aranamdvili moCvenebiTi arseboba. amis gamo pla-
tonis filosofias obieqturi idealizmi ewodeba. platonis obieqturi idealizmis
Teoria kritikulad gaiziara da ganaviTara aristotelem.
aristotelem safuZveli Cauyara mraval mecnierebas: fizikas, astronomias, logi-
kas, fsiqologias, eTikas, esTetikas, ritorikas, politikas da sxv. kiTxvaze – ra
aris mecnierebis sagani? – aristotele pasuxobs: es aris sibrZne, xolo sibrZne
aris pasuxi kiTxvaze – `ratom?~ aristotele pirvel filosofias uwodebs mecniere-
bis im dargs, romelic samyaros pirvelmizezs anu substancias ikvlevs. substancia
aris damoukideblad arsebuli pirveli mizezi, romelzedac yvelaferia damokide-
buli, es aris yvelafris arseba anu `usia~. mecnierebis im dargs, romelic sxvaze
damokidebul sagnebs anu bunebas Seiswavlis, aristotele `meore filosofias~ anu
fizikas uwodebs.
aristoteles mixedviT, platonis umTavresi Secdoma mdgomareobs movlenaTa da
ideaTa samyaroebis erTimeorisagan mowyvetaSi. misi azriT, ar SeiZleba grZnobadi
da konkretuli sagnebi davaSoroTD ideebs anu zogadobas; ar SeiZleba ideebi sag-
nebis miRma arsebobdes. zogadi idea yovelTvis erTeulebSi arsebobs formis saxiT.
SeuZlebelia arsebobdes adamianobis idea adamianebis gareSe. aristoteles azriT,
yovel arsebuls aqvs oTxi mizezi: formaluri, materialuri, moqmedi da bolovadi
mizezi anu mizani. materia mxolod SesaZleblobis saxiT arsebobs, misi gaformeba
da moqmedeba niSnavs ganviTarebas pirvelmizezisaken, anu miznisken, romelic sinam-
dvilea. SesaZlebloba aris sinamdvilis SesaZlebloba da is yovelTvis sinamdvile-
38
zea damokidebuli. sinamdvile ki damoukidebelia. sinamdvile mizania da is win us-
wrebs imas, risi mizanic aris.
aristoteles mixedviT, samyaro sam sferod aris dayofili: materia, buneba da
RmerTi. rac ar moZraobs da imoZravebs, aris materia, rac moZraobs da imoZravebs,
aris buneba da rac mxolod amoZravebs da ar moZraobs, aris RmerTi. RmerTi aris
samyaros mamoZravebeli mizezic da mizanic. mTeli buneba moZraobis procesSi for-
misa da materiis sxvadasxva doniT SeerTebis `ierarqiul kibes~ warmoadgens. Tu
formaTa gansxvavebis kibes dabla davyvebiT, maSin ufro meti materiisa da naklebi
formis mqone sagnebTan gveqneba saqme. sul bolos iqneba uformo materia; Tu piri-
qiT, kibes maRla avyvebiT, meti formisa da naklebi materiis sagnebs vixilavT. sul
bolos ki iqneba umaterio forma, anu formis forma. swored am formis formas uwo-
debs aristotele saboloo mizans, substancias anu RmerTs.
formaTa gansxvavebis mixedviT, samyaro ase lagdeba: aracocxali buneba (uformo
materia), mcenareTa samyaro, cxovelTa samyaro, adamiani da bolos – RmerTi. samya-
rosa da substanciis aseT damokidebulebas, sadac yvelaferi saboloo mizniT gani-
sazRvreba, teleologia ewodeba.

samyaros kanonzomierebis
problema filosofiaSi

garda substanciis problemisa, ontologiaSi Semdegi ZiriTadi kiTxvebi dgas: ro-

gori kanonzomierebis aris samyaro? ra kanonebSi gamoixateba samyaros moZraoba –
cvalebadoba? ra aris misi forma da Sinaarsi? aqvs Tu ara moZraoba – cvalebado-
bas mizez – Sedegobrivi kavSiri? ra aris sinamdvile da SesaZlebloba? ra kavSiria
aucileblobasa da SemTxveviTobas Soris? da sxva. yvela es kiTxva da masze gacemu-
li pasuxi samyaros kanonzomierebis problemas exeba.
kanonis cneba. zemoT dasmuli kiTxvebi rom gairkves, upirveles yovlisa, saWiroa
gavigoT ra aris kanoni. am SemTxvevaSi saqme exeba obieqtur mecnierul kanons da
ara normatiul kanons, romelsac saxelmwifo adgens an auqmebs. obieqturi imas niS-
navs, rom is araa damokidebuli adamianis cnobierebaze, is TavisTavadia. e.i. kanonis
pirveli niSani aris obieqturoba. garda obieqturobisa, kanoni unda iyos zogadi xa-
siaTis. es imas niSnavs, rom im sferoSi, sadac kanoni moqmedebs, igi yvela sagans
exeba. asxvaveben specifikur, gansakuTrebul da uzogades kanonebs. uzogadesi kanoni
mTel samyaroSi moqmedebs, gansakuTrebuli – ramdenime sferoSi, xolo specifikuri
– mxolod erT sferoSi. zogadobasTan da obieqturobasTan erTad, kanoni vrcelde-
ba romelime sferos yvela movlenaze. es principi ase gamoiTqmis: erTi da igive mov-
lena erTsa da imave pirobebSi erTsa da imave Sedegs iZleva.
kanonis Semdegi niSania arsebiToba. kanoni uxilavia, SegrZnebebSi ar gveZleva, ka-
nonis arseba mxolod movlenebSi vlindeba. misi Semecneba azrovnebiT xdeba. yvela
am niSans, riTac kanoni xasiaTdeba, unda daematos mizezobriobis niSan-Tviseba. mov-
lenaTa mizezobrivi kavSiris gareSe araviTari kanoni realurad ar vlindeba.
amdenad, kanoni SeiZleba ase ganvsazRvroT: kanoni aris movlenaTa iseTi kavSiris
wesi, romelic xasiaTdeba obieqturobiT, zogadobiT, arsebiTobiT, aucileblobiT, sa-
yovelTaobiT da aCvenebs movlenaTa ganviTarebis tendencias anu mimarTulebas. kano-
nis gamoyenebiTi mniSvneloba swored imaSia, rom is movlenebisa da procesebis mimar-
Tulebas aCvenebs; swored amis safuZvelze xdeba samyaros mecnieruli suraTis Seqmna

39
da mecnieruli prognozireba. am gagebiT, mecnieruli kanonebi warmoadgenen samyaros
Semecnebisa da misi gardaqmnis meTodologiur safuZvlebs. filosofia, rogorc msof-
lmxedvelobrivi mecniereba, cxadia, emyareba da iTvaliswinebs bunebis da sazogadoe-
bis obieqtur kanonzomierebas, magram filosofiur kvleva – Ziebas Tavisi meTodolo-
gia aqvs.
meTodis problema. meTodis ganxilva unda daviwyoT, uwinares yovlisa, kiTxvis
dasmiT, ra aris filosofia? am struqturuli analiziT iwyeba aRniSnuli proble-
mis ganmartebis piroba. kiTxva, ra aris filosofia? – exeba filosofiis raobas, mis
arss. es ki niSnavs, dadgindes ra aris filosofia Tavisi sagnis mixedviT. e. i. gani-
sazRvros sfero, romelTanac mas saqme aqvs. es ki moiTxovs naCvenebi iyos is wesebi,
romliTac filosofia kvlevas awarmoebs Tavis sferoSi, e. i. rogor swavlobs is
Tavisi sakvlevi sagnis raobas, ra wesiT, ra xerxiT, ra midgomiT anu ra meTodiT.
meTodi damokidebulia filosofiis sferosadmi midgomis amocanaze. maSasadame,
kiTxva – ra aris es? moiTxovs kiTxvas – rogor gavigoT es?
yovel filosofiur sistemas Tavisi meTodi aqvs. ar arsebobs filosofiaSi erTi
universaluri meTodi, iseve rogorc ar arsebobs erTmniSvnelovani pasuxi filoso-
fiis sagnis Sesaxeb. ramdeni filosofiuri sistemacaa, imdeni meTodi arsebobs. ami-
tom arasworia, roca filosofiaSi or ZiriTad meTods asaxeleben: dialeqtikisa da
metafizikis.
garda dialeqtikisa da metafizikisa, arsebobs logikuri analizis meTodi, ro-
melsac iyenebs logikuri pozitivizmi, ekleqtikuri meTodi ciceronTan, intuiciuri
meTodi – bergsonTan, materializmSi – dialeqtikuri meTodi, romelic upirispirde-
ba metafizikur meTods, huserlis fenomenologiuri meTodi, transcendentaluri me-
Todi da a. S.
zogadad mokled mimovixiloT ramdenime maTgani.
metafizika. metafizikis cneba filosofiaSi ori ZiriTadi mniSvnelobiT ixmareba.
metafizika rogorc filosofiis sinonimi da metafizika, rogorc erT-erTi meTodis
aRmniSvneli cnebaa.
termini `metafizika~ pirvelad gamoiyenes aristoteles pirveli filosofiis mi-
marT. imis gamo, rom am Sromas saTauri ar aRmoaCnda da ido aristoteles Sromis
`fizikis~ Semdeg, mas ewoda meta ta fizika, `is, rac fizikis miRmaa~. droTa ganmavlobaSi
am terminma gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina. metafizikiT aRniSnavdnen yvela fi-
losofiur moZRvrebas yofierebisa da Semecnebis sawyisebze. ufro zustad, ontolo-
giisa da gnoseologiis umTavres sakiTxebze. imanuel kantis mier dasmuli kiTxva,
rogoraa SesaZlebeli metafizika rogorc mecniereba, sxvas arafers niSnavs, Tu ara
imas, rogoraa SesaZlebeli filosofia. kantma, gamijna ra, transcendenturi da ima-
nenturi, codna da rwmena, uaryo metafizikis, rogorc zegrZnobadis, transcendentu-
ris Sesaxeb mecnierebis SesaZlebloba. kantis mixedviT, metafizika arsebobs rogorc
adamianis gonebis moTxovnileba. igi ar arsebobs, rogorc mecniereba. adamians awu-
xebs iseTi sakiTxebi, romelTa mocileba ar ZaluZs, radgan isini TviT gonebas moux-
vevia Tavs misTvis, magram arc pasuxis gacema SeuZlia, vinaidan isini aRematebian ada-
mianis gonebis yvela unars. adamiani mas verc gadaWris da verc aicilebs. maS ra sa-
Wiroa? rogorc ukve viciT, mas hqonda erTi principi, romelic aristoteledan aiRo:
, `RmerTi da buneba tyuilad arafers qmnis, e. i. Tu raime arsebobs mas aqvs sakmao
safuZveli.~ Tanamedrove pozitivizmis mixedviT, metafizika aris usazriso spekula-
turi azrovneba. mas mecnieruli Sinaarsi ar gaaCnia. amitom Tanamedrove pozitivizmi
metafizikas saerTod uaryofs –`abakabadra~ – absurdia, usazrisoa, sisulelea – ase
uyurebs pozitivizmi metafizikas.

40
 metafizika, rogorc meTodi, amtkicebs, rom samyaroSi araviTari axlis warmoSoba
da ganviTareba ar xdeba, yvelaferi mocemulia erTxel da samudamod. samyaroSi mar-
to moZraoba – cvalebadobaa, romelic mxolod raodenobriv zrdas an klebas niS-
navs. am moZraoba – cvalebadobaSi adgili aqvs Zvelis gameorebas da wreSi trials.
amitom samyaros movlenebi veraviTar gavlenas ver axdenen axlis warmoSobaze; e. i.
movlenebs Soris ar arsebobs sayovelTao kavSirebi. es aris Zveli metafizikuri Te-
oria, romlis mixedviTac marad ucvleli teleologiuri mizniT samyaroSi yvelafe-
ri gansazRvrulia. am Teoriis mixedviT, RmerTma ise Seqmna samyaro, rom SemdegSi
araviTari axlis warmoSoba da Semoqmedeba ar xorcieldeba.
metafizikis aseT Teorias ar eTanxmeba bergsonis (1859 –1941 ww.) `SemoqmedebiTi
evoluciis Teoria~. bergsoni aris sicocxlis filosofiis warmomadgeneli, rome-
lic ewinaaRmdegeba teleologiur principebs da asabuTebs, rom RmerTs samyaro ar
moucia erTxel da samudamod ucvleli principebis mixedviT; is Semoqmedebis SesaZ-
leblobas utovebs bunebas da adamians. bergsonis azriT, RmerTi TviTon aris Semoq-
medi, magram bunebasac aniWebs Semoqmedebis niWs, bunebis sagnebs aZlevs sasicocxlo
swrafvis unars da am swrafvis procesSi adgili aqvs axlis warmoSobas. am sasi-
cocxlo swrafvas aqvs Tavisi mimarTuleba. bunebaSi yvelaferi miiswrafvis srul-
yofilebisaken anu RmerTisaken. aseTi gageba teleologiisgan ver Tavisufldeba,
radgan RmerTis daSvebiT, miznis winaswar daSvebac xdeba, xolo axlis warmoSoba –
auxsneli rCeba.
amdenad, samyaros ganviTarebisa da axlis warmoSobis problema materializmSic
da idealizmSic mxolod daSvebis da ara mtkicebis doneze wydeba. materializmi uS-
vebs, rom samyaros ganviTarebis da axlis warmoSobis SesaZlebloba devs materiaSi,
xolo idealizmis mixedviT – RmerTSi. es daSvebebi filosofiis sadavo problemebs
ganekuTvneba da misi erTmniSvnelovnad mtkiceba mecnierebas ar SeuZlia. miuxedavad
amisa, filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs, romel gadawyve-
tilebas avirCevT, anu romel poziciaze davdgebiT, radgan poziciaze dgomis gareSe
araviTari Semoqmedeba ar arsebobs. poziciaze dgoma cxovrebis wesis arCevas niSnavs.
aq TavisuflebasTan gvaqvs saqme. adamiani aTeisturi wesiT icxovrebs Tu RmerTis
rwmeniT, amas didi mniSvneloba aqvs misi msoflmxedvelobisaTvis.
metafizikuri meTodis sapirispiro meTodia dialeqtika. sityva dialeqtika berZnu-
lia da saubars, msjlobas niSnavs. ZvelberZnul filosofiaSi `dialego~ – kamaTis
xelovnebas niSnavda. kamaTi iyo is meTodi da saSualeba, riTac WeSmariteba unda da-
edginaT. SemdegSi dialeqtikis cneba gafarTovda.
hegelma dialeqtika samyaros Semecnebisa da azrovnebis ganviTarebis sayovelTao
principad miiCnia. hegelis mixedviT, Semecnebis procesi iwyeba azrisa da arsis dapi-
rispirebiT. es aris is pirveli safuZveli, romelic adamians ubiZgebs TviTSemecne-
bisaken. Tavisufleba yovel etapze awydeba winaaRmdegobas codnasa da arcodnas So-
ris. am aRmaval procesSi, es Sinagani winaaRmdegoba warmoSobs codnis sul axal-a-
xal kategoriebs da kanonebs. am gziT xdeba absoluturi sulis anu RmerTis TviT-
Semecneba. es azrovnebis ganviTarebis procesi Sewydeba mxolod maSin, rodesac ab-
soluturi suli TavisTavs bolomde Seicnobs. amis Semdeg araviTari ganviTareba
azrovnebas aRar sWirdeba. e. i. dialeqtikuri procesi da saerTod dialeqtika mxo-
lod azrovnebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. araviTari ganviTareba bunebas ar sWir-
deba da arc arsebobs bunebaSi ganviTareba. rac Seexeba RmerTs, is absoluturi
srulyofilebaa da srulyofilebas ganviTareba ar sWirdeba. azrovnebis dialeqti-
kuri swrafva mxolod adamianisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. amdenad, hegelTan ganvi-
Tareba exeba mxolod azrovnebis process. ganviTareba gulisxmobs Zvelis uaryofiT
axlis warmoSobas. xolo es axali azrebi da cnebebi kvlav uariyofa sakuTari wina-
41
aRmdegobebis safuZvelze da a. S. azrovnebis TviTSemecnebis procesis dialeqtikuri
meTodi niSnavs imas, rom am procesSi yvelaferi yvelaferTan kavSirSia. ar arsebobs
araviTari izolirebuli da TavisTavadi cnebebi. Tu gvinda gavigoT romelime cneba,
unda gaviTvaliswinoT yvela danarCeni. amitom dialeqtikuri azrovnebis wesi amave
dros samyaros Semecnebis da gagebis meTodic aris. hegelis mixedviT, mTeli samyaro
absoluturi gonis gamovlenaa. misi Semoqmedebaa bunebac, sazogadoebis istoriac da
adamianuri azrovnebac. amaTgan ganviTarebadia mxolod azrovneba, radganac mxolod
mas SeuZlia hqondes absoluturi gonis TviTSemecnebis survilic da unaric.
hegelis idealisturi dialeqtika materialisturad gadaamuSaves marqsma (1818 –
1883 ww.) da engelsma (1820 – 1895 ww). maT hegelis moZRvrebidan RmerTis cneba uar-
yves da mis nacvlad samyaros sawyisad materia gamoacxades, xolo hegelis dialeq-
tikuri meTodi Tavisi filosofiis meTodad aRiares. amis gamo marqsistul filoso-
fias dialeqtikuri materializmi ewoda.
huserlis (1859 –1938 ww.) fenomenologiuri meTodi filosofiuri kvlevis erT-er-
Ti yvelaze daxvewili instrumentia. man ganviTareba hpova haidegerTan, SelerTan,
sartrTan da a.S. huserlis mier Seqmnilma subieqtur - idealisturma mimarTulebam
didi gavlena moaxdina axali drois filosofiaze. fenomenologiis cneba – cnobie-
rebis `intencionaluroba~ (misi mimarTuloba obieqtze) – gamiznulia ganamtkicos
subieqtur – idealisturi principi: `ra aris obieqti subieqtis gareSe~. fenomenolo-
giuri meTodis ZiriTadi moTxovnaa: fenomenologiuri reduqcia, e. i. Semecnebis su-
bieqtis ganxilva ara rogorc realuri, empiriuli, socialuri da fsiqofiziologi-
uri arsebisa, aramed rogorc `wminda~ transcendentaluri cnobierebisa.
determinizmi da indeterminizmi. aq sakiTxi exeba kanonzomierebis obieqturad ar-
sebobas. axasiaTebs Tu ara igi samyaros? samyaroSi wesrigia Tu qaosi, kanonzomiere-
baa Tu SemTxveviToba? procesebi determinirebulia (ganpirobebulia), Tu TviTnebu-
ria (ganupirobebelia)? filosofiis istoriaSi am kiTxvebze erTmniSvnelovani pasuxi
ar arsebobs. aman ganapiroba ori dapirispirebuli mimarTulebis – determinizmisa
da indeterminizmis warmoSoba. meore pirvelis funqciaa, radgan mas sakuTari dade-
biTi Sinaarsi ar gaaCnia. igi ganisazRvreba determinizmTan dapirispirebiT. indeter-
minizmi uaryofs imas, rasac amtkicebs determinizmi. amis gamo, upirveles yovlisa,
determinizmi unda ganvsazRvroT.
es mimarTuleba sxvadasxvagvarad iyo gagebuli filosofiis istoriaSi. yvelaze
ufro mizanSewonilad migvaCnia Semdegi gageba: determinizmi aris Teoria, romelic
amtkicebs kanonzomierebis obieqturad arsebobas. movlenebisa da procesebis mimdi-
nareoba samyaroSi kanonzomieria. araferi ar xdeba TviTneburad da mxolod Sem-
TxveviT. yvelaferi ganpirobebulia da determinirebuli. indeterminizmi ki aris Te-
oria, romelic kanonzomierebis obieqturad arsebobas uaryofs da amtkicebs, rom
yvelaferi, rac samyaroSi xdeba TviTneburi da SemTxveviTia.
maSasadame, determinizmis ZiriTadi principia kanonzomierebis obieqturobis aRia-
reba, xolo indeterminizmis – misi uaryofa.
yvela Teoria, romelic samyaros kanonzomierebas aRiarebs, deterministulia.
magram sxvagvarad xdeba kanonzomierebis arsis gageba da misi dafuZneba. ra ga-
napirobebs kanonzomierebas? ra aris misi safuZveli? am kiTxvaze pasuxi araer-
Tgvarovania, ris Sedegad saqme gvaqvs determinizmis gansxvavebul saxeebTan.
upirveles yovlisa, unda ganvasxvaoT mecnieruli da aramecnieruli determi-
nizmi. orives miaCnia, rom samyaro kanonzomieria, magram sxvagvarad esmiT misi
safuZveli. pirvels kanonzomierebis safuZvlad miaCnia TviT samyarosaTvis dama-
xasiaTebeli Sinagani da obieqturi kavSirebi, romlebic gamoixateba Sesabamisi
kanonebis meSveobiT. meore kanonzomierebas afuZnebs raRac zebunebriv Zalaze,
42
romelic samyarosaTvis miRmuri da garegania. aramecnieruli determinizmis maga-
liTebia fatalizmi da providencializmi. fatalizmi aRiarebs, rom bediswera
swored is zebunebrivi Zalaa, romelic gansazRvravs samyaroSi arsebul mkacr
kanonzomierebas anu gardauvalobas. provindencializmi miiCnevs, rom RvTis neba
– gangebaa is safuZveli, romelic mkacrad gansazRvravs samyaros kanonzomiere-
bas.
fatalizmi da providencializmi aramecnieruli Sinaarsis deterministuli
moZRvrebebia. mecnierebis safuZveli determinizmia. sxvagvarad arseboba mas ar
SeuZlia. iq, sadac kanonzomiereba da movlenaTa ganpirobebuloba ar arsebobs,
mecnierebis adgili ar aris. igi qmnis Tavisebur deterministul Teorias, rome-
lic sxva analogiuri Teoriebisagan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom kanonzomierebis sa-
fuZvlad miaCnia realoba da misi Sinagani kanonebi.
samyaros kanonzomierebis axsna da dafuZneba TviT masSi moqmedi kanonebis meSveo-
biT – ai mecnieruli determinizmis ZiriTadi Tavisebureba. mecnierebis mizanic sxva
araferia, Tu ara am kanonebis aRmoCena, maT safuZvelze cnobil movlenaTa axsna da
ucnob movlenaTa winaswarmetyveleba.
mecniereba ganasxvavebs kanonTa or saxes – dinamikurs da statikurs. Sesabamisad,
arsebobs mecnieruli determinizmis ori forma – dinamikuri da statistikuri. dina-
mikuri determinizmi mkacri da erTmniSvnelovania. igi kanonzomierebas aigivebs gar-
dauvalobasTan, romelic gamoricxavs SemTxveviTobis SesaZleblobas, albaTobis da
Tavisuflebis obieqturobas. statistikuri determinizmi aramkacri da albaTuria.
mas kanonzomiereba esmis rogorc aucileblobisa da SemTxveviTobis erTianoba, ro-
melic uSvebs SesaZleblobis, albaTobis da Tavisuflebis obieqturobas. dinamikuri
determinizmis mier movlenaTa axsna da winaswarmetyveleba absoluturad utyuari
da ueWvelia, xolo statistikuri determinizmis mier – mxolod albaTuri.
jer kidev antikur epoqaSi dinamikur determinizms dasabami misca demokritem. igi
aRorZinda klasikuri meqanikis safuZvelze XVII–XVIII saukuneebSi, ramac gamoxatu-
leba hpova spinozas, hobsis, holbaxis koncefciebSi. statistikuri determinizmi Ca-
moyalibda XX saukuneSi da safuZvlad udevs Tanamedrove mecnierebas. igi miiCnevs,
rom samyaros fundamenturi kanonebi albaTur – statistikuri xasiaTisaa.

samyaros kanonzomieri
kavSirebi da mimarTebebi

samyaro mravalferovania. igi Sedgeba sxvadasxva movlenisa da procesisagan, ro-

melTa Soris uSualo da gaSualebuli, faruli Tu aSkara, determinirebuli Tu
aradeterminirebuli kavSirebi da urTierTobebia. filosofia maT uzogades da Zire-
ul tipebs kategoriebis meSveobiT axasiaTebs. sazogadod, kategoria aris is Zireu-
li da fundamenturi cneba, romelsac filosofiuri azrovneba emyareba. igi katego-
riaTa safuZvelze ayalibebs sistemas.
kategoriis arsi. vinaidan filosofia cnebebiT da kategoriebiT moazrebuli da
dasabuTebuli msoflmxedvelobis mocemis cdaa, amitom mizanSewonilia ganvmartoT,
ra aris cneba da kategoria.
sityva `kategorias~ mravali mniSvneloba aqvs. filosofiuri mniSvneloba mas pir-
velad aristotelem mianiWa. es sityva berZnuli warmoSobisaa da Tavdapirvelad niS-
navda dadanaSaulebas, msjavris gamotanas. aristotelem am sityvas axali, filoso-

43
fiuri datvirTva misca. is mxilebaa ara adamianisa, aramed arsebulisa saerTod. ka-
tegoria aris cneba, romelic gamoxatavs arsebulis Zireul niSans. kategorias gan-
sazRvraven, rogorc uzogades cnebas. kategoriis cnebas ar moepoveba masze `maRla~
mdgomi cneba. kategoriebi arsebulis Zireul, safuZvelmdebare mxareebs gamoxataven,
magram es Zireuli sxvadasxvagvaria. zogi maTgani yvela arsebuls axasiaTebs, zogi
ki – mxolod arsebulTa garkveul saxes. pirveli tipis kategoriebs SeiZleba vuwo-
doT universaluri kategoriebi, meore tipisas – specifikuri.
kategoriebs adamianebi iyenebdnen jer kidev maSin, roca araferi icodnen maTi ar-
sebobis Sesaxeb. yoveli kategoria cnebaa, e. i. azris garkveuli formaa. rogorc hege-
li ambobda: swored yoveldRiuri enaa kategoriebis Tavdapirveli adgilsamyofeli.
XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi kidev ufro gamdidrda kategoriaTa sistema. igi Se-
ivso axali Semecnebis Teoriuli, aqsiologiuri, anTropologiuri da sxva tipis ka-
tegoriebiT. yuradReba mieqca iseT cnebebs, rogoricaa Rirebuleba, mniSvneloba,
sazrisi, ideali, norma, adamiani, sicocxle da Aa. S.
XX saukuneSi yvelaze didi wvlili kategoriaTa moZRvrebaSi Seitanes n. hartman-
ma da m. haidegerma. ar arsebobs kategoriis bunebis erTi gageba, Sesabamisad, arc ka-
tegoriaTa erTi sistema. TiTqmis yvela did filosofoss kategoriaTa Tavisi siste-
ma aqvs, romlis meSveobiT igi cdilobs gadawyvitos mis winaSe mdgari problemebi.
miuxedavad amgvari gansxvavebisa, SeiZleba gamovyoT ramdenime igiveobrivi momenti.
kategoria aris fundamenturi, ZiriTadi cneba, romlis gamoyenebiT ama Tu im fi-
losofiur sistemaSi xdeba garkveuli obieqtis gaazreba da daxasiaTeba. kategoria-
Ta sistema qmnis im kategorialur aparats, romlis meSveobiT filosofosi azrov-
nebs da imecnebs Tavis sagans. yovel filosofiur moZRvrebas Tavisi Sinaarsi da
sagnis Sesatyvisi kategoriaTa sistema aqvs. amdenad, filosofiuri Teoriebi erTma-
neTisagan gansxvavdebian kategoriaTa konkretuli SinaarsiT, magram arcerTi maTga-
ni ar arsebobs kategorialuri aparatis gareSe. filosofiuri azrovneba kategorie-
biT azrovnebaa. filosofosoba SeuZlebelia kategoriebis gareSe.
filosofiur kategoriaTa Tavisebureba isaa, rom isini sagnebs axasiaTeben samya-
rosTan, rogorc mTelTan, mimarTebaSi. filosofiur kategoriebs Soris gamoyofen
gansxvavebul tipebs. es SeiZleba moxdes sxvadasxva principis safuZvelze. Sesabami-
sad, miviRebT kategoriaTa gansxvavebul tipebs. erT-erT principad SeiZleba gamovi-
yenoT filosofiur disciplinaTa gamijvna. yovel maTgans Tavisi specialuri kate-
goriebi aqvs. Sesabamisad, arsebobs Semdegi tipis kategoriebi:
1) ontologiuri (yofiereba, realoba, dro, sivrce, mizezobrioba, SemTxveviToba,
SesaZlebloba, sinamdvile da sxva);
2) gnoseologiuri (Semecneba, subieqti, obieqti, WeSmariteba, WeSmaritebis kriteri-
umi, cda, dakvirveba, abstraqtuli azrovneba, intuicia da sxva);
3) socialuri (sazogadoeba, civilizacia, kultura, Sroma, politika, ekonomika,
saxelmwifo, samarTali, zneoba da a. S).
analogiurad SegviZlia vimsjeloT sxva filosofiur disciplinaTa kategoriebze.
mocemul TavSi sagangebo bWobis sagania ontologiur kategoriaTa is jgufi, romelic
gamoxatavs samyaros kanonzomier kavSirebsa da mimarTebebs. maT ricxvs miekuTvneba
Semdegi: mizezi da Sedegi, aucilebloba da SemTxveviToba, SesaZlebloba da sinamdvi-
le, erTeuli da zogadi, arseba da movlena, Sinaarsi da forma, sistema da struqtura.
mokled davaxasiaToT TiToeuli maTgani.
mizezi da Sedegi. mizezobrivi kavSiri aris mimarTeba movlenaTa or rigs Soris,
romelTagan erTi mizezia, xolo meore – Sedegi. cxadia, rom yovelgvari kavSiri mov-
lenebs Soris ar aris mizezobrivi. igi Taviseburi kavSiria, romelsac axasiaTebs Sem-
degi niSnebi:
44
 1) droSi Tanmimdevroba da sivrceSi mezobloba. mizezi win uswrebs Sedegs. jer
mizezia, Semdeg ki Sedegi. SeuZlebelia iyos piriqiT, Sedegi win uswrebdes mizezs.
aseve SeuZlebelia maTi erTdroulad arseboba. Tundac mcire, magram drois raRac
intervalSi mizezi win uswrebs Sedegs.
maSasadame, sivrcesa da droSi daSorebul movlenebs Soris mizezobrivi kavSiri
myardeba Sualeduri rgolebis saSualebiT. maTi meSveobiT es movlenebi erTmaneTs
xvdeba sivrcisa da drois romeliRac monakveTSi. amgvari Sexvedris gareSe mizez –
Sedegobrivi kavSiri ar xorcieldeba.
2) genezisuri kavSiri. mizezi warmoqmnis, warmoSobs, iwvevs Sedegs. is rom Sedegi
moxda, amis Ziri mizezSia saZiebeli. mizezs miuZRvis `brali~, rom moxda Sedegi. mis
gareSe igi ar moxdeboda. mizezobrivi mimarTeba arsebobs mxolod iq, sadac adgili
aqvs erTi movlenis mier meoris warmoqmnas, gamowvevas. swored esaa mizezobrivi kav-
Siris Tavisebureba.
3) aucilebloba. mizezi Sedegs iwvevs aucileblobiT da ara SemTxveviT. is rom
Sedegi moxda, aucileblobiT ganapiroba misi gamomwvevi mizezis arsebobam. Sedegi
xdeba ara SemTxveviT, TviTneburad, aramed mizezis gamo – aucileblobis ZaliT.
aRniSnuli niSnebi aucilebeli da sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom ganvsazRvroT mize-
zobrivi kavSiri. mizezi aris movlena, romelic sivrceSi mezoblobs da droSi win
uswrebs meore movlenas da aucileblobiT iwvevs mas. mizezobriobis ZiriTadi prin-
cipia Semdegi debuleba: erTi da igive mizezi erTsa da imave pirobebSi iwvevs erTsa
da imave Sedegs.
aucilebloba da SemTxveviToba. aucileblobis da SemTxveviTobis klasikuri gan-
sazRvreba mogvca aristotelem. igi ase JRers: aucilebloba aris is, rac xdeba ase
da ara sxvagvarad. igi Tavis TavSi gamoricxavs sxvagvarad moxdenis SesaZleblobas.
movlena SemTxveviTia niSnavs, rom igi ki moxda ase, magram SeiZleboda sxvagvarad
momxdariyo. masSi mocemulia alternativa – `an-an~. amasTan arcerTi mxare winaswar
gansazRvruli ar aris.
Tanamedrove mecnierebis mixedviT, SemTxveviToba obieqturia da igi emorCileba
statistikur kanonzomierebas. misi Semecneba mecnierebas SeuZlia, magram mxolod
albaTuri codnis farglebSi.
axla ganvixiloT formula: mecniereba SemTxveviTobis mteria. igi samarTliania
mecnierebisaTvis, romelic arsebobda XX saukunemde, radgan mas samyaros fundamen-
tur kanonzomierebad miaCnda dinamikuri aucilebloba. XX saukunis mecniereba ar
aris SemTxveviTobis mteri, radgan igi samyaros fundamentur kanonzomierebad aRia-
rebs statistikur aucileblobas. dinamikuri aucilebloba gardauvalobaa, amitom
igi SemTxveviTobas gamoricxavs, statistikuri – ara. Tanamedrove mecnierebis Tanax-
mad, rogorc aucilebloba, ise SemTxveviToba statistikur – albaTuri bunebisaa.
SesaZlebloba da sinamdvile. SesaZlebloba da sinamdvile gamoxatavs arsebobis
or gansxvavebul tips – SesaZleblobisa da sinamdvilis saxiT arsebobas. pirveli
aris Canasaxis tendenciis, midrekilebis, xolo meore – ukve realizebuli, ganxor-
cielebuli, mza saxiT arseboba.
sinamdvilis cneba ixmareba farTo da viwro azriT. pirveli aRniSnavs yovelgvar,
nebismier arsebobas. sinamdvile moicavs ara mxolod ganxorcielebul, aramed ten-
denciis saxiT arsebobasac. sinamdvile farTo azriT, ar upirispirdeba SesaZleblo-
bas, aramed moicavs mas rogorc arsebobis erT-erT tips. SesaZleblobas upirispir-
deba mxolod viwro azriT gagebuli sinamdvile. igi aRniSnavs arsebobis mxolod
erT tips, ukve realizebuli, ganxorcielebuli saxiT arsebobas. igi aRiarebs mxo-
lod imas, rac SesaZleblobis sinamdviled gardaqmnis Sedegad miiReba. SesaZleblo-
ba gamoxatavs mxolod imas, rac SeiZleba moxdes, magram aseve SeiZleba ar moxdes.
45
igi yovelTvis exeba SemTxveviTs. SesaZlebloba arsebobs mxolod iq, sadac SemTxve-
viTobas aqvs adgili. mas gamoricxavs gardauvaloba. Tu movlena gardauvalia, maSin
aucileblad moxdeba, radgan sxvagvarad SeuZlebelia. SeuZlebeli ki aucileblad
ar moxdeba, radgan misi moxdena gamoricxulia. SesaZlebeli moTavsebulia gardau-
valsa da SeuZlebels Soris. misi moxdena SesaZlebelia, amitom arc gardauvalia da
arc SeuZlebeli. igi usaTuod Seicavs alternativas – `an-an~, rac niSnavs, rom ra-
Rac SeiZleba moxdes, magram aseve SeiZleba ar moxdes.
sinamdvile aris ganxorcielebuli, realizebuli SesaZlebloba. ganasxvaveben Se-
saZleblobis ramdenime saxes: formalur da realur SesaZleblobas.
formaluria SesaZlebloba, Tu misi moazreba da daSveba ar Seicavs logikur wi-
naaRmdegobas. mas moeTxoveba Sesabamisoba logikis kanonebTan. mniSvneloba ar aqvs
imas, igi Seesatyviseba Tu ara realobas.
realuria SesaZlebloba, Tu misi ganxorcieleba ganpirobebulia realobis kanon-
zomierebiT. misi kriteriumia Sesabamisoba realobis kanonebTan. mas moeTxoveba au-
cilebli Sesabamisoba realobasTan. amis gareSe realuri SesaZlebloba ar arse-
bobs.

erTeuli da zogadi. erTeulisa da zogadis klasikuri ganmarteba mogvca aristo-

telem.
erTeuli aris individualuri erTi sagani, Tviseba, movlena, procesi da a. S., ro-
melic drosa da sivrceSi lokalizebulia. igi `aq~ da `axla~ arsebobs; erTjeradi,
ganumeorebeli da amitom unikaluria.
zogadia is, rac axasiaTebs simravles. igi ar aris drosa da sivrceSi lokalize-
buli. ar arsebobs `aq~ da `axla~. zogadi axasiaTebs simravlis nebismier elements,
amitom saerTo da ganmeorebadia. amrigad, erTeuli damaxasiaTebelia erTisaTvis, xo-
lo zogadi – simravlisaTvis. magaliTad: Tbilisi, mtkvari, SoTa _ erTeulia, xolo
qalaqi, mdinare, poeti – zogadi. erTeulisa da zogadis erTmaneTTan Sefardebas di-
di mniSvneloba aqvs adamianis praqtikul saqmianobaSi.
arseba da movlena. arseba da movlena gamoxatavs sinamdvilis or gansxvavebul
mxares. arseba aris Sinagani, romelic dafaruli da miuwvdomelia grZnobadi aRqmi-
saTvis. xolo movlena garegania, grZnobad – aRqmadia da gveZleva uSualod.
arseba aris sagnis is Sinagani, dafaruli, grZnobadad miuwvdomeli mxare, rome-
lic mis Taviseburebas gansazRvravs.
movlena aris sagnis garegani, principulad uSualod mocemuli grZnobad – aRqma-
di mxare, romelic arsebis gamovlena da gamJRavnebaa.
sagnis aRqma uSualod xorcieldeba Sesabamisi grZnobis organos saSualebiT. ma-
galiTad: vxedavT TvaliT, vismenT yuriT da a. S., magram aRqma SeiZleba ganxorciel-
des saTanado xelsawyoebis gamoyenebiT da daxmarebiT. magaliTad: eqimma diagnozi
SeiZleba dasvas samedicino aparatis meSveobiT, magram samedicino aparatis meSveo-
biT dafiqsirebuli Sedegi eqimma unda aRiqvas.
forma da Sinaarsi. sistema da struqtura. ganasxvaveben ori saxis mimarTebas: ma-
terias da formas erTi mxriv, xolo Sinaarssa da formas, meore mxriv. pirveli ga-
regania, xolo meore – Sinagani.
materiasa da formas Soris mimarTeba aris masalasa da mis gaformebas Soris mi-
marTeba. materia aris is masala, romelic gaformebis meSveobiT iZens garkveul sa-
xes. forma garkveulobaa, romelic Sesabamisad aformebs mas. magaliTad, mimarTeba
siTxesa da WurWels Soris aris amgvari damokidebulebis nimuSi. siTxe iRebs im
WurWlis formas, romelSic is asxia. WurWeli siTxis mimarT garegania. igi ar gan-
sazRvravs mis Tvisebebs, indiferentulia misi Sinaarsis mimarT. WurWeli ganapiro-
46
bebs ara siTxis Sinaarss, aramed mis arsebobas garkveuli saxiT. forma masalis mi-
marT garegania im azriT, rom erTsa da imave masalas SeuZlia miiRos sruliad sxva-
dasxva forma.
sul sxvagvaria mimarTeba Sinaarssa da formas Soris. igi Sinagani da arsebiTia.
Sinaarsi gansazRvravs formas da piriqiT. maT Soris mimarTeba erTmniSvnelovania.
yovel Sinaarss Tavisi Sesatyvisi forma aqvs. man ar SeiZleba sxvadasxva forma mii-
Ros.
axla zogadad ganvmartoT Sinaarsis da formis cnebebi. Sinaarsi aris sagnis
elementebis organizacia, erTianoba; forma aris sagnis elementebis organizaciis
wesi. davaxasiaToT sagnis Sinaarsi niSnavs davaxasiaToT erTianoba im elementebisa,
romelTagan igi Sedgeba. sagnis formis daxasiaTeba ki gulisxmobs im wesis garkve-
vas, romelic mis Semadgenel elementebs aerTianebs.
yoveli sagani Sinaarsisa da formis erTianobaa. isini misi mxareebia. maT Soris
ganuyreli da organuli kavSiria. erT Sinaarss erTi forma aqvs da piriqiT. ar Se-
iZleba, rom erTsa da imave Sinaarss sxvadasxva forma an sxvadasxva formas erTi da
igive Sinaarsi hqondes. erTis Secvla aucileblobiT iwvevs meoris Secvlas.
Sinaarsisa da formis monaTesave cnebebia struqtura da sistema.
struqtura gamoxatavs sagnis Sedgenilobas, aRnagobas. igi misi elementebis er-
Tobliobaa. struqtura Sinaarsis monaTesave cnebaa, magram misi igiveobrivi ar aris.
sistema gulisxmobs wesrigs elementebis simravleSi. igi ori momentis Semcvelia. er-
Ti mxriv, raRac elementebis simravle, xolo, meore mxriv, wesi, romelic am elemen-
tebs erTmaneTTan akavSirebs. sistema mowesrigebuli simravlea. mas Tavisi Sinaarsi
da forma aqvs. sistema mTlianobaa, romlis Semadgeneli elementebi misi nawilebia.
aq myardeba mTelisa da nawilis mimarTeba. isini ar arseboben erTmaneTis gareSe. ma-
galiTad, cocxali organizmi sistemaa, romelic misi Semadgeneli nawilebis mTlia-
nobaa. yoveli nawili Tavis funqcias asrulebs mxolod mTelSi da misi meSveobiT.
misgan damoukideblad da mowyvetiT igi ukve sicocxlis unars kargavs da kvdeba. ma-
galiTad, adamianis romelime organo Tavis funqcias asrulebs mxolod mTliani or-
ganizmis normaluri arsebobis farglebSi.

sakontrolo kiTxvebi

ras Seiswavlis ontologia?

ra ewodeba samyaros pirvelsawyisis problemas filosofiaSi?
ra aris monizmi? Ddualizmi? Ppluralizmi?
rogor esmodaT mileTis skolis warmomadgenlebs substanciis problema?
ra mniSvnelobiT ixmareba filosofiaSi metafizikis cneba?
ra ZiriTadi niSnebiT xasiaTdeba kanoni?
SesaZlebelia Tu ara ganviTareba moZraobis gareSe?
ra ZiriTadi principi axasiaTebs determinizmsa da indeterminizms?
romeli kategoriebi gamoxataven samyaros kanonzomier kavSirebsa da mimarTebebs?
ra niSnebi axasiaTebs mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirs?

47
 Tavi IV

gnoseologiuri problemebi filosofiaSi

Semecnebis arsi da struqtura.

Cvens garSemo mravali sagani da movlena arsebobs. Tu dakvirvebixarT, rom maTi

umravlesobisadmi Cveni damokidebuleba gaucnobiereblad `avtomaturia~? - vrTavT
televizors, vuyurebT gadacemebs; viRebT telefons, vkrefT nomers da vsaubrobT
uxilav, magram nacnob adamianTan. nuTu es saocari ar aris? yovelTvis gvaxsovs,
rogor da ra saxiT faraven sivrces es uxilavi talRebi? vsxdebiT TviTmfrinavSi
da ramdenime saaTis frenis Semdeg CavdivarT sxva qalaqSi, saxelmwifoSi, kontinen-
tze. yovelTvis vacnobierebT, bunebis romeli kanonebi uzrunvelyofen Cven warmate-
bul frenas? uamrav informacias vflobT, maT Soris mecnierulsac. viciT an yovel-
Tvis gvainteresebs vin, rogor da rodis mogvigrova is? samyaros saidumloebebidan
bevri ram CvenTvis cxadi da naTelia. magram dgeba momenti, rodesac TiTqosda sru-
liad Cveulebrivi ram gagvaocebs – netav ra aris es? – vikiTxavT da adamianis yov-
lismcodneobis pretenziis mqone goneba iwyebs am `raRacis~ wvdomas, Semecnebas. Se-
vecadoT, gavarkvioT, ra aris goneba.
adamianebs araCveulebrivi unari gvaqvs: roca movisurvebT, sakuTar warmodgenaSi
nebismieri ram, magaliTad, uxsovari drois movlenebi da faqtebi SegviZlia `gava-
cocxloT~. unari Segvwevs siRrmiseulad `CaviZiroT~ da kritikulad gavaanalizoT
Cveni fiqrebi, vimsjeloT, SevicnoT, SevafasoT, gavakeToT logikuri daskvnebi. ada-
miani marto instinqtebs ar ugdebs yurs. igi gacnobierebulad moqmedebs kidec, rac
ganpirobebulia misi gonebrivi SesaZleblobebiT. swored es gacnobierebuli moqme-
deba aris adamianis gasaocari niWi da unari, anu goneba. goneba gagebisa da gaazre-
bis saSualebaa. gonebis meSveobiT vwvdebiT movlenaTa universalur kavSirebs. es im-
denad bunebriv da organul Tvisebad migvaCnia, rom arc ki gvaxsendeba, rom swored
gonebis Zala gvansxvavebs cocxali bunebis sxva warmomadgenlebisagan.
goneba SeimuSavebs siRrmiseul da ganzogadebul codnas, uzrunvelyofs aratri-
vialuri, arastandartuli, SemoqmedebiTi gadawyvetilebebis miRebas. misTvis azris
moqniloba da sisxartea damaxasiaTebeli. gonebis Zalas SeuZlia gaaanalizos ara
marto grZnobadi cdis Sedegebi, aramed gaakritikos sakuTari gadawyvetilebebi. go-
nebas Seswevs unari gascdes Sesamecnebeli amocanis farglebs da axali, moulodne-
li ideebi, Tvalsazrisebi da Sedegebi SeimuSaos.
Semecnebis procesSi gonebas gansja da azrovneba exmareba. gansja gonivruli
moRvaweobis sawyisi safexuria. igi SeiZleba ase ganvmartoT: gansja aris fsiqikuri
aqti, romlis drosac xdeba msjelobis, daskvnis cnebebis SemuSaveba da am masaliT
gonebis `momarageba~. gansjis safuZvelze adamiani Tanmimdevrulad da naTlad msje-
lobs, axdens movlenaTa klasifikacias da azrobrivad awesrigebs miRebul codnas.
azrovneba aris SemecnebiTi procesi, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia sinamdvilis
ganzogadebuli, gaSualebuli saxeebis Seqmna. adamiani konkretuli movlenebis ganye-
nebis gziT avlens maTTvis damaxasiaTebel zogad da arsebiT Tvisebebs. azrovneba
xorcieldeba enisa da metyvelebis meSveobiT. misi ZiriTadi formebia: cneba, msje-
loba, daskvna.
risTvis gvWirdeba saerTod codna? vTqvaT, piradad me, konkretul adamians, mWir-
deba ki vicode, aris Tu ara sicocxle sxva planetebze, rogor viTardeba istoria,
SesaZlebelia Tu ara materiis umciresi nawilakebis aRmoCena da sxva? aseT codnas
praqtikul gamoyenebas xom ver movuZebniT? da, Tanac, eklesiastes rCevas Tu gavizi-

48
arebT, `mravlis Secnoba adamians wuxils umravlebs~. magram, saqme imaSia, rom cod-
nis wyurvili adamianis maradiuli moTxovnilebaa. yvela cocxali arseba samyaros
iRebs iseTs, rogoric aris. mxolod adamiani cdilobs gaarkvios, rogor aris samya-
ro mowyobili, ra kanonebs eqvemdebareba misi ganviTareba, ra gansazRvravs mis dina-
mikas. ratom sWirdeba amisi codna adamians? rTuli kiTxvaa, miTumetes, rom bolom-
de samyaro Tavisi arsiT Seumecnebelia. ra Tqma unda, Cven vagrovebT codnas, vwvde-
biT sicocxlis procesebs, vxsniT yofierebis axal saidumloebebs, magram ukanaskne-
li, dasabamiseuli saidumlo saidumlodve rCeba. saboloo WeSmariteba CvenTvis mi-
uwvdomelia.
filosofiaSi aris aseTi termini – `gnoseologia~.
gnoseologia berZnuli sityvaa (`gnosis~ – niSnavs codnas) da aris moZRvreba Se-
mecnebis bunebis da kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb. Semecneba niSnavs codnis miRebas da
cnobierebis Sinaarsis gafarToebas. cxadia, amis gareSe araviTari aqtiuri moqmedeba
ar sruldeba. magram filosofiis mizans Tavad codnis Sinaarsis kvleva ki ar war-
moadgens, aramed mas ainteresebs codnis SesaZleblobisa da sinamdvilesTan misi Se-
sabamisobis sakiTxi. codna, romelic Camoyalibebulia mecnierul kanonebSi, katego-
riebSi da TeoriebSi faqtia da amaze mecniereba msjelobs, magram filosofias ain-
teresebs, rogor aris SesaZlebeli am codnis sayovelTaoba.
gnoseologiaSi Semdegi kiTxvebi dgas: ra aris Semecnebis subieqti da obieqti?
SeuZlia Tu ara subieqts Seimecnos obieqti? ra unarebiT da meTodebiT xdeba es Se-
mecneba? ra aris WeSmariteba? da sxva. am sakiTxebis kvleva TviTmizans ar emsaxure-
ba, aramed misi mizania materialuri da sulieri procesebis urTierTdamokidebule-
bis garkveva da amis safuZvelze praqtikuli saqmianoba.
sakiTxi codnis kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb jer kidev Zvel berZnul filosofiaSi
daisva. sokratem codna orad dayo: 1) codna sagnebis Sesaxeb da 2) codna TviTon
codnis Sesaxeb
(anu codnis codna). misi azriT, adamianisaTvis ufro mniSvnelovania meore rigis
codna, romelic TviTSemecnebiT xorcieldeba. filosofiis mizans swored aseTi
TviTSemecneba warmoadgens. sokratem amgvari moTxovna wamoayena: `Seican Tavi Seni~,
raTa gaigo ra SegiZlia, ra ici. amiT codnas ki ar uaryof, piriqiT, amiT mouwodeb
sakuTar Tavs axali codnis Semecnebisaken.
zemoT dasmul kiTxvebs pasuxi rom gaeces, saWiroa vicodeT ra aris Semecnebis
subieqti da obieqti. Semecnebis obieqti orgvaria: 1) is, rac subieqtisagan damouki-
deblad arsebobs da 2) TviTon subieqtis Sinagani sulieri samyaro. mTlianobaSi,
Semecnebis obieqts warmoadgens materialuri da sulieri samyaro. rac Seexeba Se-
mecnebis subieqts, es aris pirovneba, romelic Seimecnebs. amdenad, subieqti Semecne-
bas mimarTavs mis gareT, transcendentur da mis SigniT, imanentur sinamdvileSi.
axla vupasuxoT kiTxvas: ra unarebi aqvs adamians Semecnebis gansaxorcieleblad?
adamiani samyaros da sakuTar Tavs sami unariT Seicnobs. es unarebia: a) grZnobado-
ba; b) gansja anu logikuri azrovneba; g) intuicia. samyaros da mis sagnebs aqvs ro-
gorc garegani, ise Sinagani kanonzomiereba. grZnobadoba sinamdvilis garegan mxares
imecnebs, xolo logikuri azrovneba – Sinagan kanonzomierebas. rac Seexeba intuici-
as, is orive SemTxvevaSi aracnobierad funqcionirebs.
grZnobadobas aqvs sami forma: SegrZneba, aRqma da warmodgena. SegrZnebebSi miRe-
bul saganTa sxvadasxva Tvisebas aRqma amTlianebs. amitom aRqma aris sagnis mTlia-
nobiTi asaxva, xolo warmodgena – adre aRqmulis cnobierebaSi gaxseneba. grZnoba-
doba sinamdvilis uSualo Semecnebas warmoadgens, xolo logikuri azrovneba, gaSu-
alebulia grZnobadi SemecnebiT.

49
 intuicia

“saocreba bunebas ki ar ewinaaRmdegeba, aramed Cvens warmodgenas bunebaze”

netari avgustine

“vinc seriozuladaa dakavebuli mecnierebiT, rwmundeba imaSi, rom samyaros

kanonebi atarebs umaRlesi gonis kvals, gonisa, romelic imdenad aRemateba
adamianisas, rom Cven, Cveni mokrZalebuli SesaZleblobebiT, valdebulni varT mis
winaSe madlierebiT da pativiscemiT davxaroT Tavi”

albert ainStaini

“araviTari realuri samyaro ar arsebobs. aris mxolod Cveni aRqma, warmodgena

samyaroze. samyaro mxolod Cvens interpretaciaSi arsebobs”

artur Sopenhaueri

sagnis, movlenis, ideis arsis gaazrebis uunarobas ewodeba sisulele da,

samwuxarod, mis winaaRmdeg wamali ar arsebobs”

imanuil kanti

filosofiis istoriaSi gnoseologiuri Teoriebi erTmaneTisagan swored imiT

gansxvavdebian, Tu vin romel unars aniWebs upiratesobas SemecnebaSi da WeSmariti
codnis miRebaSi. is Teoria, romelic asabuTebs, rom WeSmariti codna mxolod
logikuri azrovnebiT miiReba, racionalizmi ewodeba; xolo Teoria, romelic
amtkicebs, rom WeSmariti codna mxolod SegrZnebebSi da cdaSi gveZleva, empirizmi
ewodeba. Teoria, romelic ar iziarebs arcerT warmodgenil Sexedulebas da
amtkicebs intuiciiT miRebuli codnis upiratesobas, iracionalizmi da
intuitivizmi ewodeba, xolo agnosticizmi saerTod uaryofs samyaros Semecnebis
SesaZleblobas. ganvixiloT yvela cal-calke.
buneba uaRresad racionaluria. aq umizno, uazro, zedmeti da SemTxveviTi
araferia. am uaRresad racionalur bunebaSi ibadeba Tavisufali adamiani, romelic
Tavisi xanmokle sicocxlisaTvis gankuTvnil droSi sakmao inteleqtualur da
sulier potencials agrovebs; Tavis adgils sakuTari Sexedulebebis mixedviT
irCevs; misi qmedeba yovelTvis WeSmaritebasa da mcdarobas Soris gansxvavebis
aRqmazea damokidebuli; cdilobs am cxovrebaSi Tavis sasargeblod raRac Secvalos
da yvelafers, raoden iracionaluric ar unda iyos is, racionaluri axsna

50
mouZebnos. adamianis goni udiadesi niWia, romelsac rogorc realuri, aseve
irealuri samyaros aRqmis da gaazrebis unari aqvs.
irealuri samyaros substanciaTa gaazreba, albaT, uxsovari droidan iwyeba. dRes
Znelia zustad dadgindes im WeSmaritad brZeni adamianebis saxelebi, romlebmac
safuZveli Cauyares am process, magram danamdvilebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom erT-erTi
maTgani piTagora iyo.
piTagoras rwmeniT, sami samyaro _ bunebrivi, adamianuri da RvTaebrivi _
urTierTkavSiriTa da urTierTgansazRvrulobiT ganpirobebul svlas asrulebs
zevidan (RvTaebrivi samyarodan) qveviT da piriqiT. RvTisaken mimavali gzis gaazreba
moiTxovs gonebis varjiSs, titanur Sromas da adamianis sicocxlesac ki. amitom
piTagora nebismiers ar iyvanda mowafed. man icoda _ “yvela xisagan merkuri ar
gamoiTleba”. adamianis amaRlebas is doneebad yofda.
pirveli done _ mas mowafeSi unda ganeviTarebina adamianis umaRlesi unari _
intuicia.
meore done _ “oqros dRe”, roca igi Tavis ezoSi Seiyvanda im rCeuls, romelmac
daZlia pirveli done (aqedan sityva ezoTerebi anu vinc SigniTaa da egzoTerebi anu
vinc gareTaa).
aq maswavlebelTan amaRlebuli, uSualo kavSiri myardeboda. aq ganaTleba
iwyeboda am sityvis sruli mniSvnelobiT. piTagoras mowafeebi gamohyavda TvaliT
xiluli formebisa da xilvebis samyarodan, gahyavda droisa da sivrcis miRma;
gadahyavda did monadaSi _ samyaros safuZvelSi, ganuyofel substanciaSi. esaa
arSeqmnili da Seqmnili yofierebis CvenTvis Seucnobadi arsi.
antikur azrovnebaSi piTagoram daamkvidra cnebebi _ “monada” (mTlianobis,
stabilurobisa da formis principi) da diada (ganusazRvrelobis, gauformeblobis,
simravlisa da materialuri mdinarebis principi).
monada gamosaxavs RmerTis arss.
rogor mivuaxlovdeT Seucnobels? rogor CavwvdeT mis arss?
piTagora Tavis mowafeebs samyaros, adamianis arsis, ideis Semecnebis
SesaZleblobas ase uxsnida: Sexedo samyaros ori sapirispiro mxridan, ar niSnavs
aTvaliero gansxvavebuli obieqtebi. es niSnavs uyuro erT samyaros ori sapirispiro
_ fizikuri da sulieri mxridan, rac saSualebas iZleva garegani formidan
gadavideT saganSi, mis arsSi.
piTagoras azriT, rac ufro maRalganviTarebulia organizmi, monada masSi
mTvlemare sawyiss miT ufro aZlierebs; mgrZnobeloba aviTarebs intuicias,
intuicia _ gonebas, suli sxeulisagan ufro Tavisufali xdeba da xvdebi rogor
ganasxvavo Seni sxeuli samSvinvelisagan da RvTiuri sulisagan.
“Seican sakuTari Tavi da Seicnob samyaros, RmerTs”!
rac SenSi Relavs, rasac samSvinvels uwodeb, is Seni eTeruli oreulia, SenSi
arsebuli aranivTieri sinaTle, romelic Tavis TavSi ukvdav suls moicavs.
piTagora samyaros Sinagani SemecnebiT irealuri samyaros pirveli substanciis,
pirveli safexuris gaazrebamde mivida. misTvis is aranivTieri sinaTlea. masTan
SedarebiT mzis sinaTlec ki mxolod uxeSi anareklia. is xelSeuxebeli, uwonoa,
Suamavalia materiasa da suls Soris.
ramdenadac adamiani Sedgeba sami substanciisagan _ sxeulis, samSvinvelisa da
RvTiuri sulisagan (piTagorasaTvis suli aris is, rac damoukideblad moZraobs da
Sedgeba im elementebisagan, romlebsac kosmiuri fluidebi warmoqmnis) _ samyaroc
sami sferosagan Sedgeba: bunebrivi samyaro, adamianTa samyaro da RvTiuri samyaro.
samyaro, romelsac adamianis goneba unda Seswvdes, am sam sarkeSi areklili

51
fenomenia. Tu mowafe amis gaazrebas SeZlebda, maSin is mzad iyo mesame donis
dasaZlevad.
mesame doneze xdeboda meore doniT miRweuli absoluturi simaRlidan ukan,
bunebis siRrmeSi daSveba. mowafeebi Seimecnebdnen saganTa warmoSobis RvTiur ideas,
adamianTa sulis evolucias.
ganaTlebis mesame, umaRles doned piTagora Tvlida adamianis unars, aTvisebuli
codna sakuTari Tavisa da adamianTa, sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos sakeTildReod
gamoeyenebina.
mogvianebiT niutonic msgavs gaazrebamde mivida. am Suamavals materiasa da suls
Soris, man sensorium Dei, anu RmerTis grZnoba uwoda. misi azriT, es is meqanizmia,
romlis saSualebiT RvTiuri goni yvelgan da yvelaSi moqmedebs.
amaze fiqrobda aristotelec. man am substancias kvinta esenta uwoda, rac mexuTe
arss niSnavs.
XVI saukunis cnobilma filosofosma da eqimma paracelsusma igive mexuTe
substancias astraluri sinaTle uwoda. misi azriT, am sinaTles eqstazis pirobebSi
faqizi, amaRlebuli fsiqikis adamianebi xedaven. am astralur sinaTleSi samyaroTa
warsuli vibrirebs da momavalic cocxali sulebiT iq airekleba. mxolod mas
SeuZlia gadmosces azris yvela vibracia. esaa is, rasac meore xedvas uwodeben.
rogor axerxebs adamianis goneba Sewvdes imas, risi danaxva, SegrZneba am realur
cxovrebaSi SeuZlebelia an sxva drosa da sivrceSi xdeba? gavixsenoT met-
naklebad damajerebeli faqtebi am fenomenTan dakavSirebiT.
arsebobs Cineli brZenis Cuan Zis moTxroba: brZenma naxa sizmari, rom is pepelaa.
gaRviZebuli didxans cdilobda nanaxis gaazrebas, bolos daibna: man an naxa
sizmari, rom iyo pepela, an axlaa pepela da xedavs sizmars, rom Cineli brZenia.
* 23 wlis sem klimensoni Tavs imiT irCenda, rom mdinare misisipze mcuravi gemis
– “pensilvaniis” mesaWe iyo. imave gemze msaxurobda misi umcrosi Zma. erTxel sems
saSineleba esizmra: oTx skamze gadebul rkinis kuboSi, mkerdze TeTri yvavilebis
TaiguliT, iwva misi Zma. diliT semma sizmari das mouyva, TviTon ki daiviwya. dam
gadawyvita sizmrebis amxsnelisaTvis miemarTa, magram is adgilze ar daxvda. misma
mdivanma sizmari davTarSi Cawera da qalbatons Sehpirda, rom pasuxs werilobiT
Seatyobinebda. aq mTavari is aris, rom sizmari dafiqsirda. ramdenime xnis Semdeg
sems Selaparakeba mouvida gemis kapitanTan da iZulebuli gaxda samuSaod sxva
gemze gadasuliyo. male man Seityo, rom memfisis raionSi CaiZira gemi “pensilvania”.
daiRupa 150 adamiani. sabednierod daRupulTa Soris misi Zma ar aRmoCnda. semma Zma
hospitalSi ipova da eqvsi dRe da Rame ar moscilebia mas. bolos daZabulobisagan
gadaRlil sems Rrma ZiliT CaeZina. sanam eZina, misi Zma gardaicvala. rodesac semma
gamoiRviZa. dainaxa: oTx skamze gadebul rkinis kuboSi iwva misi Zma da mkerdze
TeTri yvavilebis Taiguli edo. es ambavi aRwerili aqvs sem klimensonis biografs
albert peins. sem klimensoni mark tvenis fsevdonimiTaa cnobili.
* rodesac dante alegieri gardaicvala, aRmoCnda, rom “RvTaebrivi komediis”
damamTavrebel mesame nawils, “samoTxes” aklda mecamete leqsi. yvela darwmunebuli
iyo, rom dantem ver moaswro am leqsis dawera. mecamete leqsis dawera sTxoves
dantes Svilebs, poetebs iakobsa da pieros. maT daiwyes muSaoba. ambis Semdgomi
ganviTareba aRwerili aqvs cnobil mwerals bokaCios. sizmarSi iakobs dantem urCia
Seewyvita leqsze muSaoba, mohkida xeli, miiyvana im saxlTan, sadac gardaicvala,
Seiyvana erT-erT oTaxSi da uTxra, rom leqsi gobelenis qveS, saidumlo niSaSi
inaxeboda. iakobs gamoeRviZa. miuxedavad SuaRamisa, is mamamisis megobar pier
JiardinosTan wavida da leqsis mosaZebnad gayola sTxova. maT advilad miagnes
sizmarSi nanax kedels, gobelens da mis ukan saidumlo niSas, sadac mtvriani
52
qaRaldebi elaga. iq marTlac aRmoCnda mecamete leqsi. ase dasrulda ukvdavi
“RvTaebrivi komedia”.
* ucnauri sizmari naxa prezidentma abraam linkolnma. TiTqos is Sevida TeTri
saxlis aRmosavleT oTaxSi da iatakze mamakacis gvami dainaxa. gakvirvebulma
linkolnma dacvas micvalebulis vinaoba hkiTxa. dacvam mas oTaxis datoveba
mosTxova, radgan mokluli Tavad prezidenti gaxldaT. linkolni cdilobda aexsna,
rom aq raRac Secdomaa, rom is TviTon aris prezidenti. diliT linkolnma RimiliT
uambo es suleluri sizmari TanaSemwes, romelmac im kviris dRis ganrigi Semoutana,
sadac kviris bolos misi TeatrSi wasvla iyo dagegmili. TeatrSi es viziti
linkolnisaTvis sabediswero aRmoCnda.
* 1883 wlis 27 agvisto. Jurnalisti edvard semsoni gazeT “boston globus”-is
redaqcias didxans SemorCa da daRlils CaeZina. Ramis or saaTze is sazarelma
sizmarma gamoaRviZa. esizmra, TiTqos reportiorad iyo gagzavnili kunZul
pralomeze (indoneziis arqipelagi), romelic kunZul iavasa da sumatras maxloblad
mdebareobda (sinamdvileSi semsoni indoneziaSi arasdros yofila). sizmarSi
Jurnalisti kunZulze datrialebuli udidesi katastrofis momswre gaxda _ am
kunZulze arsebulma vulkanma gaaqtiureba daiwo. amofrqveuli lavisagan okeane
aduRda. gaisma uZlieresi afeTqebis xma da kunZuli okeaneSi CaiZira. miwisZvram
iseTi Relva gamoiwvia, rom sanapirosTan mdgari gemebic ganadgurda. katastrofam 40
000 adamiani imsxverpla.
gamofxizlebulma semsonma es koSmaruli sizmari xelSi moxvedril pirvelsave
qaRaldze Cawera (es SemTxveviT aRebuli furceli ki oficialuri qaRaldi
aRmoCnda grifiT _ “saswrafod nomerSi”). sizmrisagan gaognebuli Jurnalisti
redaqciidan gamovida da gantvirTvisaTvis barSi wavida. redaqciaSi igi aRar
dabrunebula. diliT morige redaqtorma es qaRaldi nomerSi CauSva. gazeTi
gamovida. es saSineli informacia aTeulobiT gazeTma gadabeWda. magram msgavsi
katastrofis damadasturebeli araviTari cnoba ar mosula. gazeTi yalbi
informaciis gavrcelebaSi daadanaSaules, semsoni ki samsaxuridan daiTxoves.
ramdenime dRis Semdeg cnobili gaxda indoeTis okeaneSi momxdari katastrofis
Sesaxeb. informacia detalurad aRwerda semsonis mier sizmarSi nanax movlenebs,
Tumca iyo erTi gansxvaveba: CaiZira kunZuli Kkrakatau. semsoni samsaxurSi
saswrafod aRadgines.
katastrofidan 20 wlis Semdeg Jurnalists estumra holandiis geografiuli
sazogadoebis delegacia. maTTan saubarSi gairkva, rom CaZiruli kunZulis _
krakataus saxelwodeba adgilobrivi aborigenebis dialeqtze gamoiTqmeboda
rogorc pralome.
*cnobilia vaterloos brZolis win napoleonis sizmaric. imperators yvela
misi gamarjveba brwyinvale qalbatonebis saxiT ZilSi gamoecxada, magram
ukanaskneli qalbatoni sisxlSi iyo gasvrili, xelSi ki borkilebi eWira.
Cndeba SegrZneba, TiTqos ZilSi mcire droiT sxva, paralelur samyaroSi
gadavdivarT, raTa energia da informacia miviRoT da ukan davbrundeT. sizmari
albaT migvaniSnebs, rom cnobierebas potenciurad ZaluZs fizikuri sxeulis
gareSe arseboba, realuri da irealuri samyaros damoukideblad aRqma. froidi
sizmars aracnobierisaken mimaval samefo gzas uwodebda.
fizika-maTematikur mecnierebaTa doqtoris, profesor T.buTxuzis azriT, es
fenomeni asec SeiZleba aixsnas.
rogorc cnobilia, Zilis dros cnobieri ar funqcionirebs, ufro sworad, misi
cenzura ramdenadmea Sesustebuli. Zilis dros qvecnobierad adamianis “me” droebiT
gadadis ideur mdgomareobaSi da mas SeuZlia realuri da irealuri samyaros sxva
53
paralelur doneze gasvla. ras warmoadgens Cveni samyaros paraleluri samyaroebi?
_ arsobrivad TiTqmis igives, rasac garSemo vxedavT, mxolod sxva sivrcesa da
droSi da sxva aRqmis meqanizmiT. Cven sizmriT SegviZlia moxvdeT warsulSi,
momavalSi, awmyoSi, magram sxva sivrceSi da ukan davbrundeT. arseboben amaRlebuli
mgrZnobelobis adamianebi, romelTac es Zilis gareSec SeuZliaT. momavlis zonidan,
paraleluri samyarodan winswrebiT dabrunebiT, advilad ixsneba deJaviu (e.i. ukve
nanaxi, ukve gagonili). ufro gasagebi rom iyos, warmoidgineT Cveulebrivi yofiTi
situacia: vTqvaT zixarT magidasTan, esaubrebiT megobars da yavas miirTmevT. am
dros spontanurad, wamierad gadadixarT paralelur sivrceSi, igive situaciaSi,
oRond mciredi winswrebiT. es imdenad realurad hgavs am samyaros, rom mcire
droiT gansxvavebas ver vacnobierebT. vbrundebiT sawyis doneze, dro rom odnav
CamorCa igive yofier moments im sxva sivrceSi, sadac iyaviT da Tqven ganmeorebiT
xvdebiT igive situaciaSi. amas ukve amCnevs cnobieri da Tqven gakvirvebuli xarT
_ es xom ukve iyo, es xom me ukve vnaxe, SevigrZeni! amiT TiTqos umaRlesi
migvaniSnebs am samyaros mravalferovnebaze.
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs ZilSi ideebis dabadebisa da ganviTarebis
faqts. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom sizmris fenomeni mogvexmaros gaverkveT, Tu
sazogadod rogor xdeba ideebis warmoqmna, ganviTareba.
cnobilia, rom bevri mecnieruli aRmoCena sakmaod araCveulebrivi saxiT
xorcieldeboda. magaliTad, albert ainStains violinoze dakvra uyvarda. am dros
igi realobas swydeboda, sakuTari sulis labirinTebSi mogzaurobda da
amgvarad cdilobda gadaelaxa gonebrivi gadaRliloba. amboben, rom misi
fardobiTobis Teoria genialuri intuiciis Sedegia.
isic cnobilia, rom mravali gamogonebisa Tu mxatvruli nawarmoebis idea ZilSi
daibada. elias hauss, romelmac Tanamedrove sakeravi manqanis konstruqcia Seqmna,
imedi gadaewura _ vera da ver misca srulyofili saxe meqanizms. da, ai, erTxel
sizmarSi naxa nemsi, romelsac Zafis gasayreli yuri qveda mxares hqonda da ara
zemoT an SuaSi, rogorc Zvel modelebs, romlebic cudad muSaobdnen.
nils borma atomis Tavisi cnobili modelic _ mzis garSemo moZravi planetebi _
sizmarSi naxa.
goeTes “faustis” meore nawili, mocartis, vagneris, tolstois, sen-sansis da
mravali sxva gamoCenili adamianis zogierTi Sedevri sizmrebis gavleniT aris
Seqmnili.
arsebobs mosazreba, rom adamianSi aris wminda energetika, is miwierisagan
gansxvavebuli “me”, romelic biologiur kanonzomierebas ar eqvemdebareba. mas
axasiaTebs intuicia, nebisyofa, mexsiereba, TviTSemecneba, anu yvelaferi is, rasac
goeTe “RvTaebriv arsebas” uwodebda. yovelive es im udidesi energetikuli
potencialis nawilia, rac adamianSi RvTisaganaa Cadebuli.
niderlandeli mxatvaris fieronimus bosxis (1460-1516) tiloze gamosaxulia
preistoriuli xvliki. naxati sakmaod detaluradaa Sesrulebuli. gasakviri aq
TiTqos araferia, garda imisa, rom am xvlikis Zvlebi bosxis gardacvalebidan
samasi wlis Semdegaa aRmoCenili da specialistebis mier aRdgenilia xvlikis
sruli suraTi. mecnierma kiuvem daamtkica, rom esaa 60 milioni wlis win
gadaSenebuli xvlikis saxeoba.
jonaTan svifti “guliveris mogzaurobaSi” moixseniebs planeta marsis or
Tanamgzavrs, romelTa danaxva mxolod Tanamedrove, mZlavri teleskopiT gaxda
SesaZlebeli.
ra aris intuicia da ra rols TamaSobs igi Cvens cxovrebaSi? intuicia SeiZleba
SevadaroT STagonebas, WeSmaritebis uSualo wvdomas. intuicia Zalian axlosaa
54
sulier xilvasTan, gonebis gamonaTebasTan, romelsac Rrmad aqvs gadgmuli fesvebi
fsiqikis aracnobier fenaSi. aravin uaryofs, rom adamianisaTvis intuicia jerac
amouxsneli, albaT ufro RvTiTmoniWebuli unaria.E magram intuicia mxolod maSin
gvaxsendeba, roca Cveni yvelafrismwvdomi goneba iRleba da mis adgils
gaucnobierebeli azrovnebis procesebi ikaveben _ gamonaTebis naperwkali
agvirgvinebs inteleqtis analitikur muSaobas.
azrovneba marTlac mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli SemoqmedebiT wvasTan.
mecnieruli Semoqmedebis procesSi intuicia da logika urTierTqmedeben da
erTmaneTs avseben. magram gamonaTebis, gasxivosnebis momentSi logika gamoTiSulia.
Tumca unda gvaxsovdes, rom SemTxveva xels uwyobs mxolod aRmoCenisaTvis
momzadebul gonebas _ ase iyo mendeleevis (perioduli sistema), lui pasteris,
romelmac bevr sxva mniSvnelovan aRmoCenasTan erTad xorcis lpobis meqanizms
miakvlia (yurZnis duRilis procesis safuZvelze), jeims vatis SemTxvevaSi (orTqlis
manqana) da sxvaTa SemTxvevebSi.
mecnierebis mizania WeSmaritebis wvdoma da dadgena. es ki miiRweva maSin, Tu Cven
samyaros aRviqvamT ara rogorc calkeuli movlenebis, erTmaneTisagan izolirebuli
faqtebis erTobliobas, aramed rogorc mTlians. mecniereba yvelaferSi eZebs
zogads, kanonzomierebas, wesrigs, Tanmimdevrobas da MmaTi kvlevis safuZvelze
adgens WeSmaritebas.

racionalizmi

racionalizmi aris iseTi filosofiuri Teoria, romelic WeSmariti codnis miRe-

bis erTaderT unarad gonebas miiCnevs, xolo SegrZnebebiT miRebul codnas, arasar-
wmuno codnad Tvlis. racionalizmis mixedviT, cdidan miRebuli codna, mxolod er-
Teul cvalebad sagnebs exeba da TviTonac cvalebadia. maTi azriT, namdvil codnas
unda axasiaTebdes maradiuloba da sayovelTaoba.
es problema Zvel berZnul filosofiaSi daisva da platonma is raconalisturad
gadawyvita. platonis mixedviT, sayovelTaobis da zogadobis matarebel codnas mxo-
lod obieqturi ideebis Semecneba iZleva. kiTxvaze, saidan movida cnobierebaSi cod-
na? platoni pasuxobs: codna TanSobilia adamianSi, radgan TviTon adamianic ideaTa
samyaros gamovlenaa. maS, ras niSnavs Semecneba? platonis azriT, Semecnebis mizans
warmoadgens TanSobili ideebis gacnobiereba. gacnobiereba anu Semecneba ki niSnavs
am ideebis gonebidan dabadebas. platonis azriT, gonebidan ideebis dabadeba xorci-
eldeba kamaTis anu dialogis saSualebiT. amdenad, namdvili codna mxolod TanSo-
bil ideebs axasiaTebs, xolo rac Seexeba grZnobadobiT miRebul codnas, is warmava-
li da moCvenebiTia.
racionalizmis yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgenelia frangi filosofosi da ma-
Tematikosi rene dekarti (1596 –1650 ww.). dekarti Tavis racionalistur filosofias
afuZnebda RmerTis arsebobis mtkicebaze. dekarti ase msjelobs: radganac Cven gone-
baSi gvaqvs yovlad srulis, yovlad Zlieris anu RmerTis idea, saWiroa gairkves, sa-
idan movida Cvens gonebaSi es yovladsrulis idea? misi azriT, dauSvebelia ideis
warmoSobis mizezi iyos cda, romelsac SegrZnebebiT vukavSirdebiT. aseTi ideis Seq-
mna arc adamians SeuZlia, radgan adamiani ar aris yovlad sruli, amitom is ver
55
Seqmnis masze ufro srul ideas; ar SeiZleba mizezi naklebi iyos Sedegze. amitom
adamianma unda dauSvas RmerTis arseboba.
amis Semdeg dekarti svams aseT kiTxvas: rogor varsebob me? ra aris imis damam-
tkicebeli, rom me varsebob? e. i. me eWvi miCndeba Cems arseboba – ararsebobaze, mag-
ram Cems arsebobas amtkicebs is, rom me veWvob. radgan veWvob, e. i. vazrovneb da rad-
ganac vazrovneb, e. i. varsebob. radganac vazrovneb da varsebob, Cemi mizezi anu Sem-
qmneli unda iyos Cemze Zlieri, yvelafris SemZle substancia anu RmerTi. amitom
RmerTis idea Cadebulia CemSi RmerTis mier. sxvagvarad me RmerTis ideas ver gavi-
gebdi. saidan xdeba is, rom adamiani uSvebs Secdomebs? – svams kiTxvas dekarti da
pasuxobs: adamians, garda gonebisa, aqvs nebisyofa anu arCevnis SesaZlebloba. nebis-
yofa ufro farTo cnebaa, vidre goneba. is vrceldeba iseT sagnebzec, rac gonebas
ar aqvs cxadad moazrebuli. adamiani msjelobis procesSi uSvebs Secdomebs, Torem
gonebaSi arsebuli ideebi yovelTvis WeSmaritia. xolo, rodesac ideebi cxadad eZ-
leva adamians, maSin igi Secdomebs aRar uSvebs. amitom sicxade aris WeSmaritebis
kriteriumi. yvelaze cxadi debulebaa: vazrovneb, maSasadame varsebob. es debuleba
dekartis filosofiis amosavali principia, romelic logikuri dasabuTebidan ki ar
gamodis, aramed intuiciurad miiReba. vazrovneb, maSasadame varsebob, es ar aris ori
an meti gansxvavebuli codnidan miRebuli axali codna, aramed is aris mxolod er-
Ti msjelobidan miRebuli cxadi azri anu aqsioma. dekarti aseT cxad aqsiomebze
dayrdnobiT ayalibebs maTematikisa da filosofiis Teorias. Semecnebis meTodis
rols dekartTan daeWveba asrulebs. daeWvebis gziT sicxadeze gadasvlas mivyavarT
WeSmaritebamde.
amdenad, dekartis Semecnebis Teoria adamianis gonebaSi Caketil imanentur folo-
sofias warmoadgens. magram, Tu materia da suli ori damoukidebeli sinamdvilea, ro-
gor imecnebs adamiani bunebis wesrigs? am kiTxvaze dekarti ase pasuxobs: RmerTma ise-
Tive wesi da rigi Cado bunebaSi, rogorc Cvens gonebaSi, amitom Cveni gonebis wesrigs
Seesabameba bunebis wesrigi. amiT man Semecnebis SesaZleblobis sakiTxic dadebiTad ga-
dawyvita.
dekartis racionalisturi filosofia ganaviTara germanelma filosofosma da
maTematikosma laibnicma. dekartis msgavsad, laibnicic ideebis Tandayolilobas
aRiarebs. misi azriT, faqtebis Semecneba umniSvneloa, radgan iqedan araviTari WeS-
maritebis miReba ar SeiZleba. laibnicma jon lokis empiristul debulebas – gone-
baSi araferia iseTi, rasac SegrZnebebSi ar gaevlos – upasuxa: gonebaSi araferia
iseTi, rasac SegrZnebebSi ar gaevlos, garda Tavad gonebisa. amiT laibnici uaryofs
lokis azrs, imis Sesaxeb, rom goneba aris dauwereli dafa. Tu lokisaTvis gonebis
Sinaarsi sxva araferia Tu ara SegrZnebebiT miRebuli codna, laibnicisaTvis gone-
baSi arsebuli codnis Sinaarsi isev gonebiT ganisazRvreba.
racionalizmis mixedviT, samyaros Semecnebis SesaZlebloba adamianis gonebisaT-
vis, upirveles yovlisa, SeuzRudavia imis gamo, rom Sesamecnebeli samyaros maradiu-
li ideebi anu principebi TviTon gonebaSia mocemuli. amdenad, goneba sakuTari ima-
nenturi SesaZleblobiT am problemas SeuzRudavad wyvets. aseTi racionalisturi
gnoseologia Taviseburad ganaviTara hegelma. rogorc yvela racionalisti, hegelic
aRiarebs absoluturi gonis anu RmerTis arsebobas da aqedan gamohyavs mTeli samya-
ro. hegelis mixedviT, yvela movlenis safuZvelia absoluti, sulieri da gonieri
sawyisi – `absoluturi idea~, `msoflio goneba~. TviT adamiani da adamianTa istori-
ac swored misi gamovlenaa. amitom adamianis azrovnebas TviTSemecnebis gziT SeuZ-
lia amaRldes absoluturi ideis cnebamde da amiT gaigos da Cawvdes imas, ramac is
gamoavlina. es procesi, marTalia, rTuli dialeqtikuri procesia, magram masSi ar

56
arsebobs gadaulaxavi sazRvari codnasa da arcodnas Soris. racionalizmis Semec-
nebis Teorias upirispirdeba empirizmi.

empirizmi

empirizmi aris racionalizmis sapirispiro gnoseologiuri Teoria. maTi ganmas-

xvavebeli niSnebia: 1. racionalizmi emyareba gonebis maradiul principebs, xolo em-
pirizmi – cdas da SegrZnebebs; 2. racionalizmi Tavis Teorias deduqciuri meTodiT
ayalibebs, xolo empirizmi – induqciur meTods iyenebs; 3. empirizmis argumenti ra-
cionalizmis winaaRmdeg Semdegia: racionalizmi emyareba iseT zogad principebs, ro-
melic TviTon moiTxovs kritikul gadasinjvas; mcdari safuZvlidan yovelTvis
mcdari codna miiReba. racionalizmis zogad principebs empirizmi dogmebs (berZnu-
lad dausabuTebeli) uwodebs, romelic arafriT gansxvavdeba religiuri sqolasti-
kisagan.
arsebobs orgvari empirizmi: materialisturi da idealisturi. materialisturi
empirizmis mixedviT, codna, romelic SegrZnebebiT da aRqmebiT miiReba, Seesabameba
obieqtur sinamdviles, sadac obieqturi sinamdvile gansazRvravs codnas. xolo ide-
alisturi empirizmis mixedviT, SegrZnebebs TviTon aqvT specifikuri subieqturi
Tvisebebi, riTac adamiani ukavSirdeba sinamdviles. amitom aq SegrZnebebi TviTon
gansazRvraven obieqtur sinamdviles. racionalizmis winaaRmdeg brZola swored bu-
nebis eqsperimentuli kvlevis Semdeg daiwyo.
ingliselma materialistma frensis bekonma (1561–1626 ww.) gaakritika racionalis-
turi filosofia, romelsac ucvlel dogmebze dayrdnobiT, deduqciuri meTodiT
gamoyavda mcdari anu yalbi codna. misi azriT, aseTi yalbi codniT danagvianebulia
adamianTa cnobiereba, romelic gawmendas moiTxovs. cnobierebaSi arsebul yalb
codnas bekoni idolebs uwodebs. es idolebi mcdari tradiciebidan momdinareobs
da saWiroa misgan gaTavisufleba, ris erTaderT saSualebad bekoni induqciur me-
Tods miiCnevs. misi azriT, mxolod induqciis gziT miRebuli zogadi codna iZleva
WeSmaritebas.
bekoni mxolod induqciur meTods emyareboda da racionalizmis msgavsad, meore
ukiduresobaSi gadavida. Tu racionalizmSi erTaderT dasayrden meTods deduqcia
warmoadgens, bekonma aseve erTaderT meTodad induqcia gamoacxada. rogorc konkre-
tul mecnierebebSi, aseve filosofiaSic aseTi ukiduresobis daSveba miuRebelia,
radgan induqcia da deduqcia erTimeoris gareSe WeSmaritebas ver adgenen.
materialisturi empirizmis gnoseologiuri Teoria Camoayaliba ingliselma fi-
losofosma jon lokma (1632 –1704 ww.). loki icavs bekonis Sexedulebas imis Sesaxeb,
rom adamianis bunebaze gabatonebis mTavar dasayrdens TviTon bunebis kanonebis
codna iZleva. igi akritikebs dekartis mtkicebas RmerTis arsebobis Sesaxeb. dekar-
tis sawinaaRmdegod, loki amtkicebs, rom RmerTis idea yvela adamians ar gaaCnia.
aTeistebs RmerTis idea ar gaaCniaT da amitom ideebis arsebobidan realuri arsebo-
bis gamoyvana Secdomaa. adamianis suli aris dauwereli dafa, sufTa furceli, sa-
dac Tavdapirvelad ver ipoviT veraviTar ideas, veraviTar princips, aramed ideebs

57
adamiani ayalibebs cdaze damyarebuli da cdidan mopovebuli masalis safuZvelze.
amiT lokma uaryo Tandayolili ideebis arseboba. loki sruliad sxvagvarad wyvets
codnis da saerTod ideebis warmoSobis sakiTxs. is ase msjelobs: raki ar arsebobs
Tandayolili ideebi, maSin unda damtkicdes, rogor arian isini miRebuli gare sam-
yarodan. lokis azriT, ideebis miRebis erTaderTi safuZveli aris cda, magram cda
orgvaria, garegani da Sinagani. garegan cdas warmoadgens SegrZnebebis kavSiri sag-
nebTan, xolo Sinagani cda aris garedan miRebul ideebze refleqsia. adamianis gone-
baSi garedan Semodis martivi ideebi, xolo refleqsiiT miiReba rTuli ideebi. mar-
tivi da rTuli ideebis dayofis safuZvels loki obieqtur sinamdvileSi eZebs. misi
azriT, sagnebs aqvT pirveladi da meoradi Tvisebebi. sagnis pirveladi Tvisebebi da-
kavSirebulia TviTon saganTan, maTi CamoSoreba sagnidan SeuZlebelia. aseTi Tvise-
bebia: ganfeniloba, moZraoba, simZime da sxva. xolo meoradi Tvisebebi, marTalia sa-
ganTan ar aris dakavSirebuli, magram is ar arsebobs Semmecnebeli subieqtis gareSe,
is ar Seesabameba mis gamomwvev mizezebs da uSualod subieqtTan aris dakavSirebu-
li. aseTebia: feri, gemo, suni, xma da sxva. magram loks ar aqvs pasuxi kiTxvaze: ra
aris meoradi Tvisebebis gamomwvevi mizezi.
lokis mier sagnebis pirvelad da meorad Tvisebebad dayofam xeli Seuwyo sensua-
lizmisa da agnosticizmis warmoSobas. sensualizms mTeli sinamdvile SegrZnebebze
dahyavs, xolo agnosticizms Semecnebis sagnad mxolod movlenebis samyaro miaCnia;
rac Seexeba movlenebis mizezobriv kavSirs, is Seumecnebad samyarod cxaddeba.
sensualizmi aris idealisturi empirizmi. misi tipiuri warmomadgenelia inglise-
li filosofosi jorj berkli (1684 – 1753 ww.). Cven zemoT vnaxeT, rogor uaryo ber-
klma materiis arseboba SegrZnebebis safuZvelze. aqedan cxadia, rom berkli Semecne-
bis erTaderT wyarod SegrZnebebs miiCnevs. is ar eTanxmeba lokis azrs sagnis pirve-
lad da meorad Tvisebebad dayofis Sesaxeb. misi azriT, saganSi araferi ar rCeba
iseTi, rac TavisTavad arsebobdes, aramed sagnebi unaSTod iSlebian SegrZnebebze.
amitom codna, romelic Cven gvaqvs, aris subieqtis SegrZnebaTa Tviseba, kompleqsi.
am TvisebaTa iqeT araferi ar arsebobs. maS, ra unda daisaxos miznad adamianma Se-
mecnebis TvalsazrisiT? am kiTxvaze berkli pasuxobs: adamianma unda Seimecnos Tvi-
Ton SegrZnebebis da grZnobebis kanonzomiereba. magram kiTxvas – saidan Cndeba Cven-
Si aseTi SegrZnebebi? – berkli RmerTis arsebobiT xsnis: RmerTma Cven aseTi Seg-
rZnebebi mogvaniWa da ase vxedavT samyaros, RmerTs rom CvenTvis sxvanairi SegrZne-
bebi moeniWebina, maSin sxvagvarad davinaxavdiT samyaros.
empiristuli filosofia berklis Semdeg sxvadasxva formiT gagrZelda poziti-
vizmSi, neopozitivizmSi da postpozitivizmSi. marTalia, am filosofiur mimdinare-
obebSi azrovnebis rolis uaryofa ar xdeba (piriqiT azrovneba awarmoebs mniSvne-
lovan SemecnebiT logikur operaciebs), magram Semecnebis erTaderT wyarod cda da
eqsperimenti cxaddeba. maTi azriT, logikurad Camoyalibebuli debulebis WeSmari-
teba damokidebulia cdaze; Tu cdaSi ar xerxdeba romelime debulebis Semowmeba
anu verifikacia, maSin es debuleba WeSmaritebis mniSvnelobas kargavs. e. i. neopozi-
tivizmSi Semecnebis erTaderT dasayrdens cda warmoadgens da cda gansazRvravs Se-
mecnebis mizansac. amitom, mecnierebam unda wamoayenos iseTi debulebebi, romelic
cdaSi Semowmebadia. Tu debulebebi am moTxovnas ver asruleben, maSin maTi uaryofa
xdeba. aq Semecnebis mizans da mis praqtikul daniSnulebas sargeblianobis principi
gansazRvravs. is, rac ar emsaxureba am princips, mecnierebisaTvis miuRebelia. swo-
red amis gamoa miuRebeli neopozitivizmSi imgvari msoflmxedvelobrivi sakiTxebis
kvleva, romelic cdis gareT gadis; aseTebia samyaros sasruloba – usasrulobis,
mizezobriobis, substanciis da sxva sakiTxebi. maTi azriT, es ar aris filosofiis
kvlevis sagani. es metafizikuri problemaa, romelzec mxolod religiam unda imsje-
58
los. amis gamo miiCneven, rom empirizmi aris calmxrivi gnoseologiuri Teoria. empi-
rizmma ver SeZlo imanenturisa da transcendenturis dakavSireba, ver SeZlo xidis
gadeba imanentursa da transcendentur samyaros Soris. amis gareSe ki araviTari
srulyofili gnoseologiuri Teoria ar yalibdeba. is dResac gnoseologiis gada-
uwyvetel problemas warmoadgens.
transcendenturisa da imanenturis cnebebi kargad gamoikveTa agnosticizmis Teo-
riaSi.

agnosticizmi

agnosticizmi codnis anu Semecnebis uaryofas niSnavs.

misTvis damaxasiaTebelia adamianis Semmecnebeli unarebis SezRudulobis aRiare-
ba, ris gamoc Semecneba mTavrdeba iq, sadac es unarebi Zalas kargaven. amitom onto-
logiuri kanonzomierebis kvleva Semecnebis kompetencias ar Seadgens. ra kavSiria
mizezsa da Sedegs Soris, movlenasa da arsebas Soris, erTeulsa da zogads Soris,
SemTxveviTobasa da aucileblobas Soris da sxva ontologiur problemebze msje-
loba SeuZlebelia. filosofia Tu mainc imsjelebs am sakiTxebze, mxolod albaTur
codnasTan gveqneba saqme.
agnosticizmi subieqtur – idealistur filosofias warmoadgens. berklis subieq-
turi idealizmi agnosticizmis mimarTulebiT devid iumma (1711 – 1776 ww.). ganaviTa-
ra. iumis azriT, adamianis cnobierebaSi araferia, garda STabeWdilebebisa da idee-
bisa. STabeWdilebebi miiReba SegrZnebebis safuZvelze, xolo ideebi aris am STabeW-
dilebaTa warmosaxva. iumi amtkicebs, rom STabeWdilebebi ufro mkafio xasiaTisaa,
xolo ideebi am STabeWdilebaTa sust aslebs warmoadgenen. ideebs yovelTvis win
uswrebs STabeWdilebebi, amitom ar arsebobs ideebi STabeWdilebebis gareSe. yvela
STabeWdilebas imeorebs martivi idea. magram arsebobs rTuli ideebic. rTul ideebs
warmoadgens martiv ideaTa SeerTeba da warmosaxva. iumisaTvis miuRebelia mTeli si-
namdvilis SegrZnebebze dayvana, radgan arsebobs subieqtisagan damoukidebeli tran-
scendentaluri samyaroc, magram mis Sesaxeb WeSmaritebis TvalsazrisiT verafers
davamtkicebT. iumi ase msjelobs: Cveni Semecnebis obieqti ar SeiZleba Cvens gareT
iyos, Cvens gareSe araferi ar warmoidgineba, ar SeiZleba msjeloba imaze, rac ar
viciT. STabeWdilebebze dayrdnobiT da ideaTa kavSiriT, Cven garemos mxolod war-
movsaxavT, magram ra aris TavisTavad es garemo, amis Sesaxeb verafers gavigebT.
devid iumis dasmuli kiTxva, Tu rogor SeiZleba miRebuli iqnas axali codna, ro-
melic obieqturic iqneba da sayovelTaobis matarebelic, germanelma filosofosma
imanuel kantma gansxvavebulad gadawyvita.
kanti aris germanuli klasikuri filosofiis fuZemdebeli. is Tavdapirvelad bune-
baTmecnieri iyo. man Seqmna mzis sistemis agebulebisa da misi warmoSoba – ganviTare-
bis meqanikuri Teoria, romelsac im droisaTvis garkveuli mecnieruli Rirebuleba
hqonda, magram kants msoflio aRiareba misma filosofiam moutana. vinaidan iumma ver
monaxa codnis obieqturobisa da sayovelTaobis safuZvlebi, kantma filosofiis gada-
udebel da umniSvnelovanes problemad maTi Zieba daisaxa. kanti ase msjelobs: arse-
bobs fizika da maTematika da arsebobs mecnieruli codna, es udavoa, magram saWiroa
gairkves, rogor aris SesaZlebeli mecnieruli codna, rogoria is logikuri pirobe-
bi, riTac unda gavamarTloT mecnieruli codnis sayovelTaoba da aucilebloba. kan-
59
ti kargad xedavs empirizmisa da racionalizmis calmxrivobas da cdilobs am cal-
mxrivobis gadalaxvas. misi azriT, radgan mecnieruli codna ver aSendeba verc mxo-
lod cdis safuZvelze da verc mxolod gonebis saSualebiT, amitom unda moxerxdes
maTi SeerTeba anu sinTezi. kantis mixedviT mecnieruli codna Rirebulia maSin, Tu is
siaxles iZleva. misi azriT, bunebismecniereba sinTezuri da axali codnis matarebe-
lia, magram aseTi codna SemTxveviTobazea damyarebuli. xolo maTematika aprioruli
da analizuri mecnierebaa, romelic ar saWiroebs araviTar cdiseul Semowmebas, masSi
mocemulia aucilebloba da sayovelTaoba, magram aseTi codna araviTar siaxles ar
Seicavs. kantis am msjelobidan Cans empirizmisa da racionalizmis naklis Sevsebis
aucilebloba. es ormxrivi nakli rom daiZlios, kantis azriT, SesaZlebeli unda gax-
des iseTi msjelobebis miReba, romelic erTdroulad apriorulic iqneba da sinTezu-
ric, e.i. unda mivaRwioT sinTezur – aprioruli msjelobebis miRebis da gamarTlebis
SesaZleblobas.
kanti eTanxmeba iumisa da saerTod empirizmis daskvnas, rom cda TavisTavad aravi-
Tar aucileblobas da sayovelTaobas ar iZleva. magram aucileblobis arseboba mecni-
eruli faqtia da saWiroa misi axsna. kantis azriT, radgan cda aucileblobas ar iZle-
va, is unda moiZebnos TviT adamianis cnobierebaSi. swored aseT Ziebas man miuZRvna Ta-
visi fundamenturi naSromi, romelsac `wminda gonebis kritika~ uwoda. kanti, kvleva –
Ziebisa da kritikuli analizis safuZvelze, mivida im daskvnamde, rom mecnieruli cod-
nis obieqturobis, aucileblobisa da sayovelTaobis safuZveli adamianis cnobiereba-
Sia mocemuli. misi azriT, cnobierebas aqvs sami unari: grZnobadoba, gansja da goneba.
grZnobadoba warmoiSoba maSin, rodesac adamianis cnobiereba ukavSirdeba mis gareT
arsebul sagnebs, rasac kanti movlenebs uwodebs. movlenebis moqmedeba adamianis
grZnobadobaze iZleva saazrovno masalas, romelic TavisTavad gauformebelia. mas
aformebs, awesrigebs grZnobadobis aprioruli unari, romelsac kanti wminda drosa da
wminda sivrces uwodebs. e.i. cdis sagnebSi wesrigi Seaqvs subieqtSi arsebul apriorul
drosa da sivrces, xolo sivrcisa da drois aprioruli formebiT mowesrigebul feno-
menebs gansjis unari akavSirebs da am kavSirs wminda kategoriebSi gamoxatavs. es kate-
goriebia: aucilebloba, mizezobrioba, sayovelTaoba, substanciuroba da sxva. amrigad,
iumis mier wamoWrili problema, rom cda ar iZleva aucileblobasa da sayovelTaobis
kanons, kantma ase gadawyvita: aucilebloba da sayovelTaoba arsebobs ara transcen-
denturis sferoSi, aramed is subieqtis imanentur kanonzomierebaSia mocemuli. aqedan
gamomdinare, kanti askvnis: kanonebi, romlebzec mecniereba msjelobs, bunebis kanonebs
ki ar warmoadgenen, aramed bunebaSi kanonebi TviTon cnobierebas Seaqvs, e. i. cnobiere-
bis aprioruli formebi gansazRvraven bunebis kanonebs da saerTod bunebas. amitom Se-
mecneba niSnavs ara bunebis Semecnebas, aramed subieqtSi arsebuli kanonzomierebis Se-
mecnebas. kants cnobierebis aprioruli unarebidan gamoyavs ara mxolod aucilebloba
da sayovelTaoba, aramed is amtkicebs, rom es aucilebloba da sayovelTaoba obieqtu-
ric aris. ras niSnavs obieqturoba? kantis azriT, is rac yvela adamianisTvis sayovel-
Taoa, obieqturic aris. Tu moiZebneba sxvagvarad moazrovne adamiani, romelsac ar eqne-
ba sayovelTao struqturis aprioruli cnobiereba, maSin obieqturoba misTvis sruli-
ad sxva iqneba, magram adamianTa modgmas erTnairi `struqturis~ cnobiereba aqvs da ami-
tom sayovelTao codna obieqturia; adamiani ase rom msjelobs da ara sxvanairad, es
codnis obieqturobis maCvenebelia.
kantis filosofiaSi cnobierebis sam unars – grZnobadobas, gansjas da gonebas –
sami done Seesabameba: empiriuli cnobiereba, transcendentaluri cnobiereba da ideebi.
Semecnebis mizania empiriuli donidan transcendentalur doneze amaRleba. am process
adamiani grZnobadobaSi miRebuli codnis gaazrebisa da kategoriebSi dakavSirebis sa-
fuZvelze axorcielebs.
60
 maS, raSi mdgomareobs kantis agnosticizmis arsi? kantis mixedviT, Semmecnebeli
subieqti WeSmaritebas adgens mxolod movlenaTa sferos mimarT. cnobierebaSi gafor-
mebul movlenebs kanti fenomenebs uwodebs. misi azriT, swored fenomenebze SeiZleba
WeSmariteba – mcdarobis mtkiceba. xolo, rac Seexeba movlenebis miRma arsebul
`nivTs TavisTavads~, romelic subieqts grZnobadobaSi ar eZleva, mis Sesaxeb gonebis
msjeloba iZleva ara fenomenebs, aramed noumenebs. noumenebze gamoTqmuli msjelobe-
bi arc WeSmaritia da arc mcdari, is ar ekuTvnis mecnieruli Semecnebis sferos, ara-
med metafizikis sagania. metafizika kantis azriT, ar aris mecniereba, magram es imas
ar niSnavs, rom filosofiam is uaryo. piriqiT, metafizikuri problemebi filosofii-
saTvis moucilebadia. iseTi problemebi, rogoric aris RmerTis arseboba – ararsebo-
bis, sasruloba – usasrulobis, aucilebloba – Tavisuflebis da sxva, adamianisaTvis
regulatur funqcias asruleben. kantis azriT, SeuZlebelia yovlad sruli ideis ar-
sebobiT RmerTis arseboba vamtkicoT, magram es ar gamoricxavs RmerTis Sesaxeb msje-
lobas. is amtkicebs, rom RmerTis arsebobis ontologiuri dasabuTeba SeuZlebelia,
magram misi daSveba an ardaSveba SesaZlebelia. es Tavisuflebisa da nebelobis sfe-
ros ganekuTvneba, romelic adamians praqtikuli moqmedebisTvis sWirdeba da aranak-
leb mniSvnelovania. kanti nebelobasa da adamianis praqtikul moqmedebas zneobis sfe-
ros akuTvnebs.
bolos unda iTqvas, rom kantma Tavisi gnoseologiuri TeoriiT ver SeZlo imanentu-
ri da transcendenturi samyaros dakavSireba, radgan man Semecneba SemosazRvra mxo-
lod movlenebis sferoTi, xolo `nivTi TavisTavadi~ Seumecnebad transcendentur si-
namdviled gamoacxada. swored amis gamo ewoda kantis Semecnebis Teorias agnosticizmi
da imanentizmi.
kantma Tavisi imanenturi filosofia, romlis mixedviTac, adamiani Semecnebis pro-
cesSi TviTon qmnis bunebas, kopernikiseul gadatrialebas Seadara. rogorc cnobili-
a, kopernikamde Cveni galaqtikis centrad dedamiwa miaCndaT, xolo kopernikma daamtki-
ca, rom galaqtikis centrSi mze imyofeba. am gadatrialebis mniSvnelobas kanti Sem-
degSi xedavs: misi azriT, aqamde mecnierebasa da filosofias gulubryvilod miaCnda,
rom codna Seesabameba realobas, amitom codnis asaxsnelad sinamdviles mimarTavdnen.
kantis azriT es piriqiTaa. Tu gvinda gavigoT mecnieruli codna ra kanonzomierebisa-
a, amisaTvis unda mivmarToT sakuTar imanentur cnobierebas da ara bunebas. kantis az-
riT, imanenturi da transcendenturi cnobiereba TviTon gansazRvravs bunebis kanon-
zomierebas.
kantis filosofiuri moZRvreba mravali problemis momcvelia, mis safuZvelze gan-
viTarda ara mxolod germanuli klasikuri filosofia, aramed misi gavlena bevrma
filosofiurma mimdinareobam ganicada. yvelam sxvadasxvagvarad gaigo kantis filo-
sofia da yvela kants Tvlida Tavis winamorbedad. kantis kritikuli filosofia, Zi-
riTadad, racionalistur moZRvrebas warmoadgens. misi racionalizmi vrceldeba mxo-
lod movlenaTa sferoze. xolo roca goneba movlenebis sferodan `nivTi TavisTava-
dis~ samyaroSi gasvlas cdilobs, maSin goneba, marTalia WeSmaritebas ver adgens,
magram is dialeqtikur azrovnebas emyareba da ara emociur an mistikur intuicias,
rogorc es intuitivizmSia.

61
 sakontrolo kiTxvebi

ras Seiswavlis gnoseologia?

ra moiazreba cnebebSi `Semecnebis obieqti~ da `Semecnebis subieqti~?
romeli SemecnebiTi unarebi axasiaTebs adamians? ra mimarTebaa maT Soris Semecne-
bis procesSi?
ra msgavseba-gansxvavebaa empirizms, sensualizmsa da racionalizms Soris ?
ra aris WeSmariteba?
ra aris intuicia?
ra saerTo damaxasiaTebeli niSani axasiaTebs agnosticizms?
gaaanalizeT sokrates gamonaTqvamebi: `Seican Tavi Seni~ da `me vici, rom araferi
ar vici~.

62
 Tavi V

socialuri da aqsiologiuri problemebi

filosofiaSi.
kultura da civilizacia

kulturis filosofia kulturis, rogorc universalur da yovlismomcvel fe-

nomenze orientirebuli filosofiuri disciplinaa. igi Camoyalibda ori saukunis
mijnaze – XVIII saukunis bolosa da XIX saukunis dasawyisSi. termini `kulturfi-
losofia’ pirvelad ixmara germanelma romantikosma a. miulerma. Tumca unda aRi-
niSnos, rom kulturis Sesaxeb calkeuli mosazrebebi bevrad ufro adre, evropuli
cnobierebis ganviTarebis TiTqmis yvela etapze aRiniSneboda. kulturis filoso-
fia ikvlevs Semdeg problemebs: ra aris kultura? rogoria misi damokidebuleba
bunebasTan? ra ganapirobebs sxvadasxva kulturebis arsebobas? ra kavSiria kultu-
rasa da civilizacias Soris? ra udevs safuZvlad kulturisa da civilizaciis
ganviTarebas? da sxva.
sazogadoeba mravali qvesistemis Semcveli mTliani warmonaqmnia. sainteresoa:
aris ki maT Soris romelime ganmsazRvreli da ganmapirobebeli? yoveli sazogado-
eba, yoveli qveyana ganumeoreblad Taviseburi da TviTmyofadia – Tavisi unikaluri
istoriiT, kulturiT, tradiciebiT. es TavisTavad gulisxmobs garkveuli faqtore-
bis arsebobas, romlebic gancalkevebul socialur qvesistemebs aerTianeben raRac
xarisxobrivad gansazRvrul mTlianobaSi. Tanamedrove filosofiaSi sazogadoebis
mTlianobis dasaxasiaTeblad iyeneben kulturisa da civilizaciis cnebebs.
arsebobs mosazreba, rom kultura `meore bunebaa~. ase Tvlidnen Zvel saberZneT-
Si (magaliTad, demokrite miiCnevda, rom adamiani yovelTvis baZavda bunebas da swav-
lobda misgan. cxovelebisagan igi bevriT aris davalebuli – obobam qsova da kerva
aswavla, mercxalma sabudaris aSeneba, momReralma Citebma simRera da sxva). ramde-
nad swori da misaRebia es gansazRvreba? zogadi TvalsazrisiT, albaT, SeiZleba da-
veTanxmoT. magram, imavdroulad, aucileblad unda gaverkvioT – upirispirdeba kul-
tura bunebas, Tu ara?
sazogadod miCneulia, rom yovelive, rac adamianis xeliTaa Seqmnili, kulturis
sferos ganekuTneba: buneba adamianisTvisaa Seqmnili. igi ki, Tavdauzogavad Sromobs
da qmnis `meore bunebas~ – kulturis sivrces. Tu davukvirdebiT, kultura, upirve-
les yovlisa, bunebiTi fenomenia, Tundac imitom, rom misi Semoqmedi adamiania, anu
biologiuri arseba. garda amisa, bunebis gareSe arc kultura iqneboda, radgan ada-
miani, qmnis ra xelovnur samyaros, bunebis resursebs iyenebs. qmnadobis am procesSi
igi sakuTar bunebriv potencials amJRavnebs da warmoaCens. kultura, uwinaresad, in-
stinqtebis gadalaxva da bunebis daZlevis aqtia. cnobilia, rom cxovelsac SeuZlia
Seqmnas kulturis msgavsi raRac: futkrebi, magaliTad, umSvenieres arqiteqturul
nagebobas, fiWebs akeTeben; obobas qseli, nadirobis iaraRi, gvaocebs Tavisi srul-
yofilebiT; Taxvebi kaSxals ageben. gamodis, rom cxovelebic qmnian raRac iseTs,
rac bunebaSi ar iyo. nuTu, esec kulturaa?
Cven ukve viciT, rom yvela cocxali arsebis (ra Tqma unda, adamianis garda) moR-
vaweoba daprogramirebulia instinqtebiT. Tumca, moRvaweobasac ver davarqmevT am
saqmianobas, radgan mxolod imis Seqmna SeuZliaT, rac maT bunebiT ganpirobebul
programaSia Cadebuli. Tavisufali SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweoba maTTvis ucxo da miuw-
vdomelia. futkars Zala ar Seswevs moqsovos qseli, oboba ki ver SesZlebs yvavile-
bisagan neqtaris aRebas. imisaTvis rom Seqmnas kultura, adamiani dasaCuqrebuli un-

63
da iyos raRac gansakuTrebuli niWiT, madliT, unariT, romelic ar aris Cadebuli
mis saxeobiT programaSi. aseT moulodnel monapovarzea saubari uZveles miTSi
cecxlze, rogorc kulturis pirvelsawyisze.
promeTe titan iapetisa da qalRmerT Temidas Svili iyo. igi simamacisa da simtki-
cis, Tavisuflebisa da adamianebisadmi siyvarulis, progresisa da kacobriobis ke-
TildReobisaTvis mebrZolis maradiul simbolod aris miCneuli. miTi mogviTxrobs,
rom promoTe mtkiced daudga gverdSi zevs, roca man axali, ufro samarTliani wesri-
gis damyareba daisaxa miznad da Ddaufiqreblad ganudga, rodesac zevsi sastik tira-
nad Camoyalibda da umweo kacTa modgmis ganadgurebac ki ganizraxa. promeTes uyvar-
da adamianebi, yovelTvis TanaugrZnobda masze sustebsa da umweoebs. igi ar SeuSinda
yovlisSemZle RmerTis risxvas da adamianTa gadarCena gadawyvita. man adamianebs ime-
di gauRviva da olimpos wminda keridan cecxlic aCuqa. misi wyalobiT adamianebi mix-
vdnen, rom cecxli marto saSiSroeba ki ar iyo, aramed xsna da daxmarebac imavdrou-
lad. promeTem aswavla maT liTonis gamodnoba da xelsawyoebis damzadeba; wera,
kiTxva, angariSi; miaCvia Sromas; man adamianebisaTvis moaSinaura gareuli xari da
uReli daadga kiserze, raTa maT miwa daemuSavebinaT; promeTem gaxedna cxeni da aiZu-
la is adamians damorCileboda; pirveli xomaldic man augo adamianebs; aswavla mkur-
nalobis meTodebi da wamlebis moxmareba; da bolos, keTilmezoblobasa da mSvidobi-
an Tanacxovrebas miaCvia.
amrigad, promeTe adamians `WeSmarit Semoqmedad~ moevlina: gamoiyvana bunebiTi,
veluri mdgomareobidan da gonier arsebad aRzarda da Camoayaliba. magram prome-
Tem daSvebulis zRvars gadaaWarba da zevsma samaradJamod dasaja kidec igi. miu-
xedavad sastiki sasjelisa, amayi da mamaci promeTe ar nanobda adamianebisaTvis
gaweul daxmarebas.
filosofiuri kuTxiT rogori daskvna SeiZleba gakeTdes Cveni TemisaTvis am
miTidan? upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom miTSi warmoCenilia CvenTvis
ukve cnobili faqti – kultura sxva realobaa, vidre buneba. igi, SeiZleba iT-
qvas, saCuqaria, romlis meSveobiTac adamianebi, bunebis Svilebi, eziaren sruli-
ad gansxvavebul cxovrebas. es garkveuli amxedrebac aris bunebis winaaRmdeg.
tyuilad xom ar aris miCneuli evropul kulturaSi kulturis saTaveebTan
mdgari promoTe gmiris, mebrZolisa da meamboxis simbolod.
gasaTvaliswinebelia miTSi mocemuli kidev erTi Strixi. adamianisaTvis kultu-
ra sulac ar aris ubralo da uvnebeli monapovari. es `saCuqari~ saSiSroebasac
Seicavs. miTi gvafrTxilebs kidec, rom misi ganviTareba garkveul dramatizmTan
aris dakavSirebuli. kulturas adamianisaTvis marto sikeTe ar moaqvs, aramed sama-
gierosac azRvevinebs daufiqrebeli moqmedebisaTvis.
promeTes miTidan CvenTvis mTavari Semdegia: kultura buneba ar aris, igi xe-
lovnuri Semoqmedebis nayofia; kultura garkveuli radikaluri Semobrunebaa sam-
yaros organul ganviTarebaSi.
da mainc, ra aris kultura? kultura laTinurad damuSavebas, movlas niSnavs.
pirvelad es termini gamoiyena Zv. w. III – II saukunis romaelma moRvawem katonma. man
dawera wigni soflis meurneobis Sesaxeb, sadac sityva `kultura~ ixmara miwis, ni-
adagis damuSavebis, movla – patronobis aRsaniSnavad. Semdgom am terminma Seicva-
la Tavisi mniSvneloba da gamoyenebul iqna adamianis sulieri saqmianobis mimarT.
amis dasturia cnobili gamoTqma `filosofia aris sulis kultura~, romelic
ekuTvnis Zv. w. I saukunis mozrovnes cicerons (Zv. w. 106 –143). e.i. mas mxedvelobaSi
qonda ukve ara miwis damuSaveba, aramed suliereba, sulis kultura anu filosofi-
a. antikur cnobierebaSi cneba kultura gaigivebuli iyo cneba `paideia~-sTan, e.i.

64
ganaTlebulobasTan. platonis azriT, paideia adamianis, mTeli misi arsebis Sec-
vlis saxelmZRvanelo principia.
Sua saukuneebSi ufro xSirad ixmareboda sityva `kulti~, vidre `kultura~. igi
gulisxmobda da asaxavda adamianis unars, miswrafebas RmerTis siyvarulSi warmoe-
Cina da ganexorcielebina sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi potenciali.
renesansis epoqaSi xdeba kulturaze antikurobis Sexedulebebis aRorZineba. es
ki, upirveles yovlisa, niSnavs adamianis aqtiuri SemoqmedebiTi sawyisis warmoCine-
bas, rac amaRlebuli, harmoniuli ganviTarebisaken swrafvaSi gamoixateba. am peri-
odSi safuZveli eyreba kulturis gaigivebis tendencias sulieri moRvaweobis sxva-
dasxva sferoebTan: moralTan, xelovnebasTan, filosofiasTan, religiasTan.
ganmanaTleblobis epoqis filosofosebi kulturas ganixilavdnen, rogorc ada-
mianuri moRvaweobis avtonomiur da RirebulebiT sferos. kulturis umniSvnelova-
nesi aspeqti, maTi azriT, gonebis taZris agebaa. maTve SeimuSaves kulturuli moR-
vaweobis kriteriumebis sistema: kulturuli moRvaweoba unda iyos inteleqtualu-
ri, SemoqmedebiTi, produqtiuli, novatoruli.
XIX saukuneSi kultura, upirveles yovlisa, gagebuli iyo, rogorc Rirebuleba-
Ta da ideebis sistema.
kultura warmoudgenelia adamianis gareSe: man Seqmna igi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
es bunebaa, romelsac adamiani `xelmeored qmnis~ da amiT imkvidrebs Tavs, rogorc
adamiani. gardaqmnis ra mis garemomcvel bunebas, adamiani sakuTar Tavsac, e.i. Tavis
Sinagan adamianur bunebasac gardaqmnis. maSasadame, adamianisaTvis YmTavari marto
bunebis aTviseba da misi gardaqmna ar aris, bevrad ufro mniSvnelovania Sinagani
bunebis wvdoma da srulyofisaken swrafva. am azriT uwodebdnen adamians yovel-
Tvis `kulturul adamians~, e.i. `SemoqmedebiT adamians~. frangi kulturologis Jan
mari benuas azriT, kultura adamianuri moRvaweobis specifikaa, is, rac axasiaTebs
adamians, rogorc saxeobas. amaoa adamianis Zieba kulturamdel periodSi. misi ga-
moCena istoriis arenaze ukve kulturis fenomenad unda ganvixiloT. igi siRrmiseu-
ladaa dakavSirebuli adamianis arsTan da adamianis, rogorc adamianad gansazR-
vris aucilebel niuans warmoadgens.
kultura adamianis mier Seqmnili obieqtebis namdvili saganZuria. magram, sainte-
resoa, ram ganapiroba es araCveulebrivi gadasvla bunebrividan arabunebrivze? ger-
maneli filosofosi karl iaspersi, msjelobda ra kulturis wina istoriul peri-
odze, aRniSnavda: `Cven araferi viciT arc istoriis SemoqmedebiT momentebze, arc
sulieri srulyofis formebze, CvenTvis mxolod Sedegebia cnobili da am Sedegebis
safuZvelze gvixdeba daskvnebis gakeTeba~. arsebiTi am Tvisobriv naxtomSi, albaT,
mainc Semdegi momentebia: cecxlisa da xelsawyoebis gamoyeneba; metyvelebis warmo-
Soba; adamianTa jgufebisa da erTobebis Camoyalibeba, romlebic safuZvelSive gan-
sxvavdebian sxva cocxali arsebebis jgufebisa da erTobebisagan, ramdenadac emyare-
bian gacnobierebul urTierTobebs.
adamiani bunebas mxolod im azriT gaemijna, rom sakuTari adamianuri samyaro Seeq-
mna – kulturis, rogorc msoflio evoluciis Semdgomi safexuris, samyaro. magram,
imavdroulad, igi akavSirebs kidec bunebasa da kulturas. kulturis, rogorc adamia-
nis Semoqmedebis nayofsa da bunebas Soris damakavSirebeli rgolis rols asrulebs
moRvaweoba, e.i. adamianis mravalmxrivi, Tavisufali aqtivoba, romelsac garkveuli Se-
degi moaqvs. igi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, bevrad ufro farTo movlenaa, vidre is, rac
instinqtebSia `Cawerili~. aseT aqtivobas adamianis goneba, nebisyofa da grZnobebi ga-
napirobeben. adamianis moRvaweoba, upirveles yovlisa, misi cnobierebis aqtivobaa,
cnobiereba ki kulturuli movlenac aris da kulturuli Semoqmedebis saSualebac.

65
am azriT kultura ganisazRvreba, rogorc mTeli kacobriobis moRvaweobis Sedegi,
sulieric da materialuric.
adamiani unikaluri Semoqmedia. igi miiswrafvis ara marto naxevradgacnobierebuli
operaciebis Sesrulebisaken, aramed gaazrebuli saqmianobis, moRvaweobisaken. swored
es aris mTavari da swored amiT gansxvavdeba misi MmoRvaweoba, vTqvaT, obobas instin-
qturi reaqciebisagan. gaazrebul saqmianobas win uswrebs idealuri proeqti (borblis
idea ufro adre daibada, vidre Seiqmna Tavad borbali). swored aq ibadeba Semoqmede-
biTi moRvaweoba, romelic SeuZlebelia gonebis, winaswar dasaxuli miznebis gaazre-
bisa da Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebis, Semfasebluri poziciis gareSe. es aris adamianis
SemoqmedebiTi, Tavisufali moRvaweoba.
erTi ram aris gasaTvaliswinebeli. adamianis moRvaweoba mravalmxrivia. mravalfe-
rovania misi Sedegebic, adamianuri aqtivobis produqtebi. yvela maTgani ganekuTvneba
kulturis sferos? magaliTad, aris Tu ara guTnis Seqmna kulturis aqti? Seqmnis mi-
zani da idea, konkretuli moqmedebebis gegma da a.S., adamianis gonebisa da sulis mu-
Saobis elementebia, gamzadebuli guTani ki civilizaciis monapovaria. e.i. adamianis
xeliT Seqmnili yvela sagani ar ganekuTvneba kulturis sferos. verc imas vityviT,
rom yvela adamiani kulturulia. ukulturoba, anu kulturis dabali done, erT ra-
meze migvaniSnebs – mosaxleobis garkveuli nawili CamoSorda Tavis kulturas. uwig-
nuroba, uzneoba, kulturis normebis Sesabamisi qcevebis, urTierTobis Cvevebis arqo-
na, bunebisadmi gulgrili, daufiqrebeli, gauazrebeli damokidebuleba da dabali
kulturuli donis sxva msgavsi gamovlinebebi, araswori, cudi politikis, an sulac
misi ararsebobis Sedegia. ukulturoba Segnebuli politikis Sedegic SeiZleba iyos,
romelsac, albaT, antikulturas Tu vuwodebT da rasac, rogorc wesi, saukunebis
ganmavlobaSi Seqmnili da Camoyalibebuli kulturuli Rirebulebebis gaufasureba--
ganadgureba mosdevs (Cveni axali istoriisaTvisac iyo damaxasiaTebeli kulturisad-
mi msgavsi nihilisturi damokidebuleba, rac, magaliTad, e.w. `proletaruli kultu-
ris~ zeobis periodSi gamoixateboda taZrebis ngreviT, xatebis SebilwviT, sxvagva-
rad moazrovne cnobili kulturuli da sazogado moRvaweebis wignebis akrZalviT,
mwerlebis, xelovani adamianebis, sasuliero pirebis fizikuri ganadgurebiT).
garda amisa, arsebobs saqmianobis iseTi saxeebi, romlebic Sors arian SemoqmedebiTi
wvis procesisagan. am SemTxvevaSi Semoqmedebaze saubari marTebuli ar iqneba. es, er-
Txel ukve aRmoCenilis, Seqmnilis aRdgenaa, rogorc Cvens magaliTSi: guTnis ideac da
misi gadamuSaveba-srulyofac kulturis sferoa, xolo Tavad guTani – civilizaciis.
raRa Tqma unda, aseTi gamijvna pirobiTia, magram aucilebelia sakiTxis ukeT gaazrebi-
saTvis.
kulturis cnebaSi moiazreba materialur da sulier RirebulebaTa sistema, ma-
Ti Seqmnis saSualebebi, adamianis formireba, romelsac Zala Seswevs aiTvisos wi-
namorbedi da Tanamedrove Taobebis gamocdileba da gamoiyenos igi axali Rirebu-
lebiTi sistemis Sesaqmnelad. TiToeuli kultura Seicavs mdgrad, ucvlel elemen-
tebs, e.i. kulturul universaliebs (sazogadoebrivi warmoeba, Sroma, Tavisufali
dro da urTierToba, sazogadoebrivi wesrigi da marTva, ganaTleba da aRzrda, su-
lieri cxovreba – religia, zneobrivi cnobiereba, xelovneba, literatura da sxva)
da warmaval elementebs, romlebic warmoiSvebian da qrebian konkretul istoriul
pirobebSi.
kulturis mTlianoba, romelsac adamiani yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi awydeba, esaa
adamianis materialuri da sulieri cxovrebis, saerTod materialuri da sulieri
kulturis mTlianoba. maT Soris zRvari pirobiTia.
materialuri kultura. materialur kulturaSi Sedis materialuri warmoebis sa-
Sualebani, arqiteqturuli Zeglebi, Senoba – nagebobani, komunikaciisa da satran-
66
sporto saSualebani, parkebi, adamianis mier saxecvlili landSafti da a.S. garda
amisa, materialuri kultura moicavs warsulis Zeglebs, arqeologiur obieqtebs da
sxva.
sulieri kultura moicavs, erTi mxriv, sulieri moRvaweobis Sedegebs, meore
mxriv, TviT am moRvaweobas. sulieri kulturis artefaqtebi sxvadasxva formiT arse-
bobs. esenia: zne-Cveulebani da adamianis qcevis formebi, Camoyalibebuli konkretul-
istoriul pirobebSi; zneobrivi, esTetikuri, religiuri da politikuri idealebi,
mecnieruli codna da sxva. es aris inteleqtualuri, sulieri moRvaweobis Sedegebi.
kulturis subieqtia individi (pirovneba), socialuri jgufi an mTlianad sazoga-
doeba. ganasxvaveben jgufur (erovnuli, didi da patara qalaqis, megapolisis, sof-
lis, klasis, profesiuli jgufis da a.S.) da individualur kulturas. Tanamedrove
sazogadoebaSi jgufuri kulturis farglebSi
ansxvaveben masobriv da elitarul kulturas.
elitaruli kultura SeiZleba ganvmartoT, rogorc pirovnuli sawyisis Zieba
da damkvidreba. igi rTuli, seriozuli da daxvewilia da gamoirCeva novatoruli
xasiaTiT. misi produqcia gaTvlilia sazogadoebis daxvewil inteleqtualur eli-
taze.
masobrivi kulturis warmoSobas xeli Seuwyo masobrivi komunikaciebis saSua-
lebaTa ganviTarebam – gazeTebi, popularuli Jurnalebi, radio, televizia, kinema-
tografi, kompiuteri, interneti. am saSualebaTa wyalobiT samomxmareblo bazari
gadavsebulia mrvalricxovani `boevikebiT~, `sapnis operebiT~, deteqtivebiT, bestse-
lerebiT. arsebuli mdgomareoba araerTgvarovnad SeiZleba Sefasdes. erTis mxriv,
kultura bevrad ufro demokratiuli xasiaTis gaxda, anu kulturas eziara sazo-
gadoebis farTo auditoria; meore mxriv, informaciis masobriv saSualebaTa komer-
cializaciam ganapiroba iseTi saSualebebis gamoyeneba, romlebic aqveiTeben mis Se-
moqmedebiT potencials, amdableben da
uxams xdian maRal, daxvewil kulturas.
da bolos, individualuri kultura. igi adamianis socialurobis sazomia. ro-
goric adamiania, iseTivea misi kulturac. adamiani kulturulia imdenad, ra zomi-
Tac iTavisebs da axorcielebs sazogadoebis umaRles Rirebulebebs. adamianis zo-
gadi Sexedulebebi kulturaze nakleb mniSvnelovania. masze, adamianze, rogorc pi-
rovnebaze, bevrad ufro metyvelebs is, Tu rogor da ra xarisxiT iTavisebs da
axorcielebs cxovrebaSi igi am Sexedulebebs (lion foixtvangers moTxrobaSi
`saxli mwvane quCaze~ metad sayuradRebo mosazreba aqvs gamoTqmuli: uamrav Tavi-
sebur rituals Soris Cven, ebraelebs, gvaqvs erTi, romelmac me, Cavwvdi ra mis
WeSmarit arss, amaRelva: paseqis pirvel saRamos, vdResaswaulobT ra egviptelebis
monobisagan gaTavisuflebas, Rvinos vsvamT. magram, vidre SevsvamT, aT wveTs gadmo-
vasxamT sasmisidan, im aTi sasjelis mosagoneblad, RmerTma egviptelebs rom mouv-
lina. Cveni mtrebis tanjvis gaxseneba aTi wveTiT amcirebs sixaruliT savse sas-
miss. am Cveulebis safuZvelze pataraobidanve mivxvdi, rom Cemi mtrebic adamianebi
arian da arasodes brmad aRar mixaroda arc maTi warumatebloba da arc sikvdi-
li). amrigad, kultura aris adamianuri moRvaweobis Sedegad realizebuli, ganxor-
cielebuli individualuri da sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba, idealebi da gemovneba,
zneobrivi miTiTebebi da politikuri miswrafebebi.
`kultura maradiulobis dasawyisia~ (n. berdiaevi), am maradiulobas ki ganapiro-
bebs adamianis mxolod iseTi moRvaweoba, romelic gulisxmobs SemoqmedebiT nax-
toms, sulis SemoqmedebiT wvas, aRmafrenas, axal sulier sivrceSi garRvevas, ax-
lis qmnadobas. adamianis es unari unikaluri da WeSmaritad RvTaebrivia. magram,

67
rodesac kulturaSi cocxali SemoqmedebiTi suli qreba, igi civilizaciaSi gada-
dis.
kultura, rogorc aRvniSneT, adamianuri moRvaweobis yvela sferos moicavs, sa-
zogadoebis yvela qvesistemas (ekonomikuri, socialuri, politikuri da sulieri)
akavSirebs da erT mTlianobaSi aerTianebs. magram kulturuli procesis koordina-
tebs civilizacia da misi normebi gansazRvraven. erTi da igive civilizaciis far-
glebSi SeiZleba arsebobdes mravali kultura, magaliTad, evropuli civilizacia
aerTianebs frangul, germanul, inglisur da a.S. kulturebs. swored kulturiT
gansxvavdebian es xalxebi erTmaneTisgan – qcevis normebiT, CvevebiTa da Cveulebe-
biT, eniT, istoriiT, religiiT da a.S., anu imiT, rac maT eTno-socialur individu-
alobas asaxavs.
kulturas siRrmiseulad aqvs gadgmuli fesvebi civilizaciaSi, igi misi `sis-
xli da xorcia~. maTi kavSiri da urTierTdamokidebuleba imdenad Rrma da Sesam-
Cnevia, rom specialistebis garkveuli nawili am cnebebs aigivebs. es ar aris Sem-
TxveviTi: sazogadoebis ganviTarebis normalur mdgomareobaSi maTi erTmaneTisagan
garCeva praqtikulad SeuZlebelia. civilizacia da kultura ganuyofelia: civili-
zacia ar arsebobs kulturis gareSe, arc kultura arsebobs civilizaciis gareSe.
gansxvaveba maT Soris imaSi mdgomareobs, rom civilizacia qmnis kulturuli pro-
cesis wanamZRvrebs da am procesis reglamentirebas axdens. kultura ki, rogorc
axlis Semoqmedi, Tavis mxriv qmnis civilizaciis ganviTarebis pirobebs. kultura
Tavisufali moRvaweobaa, romelic gulisxmobs civilizaciis mier wamoyenebuli,
nakarnaxevi socialuri normebis realizacias. igi sazogadoebis sulier da materi-
alur RirebulebaTa erTobliobaa, e.i. sazogadoebis RirebulebiTi monapovaria.
kulturas, rogorc civilizaciis erT-erT elements, damoukideblad ganviTare-
bis unari aqvs. mas SeuZlia daupirispirdes kidec civilizacias. swored es aris
rogorc kulturis, ise civilizaciis ganviTarebis safuZveli. kulturasa da civi-
lizacias Soris igiveobriobaze saubari SesaZlebeli iqneba mxolod im SemTxveva-
Si, rodesac civilizacia mTlianad daTrgunavs da gadafaravs kulturas. es ki
sxva araferia, Tu ara cxovrebis teqnikur – meqanikuri, arasulieri formebis ba-
tonoba da pirovnebis SemoqmedebiTi iniciativis CaxSoba. adamianis qcevis (mniSvne-
loba ar aqvs, romeli sfero iqneba) mkacri reglamentireba sazogadoebas uZraobis
mdgomareobaSi ayenebs da ganviTarebis saSualebas ar aZlevs – sazogadoeba kar-
gavs axal, cvalebad moTxovnebTan, realobebTan Seguebis, adaptaciis unars. amitom
kulturis `sikvdili~ mTeli sociumis daRupvis tolfasia. amis magaliTebi mrav-
ladaa civilizaciebis istoriaSi – odesRac mZlavri civilizaciebis daRupvis Sem-
deg ayvavebuli kulturebis mxolod nangrevebiRa rCeboda.
civilizacia xasiaTdeba adamianis arsebobisaTvis Seqmnili rogorc dadebiTi,
ise negatiuri pirobebiT. misgan gansxvavebiT kultura RirebulebaTa sferoa. yove-
live, rac civilizaciis CarCoebSia Seqmnili, masac ekuTvnis. Tumca, isic unda ga-
vacnobieroT, rom, rac, magaliTad, sazogadoebrivi warmoebis sferoSi iqmneba, ar
SeiZleba yovelTvis kulturas mivakuTvnoT, e.i. yvelaferi, rac civilizaciis mie-
raa Seqmnili, ar aris kulturuli. vTqvaT, adamianebis masobrivi ganadgurebis sa-
Sualebebi. Cven viciT, rom es saSualebebi XX saukunis evropuli civilizaciis
produqtia, magram SeiZleba ki isini kulturis sferos mivakuTvnoT? igi xom Tavisi
arsiT ewinaaRmdegeba, upirispirdeba da realur safrTxes uqmnis kulturas da
mTel kacobriobas. XX saukunis civilizaciam memkvidreobiT dagvitova gaxrwnili,
mkvdari xelovnuri zRvebi, kalapotebi Seucvala mdinareebs – yvelaferi es gakeT-
da adamianis mier, inJineruli gaTvlebisa da mSeneblobis normebisa da wesebis sa-
fuZvelze. Sedegad ki daitbora da kvlav itboreba kulturis obieqtebi, icvleba
68
klimati. samwuxarod, realobaa adamiansa da bunebas Soris konfliqti. adamiani
aRar elodeba bunebisagan wyalobas, Tavad iRebs misgan rac sWirdeba da rac ar
sWirdeba da ar fiqrobs, rom aseTi daufiqrebeli moqmedebiT zians ayenebs an su-
lac anadgurebs bunebas da mere sakuTar Tavs. gamoricxuli ar aris, rom bunebi-
sadmi gauazrebelma damokidebulebam msoflio masStabis ekologiuri katastrofa
gamoiwvios.
Sejamebis mizniT, SevecadoT vupasuxoT Semdeg kiTxvas: aris Tu ara sinamdvile-
Si kultura sulis zeoba? sxvadasxva epoqis moazrovneebs araerTxel ucdiaT gae-
mijnaT erTmaneTisagan adamianis sulis WeSmariti aRmafrena (kultura) da adamianu-
ri moRvaweobis gaqvavebuli formebis aRdgena-reproduqcia (civilizacia). Aai, ras
werda rusi filosofosi
n. berdiaevi (1874 – 1968 ww.)wignSi `kultura da civilizacia~: keTilSobileba yo-
velnairi WeSmariti kulturisa ganisazRvreba imiT, rom kultura aris winaparTa
kulti, Tayvaniscema saflavebisa da Zeglebisadmi, Svilebis mamebTan kavSiri. kul-
tura dafuZnebulia wminda Tqmulebebze da rac ufro Zvelia kultura, igi miT uf-
ro mniSvnelovani da mSvenieria. kultura yovelTvis amayobs Tavisi Zveli warmoSo-
biT, diad warsulTan uwyveti kavSiriT da kulturaze sufevs gansakuTrebuli saxis
RvTiuri madli. kultura, msgavsad eklesiisa, yvelaze metad afasebs Tavis memkvid-
reobiTobas. kulturaSi ar aris sixepre, ar aris upativcemulo damokidebuleba ma-
maTa saflavebisadmi. metismetad axal, gadmocemul kulturas ar aqvs Tqmulebebi
da euxerxuleba Tavisi aseTi yofa. amas ver vityviT civilizaciaze. civilizacia
afasebs Tavis axal warmoSobas, igi ar eZebs Zvel da Rrma saTaveebs da amayobs
dRevandeli gamogonebiT. mas ara hyavs winaprebi da ar uyvars saflavebi. civiliza-
cias yovelTvis iseTi saxe aqvs, TiTqos igi dRes an guSin warmoiSva. masSi yvela-
feri axalTaxalia, yvelaferi dRevandeli dRis moxerxebul pirobebTanaa Seguebu-
li. kulturaSi mimdinareobs maradiulobis didi brZola drosTan, didi winaaRmde-
goba drois damangrevel ZalasTan. kultura sikvdils ebrZvis, Tumca uZluria mas-
ze realuri gamarjvebisaTvis. misTvis Zvirfasia ukvdavyofa, ganuwyvetloba, mem-
kvidreobiToba, simtkice kulturuli qmnilebebisa da Zeglebisa. kultura, romel-
Sic aris religiuri siRrme, yovelTvis miiswrafvis mkvdreTiT aRdgomisaken. am
mxriv religiuri kulturis udides nimuSs warmoadgens Zveli egviptis kultura.
igi mTlianad efuZneboda maradiulobis wyurvils, mTlianad sikvdilTan brZolaSi
iyo. da egviptis piramidebma gadaitanes aTaswleulebi da SemorCnen Cvens dromde.
Tanamedrove civilizacia swored rom ar aSenebs piramidebs da ar zrunavs imisaT-
vis, raTa mis Zeglebs aTaswlovani simtkice hqondes. Tanamedrove civilizaciaSi
yvelaferi swrafwarmavalia.
civilizacia, kulturisagan gansxvavebiT, ar ebrZvis sikvdils, ar surs maradiu-
loba. igi ara mxolod urigdeba drois momakvdinebel Zalas, aramed am momakvdine-
beli droiT zRvarze afuZnebs Tavis yvela warmatebasa da monapovars. civilizaci-
a, iviwyebs ra micvalebulebs, Zalze saamurad da mxiarulad moewyoba sasaflaoze.
civilizacia futuristulia. civilizaciaSi aris sixepre, gayoyoCebuli parvenu. es
sixepre gadaecema kulturasac, romelsac surs iyos savsebiT arareligiuri~.
sainteresoa, Tanamedrove pirobebSic Tu SeiZleba am gansxvavebaze saubari, gvaqvs ki
amisaTvis raime safuZveli? am kiTxvaze pasuxis misaRebad Cven gverds ver avuvliT osu-
ald Spengleris (1880 –1936 ww.) Tvalsazriss, romelic dResac saintereso, aqtualuri
da garkveulwilad winaswarmetyveluricaa.
Spengleris kvlevis sagans msoflio kulturebis (anu `sulieri epoqebis~) Tavi-
sebureba Seadgens. misTvis miuRebelia istoriis sazogadod aRiarebuli pirobiTi
periodizacia – Zveli samyaro, Sua saukuneebi, axali dro. SpenglerisaTvis isto-
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ria erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli kulturebis Tanmimdevrobaa. yoveli kultura
sakuTari sulis matarebelia da Tavisi gziT xorcieldeba. msoflio istoria, ro-
melic moicavs eqvsi aTas wels, warmoadgens rva erTimeorisagan izolirebul da
TanabarmniSnelovan kulturaTa istorias. es kulturebia: egvipturi, induri, babi-
lonuri, Cinuri, berZnul-romauli (`apolonuri~), bizantiur-arabuli (`magiuri~),
maias kultura, dasavleTevropuli (`faustiseuli~). maT garda Spengleri uSvebs
Canasaxovan kulturaTa arsebobas, romlebic ar ganviTardnen da momwifebas ver mi-
aRwies. aseTebad is Tvlis sparsul, xeTur da kitSuas kulturebs. Spengleri exeba
agreTve, `aRmocenebad~ kulturas rusuli kulturis saxiT. TiToeuli maTgani,
cocxali organizmis msgavsad, gadis dabadebis, bavSvobis, axalgazrdobis, simwi-
fis, moxucebulobis periodebs da Sedis Casvenebis, sikvdilis fazaSi, romelsac
Spengleri civilizacias uwodebs.
SpenglerTan msoflio istoriis rva izolorebuli da mniSvnelobiT eqvivalen-
turi kulturebi mxolod droSi arseboben erTimeoris Semdeg da maT Soris aravi-
Tari memkvidreoba ar aris. yoveli kultura Tavis mier gaSlil SesaZleblobebs
da sakuTari sulis gamovlinebebs absoluturad Tavis TavSi inaxavs. yovelive es
kvdeba mis kvdomasTan erTad, mkvdari kulturidan araferi rCeba da arc gadadis
axlad Seqmnil kulturaSi, im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac maT Soris msgavsebaa. yove-
li kultura TavisTavSia Caketili.
Spengleris mixedviT, kulturisa da civilizaciis dapirispireba vlindeba maT
ZiriTad niSnebSi: kulturis safexuri warmoadgens sulis SesaZleblobaTa gamov-
linebas da gaSlas. es aris sicocxlis etapi. civilizacia ki iwyeba sulis SesaZ-
leblobaTa amowurviT. is sikvdilis etapia. kultura sulis batonobaa. civiliza-
cia – inteleqtis. amdenad, kulturaSi RmerTisadmi siyvarulia, civilizaciaSi ki
uRmerToba batonobs. kulturaSi gabatonebul sulier Zalebsa da interesebs civi-
lizaciaSi cvlis materialuri Zalebi da interesebi. kultura ayvavebis safexuria,
civilizacia barbarosobis. Tu kulturaSi sofeli siyvaruls imsaxurebs da mniS-
vnelobis mqonea, civilizaciaSi igi mniSvnelobas kargavs. civilizacia xasiaTdeba
qalaqisadmi ltolviT. garda amisa, civilizaciis niSania pirovnebis gaufasureba
da masaSi gaTqvefa. saerTod adamiani kargavs Rirebulebas. ZiriTadi Rirebuleba
fuli xdeba. fuli yvelaferia, sxva yovelive araferi. fuli xdeba yovlisSemZle
Zala. amas moyveba adamianis damoneba manqanis mier. manqana adamians ara marto
cvlis, aramed imorCilebs kidec da adamianis yovelgvar Tavisuflebas bolo eRe-
ba. fulis da manqanis roli imdenad didia, rom civilizacia SeiZleba ganisazR-
vros, rogorc fulis diqtatura. krizisis faza, civilizacia, Spengleris azriT,
warmoSobs axal adamians. krizisuli epoqis adamiani TviTonac krizisSia, misi
cnobiereba Sepyrobilia dasasrulis da sikvdilis problemebiT. Spengleris az-
riT, cxovelma ar icis sikvdili, Tumca xedavs mas. adamianma icis sikvdili da mis
winaSe SiSi aiZulebs mas Seqmnas msoflmxedveloba, romelic sikvdilis problema-
tikis gaazrebaa. axali epoqis ZiriTad niSnad Spengleri teqnikas miiCnevs (teqnika
masTan ar aris iaraRis tolfasi, teqnika Spenglers esmis rogorc moqmedebis taq-
tika, rogorc mTeli cxovrebis taqtika). teqnikam gaTiSa adamianebi mmarTvelebad
da morCilebad, batonebad da monebad, daukarga maT erTmaneTis gagebis unari. es
adamianis tragediis wanamZRvaria. Spengleri ver xedavs gamosavals teqnikisagan
Seqmnili tragediidan. misi azriT, teqnika viTardeba miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra mo-
aqvs mas adamianisaTvis. teqnika, adamianis qmnilebis saxiT, aRsdga adamianis, misi
Semqmnelis winaaRmdeg, rogorc Tavis droze adamiani bunebis winaaRmdeg. teqnika
imonebs bunebis dammorCilebel adamians. es niSnavs, rom tragedia bolomde unda
mivides, kultura tragikulad unda dasruldes.
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 Spengleris azriT, samyaros meqanizeba saSiS fazaSi Sevida. Seicvala samyaros
organuli saxe (tyeebis gadaqceva qaRaldad, klimatis Secvla da sxva), civiliza-
cia TviTon gaxda manqana. SemoqmedTa adgili daikava manqanam. gadamwyveti gaxda
raodenoba, am raodenobas ki manqana awarmoebs. Spengleri amtkicebs, rom faustise-
uli teqnikis istoria dasasruls uaxlovdeba. misi damsxvreva garduvalia. Tumca
aravin icis, rodis da rogor moxdeba es. aseTi msxvreva bedis garduvalobaa da
aseT SemTxvevaSi optimizmi sulmokleobaa. igi moiTxovs dasasrulis gzaze simama-
cis gamoCenas da Tanamedrove adamianis beds adarebs romaeli jariskacis xvedrs,
romelmac icoda, rom mas garduvali daRupva eloda, magram mainc idga Tavis pos-
tze. adamians SeuZlia xedavdes kulturis mzis Casvenebas, magram ar SeuZlia xeli
SeuSalos mas. am viTarebaSi, Spengleris azriT, SeuZlebelia istorias mivaweroT
raime sazrisi, istoria usazrisoa, radgan is gardamavalia.
Aai, rogor esmis osuald Spenglers kulturisa da civilizaciis gansxvaveba:
`kulturaSi suli batonobs, civilizaciaSi – inteleqti; kulturaSi RmerTis Tay-
vaniscemaa, civilizaciaSi ki uRmerTobaa gabatonebuli; kulturaSi adamianebi cdi-
loben sulier unarTa ganviTarebas, xolo civilizaciaSi – materialuri Zalebis.
kulturis safexurze adamianebi patriotebi arian, civilizaciis safexurze ki kos-
mopolitebi. kulturaSi – morali aqvT, civilizaciaSi ki mas eZeben~.
Spengleris mier gasuli saukunis pirvel naxevarSi Camoyalibebuli Tvalsazri-
si, garkveulwilad, winaswarmetyvelurad JRers. bevrad ufro adre, vidre kompiu-
teri `gamoTvlida~ teqnikuri civilizaciis ganwirulobas, Spenglerma mistikur
JanrSi warmogviCina `evropuli kulturis Casveneba~. `faustiseuli~ suliT gamsWva-
lul civilizacias momavali ar aqvs. igi adamianze `gaTvlilma~ civilizaciam, an-
Tropogenurma civilizaciam unda Caanacvlos. magram rodis moxdeba es, arc es
icis aravin. mTavaria, arsebobdes, Tundac Teoriuli moTxovnileba, SevimecnoT da
aRmovaCinoT kulturuli procesis garkveuli erTianoba, arqetipuri situaciebi,
kulturis ucvleli komponentebis ganmeorebadobis kanonzomierebebi da filoso-
fiuri Wvretis safuZvelze aviTvisoT kacobriobis gansxvavebuli gamocdileba.

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 adamianis RirebulebiT – SefasebiTi
mimarTeba samyarosadmi

Semecneba da Sefaseba. es adamianis samyarosTan damokidebulebis ori erTmaneTis-

gan gansxvavebuli saxea. arsebobs adamianis samyarosTan mimarTebis ramdenime aspeq-
ti: 1) praqtikuli, rac samyarosTan momxmareblur – utilitarul damokidebulebas
niSnavs. es aris adamianis angarebiTi damokidebuleba samyarosTan da sargebliano-
bis miRebas isaxavs miznad; 2) emociuri, romelic gulisxmobs samyaros gancdas ada-
mianis mier. magaliTad, adamiani tkbeba bunebis simSvenieriT, an SeZrwunebulia mosa-
lodneli miwisZvris gamo; 3) aqsiologiuri anu SefasebiTi, RirebulebiTi damokide-
buleba samyarosTan. adamians raRac moswons an ar moswons, ris gamoc, dadebiT an
uaryofiT Sefasebas aZlevs movlenebs. 4) Teoriuli, romelic gulisxmobs raRac
sagnobrivi viTarebis garkvevas, misi Tvisebebis dadgenas. adamians ainteresebs Tvi-
Ton sagani, cdilobs gaarkvios misi arsi, raTa upasuxos kiTxvas, Tu ra aris igi.
amis Sedegad yalibdeba codna sagnis Sesaxeb. swored esaa Semecnebis mizani.
maSasadame, Semecneba aris subieqtis obieqtTan anu adamianis sinamdvilesTan Teo-
riuli damokidebuleba, romlis Sedegad yalibdeba codna mis Sesaxeb. adamianis Se-
mecnebiTi mimarTeba samyarosadmi seriozul rols TamaSobs mis saqmianobaSi, magram
aranakleb mniSvnelovania adamianis mier samyaros movlenaTa Sefaseba, romelic ar-
sebiTad gansxvavdeba Semecnebisagan.
Semecnebis procesSi adamiani cdilobs gamoikvlios arsebuli, daadginos misi ar-
si da niSan-Tvisebebi. am dros yalibdeba codna yofierebis anu arsis Sesaxeb, rome-
lic aris is, rac aris an is, rac ar aris.
Sefasebis procesSi adamiani gamoxatavs Tavis damokidebulebas sagnisadmi. am
dros igi mas ki ar axasiaTebs, aramed afasebs. Sefaseba subieqturia, radgan igi ar
aris sagnobrivi viTarebis dadgena. adamianis mier samyaros movlenaTa Sefaseba xor-
cieldeba or, emociur da Teoriul doneze. igi maT uSualod ganicdis, amitom Ta-
vis damokidebulebas gamoxatavs siyvaruliT da siZulviliT, sixaruliT da mwuxare-
biT, uSfoTvelobiT da SeSfoTebiT, imediT an SiSiT da a. S. maT safuZvelze adami-
ans uyalibdeba Sesabamisi guneba-ganwyobileba, romelic samyarosadmi misi emociuri
damokidebulebis Sedegia. igi subieqtur-individualuria, radgan ganpirobebulia in-
dividis bio-fsiqikuri organizaciis TaviseburebiT. yovel individs samyaros piradi,
sakuTari gancda aqvs.
samyaros emociuri gancdis analizi fsiqologiis da ara filosofiis amocanaa.
filosofias ainteresebs adamianis samyarosTan mimarTebis racionalur-Teoriuli
aspeqti. maSasadame, emociur da Teoriul Sefasebas saerTo aqvs is, rom orive gamo-
xatavs movlenaTa mimarT adamianiseul, subieqtur damokidebulebas, magram maT So-
ris arsebiTi gansxvavebaa. pirveli emociuria, amitom gancdiseuli, xolo meore –
racionaluri, amitom azriseuli. ra ganapirobebs subieqturi Sefasebis obieqturo-
bas? mas safuZvlad udevs Rirebuleba, Sefaseba, romelic gamoxatavs adamianis subi-
eqtur damokidebulebas sagnisadmi. Sefaseba obieqturi iqneba mxolod im SemTxveva-
Si, Tu igi daefuZeba Rirebulebas.
adamianis saqmianobis yovel sferos Tavisi Rirebuleba aqvs. mecnierebas – WeSma-
riteba da mcdaroba, xelovnebas – mSveniereba da simaxinje, zneobas – sikeTe da bo-

72
roteba, politikas – samarTlianoba da usamarTloba, samarTals – kanoniereba da
ukanonoba da a. S. maT bazaze yalibdeba Sesatyvis RirebulebaTa mTeli speqtri.
filosofia sxva problemebTan erTad Seiswavlis kulturul Rirebulebebs da
amdenad is Tavadac sulieri kulturis fenomenia. kulturasa da filosofias Soris
kavSiri Rirebulebebis gaazrebis safuZvelze myardeba. aqsiologiuri kvlevis prob-
lemebi swored iqeTkenaa mimarTuli, rom axsnas kulturisa da Rirebulebebis sa-
kiTxi, raTa aCvenos, ra faqtorebi, ra stimulebi da motivebi ganapirobs adamianTa
cxovrebis wess. am axsnam unda aCvenos is tendenciebi, saiTkenac adamiani da sazoga-
doebis istoria unda miiswrafvodes, raTa gaucxoebas Tavi daaRwios da namdvil Ta-
visuflebas eziaros. gaucxoeba swored imas niSnavs, rom adamiani da sazogadoeba,
Segnebulad Tu Seugneblad, akeTebs imas, rac mas Tavisuflebas arTmevs. amitom,
adamiani cdilobs daemyaros im Rirebulebebs, romelic mas momavalSi sikeTes da
warmatebas moutans. aq saqme exeba imas, rac jer ar aris, magram unda dadges, unda
ganxorcieldes. amas filosofiaSi jerarsis problema hqvia. imas, rac unda moxdes
da jer ar aris, aregulirebs Rirebulebis matarebeli idea an ideali. am gagebiT
Rirebulebebi gvevlinebian ideebis da idealebis rolSi. nebisyofis Tavisufleba
swored imas niSnavs, rom mas arCevnis SesaZlebloba aqvs. magram rom airCios, ami-
saTvis saWiroa goneba, romelmac unda Seafasos misi arCevani da ifiqros im jerar-
sze da im Sedegebze, rasac am arCevnisagan elodeba. amitom adamiani, rogorc Semfa-
sebeli, aregulirebs grZnobebis, emociebis, nebisyofis da gonebis urTierTobebs.
aseTi gagebiT, adamianis sicocxlis azrs da cxovrebis mizans, mis SemoqmedebiT
aqtivobas da Tavisuflebas, RirebulebiTi xedva da swori arCevani gansazRvravs.
germaneli filosofosi, filosofiuri anTropologiis da aqsiologiis problemebis
yvelaze TvalsaCino mkvlevari, maqs Seleri (1874 – 1928 ww.) sibrmaved Tvlis, Tu Ri-
rebulebebs ver aRiqvam da swor arCevans ver akeTeb. misi azriT, RirebulebaTa
wvdoma anu xedva emociur intuiciazea damyarebuli, xolo swori arCevnis safuZ-
vels intuiciuri sicxade warmoadgens. Selers Rirebulebebis wvdomis da gagebis
erTaderT saSualebad fenomenologiuri reduqciis meTodi miaCnia. am meTodiT ada-
miani uRrmavdeba Tavis sulier samyaros, gancdebs da emociebs, interesebs da mis-
wrafebebs. am meTodis Tavisebureba imaSia, rom is gancdis faqtebidan anu Sedegebi-
dan mizezebis Ziebas awarmoebs. fenomenologia mecnierebaTa meTodi ki ar aris, ara-
med imgvari intuiciuri xedvaa, romelic sulier fenomenebSi, RirebulebebSi dagva-
naxvebs iseT raimes, rac mis gareSe sruliad dafaruli darCeboda. aseT xedvas Se-
leri fenomenologiur ganwyobas uwodebs.
Seleris mixedviT, intuiciuri xedva aRmoaCens RirebulebaTa rangobriv wesrigs,
dabal da maRal Rirebulebebs. erT Rirebulebas meoresTan mimarTebaSi upiratesoba
aqvs siyvarulis siZlieris gamo. Rirebulebani siZulvilisa da siyvarulis xarisxis
mixedviT gansxvavdebian, xolo am gansxvavebisa da upiratesobis xedva intuiciuri
sicxadiT miiwvdomeba. Seleris mixedviT, siyvarulis umaRles mwvervals warmoad-
gens umaRlesi sikeTe anu RmerTi, xolo yvela danarCeni Rirebuleba gasxivosnebu-
lia RmerTis ideiT. amitom, adamianis sicocxles azrs aZlevs umaRlesi Rirebulebe-
bisken swrafva.
filosofiaSi mniSvnelovan sakiTxs warmoadgens imis garkveva, Tu rogor, ra
formiT arseboben Rirebulebani. sxvadasxva filosofiur sistemaSi es sakiTxi gan-
sxvavebulad wydeba. erTni amtkiceben, rom Rirebulebani arseboben mxolod subieq-
turad, xolo meoreni amtkiceben, rom Rirebulebebi obieqturia da ar aris damoki-
debuli subieqtze, subieqtur emociebze da sxva. magram yvela aRiarebs, rom Rirebu-
lebebs aqvT mniSvneloba da sazriss aZleven adamianis cxovrebas. es udavoa, radgan
Tu kacobriobis kultura RirebulebaTa xorcSesxmaa da mTeli adamianuri Semoqme-
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deba maszea agebuli, maSin filosofiisaTvis imaze mniSvnelovani ra unda iyos, vid-
re RirebulebaTa gaazreba da amis safuZvelze jerarsis gansazRvra. es aris filo-
sofiuri msoflmxedvelobis upirvelesi amocana da daniSnuleba. yvela filosofiu-
ri problema – ontologiuri, gnoseologiuri da aqsiologiuri – swored am amoca-
nis gadawyvetas emsaxureba.
Tanamedrove filosofiaSi RirebulebebTan dakavSirebul problemebze dava arc
axlaa ganelebuli da is albaT usasrulod gagrZeldeba, radgan aq saqme exeba iseT
msoflmxedvelobriv sakiTxebs, romelTa erTmniSvnelovnad gadawyveta rom SeiZle-
bodes, filosofia saWiro ar iqneboda. filosofia, upirveles yovlisa, Ziebas niS-
navs da ara damTavrebul doqtrinas. filosofiuri Ziebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan sa-
kiTxs warmoadgens adamianis problema.

nihilizmi da RirebulebaTa
gadafasebis problema

yvela epoqas Tavisi Sesatyvisi Rirebulebebi aqvs, rac ganpirobebulia epoqis xa-
siaTiT. antikur periodSi mas miTologia da filosofia gansazRvravda. Sua saukune-
ebSi gabatonebuli mdgomareoba moipova religiam, ramac ganapiroba Sesabamis Rire-
bulebaTa warmoqmna; aRorZinebis epoqaSi upiratesoba humanisturma da saero idea-
lebma moipoves; axal droSi kapitalizmis Camoyalibebas da damkvidrebas Tan mohyva
sabazro ekonomikis da demokratiis Sesabamisi Rirebulebebi. mecnierul – teqnikuri
progresis epoqaSi wamyvani faseuloba gaxda mecniereba da teqnika.
rogorc vnaxeT, epoqaTa cvalebadobis kvaldakval xdeba RirebulebaTa Secvla. im-
sxvreva Zveli da mis adgils TandaTanobiT ikavebs axali. es aris RirebulebaTa gada-
fasebis procesi, romlis Sedegad mimdinareobs Zveli epoqis gamomxatveli Rirebule-
bebis Secvla axali epoqis Sesatyvisi idealebiT. es normaluri procesia, radgan mas
aucileblobiT moiTxovs sazogadoebrivi progresi.
sul sxva viTarebasTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac bWoba exeba nihilizms. igi warmodgeba
laTinuri sityvidan `nihil~, rac niSnavs araras. nihilizmi aris Teoria, romelic mo-
iTxovs ara RirebulebaTa gadafasebas, aramed saerTod uaryofs yovelgvari Rirebu-
lebis mniSvnelobas. igi ar atarebs principul gansxvavebas dadebiT da uaryofiT Ri-
rebulebebs Soris. romels daamkvidrebs adamiani – WeSmaritebas Tu sicrues, samar-
Tlianobas Tu usamarTlobas, kanonierebas Tu ukanonobas, amas araviTari mniSvneloba
ar aqvs. nihilizmisaTvis dadebiT da uaryofiT Rirebulebebs erTnairi fasi aqvs. ami-
tom sulerTia maTgan romels ganaxorcielebs adamiani. es aris RirebulebaTa gaufa-
surebis, devalvaciis procesi, radgan Tu WeSmaritebasa da mcdarobas, zneobasa da uz-
neobas erTnairi mniSvneloba aqvs, maSin ra fasi aqvs maT Soris gansxvavebas? yvelafe-
ri damokidebulia pirovnebis nebaze. yovel individs SeuZlia airCios is, rac mas moe-
surveba. visac unda sikeTe, SeuZlia ganaxorcielos igi, magram visac unda boroteba,
imave uflebiT SeuZlia misi ganxorcieleba. yvelaferi SesaZlebelia, amitom nebadar-
Tulia.
nihilizmis praqtikuli Sedegia voluntarizmi – TviTneboba da ganukiTxaoba. aravis
araferi ekisreba, visac ra unda, is akeTos. ar arsebobs obieqturi kriteriumebi, rom-
lis mixedviT SesaZlebeli iqneboda vinmes qmedebis Sefaseba da gansja, radgan ar ar-
sebobs savaldebulo da sayovelTao mniSvnelobis Rirebulebani. yvela Rirebuleba

74
subieqturia, ase vTqvaT, erTnairad fasobs. amitom visac ra unda, imas airCevs da gaa-
keTebs. am mxriv adamians aqvs absoluturi, SeuzRudavi Tavisufleba.
nihilizmi igive skepticizmia, oRond RirebulebaTa sferos mimarT. arcerT mo-
rals upiratesoba ar gaaCnia. yovel individs Tavisi morali aqvs, amitom veravin
sxvas ver gansjis. ar arsebobs sayovelTao da savaldebulo morali, romlis mixed-
viT SesaZlebeli iqneboda obieqturi gansja da Sefaseba.
am mxriv metad sayuradReboa fridrix nicSes Tvalsazrisi. nicSes filosofia aR-
savsea ngrevis paTosiT. mas surs daamxos evropuli civilizaciis yvela kerpi, moar-
Rvios fuZe im Rirebulebebisa, romlebic mravali saukunis manZilze iTvlebodnen
adamianTa moqmedebis umaRles da myar sazomad. tradiciul moralsa da qristianul
religiaSi is xedavs dacemis simptomebs, Tanamedrove adamianSi – gadagvarebas. sfe-
ro, romelic xdeba nicSes ukompromiso kritikis obieqti, aris evropuli kultura,
misi yvela ZiriTadi aspeqti.
sakuTriv nicSes filosofia iwyeba cnobili Tezidan – `RmerTi mokvda~. amis sa-
fuZvelia tradiciuli umaRlesi Rirebulebebis uazrobad, gamogonilad gamocxadeba
da maTi gaufasureba. magram maleve `RmerTis sikvdili~ da tradiciul Rirebuleba-
Ta gaufasureba nicSeSi warmoSobs ambivalentur grZnobas. tradiciul Rirebuleba-
Ta damxobis Sedegad mopovebuli TavisuflebiT aRfrTovanebas Tan erTvis sulieri
sicarielis, raRac aunazRaurebeli danakargis SegrZneba, rac gamowveuli iyo swo-
red `RmerTis sikvdiliT~. arsebobs mosazreba, rom nicSes mTeli darCenili cxovre-
ba iyo amao swrafva raRaciT amoevso is sicariele, is vakuumi, romelic `RmerTis
sikvdilis~ Semdeg gaCnda. nicSe moklebuli iyo rogorc religiur, aseve sxva suli-
er orientirebs da Tvlida, rom Tavad is da mTeli misi epoqa sulieri krizisis, ni-
hilizmis tyveobaSi imyofeba. amisi mizezi, misi azriT, mxolod qristianuli reli-
giaa. gadaWarbebis gareSe SeiZleba iTqvas, rom SurisZiebis grZnobiT aRsavse nicSe
mTeli mrisxanebiT Tavs daatyda qristianobas. nicSe Tvlis, rom swored qristia-
nulma religiam daamxo aTaswlovani perspeqtivis mqone romis imperia, daasamara
jansaRi antikuroba da gadaiqca kacobriobis sulieri daavadebis – nihilizmis –
wyarod. qristianobis saxiT gaimarjves sustebma da dacemulebma, avadmyofebma da si-
cocxlis moZuleebma da imisaTvis, rom Tavi daeRwiaT, gaqceodnen sakuTar ararao-
bas, maTma avadmyofurma warmosaxvam moigona `imqveyniuri cxovreba~, `sulis ukvdave-
ba~... qristianuli religia mouwodebs morwmuneebs Tavi msxverplad gaiRon, monebad
gadaiqcnen; qristianoba emsaxureba evropuli rasis Seryvnas. swored qristianul re-
ligias adanaSaulebs nicSe RirebulebaTa pirvel, radikalur da sabediswero gada-
fasebaSi – Zlieri, jansaRi kastis moralis, aristokratiuli moralis damxobaSi da
sustebisa da avadmyofebis moralis anu yalbi Rirebulebebis dakanonebaSi. magram
unda aRiniSnos, rom miuxedavad qristianobis aseTi mZafri kritikisa, nicSes damoki-
debuleba am religiisadmi ar iyo martooden uaryofiTi. amis dasturia misi aSkara
gulwrfeli simpaTiebi ieso qristes pirovnebisadmi. nicSes azriT, ieso qriste `uke-
TilSobilesi, siyvaruliT aRsavse~ adamiania, igi `Tavisufali gonia~, misi swavleba
`Sinagani sxiviTaa~ ganaTebuli da rasac ambobda, rasac mouwodebda, rasac qadageb-
da, yvelafers sakuTar cxovrebaSi Seasxa xorci - Tavisi sicocxliT da sikvdiliT.
ukeT rom gaverkveT nicSes poziciaSi, erT rames unda gaesvas xazi – imisaTvis,
rom sicxade Seitanos qristianobisadmi gaorebul damokidebulebaSi, rom SeaTavsos
ieso qristesadmi udidesi simpaTiebi qristianobis aSkara siZulvilTan, nicSe Tavis
`antiqristeSi~ dgams saocar nabijs: igi erTmaneTs upirispirebs ieso qristesa da
qristianobas, qristes swavlebasa da qristianul religias.
nicSes mixedviT, Tavad sityva qristianoba gaugebrobaa. sinamdvileSi arsebobda
mxolod erTi qristiani da man Tavisi sicocxle jvarze daasrula. `saxareba~ jvar-
75
ze aResrula. nicSes mixedviT, ieso qristes swavleba sxva araferia, Tu ara misi pi-
radi mowameobrivi sicocxle da aRsasruli. da am `praqtikul saxarebaSi~ sityvac
ar aris naTqvami `meored mosvlaze~, `gankiTxvis dReze~, `imqveyniur cxovrebasa da
sulis ukvdavebaze~. ufro metic, nicSes Tanaxmad, ieso qristem Tavisi sikvdiliTac
ki miwieri cxovrebis magaliTi uCvena adamianebs da ara raRac gadarCenis, xsnis gza,
rogorc amas eklesia varaudobs. `is, rac ieso qristem kacobriobas dautova, mxo-
lod praqtikaa~. esaa misi qceva msajulebis, jalaTebis, bralmdeblebis winaSe, qceva
jvarze. igi ar ewinaaRmdegeba, Tavs ar icavs, arafers akeTebs saSiSroebis Tavidan
asacileblad. ufro metic, igi iwvevs mas... da rac mTavaria, qriste loculobs maTze,
ewameba maTTvis da uyvars isini, vinc mas mtrobs. nicSe Tvlis, rom qristes sikvdi-
lis Semdeg misi swavleba daviwyebas eZleva. `saxareba~ qristesTan erTad kvdeba
jvarze.
Zveli RmerTi kvdeba, batonobas iwyebs nihilizmi. nihilizmi, Zveli Rirebulebebis
gadafasebis procesi, Sinaganad dakavSirebulia skepsisTan, uimedobasTan, pesimiz-
mTan, pasiurobasTan. pasiuri nihilizmi, nicSes mixedviT, damRupvelia kacobriobi-
saTvis. is mxolod ngrevaa. amitom mis safexurze gaCereba istoriisaTvis sabediswe-
ro iqneboda. nihilizmiT wertili unda daesvas Zvels, magram nihilizmive unda gax-
des axlis Senebis safuZveli. nihilizmi unda iyos ara dasasruli, aramed gardamava-
li faza. RirebulebaTa gaufasurebis procesi unda gadaizardos Zveli Rirebulebe-
bis gadafasebis, e.i. axali Rirebulebebis dadgenis procesSi. amiT nihilizmi bolom-
de miiyvans Tavis saqmes, gadalaxavs Tavis Tavs da kacobriobas gamoiyvans krizisu-
li situaciidan. amdenad, RmerTis sikvdilis tragikul gancdas Tan unda axldes si-
xaruliT da imediT aRsavse grZnoba axali Rirebulebebis moZieba-damkvidrebisa.
Zalauflebis neba. RmerTi mkvdaria. es niSnavs imas, rom unda gadafasdes samyaros
Zveli gageba, unda Seicvalos adamianis xedvis mimarTuleba: adamiani unda erTguleb-
des miwas da ara zecas. miwa nicSesTan gagebulia, rogorc amqveyniuri samyaros Sina-
gani Zala, antipodi tradiciuli RmerTis SemoqmedebiTi Zalisa. miwa dinamiuri miwie-
ri energiaa, sicocxlea.
raSia sicocxlis arsi? sicocxle yovelTvis nebaa. sicocxlis arseboba ar aris
arc TviTSenaxva, sakuTari Tavis SenarCuneba da arc garemosTan Segueba. yoveli ar-
sebuli iswrafvis gaafarToos Tavisi batonobis are, mbrZaneblobdes, daimorCilos
rac SeiZleba meti, daZlios sxvisi neba; sicocxle aris sakuTari Tavis damkvidreba,
ganmtkiceba, gafarToeba, zrda ... mokled, sicocxle aris swrafva Zalauflebisaken,
neba Zalauflebisa.
sicocxle SeiZleba iyos aRmavali, Zlieri, omis wyurviliT savse da SeiZleba
iyos daRmavali, susti, avadmyofuri. sicocxlis orTave saxecvlilebas safuZvlad
udevs Zalauflebis neba. susti sicocxlec eswrafvis batonobas. amitom is adgens
iseT Rirebulebebs, romlebic SesaZlebels gaxdian mis ganmtkicebas.
ra aris Rirebuleba? Rirebuleba nicSes esmis, rogorc sicocxlis ganmtkicebisa
da zrdis piroba. Rirebuleba sicocxleSia fesvgadgmuli. Rirebulia is, rac afar-
Toebs Cemi batonobis sazRvrebs, rac saSualebas maZlevs mtkice gaxados Cemi arsebo-
ba. aseTi sicocxlisaTvis miwieri samyaro autaneli tanjvaa, umZimesi uRlis zidvaa.
Zlieri, aRmavlobis gzaze damdgari sicocxle ar gaurbis qmnadoba-moZraobas, piri-
qiT, qmnadoba, maradiuli Seneba da ngreva, maradiuli omi misi stiqiaa. simyare, uS-
foTveloba, umoZraoba, netareba mxolod im sicocxlis idealia, romelic sustia,
daRmavalia. swored aseTi sicocxlisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli tradiciuli moraluri
da religiuri Rirebulebebi da swored am RirebulebebSi vlindeba uZlurTa Zalauf-
lebis neba. uZlur sicocxles arsebiTad surs `arara~. `RmerTi~, `idealuri samyaro~,
`umaRlesi Rirebulebebi~, morali mxolod niRabia, romlis ukan `arara~ imaleba.
76
 nicSes azriT, morali, ZiriTadad, ori saxisaa: moraluri Sefasebebi yalibdeba an
im adamianTa mier, romlebic mowodebulni arian ibatonon, an im adamianTa mier, romel-
Ta xvedri morCilebaa. amdenad, moralur Sefasebebs sayovelTao mniSvneloba ar aqvT.
isini damokidebulni arian imaze, Tu vin adgens Rirebulebebs. arseboben maRali rasis
adamianebi, romelTa mimarT SeiZleba gvqondes garkveuli valdebulebebi da arsebobs
`jogi~, brbo, romlis mimarT batons SeiZleba hqondes mxolod zizRis grZnoba.
batonTa moralSi batoni, upirveles yovlisa, Tavis kastas asxams qeba-didebas –
jansaRi, sasicocxlo energiiT aRsavse, Ronieri `gareuli cxoveli~, `mtacebeli frin-
veli~, meomari, `qera bestia~. aseTi raindi didebiT mosavs Tavis Tavs, didebiT mosavs
oms, simtkices, daundoblobas, simkacres.
sul sxva bunebisaa monaTa morali. wodebrivad maRali adamiani da misi Sefasebebi
aq kvalificirebulia rogorc `boroteba~; `keTilia~ uZluri, tanjuli, Rataki, avadmyo-
fi. monaTa morali qebas asxams TanagrZnobas, Tvinierebas, siyvaruls, mSvidobas.
Tanamedrove morali, nicSes azriT, swored monaTa joguri moralia. jogisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia pirovnulis nivelireba. adamiani valdebulia izrunos sazogadoeb-
riv interesebze, sayovelTao bednierebaze, daumorCilos Tavisi interesebi masis in-
teresebs anu Caklas Tavisi sakuTari pirovneba, icxovros sxvisi cxovrebiT, gaauq-
mos `me~ da iyos iseTi, rogoricaa yvela sxva. adamianSi pirovnulis gaqrobis erT-
erTi mniSvnelovani mizezi, nicSes azriT, qristianobis ZiriTadi mcnebebia. Uupirve-
les yovlisa, es TanagrZnobas exeba. TanagrZnobis aqtSi adamiani auqmebs sakuTar
Tavs da sxvisi tanjvis morCili xdeba. TanagrZnoba unarCunebs arsebobas susts, uZ-
lurs, vinc iRupeba da unda daiRupos. uZluris TanamgrZnobi TviTonve iqceva uZlu-
rad. amiT ki sicocxle xdeba dune da saeWvo. es dekadansis idealebia. Tanamedrove
adamiani aseT sulier atmosferoSi knindeba. mas aSinebs Zlieri vnebebi, Zlieri gan-
cdebi, Widili, tanjva, romelTa gareSe sicocxle Waobad iqceva. Tanamedrove evro-
peli cxovrobs yoveldRiuri patara saqmeebiT, is `keTilia~, `samarTliania~, `damje-
ria~, `Tvinieria~. misi mTavari sazrunavia piradi keTildReoba, pawia bedniereba. is
mSiSaraa da sikeTes Cadis mxolod imitom, rom sxvam vneba, tanjva, boroteba ar mia-
yenos. Tanamedrove adamiani gaurbis Tavis Tavs. is azrovnebs da moqmedebs sayovel-
Taod miRebuli SablonebiT, dakanonebuli standartebiT. misi cxovreba siyalbea.
nicSes azriT, aristokratiul `kargsa~ da `cuds~ upirispirdeba demokratiuli,
gaTanasworebis nebiT aRbeWdili `keTili~ da `boroti~. misi idealia ara Tanaswo-
ruflebiani sazogadoeba, aramed sazogadoeba, romelsac marTavs rCeuli, zekacTa
Zlieri elita.
zekaci. nicSes mzera momavliskenaa mipyrobili. adamiani unda daZleul iqnas. ada-
mianis sidiade imaSia, rom igi xidia da ara mizani. mas Semdeg rac RmerTi mokvda,
adamianis cxovrebis wesic unda Seicvalos. Zveli Rirebulebebi unda gadafasdes axa-
li principis safuZvelze. es principia sicocxle, Zalauflebis neba. qmnadi, moZravi,
mSfoTvare, WeSmariti sicocxlis erTguleba gzas gauxsnis adamians zekacisaken, im
erTaderTi diadi miznisaken, romelsac SeuZlia misces sazrisi cxovrebas RmerTis
sikvdilis Semdeg. zekaci aris antipodi Tanamedrove adamianisa, is asaxierebs si-
cocxlis savseobas, cxovrebis umaRles, srulyofil wess da adamianis umaRles tips,
romelic dgas tradiciuli `borotisa~ da `keTilis~ miRma, TviTon qmnis Rirebule-
bebs da TviTonve adgens Tavisi moqmedebis normebs.
zekacis gzaze adamianma saxecvlileba unda ganicados. adamians, romelic mindobi-
lia RmerTs, nicSe adarebs aqlems. is mZime tvirTi, romelsac adamiani am mdgomareoba-
Si atarebs, aris transcendenturi idealuri samyaro, is erTxel da samudamod dadge-
nili Rirebulebebi da imperativebi, romlebic boWaven adamianis Tavisufal Semoqmede-
bas. adamiani udrtvinvelad, uRrmesi mowiwebiT da sixaruliT emorCileba urCxuls,
77
romelsac ewodeba – `Sen unda~. Semdegi etapia lomi – lomi niSnavs meamboxe suls,
romelic `aras~ eubneba Zvel Rirebulebebs da ikafavs gzas WeSmariti Tavisuflebisa-
ken. lomis `me msurs~ upirispirdeba safuZvelgamoclil moTxovnas – `Sen unda~. mag-
ram lomi mngrevelia da ara aRmSenebeli. adamianis sulma kidev erTi nabiji unda ga-
dadgas, rom miaRwios WeSmarit Tavisuflebas. is unda iqces bavSvad. bavSvi nicSesaT-
vis simboloa axali dasawyisisa, moZraobisa, Semoqmedebis, aRSenebis. bavSvi aris `Tama-
Si~. TamaSi niSnavs Semoqmedebas. Tu adre Rirebulebebis safuZvlad RmerTi moiazre-
boda, axla TviTon Zlieri pirovneba qmnis Rirebulebebs. adamiani unda gaxdes Semoq-
medi – es aris erT-erTi ZiriTadi piroba WeSmariti arsebobis wesisa. Semoqmedeba gu-
lisxmobs yoveli miRweulis siZulvils, daZlevas, axali miznebis dasaxvas, TavisTavis
maradiul ngrevasa da aRSenebas. samyarosa da Tavis Tavs TviTon pirovnebam unda mis-
ces saxe. Semoqmedeba maradiuli brZolaa, omi sxvasTan da Tavis TavTan. zekacis si-
cocxle savsea FfaTerakebiT, magram is iRebs am sicocxles, mas surs aseTi sicocxle,
igi eTanxmeba mas.
nicSes mosazrebebma, kerZod, nebismieri avtoritetis, moralis, Rirebulebebis ga-
ufasureba-ugulvelyofam, mniSvnelovani zegavlena moaxdina Tanamedrove adamianis
sulier cxovrebaze.
Tanamedrove civilizaciis erT-erTi amocanaa saSualo adamianis garSemo Seqmnas
iseTi samyaro, realoba, romelSic igi Tavs TviTdajerebulad da TviTkmayofilad
igrZnobs. es rom ganxorcieldes, saWiroa yvela sulieri mwvervali gaufasurdes,
yovelive sakraluri profanaciad warmoCindes, yovelive araCveulebrivi banaluri
gaxdes, yovelive realuri parodirebul iqnas, e.i. adamianisaTvis aRar iarsebobs
araviTari tabu, rameTu `yvelaferi nebadarTulia~. problemis ukeT gaazrebisaTvis,
erTi ram unda gavixsenoT: Tanamedrove civilizaciis saTaveebTan, e.w. ganaTlebul
sazogadoebaSi (XIX s. me-2 nax.) damkvidrebuli iyo adamianis Semdegi gageba: 1) adami-
ani – mzakvari, grZnobadi da egoisturi maimunia; 2) adamiani keTilia, siyvaruliT
aRsavsea, SeuZlia Tavi msxverplad gaiRos. yvela cudi Tviseba, romelsac adamianSi
vamCnevT, misi bunebidan ar gamomdinareobs. es civilizaciis ganviTarebis Sedegia,
romelmac adamianSi disharmonia Seitana da bunebas, namdvil cxovrebas daaSora; 3)a-
damiani bunebiT arc keTilia da arc boroti, igi carieli dafaa, romelzedac Sesa-
bamis kvals da anabeWds mxolod socialuri garemo tovebs. am damkvidrebul da gav-
rcelebul azrs safuZvelSive uaryofs rusi mwerali f. dostoevski. igi ar eTanxme-
ba pirvel mosazrebas, Tumca man, ise rogorc aravin, SeZlo adamianis sulis Zirebis
warmoCena. igi ar iziarebs meore mosazrebasac, miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavad sikeTis
idea, rogorc maradiuli da ukvdavi, misi Txzulebebis wamyvani idea iyo. ar iRebs
igi mesame mosazrebasac. dostoevski Rrmad aris darwmunebuli, rom sazogadoebis
normalurad mowyobis SemTxvevaSic ki, danaSauli erTbaSad ar gaqreba da yvela
adamiani uceb wmindani ar gaxdeba. misTvis adamiani arc maimunia da arc angelozi.
igi RvTis xati da saxea, romelic, marTalia RvTis mier boZebuli Tavisi bunebiT
keTili, sufTa da mSvenieria, magram codvaTdacemis Sedegad damaxinjda. maSasadame,
dacemul adamianSi erTdroulad Tanaarseboben sikeTis marcvlebi da borotebis sa-
revela. magram rogor unda gadarCes adamiani, romel gzas mivyevarT taZramde? mxo-
lod qristes rwmenas – cocxal, sicocxlis mimniWebel rwmenas, romelic miiRweva
sakuTari codvili bunebis TviTSemecnebiT, borotebis sakuTari ZalebiT aRmofxvris
SeuZleblobis gacnobierebiT da qristes, rogorc erTaderTi mxsnelis, aRiarebiT -
ase fiqrobs f. dostoevski. mwerlis es msoflmxedvelobrivi pozicia leitmotivad
gasdevs mis erT-erT yvelaze cnobil nawarmoebs - `Zmebi karamazovebi~.
am romanSi mTeli sisavsiT aris warmoCenili mwerlis religiur-eTikuri da fi-
losofiur-samarTlebrivi Sexedulebebi. roman-tragediis centraluri sakiTxia mamis
78
mkvlelobis istoria. mkvlelobis adgilia qalaqi skotoprigonievski. `SemTxveviTi
ojaxi~ – darRveuli naTesaobrivi da zneobrivi kavSirebi, erTmaneTis mimarT gaucx-
oebuli ojaxis wevrebi. mama – Tedore pavles Ze – absoluturi imoralisti, ciniko-
si; igi gvaris ufrosia. misi Svilebi krizisul-katastrofuli cnobierebis matareb-
lebi arian da SeuZliaT erTdroulad eTayvanebodnen `madonas ideals~ da `sodomis
idealsac~. dimitri, ufrosi vaJi, mankierebaSi Cafluli, Tavisi vnebebis, grZnobebisa
da afeqtebis tyvea. man sakuTar TavSi TiTqmis Cakla keTili sawyisi da Sinaganad
ukve mzad aris mamis mkvlelobisaTvis. saSualo Svili, ivane – inteleqtuali, fi-
losofosi, skeptikosi, romelmac yvelafris nebadarTulobis sakuTari imoralis-
tur-kriminaluri Teoria Camoayaliba. mas siamovnebas gvris sxva, masze `inteleqtua-
lurad~ dabla mdgar adamianebze sakuTari gonebis Zalis gamocda, Tavisi nebisaTvis
sxvebis damorCileba, Tavisi msoflmxedvelobis sisworis Semowmeba, adamianebiT ma-
nipulireba. umcrosi Zma alioSa jer Zalian axalgazrdaa, eklesiaSi morCilia, Sina-
ganad ver iRebs da ewinaaRmdegeba karamazovebiseuli xasiaTis Semotevebs. meoTxe
Zma, Tedore karamazovis arakanonieri Svili, smerdiakovi – laqia, saSualo, erTgan-
zomilebiani adamiania (lampe), magram imavdroulad sxvaTa nebis Tvinierad damyoli,
Semsrulebeli. oTxive Zma, TiToeuli Taviseburad, monawile aRmoCnda mamis mkvle-
lobis. magram mTavar damnaSaved dimitri miiCnies. Semdeg TiTqos irkveva, rom mkvle-
loba smerdiakovs Caudenia. magram raRac mainc rCeba gaurkveveli. smerdiakovi uar-
yofs, rom is aris mkvleli, rom marto is aris mTavari damnaSave. igi eubneba ivanes
– `Tqven mokaliT, swored Tqven xarT mTavari mkvleli. me ki mxolod Tqveni damqaSi
viyavi~. `mTavari mkvleli aq Tqven xarT, Tumca ki me movkali~. ivanec bolos da bo-
los eTanxmeba da sasamarTlos winaSe aRiarebs danaSauls. rogor unda gavigoT es?
raSia ivanes danaSauli? smerdiakovi eubneba ivanes – `Tqveni sityvebis mixedviT Ca-
vidine me es, swored Tqveni sityvebis wyalobiT~. magram ivanes smerdiakovisaTvis ar
uTqvams pirdapir, rom mama moekla; maS, ras niSnavs, rom man aswavla moekla mama? ra
uTxra aseTi? `MmaSin erTob gabeduli iyaviT, `yvelaferi daSvebuliao~ ambobdiT~ –
eubneba smerdiakovi. swored es sityvebi – `yvelaferi daSvebulia~, e.i. `yvelaferi
nebadarTulia~ – gamxdara mkvlelobis mizezi. es SemTxveviTi azri ar aris. igi gar-
kveuli msoflmxedvelobis organuli momentia. rogoria es msoflmxedveloba?
ukeT rom gaverkveT saqmis viTarebaSi, dimitris Sexedulebebsac unda gavecnoT,
romelic man alioSas, umcros Zmas satusaRoSi gaando: misTvis mniSvneloba ar aqvs,
Tu ra ganaCens gamoutans mas sasamarTlo. es `wvrilmania~. mTavari ki sxvaa da axse-
na raRac mecniereba, axsena viRac rakitini da ucxoeli mecnieri klod bernari, ro-
melTa mimdevaric Tavad yofila. ai, maTi Tvalsazrisi: adamianis azrebi, warmodgene-
bi, miswrafebebi da a.S. sxva araferi yofila, Tu ara tvinSi mimdinare fizikuri da
qimiuri procesebi; ar arsebobs amisagan gansxvavebuli raRac suli, rac mTavaria,
ar arsebobs araviTari absoluti, RmerTi; RmerTi `xelovnuri idea~ yofila. `qimia,
Zmao, qimia! verafers gaawyobT, Tqveno udidebulesobav, cota CaiwieT, qimia modis~.
dimitri fiqrobs, rom Tuki `qimiam~, anu zogadad mecnierebam, adamianis cnobierebi-
dan gandevna RmerTi, Tuki RmerTi aRar arsebobs, maSin yvelaferi nebadarTulia,
`yvelaferi daSvebulia~. e.i. am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, samyaros fizikur-qimiuri,
sabunebismetyvelo axsna erTaderTi da saboloo axsnaa, anu es yofila msoflmxed-
veloba, romlis mixedviTac yovelive daiyvaneba fizikur-qimiur procesebze. RmerTi
gandevnilia da aRar arsebobs araviTari safuZveli moraluri normebisaTvis, e.i.
`yvelaferi daSvebulia~. ase fiqrobs damitri karamazovi.
ganaCeni, romelic dimitris gamoutanes, sasamarTlo (iuridiuli) Secdoma aRmoC-
nda, vinaidan damnaSaved scnes is, visac mkvleloba realurad ar Caudenia, Tumca
zneobrivi TvalsazrisiT, swori ganaCeni iyo: dimitri dasjas imsaxurebs ukve imis
79
gamo, rom mravaljer emuqreboda mamas mokvliT da, rac mTavaria, surda mamis sik-
vdili. swored aman ganapiroba Tavad dimitris gaorebuli damokidebuleba ganaCeni-
sadmi: ar eTanxmeba ra mis iuridiul formulirebas, dimitris esmis wayenebuli bra-
lis zneobrivi simarTle, igi aRiarebs Tavis moralur braleulobas da Tavsdate-
xil ubedurebaSi, gadarCenis erTaderT saSualebas xedavs: itvirTos es jvari, itan-
jos da moinanios is codviani gza, romelsac misi uzneo, qarafSuta, garyvnili
cxovreba erqva.
ivane karamazovi ganaTlebuli da moazrovne adamiania. man RmerTis Sesaxeb tra-
diciul warmodgenaSi Seusabamoba aRmoaCina. meores mxriv, sabunebismetyvelo azrov-
nebis ZaliT uaryo RmerTis arsebobis `sabuTi~ da veRar daijera RmerTis arseboba.
magram RmerTis ararsebobidan nihilistur-eTikuri daskvnebi gamoitana da amis sa-
fuZvelze danaSaulic Caidina. bolos, TviTonve ver gauZlo yovelive amas da gagiJ-
da.
moxuci karamazovis sikvdili ar aris erTaderTi ubedureba, romelic romanSi
xdeba: smerdiakovma Tavi moikla, ivane gagiJda, dimitri katorRaSi gagzavnes. yove-
live amaSi ki damnaSavea uRmerToba, uRmerTo cnobiereba, rac, erTis mxriv, RmerTze
tradaciuli warmodgenis ukmarisobis da, meore mxriv, sabunebismetyvelo azrovnebis
universalurobis pretenziis Sedegia. Tavisuflebamopovebul adamians misi moxmare-
bis, ganxorcielebis ufleba aqvs – SeuZlia sakuTari mosazrebiT gankargos suli
anu emsaxuros nebismier RmerTs, kerps, demons, Tavis Tavs anda saerTod aravis; su-
lis gayidvis, dagiravebis uflebac aqvs; adamians ufleba aqvs sakuTari sxeulic ga-
yidos, ferad-feradi tatuebiT moxatos; Secvalos seqsualuri orientacia, sqesic
ki; xelyos sakuTari da sxvisi sicocxle. yovelive es misi, `Tavisufali adamianis~,
kerZo saqmea. aseT `kulturul sivrceSi~ araviTari vertikali aRar arsebobs: sakra-
luri marTlac profanirebuli xdeba, banaluri esTetikuris saxes imkvidrebs, mdare
ki normaluris statuss iZens. es sxva araferia, Tu ara yvela RirebulebiTi ierar-
qiis – kulturulis, eTikuris, esTetikuris, religiuris Secvla da yalbi, Tavisufa-
li sazogadoebis `Tavisufali adamianisaTvis~ misaRebi axali, `moduri, elitaruli~
msoflmxedvelobisa da misTvis damaxasiaTebeli Rirebulebebis damkvidrebis cda.
Ees nihilistur-imoralisturi msoflmxedveloba civilizaciisaTvis damRupveli
destruqciuli sawyisebis saxe-simboloa, romelic aiZulebs adamians moraluri da
bunebiT-samarTlebrivi moTxovnebis sawinaaRmdegod icxovros da imoqmedos, arRvevs
mis Sinagan samyaros da arTmevs mas adamianur saxes.

80
 sakontrolo kiTxvebi

ra moiazreba kulturis cnebaSi?

axseniT, ratom Tvlian `kulturas bunebiT fenomenad~ ?
filosofiuri kuTxiT ra daskvna SeiZleba gakeTdes kulturis warmoSobis Tao-
baze promeTes miTidan?
ra rols TamaSobs miznis dasaxva da gaazrebuli saqmianoba kulturaSi?
adamianis mravalmxrivi moRvaweobis yvela Sedegi ganekuTneba kulturis sferos?
ra urTierTmimarTebaa kulturasa da civilizacias Soris?
Spengleris mixedviT, ra gansxvavebaa kulturasa da civilizacias Soris?
daasaxeleT samyarosTan adamianis mimarTebis aspeqtebi. rogor gesmiT `obieqturi
Sefaseba~ ?
ra formiT arseboben Rirebulebebi?
ra aris nihilizmi? voluntarizmi? imoralizmi?
nicSes mixedviT ram ganapiroba Tanamedrove epoqis sulieri krizisi?
gaaanalizeT nicSes ambivalenturi damokidebuleba qristianuli religiis mi-
marTY.
nicSes azriT, ra aris nihilizmi – Zveli Rirebulebebis gadafaseba Tu axali Ri-
rebulebebis damkvidrebis procesi?
rogor esmis nicSes sicocxlis arsi? Rirebulebebi? Tanamedrove morali?
ra moiazreba nicSes ~zekacis~ cnebaSi?

81
 Tavi VI

filosofosebi adamianis Sesaxeb msjeloben...

`adamianis sicocxle wamia mxolod; misi arseba – marad medini, SegrZneba bundo-
vani; aRnagoba sxeulisa – xrwnadi; suli – cdomiliviT moxetiale; bedi – idumali;
dideba – fuWi; erTi sityviT, yvelaferi sxeuliseuli nakads waagavs, suliseuli –
sizmars, kvamlsa da nisls; sicocxle brZolaa da xetiali ucxo mxareSi, sikvdilis
Semdgomi saxeli – daviwyeba. maS, raRas mivyveT, ra gviwinamZRvrebs? – sibrZnis siy-
varuli (filosofia) mxolod da mxolod~.
markus avreliusi

`axla ki dae, adamiani kvlav miubrundes sakuTar Tavs da Seadaros Tavisi arseba
yovelive arsebuls. dae, Seicnos, rarig dakargulia samyaros am miviwyebulsa da
miyruebul kuTxeSi. adamiani moqceulia or – araraobisa da usasrulobis ufskruls
Soris.
da mainc ra aris adamiani? – araraoba usasrulobasTan SedarebiT da yvelaferi
araraobasTan SedarebiT, anu raRac saSualo yvelafersa da arafers Soris. mas ar
SeuZlia arc erTi ukiduresobis Secnoba, saganTa dasabami da dasasruli misTvis
samudamod dafarulia idumalebis ganuWvreteli ukuniT. is erTnairad umweoa Seic-
nos rogorc araraoba, romlisganac iSva, ise usasruloba, romelSic aris danTqmu-
li.
adamiani eZebs myar sayrdens, romelsac igi miendoba, magram ver poulobs, rameTu,
irgvliv araferia uryevi. aseTia Cveni bunebrivi mdgomareoba da mainc, sruliad ara-
bunebrivad eCveneba Cvens grZnobebs. Cven xarbad miveltviT mkvidr samyofels, gvsurs
fexqveS vgrZnobdeT myar niadags, raTa caTaziduli godoli avRmarTod zed, magram
saZirkveli irRveva.
me ar vici raa samyaro, ar vici ra aris Cemi sxeuli, Cemi grZnoba, Cemi suli da
Cemi arsebis is nawili, romelic fiqrobs imas, rasac vambob, romelic cdilobs az-
riT miwvdes da Seicnos yvelaferi, Seicnos Tavisi Tavic, magram ukeT rodi icnobs
sakuTar Tavs, vidre sxva danarCens. me vxedav samyaros saSinel sivrces, romelSic
var Caketili. me vgrZnob, rom mijaWvuli var am uvrcesi samyaros mxolod erT kun-
Wuls, magram ar vici rad mxvda wilad swored es kuTxe da ara romelime sxva adgi-
li, an rad meboZa sasicocxlod erTi mswraflwarmavali wami maradisobis swored
am da ara romelime sxva wertilSi. maradisobisa, romelic win uswrebs Cems dasa-
bams da, romelic mosdevs Cems dasasruls.
me verafers vxedav Cems irgvliv usasrulobis garda, romelSic atomiviT var Ca-
karguli. Cemi sicocxle mxolod Crdilia, romelic mxolod wamiT evlineba usasru-
lobas, raTa am wamis waxdomisTanave ukvalod gaqres.
me mxolod is vici, rom male movkvdebi, magram yvelaze nakleb vicnob swored am
sikvdils, romelsac ver gaveqcevi, ver avicileb~.
blez paskali

`rogorc lagami ver moTokavs awyvetil cxens, aseve ver moTokavs inteleqti da
cnobiereba adamianis nebas~.
artur Sopenhaueri

82
 `adamianad yofna niSnavs iyo imaze meti vidre adamiania, da Tu adamiani imaze me-
ti araa, vidre adamiani, maSin igi naklebia, vidre adamiani~.
abraham heSeli

`RmerTi da me, Cven, erTsa da imave saqmes vakeTebT da RmerTi ver ganxorcielde-
ba sulis gareSe~.
maister ekharti

`is, radac vici Cemi Tavi ara var sinamdvileSi TviT me~.
karl iaspersi
`adamiani Tavad qmnis Tavis RmerTs da Tan moraluri gagebiT. amgvari ram TviT
unda Seqmnas kidec, raTa masSi eTayvanebodes mas, romelmac Tavad is Seqmna~.

`moiqeci ise, rom kacobrioba, rogorc sakuTari ise nebismieri pirovnebis saxiT,
arasdros gamoiyeno rogorc mxolod saSualeba, aramed rogorc mizani~.

`yoveli adamiani individualuri, unikaluri da Seucvlelia Tavisi bunebiT~.

`adamianis gareSe yvela qmnileba udabno iqneboda, romelic moklebulia sabo-

loo mizans da usargebloa~.
imanuel kanti

`saocrad mousvenari, WeSmaritad meryevi da maradcvalebadi arsebaa adamiani, io-

li araa masze mtkice da erTgvari warmodgenis Seqmna~.
monteni

`gamocanaa Rimili yoveli adamianisa – aravis ar SeuZlia zustad aRweros intere-

sis gamoxatuleba, enTuziazmi, cxovrebis siyvaruli, siZulvili Tu narcisizmi, rome-
lic SeiZleba sxva adamianis TvalebSi, siarulSi, pozasa da intonaciaSi davinaxoT~.
`adamiani ukmayofiloa, ubeduria, dezorientirebulia, SecdomaSia Seyvanili, sa-
TamaSoa bedis xelSi, sanam Tavis adgils ipovides am samyaroSi~.
erix fromi

`SeiZuleT adamianis saqmeebi da ara TviTon adamiani, codvebi da ara codvili. es

ori ram sxvadasxva ramea. Tu Tavad adamians SeviZulebT, siZulvilisa da zizRis -
Sxami daaxrCobs kacTa modgmas~.
mahatma gandi
`rodesac CauRrmavdebi da Seicnob qcevebis motivebsa da principebs, sikeTesa da
borotebaze Sexedulebebi (zneobrivi Semecneba) srulyofis umaRles safexurs miaR-
wevs. xolo, rodesac sikeTesa da borotebaze Sexedulebebi (zneobrivi Semecneba)
srulyofis umaRles safexurs miaRwevs, survilebi xalasi da wrfeli iqneba. xolo,
rodesac survilebi xalasi da wrfelia, guli alalmarTali da patiosania. xolo,
rodesac guli alalmarTali da patiosania, adamianic ukeTesi xdeba. xolo, rode-
sac adamiani ukeTesia, ojaxSic wesrigi da simSvide sufevs. xolo, rodesac ojaxSi
wesrigi da simSvidea, xalxis marTva iolia. xolo, rodesac xalxi advilad imarTe-
ba, mTeli samyaro mSvidobaSi da TanxmobaSi icxovrebs~.
konfuci

83
 `vinc sxva Seicno – Wkviania, vinc sakuTari Tavi – brZeni~.
lao Zi

`adamianis cxovrebis mexuTedi Tu mesamedi, an iqneb naxevaric ki, aracnobier

mdgomareobaSi mimdinareobs. Cveni bavSvobis pirveli xana aracnobierad gadis, yo-
vel RamiT aracnobierSi viZirebiT da mxolod gansazRvrul SualedebSi vflobT
met-naklebad naTel cnobierebas da kacma rom Tqvas, isic sakiTxavia, Tu ramdenad
naTelia es cnobiereba~.
`Cven yvelas mogvsvlia – gvsurvebia erTi, Segvsrulebia meore, gamogvsvlia mesa-
me. aq azrovnebaze metad grZnoba prioritetobs, Cven grZnobaTa mimarT ise avtoma-
turni ara varT, rogorc azrovnebis, aRqmisa da warmodgenis mimarT. grZnoba gvev-
lineba rogorc ucxo Zala... me SemiZlia nebismier Temaze vifiqro, magram me ar Se-
miZlia Cemi nebis da miuxedavad raime grZnoba vigrZno!...
P.S. es rom ase yofiliyo, cxovreba bevrad ufro ioli iqneboda. Cven ZalgviZs
axali cnebebis Camoyalibeba, magram axali grZnobebis Seqmna ki, ara. es imis naTeli
dadasturebaa, rom adamians amoZravebs raRac `ara me~, rasac fsiqologiaSi `aracno-
biers~ uwodeben da romlis winaSec adamiani uZluria. Tumca es ar aTavisuflebs
adamians pasuxismgeblobisa da movaleobebisagan~
iungi

`sindisis xma, romelic mxolod Cemgan modis (da ara raime sxva Zalisagan, vTqvaT
RmerTisagan) im ucnaurobiT xasiaTdeba, rom me ar memorCileba da piriqiT, Cemze ba-
tonobs. igi CemSi, Cemze maRalia~.
haidegeri

`Tu me ar vdgevar Cems TavTan, vin dadgeba CemTan? Tu me mxolod CemTvis var, vin
var me? Tu ara axla, aba, rodis?~
Talmudi

`Tavisuflebisa da demokratiisaTvis brZola xom ar gvaqcevs Tavisuflebis mone-

bad? iqneb sjobda yovel kacs mTeli mecadineoba miemarTa sakuTari Tavis povnisa-
ken? iqneb sjobda mTel ersac efiqra amaze . es xom ufro metia, vidre ubralod is
Tavisufleba, romelic dRes yvela qarTvels pirze akeria, vinaidan TavisuflebisaT-
vis mebrZoli mudam gareT icqireba da viRacisagan garedan moelis mas. sakuTari Ta-
vis maZiebeli ki, Tavissave sulSi imzireba mTeli CaRrmavebiT. martooden gareT
macqerali verc Tavis Tavs ipovnis da verc Tavisufali gaxdeba. Tavisuflebis ga-
reT maZiebeli viRacas missave msgavss ejaxeba da yoveli aseTi dajaxeba konfliq-
tiT da Tavisuflebis dakargviT mTavrdeba, vidre povniT!~
karlo gogsaZe

84
 adamianis problema filosofiaSi

rogorc araerTxel agviRniSnavs, filosofia mecnierebis specifikuri dargia. e.w.

`maradiuli problemebis~ wvdomisa da kvlevis procesSi, igi, raRa Tqma unda, miis-
wrafvis daadginos ucvleli, maradiuli Rirebulebebi, magram, imavdroulad, miznad
ar isaxavs moiZios sayovelTaod miRebuli, erTmniSvnelovani pasuxebi. Semowmebuli,
mecnierulad dasabuTebuli faqtebis ararseboba sulac ar aris filosofiis nakli.
misTvis ufro damaxasiaTebelia intuiciaze, zeSTagonebaze, logikur analizze da-
fuZnebuli varaudebi, mixvedrebi, rac saSualebas aZlevs filosofias gaarRvios ar-
sebuli codnis sazRvrebi, gascdes mas da mogvces gansxvavebuli axsna yovelive imi-
sa, rac jer-jerobiT mecnierulad dasabuTebuli ar aris. amgvarad, WeSmariti fi-
losofiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ar aris erTgvarovneba, Tanmxvedri pozicia nebismi-
er sakiTxze. aRniSnuli exeba iseT rTul sakiTxsac, rogoricaa adamianis problema.
`saxe da xati RvTisa~, `gonieri arseba~, `bunebis gvirgvini~, `moazrovne cxoveli~,
`politikuri cxoveli~, `cxovrebis Cixi~, `cxovrebis Secdoma~, `moraluri da Tavi-
sufali arseba~ – ai, arasruli CamonaTvali im epiTetebisa, riTac Seamkes adamiani
filosofiis arsebobis 2500 wlis ganmavlobaSi. da mainc, ra aris adamiani? unda
aRiniSnos, rom filosofiaSi, albaT, ar arsebobs am kiTxvaze rTuli kiTxva. adamia-
ni is saidumloa, romelic `maradiul problemaTa~ ricxvs ganekuTvneba. niSandobli-
via, rom yovelTvis, roca ki adamiani yuradRebis centrSi eqceoda, Tavidan iwyeboda
misi arsis garkveva, wvdoma, Sefaseba, TiTqosda aqamde araferi icodnen masze. es,
Tavis mxriv, miuTiTebs mxolod erT garemoebaze – filosofiaSi adamianze rTuli
da winaaRmdegobrivi `sagani~ ar arsebobs, romlis wvdomisa da Sefasebis dros ikve-
Teba mravali pozicia – gulubryvilo, optimizmiT gamsWvaluli da pesimizmiT aR-
savsec.
adamianma Tavisi Tavis gacnobiereba mas Semdeg daiwyo, rac gauCnda TviTcnobie-
reba. amis naTeli dasturia pirvelyofili miTebi da religiebi. adamianis TviTSe-
mecnebis filosofiuri gaazreba gacilebiT gvian moxda, radgan filosofia, rogorc
kulturis damoukidebeli forma, civilizaciis ganviTarebis gviandel xanas miekuT-
vneba. TviT filosofiis wiaRSi adamianis problema gvian dadga. dasawyisSi igi mi-
marTuli iyo samyaros saiduloebebis amoxsnaze. sofistebma pirvelad, daaxloebiT
Zv. w. V saukuneSi, daiwyes mobruneba adamianisaken. protagoram wamoayena Tezisi imis
Taobaze, rom adamiani aris yvelafris sazomi. magram adamianis sakiTxi, rogorc fi-
losofiis ZiriTadi problema, sokratem dasva. man delfos taZris Sesasvlelis war-
wera – `Seican Tavi Seni~ – aqcia filosofiuri gansjis RerZad. es iyo gardatexis
momenti. amiT damTavrda ZvelberZnuli filosofiis evoluciis kosmologiuri peri-
odi da daiwyo axali anTropologiuri periodi. adamianis arsis garkveva da dadgena
filosofiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi wamyvani Tema gaxda. Znelia adamianuri gonis fsiqi-
kaze, misi cxovrebis sazrissa da mimarTulebaze dabejiTebiT, kategoriulad raimes
Tqma. am problemis moxsna ar SeuZlia arc mecnierebas, arc kacobriobis mier dag-
rovil mravalsaukunovan codnas da zust dakvirvebebs; arc zedmiwevniT gaangariSe-
bul Tanamedrove Teoriebs ZaluZT naTeli mohfinon, adamianTan dakavSirebul prob-
lemebs, radgan, Tu imanuel kants davesesxebiT, `yoveli adamiani individualuri da
Seucvlelia Tavisi bunebiT~.
am problemis Sesaxeb antikur filosofiaSi polarulad gansxvavebul Sexedule-
bebs vxvdebiT. Cineli filosofosi men-Zi ambobda, rom adamiani dasabamidan aris ke-

85
Tili. vaiZuloT mas Caidinos boroteba – es niSnavs ganvaxorcielebinoT Tavisi bu-
nebis sawinaaRmdego qmedeba. `adamianuroba – es aris adamianis guli~. sun-Zi ki sawi-
naaRmdegos amtkicebs. misi TqmiT, `adamians aqvs boroti buneba~. aristotelesaTvis
dasaSvebia arsebobdes adamiani mona, metyveli iaraRi, romlis gaTavisufleba man
Semcvleli iaraRis SeqmnasTan daakavSira. maister ekharti antikurobisaTvis mkrexe-
luri formuliT gamoxatavs adamianis adgils samyaroSi – `RmerTi da me, Cven erTsa
da imave saqmes vakeTebT da RmerTi ver ganxorcieldeba sulis gareSe~. xmamaRla
naTqvami sityvebia, eWvi rom ar ereodes. Tumca, aranaklebia imanuel kantis gancxa-
deba: `adamiani Tavad qmnis Tavis RmerTs da Tan moraluri gagebiT, amgvari ram
TviT unda Seqmnas kidec, raTa masSi eTayvanebodes mas, romelmac Tavad is Seqmna~.
aq sakiTxi ufro rTulad dgas. Tuki amodena ndobaa, maS ra saWiroa `kategoriuli
imperativi~? ras niSnavs kategoriuli imperativi da Tavisufleba erTdroulad? am
kiTxvaze pasuxs scems kacobriobis ganviTarebis gza, sadac adamianma imdenjer moi-
pova ndoba Tavisi adamianobiT, ramdenic undobloba Tavisi araadamianurobiT. Cveni
sicocxle xom meryeobs cxovelur da RvTaebriv sawyiss Soris, maT Soris, rac uf-
ro didia, vidre adamianuri da rac ufro kninia, vidre adamianuri. Cvens qveviT war-
mavloba da amaoebaa, Cvens zeviT – suliereba da keTilmsaxureba. adamiani xom muyai-
Ticaa, romelic saswaulebs axdens da uzarmacesic, romelic gawvdili xeliT elo-
deba mowyalebas.
adamianis orgvar bunebas kargad gamoxatavs karl iaspersis cnobili sityvebi –
`is, radac vici Cemi Tavi, ara var sinamdvileSi TviT me~. marTlac da, ra aris `cxo-
veluri~ da ra `wminda~ specifikur-pirovnuli adamianSi. rogoria Cemi damokidebu-
leba samyarosadmi, ra adgili uWiravs am samyaroSi erTi SexedviT uZlursa da pata-
ras, magram sinamdvileSi grandiozuli Zalebisa da unarebis mqone arsebas, Zneli
amosacnobia, ufro metic – amoucnobia. cocxali adamiani ar aris raRac gayinuli
saxe da amitom ar SeiZleba iyos aRwerili rogorc nivTi, sagani. faqtobrivad SeiZ-
leba bevri iTqvas Cemze, Cems xasiaTze, Cems saerTo cxovrebiseul orientaciaze; gam-
Wriaxma gonebam SeiZleba miaRwios did siRrmeebs Cemi fsiqologiuri struqturis
aRweraSi, magram me mTlianobaSi, mTeli Cemi individualoba, Cemi TviTgamoxatuleba,
romelic imdenad unikaluria, rogorc Cemi TiTebis anabeWdi, arasdros SeiZleba
iyos srulad Secnobili. ori identuri adamiani ar arsebobs. arcerTi qcevis aqti
ar SeiZleba iyos aRwerili amomwuravi saxiT. `gamocanaa Rimili yoveli adamianisa –
aravis SeuZlia zustad aRweros interesis gamoxatuleba, enTuziazmi, cxovrebis siy-
varuli, siZulvili Tu narcisizmi, romelic SeiZleba sxva adamianis TvalebSi, sia-
rulSi, pozasa da intonaciaSi davinaxoT~ (e. fromi).
sokratedan moyolebuli, mTeli filosofiis istoriis manZilze ar Senelebula
adamianis raobis kvleva, magram yvelaze didi mniSvneloba am problemas kantis fi-
losofiaSi mieca. kantma mTeli siRrmiT gaaanaliza adamianis Teoriuli da praqti-
kuli unarebis SesaZleblobani da mivida im daskvnamde, rom adamianis arsebas mxo-
lod aucilebloba da Teoriuli moRvaweoba ar gansazRvravs; adamiani, upirveles
yovlisa, aris Tavisufali avtonomiuri arseba. Tavisufleba aris is, riTac adamiani
axorcielebs namdvil yofierebas. amdenad adamianad yofnis upirvelesi niSania Tavi-
sufleba. kantis mixedviT, Tavisufleba niSnavs kategoriuli imperativiT cxovrebas.
kategoriuli imperativi, warmoadgens nebisyofisa da gonebis iseT urTierTobas, sa-
dac neba gonebis moTxovnebs emorCileba. gavixsenoT es moTxovnebi – adamiani yovel-
Tvis mizania da ara saSualeba, e. i. sxva adamians nu gaixdi Seni miznis miRwevis sa-
Sualebad; moiqeci ise, rom Seni nebisyofis maqsimas SeeZlos gaxdes amave dros sa-
yovelTao kanonmdeblobis principi. amrigad, nebisyofis movaleobaa daicvas gonebis
is moTxovnebi, romelic sazogadoebisaTvis misaRebia. am SemTxvevaSi Tavisufleba
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ase ganisazRvreba: Tavisufleba aris gacnobierebuli moraluri kanoni da mis sa-
fuZvelze moqmedeba.
kantis mier aRiarebuli nebisyofis Tavisuflebis kanoni, romelic gonebis upira-
tesobaze iyo damyarebuli, hegelma kidev ufro gaafarTova. Tu kants gonebis cneba-
Si transcendentaluri da imanenturi goneba hqonda gaazrebuli, hegelma is absolu-
turi goniT Secvala. hegelTan Tavisuflebis cnebis ganmarteba igive darCa, rac kan-
tTan iyo, mxolod im gansxvavebiT, rom kantTan kanonmdebelia transcendentaluri
goni, xolo hegelTan – absoluturi goni. hegelTan Tavisufleba niSnavs absolutu-
ri gonis gacnobierebas da amis safuZvelze moqmedebas. aq umaRlesi mizania absolu-
turi goni, ramac yvelaferi gamoavlina samyaroSi da riTac yvelaferi isev misken
miiswrafvis. aseTma gagebam warmoSva moTxovna – mizani amarTlebs saSualebas, sa-
dac adamiani miznis nacvlad, saSualebad gadaiqca.
iracionalisturi filosofia, kantisagan gansxvavebiT, amtkicebs, rom gonebisa da
nebisyofis urTierTobis garkvevis dros upiratesoba unda mieniWos nebas, nebisyo-
fis Tavisuflebas da ara gonebas. maTi azriT, adamianis namdvil TavisuflebasTan
mxolod am SemTxvevaSi gveqneba saqme, radgan goneba da cnobiereba Tavisuflebas ki
ar aniWebs adamians, piriqiT, is borkavs adamianis Tavisuflebas. iracionalizmis
warmomadgeneli, germaneli filosofosis artur Sopenhaueris (1788 – 1860 ww.) mixed-
viT, nebisyofis aracnobieri Zala gansazRvravs cnobierebas da gonebas, is imorCi-
lebs inteleqts, radgan aracnobier stiqiur ZalasTan WidilSi cnobiereba uZluria.
amis naTelsayofad Sopenhaueri ambobs: `rogorc lagami ver moTokavs awyvetil
cxens, aseve ver moTokavs inteleqti da cnobiereba adamianis nebas~. misi azriT, sam-
yaroSi yvelafers msoflio neba marTavs da ara goneba. amitom adamiani Tavisufa-
lia maSin, rodesac moqmedebs da cxovrobs nebis karnaxiT da ara gonebis amkrZala-
vi principebiT. igive pozicias icavs fridrix nicSe. misi azriT, adamians warmarTavs
aracnobieri Zala, romelic mas Zalauflebis mopovebisaken mouwodebs. nicSe si-
cocxlis filosofiis warmomadgenelia da rogorc ukve viciT, misTvis miuRebelia
kategoriuli imperativiT cxovreba. misi azriT, kategoriuli imperativi monad da
morCilad xdis adamianebs. moTxovna `Sen unda!~ adamians arTmevs Tavisuflebas. is
klavs namdvil sicocxles. amis sapirispirod nicSe ayenebs Tavis imperativs `me
msurs~, romelic arafrad agdebs arsebul Rirebulebebs da ibrZvis absoluturi Ta-
visuflebisaTvis. `me msurs~ aris zekacis imperativi da umaRlesi Rirebuleba. nic-
Sem sazogadoebas mouwoda ibrZolos sakuTari Tavisuflebis damkvidrebisTvis. mag-
ram misi zekaci gaurkvevel viTarebaSi vardeba, radgan RmerTs uaryofs da RmerTis
funqciebs kisrulobs. raki es asea, maSin zekacma yvelaferze TviTon unda agos pa-
suxi. aseT viTarebaSi adamianis Tavisufleba CixSi Sedis da gamosavals ver pou-
lobs. es aris nihilisturi msoflmxedveloba, romelic sazogadoebaSi anarqias uS-
vebs.
germaneli filosofosis vilhelm dilTais (1833 – 1911 ww.) mixedviT, RmerTi aZ-
levs adamians Tavisuflebas, ar boWavs mis Semoqmedebas da ar adgens saboloo uc-
vlel mizans. misi azriT, adamianis sicocxlis mizani TviTon adamianSia, is ar aris
garedan Tavsmoxveuli iZuleba. sicocxlis swrafva adamianis Sinagani impulsia. vi-
naidan cxovreba usasrulod mravalmxrivia Tavis SesaZleblobebiT, adamiani am Se-
saZleblobebs misi Sinagani Tavisuflebis, misi intuiciuri alRos mixedviT irCevs.
dilTais azriT, adamianis sulier samyaros mecnieruli axsnis meTodebiT ver Sevic-
nobT. adamianis sulier miswrafebebs, ltolvebs da Tavisuflebas mxolod gagebis
unari wvdeba. dilTai filosofiis amocanad miiCnevs sicocxlis saidumloebis amox-
snas. sulma Tavis TavSi unda hpovos ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba da ara saboloo
mizanSi. aq TviTon moZraobaa Rirebuleba da ara saboloo mizani, radgan sicocxle
87
ver egueba gaCerebas da sazRvars. amitom, adamianis SemoqmedebiTi Tavisufleba ganu-
sazRvrelia, man Tavisi Tavi unda ipovos isev Tavis TavSi da amiT gaxdes Tavisufa-
li arseba.
eqsistencializmi sicocxlis filosofiis gagrZelebaa. mas safuZveli Cauyara
XIX saukunis danielma filosofosma soren kirkegorma (1813 – 1855 ww.), romelic da-
upirispirda hegelis filosofias. misi azriT, hegelTan laparakia mxolod kacobri-
obaze, saxelmwifoze da sxva zogad problemebze, magram araferia mocemuli pirov-
nebis ontologiur sawyisebze. kirkegoris mixedviT, SeuZlebelia logikuri azrovne-
biT am sawyisebis Zieba, radgan aseT msjelobas paradoqsamde mivyavarT da auxsneli
rCeba adamianis arseba. misi azriT, adamiani unda daemyaros RmerTis rwmenas, mxo-
lod rwmenas SeuZlia ixsnas adamiani auxsneli problemebisagan, romlebic adamian-
Si SiSsa da sasowarkveTas iwvevs. SiSi aris adamianuri yofierebis yvelaze mniSvne-
lovani eqsistencia, mis gareSe araviTari gadawyvetilebis miReba ar arsebobs, is
mudam Tan sdevs adamianur cxovrebas. SiSis gancdas mravali viTareba iwvevs, magram
yvelaze mTavaria sikvdilis SiSi. amitom adamianma gamosavali religiur rwmenaSi
unda hpovos. kirkegorma amiT religiur eqsistencializms Cauyara safuZveli.
religiur eqsistencializms aviTarebs XX saukunis filosofosi karl iaspersi
(1883 – 1969 ww.). misi azriT, adamiani Tavis sulier yofierebaSi Rrmad maSin iyureba,
rodesac igi SiSsa da sasowarkveTaSi vardeba. swored am dros xdeba gamoucnobi eq-
sistenciebis xedva da adamiani Tavisufldeba yovelgvari sazrunavisagan, romelic
tvirTad awevs mas. am gancdaSi xdeba eqsistencialuri gaciskrovneba, adamiani Tavi-
dan icilebs sxva warmodgenebs da gadadis RmerTis gancdaze. adamians mxolod
RmerTis rwmena aZlevs saSualebas gavides Tavisi imanenturi samyarodan transcen-
dentur samyaroSi da eziaros WeSmaritebas. rwmena aris adamianis Sinagani Tavisuf-
lebis gamomxatveli. RmerTi da Tavisufleba ganuyofelia. adamiani Tavisuflebas av-
lens arCevnis SesaZleblobaSi, rac ganpirobebulia Sinagani eqsistenciis karnaxiT.
magram adamiani Tavisi yofierebiT kavSirs amyarebs sazogadoebriv yofierebasTan
anu munyofierebasTan. Tu moqmedeba munyofierebiT iqneba ganpirobebuli, maSin aravi-
Tar TavisuflebasTan ar gveqneba saqme. iaspersis mixedviT, munyofierebaSi miznis
misaRwevad yvelaferi (mtroba, veragoba, sicrue...) dasaSvebia, magram eqsistencia ga-
moricxavs aseT miswrafebebs. eqsistencia niSnavs siyvarulisken, RvTaebrivisaken
swrafvas. swored aseTi swrafva aqcevs adamians Tavisufal arsebad. RvTaebrivisaken
swrafva aris SiSis daZlevisa da simSvidis damkvidrebis erTaderTi gamosavali.
arareligiuri eqsistencializmi Camoayaliba germanelma filosofosma martin hai-
degerma (1889 – 1976 ww.). arareligiuri ara nicSes gagebiT, aramed im gagebiT, rom
filosofia unda emyarebodes Tavis Tavs, is Tavisi Tavidan unda gamovides da ara
sxvisgan, radgan adamiani Tavisuflebas mxolod sakuTar yofierebaze mimarTuli
refleqsiis gziT aRwevs. misi azriT, refleqsiisa da sakuTari yofierebis Rrma gan-
cdis saSualebaa dro. dro aris yofierebisa da munyofierebis SemakavSirebeli. sa-
kuTari yofierebidan munyofierebaSi gasvla da iqedan dabruneba sakuTar TavSi
drois gancdiT SeiZleba. amitom dro aris istoriis horizonti. haidegeris azriT,
pirovnuli yofierebis ZiriTadi eqsistenciebia SiSi, SeSfoTeba, zrunva da sxva. es
eqsistenciebi yovelTvis Tan axlavs adamianis ganwyobas. ganwyoba aris pirovnuli
yofierebis fundamenturi eqsistenciali. yofierebaze moZRvrebas haidegerma funda-
menturi ontologia uwoda. sakuTari Tavi rom ipovos, saWiroa pirovneba ganeridos
praqtikul da pragmatul mecnierul ganwyobas, ganiwmindos misgan da gadavides misi
arsebobis ZiriTad eqsistenciebze. adamiani amas mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miaRwevs, Tu
gaacnobierebs Tavis mokvdaobas da warmavlobas. mxolod sikvdilis Secnoba iZleva
namdvili sicocxlis gaazrebis saSualebas. sicocxlis gaazreba mxolod gagebiT
88
SeiZleba, misi mecnieruli axsna SeuZlebelia. amitom gageba adamianuri yofierebis
ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia. pirovnuli Tavisuflebis sazrisi imas niSnavs, rom adami-
anma unda airCios gza momavlisaken, anu airCios sakuTari momavali.
haidegeris mixedviT, gageba arc fsiqologiuria da arc logikuri, is arc gare-
dan modis da arc Signidan, aramed is aris samyaroSi yofnis wesi. adamiani maSin
xdeba pirovneba, roca is gadawyvetilebas iRebs. gadawyvetileba ki niSnavs naxtoms
momaval yofnaSi.
arareligiuri da aTeisturi eqsistencializmis poziciaze dgas frangi filoso-
fosi da mwerali Jan pol sartric (1905 –1980 ww.). sartris filosofiis umTavres
problemas warmoadgens adamianis Tavisuflebis sakiTxi. misi azriT, adamiani ver ga-
eqceva pasuxismgeblobas, radgan Tavisufalia. swored Tavisuflebaa adamianisTvis
iseTi ram, romelic misgan moiTxovs yvelaferze, yvela moqmedebaze pasuxismgeblo-
bas. amitom misTvis miuRebelia religiuri eqsistencializmis amosavali debuleba,
romlis mixedviTac RmerTi aris adamianis Tavisuflebis garanti, rom RmerTisken
swrafva aris adamianis Tavisuflebis ganxorcieleba. Tavisuflebis aseTi gageba,
adamians uxsnis pasuxismgeblobas sakuTar moqmedebaze da es pasuxismgebloba Rmer-
Tze gadadis.
sartris azriT, RmerTi rom arsebobdes, maSin SesaZlebeli iqneboda momavlis
gansazRvra, magram, radganac is ar arsebobs, momavlis gansazRvra SeuZlebelia. ami-
tom adamiani yovel konkretul situaciaSi TviTon iRebs gadawyvetilebas da Tavad-
ve unda agos pasuxi masze. pasuxismgeblobis gadatana arc sazogadoebaze da arc
RmerTze ar SeiZleba. ar arsebobs raime sxva Rirebuleba, romelic adamianze maRla
dgas. amdenad Tavisufleba adamianisTvis aris mZime tvirTi, radgan yvelaferze Tvi-
Ton unda agos pasuxi. sartris azriT, Zalian Znelia iyo adamiani, radgan `adamiani
dawyevlilia TavisuflebiT~. sartris mixedviT, ar arsebobs obieqturi da sayovel-
Tao Rirebulebebi, aramed yvela Rirebulebas adamiani TviTon qmnis.

89
 adamianuri eqsistencialebi: sicocxlis sazrisi,
sikvdil-sicocxle, siyvarulis filosofia

sicocxlis sazrisi. cxovrebis miznisa da adamianuri arsebobis daniSnulebis

problemebi TiToeuli Cvenganis yvelaze rTuli da mtkivneuli safiqralia, miuxeda-
vad imisa, rom adamianebs yvela drosa da epoqaSi aRelvebdaT es sakiTxebi, mainc
XX saukunem misca maT gansakuTrebuli, dramatuli datvirTva da aqtualoba. wina
planze wamoweulma globalurma problemebma ukve ara marto calkeuli adamianis,
aramed mTeli kacobriobis winaSe dasva sabediswero kiTxva – `yofna-aryofna~.
sicocxle yvelasaTvis universaluri Rirebulebaa. e.fromi aRniSnavda, rom adami-
anSi biologiurad aris Cadebuli sicocxlis survili. mniSvneloba ar aqvs, bednie-
rebi varT Tu ubedurebi, maradiuloba, ukvdaveba mainc gvsurs, miuxedavad imisa, rom
viciT – adamiani sasruli arsebaa. swored sakuTari arsebobis sasrulobas ganicdis
igi yvelaze mtkivneulad da aramarto sicocxlis ukanasknel wuTebSi, maradiulo-
basTan Seyris Jams, aramed mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi. adamiani ibrZvis sicocx-
lisa da ukvdavebisaTvis. tanjva, tkivili, gancdebi mxolod ubiZgebs mas fiqrisaken
sicocxlesa da ukvdavebaze. sakuTar TavSi CaRrmavebis drosac igive kiTxvebi awu-
xebs – ra aris sikvdili – maradiuli cxovreba, Tu ukvalod gaqroba? ra aris si-
cocxle? raSia sicocxlis azri da mizani? da saerTod, risTvis vcxovrob? es ur-
Tulesi kiTxvebia. erTmniSvnelovani pasuxi ar arsebobs da arc SeiZleba arsebob-
des, rameTu ar arsebobs yvelasaTvis misaRebi absoluturi mniSvnelobis ideali, sa-
zomi, romelTan mimarTebaSic ganisazRvreboda adamianis saqcielis simaRle Tu sim-
dable. erTisaTvis erT sazoms aqvs mniSvneloba, meorisaTvis – meores. maSin ra ga-
modis? Tuki ar arsebobs erTaderTi WeSmariti da uryevi kriteriumi, romelze day-
rdnobiTac SesaZlebeli iqneba erTxel da samudamod gavarCioT erTmaneTisagan kar-
gi da cudi, sikeTe da boroteba, ra vqnaT? Tuki es SeuZlebelia, egeb ukeTesia vicx-
ovroT ise, rogorc vcxovrobT – dRevandeli dRiT, mxolod CvenTvis da mivyveT
mdinarebas?M
maqs friSis romanis `Homo faber~ (`mwarmoebeli adamiani~) mTavari gmiris, inJinris,
cxovrebis wesi samyarosadmi teqnicistur, saocrad praqtikul da momxmareblur da-
mokidebulebaSi gamoixateboda. igi yovelives ganixilavda, rogorc mxolod da mxo-
lod raodenobriv erTeuls, rogorc gamosaTvlelsa da gamosaangariSebel viTare-
bas; yuradRebis gareSe rCeboda sicocxle, rogorc gancda; siyvarulisa da megobro-
bis Rirsi qali yavda, romelsac gulrwrfelad uyvarda igi, magram advilad Seelia,
radgan `angariSisaTvis~ sulerTi iyo, am qalTan imegobrebda, Tu sxvasTan; qaliSvi-
liT arc dainteresebula, arc Seutyvia, rom is arsebobs, radgan `angariSSi~ amiT
araferi Seicvleboda. am principebiT icxovra mTavarma gmirma manam, sanam ganukurne-
beli seniT daavadebuli ar warsdga sikvdilis winaSe. amas win uswrebda sisxlis
aRreva sakuTar qaliSvilTan, am ukanasknelis gardacvaleba da inJinris mier imis
gageba, rom es qali misi Svili yofila. ai, mxolod maSin mixvda is, rom misi cxov-
rebis gza yalbi yofila.
samwuxarod, yvelaze xSirad mxolod maradiulobasTan pirispir Seyris dros
iwyeba ganvlili cxovrebis kritikuli gaazreba, rac, rogorc wesi, daJinebul Ta-
vismarTlebas ufro hgavs, anu monaniebas ganvlili cxovrebis gamamarTlebeli mtki-

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cebulebebi axlavs Tan. maSasadame, am daJinebul TavismarTlebaSi sakuTari Tavis
gamtyunebis gancda imaleba.
magram xom SesaZlebelia, rom arsebobdes sul sxva Rirebulebis sicocxle, uf-
ro maRali daniSnuleba adamianuri arsebobisa, romlisTvisac Rirs samsxverploze
mivitanoT yovelive is, rac Rirebuli da Zvirfasia CvenTvis, TviT sicocxlec ki?
rogori cxovreba mimaCnia kargad da misabaZad? raSia Cemi arsebobis arsi da daniS-
nuleba? – vekiTxebiT sakuTar Tavs da droTa ganmavlobaSi vxvdebiT, rom Tavad me
Tu ar gaveci pasuxi am kiTxvebs, Tavad me Tu ar Sevmate azri sakuTar cxovrebas,
aravin gaakeTebs amas Cems magier. unda gvaxsovdes, rom sikvdilis pirispir, maradiu-
lobis winaSe yvela marto rCeba sakuTar TavTan.
am eqsistencialuri situaciis ukeT gaazrebisaTvis, amerikeli filosofosi v. er-
xardi adamianebs okeanis ukacriel napirTan RamiT marto misvlas sTavazobs. Sexe-
deT kaSkaSa, mocimcime varskvlavebs mowmendil caze, gauziareT maT Tqveni wuxili
da sixaruli, SiSi da gancdebi, survilebi da eWvebi, gaandeT yvelaze piraduli da
idumali, rac gaRelvebT da gawuxebT sulis siRrmemde da dainaxavT, rogori gul-
grilebi arian okeane da varskvlavebi Tqveni gancdebis, survilebis, eWvebis mimarT,
Tqven rom ase giRrRniT guls da gtanjavT.
`gana Cven xSirad vsaubrobT maTze, vinc mokvda?~– kiTxulobs eqsistencializmis
warmomadgeneli Jan pol sartri – Cven dro ar gvyofnida. ara. me arsad melodebian.
me ar davtoveb sicarieles. metro savsea. restornebi gadatenili. Tavi giskdeba uam-
ravi wvril-wvrili sazrunavisagan. me gamovusxlti cxovrebas. igi ki darCa ucvle-
li, savse, rogorc kvercxi. me unda maxsovdes, rom Seucvleli ar var. me ki mindoda,
rom Seucvleli vyofiliyavi, raRacisTvis da viRacisTvis~.
ra Tqma unda, sazogadoebaSi adamiani Tavs esoden martosulad ar aRiqvams, mag-
ram mxolod garkveul dromde, vidre ar mixvdeba, rom sxvebsac, mis msgavsad, saku-
Tari cxovreba aqvT da aseve damoukideblad unda gadawyviton uaRresad piraduli,
sakuTari cxovrebis sazrisisa da daniSnulebis problemebi. adamiani gulgrili da
ganurCeveli ar aris sakuTari arsebobis sxvadasxva SesaZleblobebisadmi, yovel-
Tvis irCevs romelime maTgans. misi cxovreba yovelTvis am miznis ganxorcielebis
process warmoadgens da amitomac garemosadmi individualuri da gansxvavebuli da-
mokidebulebiT xasiaTdeba. da kidev erTi, Tavis gansakuTrebul mizans rom isaxavs
da axorcielebs, adamiani imavdroulad iziarebs xolme mocemul sazogadoebasa da
epoqaSi moqmed sayovelTao ideals; an, SesaZloa, kritikulad ekideba am ukanasknels
da mis gadalaxvas cdilobs. sulerTia, aseT SemTxvevaSic adamiani Tavis cxovrebis
mizans sayovelTao idealis mixedviT saxavs. Tumca yoveli axali odesme moZveldeba
da adgils sxva axal ideals uTmobs.
cdilobs ra gaiazros Tavisi daniSnuleba, adamiani aucileblobiT midis ukvdave-
bis ideamde, sulis, STamomavlobis datovebis, Tavisi saqmeebis ukvdavebis ideamde.
marTalia, adamiani mokvdavia, magram mas ar unda, ufro metic, ar SeuZlia Seeguos
im azrs, rom yvelaferi, rac masTan aris dakavSirebuli, Semofarglulia drois pa-
tara monakveTiT – misi dabadebisa da gardacvalebis TariRebiT. swored aqedan ga-
momdinareobs adamianis mcdeloba daukavSiros Tavisi bedi socialurad mniSvnelo-
van miznebs, sulier aRorZinebas. `sulisa da misi ukvdavebis rwmenis gareSe adamia-
nis arseboba arabunebrivi, warmoudgeneli da rac yvelaze mTavaria, autanelia~, aR-
niSnavda f. dostoevski. swored amaSi xedavda igi TviTmkvlelobis umTavres prob-
lemas. amisi mizezi ki, misi azriT, erTaderTia – ukvdavebis rwmenis dakargva.
yvelaze misaReb gzas religia gvTavazobs: ufalTan cocxali, uSualo urTierTo-
ba, RmerTis msaxureba. brma, monuri daqvemdebareba ki ara, aramed Segnebuli, gacnobi-
erebuli morCileba, anu piradi, Tavisufali arCevani, eklesiuri cxovrebis wesi da
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maradiuli cxovreba, romelsac TiToeuli Cvengani sakuTari miwieri cxovrebis wesis
mixedviT daimsaxurebs.
meore SesaZlebloba, romelic pirvels ar gamoricxavs, mdgomareobs imaSi, rom
realur samyaroSi Tavi miuZRvna adamianebs, sikeTisa da samarTlianobis samsaxurs.
rodesac adamiani Rrmad Caufiqrdeba sakuTari cxovrebis saidumlos, gaiazrebs Ta-
vis WeSmarit daniSnulebas, gaacnobierebs sakuTar pasuxismgeblobas, Tundac mxo-
lod uaxloesi adamianebis winaSe, misi damokidebuleba cxovrebisadmi aucileblad
Seicvleba. es nabijia moraluri TviTdamkvidrebisaken, zneobrivi cxovrebisaken. am
dros, sruliad SesaZlebelia, cxovreba ufro garTuldes, vidre maSin, rodesac
mxolod sakuTari TavisTvis vcxovrobT, piradi interesebiT varT Semofargluli.
magram es gza cxovrebas ufro azrians, savses, bedniers, mSveniers xdis. am dros ki
ar varsebobT, sisxlsavse cxovrebiT vcxovrobT, ganvicdiT, SevigrZnobT sicocxles
da vacnobierebT, rom marto me ki ar mWirdeba siyvaruli, mxarSi dadgoma, daxmareba,
mec vWirdebi sxvas da Tavs bednierad vgrZnob, rodesac SemiZlia Tanadgoma da dax-
marebis xels vuwvdi sxva adamians. romel gzas airCevs adamiani, am oridan erTs, Tu
romelime sxvas, mxolod misi gadasawyvetia da mxolod maszea damokidebuli. pasux-
sac Tavadve agebs sakuTar arCevanze. markus avreliusi aRniSnavda: `Cveni cxovreba
is aris, rasac Cven masze vfiqrobT~.

sikvdil – sicocxlis problema. `aravin icis, ra aris sikvdili, da aris Tu ara

igi udidesi sikeTe adamianisaTvis, miuxedavad amisa, misi eSiniaT, TiTqosda ician,
rom igi udidesi borotebaa~
platoni

`yvelam icis, rom sikvdili gardauvalia, magram raki is moaxloebuli ar aris,

aravin mis Sesaxeb ar fiqrobs~
aristotele

`borotebaTagan usaSinlesi – sikvdili – Cven sruliad ar gvexeba, radgan roca

Cven varT, sikvdili ar aris, xolo rodesac sikvdili aris, Cven aRar varT. ase rom,
igi srulebiT ar exeba arc cocxlebs , arc mkvdrebs, radgan pirvelTaTvis igi ar ar-
sebobs, meoreni ki ukve aRar arseboben~.
epikure

`sicocxle sevdaa, adamianad yofnis sevda... sikvdilic sevdaa, adamianad aryofnis

sevda~.
goderZi Coxeli

`sicocxle cvlaa... yvelaferi cvlaa... am cvlaSi ara rCeba ra... rCeba?! magram misi
xelSexeba Znelia... sicocxlis sitkbo ki es xelSexebaa~.
grigol robaqiZe

`yvelaferi SeiZleba wavarTvaT adamians, simdidre, niWi, samSoblo, sicocxle da

a.S., magram vervin ver waarTmevs sxvas mis sikvdils~.
haidegeri

92
 `umaRlesi da diadi sibrZne, romelsac adamis Zem SeiZleba miaRwios, isaa, rom
yofnas araviTari upiratesoba ar gaaCnia aryofnasTan, sicocxles – sikvdilTan~.

`eWvi da gakvirveba filosofiis dasabamia, sikvdili ki – misi maradiuli muza~.

napo kvaracxelia

guram rCeuliSvilis filosofiur-eqsistencialuri esses `sikvdili mTebSi~, mTa-

vari gmiri Aalfred kurela col-SvilTan erTad xevsureTSi mogzaurobs. tragiku-
li SemTxvevis Sedegad misi meuRle iRupeba. Aalfred kurela `TxemiT-terfamde~
WeSmariti germanelia, TavdaWerili, gawonasworebuli. mas sikvdili ar aSinebs da
civi gonebiT aRiqvams momxdars: `ho, samwuxarod, ar iyo avad, ar iyo moxuci, ijda
cxenze bednieri, mxiaruli, Tavis sayvarel qmar-SvilTan axlos, saubrobda da uceb
moxda yvelaferi. es ukve moxda. amas vTvli me erT-erT bednier sikvdilad, Tu SeiZ-
leba ase daerqvas sikvdils~. sul ramdenime wuTis win misi sicocxliT savse meuR-
le masTan erTad tkbeboda cadaziduli, bumberazi mTebis mkacri silamaziT, masTan
erTad saxavda momavali mogzaurobis gegmebs da aseTi simSvide? `ra yoCaRi xalxia,
kaco, qarTveli albaT Tavs moiklavda mis adgilas~, ukvirT qarTvelebs, `vinc dar-
di ar icis, man arc mxiaruleba icis, arc raime Zlieri grZnoba; man mxolod gone-
biT icis, rom aris Zlieri da susti gancdebi~. ufro sakvirveli is iyo, rom maTi
patara Svilic ar ganicdida dedis sikvdils: `Cven ase gavzardeT Svilebi; mokvda,
ese igi mokvda... mkvdars ras uSveli magiTi? verafers. sikvdili xom sicocxlesTan
erTad ibadeba. me ase mwams, Svilebi ufro mkacrad aRzardeT, mag principiT~. av-
tors garkveulwilad moswons momxdarisadmi germaneli mwerlis damokidebuleba,
romelic yvelanairad ikavebs Tavs, rom Tavisi dardiT sxva ar Seawuxos. Sesamowme-
belia mxolod erTi ram: rodesac kurela marto darCeba sakuTar TavTan, sayvareli
meuRlis mogonebasTan, mis sulTan, rodesac moixsnis nicSeseul niRabs, ras izams
maSin, gaumklavdeba ki sikvdilis Zalas? qalaqSi dabrunebuli Aalfred kurela sas-
tumros nomerSi `idga gaSeSebuli, martoka, da im sawols uyurebda, romelzedac qa-
lis kaba da yviTelyvavilebiani xalaTi iyo gadakidebuli. guramma raRac igrZno
tkiviliviT: iqiT oTaxidan xmamaRla qviTini moisma. sarkeSi Canda: alfredi daeca
sawolze, aRrialda. is tiroda, xmamaRla qviTinebda da zorba mxrebi uZagZagebda~.
sikvdils veraferi daamarcxebs! mis winaSe yvela Tanasworia.
sikvdilis problema filosofiaSi erT–erTi umTavresi, SeiZleba iTqvas, klasiku-
ri Temaa. Aantikur filosofiaSi ukvalod gaqrobis saSiSroebis, sikvdilis goniv-
ruli gaazrebis cda sokratesTanaa mocemuli. igi radikalurad udgeba sikvdils da
Tvlis, rom sikvdili sicocxlis uaryofa ar aris. sikvdili sulis gayraa sxeul-
Tan, misi gaTavisuflebaa sapyrobiledan, sadac igi miwieri cxovrebis manZilze im-
yofeboda. es marTlac rom sikeTea, an tkbili maradiuli Zili.
Pplatonis koncefciaSi sikvdili Zili ar aris; Zili sicocxlea. Tavisufldeba
ra sxeulisagan, suli WeSmaritebas swvdeba, bevrad ukeT azrovnebs, esmis da
grZnobs, vidre sxeulis tyveobaSi yofnis dros. Aadamians SeuZlia `bednierad daas-
rulos Tavisi dReni~, anu moipovos ukvdaveba, Tuki CauRrmavdeba, mimarTavs Tavis
suls da Tavad Seqmnis iseT wanamZRvrebs, suls rom miscems SesaZleblobas daub-
rundes RvTaebriv bunebas.
sikvdilis gansxvavebul versias gvTavazobs stoicizmi. stoelebis azriT, yovel
dRes sikvdilisaken mivyavarT. magram es tragikuli wami miznad ar unda davisaxoT,
ar unda miviswrafvodeT misken. adamians gacnobierebuli unda hqondes, rom Tavad
93
sicocxle Seicavs sikvdils. Aamitom sabediswero JamTan miaxloeba mxolod proce-
sia, romlis drosac sikvdilma Tavi aucileblad unda iCinos. igi iseve aRmocendeba
sicocxlisagan, rogorc kokoridan yvavili.
`sikvdili – WeSmaritad geniosi – sulis Camdgmelia, an filosofiis muzagetia~,
aRniSnavda artur Sopenhaueri. Mmisi azriT, maradiuli gansveneba rom ar iyos, fi-
losofiac ar iarsebebda – sakuTari arsebobis sasrulobas rom ganicdis adamiani,
igi TavisTavs uRrmavdeba da yofierebis saidumloebebzec fiqrdeba.
netari avgustine ase axasiaTebs adamianis arsebobas sikvdilis winaSe: dawyebuli
im wamidan, rodesac Cven mokvdav sxeulSi aRvmoCndebiT, adamiani midis im gziT, ro-
melsac sikvdilTan mivyevarT. sikvdili misTvis erTi wlis Semdeg ufro axlos iqne-
ba, vidre erTi wlis win, xval ufro axlos iqneba, vidre guSin an dRes, ramodenime
xnis Semdeg ufro axlos, vidre axla da axla ufro axlos, vidre erTi wuTis win.
yoveldRe mcirdeba manZili adamiansa da sikvdils Soris.
ratom eSinia adamians sikvdilis? sikvdilis SiSis axsnisas miSel monteni wignSi
`cdebi~ iSveliebs miTologiuri personaJis tantalosis magaliTs. tantalosi Rmer-
Tebma imiT dasajes, rom igi Tokze mobmuli moaTavses didi kldis qveS. tantalosi
yovel wams ganicdida SiSs, rom Toki gawydeboda da igi gaiWyliteboda. aseTive
mdgomareobaSia, montenis azriT, adamiani – igi mTeli cxovreba sikvdilis SiSis
qveS imyofeba da ar icis rodis gaiWyliteba misi simZimiT. ra unda gaakeTos adami-
anma, rom Tavi daaRwios am SiSs, gaTavisufldes am SiSze fiqrisagan? monteni Sem-
deg gamosavals gvTavazobs: `Cvens dabadebasTan erTad daibada CvenTvis mTeli samya-
ro da, zustad aseve, mTeli samyaro Cvens sikvdilTan erTad mokvdeba. amitom Cven-
Tvis tirili imis gamo, rom asi wlis Semdeg aRar viqnebiT, iseTive sibriyvea, ro-
gorc moTqma-godeba imis gamo, ratom asi wlis win ar vcxovrobdiTo. sikvdili axa-
li sicocxlis dasabamia~. e.i. sikvdili sicocxlis ganuyofeli nawilia da swored
masSi unda gamJRavndes cxovrebis sazrisi? `dauCoqa samgzis sanatrelma, sTxova di-
dostats suli. cremlma iwvima konstantines TvalTagan, magram verc sayvarels mis-
ca man suli, radgan sveticxovelisTvis Seewira igi~ (konstantine gamsaxurdia, `di-
dostatis marjvena~).
konstantine gamsaxurdiam novelaSi `zarebi grigalSi~ idealuri sikvdilis~ geni-
aluri suraTi daxata: mnaTe oqropiras mTeli cxovreba imedSi cxovreba iyo, radgan
arasodes qonia igi. mnaTe nebayoflobiTi mgloviarec iyo, radgan ar ekuTvnoda igi
am qveyanas, am sinamdviles. im did xuTSabaTs, rodesac yofili mnaTe samrekloze
avida, raTa zarebi Camoereka, movarda qari, eZgera samreklos, Searyia, Seatortmana
da mnaTesTan erTad miwaze daanarcxa. `es iyo: movidnen mezaris saflavze aTasi
wlebis micvalebulni. itires, igloves, vinc glovad ar Rirda da visi sicocxle
mTlad iyo glova... ar vici, sad waiyvanes mnaTe oqropiras sabralo suli. CemTvis
ekiTxaT. me vityodi: aswieT adamiani maRla, sul maRla da dasviT mnaTe oqropir Se-
moqmedis marjvena mxares, radgan sibneleSi dabrmavebulma erTxel mainc igrZno aR-
taceba da eqstazSi daiRupa~. `ideisaTvis sicocxle-sikvdili adamians bedniers
xdis~, aRniSnavda goeTe.
lev tolstois azriT, `Tu sicocxle sikeTea, sikvdilic sikeTea, radgan igi au-
cilebeli pirobaa sicocxlisa~; an `Tu sikvdili saSinelia, amis mizezi CvenSia da
ara sikvdilSi, ramdenadac ukeTesia adamiani, miT ufro naklebad eSinia mas sikvdi-
lisa~. eSinoda Tu ara Tavad tolstois sikvdilis? Tomas mans amis Taobaze metad
saintereso mosazreba aqvs gamoTqmuli: tolstoi iasnaia polianadan sikvdils gaeq-
ca, radgan
igrZno, rom miqel gabrielma moakiTxao. gaeqca, magram mas sikvdili gzaSi, rkinig-
zis erT patara sadgurSi mainc daewia.
94
 sikvdilis fenomeni metad Taviseburad da sainteresod aris gaazrebuli eqsisten-
cializmSi, Tanamedroveobis erT-erT yvelaze popularul filosofiur mimdinareo-
baSi. eqsistencializmis yvela warmomadgenlisaTvis filosofiis mTavar problemas
arsebobis problema warmoadgens. gamoyofen problemaTa rigs, romlebic eqsistenci-
asTan anu WeSmarit arsebobasTan aris dakavSirebuli: martooba, uimedoba, adamianu-
ri arsebobis `kraxi~, misi yofiereba sikvdilisaTvis da sxva. am mimdinareobisaTvis
amosaval wertils warmoadgens is, Tu rogor aRviqvam sakuTar Tavs `me~ da aqedan –
samyaros, romelic yovelTvis Cemia da uCemod uazrobaa. arseboba aris yofiereba
samyaroSi, samyaro ki arsebobis CarCoebia.
adamianis struqtura, rogorc `samyaroSi yofna~ aris SiSi. SiSi Cveulebrivi
mdgomareobaa, gansakuTrebiT SiSi sikvdilis winaSe. adamiani arasodes ganicdis
sxvis sikvdils. sikvdili, iseve rogorc arseboba, yovelTvis Cemia. adamianis arsebo-
ba aris sikvdilis wina yofna. adamiani ganicdis SiSs imitom, rom is ar aris Tavis
`saxlSi~, igi aris `samyaros yofnaSi~, sadac Zrwolvas ganicdis. magram am SemTxve-
vaSi, haidegeris gagebiT, adamiani ki ar ganicdis SiSs, aramed misi (adamianis) arse-
boba TviT aris SiSi. e.i. adamianisaTvis SiSi garegani ram ki ar aris, aramed Sinaga-
ni. analogiuria sikvdilic. igi yofierebis Taviseburi formaa da arsebobas Tavidan-
ve axasiaTebs – `daibada Tu ara adamiani, is ukve sakmaod mozrdilia sikvdilisaT-
vis~. amitom adamiani ver gaeqceva sikvdils, igi Tavidanve gadasrolilia sikvdilSi.
sikvdili ar emarTeba adamians, igi misi arsebiTi momentia.
rogor cdilobs adamiani sikvdilis SiSisagan Tavis daRwevas? igi garbis Tavis
Tavidan da TavSesafars sazogadoebaSi eZebs. aq igi xdeba iseTive, rogorc yvela,
arafriT gamoirCeva sxvebisagan; iseve rogorc yvela sxva, isic dadis samsaxurSi,
kiTxulobs gazeTebs, eswreba kinoseansebs, speqtaklebs da sxvebis darad isic msje-
lobs maTze; stumrobs megobrebs, uyurebs televizors; rogorc yvela sxva, ganic-
dis siamovnebas, kmayofilebas an ukmayofilebas, anu adamiani iTqvifeba sxva adamia-
nebSi, kargavs individualobas da gadaiqceva Cveulebriv saSualo, upirovno adamia-
nad. aseTi arseboba adamianisaTvis damamSvidebelia, magram sikvdilis winaSe SiSs
mainc ver Zlevs da ubralod Tavs iqcevs, vidre sikvdili ewveva. saidumloeba kar-
gavs mniSvnelobas. adamiani ukve aRar grZnobs pasuxismgeblobas sakuTari arsebobis
winaSe. igi Tavisufldeba Tavisi arsebobisagan. yvela aris `sxvebi~ da aravin aris
`is Tavad~. layboba, cnobismoyvareoba, TvalTvali, dasmena... swored es aris adamia-
nis yoveldRiuri arseboba sazodadoebaSi. es amSvidebs adamians. yoveldRiuri ada-
mianuri arsebobisaTvis sikvdili mxolod da mxolod `SemTxvevaa~. samyaroSi yovel
wuTs, yovel wams viRac kvdeba. sikvdili yvelaze xSiri faqtia am qveyanaze. eqsis-
tencialistebi Tvlian, rom swored sikvdilis momentSi vlindeba adamianis WeSmari-
ti `me~, swored maSin Seicnobs igi siRrmiseulad sakuTar Tavs da samyaros mTlia-
nad. upirovno adamiani sxvis sikvdils ar ganicdis, es mas ar exeba. man icis, rom
`sxvebi~ kvdebian, magram `viRaca, me xom jer ara, me mere, odesme~. es `me jer ara~,
garkveulwilad, aris Tavis damSvideba sikvdilis winaSe. eqsistencializmis warmo-
madgenlebi miuTiTeben lev tolstois moTxrobaze `ivan ilias Zis sikvdili~, sadac
siRrmiseulad aris ganxiluli adamianis Zrwolva sikvdilis winaSe. loginad Cavar-
dnilma, ganukurnebeli seniT daavadebulma ivan ilias Zem icis, rom male unda mok-
vdes, magram mainc ar unda. is ver ijerebs am realobas. mas axsendeba gimnaziaSi nas-
wavli silogizmi – `yvela adamiani mokvdavia; kaiusi adamiania, e.i. kaiusi mokvdavia~.
igi am silogizms yovelTvis WeSmaritebad Tvlida, magram mxolod viRac kaiusisaT-
vis da ara misTvis, ivan ilias ZisaTvis. ase gaurboda sikvdilTan Sexvedras ivan
ilias Ze, magram sikvdilma masac miakiTxa da daiwyo fiqri imaze, rom igi `kaiusi~
xdeboda. es ki tanjavda masac da mis axloblebsac. igi ver xvdeboda, ver acnobie-
95
rebda, rogor iarsebebs samyaro mis gareSe, visTvis amova mze, visTvis gaiSleba yva-
vili, ise, rogorc mas vis eyvareba deda, coli, Svilebi... es SeuZlebelia! anu `samya-
ro yovelTvis Cemia da Cems gareSe uazrobaa!~ magram realoba imarjvebs – sicocx-
le Sobs sikvdils. adamiani sikvdils ver gaeqceva, es misi cxovrebis logikuri da-
sasrulia. esaa mxolod, rom igi ver egueba am azrs, mis gareSe cxovrebas igonebs
da amiT Tavs imSvidebs, radgan sikvdili iseTi Rirebulebaa, romelze dafiqrebac ki
agonias, dards, SeSfoTebas iwvevs. Znelia sZlio mas. magram, albaT, aucilebelia,
gaviTavisoT da gavacnobieroT, rom `yovelives Tavis dro aqvs da yvelafers Tavisi
Jami am cisqveSeTSi~ (eklesiaste, 3.1).

goderZi Coxeli `sikvdilTan Rreoba~

Coxis wminda giorgis salocavSi dResaswaulze `saucxoo garegnobis ymawvili ka-

cis saxiT~, `tanze gazafxulis pepelais feris samoseliT~ mosuli sikvdili adamia-
nebs mis sikeTesa da aucileblobaSi arwmunebs: `ici ra, dedi, me ki ar gklavT, Tvi-
Ton vkvdebi TqvenSi, TviTon vitanjebi sulis gayrisas. me vasruleb imas, rac unda
moxdes, anda yovelTvis xdeba is, rac mosaxdenia ... aucilebloba ki sruliad ar ga-
moricxavs SemTxveviTobas... modi, manam cocxali var, daiviwyeT sikvdili; iciT, Tu
gindaT, erT saidumlos getyviT: dRes marto Cemi mokvla SegiZliaT, Tu momklavT,
aRarasodes mokvdebiT, magram amas nu izamT, uCemod gagiWirdebaT sicocxle. aRarc
siyvaruli geqnebaT, aRarc sixaruli...~
Temis erT-erTi wevris jRunas mier cekvis dros sikvdilis mokvlam adamianebSi
didi wuxili da sinanuli gamoiwvia. beri tiriliT daekona sikvdils da gulidan
frTxilad amoaZro xanjali... Savosanma dedaberma ki xmiT daitira... saswrafod
gaTxares miwa da ficrebis magier mindvris yvavilebSi Caasvenes sikvdili, mere zemo-
danac yvavilebi daayares da didxans veravin bedavda miwis miyras.
`meore dRiT ki amovida mze, oRond iqidan ki ara, saidanac amodioda xolme, gu-
Sindeli saflavidan amovida, aiwia, aiwia da saSuadReod dajda caze~.
goderZi Coxeli kiTxvebze ra aris sicocxle? ra aris sikvdili? pasuxobs: si-
cocxle sevda aris, adamianad yofnis sevda, sikvdilic sevda aris, adamianad aryof-
nis sevda.
aseTi sikvdili aRdgomis tolfasia, aseTia mwerlis daskvna.

`Tu siyvaruli ubralo cxovelobaa, maSin igi ar aris lamazi, mSvenieri. Tu

igi usxeulo vnebaa, maSin igi araa cocxali, xorcSesxmuli. igi erTsa da imave
dros mSvenieri sulis survilicaa da lamazi sxeulis wyurvilic... mSvenieri
suli lamazi sxeulisaTvis ltolvili da lamazi sxeuli mSvenieri sulisaTvis
vnebuli~.
grigol robaqiZe

siyvarulis filosofia. `me adamiani var da araferi adamianuri ucxo ar aris Cem-
Tvis!~ – es gamonaTqvami iseTive Zvelia, rogorc Tavad adamiani. rogor ggoniaT, ra
96
hqondaT mxedvelobaSi Zvel moazrovneebs? albaT, emociebi da aRtkineba, qvena
grZnobebi da vnebebi. es unikaluri Tvisebebia, maT cxovelur samyaroSi ver moiZi-
ebT. adamianuri arsebobis dramatuloba swored rom `vnebebiT TrobaSi~ vlindeba
da umTavresi maT Soris siyvarulia... kacobrioba erT dResac ver icxovrebs mis ga-
reSe...
siyvarulis sazogadod miRebuli ganmarteba, iseve rogorc mravali filosofiur-
eTikuri kategoriisa, ar arsebobs. siyvaruli sikeTisa da bednierebisaken swrafvaSi
gamovlenili uzogadesi principia – Tvlida platoni da swored man aamaRla siyva-
rulis cneba filosofiuri gansjis donemde. platonma siyvarulis saxeebis ierarqia
SemogvTavaza: umdablesi done – fizikuri siamovnebis miRebaa (es done, misi azriT,
Seuferebelia adamianisaTvis, gancxroma da sitkboeba, romliskenac ase miiltvis
adamiani, daTrgunvas saWiroebs); Semdegi safexuri fizikuri silamazis konkretuli
nimuSisadmi siyvarulia, amas wminda silamazisadmi siyvaruli mosdevs da, bolos,
aRape (Zmuri siyvaruli); agreTve, arsebobs sibrZnisadmi siyvaruli, romelic, iseve
rogorc religiuri gancdebi, SesaZleblobas iZleva CavwvdeT da SevicnoT absolu-
turi WeSmriteba. aristotele miiCnevda, rom sxeulis gancxroma, xorcieli sitkboe-
ba mainc sikeTea. marTalia, siyvarulis safuZveli seqsualuri grZnobaa, Tumca misi
dayvana martooden seqsualur ltolvaze ar SeiZleba. siyvaruli, upirveles yovli-
sa, sulTa kavSiri, pirovnebis TviTgamomJRavnebisa da TviTdamkvidrebis saSualeba
unda iyos.
Zveli berZnebi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebdnen siyvarulis sxvadasxva saxes: erosi,
gaRmerTebuli erosi – eroti, siyvaruli – vneba, siyvaruli, rogorc Tavisufali
ltolva.
erosi – Tavdapirvelad, adamianuri vneba, adamianis siRrmiseuli, Zlieri seqsua-
luri ltolva; ZvelberZnul miTologiaSi – siyvarulis RmerTi. ukve homerosTan
gvxvdeba sityva `erosi~, magram ixmareba ara rogorc RmerTis saxeli, aramed ro-
gorc `survilis~ aRmniSvneli arsebiTi saxeli. sofokles `antigoneSi~ erosi gvev-
lineba damangreveli Zalis mqone, daumarcxebel RmerTad. miTologiaSi eross STa-
momavloba ar hyavs, RmerTebis gamravlebaSi ar monawileobs, magram mis nebas win ma-
inc veravin aRudgeba – verc RmerTebi da verc adamianebi. eross SeuZlia RmerTebisa
da adamianebis goneba sakuTar nebas daumorCilos, mas Zala Seswevs gaagiJos Tavisi
msxverpli, sikeTe borotebad moaCvenos.
platoni dialogSi `nadimi~ mogviTxrobs, rom uZveles droSi adamianebi cxov-
robdnen rogorc ukvdavi hermofroditebi, anu maT sqesi ar qondaT. zevsma dasaja
isini da or sawyisad gayo. amdenad, erosi masTan gagebulia, rogorc autaneli mo-
lodini im mTlianobis aRdgenisa, romelic adamianebs adre hqondaT; rogorc sasik-
vdilod ganwiruli adamianebis dauokebeli swrafva STamomavlobaSi moipovon ukvda-
veba; rogorc dabadeba silamazeSi.
sqesis warmoSoba Tavdapirveli erTiani da Zlieri bunebis darRvevaa adamianSi.
ras emsaxureba sqesobrivi cxovrebis centraluri fenomeni, sqesobrivi ltolva da
ra moiazreba masSi? platoni gvTavazobs Semdeg miTologemas: erT dros adamianebi
iyofodnen ara ori sqesis, aramed sami sqesis mixedviT – mamrobiTi, mdedrobiTi da
e.w. mesame sqesi, romelic erT arsebaSi aerTianebda orive sqesisaTvis damaxasiaTe-
bel niSan-Tvisebebs. es ukanasknelni warmoadgendnen WeSmarit androginebs (berZ. –
orsqesa arseba). adamianebma RmerTebis damxoba ganizraxes. ganrisxebulma RmerTebma
dasajes isini – TiToeuli individi Suaze gayves, ris Sedegadac yoveli maTgani sqe-
sobrivad nakluli aRmoCnda. swored amiT aris ganpirobebuli adamianis dauokebeli
swrafva ipovos Tavisi naxevari da aRadginos odesRac dakarguli mTlianoba. es
swrafva warmoadgens erosis, sqesobrivi siyvarulis gamoxatulebas. am miTis safuZ-
97
velze platoni gvixsnis ara mxolod qalisa da mamakacis erTmaneTisadmi seqsualur
ltolvas, aramed sqesobrivi cxovrebis homoseqsualur da lesbosur gamovlinebeb-
sac. is qaluri da mamakacuri bunebis individebi, romlebic androginis gayofis Se-
degad warmoiSvnen, erTmaneTs eZeben da erTmaneTisken miiltvian, rac, Tavis mxriv,
gamoxatulebas povebs mamakacisa da qalis siyvarulSi. is individebi, romlebic
mdedrobiTi sqesis arsebebis gayofiT warmoiSvnen, pirvelsawyisi mdgomareobis aR-
sadgenad erTmaneTisaken miiswrfvian da lesbosuri siyvarulis mimdevrebi xdebian.
xolo mamkacuri sqesis arsebebis gaxleCili nawilebis ltolva pirvelqmnili sawyi-
sis aRsadgenad, homoseqsualur swrafvas aZlevs saTaves.
platonis azriT, sqesobrivi mimarTebis (erosis) sazrisi, ar amoiwureba mxolod
adamianis androginuli pirvelsaxis aRdgeniT. erosi, sqesobrivi siyvaruli, ar daiy-
vaneba mxolod erTianobisaken ltolvaze. eross sxva misiac aqvs miniWebuli. adamia-
ni, platonis azriT, or sawyiss aerTianebs: maradiuli, zegrZnobadi ideebis mWvrete-
li goneba da grZnobad-sxeulebrivi sawyisi. erosic am ori sawyisis zegavlenas ga-
nicdis da amdenad masSi mJRavndeba ormxrivi swrafva adamianis ukvdavebisaken. ro-
gorc sxeulebriv, mokvdav arsebas, adamians ukvdavebasTan ziareba mxolod sxeuleb-
rivi gardasaxvis gziT SeuZlia. amisaTvis ki aucilebelia STamomavlobis Seqmnis
mizniT dedakacuri da mamakacuri arsebebis SeerTeba. STamomavlobaSi adamiani sxeu-
lebriv ukvdavebas moipovebs. am ukvdavebas gzas ukafavs erosis erTi, mdabali aspeq-
ti. magram, rogorc aRvniSneT, platonisaTvis adamiani, upirveles yovlisa, goniTi
arsebaa da swored gonis ukvdavebaa misTvis mTavari da gadamwyveti. goniTi sawyisis
ukvdavsayofad ki adamianma Tavisi erosis Zala gonisaken unda moabrunos, goniTi
Semoqmedebis saSualebiT Tayvani sces Tavis Seyvarebuls. lamazi sxeulisaken ero-
tiuli ltolva man TandaTan unda aamaRlos da mimarTos silamazis sul ufro go-
niTi formebisaken. man unda iaros silamazis gziT manam, sanam ar miadgeba silama-
zis umaRles safexurs – TviTon wminda silamazes. Tu vinmes, dasZens platoni, moux-
deba ixilos es umaRlesi silamaze adamianis sxeulisa, yovelgvari adamianuri fere-
bisagan Tavisufali, anu wminda, yovelgvari Senarevebis gareSe arsebuli silamaze,
is SeZlebs Seqmnas, goniT dabados silamazis iseTi srulyofili Sedevrebi, romle-
bic adamianis gonis ukvdavebis WeSmariti sawindaria. maSasadame, erosi, sqesobrivi
siyvaruli, platonis mixedviT, adamianSi moqmedi iseTi ltolvaa, romelic akavSi-
rebs, aerTianebs sxvadasxva sqesis adamianebs da amiT xels uwyobs mTliani adamia-
nis aRdgenis process. erosi, amave dros, aris TaobaTa damakavSirebeli xidi, ro-
gorc sxeulebrivi, aseve goniTi ukvdavebis mopovebis saSualeba da samyaroSi sila-
mazis ganxorcielebis aucilebeli piroba.
miTebi adamianuri grZnobebis siZliereze mogviTxroben. am dromde vsaubrobdiT
adamianebs Soris siyvarulze, magram, rogorc irkveva, erosi bevrad ufro farTo
cnebaa. miTologia mogviTxrobs RmerTebisa da adamianebis siyvarulzec. uZveles Su-
merul miTologiaSi gilgameSi erTdroulad miwier da zeciur arsebad aris war-
modgenili. RmerTebis yuradReba sasiamovno unda yofiliyo naxevarRmerTisaTvis, igi
xom qalRmerT iStars Seuyvarda usazRvrod. magram gilgameSma uaryo misi siyvaru-
li da saswaulebriv gadaurCa Seuracxyofili qalRmerTis SurisZiebas.
Zveli berZnebis umaRles RvTaebas zevss uamravi Svili hyavs, maT Soris dedami-
wis mkvidri qalbatonebisganac. mexismtyorcnelis oqros taxtis qveS mexi grgvinavs.
kldis ori napralidan zevsamde mokvdavTa locva, aRsareba da erTgulebis ficis
RaRadi aRwevs. RmerTi yurs ugdebs da gadawyvetilebebs iRebs. magram Tavadac sakma-
od xSirad amJRavnebs da emorCileba adamianur grZnobebsa da vnebebs. moewoneba mok-
vdavi qali? uCveulod Semosili zevsi myisve tovebs olimpos mTas da Tavisi vnebis
obieqts eufleba...
98
 gardacvlil sulTa samefos RmerTma hadesma zevsisa da nayofierebis qalRmerTis
demetras qaliSvili moitaca – persefone. erTxel igi mindorSi yvavilebs agrovebda
da Tan cdilobda narcisebisaTvis arc ki Seexeda, radgan dedam mkacrad aukrZala
maTi mowyveta. gogonas Tvali mainc gaeqca da siqaTqaTiTa da sididiT gamorCeuli
narcisi dainaxa, cdunebam sZlia, xeli gaswia yvavilisaken da... uceb, miwa gaixsna, ha-
desis Savi cxenebiT Sebmuli oTxTvala etli gamoCnda da persefone miwisqveSa same-
foSi aRmoCnda. misi RvTaebrivi silamaziT hadesi datyvevebula, eross maszec gamo-
ucdia Tavisi Zala.
Zveli egvipturi misteria: seTma, borotma Zalam, Tavisi Zmis, RvTaebrivi osirisis
daRupva gadawyvita. Nnadimze man didostaturad naWedi kidobani gamoitana da motyu-
ebiT aiZula osirisi Sig Cawoliliyo. seTma kidobani daxura, daWeda, gamdnari tyvi-
a ACaasxa da nilosSi Seacura. kidobanma icura da finikiaSi, biblosTan gairiya. iq
igi Tavisi qerqiT dafara miwidan amozrdilma uzarmazarma xem, romelic biblosis
mefem moWra da Tavisi sasaxlis svetad gamoiyena. isida yvelgan eZebda Zmasa da me-
uRles. Bbolos ipova da mefesagan misi sxeuli gamoiTxova. qalRmerTma dabrunebu-
li kidobani qalaqis kedelSi damala, magram seTma mainc moaxerxa misi malulad mo-
taceba. Mman Zmis sxeuli 14 nawilad daWra da mTel egvipteSi mimoabnia. erTgulma
meuRlem, didi siZneleebis gadalaxvis Semdeg, moZebna da SeakavSira sayvareli qmris
sxeulis yvela nawili.
Zvel egvipteSi orgiebi isidas msaxurebis kultis Semadgeneli nawili iyo. Ees
misteria gasagebs xdida yovelives: TeTr samoselSi gamowyobili aTi qurumi sakur-
Txevlis centrSi iyrida Tavs. oric, qalis tansacmliT Semosili, nefTissa da isi-
das ganasaxierebdnen, romlebic guldaTuTqulni dastirodnen osiriss... misteria
gulisxmobda dasaWurisebis rituals – isidas erTguli Tayvanismcemlebi nebayof-
lobiT ikodebodnen, rameTu es sisxliani msxverpli RmerTis danawevrebul sxeulze
mianiSnebdaT.
Kkidev erTi misteria, romelic Zagrevsis (berZ. `didi monadire~) mkvlelobis is-
torias aRadgens. Tqmulebis gadmocema, Zagrevsis mkvlelobasa da sikvdilis Sem-
dgom aRdgomaze (wminda vacis saxiT), ritualuri moqmedebebis TanxlebiT srulde-
boda. aq sisxliani orgia TamaSdeboda. gamZvinvarebuli, cxoveluri, avxorculi Ji-
niT Sepyrobili adamianebi avkacobas Cadiodnen – erosi aSiSvlebda Tavis bunebriv
stiqias. yovelives simboluri datvirTva hqonda. amis safuZvelze kaTarsisi miiRweo-
da. Ddrama gulwrfeli da siRrmiseuli monaniebiT sruldeboda – msxverpls dasti-
rodnen, tansacmels iglejdnen, Tavze nacars iyridnen, sakuTar sxeuls daniT ise-
ravdnen. Dda, bolos, mesame aqtis droc dgeboda – ganaxlebuli RmerTis samyaroSi
dabrunebis dro. Eerosi marto damangreveli stiqia ar aris. mas Zala Seswevs gan-
wmindos, gaanaTlos suli, gaaRviZos sindisi adamianSi; mouwodos adamians, ar mis-
ces Tavs ufleba Cveuli gaxados es saSineleba. gamofxizldes, dawyevlos da daT-
rgunos damangreveli, Semmusvreli vnebebi. aseTia Zveli misteriebis azri.
amrigad, erosi, upirveles yovlisa, erT-erTi adamianuri vnebaTagania, romelic
adamianis bunebis filosofiur wvdomaSi gvexmareba. siyvarulis fenomenSi garkveva
adamianis arsSi garkvevis tolfasia.
Zveli drois moazrovneebi Tvlidnen, rom sulieri siyvaruli pirveladi da um-
Tavresia xorciel siyvarulTan SedarebiT. siyvarulis arsi misteriebSi povebda ax-
snas. es RmerTisaken mimavali erTaderTi gza iyo. siyvaruls zeciuri sawyisi aqvs.
xorcieli siyvaruli mxolod maSin aris wminda da amaRlebuli, roca igi sulieri
siyvarulis Sedegi da nayofia.
antikuri epoqis berZeni, eZleoda ra Tavdaviwyebasa da gancxromas, Tavadve adgen-
da sakuTari askezis, TavSekavebis, daSvebulobis sazRvrebs. sul sxva viTarebaSia
99
Tanamedrove adamiani. man icis, ra aris sazogadoebis mier dadgenili norma da ra –
normidan gadaxveva. amdenad, igi ukve saTanadod veRar uwevs angariSs sakuTar ga-
mocdilebasa da spontanurad aRZrul grZnobebs. misTvis bevrad mniSvnelovania mec-
nieruli Tvalsazrisi da sazogadoebaSi Camoyalibebuli, miRebuli SezRudvaTa sis-
tema.

aRape (berZ. Zmuri siyvaruli) – siyvarulis ZiriTadi Sinaarsia qristianobaSi, aR-

niSnavs moyvasisadmi siyvaruls. erosis, anu vnebiani siyvarulis, sapirispirod aRape
altruistuli siyvarulis sinonimia. qristianobam radikalurad Secvala siyvaru-
lis Sinaarsi. amieridan igi martooden adamianur vnebebs aRar niSnavda. man bevrad
ufro mniSvnelovani datvirTva miiRo – adamianuri arsebobis safuZveli da sayrde-
ni. Zmuri siyvaruli yvela adamianisadmi siyvaruls gulisxmobs. SemTxveviTi ar
aris, rom Zvel aRTqmaSi adamianuri siyvarulis mTavari obieqtia Rataki, ucxoeli,
qvrivi, oboli, TviT ebraelebis dauZinebeli mteri – egviptelic ki.
pirovneba qristianobaSi Semoqmedis mfarvelobis qveSaa – misi madlisa da mowya-
lebis safuZvelze. igi garkveuli Rirebulebis mqonea – amieridan miwieri adamiani,
mTeli misi ganumeoreblobiT, mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli fizikuri da fsiqi-
kuri niSan-TvisebebiT, aRiarebulia rogorc waruvali da udavo Rirebuleba. sxeu-
li, romelsac eTayvanebodnen Zveli elinelebi, qristianobaSi miCneulia sulierebis
WurWlad. siyvaruli siwmindea. vnebebSi Caflul adamians maTi daTrgunva moeTxove-
ba, raTa SeZlos da warmoaCinos Tavisi pirovnuli simdidre – saTnoebani. sasiyvaru-
lo gancdebi unikaluri da yovlismomcveli xasiaTisaa, radgan am grZnobis obieqte-
bia RmerTi, moyvasi, ucxotomeli...
qristianobis safuZveli siyvarulia. siyvaruli RmerTis arsia. RmerTisadmi siyva-
ruli ganpirobebulia sakuTari Tavisa da sxvaTa siyvaruliT. `giyvardes moyvasi Se-
ni, viTarca Tavi Seni~ (gal. 5.14). umTavresia Seiyvaro is, vinc ar mogwons. swored
aseTi siyvarulis safuZvelze vacnobierebT, rom sulierad axlobeli adamianis siy-
varuli did Zalisxmevas ar saWiroebs. ufro mniSvnelovania `giyvardeT Tqveni mter-
ni; daloceT Tqveni mawyevarni; keTili uyaviT Tqvens moZuleT da iloceT Tvensav
mdevnelTa da SeuracxmyofelTaTvis~ (maT. 5.44), rameTu `srulyofili WeSmariti siy-
varuli maTdami siyvarulia, visac vneba moaqvs CvenTvis~ (soren kirkegori). `siyvaru-
li sulgrZelia, siyvaruli qvelmoqmedia, ar Surs, ar yoyoCobs, ar ampartavnobs, ar
sCadis uwesobas, Tavisas ar eZiebs, ar risxdeba da ar ganizraxavs borots, ar xa-
robs sicruiT, aramed WeSmariteba axarebs; yovelives itans, yvelaferi swams, yvelaf-
ris imedi aqvs da yovelives iTmens~ (1 kor., 14, 4-7). WeSmariti qristiania, vinc boro-
tebas sikeTiT pasuxobs. aucilebelia SurisZiebis mankieri wris garRveva; saWiroa
siyvaruli SevaTavsoT tanjvasa da mimteveblobasTan. `acxovne, ufalo, da Seiwyalen
moZuleni da maWirvebelni Cemni... nu dasji codvaTa da usjulebaTa Sina maTTa
CemTvis~... es miuwvdomeli idea, romelmac ganxorcieleba qristes vnebebSi pova, Rmer-
Tis adamianebisadmi siyvarulis simboloa – `giyvardeT erTmaneTi, rogorc me Segiy-
vareT Tqven~(ioan. 15.12).
savaraudo iyo, rom qristianuli Rirebulebebi, romlebic siyvarulis, gulmowya-
lebis, daTmenis, morCilebisa da ubiwoebis principebs eyrdnoba, unda damkvidrebu-
liyo da Seecvala adamianebis cxovreba. esoden mgznebare siyvaruli, romelsac axa-
li religia qadagebda, mkveTrad gaimijna seqsisgan. man akrZala siyvarulisa da seq-
sisgan siamovnebis miReba. dagmo prostitucia, meuRleebis Ralati, gaukuRmarTebuli
sqesobrivi urTierTobebi. qalwulobis aRTqma da umankoeba cxovrebis wesis idea-
lad gamocxadda.
100
 unda aRiniSnos, rom qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis farglebSi sqesis proble-
mis gaazrebis gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisebi gvxvdeba. erT-erTi Sexedulebis Tanax-
mad, RmerTma adamiani usqeso arsebad Seqmna. igi Tavisi pirvelqmnili formiT ange-
lozismagvari da, maSasadame, sqesisagan Tavisufali arsebaa. sqesis aRmoceneba adami-
anSi pirvelyofil codvas ukavSirdeba. am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, samoTxeSi eva ar
iyo adamisadmi dapirispirebuli sqesobrivi sawyisi, amitom adamic moklebuli iyo
sqess da sqesobriv ltolvas (origeni, iakob biome da sxvebi). adamiani ar iyo gaxle-
Cili mamakacur da qalur sawyisebad, ar arsebobda avxorculi vneba da am vnebis
dakmayofilebisaTvis aucilebeli sasqeso organoebi. evas gamoyofa adamisagan da
amis safuZvelze adamis mier sakuTari mamrobiTi sqesis gacnobiereba, aRmocenda
pirvelyofili codvis safuZvelze swored im momentSi, rodesac adamiani sqesobrivi
ltolvis mona gaxda. amas Sedegad moyva adamisa da evas gaZeveba samoTxidan. radgan
sqesi negatiur kvalifikacias imsaxurebs, amitom am moazrovneTa mier uaryofiTad
aris daxasiaTebuli yvelaferi is, rac sqesobriv sawyiss ukavSirdeba: ojaxi, gvaris
gagrZeleba da sazogadod, yovelive amqveyiur, seqsualur grZnobasTan dakavSirebu-
li aqtivoba.
am Tvalsazrisis momxreebis azriT, adamianis xsnisaTvis aucilebelia sqesis ara
ganwmenda-gansuliereba, misi gaTavisufleba wminda cxoveluri an gamrudebul-adami-
anuri formebis gamovlinebisagan, aramed adamianis gaTavisufleba sqesisagan, am uka-
nasknelis daTrgunvis, saboloo jamSi ki, misi sruli ganadgurebis gziT.
sqesis miuReblobam qristianobaSi, zogierTi mecnieris mosazrebiT, sapirispiro
Sedegi gamoiRo – siyvarulma da seqsma jer arnaxuli xibli SeiZina. z. froidis az-
riT, sakmarisia, erotikuli moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis gzebi gamartivdes, ma-
Ti fsiqikuri mniSvnelobac klebulobs. libidos gaZlierebisaTvis winaaRmdegobebis
daZlevaa saWiro... amdenad, asketurma mimarTulebam qristianobaSi siyvaruls iseTi
fsiqikuri datvirTva da mniSvneloba SesZina, rogoric mas arasdros, TviT warmar-
Tobis periodSic ki, ar qonia...
qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis poziciebidan adamianis cxovrebaSi sqesisa da
sqesobrivi siyvarulis pozitiuri mniSvnelobis ideas aviTarebda netari avgustine.
misi azriT, vidre adamiani Sescodebda, sqesi da sqesobrivi cxovreba (qorwineba,
ojaxi), gamravleba sqesobrivi gziT, marTalia, gansxvavebuli formiT, magram ukve
arsebobda samoTxeSi. pirvelyofil codvamde adamianis nebeloba, misi goniTi buneba
gabatonebuli iyo mis grZnobad-sxeulebriv sawyisze. gamravlebis mizniT sasqeso
organoebis asamoqmedeblad saWiro ar iyo avxorculi vnebis aRZvra, radgan es orga-
noebi mTlianad adamianis nebelobas emorCilebodnen da misi mosazrebis mixedviT
moqmedebdnen. rogorc ki codvis Sedegad adamianis mTlianoba dairRva, adamianis
gonma dakarga sxeulze absoluturi kontroli. sasqeso organoebi ukve aRar emorCi-
lebian nebelobas da moqmedebaSi modian nebisaTvis ucxo, avxorculi vnebis aRZvris
safuZvelze. adamianis goni, rogorc umaRlesi sawyisi, sircxvils ganicdis, radgan
mas Zala aRar Seswevs misdami mtrulad mimarTuli sxeulidan momdinare vnebebi da
sxeulis Sesabamisi aqtivoba marTos.
romis imperiis dacemisa da pirveli qristianuli saxelmwifoebis warmoSobis Sem-
deg nawilobriv icvleba Rirebulebebi. garkveuli upiratesoba qorwinebas eniWeba,
romelic, antikuri epoqis qorwinebisagan gansxvavebiT, urRvevad cxaddeba. megobru-
li urTierTobebi, urTierTpativiscema, Tanasworoba da erTguleba – ai, is saTnoe-
bebi, romlebiskenac unda miiswrafvodes ojaxi. es idea gadmocemulia pavle mociqu-
lis sityvebSi: `qmrebo, giyvardeT Tqveni colebi, rogorc qristem Seiyvara eklesia~
(efes. 5. 25).

101
 aRape TanasworTa siyvarulia. Tumca, raoden Tanasworebic ar unda viyoT, gan-
sxvaveba mainc arsebobs. Cven adamianebi varT. Tu yovelTvis ara, zogjer mainc
gvWirdeba daxmareba – dRes me, xval – Tqven. magram daxmareba da mxarSi dgoma rom
gvWirdeba, sulac ar niSnavs, rom zogi umweoa, zogi ki Zlieri. umweoba warmavali
mdgomareobaa. swored sustis, umweos, Ratakisa da ucxo tomis adamianis siyvaruli
udevs safuZvlad Zmur siyvaruls – aRapes. giyvardes sakuTari sisxli da xorci, di-
di miRweva ar aris. es bunebrivia. cxovelsac uyvars Tavisi naSieri da zrunavs mas-
ze. umweosac uyvars Tavisi patroni – masze xom misi sicocxle da keTildReobaa
damokidebuli. bavSvsac uyvars Tavisi mSoblebi – isini mas sWirdeba. siyvaruli
mxolod maSin aris WeSmariti, roca araviTar mizans ar emsaxureba da angareba ar
udevs safuZvlad. TanaugrZnobs ra umweos, Rataks, ucxos, adamiani Tavis sulSi Zmi-
sadmi, moyvasisadmi siyvaruls uyris safuZvels. `mdgmurebs nu Seaviwroeb; Tavad
iciT mdgmurebis yofa, radgan mdgmurebi iyaviT egviptelTa qveyanaSi~ (gam. 23. 9).

amore (kurtuazuli siyvaruli) – XI da XIV saukuneebs Soris, dasavleT evropaSi

siyvarulis principulad axali gageba damkvidrda – kurtuazuli siyvaruli anu
amore. mamakaci qalisadmi unazess grZnobas ganicdida, aRmerTebda Tavis rCeuls,
mzad iyo misi saxeliT sagmiro saqmeebi Caedina, am dros piradad, SeiZleba, arc ki
icnobda satrfos. msoflio istoria ar icnobs msgavs fenomens. arc manamade, arc
Semdeg arcerT qveyanaSi msgavs siyvaruls ar cnobdnen –SoriT wva da dagva, siyva-
rulis obieqtis usazRvro gaidealeba, miuwvdomeli, ganuxorcielebeli grZnobis
mRelvare gancda da molodini. amore imdenad konkretuli qalis siyvaruli ar iyo,
ramdenadac gamogonili, srulqmnili xatebis, idealuri arqetipis siyvaruli, rom-
lis gareSe miwieri bedniereba warmoudgeneli da miuRweveli iyo, magaliTad, don
kixotis siyvaruli dulcinea toboselis mimarT. msgavss romanebSi qebas asxamdnen
sasiyvarulo tanjvas, gancdebs. umaRles bednierebad daukmayofilebeli vneba iyo
miCneuli. Seiqmna siyvarulis Taviseburi kulti. siyvarulis obieqts guldasmiT ir-
Cevdnen, samaradJamod. Tayvaniscemis Rirsi rom gamxdariyo, qali saTnoebiT Semkuli,
aucileblad gaTxovili da miuwvdomeli unda yofiliyo. ratom ar iTvleboda es Ra-
latad? siyvaruli Tavisufal arCevans gulisxmobs. Sua saukuneebSi ojaxi sul sxva
Rirebulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT iqmneboda – gvaris gagrZeleba, simdidris dagrove-
ba-gamravleba, politikuri ambiciebi. ojaxis SeqmnisaTvis siyvaruli aucilebeli pi-
roba ar iyo. Rrma da wminda grZnoba mxolod ojaxis miRma SeiZleba gaRvivebuliyo.
amores wesebi gulisxmobda, rom raindi Tavisi Seyvarebulis samsaxurSi unda Cam-
dgariyo – qalis nebismieri survili, moTxovna, yoveli kaprizi, saxifaTo davalebe-
bi yovelgvari gansjisa da Sepasuxebis gareSe sruldeboda. tanjva-wameba, romelsac
raindi ganicdida, yoveli safrTxe, romelsac igi Segnebulad ar erideboda, ufro
metic, iwvevda kidec mas, raTa satrfos guli moego, misi keTilganwyoba daemsaxure-
bina, monanie codvilis TviTgvemas ufro gavda. iTvleboda, rom yoveli warmatebiT
gavlili gamocda Seyvarebulebs erTmaneTTan aaxloebda.
qalsa da mamakacs Soris amaRlebuli siyvarulis ukeT gaazrebisaTvis, mizanSewo-
nili iqneba erTi paralelis gavleba. imave periodSi, rodesac dasavleT evropaSi
siyvarulis erTob Taviseburi forma – amore damkvidrda, saqarTveloSi Taobebi iz-
rdebodnen rusTavelis humanisturi ideebis safuZvelze. `vefxistyaosani~ apologiaa
adamianisa. es mSvenieri amqveyniuri samyaro adamianTa sakeTildReod aris Seqmnili.
adamianebma swored am qveyanaze unda daamyaron saamuri, bednieri cxovreba, aq unda
uyvardeT erTmaneTi, aq unda Seqmnan ojaxi, romlis safuZvelic siyvaruli da er-
Tgulebaa. sicocxle xom didi sikeTea, siyvaruli ki misi gvirgvini. `siyvaruli agva-
maRlebs~ da MmTeli poemac amqveyniuri znemaRali siyvarulis sagalobelia. `mZuls
102
ugulo siyvaruli, xvevna-kocna, mtlaSa-mtluSi~. poemis gmirebis mraval gansacdel-
gamovlili siyvaruli usazRvro da amaRlebuli, uangaro da wmindaa. maRalzneobri-
vi raindebi, erTguli satrfoebi da Tavdadebuli mijnurebi – aseTia mamakacis rus-
Taveliseuli ideali. evropuli amores fenomenisagan gansxvavebiT, arc TinaTini da
arc nestan-darejani daojaxebulni ar arian. sulierad da sxeulebrivad srulqmni-
li qalbatonebisaTvis satrfos Ralati warmoudgeneli da dauSvebelia. maTTvis
siyvarulis erTaderTi logikuri daboloveba erTgulebasa da urTierTsiyvarulze
dafuZnebuli ojaxis Seqmnaa.
evropul renesansamde didi xniT adre, rusTavelma kacobriobas axali humanistu-
ri morali SesTavaza da gamoamJRavna is sulieri ganwyobilebani da Rirebulebebi,
rac, Cveulebriv, evropuli renesansis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebad iTvleba.

dedaSviluri siyvaruli – siyvarulis yvela formisagan gamorCeuli, Seucnobeli,

damafiqrebeli. es fenomeni araerTxel gamxdara msjelobis sagani. bunebrivia, arc
qarTuli sinamdvile darCenila gulgrili am sakiTxisadmi. aq, upirveles yovlisa,
albaT, oTaraanT qvrivisa da Tavsafriani dedakacis gaxseneba gvmarTebs.
sayuradReboa, rom ilia WavWavaZe Tavisi gmiris saxels ar gvimxels. aseve iqceva
niko lorTqifaniZec. savaraudoa, rom isini Zerwaven ara konkretul personaJTa ti-
pebs, aramed qmnian dedis saxe-simboloebs.
`ocdaoTxi wlisa Zlivs iqneboda, roca daqvrivda da erTi wlis Svili darCa. is
dRea da is dRe, Caicva lurji Silis perangi, Savi kaba, Tavzed Savi mandili moix-
via da ai, es oci weliwadia, mxiaruli feri ar miukarebia tanzed. Tumca bevri
mTxovnelica hyavda, bevri exarbeboda oTaraanT qvrivis ojaxSi Sesvlas, magram
Tqvenc ar momikvdeT, ar gaTxovda da ara. – ai, uwinamc dRe daubneldes oTaraanT
qvrivsa, minam maminacvals saxlSi dausvamdes Tavis patara giorgisa~.
axla yuri niko lorTqifaniZes davugdoT: `qarTveli qvrivi dedakaci Tavsafri-
dan wuRebamdis... windac ki Savi... bevri earSiyeboda... Soridan maWanklebic gaugzav-
nes. – rogor vumtyuvno oblebs?!~
orive nawyvetSi qarTveli qvrivi qalis `zneobrivi kodeqsia~ Camoyalibebuli.
`Tavsafrianis~ kredo erTi fraziTaa gadmocemuli~ – `rogor vumtyuvno oblebs?!~
oTaraanT qvrivis mrwamss ilia gmiris monologiT warmoaCens, Tumca, erTi da igivea
naTqvami.
oTaraanT qvrivis, rogorc dedisa da aRmzrdelis, Taviseburebad unda CaiTvalos,
rom igi Tavis usazRvro siyvaruls Svilisadmi garegnulad arasodes amJRavnebs. arc
sxvam da arc TviT giorgim ar icis, rom qvrivi mzad aris mtlad daedos Tavis pir-
mSos. `Seni var, SenTvis movkvdebi, SenTvis davicem danasao~, – ityoda xolme Tavis
gulSi deda, roca Svils samuSaodan momavals dainaxavda. Svilisadmi usazRvro Tav-
dadeba igrZnoba oTaraanT qvrivis mTel cxovrebaSi. magram gansakuTrebuli sidia-
diT mainc Txzulebis ukanasknel nawilSi, rodesac zamTris Tovlian RameSi avadmyo-
fi oTaraanT qvrivi loginidan wamodgeba, momvlel dedabers gaepareba, sofels tan-
jviTa da vai-vaglaxiT gaivlis, raTa ganTiadisas Tavisi sicocxle Svilis saflavze
daamTavros. swored giorgis dabadebis dRes, ocdaxuT dekembers, sasaflaoze ipoves
oTaraanT qvrivi, romelic Svilis saflavze `gardi-gardmo gadaqceuliyo, fexebi
aqeT piras miwazed ebjina TiTis wverebiTa da orive xeli iqiT piras gadaekidna,
TiTqos sdomebia mTeli saflavi qviTa da mkvdriT erTis xvevniT gulSi Caekrao~.
`Tavsafriani dedakaci~ ufro saTuTi bunebisaa. umaduri Svilisagan naTqvamma er-
Tma sityvam erTi xelis mosmiT daungria mTeli samyaro. miuxedavad amisa, mainc Svi-
lebis saxelze izruna da sicocxleSi pirvelad icrua, roca viRacas werili miawe-
rina SvilebTan, TiTqos salocavSi wavida da `Cemze ar idardoT, arc meZeboTo...~
103
 niko lorTqifaniZes amayi sulis Tavsafriani dedakaci didebul adamianad miaCnia
da iqve dasZens, rom `didebuli adamianebi uZeglod ikargebian~. Tumca, vfiqrobT,
orive mweralma Tavad daudga Zegli qarTvel dedas.
siyvaruli SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvari iyos. Cveulebrivad, ratomRac gvgonia, rom
siyvaruli, rogorc grZnoba, rogorc vneba, yovelTvis da yvelasaTvis erTnairad
vlindeba. garkveuli azriT, SeiZleba asec iyos. magram isic faqtia, rom gansxvave-
bul kulturebSi is sxvadasxvagvarad ganicdeba. seqszec ki axdens kultura gavle-
nas. siyvaruli SeiZleba warmoCenili iyos seqsualur-cxovelur variantebSi da pi-
riqiT, romantiuli grZnobis saxiT. erT kulturaSi dominirebs umankoeba, platonu-
ri grZnoba, meoreSi ki erosi, rogorc sawyisi, stiqiuri, Zlieri adamianuri vneba...
arc Tu didi xnis win Cvens qveyanaSi siyvaruli cenzuris mkacri zedamxedvelobis
qveS imyofeboda. asea yvela totalitarul saxelmwifoSi. cnobilia, rom erotikul
miswrafebebSi adamiani individualuri da Tavisufalia. swored amitom zRudavdnen
da akontrolebdnen, albaT, adamianis intimur cxovrebas `Zlierni ama qveynisa~. dRes
sul sxva mdgomareobaa... Tavisuflad iyideba `kamasutra~, Cinuri traqtatebi seqsze,
horoskopebi, rekomendaciebi. puritanobis daZlevis mcdelobisas, gamoricxuli ar
aris meore ukiduresobaSi aRvmoCndeT. siyvaruli maradiuli da ucvleli grZnobaa.
magram kultura, gabatonebuli standartebi udavod axdenen gavlenas erotikul
normebze. da mainc, am grZnobaSi, yvela dros, yvela epoqaSi, ufro meti saerToa,
vidre gansxvaveba. swored amitom gvesmis da ganvicdiT Cven dResac dafnasa da qlo-
as, tristanisa da izoldas, romeosa da julietas, Tamarisa da TaraSis, onisesa da
ZiZias dramas.

sakontrolo kiTxvebi

ra aris `kategoriuli imperativi~ ?

SesaZlebelia kategoriuli imperativisa da Tavisuflebis SeTavseba?
iracionalizmis mixedviT, SeuZlia Tu ara gonebasa da cnobierebas mianiWos ada-
mians Tavisufleba?
gaaanalizeT nicSeseuli imperativebi `me msurs~ da `Sen unda~.
platonis mixedviT, ra aris sikvdili? rodis wvdeba suli WeSmaritebas?
rogor gesmiT gamoTqma: filosofosoba sikvdilisaTvis mzadebas niSnavs?
ra moiazreba sikvdilis moralur RirebulebaSi?
risi eSinia adamians – sikvdilis rogorc sicocxlis Sewyvetis faqtis Tu masze
dafiqrebisa da misi eqsistencialuri gancdis?
eqsistencializmis mixedviT, rogor cdilobs adamiani sikvdilis SiSisagan Tavis
daRwevas?
platoniseul miTologemaSi sqesis warmoSobis Taobaze, ras emsaxureba sqesobri-
vi cxovrebis centraluri fenomeni – sqesobrivi ltolva da ra moiazreba masSi?
ra udevs safuZvlad aRapes – Zmur siyvaruls?
gaaanalizeT aRapes ZiriTadi moTxovna: `giyvardeT Tqveni mterni; daloceT Tqve-
ni mawyevarni; keTili uyaviT Tqvens moZuleT da iloceT Tqvensav mdevnelTa da Seu-
racxmyofelTaTvis~.
ra TaviseburebebiT gamoirCeva amore – kurtuazuli siyvaruli?

104
 adamiani da Tanamedrove sazogadoebis
Taviseburebani
(gaucxoebis problema)

sazogadoebis ganviTarebis istoriaSi yoveli didi Semobruneba tradiciul Rire-

bulebaTa gadafasebiT xasiaTdeba, anu yoveli axali epoqa Zveli Rirebulebebis ga-
dafasebiTa da sakuTari faseulobebis damkvidrebis mcdelobiT iwyeba. gavixsenoT,
nicSes filosofiaSi uari iTqva yvela tradiciul Rirebulebaze. adamiani aRar
cnobda Tavs valdebulad arc RmerTis, arc moyvasis, arc sazogadoebis winaSe. yove-
live es uaryofil iqna pirovnebis Tavisuflebis saxeliT. nicSes mixedviT pirovne-
bad mxolod didi pirovneba, zekaci iTvleba, romelic gansazRvravs rogorc ideal-
Ta samyaros, aseve upirovno masas. adamianis amgvari sruli `gaTavisufleba~ dasru-
lebuli saxiT gamoixata TezaSi – `RmerTi mokvda~. amas ki Sedegad mohyva is, rom
tradiciuli Rirebulebebis uaryofiT adamiani marTlac gaTavisuflda yovelgvari
maiZulebeli idealebisagan, Tumca man orientirebic dakarga samyaroSi. axla mas Ta-
vad unda etvirTa is samuSao, rasac adre RmerTis an ideis saxeliT da maTi daxma-
rebis imediT akeTebda. `garedan~ daxmarebis imedi mas xom Zalas aZlevda. axla ki,
sakuTari survilebisa da qmedebebisaTvis mTeli pasuxismgebloba Tavad ekisreboda.
e.i. adamiani sruli qaosis winaSe aRmoCnda. mas Tavad unda moewesrigebina es samya-
ro. swored amgvari Tavisuflebis gacnobierebis sirTulem aTqmevina Jan pol
sartrs: `adamiani dawyevlilia TavisuflebiT~. SevecadoT sworad gavigoT, risi
Tqma surda mas. marTalia, adamiani RmerTis mfarvelobisagan gaTavisuflda, magram
samagierod dakarga mizani, aRar icis ra uyos am `Tavisuflebas~ da myisve misgan
gaqcevas cdilobs.
XX saukunis TiTqmis vercerTi moazrovne gverds ver uvlis im faqts, rom Tana-
medrove adamiani cdilobs sazogadoebaSi gaTqvefas. Tu antikuroba bedisweris wina-
Se SiSs dioniseebSi icilebda, dRevandeli adamiani sensaciebSi iviwyebs sikvdilisa
da martoobis SiSs. igi cdilobs upirovnos, saerTos, saSualos amoefaros, Tumca
aris mcdelobebi, rom zogierTma sikeTisa Tu ara, borotebis safuZvelze mainc Sei-
narCunos sakuTari individualoba, raTa `sxvaSi~ ar gaiTqvifos, ar gaxdes `rogorc
yvela sxva~. `sxvebSi~ gaTqvefa, sakuTari individualobis dakargva Zalian mtkivneu-
li da autanelia TiToeuli CvenganisaTvis. swored am problemas asaxavs sartris
sityvebi – `jojoxeTi es aris sxvebi~ – viazrovno, vifiqro, rogorc `sxvebma~; vimoq-
medo, rogorc `sxvebma~; Cavicva, rogorc `sxvebma~; sikeTed CavTvalo is, rasac `sxve-
bi~, Cemgan gansxvavebiT sikeTed Tvlian, radgan `sxvebi~, sazogadoeba fiqrobs ase. es
xom sakuTar Tavze uaris Tqmas niSnavs. Tumca meore gzac arsebobs. gaveqce realo-
bas, Tavi Sevafaro gamogonils, iluzoruls, virtualurs da bolos da bolos davi-
jereb, rom Cemi namdvili cxovreba iq mimdinareobs da ara aq.
gaucxoeba, adamianis mier sakuTari arsebis dakargva, arasdros yofila ase aSkara.
XX saukunes zogierTma mkvlevarma gacnobierebuli krizisis epoqa uwoda, xolo mis
filosofias – gacnobierebuli krizisis epoqis filosofia. krizisidan Tavis daRwe-
vis sxvadasxva gza arsebobs, magram yvelasaTvis ZiriTadi da saerTo mainc maT mier-
ve zarzeimiT uaryofili tradiciuli Rirebulebebisaken Semobrunebaa.
ukeT rom CavwvdeT sakiTxis arss, Cven realobasac SevexoT. sazogadod miCneulia,
rom Tanamedrove adamiani `mowyenilia’. mowyeniloba is Taviseburi mdgomareobaa, ro-
ca adamiani wuxs da ver isvenebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom fiziologiur-materialuri
moTxovnilebebis mxriv sakmaod dakmayofilebuli da mosvenebulia. ufro metic,
`mowyeniloba~ swored maSin eufleba adamians, roca sakuTar biologiur arsebobaze

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zrunvisagan Tavisufalia. ras vakeTebT, roca mowyenilebi varT? – zogi nards Tama-
Sobs, zogi banqos an dominos, iSviaTad QQWadraks, zogi krosvords xsnis, zogi kom-
piuterTan aTenebs da aRamebs, zogic svams da a.S. magram, Tuki didxans gagrZelda
garToba saqmesTan SeTavsebis gareSe, maSin, rogorc cnobilia, garTobac mosawyeni
xdeba da zogierTi Cvengani isev saqmes ubrundeba, zogic ki am `mosawyeni garTobi-
dan~ Tavis daRwevas cdilobs, raRac axlisken miiswafis, raTa Tavi iq mainc daim-
kvidros, iq, sadRac, Tundac iluzorul samyaroSi, anu `sxva arsebobaSi~. amisi tipi-
uri magaliTebia alkoholizmi da narkomania. mogexsenebaT, rom alkoholisa da nar-
kotikis efeqti, upirveles yovlisa, imaSi gamoixateba, rom individi kontrolisa da
realobis grZnobas kargavs da ufro `maRal doneze arsebobis~ iluzias eqvemdebare-
ba. cnobilia loTi kacis Taviseburi Tavmomwoneoba, kompleqsebidan gaTavisufleba,
misi pretenzia gansakuTrebulobaze. isic cnobilia, rom loTobasa da narkomanias
gansakuTrebiT didi gasaqani swored maSin eZleva, rodesac epoqaluri ideali sayo-
velTaod kargavs damajereblobas da imsxvreva, axali ki jer ar Cans. udaoa, rom es
gza `sxva arsebobaSi~ gadasvlis, amaRlebisa da damkvidrebis surogatuli, iluzo-
ruli gzaa. e.i. adamiani gaurbis realobas da iluzoruls afarebs Tavs (sxvaTa So-
ris, `iluzorulobis~ uamravi faruli saxe arsebobs. Tundac CvenTvis yvelaze nac-
nobi da Cveuli: nacnob-megobrebi xSirad ikribebian xolme. yavas xarSaven, miirTmeven,
Tambaqos aboleben da saubroben, maT Soris politikaze da umeteswilad, opoziciur
Tvalsazriss uWeren mxars... Tumca ki cxovrebaSi mSvenivrad eguebian da Tavisi pira-
di keTildReobis sasargeblod iyeneben `poziciasa~ da `pozicionerebsac~. yovelive
es raRac `msubuq garTobas~ gavs, raRac `rituals~, modas, `karg tons~, romlis sabo-
loo mizani Cveulebriv banalur yofaze amaRlebis pretenzia da ufro maRal realo-
basTan Sexebaa), anu arsebuli realobidan gaqceva da raRac sxva, sulac gamogonili
realobisaTvis Tavis Sefarebis mcdeloba, Tavis motyuebac aris da xsnac imavdrou-
lad.
araerTxel aRgviniSnavs, rom filosofia cxovrebas mowyvetili fenomeni ar aris.
yvelaferi, rac Cven gvawuxebs, razec vfiqrobT da ganvicdiT, ra kiTxvebic gviCndeba
da pasuxs veZebT, yvelafris moZieba filosofiaSi SeiZleba. raRa Tqma unda, ara er-
TmniSvnelovani, utyuari pasuxis saxiT, aramed Cvenze bevrad Wkviani da gamocdili
adamianebis mosazrebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, Cveni da maTi Sexedulebebis SejerebiT,
aqedan ki SesaZlebeli xdeba WeSmaritebisaken svla. am rTul gzaze filosofias li-
teratura udgas gverdiT da misTvis damaxasiaTebeli xerxebiTa da formiT cdilobs,
ufro gasagebi eniT esaubros adamians mis satkivarze, mianiSnos, rogori cxovrebis
wesia misTvis Rirseuli da rogori Seuferebeli, daafiqros cxovrebis warmavlobasa
da amaoebaze da sanimuSo idealic SesTavazos. amjerad literaturul simbolizms
moviSveliebT.
literaturuli simbolozmisaTvis imTaviTve saintereso da mniSvnelovania umTav-
resi msoflmxedvelobrivi problemebi: arsebobs Tu ara samyaro, Tu igi Cveni fanta-
ziis nayofia? ra aris Cveni sinamdvile, moCvenebiTi, Tu namdvili? sad gadis zRvari
maT Soris? rogoria igi TavisTavad da rogoria igi, rogorc Cveni fantaziis nayo-
fi?
leo qiaCelis moTxrobaSi `EEcalade~ moqmedeba SveicariaSi xdeba, dResaswaulze.
karnavalSi axalgazrda qarTveli kacic monawileobs. irgvliv uamravi niRbiani qali
da kacia. erT-erTi maTgani, qali Savi niRbiTa da wiTel-yviTeli mosasxamiT, sxvebi-
sagan gamoarCevs qarTvels da eubneba: `yoveli sanamdvile warmodgenaa da yoveli
warmodgena sinamdvile~. uecrad es niRbiani qali elvis siswrafiT Sexteba xeze, ken-
weroze moeqceva da gamomwvevad uxmobs yvelas: amodiT, damiWireT, vinc vaJkaci xar-
To. qarTveli pirveli Seecdeba asvlas, magram mixvdeba, rom kenweromde ver miaRwevs,
106
toti ver gauZlebs. uceb qali nirwamxdari qarTvelis gverdiT aRmoCndeba. wiTel-
yviTeli mosasxami ki isev xis kenweroze kidia. qali seirs uyurebs, Tu rogor miiC-
nevs motyuebuli brbo xis kenweroze Camokidebul niRabsa da mosasxams realur qa-
lad. daufaravad eubneba kidec mamakacs: `xa-xa-xa! megobaro, ar gecineba? rogor mog-
wons Cemi idea? ar gagonebs gana es suraTi TviT kacobriobas, mis brZolas, mis
cxovrebas? ra kargia! gana ase tyuilad ar ibrZvis kacobrioba? gana ase Tavdaviwye-
biT ar epotineba raRac ideals, romelic bolos da bolos iseTive sisulelea, ro-
gorc xeze Camokidebuli Cemi niRabi da wiTel-yviTeli mosasxami!... ` `Ecalade~ erTxel
kidev gvidasturebs Cveni cnobierebis umweobas – warmosaxuls realobad rom miiC-
nevs.
rogoria sinamdvile TavisTavad da rogoria igi, rogorc Cveni fantaziis nayofi?
konstantine gamsaxurdias novela `lil~ Tavidan pikanturi Tavgadasavalis Txro-
bas waagavs. axalgazrda kaci hyveba, Tu rogor aenTo eqim Saruxias ulamazesi colis
trfobiT. ucnauri is iyo, rom am trfobas qmaric grZnobda da xels ar uSlida.
oRond, mkiTxveli xvdeba, raRac mzakvroba aqvs Cafiqrebuli Saruxias... qalis siyvaru-
liT Tavdaviwyebamde misuli axalgazrda kaci erTbaSad aRmoCndeba Semzaravi realo-
bis winaSe. Saruxia TviTon waiyvans zRvis sanapiroze jamleTs SiSveli colis sanaxa-
vad. umSvenieresi qalis nacvlad simaxinje warmosdgeba trfobiT aRvsili vaJis winaSe:
`lil mTlad SiSveli idga da mRelvare zRvas gahyurebda. elvis siswrafiT Semoevlo
mis sxeuls Cemi xarbi Tvali. da vnaxe – orive ferdebidan moxrili, saSualo TiTis
sisxod amoburculi Zvlebi uCanda~. gamaognebel suraTs eqim Saruxias mefistofelu-
ri xiTxiTi abolovebs: `axla xom xedavT, ra Znelia raxitiani colis qmroba da ro-
gor gvatyuebs Cven Tvali?~ `me rom is kaci, buneba, Tu RmerTi Segirdad momabaron,
romelmac egzom zadiani organo mianiWa adamians, rogoricaa Tvali, uTood ors davu-
werdio mas, radgan araferi ise umgvanod mowyobili ar ariso Cvens agebulebaSi, ro-
gorc Tvali. araferi ise ar gvatyuebso, rogorc Tvali~. Tvalxiluli sinamdvile mi-
raJi da moCvenebaa, aseTi daskvna gamoaqvs konstantine gamsaxurdias.
ra ganapirobebs adamianis moTxovnilebas icxovros iluzorul, gamogonil sinam-
dvileSi? SemogTavazebT qarTveli filosofosis zurab kakabaZis haidegeriseuli
Tvalsazrisis analizs. `... patara bavSvs mSoblebi xelmZRvaneloben, gezsa da mimar-
Tulebas aZleven mis saqciels da amgvarad, uzrunvelyofen misi bavSvuri cxovrebis
problemebis warmatebiT gadawyvetas. xolo, roca gaizrdeba da mozrdili Seiqneba,
erTbaSad `mozrdili cxovrebis~ rTuli problemebis winaSe aRmoCndeba yovelgvari
xelmZRvanelisa da saxelmZRvanelos gareSe, saimedo orientirsa da gzis maCvenebels
moklebul samyaroSi, rogorc `ucxo qveyanasa~ da sxvis saxlSi~ Tavis anabara mito-
vebuli... mitovebulobisa da `usaxlkarobis~ es `peizaJi~ rom aSinebs, adamiani zurgs
aqcevs da axSobs mas – TavdaviwyebiT eZleva `sajaro cxovrebas~ da Tavs ikatunebs,
viTomcda aseTi cxovrebis samyaroSi hpova man `mamuli~ da `mSobliuri kera~. am sam-
yaros gamgebelad anu `mSobel mamad~ ki evlineba masobrivad gavrcelebul tendenci-
ebSi gamovlenili raRac anonimuri instancia, romelic mas saimedo xelmZRvanelobas
uwevs... yoveldRiuri cxovrebis wesi, garemomcvel samyaroSi CaZirviTa da masaSi gaT-
qvefiT rom xasiaTdeba, sxva araferia, Tu ara `usaxlkarobidan~ sajaro cxovrebis
iluzorul `saxlSi~ gaqceva. magram sajaro cxovrebis oromtrialSi TavdaviwyebiT
CarTul adamians zogjer erTbaSad daeufleba xolme amgvari cxovrebis uazrobis
grZnoba da Sesatyvisi `Zrwola~, TiTqosda erTbaSad gairRva safarveli da iqidan
saSinelma WeSmaritebam gamoixeda: sajaro cxovrebis oromtrialSi CarTuloba, am
cxovrebis gamgebeli `anonimuri
sxvis~ xelmZRvanelobiT cxovreba, realizaciis gareSe tovebs mis arsebiT miswrafe-
bebs da, maSasadame, gzidan acdenas moaswavebs; es anonimuri subieqti srulebiTac ar
107
aris misi saimedo xelmZRvaneli da `patroni~, igi saerTod `upatronoa~ im azriT,
rom misi cxovreba mas da mxolod mas abaria, masze da mxolod maszea mindobili,
mas da mxolod mas SeuZlia, damoukidebeli fiqrisa da meditaciis meSveobiT, sakuTa-
ri arsebiTi miswrafebebisa da tendenciebis marealizebeli gza dasaxos da ganvlos.
msgavsi Zrwola, Tavs rom esxmis da Tvals rom uxels adamians, SesaZleblobas aZ-
levs mas garesamyaroSi gafantulobidan Tavis Tavs daubrundes da sakuTari yofie-
rebis realizeba, namdvili cxovrebis `mSenebloba~ scados... magram ufro xSirad ise
xdeba, rom adamiani amgvari Zrwolidan isev Semamsubuqebel iluziaSi garbis~.
dasavleTis azrovneba yofierebisa da sazrisis TeoriaTa simravliT xasiaTdeba.
es imis maCvenebelia, rom adamians gauZnelda Tavisi mdgomareobis gageba. man dakarga
simSvide. iaspersis TqmiT, `totaluri mospobis SiSi ukan, munyofierebis sazrisis ga-
azrebisaken gvibiZgebs~.
marqsizmis Tanaxmad, awmyosa da warsulis gaazreba ori TvalsazrisiT xdeba. er-
Ti imediani ganwyobiT arian aRvsilni, meoreni ki uimedobas moucavT. Sesabamisad,
orive maTgans vladimer lenini (1870 –1924 ww.) axasiaTebs, rogorc `istoriul opti-
mizmsa~ da `istoriul pesimizms~. filosofiis ganviTarebis istoria naTlad aCvenebs,
rom yoveli moazrovne saboloo jamSi an erT banaks miekuTvneba an meores. dasavle-
Tis moazrovneebi xazs usvamen adamianis martoobas da sicarieles teqnikis arnaxu-
li aRmavlobis epoqaSi. mTels qveyanaSi sulieri martooba da uSinaarsoba batonobs.
`teqnikuri gaucxoebis~ problemis siRrmeSi qristianobis krizisis, ufro far-
Tod, idealebisa da aqedan cxovrebis sazrisis da Rirebulebebis dakargvis pirmSoa
Tanamedrove adamiani. roca ikargeba mizani, ufasurdeba umaRlesi Rirebulebani, an-
gariSi ar eweva aravis da arafers; aRar eZeben pasuxs kiTxvaze ratom? da risTvis?
fridrix nicSes azriT, es e. w. `nihilizmia – yvelaze saSineli stumari yvela stu-
marTagan~. idealisagan daclilobisa da amgvarad, sicarielis gancdiT Sepyrobili
kaci mudam xalxmraval sakrebuloTa msmeneli da brma monawilea. maTi jer kidev Ca-
mouyalibebuli, gaucnobierebeli, dausabuTebeli Sexedulebebis gamziarebelia. es
ukve gzaa sazareli sicarielisaken, araraobisaken mimavali. am SemTxvevaSi maTTan
yofna ar niSnavs raime miznis mignebas da am mizniT gaerTianebas, aramed es aris sti-
qiuri kavSiri da am dros xdeba am saSualo, dabali masis garkveuli jgufis, ker-
Zod, brbos gamoyeneba damangrevel Zalad, romelsac mxolod zianis motana SeuZlia
kacobriobisaTvis. adamiani marioneti xdeba brma emociisa. aq maradiuli mniSvnelo-
bis ideali uaryofilia. adamianebi usaxoni xdebian, yvela erTmaneTs hgavs da yvela
`erT xmaze momRerali~ quxiliT miiwevs win, gaurkveveli mimarTulebiT.
Sinagani da garegani samyaros Seryeva niSnavs mTeli samyaros tragikulobas. sam-
yaro ara marto SegrZnebiT aris tragikuli, aramed Tavisi yofierebiTac. Tanamedro-
ve dehumanizacias adamiani mihyavs dacemamde. Cven ganvicdiT mTeli kulturis Rrma
kriziss. aq laparakia adamianisa da kulturis krizisze. ganvixiloT zogierTi moaz-
rovnis Sexeduleba aRniSnul sakiTxebze, rogor afasebs is adamianis mdgomareobas
dRevandel samyaroSi.
ZiriTadi cneba, romliTac espaneli filosofosi xose ortega – i – gaseti (1883
–1955 ww.) axasiaTebs adamianis da istoriis Tanamedrove mdgomareobas, aris krizisis
cneba. krizisis fenomeni mravali moazrovnis kvlevis obieqti iyo gasetamde, magram
man mouZebna specifikuri aspeqti da gansazRvra is, rogorc `istoriuli krizisi~.
ganvmartoT rogor esmis x. gasets krizisi. krizisi aris gansakuTrebuli istoriu-
li cvlileba. istoria, moazrovnis gagebiT, aris qmnadoba. iseTi qmnadoba, romelic
mxolod adamianisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. aqedan gamomdinare, adamiani rogorc isto-
riis centri, SeiZleba icvlebodes. es aris adamianis msoflmxedvelobis cvlilebiT
gamowveuli cvlileba. adamianis msoflmxedveloba gansazRvravs, gamoxatavs mis ada-
108
mianobas, amoZravebs da aZlevs mas mizans. Tu icvleba adamiani, icvleba misi msof-
lxedvac. amitom istoriuli krizisi maSin dgeba, roca adamiani msoflmxedvelobis
gareSea. adamiani dezorientirebuli xdeba. is kargavs samyaros, romelSic cxovrob-
da ise, rom ar aqvs Seqmnili axali. es cvlileba gadadis krizisSi da iRebs katas-
trofis saxes. cvlilebaTa meore saxe mdgomareobs socialuri struqturis cvlile-
bebSi. xolo cvlilebaTa mesame saxe exeba adamianis `me~- obas. e. i. roca adamianis
`me~- Si xdeba cvlileba ise, rom ar ikargeba misi `me~. magram aris cvlileba, rode-
sac `me~ kargavs `me~- obas. is gaucxovdeba. swored krizisis es mesame saxea Cveni
kvlevis obieqti. espanel moazrovnes am krizisis safuZvlad miaCnia `masebis amboxi~.
sityva `amboxi~ ar niSnavs brZolas iaraRiT xelSi. masSi politikurTan erTad
mocemulia goniTi, moralur – ekonomikuri da religiuri cxovrebac. es aris yvela-
ze dramatuli periodi, romelic odesme sazogadeobas gadautania. mTeli Zalaufle-
ba sazogadoebaSi xelT igdes masebma. gasetis TqmiT, `masebi ar unda marTavdnen da
arc SeuZliaT marTon sakuTari bedic ki, rom araferi vTqvaT sazogadoebaze mTlia-
nad. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom evropa amJamad ganicdis yvelaze mZime kriziss, ro-
melic SeiZleba Tavs daatydes xalxs, ers, kulturas~.
sxvadasxva principiT xdeba umciresobisa da uravlesobis gaerTianeba. umravle-
sobad warmoqmnis wanamZRvaria misi wevrebis gemovnebis, ideebis, cxovrebis wesisa da
stilis erTianoba. umciresobis wevrebi individebia, romlebic
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian swored aRniSnuli niSnebiT. maT aerTianebT umravle-
sobisagan gansxvavebuloba.
adamianis masisadmi mikuTvneba ganisazRvreba fsiqologiuri niSnis mixedviT. `ma-
sis adamiani es isaa, vinc ar grZnobs Tavis TavSi araviTar gansakuTrebul unars an
gansxvavebulobas sxvebisagan – kargs an cuds. vinc grZnobs, rom igi zustad iseTi-
vea, rogorc danarCenebi da amasTan amiT sul ar aris Sewuxebuli, piriqiT, bednie-
ria igrZnos Tavisi Tavi iseTived, rogorc yvela~.
Tu arsebiTad ganvixilavT masebis amboxs, maSin mas axasiaTebs Semdegi ori gare-
moeba: 1) masebi amJamad asruleben im sazogadoebriv funqciebs, rac adre martooden
gamorCeul umciresobaTa prerogativa iyo; 2) amave dros masebi ukve aRar arian am
uciresobaTa morCilni. isini ara Tu emorCilebian, misdeven da pativs scemen, aramed
Tavidan iSoreben da aviwroveben maT. araferi ar axasiaTebs Cven epoqas ise, rogorc
is, rom TiTqmis yvelgan, erTgvarovani masebi axdenen zemoqmedebas xelisuflebaze
da Seuracxyofen yvela opoziciur jgufs. winaT demokratia ar iyo gayofili. dRes
ki Cven moveswariT hiperdemokratiis triumfs, rodesac masebi Tvlian, rom maT uf-
leba aqvT msvleloba miscen da saxelmwifo kanonad aqcion TavianTi saubrebi kafe-
Si. gasetis azriT, `problema is aris, rom evropa darCa moralis gareSe. masis ada-
mianma ukuagdo moZvelebuli mcnebebi ara imisTvis, rom isini axliT, ukeTesiT Seec-
vala, – ara! misi sasicocxlo wesebis arsia icxovros mcnebebisadmi damorCilebis
gareSe~. is iWreba yvelaferSi miuxedavad Tavisi ugvano azrebisa, romlebic anga-
riSs ar uweven aravis da arafers. masis adamians ar unda darCena mtkice bedis myar
niadagze, is upiratesobas aniWebs haerSi dakidebul fiqtiur arsebobas, rac radika-
lurad gansxvavdeba elitaruli adamianis cxovrebisa da miswrafebebisagan. gasetis
azriT, es axali tipis adamiani Seqmnilia Tanamedrove evropuli kulturis Zireuli
Secdomebisagan, romelsac aswavles teqnikis trfiali da sargebloba, xolo cxov-
rebisa ki ara aswavles ra.
`masebis~ cnebaSi gaseti ar gulisxmobs sazogadoebis romelime klass. `masa – es
aris xalxis umravlesoba gansakuTrebuli, gamorCeuli Tvisebebis gareSe. es srule-
biT ar aris vTqvaT, muSebi, proleteriati. masa – es aris saSualo, uferuli adamia-
ni~. gaseti ar ganasxvavebs da erTi da imave cnebiT aRniSnavs masasa da brbos, ro-
109
melsac pirovnebebis mcirericxovan elitas upirispirebs. es ukanasknelic ar warmo-
adgens klass, ar warmoadgens wodebas, aramed adamianTa tips, romlis saxelia ara-
erTferovneba, pirovneba.
sazogadoebis dayofa ara socialur klasad, aramed xalxis tipebad – masebad da
rCeulebad – srulebiT ar aris ubralod dayofa `umaRlesobad~ da `umciresobad~.
gvinda Tu ara es, avtoris azriT, sazogadoeba unda iyos aristokratuli. aRsaniSna-
via, rom avtori elitaSi ara aristokratul warmomavlobasa da keTilSobili gvaris
upiratesobas gulisxmobs, rac Cveulebriv esmiT am cnebis qveS, aramed wminda goneb-
riv gamorCeulobas; elita swored wminda inteleqtualuri umciresobaa. esaa adamia-
ni, romelic qmnis kulturas, aCqarebs progress da amaRlebs civilizaciis dones.
mas axasiaTebs pasuxismgeblobis gaZlierebuli grZnoba, gansakuTrebuli momTxovne-
loba sakuTari personisadmi. es ucxoa saSualo masis adamianisaTvis. misi principi
sruliad gansxvavebulia – `swrafad gaakeTe yvelaferi, rac gsurs! ar arsebobs arc
SeuZlebeli da arc saSiSi, arc umaRlesoba da arc umciresoba~. is yovelTvis kmayo-
filia da aRfrTovanebuli Tavisi TaviT. cxovreba TviTkmayofilebaSi – es aris
xvedri plebeisa. masis adamiani ar cnobs dialogs, rogorc urTierTobis umaRles
formas. wavides dialogze, misTvis es pirvel marcxs niSnavs. aqedan Cndeba moTxovna:
`kmara diskusiebi~! amas Sedegad ki mosdevs uaryofa yovelgvari sulieri urTierTo-
bisa, rac efuZneba obieqturi normebis cnobas, dawyebuli ubralo saubridan, damTav-
rebuli parlamentiT da samecniero sazogadoebiT. is moiTxovs `pirdapiri moqmede-
bis~ erTaderT meTods. es normaa, romelic xsnis yvela danarCen normas, xsnis yvela
Sua etaps mizansa da monapovars Soris. evropis istoriaSi plebei arasdros warmo-
idgenda Tavs raime ideebis mqoned. mas hqonda Tavisi rwmena, tradiciebi, cxovrebise-
uli gamocdileba, gacveTili azri, magram is ar ereoda Teoriul gamokvlevebSi da
ganzogadebebSi, romlebsac moiTxovs politika, literatura da a. S. axla ki daaneba
Tavi sxvis mosmenas. axla man unda gansajos, dagegmos, gadawyvitos. amitom am dros
adamianebi cxovroben cxovrebiseuli programebis gareSe, ugegmod. mTavroba arafers
laparakobs momavalze. man ar icis saiT miiswrafvis, midis miznis gacnobierebis ga-
reSe, amitom mis saqmianobaSi ar ixsneba problemebi, piriqiT – farTovdeba da rTul-
deba konfliqturi situaciebi. yovelTvis aseTi iyo sazogadoeba, romelsac marTav-
dnen saSualo masebi – is iyo yovlisSemZle da efemeruli. es imitom, rom saSualo
adamianis ideebi ar aris namdvili ideebi. isini kulturulobiT ar dasturdebian. ma-
sebis amboxebam SeiZleba migviyvanos katastrofamde, radgan mmarTveloba xelSi Cau-
vardaT gansazRvruli tipis xalxs, romelTaTvisac ar aris Zvirfasi civilizaciis
fuZe. paradoqsia, rom msoflios exlandeli gamgebeli primitiulia, SemTxveviT mov-
linebulia civilizebul samyaroSi. maSin, roca pirovnebis cxovreba, misi yoveldRi-
uroba – es aris mudmivi daZabuloba, Seusvenebeli varjiSi, varjiSi asketisa. RirSe-
saniSnavi – damaxasiaTebeli keTilSobilebisa – es aris ara Zalaufleba, ara privi-
legiebi, aramed movaleobebi, momTxovneloba sakuTari Tavisadmi. elitis adamianma
icis ra advilia sisulelis Cadena; ra axlosaa saSiSroeba yovel wams. Tu elitas
axasiaTebs azris Tavisufleba da warsulTan urTierToba, rac aucilebeli pirobaa
ganviTarebisaTvis, masis adamianisaTvis es sferoebi ugulvebelyofilia. is iRebs
mmarTvelobas warsulis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe ise, TiTqos is arc arsebuliyo. ga-
setis filosofiis dasaxasiaTeblad saWiroa mravali kategoria: cxovreba, subieqti,
yofiereba, sinamdvile, WeSmariteba, mimarTeba `mesa~ da `Sens~ Soris, elita, masa,
xalxi, `mani~, gaucxoeba, istoriuli krizisi da sxva. magram yvela es kategoria erTi
centraluri figuris, erTi ZiriTadi kategoriis garSemo moZraobs. es aris adamianu-
ri yofierebis krizisi da misi gaucxoeba. misTvis erTaderTi sinamdvile, romelic
Cven gvainteresebs, aris Cveni sinamdvile, Cveni samyaro, Cveni cxovreba. adamiani ar
110
unda dakmayofildes nivTTa yofierebiT, Tuki es yofiereba nivTebs adamianisagan da-
moukideblad aqvT.
adamianis fenomeni gasetis filosofiaSi Seicavs ormxrivobas – adamiani megobari
da adamiani mteri. amis safuZvelic socialurobaa. sityva `sazogadoebrivi~ Tavis
TavSi aerTianebs pozitiur da negatiur sawyiss. rom SeviqmnaT naTeli warmodgena
saxelmwifoze, unda gavigoT is msoflmxedvelobrivi sistema Cveulebebisa, romel-
sac `sazogadoebriv azrs~ vuwodebT. xose ortega – i – gasets SesaniSnavad aqvs
mignebuli masebis xasiaTSi yvelaze umniSvnelo Tvisebac ki, TvalnaTliv da zustad
aRwers adamianis mier yoveldRiurobaSi, sxvadasxva situaciaSi am niSan-TvisebaTa
gamovlenas, magram nakleb yuradRebas uTmobs im socialuri mizezebis kvlevas, ro-
melic saSualebas miscems adamians gaeqces saSualoobas. amave dros, ar aris gamo-
yofili, gamijnuli brbosa da masis cnebebi. Cveni azriT ki, zogierTi Tviseba, ro-
melsac gaseti masas miawers, brbos maxasiaTebeli ufroa, vidre saSualo adamianisa.
frangma eqimma da publicistma gustav lebonma (1841 – 1931 ww.) Tavis erT-erT naSrom-
Si `xalxebisa da masebis fsiqologia~, Tavis saukunes `brbos saukune~ uwoda. brbos
problemis wina planze wamoweva am epoqis damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi niSania. brbos
fenomenis Cveulebrivi gageba, romelSic igulisxmeba adamianTa Cveulebrivi Tavmoy-
ra, erTiani miswrafebebiT, miznebiT, lebonma ganasxvava brbos fsiqologiuri cnebi-
sagan. aq adamianTa iseTi Tavmoyra igulisxmeba, rodesac adamianTa TavSeyra ar xdeba
fizikurad. e. i. isini faqtobrivad daSorebulni arian erTmaneTs, magram mainc erTna-
irad grZnoben, erTnairad fiqroben da moqmedeben. maT axasiaTebT individualurisa-
gan gansxvavebuli koleqtiuri, masobrivi suli. Cveni azriT, aq leboni gulisxmobs
swored imas, rasac gaseti saSualo adamianTa masebs uwodebs. ubralod leboni mase-
bisa da brbos aRsaniSnavad erTsa da imave termins – `brbos~ iyenebs. fsiqologiaSi
met – naklebad Seswavlilia adamianis Tavdapirveli moTxovnilebebidan momdinare
impulsebi da midrekilebebi, misi moqmedebis motivebi da sxva adamianebTan urTier-
Tobebi. amrigad, SesaZlebelia miaxloebiTi sizustiT mainc ganvsazRvroT adamianTa
mosalodneli reaqcia ama Tu im movlenaze, magram utyuaria is faqtic, rom garkveul
pirobebSi adamiani fiqrobs da iqceva mosalodnelisagan sruliad gansxvavebulad da
xSirad sapirispirodac. ase xdeba maSin, roca adamiani CarTulia brbos Semadgenlo-
baSi, iqceva masis organul nawilad. leboni wers: `fsiqologiur masaSi yvelaze uc-
nauria Semdegi. rogoric ar unda iyos maTi cxovrebis wesi, saqmianoba, maTi xasiaTi
da inteligenturobis xarisxi, masad qcevisas isini iZenen koleqtiur suls, romlis
ZaliT sruliad sxvagvarad grZnoben, fiqroben da iqcevian, vidre TiToeuli maTgani
calke igrZnobda, ifiqrebda, moiqceoda. arseboben ideebi da grZnobebi, romlebic ga-
movlindebian an moqmedebad iqcevian mxolod masad gaerTianebul individebSi~. masas
leboni adarebs organizms, romelic Sedgeba mravali ujredisagan da romelsac aqvs
sruliad axali Tvisebebi, vidre calkeul ujredebs. aq leboni saubrobs ama Tu im
adamianis inteligenturobis xarisxze, rac, Cveni azriT, zusti ar aris. adamianis in-
teligenturobas ar SeiZleba hqondes sxvadasxva xarisxi. igi an aris, an ar aris in-
teligenti. pirovneba, Tuki is marTla inteligentia, ar SeiZleba gaiTqvifos upirov-
no masaSi ise, rom man absoluturad dakargos saRi gonebiT gansjis, kritikuli ana-
lizis unari. lebons mohyavs misi Tanamedrove fsiqologiis mier dadgenili faqti,
rom adamianis cxovrebaSi udides rols qvecnobieri miswrafebebi asrulebs. misi yo-
veldRiuri moqmedebis ukan, romelsac pirovneba aRiarebs, ueWvelad arsebobs kidev
raRac dafaruli mizezebi, romelsac igi ar aRiarebs, xolo yovelive amis ukan ki
Zevs kidev ufro faruli mizezebi, romelTa arsebobis Sesaxebac ki adamianma arafe-
ri icis. misi yoveldRiuri moqmedebebi swored am faruli, aracnobieri motivebis

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gavlenis Sedegia. aqedan gamomdinare g. leboni cdilobs axsnas brboSi adamianis
cvalebadobis mizezebi da maT sam gamovlinebaSi eZebs.
adamians, garSemortymuls mravali adamianiT da maTTan miznebis saerToobiT da-
kavSirebuls, eufleba ganusazRvreli Zlevamosilebis grZnoba. es grZnoba aZlevs mas
saSualebas Tavisuflad gamoavlinos Tavdapirveli survilebi, romlebic izolire-
bulad arsebobis periodSi iZulebuli iyo daeTrguna. brboSi aRar arseboben indivi-
debi, igi upirovno da anonimuria, amdenad masSi myof adamians sruliad uqreba pasu-
xismgeblobis grZnoba. grZnoba, romelic Ceulebriv yovelTvis Tan axlavs pirovnebas
da aiZulebs imoqmedos gaazrebulad. es aris brboSi cvalebadobis pirveli mizezi.
zigmund froidi (1859 –1939 ww.), romelic, Tavisi moZRvrebidan gamomdinare, komentars
ukeTebs gustav lebonis naazrevs, aRniSnavs, rom `es TiTqos axali Tvisebebi, rom-
lebsac is aRmoaCens axla, sinamdvileSi warmoadgens im aracnobieris gamovlenas,
romelSic CanasaxSive Cadebulia adamianis sulis yvela siborote~.
meore mizezi cvalebadobisa metad ucnauri da amoucnobi fenomeni – gadamdeblo-
baa. g. leboni mas hipnozur fenomenTa ricxvs miakuTvnebs. brboSi adamianis yoveli
moqmedeba Tu grZnoba gadamdebia. igi umalve gadaecema masis danarCen wevrebs. aseTi
gadamdebloba SeiZleba mivides im zomamde, rodesac adamians piradi interesi saer-
Tos, masis intersebis samsxverploze miaqvs. es ki misi bunebisaTvis sruliad sawina-
aRmdego Tvisebaa.
cvalebadobis mesame mizezs STagonebadoba warmoadgens. es yvelaze mniSvnelovani
mizezia. swored igi ganapirobebs masaSi gaerTianebuli adamianebis TvisebaTa gan-
sxvavebas calkeul individTa Tvisebebisagan. amasTan, gadamdebloba gustav lebons
STagonebadobis moqmedebis Sedegad gaCenil fenomenad miaCnia. adamiani, roca masaSi
imyofeba, vardeba `monusxvis~ msgavs mdgomareobaSi, kargavs kontrols Tavis Tavze,
veRar acnobierebs sakuTar qmedebebs. aseT viTarebaSi misi moqmedeba STagonebis Se-
degad SeiZleba nebismieri mimarTulebiT warimarTos. igi Zlieri aRtkinebiT iwyebs
STagonebuli moqmedebis Sesrulebas. es aRtkineba Zlieri da gadaulaxavia.
gustav leboni ajamebs brboSi pirovnebis sruli nivelirebisa da cvalebadobis
kvlevis Sedegebs da miiCnevs, rom masis adamianisaTvis tipiur damaxasiaTebel Tvise-
bebs warmoadgens cnobieri pirovnebis gaqroba, aracnobieris moWarbeba, STagonebisa
da gadamdeblobis Sedegad azrebisa da grZnobebis orientacia erTi da imave mimar-
TulebiT, STagonebuli ideebis uswrafesad Sesrulebis tendencia. individi ukve
aRar ekuTvnis sakuTar Tavs, igi unebisyofo avtomatad iqca. mecnieri mimarTavs ma-
sobrivi, koleqtiuri sulisaTvis damaxasiaTebel tipiur TvisebaTa ganxilvas. masa
impulsuri da advilad aRgznebadia. igi TiTqmis mTlianad Tavdapirvel impulsebs
eqvemdebareba. es impulsebi imdenad Zlieria, rom individs ar eZleva Tavisi intere-
sebis gamovlenis araviTari saSualeba. kerZo interess brbos saerTo interesi
nTqavs. brbo cvalebadia, aramyaria. Tu mas raime surs, mxolod mokle droiT, Tumca
es survili maSinve unda iyos dakmayofilebuli. masa aucileblobiT moiTxovs aRia-
rebul lider – belads. brbo Tavisi bunebiT kerpTayvanismcemelia. igi mTlianad en-
doba Tavis avtoritets, absoluturad ukritikoa beladis mimarT. brbos ar gaaCnia
sakuTari azri, misi azri igive beladis azria. sxvagvar Sexedulebebs igi ar iRebs,
maT mimarT ara Tu Semwynarebeli, aramed agresiulia. masTan paeqroba SeuZlebelia,
radgan igi araviTar arguments angariSs ar uwevs. masas uyvars Tavisi kerpi, xolo
vinc mas upirispirdeba, siZulviliT da mtrobiT pasuxobs.
masa metad damyolia da advilad ijerebs yvelaze daujerebel ambavsac ki. igi
moklebulia kritikis unars. masas yvelaferSi ukiduresobis grZnoba axasiaTebs. an-
tipaTiis patara marcvalic ki uceb gadaiqceva velur, dauokebel siZulvilad. mas,
visac surs gavlena moipovos masaze, sruliad ar moeTxoveba iyos Tanmimdevruli da
112
logikuri YTavis argumentaciaSi. sakmarisia SeeZlos maRalfardovani da emociuri
saubari da masac dapyrobilia. brbos, Tavisi mravalricxovnobis gamo, uZlevelobis
grZnoba eufleba. Tumca masebi daufiqreblad mihyvebian Tavis liders, magram mas
unda hqondes garkveuli Tvisebebi, romliTac moxiblavs brbos da gaiyolebs mas.
unda aRiniSnos, rom gustav lebonis mTeli es msjeloba exeba ara xangrZlivi xa-
siaTis masebs, aramed brbos, romelic warmoiqmneba mxolod garkveuli droiT erTma-
neTisagan gansxvavebuli individebis TavSeyris Sedegad da romelTac am momentisaT-
vis erTi saerTo, magram warmavali interesi aerTianebT. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac es
interesi kargavs Tavis aqtualobas, dakmayofilebulia an moxsnilia raime mizezis
gamo, brbo iSleba.
masebis fsiqologiis, adamianTa sxvadasxvagvari socialuri jgufebisa Tu warmo-
naqmnebis kvlevaSi, gustav lebonTan erTad, didi damsaxureba miuZRvis frang iu-
rists da sociologs gabriel tards (1843 –1904 ww.). am Temas miuZRvna man Tavisi er-
T-erTi mTavari Sroma `azri da brbo~. tardi
erTmaneTisagan mijnavs `brbosa~ da `publikis cnebebs~. avtori xazgasmiT aRniSnavs,
rom brbos CamoyalibebaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba misi Semadgeneli indivi-
debis fizikur siaxloves. is erT teritoriaze TavSeyraa. amisgan gansxvavebiT, pub-
lika ar saWiroebs Tavisi wevrebis aucilebel fizikur kavSirs. tardis azriT, pub-
likis Camoyalibeba iwyeba XVI saukunidan, rac dakavSirebulia wignebis beWdvis
farTo gavrcelebasTan. am udidesi siaxliT – gazeTebisa da wignebis yoveldRiuri
da erToblivi kiTxviT gaerTianebulma mkiTxvelTa masam Tavi sruliad axal socia-
lur Zalad, sxeulad igrZno. yalibdeba sxvadasxva saxis literaturuli, politiku-
ri da a. S. publika, romlebic yoveldRiurad sul ufro da ufro met adamians moi-
cavs. es procesi grZeldeba Semdgom saukuneebSic. amitom gabriel tardi ar eTanxme-
ba gustav lebonis mosazrebas, rom XX saukune aris brbos saukune.
g. tardi axdens brbos nairsaxeobaTa klasifikacias, magaliTad, asakis, sqesis da
sxva niSnebiT. igi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebs quCaSi Tavmoyril qalTa
brboze, romelic ase nacnobia CvenTvisac da romelic Tavisi ukiduresi aRgznebado-
biT, agresiulobiT da sisastikiT adamianis gaocebas iwvevs. amgvar qalTa Tavyri-
lobebSi xdeba yvelaze aRviraxsnili da Tavxeduri instinqtebis gamovlena. avtori
yuradRebas brboSi rwmenisa da miznis xarisxze amaxvilebs. amis Sesabamisad morwmu-
ne brbo darwmunebuli da fanatikuria, xolo brbo, romelsac raime miznis miRweva
surs, Jiniani da despoturia. religiuri brbo yvelaze mSvidi da wynaria, Tumca
zogjer isic sCadis danaSauls.
politikuri brbo ufro metad agresiuli da gaRizianebulia, vidre religiuri.
igi aramyaria, cvalebadia, SeuZlia advilad mieces ukiduresi siZulvilidan did aR-
tacebasa da sixaruls. miuxedavad brboTa aseTi mravalferovnebisa, arsebobs ramde-
nime yvelasaTvis saerTo niSani. es Tvisebebia: ukiduresi mouTmenloba, sasacilo am-
partavnoba, avadmyofuri mgrZnobiaroba, upasuxismgeblobis grZnoba, yovlisSemZleo-
bis iluziuri gancda, taqtis, zomierebis grZnobis sruli dakargva. is garbis, ifan-
teba, roca mteri masze Zlieria, xolo Tu sakuTari upiratesoba igrZno, maSinve Se-
tevaze gadadis. brbo iolad eZleva koleqtiuri halucinaciebis grZnobas. mas xSi-
rad eCveneba, rom mosdevs warmosaxviTi mteri. aseTi rwmena emyareba imave mosazre-
bebs, rogoric SeSlilebs aqvT.
aqtiurobis da pasiurobis xarisxis Sesabamisad gabriel tardi brbos oTx Ziri-
Tad saxed yofs: 1) momlodine; 2) yuradRebiani; 3) Tavis Sesaxeb ganmcxadebeli da 4)
moqmedi. avtori dawvrilebiT axasiaTebs TiToeul maTgans da mohyavs Sesabamisi ma-
galiTebi. maSinac ki, roca brbo veluri ovaciebiT gars ertymis romelime momaval
gmirs, brbos ZaluZs mxolod moamzados misi damarcxeba, aRagznebs ra ukidureso-
113
bamde mis siamayes da mis genias sigiJed gadaaqcevs. gabriel tards mohyavs mravali
magaliTi brbos mier Cadenili sxvadasxva danaSaulisa, Tumca imasac aRniSnavs, rom
krebiT erTeulebs, am SemTxvevaSi brbos, SeuZlia moimoqmedos ara marto gaugonari
da saSineli danaSauli, aramed ZaluZs didi gmirobis Cadenac. es exeba mxolod zne-
obriobis sferos. gonebriv aspeqtSi ki brbos ar SeuZlia amaRldes erTi safexuri-
Tac ki. zneobriobis sferoSi maT ZaluZT daecnen Zlier dabla da aiwion Zlier
maRla; gonebis sferoSi ki maT ZaluZT idgnen mxolod Zalian dabal doneze.
Cvens mier ganxilul mecnierTa naSromebSi gamoTqmuli Sexedulebebi ucxo ar
aris Cveni sinamdvilisaTvis. swored, brbos maxasiaTebelma am da sxva Tvisebebma
Cvens mexsierebaSi am ramdenime xnis win datova kvali. mravalwliani totalitaruli
reJimis arsebobis periodSi mTlianad warTmeuli gvqonda sakuTari nebis da azris
Tavisuflad gamoxatvis elementaruli saSualeba. adamianTa farTo fenebi represiu-
li, damsjeli aparatis zegavleniT mudmivi fsiqologiuri daTrgunvis qveS imyofe-
bodnen. totalitaruli reJimis TandaTanobiT msxvrevas Tan mohyva xalxis farTo
masebis aRtkineba, farTo fenebis ukiduresi gaaqtiureba, ramac agresiuli da daman-
greveli Sedegebi gamoiwvia.
Cvens Tvalwin, rusTavelis prospeqtze aboboqrebulma brbom moawyo saSineli de-
koraciebi. brbo `Rmuoda~, `grgvinavda~, gaiZaxoda `Zirs~, `maRla~, `movspoT~ da a. S.
brbos amoZaxilebi, simRerebic ki SiSis momgvreli, avis momaswavebeli, Tavzardamce-
mi iyo. brbos siCumeSic ki wyvdiadis xma ismoda, romelmac msaxvrali xeli daatyo
rusTavelis prospeqts, dasavleT saqarTvelos, samaCablos, afxazeTs, Seiwira adami-
anebi. aseTi Sedegi mosdevs yovelTvis amorfuli jgufebis TavaSvebul TareSs. ras
mihyavs adamiani amgvar qmedebebamde? gana ar icis adamianma, Senobebis ngreviT, SuSe-
bis msxvreviT, Zeglebis CamogdebiT mizani rom ar xorcieldeba?! nuTu ar icis, rom
es daundobeli ngreva Taobebis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli da namdvili ideis Ses-
rulebasTan ver gvaaxloebs?! adamianTa tanjvis mizezi xom xeluxlebeli rCeba da
portretebis dawviT miRebuli siamovneba Tavis motyuebaa da meti araferi!
koni aRniSnavs, rom `individis gamocalkeveba da masSi sakuTari gansakuTrebulo-
bis cnobierebis ganviTareba istoriuli procesia`. amave istoriuli ganviTarebis
Sedegia emociur – eqspresiuli (sulieri siaxlove, gageba, intimuroba), instrumen-
tuli (erToblivi movaleobebi, da daxmareba) unarebi da amave dros suliereba, Ta-
visufali rwmena, idealebis qona da a. S. saocaria, wlebis ganmavlobaSi dauokebeli
mecadineobiT mopovebul pirovnulobas da Rirebulebebs rogor Tmobs adamiani erT
wamSi, erTi xelis mosmiT rogor kargavs mas, Tu is marTlac hqonda adamians?!
zemoxsenebuli rigi unaris nakleboba iwvevs pirovnebis deficitsa da pirovnebis
deformacias. yvelaferi xdeba nela, nabij-nabij, SeumCnevlad da adamiani erT dRes
aRmoCndeba brbos wevrad. gamodis, rom es ar aris wuTieri datvirTvis brali, ara-
med esec istoriuli gza yofila.
unda aRiniSnos, rom, roca adamiani raime moqmedebas axorcielebs, vTqvaT, wvavs
an arbevs mTavrobis saxls, am moqmedebaSi gadaxlarTulia ori Sinagani sferos –
grZnobisa da azrovnebis aqtivoba. am sferoSi kidev ufro metad unda erios xeli
aracnobiers. aq xom zemoxsenebuli ori sferos aqtivobas erTvis Tavad nebis, ro-
gorc aseTis, kidev ufro metad aracnobieri xasiaTi. swored aq aris gamoricxuli –
ratom? risTvis? am kiTxvebze pasuxs xom motivi sWirdeba. brbos qcevas ki motivi
arasdros aqvs. aseT situaciaSi adamianis moqmedebidan amorTulia sindisis kontro-
li da sruliad ar aris gasakviri adamianis moqmedeba, romelsac is Cveulebriv pi-
robebSi ar Caidenda. gana es qceva, rogorc e. w. impulsuri qceva, Cveni aracnobieri
nebis gamoxatuleba ar aris? miuxedavad imisa, ras miviCnevT mis amxsnel meqanizmad
– masis fsiqologias (g. leboni, z. froidi), koleqtiuri aracnobieris arqetips (k.
114
iungi), TuU ganwyobas (d. uznaZe). aqve moviSveliebT k. iungs: `adamianis cxovrebis me-
xuTedi Tu mesamedi, an iqneb naxevaric ki, aracnobier mdgomareobaSi mimdinareobs.
Cveni bavSvobis pirveli xana aracnobierad gadis, yovel RamiT aracnobierSi viZire-
biT da mxolod gansazRvrul SualedebSi vflobT met-naklebad naTel cnobierebas
da kacma rom Tqvas, isic sakiTxavia, Tu ramdenad naTelia es cnobiereba~.
marTlacda, yvelas mogvsvlia – gvsurs erTi, gagvikeTebia meore da gamogvsvlia
mesame. aq azrovnebaze metad grZnoba prioritetobs da marTlac, grZnobaTa mimarT
Cven ise avtomaturni ara varT, rogorc azrovnebis, aRqmisa da warmodgenis mimarT.
grZnoba gvevlineba, rogorc ucxo Zala. me SemiZlia nebismier Temaze vifiqro, mag-
ram me ar SemiZlia Cemi nebisda miuxedavad raime grZnoba SevigrZno. es ase rom yo-
filiyo, cxovreba bevrad ufro ioli iqneboda.
naTqvams Tu CavukvirdebiT, gasagebi gaxdeba, rom Cven, rogorc iungi ambobs, Zal-
gviZs axali cnebebis Camoyalibeba, magram axali grZnobebis Seqmna ki ara. es imis na-
Teli dadasturebaa, rom adamians amoZravebs raRac `ara me~, rasac fsiqologiaSi `a-
racnobiers~ uwodeben da romlis winaSec adamiani uZluria. Tumca es adamians ar
aTavisuflebs movaleobebisa da pasuxismgeblobisagan, radgan es erT-erTi im niSan-
Tagania, romelic adamians gamohyofs cxovelTa samyarosagan. swored amis gacnobie-
rebas aqvs mniSvnelovani funqcia. e. i. sakuTari Tavis danaxvas sarkeSi da gonebiTi
qcevis primats adamianis moqmedebis arsenalsa Tu arealSi. es niSnavs TviTcnobiere-
bis donis amaRlebas, rac ase saWiroa dRes CvenTvis.
gaucxoebis daZlevis meqanizmebis dadgeniT fsiqologias sazogadoebis humaniza-
ciaSi Tavisi wvlilis Setana SeuZlia. danaSaulis zrda, vandalizmi, narkomania,
TviTmkvleloba, zogadad dehumanizacia da misi calkeuli simptomebi, didi xania Se-
iswavleba socialuri fsiqologiis mier, magram erTiani Tvalsazrisi am movlenis
mimarT jer ar SemuSavebula, rac aferxebs daZlevis meqanizmebis kvlevasac.
deindividualizaciis problemis kvleva aranakleb mniSvnelovania brbos fsiqo-
logiis kvlevisas. viTarebas arTulebs is, rom gvaqvs deindividualizaciis urTier-
Tsapirispiro Tvalsazrisi. erTi mxriv, adamiani eZebs gamokveTil da unikalur
identobas, meore mxriv, anonimuroba, masaSi gaTqvefa (radgan TviTcnobiereba minimu-
mamdea dasuli) da miswrafebebis uaryofa did zians ayenebs mis SemoqmedebiT unari-
anobas, rac pirovnebis moSlas, deformacias iwvevs.
deindividualizaciis Sesaxeb socialur-fsiqologiuri xasiaTis gamokvlevaTa
udidesi nawili imowmebs hipoTezas, rom identobis dakargva ubiZgebs SeuzRudvel,
impulsur, ukontrolo qcevas. deindividualizacia xsnis zRudeebs imiT, rom aqvei-
Tebs pirovnebis yuradRebas sakuTari `me~ - sadmi. mas aseve naklebad ainteresebs,
Tu rogor gamoiyureba is sxvebis TvalSi, radgan daqveiTebuli aqvs TviTcnobiere-
ba, rac kontrolis saSualebaa. eqsperimentebma daadastura agreTve `me~-s gaSiSvle-
ba anonimurobis viTarebaSi, roca adamians, rogorc konkretuls ver xedaven. amas
emateba isic, rom adamiani cdilobs arc man dainaxos sakuTari `me~, xdeba stiqiuri
brbos warmomadgeneli da SeuZlia dadges `Tavdayirac~ ki.
qarTuli sinamdvilis gaTvaliswinebiT dRes aucilebelia gadavlaxoT brbos mo-
Zalebis es etapi, unda SeveCvioT Tavisufal, damoukidebel da praqtikul azrovne-
bas, unda SevZloT damoukidebeli gadawyvetilebebis miReba, vikisroT pasuxismgeb-
loba sakuTari moqmedebisaTvis, rameTu Tavisufleba da pasuxismgebloba ganuyre-
lia erTmaneTisagan. mxolod pirovnuli gaTavisuflebis am metad rTuli da ekliani
gziT mivaRwevT WeSmaritad sulierad amaRlebulsa da Tavisufal, mravalsaukunova-
ni tradiciebisa da evropuli Rirebulebebis erTgul saqarTvelos, romelsac ase
veswrafviT.

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 pirovneba, masa da brbo

masa arc eTnikuri da arc istoriuli erToba ar aris. igi garkveuli tipis adami-
anTa simravlea. am adamianebs aerTianebT ara erovnuloba, ara romelime socialuri
jgufisadmi kuTvnileba an profesiuli saqmianoba, aramed azrovnebis garkveuli do-
ne da xasiaTi. Tu masas raodenobrivad davaxasiaTebT, maSin igi sazogadoebis umrav-
lesobaa. Tvisebrivi maxasiaTeblis mixedviT, igi gamoxatavs adamianis saSualo do-
nes. es aris adamiani mis yoveldRiurobaSi, romelsac ar aqvs Tavisi `me~, dakarguli
aqvs Tavisi individualoba da pirovnuloba. masis yoveli warmomadgeneli erTmaneTs
hgavs, isini arafriT ar ganirCevian erTmaneTisagan. masa ar aris calkeul adamianTa
jami, igi saSualooba, usaxoba da upirovnobaa. es aris adamiani, romelic martin ha-
idegerma aRniSna terminiT `man~- i. es aris sxvebisagan ganurCeveli adamiani. mokled,
masa SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, rogorc saSualo adamiani – `man~- i, romelsac dakar-
guli aqvs Tavisi individualoba.
vin aris pirovneba? pirovneba adamianuri individia, magram ara yoveli individi.
igi iseTi individia, romelic sxvebisagan gamoirCeva Tavisi cnobierebiT da TviT-
cnobierebiT, niWiT da unarebiT. igi mkveTrad gamorCeuli individualobaa, romel-
sac TviTmyofadi da damoukidebeli saxe aqvs.
mokled, pirovneba SeiZleba Semdegnairad davaxasiaToT: pirovneba aris adamianu-
ri individi, romelsac sxvebisagan gamorCeuli, TviTmyofadi saxe aqvs da aqtiurad
ibrZvis sakuTari `me~-s dasamkvidreblad. rogorc vnaxeT, masisa da pirovnebis ga-
mijvnis kriteriumi arc erovnuloba, arc socialuri warmomavloba da arc profesi-
uli saqmianobaa. yovel fenas Tavisi masa da pirovneba hyavs. nebismieri misi warmo-
madgeneli SeiZleba miekuTvnebodes an erTs, an meores.
brbo socialuri jgufia, romlis wevrebi gaerTianebulni arian erTi ideiT da
moqmedeben erTnairad. maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia ukiduresi egzaltireba da aRtkine-
ba. igi emociurad damuxtulia, aRgznebulia da mzadaa walekos yvelaferi, rac win
gadaeRobeba.
brbo ar aris myari socialuri erToba da misi wevrebi xangrZlivad ver iqnebian
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni. es iseTi jgufia, romlis warmoSoba SemTxveviT da mo-
ulodnelad xdeba. profesor vaxtang erqomaiSvilis azriT,^amis mizezi SeiZleba
iyos SiSi, ukmayofileba, SimSili, protesti, sixarbe, moqrTamva, fanatizmi da sxva.
brbos warmoSobas sWirdeba Sesaferisi foni, romelic xelSemwyobi garemoa. es aris
krizisuli situaciis arseboba sazogadoebaSi. amitom brbo SeiZleba uecrad warmo-
iqmnas da aseve uecrad daiSalos.
masa brbo ar aris. maT Soris arsebiTi gansxvavebaa. igi SeiZleba daxasiaTdes
Semdegi ZiriTadi niSnebiT: 1) brbo socialuri jgufia; masa – ara; brbo SemTxveviT
da moulodnelad warmoiqmneba da iSleba; masa – ara; 2) brbo erTi azriT da grZno-
biT damuxtuli jgufia. mis wevrebs mTlianad ipyrobs raRac grZnoba, romelic emo-
ciurad aRagznebs da erT muStad kravs maT, raTa energiulad imoqmedon; 3) brbo eg-
zaltirebulia, xolo masa – neitraluri; 4) brbos cnobiereba fsiqozuria.
amrigad, brbo ar aris myari socialuri erToba, romelic xangrZlivad arsebobs.
igi situaciebis mixedviT warmoiqmneba da iSleba.

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 destruqciuloba, rogorc avadmyofi
individisa da avadmyofi sazogadoebis niSani

ZvelberZnuli filosofiidan moyolebuli iTvleboda, rom adamians aqvs iseTi

ram, rac mis arsebas Seadgens. am `raRacas~ yovelTvis `adamianis bunebas~ uwodeb-
dnen. gansxvaveba exeboda imas, Tu ra iyo is `raRac~, rac adamians warmoadgenda. ase
warmoiSva Sexedulebebi: adamiani aris gonieri arseba, sazogadoebrivi cxoveli, ia-
raRis Semqmneli arseba da a. S. mogvianebiT es Sexedulebebi eWvis qveS dadga. axali
midgoma adamianis bunebis, misi warmoSobis istoriis siRrmiseulma kvlevam ganapi-
roba. man gviCvena, rom Tanamedrove adamiani ise Zlier gansxvavdeba pirvelyofili
adamianisagan, rom hipoTeza `adamianis bunebis~ maradiulobis Sesaxeb, Sors aris re-
alobisagan. adamianTa wes-Cveulebebis Seswavlam bevri anTropologi miiyvana das-
kvnamde, rom adamiani ibadeba, rogorc sufTa furceli, romelzec kultura tovebs
Tavis xelweras. mosazreba adamianis bunebis ucvlelobis Sesaxeb uaryofil iqna
aseve imitomac, rom am pozicias borotad iyenebdnen da mis safuZvelze adamianis
arakeTilsindisier saqciels amarTlebdnen.
aristoteledan dawyebuli, vidre XVII saukunemde, bevri moazrovne amarTlebda
monobas (gamonaklisebi iyvnen stoelebi, renesansis epoqis humanistebi, erazmi, Tomas
mori da vivesi da sxv.); im moZRvrebebma, romlebmac sixarbe, siZunwe, metoqeobisaken
swrafva da egoizmi adamianis TanSobil Tvisebebad miiCnies, scades daesabuTebinaT
iseTi sazogadoebriv – ekonomikuri formaciis aucilebloba, rogoric kapitalizmia.
dResdReobiTac mavani cdilobs `adamianis bunebiT~ axsnas da gaamarTlos saSineli
qmedebebi – sixarbe, TaRliToba, sicrue, Zaladoba, mkvlelobac ki.
Carlz darvinma (1899 – 1882 ww.) aCvena, rom adamiani sxva cocxali arsebebisagan
gansxvavdeba ara mxolod sxeulis specifikuri agebulebiT, aramed fsiqikis gansakuT-
rebulobiT. man Tavisi ZiriTadi Sexedulebebi Camoayaliba wignSi `adamianis warmoSo-
ba da sqesobrivi gadarCeva~. masSi naTqvamia: `adamianis qmedeba ganpirobebulia misi
maRalganviTarebuli inteleqtiT, is mcired aris dakavSirebuli refleqsebze da in-
stinqtebze da gamoirCeva didi moqnilobiT; adamians, rogorc maRalganviTarebul ar-
sebas, aqvs iseTi rTuli emociebi, rogoricaa cnobismoyvareoba, mibaZvis instinqti,
yuradReba, mexsiereba, fantazia, adamians axasiaTebs situaciis gaazreba da logikuri
azrovnebis daxmarebiT mas SeuZlia ukeT gamoiyenos garemomcveli pirobebi. adamiani
gamudmebiT gamoiyenebs uricxv Sromis iaraRs da awarmoebs mas. adamians aqvs TviT-
cnobiereba. is acnobierebs Tavis warsuls, momavals, sicocxles, sikvdils da a. S.
adamiani abstraqtulad azrovnebs da aviTarebs simbolur azrovnebas. mTavari da
rTuli rezultati am moRvaweobisa gaxda enisa da metyvelebis formireba. nawili
adamianebisa flobs mSvenierebis grZnobas. adamianebis garkveul nawils ki ganviTare-
buli aqvs religiuri grZnoba, romelic gulisxmobs RmerTTan cocxali urTierTobis
gancdasa da moTxovnilebas, zneobrivi srulyofis moRwevis mcdelobas, moyvasisadmi
siyvaruls da a. S. normalur adamians aqvs yovelTvis zneobrivi grZnoba an Tanamed-
rove eniT rom vTqvaT, masSi `sindisi laparakobs~. adamiani kulturuli da sazogado-
ebrivi arsebaa. man ganavrco kulturuli da sazogadoebrivi sistemebi, romlebic Ta-
visi mravalferovnebiT unikaluria. bevr am Tvisebas, romelic adamians axasiaTebs,
Cven wminda adamianur Tvisebad vTvliT. adamians aqvs goneba, magram amave dros susti
da arasaimedo instinqti. is uTvistomo da gadagdebulia am samyaroSi. adamiani iZule-

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bulia icxovros SemTxvevis wyalobiT da misi survilis sawinaaRmdegod datovos es
samyaro. is cxovrobs mudmiv gaorebaSi.~
erix fromis (1900 –1980 ww.) mravalricxovan TxzulebaTa Soris, metad sainteresoa
`adamianis destruqciulobis anatomia~ da `adamianis suli~. aRniSnul gamokvlevebSi,
igi ikvlevs problemis biologiur, fsiqologiur, anTropologiur aspeqtebs. erix
froms adamianSi arsebuli gamanadgurebeli instinqti – boroteba individSi, socium-
Si, istoriaSi – filosofiurad aqvs gaazrebuli. Tumca unda iTqvas, rom bevrad uf-
ro adre, borotebis ganmarteba uZveles qristianul, filosofiur tradiciebSia mo-
cemuli.
sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom yvela adamians, ZiriTadad, msgavsi anTropologiuri
da fiziologiuri Tvisebebi axasiaTebs. nebismierma eqimma icis, rom yvela individi,
miuxedavad rasisa da kanis ferisa, SeiZleba ganikurnos erTi da imave meTodiT. mag-
ram aqvT ki adamianebs erTi da igive adamianuri buneba? arsebobs ki aseTi cneba – `a-
damianuri buneba~? es is kiTxvebia, romlebzec e. fromi pasuxobs Tavis naSromSi `ada-
mianis suli~. Tuki adamianebi gansxvavdebian TavianTi fsiqikuri da sulieri safuZ-
vliT, rogor SevZlebdiT saerTod gvesaubra kacobriobaze, miT ufro, adamianis fi-
ziologiasa da anatomiaze; rogor gavugebdiT `ucxos~, Tu is Cvengan principulad
gansxvavebuli iqneboda; ver CavwvdebodiT sxvadasxva xalxis xelovnebas, miTebs,
literaturas, maT kulturas saerTod. es imas adasturebs, rom adamianebs gvaqvs erTi
da igive `adamianuri buneba~. adamianurobisa da humanizmis yvela koncefcia efuZneba
adamianuri bunebis ideas, romelic arsebiTia adamianebisaTvis. es aris amosavali de-
buleba, rogorc budizmis, aseve iudaizmisa da qristianuli tradiciebisaTvis. pirve-
lad am moZRvrebebSi ganisazRvra adamiani eqsistencialuri da anTropologiuri cne-
bebiT. yvela adamianSi erTi da igive fsiqikuri kanoni moqmedebs, ramdenadac `adamia-
nuri situacia~ erTi da igivea yvela CvenganisaTvis. Cven yvelani vcdilobT vipovoT
pasuxi kiTxvaze, romelic arsebobas exeba, magram vitanjebiT, ramdenadac aseT kiTx-
vebze pasuxi mcdaria. Cven SevZlebT gaveqceT am tanjvas mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
gavcemT swor pasuxs aRniSnul kiTxvebs, Tu gadavlaxavT martoobis iluzias, dav-
ZlevT sixarbes da viswrafviT fundamenturi WeSmaritebis Sesaxvedrad, rac marTavs
Cvens cxovrebas – amtkiceben budistebi.
iudaur – qristianuli tradicia adamians sxvagvarad gansazRvravda, ramdenadac
efuZneboda RmerTis, rogorc umaRlesi Semoqmedisa da mmarTvelis aRiarebas. mamakaci
da dedakaci – winaparia mTeli adamianTa modgmisa da es winaprebi, rogorc yvela mo-
mavali Taoba, Seqmnilia `msgavsad da xatad RvTisad~. yoveli maTganisaTvis damaxasia-
Tebelia erTi da igive ZiriTadi Tviseba, rac adamianebad aqcevs maT da aZlevT SesaZ-
leblobas Seicnon da uyvardeT erTmaneTi. adamiani YTavisufalia Tavis arCevanSi da,
amdenad, Tavadve agebs pasuxs sakuTar qmedebebze.
Tavisi moRvaweobis meore periodSi zigmund froidma Seqmna axali Teoria, romel-
Sic destruqciulobis arsebis gagebaSi mniSvnelovani nabijia gadadgmuli. man gamoav-
lina, rom `cxovrebas marTavs ara ori egoisturi instinqti – SimSili da seqsualo-
ba, aramed ori ltolva – siyvaruli da destruqciuloba da rom orive maTgani fizi-
ologiur arsebobas emsaxureba~. am or kategorias, z. froidma, Sesabamisad, `sicocx-
lis instinqti~ da `sikvdilis instinqti~ uwoda. destruqciulobisa da siyvarulisaT-
vis aseTi seriozuli mniSvnelobis miniWebiT, orive maTgani aRiarebuli iyo, rogorc
adamianis ori fundamenturi ltolva. isini adamianis sicocxliT dainteresebis sa-
fuZvels, sixarulisa da aRtacebis saSualebebs warmoadgenen. es ori ltolva mxo-
lod fiqrisa da sizmrebis sagani ar aris. maTgan warmoiSoba xelovneba, religia, mi-
Tebi, literatura da Teatri – mokled rom vTqvaT, yvelaferi, risTvisac Rirs am

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qveynad cxovreba, rac Rirseuls xdis Cvens cxovrebas. adamians ar SeuZlia arseboba,
rogorc ubralo sagans.
es ltolvebi da vnebebi mniSvnelovani da seriozulia adamianisaTvis. adamianebi
sicocxles TviTmkvlelobiT amTavreben imitom, rom ver SeZles daekmayofilebinaT
Tavisi sasiyvarulo vnebebi, Zalauflebis Jini da SurisZiebis mania. vnebebi aRelveben
adamians, aRanTeben da mis cxovrebas srulfasovans xdian. rogorc erTma frangma fi-
losofosma da ganmanaTleblma aRniSna: `waarTvi adamians survilebi da ltolvebi –
adamiani wyvets adamianad yofnas~. ltolvebsa da miswrafebebs adamiani SeumCneveli
arsebobidan gmirobamde ahyavs. mas surs Tavisi Tavis Semoqmedi iyos, surs Tavisi
arasrulyofili cxovreba srulyofili, azriani da mizanswrafuli gaxados, rac sa-
Sualebas aZlevs miaRwios Tavisi pirovnebis srulyofasa da mTlianobas. adamianis pi-
rovnebis Secvla mxolod maSin aris SesaZlebeli, Tu igi cxovrebis gaazrebis axal
saSualebebs mimarTavs.
agresia, ise rogorc qcevis sxva formebi, SeZenilia da ganisazRvreba adamianis
swrafviT, miaRwios maqsimalur upiratesobas. agresia, es aris moqmedeba, romelic iw-
vevs sxva organizmebis gaRizianebas da dazaralebas. adamianis, aseve cxovelis, Tav-
dacviTi agresiis meqanizmi, ganpirobebulia cxovrebiseuli situaciebiT. man unda dai-
faros, gadaarCinos cocxali arsebis mTavari sasicocxli interesebi im saSiSroebi-
sagan, rac mas yovel wuTs emuqreba. adamianuri agresia im doneze rom poulobdes ga-
moxatulebas, rogorc cxovelTa agresia, maSin adamianTa sazogadoeba ufro mSvido-
bismoyvare iqneboda. samwuxarod, es ase ar aris. kacobriobis istoria savsea gaugona-
ri sisastikisa da destruqciulobis magaliTebiT.
rogor avxsnaT es hiperagresiuloba? rogori warmoSobisaa igi, iseTivea rogoric cxo-
velTa agresia, Tu adamianSi aris specifikuri destruqciuli potenciali?
cxovelebi gansakuTrebulad gamoxatul destruqciulobas avlenen maSin, roca irRveva
wonasworoba garemomcvel samyarosTan, magram es iSviaTad xdeba. adamianis fsiqologia ga-
cilebiT destruqciuli aRmoCnda. igi Tavad qmnis cxovrebis pirobebs, romelic agresiu-
lobiT aris ganpirobebuli. es gamonaklisis saxiT ar xdeba da TiTqmis cxovrebis normaa.
ufro metic, arsebobs faqtebi, rodesac sisastike adamians siamovnebas aniWebs, zogjer
xalxis gaafrTebul, aRtkinebul masas sisxlis daRvris survili eufleba xolme. indivi-
debi an jgufebi mouTmenlad elian situacias, roca SesaZlebloba miecemaT `daicalon~
Tavisi destruqciuli energiisagan da Tu aseTi dro ar dadga, isini Tavad xelovnurad
qmnian amis pirobebs. cxovelebi arasdros klaven `ise ubralod~. survili – daangrio mxo-
lod ngrevisaTvis, sruliad sxva ramaa. mxolod adamiani iRebs siamovnebas cocxali arse-
bebis uazro da umizezo ganadgurebiT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom adamiani, TviTSenaxviT ganpi-
robebuli saSiSroebidan damoukideblad, destruqciulia da misi qmedeba ar aris dakavSi-
rebuli aucilebeli moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebasTan, rogorc es cxovelebSi xdeba.
rogorc mgeli uyurebs cxvars, ise miyurebs me sxva adamiani. gansxvaveba imaSia, rom
mgels, garkveuli azriT, `uyvars~ cxvari, amitom uyurebs mas ase da amdenad gamar-
Tlebac SeiZleba moeZebnos; magram me es adamiani mgelze ufro uaresad miyurebs, rad-
gan mas me ar vuyvarvar da umizezod, tyuilubralod surs momiswrafos sicocxle, ga-
manadguros da qars gaatanos Cemi ferfli. ratom surs es adamians? amiT is ikmayofi-
lebs im sawyiss, romelsac mtaceblobis instinqti hqvia.
yoveli individi iZulebulia gadalaxos samyaroSi sakuTari SemosazRvruli arse-
bobis SiSi, dasZlios Tavisi ususuroba da moZebnos samyarosTan kavSiris axali for-
mebi, sadac usafrTxod da mSvidad SesZlebs cxovrebas. am fsiqikur moTxovnilebebs e.
fromi `eqsistencialur moTxovnilebebs~ uwodebs. isini yvela adamians axasiaTebs da
maTi dakmayofileba sulieri janmrTelobis SenarCunebisaTvisaa aucilebeli. am moTx-
ovnilebebis masStabebi damokidebulia adamianis mdgomareobaze sazogadoebaSi. eqsis-
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tencialuri moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad gamoyenebuli sxvadasxva saSualebebi
aisaxebian iseT miswrafebebSi, rogoricaa siyvaruli, sinaze, samarTlianoba, damouki-
debloba, siZulvili, sadizmi, mazoxizmi, destruqciuloba da narcisizmi. avtori maT
adamianis xasiaTis saZirkvelmdebare miswrafebebs uwodebs, ramdenadac isini erTobli-
vad gansazRvraven da warmoaCenen adamianis xasiaTs (pirovnebas).
adamianma rom icxovros, siamovneba unda miiRos Tavisi fizikuri moTxovnilebebis
dakmayofilebiT, xolo instinqti mas iZulebuls xdis am mimarTulebiT imoqmedos. mag-
ram misi moqmedeba mxolod instinqtebiT rom ganisazRvrebodes, maSin mas ar eqneboda
gansakuTrebuli cxovrebiseuli problemebi. sakmarisi sakvebis miRebis an mopovebis
SemTxvevaSi, is yovelTvis `kmayofili~ iqneboda.
sxvadasxva fiziologiuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebac ar abednierebs adami-
ans da ar aZlevs mas Rirseuli arsebobis garantias. Tu Cven yuradRebiT gadavxedavT
masobriv da individualur moqmedebebs, naTeli gaxdeba, rom seqsualuri grZnobebi da
SimSili maT Soris mxolod mcire nawils Seadgens. adamianis motivaciis RerZs racio-
nalur da iracionalur doneze warmoSobili miswrafebebi warmoadgens, rac siyvaru-
lis, sinazis, solidarobis, Tavisuflebis, sindisis, patiosnebis ESenarCunebis moTxov-
nilebebs moicavs. adamiani mmarTvelobis wyurvils, ngrevis, vinmeze batonobis survi-
lebsac flobs. mas axasiaTebs iseTi sisusteebi, rogoricaa: narcisizmi, sixarbe, siZun-
we, siZulvili, pativmoyvareoba da sxva; es miswrafebebi xdeba misi mRelvarebisa da
Sinagani gangaSis mizezi.
SemTxveviTi araa, rom enaSi arsebobs gamoTqma: `SurisZiebis wyurvili~. gana saWi-
roa avxsnaT, ramdenad farTodaa gavrcelebuli is, rogorc calkeul pirovnebebSi,
ise jgufebs Soris? cnobilia, rom sisxlismieri Surisgeba arsebobs TiTqmis mTel
dedamiwaze. igi gamonaklisis saxiT, Zalian mSvidobismoyvare xalxebs Sorisac gvxvde-
ba, magaliTad, grenlandielebSi, romlebmac ar ician, ra aris omi, magram sisxlismie-
ri Surisgebis tradicia aqvT.
dasjis yvela saxe, dawyebuli yvelaze primitiuliT da damTavrebuli yvelaze
srulyofiliT, SurisZiebis gamoxatulebaa. klasikuri formiT igi misageblis kanons
esadageba: `kbili kbilis wil, Tvali Tvalis wil~. garkveulwilad, SeuZlebelia, ar
gaiziaro Sexeduleba, rom sisxlismieri SurisZieba da sadamsjelo kanonebi sazoga-
doebis stabilurobaSi gansazRvrul rols asruleben.
civilizebul sazogadoebaSi borotebas adamianma borotebiT ar unda upasuxos,
radgan boroteba borotebis wil kvlavac axal borotebas Sobs da ase usasrulod.
sikeTis Tesli veRar ixarebs. kaenma ver aitana, rom Zmisgan gansxvavebiT is uaryves.
am, misi azriT, usamarTlobam iseTi Suri aRuZra, rom abelis mkvlelobis garda, sama-
gieros gadaxdis sxva saSualeba ver ipova. is Tavad iyo `umaRlesi mosamarTle~ da
`ganaCenis gamotanisas~ sxva avtoritetebi mas ar dasWirvebia. SurisZiebis aqtis gan-
xorcielebiT man RmerTad igrZno Tavi. SurisZiebis wyurvili, rogorc pirovnebis
siRrmiseuli grZnoba, damaxasiaTebelia yvela adamianisaTvis. SurisZiebis gamovlenis
formebi sxvadasxva kulturebSi xasiaTiTa da intensivobiT arsebiTad gansxvavdeba. es
ganpirobebulia mravali faqtoriT da mizeziT. erT-erTia damokidebuleba sakuTrebi-
sadmi, simdidrisa da siRaribisadmi. pirobiTad, erT mxareze SeiZleba davajgufoT is
adamianebi, romelTac sruliad ar axasiaTebT SurisZiebis grZnoba, vinc Tavis sulie-
ri ganviTarebiT adamianobis ideals miuaxlovda. meore mxares daikaveben momxveWeli
bunebis adamianebi, maRali rangis narcisebi, romlebSic sakuTari personis interese-
bis mcireodeni Seviwroeba-SezRudvac ki qariSxlismagvar SurisZiebis grZnobas iw-
vevs.
destruqciulobis gamovlenis spontanur, warmaval xasiaTs bevri aspeqti aqvs. maga-
liTad, CvenTvis cnobilia sadizmis raobis ori gavrcelebuli gageba. pirvelma gamo-
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xatuleba hpova algolagniaSi (tkivilis survili). am Tvalsazrisis avtoria Srenk-
notcingi. igi algolagnias yofs or: aqtiur (sadizmi) da pasiur (mazoxizmi) tipad. am
klasifikaciis mixedviT, sadizmis arseba mdgomareobs tkivilis miyenebis survilSi, mi-
uxedavad imisa, arsebobs Tu ara seqsualuri motivebi.
zemoqmulidan gansxvavebiT, z. froidi sadizmSi, upirveles yovlisa, seqsualur fe-
nomens xedavs. am Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, im sadistur survilebsac ki, romlebic gareg-
nulad seqsTan dakavSirebuli ar arian, mainc aqvT seqsualuri motivacia, Tumca arac-
nobier doneze. xandaxan sadists survili aqvs partniors Zlieri tkivili miayenos,
xolo xandaxan mciredi tkivilis miyenebac ki kmayofilebas aniWebs.
seqsualuri ltolva, z. froidis Tanaxmad, maSinac ki, roca is mimdinareobs siyva-
rulis TanxlebiT, nebismier SemTxvevaSi sicocxlis ormxrivi sixarulisa da TviTkma-
yofilebis dasturia. amisagan gansxvavebiT, seqsualur moqmedebas, romelsac axasia-
Tebs adamianis swrafva tkivili miayenos meore adamians, aiZulos itanjos da daamci-
ros partniori – gadagvareba da gaukuRmarTebaa. da ara imitom, rom is sicocxlis im-
pulsis nacvlad sicocxlis ganadgurebis, mospobis impulss atarebs. adamiani, rome-
lic Sepyrobilia mbrZaneblobis, Zalauflebis nebiT, tanjavs da amcirebs sxvebs – sa-
distia.
sadisturi impulsebis Zala gamoxatulebas poulobs ara mxolod seqsualurobaSi,
aramed sxva araseqsualur ltolvebSic. Zlauflebis wyurvili, sixarbe da narcisiz-
mi, yvela es miswrafeba garkveuli formiT gamovlindeba seqsualur qmedebebSi. ar ar-
sebobs sfero, romelSic imaze ukeT gamoCndes adamianis xasiaTi, rogorc sqesobriv
aqtSi. adamianis siyvaruli, misi sinaze, sadizmi an mazoxizmi, siZunwe, narcisizmi, er-
Ti sityviT, misi xasiaTis nebismieri Tviseba, gamoxatulebas poulobs seqsualur qme-
debebSi. araseqsualuri sadisturi qmedebebi vlindeba daucveli, ususuri arsebebis
iZulebiT damorCilebasa da fizikuri tanjvis miyenebaSi. magaliTad, samxedro tyvee-
bi, monebi, bavSvebi, avadmyofebi (gansakuTrebiT gonebasustebi), patimrebi, yvavilebi,
ZaRlebi – yovelive es SeiZleba sadisturi mopyrobis sagani gaxdes. erT-erTi far-
Tod gavrcelebuli araseqsualuri sadizmis gamovlenaa bavSvebisadmi sastiki damoki-
debuleba.
zogierTi intensiuri formiT sadizmi gamovlenas iwyebs bavSvobis asakSi, roca
bavSvi jer kidev susti da daucvelia, magram is ukve avlens Tavis nebas, ewinaaRmdege-
ba ufrosebs da surs yvela iqceodes misi survilis Sesabamisad, moiTxovs absolu-
tur morCilebas.
sulieri sisastike, fsiqikuri sadizmi, meore adamianis damcirebis survili da wye-
nineba ufro farTodaa gavrcelebuli, vidre fizikuri sadizmi. sadizmis aRniSnuli
saxe, garkveulwilad, riskis faqtoris Semcvelia, radgan es srulebiT ar aris is,
rac fizikuri Zaladoba. es `mxolod~ sityvebia. meores mxriv, aseTi gziT gamowveuli
sulieri tkivili SeiZleba fizikur tanjvaze Zlieri iyos, radgan gauazrebeli lapa-
raki igivea, rac daufiqreblad gasrola. amis magaliTebi mravlad icis Cvenma cxovre-
bam da maT CamoTvlas ar SevudgebiT. erTs davamatebT mxolod, TalmudSi weria –
`damcireba mowmis TanxlebiT mkvlelobis tolfasia~. sadizmis gulisguls Seadgens
swrafva gamoavlinos absoluturi batonoba daucvel arsebebze, aRiWurvos absolu-
turi ZalauflebiT, miayenos mavans tkivili, daamciros sxvebi. is, vinc raRac formiT
flobs cocxal arsebas, mas Tavis sakuTrebad, qonebad Tvlis, xolo TviTon misi ba-
toni xdeba. zogjer sustze Zaladoba SeiZleba mimarTuli iyos susti arsebis sasar-
geblod. am SemTxvevaSi saubari SeiZleba `keTil~ sadizmze, magram, Cveulebriv, sadiz-
mi – borotTvisebiania. cocxali arsebis absoluturi floba anadgurebs mis pirovne-
bas, ar aZlevs mas normaluri ganviTarebis saSualebas. albert kamius `kaligula~
ukiduresi sadizmis magaliTebs gviCvenebs, romelic yovlisSemZleobisa da yvelaf-
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risnebadarTulobis miswrafebis gamoxatulebaa. kaligula, romelmac, raRac garemoe-
bebis wyalobiT, ganusazRvreli Zalaufleba moipova, sul ufro da ufro ivseba xe-
lisuflebis wyurviliT. is cxovrobs senatorebis colebTan da siamovnebas ganicdis
maTi qmrebis damcirebiT, romlebic iZulebuli arian kmayofili gamometyveleba Sei-
narCunon... ramdenime maTgans kaligula klavs kidec, magram mas es Zalauflebac ar
hyofnis. is ukmayofiloa, mas absoluturi batonoba surs. kamiu kaligulas cxovrebi-
seul kredos misive sityvebiT warmogviCens – `me msurs mTvare~!
martivad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kaligula sulelia, magram misi uWkuoba – es aris
cxovrebis forma. igi emsaxureba yovlis flobis iluzias, romelic adamianuri arse-
bobis sazRvrebs scildeba. Zalauflebis gareSe is araraobaa, sacodavi, Zabuni marto-
sulia. ra Tqma, unda kaligula gamonaklisi SemTxvevaa. mxolod cotas Tu xvdeba wi-
lad Sansi moipovos Zalaufleba, roca misi yvelas sjera garSemo, rom es Zalaufle-
ba usazRvroa. istoriam icis aseTi SemTxvevebi. warmatebuli bedis SemTxvevaSi aseTi
adamianebi samxedro meTaurebi da msxvili saxelmwifo moRvaweni xdebian, xolo isini,
visac bedi ar wyalobT, Cveulebriv damnaSaveebad an SeSlilebad iwodebian.
`sadizmi – es aris erT-erTi SesaZlebeli pasuxi kiTxvaze, rogor gavxdeT adamia-
ni, roca realizaciis sxva saSualebebs moklebulni varT~ – aRniSnavs e. fromi. meo-
re arsebis winaSe absoluturi Zalauflebis SegrZneba, sakuTari yovlisSemZleobis
grZnoba am arsebebTan urTierTobisas, badebs nebismieri eqsistencialuri dabrkole-
bis gadalaxvis iluzias. gansakuTrebiT es xdeba maSin, Tu adamians realur cxovreba-
Si ar gaaCnia aRmafrena. sadizmi es aris uZlurebis gadaqceva yovlisSemZleobis ilu-
ziad.
sadists surs cxovrebis gamgebeli gaxdes da amitomac misTvis mTavaria msxverpli
`cocxali~ darCes. swored es ganasxvavebs mas nekrofil-destruqciuli adamianisagan.
sadistebisagan gansxvavebiT, nekrofilebi iswrafvian gaanadguron Tavisi msxverpli,
moaSTon Tavad sicocxle. sadisti arasdros Rebulobs siamovnebas ZlierTan Cxubis
dros, erTaderTi, Tu daWris mas, vinaidan mocemuli situacia mas mterze batonobis
iluzias ar aRuZravs. `sadisturi xasiaTisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mxolod erTi –
`aRgznebuli vneba~ da Rirseuli aRtaceba – Zalaufleba. is aRmerTebs Zlevamosile-
bas da emorCileba mas. amave dros ezizReba susti, romelsac ar SeuZlia Tavdacva~.
sadistur xasiaTs eSinia yvelaferi imisa, rac arasaimedoa da rac ar SeiZleba wi-
naswar ganiWvritos, e. i. rac moulodnelia. aseTi movlenebi misgan arastandartul
moqmedebebs da gadawyvetilebebs moiTxovs. siyvarulSi yovelTvis riski moiazreba, ami-
tom is damfrTxali da SeSinebuli gaurbis mas. Tumca, es ar gamoricxavs, rom sadists
`uyvardes~, oRond `uyvardes~ Tavisi batonobis qveS. sadisturi xasiaTi yovelTvis da-
kavSirebulia qsenofobiasa da neofobiasTan. qsenofobia – es aris paTologiuri SiSi
yvela ucnobis winaSe, xolo neofobia – SiSi yvelaferi axlis mimarT. sadists yvela-
feri axali aRuZravs interess, magram amave dros iwvevs SiSs, eWvs da uaryofas, vinai-
dan es misgan moiTxovs araordinalur gadawyvetilebas, cocxal adamianur reaqcias,
rasac moklebulia sadisti. kidev erTi seriozuli elementi sadizmis sindromSi aris
simxdale. adamianis sadistad qcevis erT-erTi mizezia Tavis SegrZneba ususur, xelmo-
carul adamianad. am naklis kompensirebas is sxva adamianebze Zalauflebis mopovebiT
aRwevs, gaSmagebiT exarbeba sxvebze batonobas, roca ki amis saSualeba eZleva. amdenad,
rogorc sadists, aseve mazoxists sxva adamiani esaWiroeba, romelic, Tu SeiZleba iT-
qvas, `Seavsebs~ mas. sadisti TviTonve `Seimatebs~ sxva adamians, mazoxisti ki – Tavad
Seerwymeba sxvas. sadisturi da mazoxisturi midrekilebebi, yvelaze TvalnaTlad biu-
rokratiul sistemaSi warmoCindeba. aq yoveli adamiani kontrols axorcielebs saku-
Tar qveSemrdomebze, xolo Tavad imarTeba Tavisi ufrosis mier. biurokrats sZuls,
ezizReba Tanamdebobrivad Tavisze qvemoT mdgomni. amave dros igi aRfrTovanebulia,
122
eTayvaneba da monuri SiSiT Sehyurebs Tavisze maRla mdgomT, radgan maTSi sakuTar
ideals xedavs ganxorcielebuli saxiT. sakmarisia, daakvirde aseTi biurokratis saxis
gamometyvelebas, moismino misi xma, rodesac is, vTqvaT, sul raRac oriode wuTis dag-
vianebisaTvis mkacrad kicxavs da amcirebs Tavis qveSemrdoms, rom mivxvde, rogor tke-
beba igi Tavisi ZalauflebiT, sxvebze batonobiT. sxvaTa uRelqveS Tvinierad Tavgayo-
fili, sxvaTagan Zalmomreobisa da damcirebis Tvinierad amtani kaci, erTbaSad ulmobe-
li mtarvalisa da sadistis rolSi warmosdgeba xolme, roca vinmes masze uZalosa da
dabla mdgoms moixelTebs.
adamianis am fsiqologiur Taviseburebas exeba Tomas manis moTxroba `tobias min-
dernikeli~. moTxrobis mTavari personaJi, vinme tobias mindernikeli im zomamde Segue-
buli iyo sakuTar ususurobasa da uZlurobas, rom yvelasagan, maT Soris bavSvebisaga-
nac, yovelgvari winaaRmdegobis gauwevlad itanda Seuracxyofasa da damcirebas. er-
Txel quCaSi misi yuradReba patara ZaRlma miipyro, kudis gamalebuli qneviT rom ela-
quceboda patrons, romelsac igi gasayidad gamoeyvana. tobiasma ZaRli SeiZina, saxlSi
waiyvana da Seudga... ZaRlze batonobiT tkbobas; imiT, rom brZanebas gascemda da ZaR-
lic asrulebda mis brZanebas, Tanac kuds aqicinebda da Ceqmebsac ulokavda; saSinlad
ganrisxda da umowyalod scema ZaRli, roca es ukanaskneli mis nebas ar daemorCila;
verafriT Seurigda im azrs, ZaRli drodadro rom Tavnebobda, laRobda, TamaSobda.
bolos, es rom ver moaSlevina, gamxecda da daniT mokla patara `qveSevrdomi~.
zemoTqmulidan ar gamomdinareobs, rom yvela biurokrati sadistia. amas mxolod
Rrma fsiqologiuri analizi gviCvenebs. amavdroulad saWiroa davZinoT, rom Zalauf-
leba, romlis daxmarebiT erTi jgufi aviwroebs da eqspluatacias uwevs meore jgufs,
xSirad xels uwyobs sadisturi midrekilebebis Camoyalibebas. sadizmi SeiZleba aRikve-
Tos im SemTxvevaSi, roca Tavidan iqneba acilebuli sazogadoebis erTi nawilis meore-
ze batonobis SesaZlebloba, iqneba es rasobrivi, religiuri Tu sqesobrivi umcireso-
bis saxiT.
Cven sinamdvileSi xSiria faqtebi, roca sazogadoebriv transportSi, sagamofeno
darbazebSi, reklamebsa da abrebze gamosaxul adamians moxeuli aqvs yuri, gaxvretili
aqvs Subli, amoCiCqnili aqvs Tvali da a. S. es erTi SexedviT uwyinari garToba, serio-
zuli fsiqikuri mankierebis, adamianis gaukuRmarTebuli bunebisa da xasiaTis gamoxatu-
lebaa.
sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra faqtorebi ganapirobeben sadizmis warmoSobas, metad
rTulia. saWiroa Tavdapirvelad gavarkvioT damokidebuleba pirovnebasa da gare samya-
ros Soris, magram es ioli ar aris. individis xasiaTi ganisazRvreba individualuri
faqtorebiT: genetikuri monacemebiT, niWiT, SesaZleblobebiT, ojaxuri situaciiT da
sxva mTeli rigi sagangebo viTarebiT, romelsac adgili aqvs pirovnebis cxovrebaSi. ga-
cilebiT rTulia davadginoT garemomcveli samyaros faqtori, romelic udides rols
TamaSobs pirovnebis formirebis saqmeSi.

123
 sakontrolo kiTxvebi

ras niSnavs `Tavisuflebidan gaqceva~ ? gaaanalizeT sartris mosazreba – `adami-

ani dawyevlilia TavisuflebiT~.
ra ganapirobebs adamianis moTxovnilebas icxovros iluzorul, gamogonil sinam-
dvileSi?
ra udevs safuZvlad `teqnikur gaucxoebas~ ?
rogor esmis gasets `istoriuli krizisisa~ da `masebis~ cnebebi?
gasetis mixedviT, ra saerTo niSan-Tvisebebi axasiaTebT `masis adamianebs~ ?
rogor esmis lebons cneba – `fsiqologiuri masa~?
lebonis mixedviT, ra ganapirobebs adamianis cvalebadobas brboSi?
ra tipiuri TvisebebiT axasiaTebs leboni `masis adamians~ ?
brbos tardiseuli klasifikacia : tipebi da saxeebi.
ra aris `pirovneba~ ? `masa~ ? `brbo~ ?
froidis mixedviT, romeli instinqtebi marTaven cxovrebas?
ra aris agresia? sadizmi? Mmazoxizmi?

124
 Tavi VII

zneobis filosofia

“nu Caiden borotebas, raTa miaRwio sikeTes”

”boroteba SeiZleba gaviazroT metafizikurad, fizikurad da moralurad.

metafizikuri azriT, boroteba aris arasrulyofileba, fizikurad _ tanjva,
moralurad _ codva”

“boroteba sikeTis aucilebeli pirobaa, magram ara aucileblobis principidan

gamomdinare, aramed Sesabamisobis principidan gamomdinare. Cems mier daSvebuli
gansazRvreba unda gavigoT rogorc ganzraxva, wadilis TvalsazrisiT da ara
rogorc iZuleba. boroti ganzraxva axasiaTebs da Seesabameba ara RmerTs, aramed
arasrulyofil da SezRudul qmnilebebs, romlebic Tavisi qmedebebiT borotebas
amkvidreben. aseTi uwesrigoba, arasrulyofileba, SezRuduloba saocari ZaliT
aaSkaravebs mTlianis silamazes (borotebis arsebobis fonze sikeTe ufro naTlad
Cans) iseve, rogorc raRac gaazrebulad daSvebuli disonansi harmonias ufro
srulyofilad warmoaCens”

gotfrid vilhelm laibnici

“boroteba hqvia imas, rasac adamiani moimoqmedebs da imas, rasac adamiani iTmens.
pirveli codvaa, meore _ sasjeli . . . adamiani moimoqmedebs borotebas, romelic
surs da iTmens borotebas, romelic ar surs”

netari avgustine

“zneobrivi cxovrebis garda, rac ar unda moimoqmedos adamianma RvTis

gulisaTvis, aris ubralod crurwmena da crusamsaxuri”

imanuil kanti

“zneoba, esaa nebisyofis goneba”

“qmedeba aris yvelaze naTeli da gamomsaxveli adamianis arsis gaxsnisa. rasac

adamiani akeTebs, iseTivea Tavad”

georg vilhelm hegeli

“sindisi mamxilebeli gonebaa”

125
 sulxan saba orbeliani

adamianur qmedebebsa da saqciels marto goneba ar gansazRvravs. adamians

sindisi anu zneobrivi grZnobac axasiaTebs. swored sindisi, e.i. “mamxilebeli
goneba” axdens sikeTisa da borotebis sibrtyeSi Cveni qmedebebisa da saqcielis
Sefasebas. adamiani Tavisufali arsebaa. Tavisufleba ki Cadenil moqmedebebze
pasuxismgeblobis gareSe TviTneboba da ganukiTxaobaa. iq, sadac ar arsebobs
pasuxismgebloba, “yvelaferi daSvebulia, yvelaferi nebadarTulia”.
magram saidan, rogor, vis mier iqna Camoyalibebuli da dadgenili moraluri
kanonebi? adamianis mier? SeuZlia ki adamians icxovros im mcnebebisa da moTxovnebis
gaTvaliswinebiTa da dacviT, romelic TviTonve Seqmna? gana ar SevswrebivarT
adamianis araadamianur saqciels _ oms, Zaladobas, mkvlelobas, Ralats? e.i.
adamiani zneobrivi moTxovnebis mainc da mainc kargi Semsrulebeli ar aris. swored
imitom, rom is adamiania da araferi adamianuri misTvis ucxo ar aris.
“. . . erTi kacisagan meore kacis daCagvra mZulda bavSvobidanve, ver vitandi amas.
gasaWirSi da gansacdelSi Cavardnili adamiani mebralebida, xelis gawodebas da
mixmarebas movaleobad vuTvlidi Cems Tavs . . .
. . . davakvirdi Cems saqciels da im xalxsac, me rom gamovadeqi rameSi _ Svela
iyo, dacva iyo, Tu xsna. zogma borotebiT gadamixada, sxvam imaze uaresi Caidina,
rasac avacile, viRac TviTon gaxda moZalade da jalaTi, Rone rom moikriba Cemi
wyalobiT . . . Sevaqcie zurgi yvelafers, aRar Caverie sxvis saqmeSi, qva qvaze nu
darCeba nursad-meTqi!” (Wabua amirejibi. “daTa TuTaSxia”).
rogor avxsnaT ra aris sikeTe da boroteba? sindisi da usindisoba?
samarTlianoba da usamarTloba? zneobrioba da uzneoba? misaRebi da miuRebeli? ra
aris yovelive amis safuZveli da kriteriumi?
am da mraval msgavs kiTxvaze SeZlebisdagvarad pasuxs iZleva eTika _
praqtikuli filosofia, mecniereba moralis Sesaxeb.
termini “eTika” etimologiurad ukavSirdeba ZvelberZnul sityvas “eTos”-s,
romelic Tavdapirvelad, kerZod, homerosis “iliada”-Si, niSnavda “adgisamyofels”,
“sacxovrebel adgils”, “TavSesafars”. droTa ganmavlobaSi man sxva azrobrivi
datvirTva miiRo (Cveuleba, adamianis xasiaTi, Sinagani buneba) da Camoyalibda
rogorc mecniereba moralis Sesaxeb. termini “eTika” pirvelad ixmara aristotelem.
am terminiT man SemosazRvra kvlevis gansakuTrebuli sfero _ praqtikuli
filosofia, romelic cdilobs pasuxi gasces kiTxvas _ rogor unda vicxovroT?
rac Seexeba termin “morals”. “eTos”-is miaxlovebuli laTinuri analogiaa “mos”,
romelic iTargmneba rogorc zne, Cveuleba, xasiaTi, qceva, Sinagani buneba.
romaelebma, kerZod, ciceronma, gaiTvaliswines ra berZnebis gamocdileba, sityva
“mos”-isgan Seqmnes zmniszeda “moralis”, romlisganac mogvianebiT warmoiSva
CvenTvis kargad cnobili termini “morali”.
maSasadame, etimologiuri mniSvnelobiT es terminebi, e.i. berZnuli “eTika” da
laTinuri “morali” erTmaneTs emTxveva. magram kacobriobis ganviTarebis procesSi
am terminebma gansxxvavebuli Sinaarsi SeiZines. termini “eTika” inarCunebs
Tavdapirvel mniSvnelobas da aRniSnavs mecnierebas moralis Sesaxeb, xolo
moralis qveS igulisxmeba is realuri movlena, romelic Seiswavleba am mecnierebis
mier.
kidev erTi ram aris dasazustebeli. salaparako enaSi sityvebs _ morali da
zneobrioba sakmaod xSirad erTi da igive mniSvnelobiT vxmarobT. gansxvaveba
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arsebobs. morali gvTavazobs ideals _ rogor unda vicxovro, rogor unda moviqce.
zneobrioba ki gulisxmobs _ rogor vcxovrob, rogor viqcevi.
gansxvavebis ukeT gaazrebisaTvis mivmarToT lev tolstois literaturuli
gmiris ana kareninas magaliTs. ana maRali sazogadoebis Rirseuli warmomadgenelia,
ganaTlebuli, maRalzneobrovi qalbatoni, erTguli meuRle da mosiyvarule deda.
samagaliTo ojaxi aqvs sankt peterburgSi. marTalia usiyvarulod, garigebiT
gaTxovda, magram did pativs scems meuRles, karg, patiosan, magram mSral da
puritan adamians da ufrTxildeba ojaxis Rirsebas. axalgazrda oficris, vronskis
gacnobam kardinalurad Secvala misi awyobili, mSvidi cxovreba. TavdaviwyebiT
gadaeSva vnebiani siyvarulis morevSi. igi ar malavs Tavis grZnobas. man pirvelad
aRiqva Tavi namdvil qalad, romelic uyvarT, romelsac uyvars. da ana dgams
sabediswero nabijs _ WeSmariti siyvarulis gamo tovebs ojaxs, Svils. am saqcieliT
igi upirispirdeba elitarul sazogadoebas, romlisTvisac darRveuli zneobrioba,
yalbi Rirebulebebi cxovrebis Cveuli, miRebuli wesia da romelic sazogadod
aRiarebuli moralis normebsaa amofarebuli.
_ ratom ar SegiZlia icxovro rogorc yvela sxvam?, ekiTxeba anas maRali
sazogadoebis “Rirseuli” warmomadgeneli, misi megobari betsi. ana Sinaganad
patiosani pirovnebaa. mas ar SeuZlia tyuiliT cxovreba, siyalbisa da sicruis
garemocvaSi arseboba.
anas tragedia ara mxolod misi ojaxis dangreva, Svilis mitoveba da
sazogadoebasTan konfliqtia. anas tragedia isicaa, rom mas sazogadoebam zurgi
Seaqcia, gariya; sazogadoebam, romelic bevrad ufro uzneod iqceva, oRond
SefarviT. da swored am, yovelgvari zneobisagan daclilma maRalma sazogadoebam,
gabatonebuli moralis zogadi principebidan gamomdinare, anas saqcieli
amoralurad miiCnia. ana zneobrivi pirovnebaa. man icxovra sakuTari principebis,
Rirebulebebis, sindisis karnaxiT anu zneobrivad.
ilia WavWavaZis “kacia _ adamiani?!” gavixsenoT: vinme Tavad nikolozs moaxlesTan
arSiyoba dauwyia. luarsabma da darejanma Tavadi saswrafod lafSi amosvares:
_ “ara, ise Cumad moexdina mainc im sulis mtersa, kidev araferi iqneboda, _
sTqva darejanma.
_ Cumad rom moexdina, vin ras ityoda? _ gaawyvetina sityva luarsabma, _ gana
uwin ki ar iyo magisTana ambebi, xorcielebi ar iyvnen Tu? magram uwin sul
dafaruli iyo . . . sul ese Cumad da gonierad icodnen uwin yvelaferi”.
luarsabsa da darejans Tavad uzneo faqti ki ar awuxebT, aramed misi
gamJRavneba. oRond sxva nu gaigebs da rac ginda is akeTe, rogorc ginda ise
moiqeci. maTi azriT, dafaruli uzneoba sircxvili da saZraxisi ar aris; Tu ar
gamJRavndeba, Ralati ki ara, qveynis daqcevac gepatieba.
saukuneebis manZilze morali adamians sTavazobda qcevis konkretul
orientirebs, gamoxatuls an religiur normebsa da RirebulebebSi, an
filosofiurad dasabuTebul postulatebSi an cxovrebiseuli sibrZnisa da
gamocdilebis saxiT.
antikuri epoqis eTika sainteresoa imiT, rom aq Camoyalibda eTikuri azris
TiTqmis yvela mimarTuleba, romelic Semdgom evropuli azrovnebis gansjis sagani
gaxda; aseve imiTac, rom aq zneobriobis safuZvels adamianis miwier cxovrebaSi
eZebdnen.
sokrates sjera sikeTis arsebobis. misTvis sikeTe ar aris mza saxiT mocemuli,
aramed mudmivad safiqrali da saZiebeli ramaa. adamiani sikeTes upirobod ar
flobs. sikeTis miRweva aucilebel Zalisxmevas moiTxovs. mizani dasaxulia. misken
swrafvaa saWiro. Tumca adamians am procesSi SeiZleba gza aebnas . . .
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 sokrates azriT, zneobrivi normebi aucilebelia adamianisaTvis. Tumca misTvis
sul sxvaa, rodesac adamiani zneobriv normas asrulebs tradiciis ZaliT,
gaucnobiereblad (asea miRebuli) da sxvaa, rodesac zneobriv moTxovnas asruleben
Segnebulad, radgan sxvagvarad ar SeuZliaT. es ar aris iZulebiTi saqcieli. amas
Sinagani xma, Segneba da Rirseba karnaxobs. adamiani sakuTari sindisis winaSe unda
iyos marTali. Segnebuli adamiani arasworad ar moiqceva, borotebas ar Caidens da
amis wyalobiT bedniericaa. borotebas mxolod uvici sCadis.
Tavad sokrateSi, rogorc konkretul adamianSi (Cveulebrivi aTeneli, msuqani,
meloti, ojaxuri problemebiT damZimebuli) Sinaganad arsebobda metafizikuri “me”,
romelsac igi “daimons” anu Sinagan xmas uwodebda da yovelTvis emorCileboda da
iTvaliswinebda mis rCevebs. igi Tvlida, rom Tavisufali moazrovne, romlis
sulieri “me” yovelTvis sifxizlis mdgomareobaSi imyofeba, mudam mzadaa yvelaze
rTuli cxovrebiseuli problemebis zneobrivi gadawyvetisaTvis.
sokratem Semoitana piradi pasuxismgeblobis cneba. adamianma Tavisufali arCevnis
safuZvelze unda ganaxorcielos qceva, unda icodes, acnobierebdes ras akeTebs,
rom piradad iyos pasuxismgebeli Tavis saqcielze. pozicia, “yvela ase iqceva da mec
ase viqcevi”, mas ar SeSvenis.
sokratesaTvis “sikeTe aris codna”. magram saWiroa misi mopoveba. codna ar
aris igive, rac Sexeduleba. codna, Sexedulebisagan gansxvavebiT, darwmunebis
elements Seicavs. sikeTis codna, sokrates mixedviT, aris sikeTis Segneba. amgvarad
soktarem zneoba da codna adamianSi erTmaneTs daukavSira. Tu ici ra aris sikeTe,
borotebas ar Caiden. amitom iwvevs adamianebSi gakvirvebas Segnebulis Seugnebeli
saqcieli.
“me vici, rom araferi ar vici” _ ambobda sokrate. aRiaro sakuTari sulieri
siRatake moCvenebiTi simdidris (aq: codnis) fonze, es marTlac rom sulieri
gmirobis tolfasia. swored rom sulieri siRatake badebs sulier SimSilsa da
wyurvils. maSasadame, am gamonaTqvamiT sokrate mogviwodebs mivmarToT dauRalav,
ganuwyvetel sulier garjas, moRvaweobas. codnis miiRweva mxolod sulieri
daZabulobis da srulyofis gziTaa SesaZlebeli.
platonis azriT, sikeTe aris samyaros arsebobis sawyisi da misi arsebobis
safuZveli. is aris Semoqmedi, RvTaebrivi sawyisi. igi mzesaviT aZlevs yvelafers
sinaTlesa da sicocxles. sikeTe adamianSi unda ganxorcieldes, rom igi RmerTs
daemsgavsos da amaRldes. filosofiis mizani aris ara mxolod RmerTi, aramed
adamianic. swored filosofiam unda aCvenos adamians mSvenieri cxovrebis gza.
adamianis mizani, platonis azriT, aris sikeTe. raSi mdgomareobs adamianuri
sikeTe _ siamovnebasa Tu goneba-azrovnebaSi? adamianuri sikeTe arc mxolod
siamovnebaa da arc mxolod goniereba, aramed maTi naerTi. Tumca yoveli
siamovnebisa da gonierebis naerTi ar iZleva namdvil sikeTes adamianisaTvis, aramed
mxolod maTi rCeuli saxeebis naerTi. platoni saTnoebiT aRsavse cxovrebas
qadagebs. igi oTx saTnoebas cnobs:
1. gonebis saTnoeba aris sibrZne. amiT goneba batonobs adamianis cxovrebaze.
swored goneba imecnebs cxovrebis azrs da axorcielebs mas.
2. nebis saTnoeba aris simamace. igi gonebis TvaliT imorCilebs siamovnebebs.
3. survilis saTnoeba aris zomiereba, TviTdaufleba, damorCileba aragonieri
vnebebisa.
4. zogadi saTnoeba, wina samis harmoniuli gaerTianebis Sedegi, aris
samarTlianoba, romelic mdgomareobs imaSi, rom sulis yovelma nawilma Seasrulos
mxolod Tavisi funqcia, ar gavides Tavisi Tavis gareT. goneba imorCilebs, neba

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axorcielebs am damorCilebas; vnebebi Tavsdeba garkveul sazRvrebSi. aseTi
harmoniuloba aris Cveni sulis bednieri ganwyobileba.
saTnoeba Cveni cxovrebis umaRlesi sikeTea, arasaTnoeba _ udidesi boroteba.
rogorc janmrTeloba aris sxeulis saTnoeba, ise saTnoeba aris sulis
janmrTeloba _ Tvlida platoni.
aristotele iyo pirveli, romelmac yuradReba gaamaxvila “ganzraxvis” cnebaze.
man ganzraxva da ara neba miiCnia moqmedebis xasiaTis ganmsazRvrelad. ganzraxva
exeba imas, risi ganxorcielebac SesaZlebelia, risi gakeTebac adamians SeuZlia.
nebas ki SeiZleba mimarTeba hqondes SeuZlebelTan. ganzraxva gulisxmobs miznis
miRwevis saSualebebis SerCevas. nebas ki saqme aqvs adamianuri moqmedebis miznebTan.
nebam SeiZleba dasaxos mizani, magram miznis miRwevis gzebsa da saSualebebs
gansazRvravs ganzraxva. atistoteles azriT, saTnoebisa da mankierebis gansxvavebis
safuZvelia raodenobrivi maxasiaTeblebi. adamians axasiaTebs uamravi vneba,
survili. maT mankierebad aqcevs vnebebisa da survilebis naklovaneba anda siWarbe.
saTnoeba ki mdgomareobs vnebebisa da survilebis zomierebaSi. saTnoebis principia
zomiereba.
aristotele Tvlida, rom cxovrebis mizani bednierebaa. mxolod zneobriv
cxovrebas mivyevarT bednierebisaken. bedniereba aris adamianis cxovreba saTnoebis
Sesabamisad. adamianma Tavisi Tavis gamoxatva unda moaxdinos sikeTeSi, sikeTis
samsaxurSi, sikeTis qmedebaSi.
am periodis moazrovneebi imavdroulad cdilobdnen daesabuTebinaT, rom morali
ar unda iyos mimarTuli adamianuri bunebis winaaRmdeg, e.i. despoturi. am
poziciidan aristipma (Zv.w. 435_355) Camoayaliba sxeulebriv siameTa Taviseburi
kulti. siamovneba TavisTavad sikeTea. Tumca moWarbebul, zRvargadasul siamovnebas
SeuZlia tkivili mogvayenos, dagvtanjos kidec. gonivrulad, sworad unda
visiamovnoT da Tavi avaridoT usiamovnebebs. swored es aris cxovrebis mizani da
saTnoebis kriteriumi. sazogadod, bedniereba xom siamovnebaTa erTobliobaa . . .
ase Caisaxa antikur eTikaSi hedonizmi, eTikuri mimdinareoba, romelic siamovnebas
ganixilavs rogorc zneobrivi saqcielis motivsa da mizans. Zvelma berZenma
filosofosma epikurem gadaamuSava aristipis Sexedulebebi da Tvlida, rom
umaRlesi sikeTe _ “wminda”, “WeSmariti” siamovnebaa, rac tanjvis ararsebobasa da
sulis uSfoTvel, mSvid mdgomareobas niSnavs. mxolod is eziareba WeSmarit
siamovnebas, vinc gonieri da dakvirvebulia da amdenad unari Seswevs bevrad ufro
xangrZlivi da mdgradi siamovnebis gamo uari Tqvas wamier siamovnebaze. mxolod
swori siamovnebebi uwyoben xels gonivrul, wesier da saTno cxovrebas. amitom
Cveni survilebi da miswrafebebi erTmaneTs unda SevuxamoT da davamTxvioT
(simetria), rac siamovnebas gulisxmobs da Tanac miiRweva simSvide, uSfoTveloba
(ataraqsia).
hedonizmis sapirispirod Zvel saberZneTSi warmoiSva filosofiuri mimdinareoba
stoicizmi. stoicizmis warmomadgenlebis azriT, adamiani sulac ar aris gaCenili
siamovnebisaTvis. samyaroSi bevri usiamovneba, gaWirveba, tanjva da ubedurebaa.
winaswar unda movemzadoT amisaTvis.
adamiani ar unda ayves guliswadilebs da zraxvebs _ survilebs, SiSs,
siamovnebasa da wuxils. brZeni adamiani gawonasworebuli, gonieri, gamZle da
samarTliani unda iyos. am saTnoebebis Sesatyvisad unda icxovros adamianma, raTa
miaRwios bednierebas. stoelTa eTika _ mkacri movaleobebis eTikaa.
nuTu morals SeuZlia gaamarTlos da daakanonos siamovnebis grZnobiT, emociuri
afeqtebiT, angarebiT ganzraxuli da ganpirobebuli nebismieri saqcieli?

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 germanuli klasikuri filosofiis fuZemdebeli imanuel kanti sxvagvarad
fiqrobda: adamians sikeTis keTeba SeuZlia ara marto angarebiani mosazrebiT,
aramed Tavad sikeTis ideis gamoc _ Tundac mxolod zneobrivi kanonisa da
movaleobis pativiscemiT, keTili nebiT. zneobriobaze saubari SesaZlebelia
mxolod Tavisufali arCevnis pirobebSi. Tu adamians wavarTmevT arCevnis uflebas,
misi gadawyvetileba iZulebis gziT iqneba miRebuli.
kantamde moazrovneebis garkveuli nawili Tvlida, rom adamianuri saqcielis
motivebi SeiZleba iyos mxolod sulieri afeqtebi da ara movaleobis
grZnoba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, adamiani arasdros iqceva sindisis karnaxiT.
kantma win moraluri aucileblobis sakiTxi wamowia. zneobrivi grZnoba
metnaklebad yovel adamianSi arsebobs. Tuki adamiani SesZlebs daiokos da
daZlios miswrafebi, vnebebi, gulis wadilebi, igi gonivrul Tavisuflebas
moipovebs. maSasadame, zneobriv kanons goneba ayalibebs, rac Tavis mxriv,
gonivrulobaze, Segnebulobaze metyvelebs. e.i. Cvens nebas marTavs goneba. swored
es unda gaxdes nebismieri adamianis qcevis erTadaerTi safuZveli.
adamianis survilebsa da miswrafebebs zRvari ar gaaCnia. rac meti aqvs, ufro
meti surs: zogs materialuri keTildReoba, Tanamdeboba, pativiscema, kariera, zogs
dideba, zogs meti codna da gamocdileba, zogs janmrTeloba, silamaze, bedniereba.
es sruliad bunebrivia. magram es iseTi sikeTeebia, romlebic advilad SeiZleba
iqcnen borotebad, Tuki isini Sesaferisi miznis mixedviT ar iqnebian gamoyenebuli.
“zarandias Tavdadebuli siyvaruliT uyvarda daTa TuTaSxia, alal Zmad
sTvlida da tragikulad ganicdida mis axirebul cxovrebas. es is gamovlineba iyo,
riTac zarandias arsebaSi Cveulebrivi adamiani xorcieldeboda, magram iqve
gancalkevebulad cocxlobda, damoukideblad moqmedebda sakuTari rwmenebidan
gamomdinare valdebulebis, pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba, mavani adamianis mimarT
dagubebuli siZulvili da RvarZli ki ara _ rogoriRac konkretuli demoni,
romelsac “sxvagvarad ar ZaluZda”. igi gasaocari daJinebiT, azartiTa da
samkvdrod ebrZoda daTa TuTaSxias . . . adamianuri da demonuri es ori sawyisi
paralelurad moqmedebda da sulis gaorebas ki ar qmnida, aramed muSni zarandias
erTob Taviseburi naturis mTlianobis Sedegi iyo” . . .
“am udavod didi talantis adamians Tavisi SesaZleblobebis sazomad DdaTa
TuTaSxia hyavda! Tu davuSvebT, rom adamians arsebobisa da moRvaweobisaTvis
cocxali magaliTi sWirdeba da muSni zarandiasaTvis ki aseTi etaloni daTa
TuTaSxia iyo, maSin isic kanonzomierad unda CavTvaloT, rom daTa TuTaSxias
sikvdilis Semdeg muSni zarandiac unda wasuliyo am qveynidan, miT umetes, rom man
Tavisi sulieri cxovrebis modeli sakuTari xeliT mospo”. “uniWobaze saSiSi
niWierebaa, roca mas maRali zneoba da RvTismoSiSeba ar axlavs Tan” (Wabua
amirejibi. “daTa TuTaSxia”).
udavoa, adamiani gonieri arsebaa, Tumca igi imavdroulad arasrulyofilic aris.
rogorc vnaxeT, misi neba arasworadac SeiZleba iyos mimarTuli. amitom zneobrivi
principi unda moqmedebdes rogorc iZuleba, rogorc kategoriuli imperativi.
imperativi SeiZleba iyos pirobiTi, hipoTezuri (Tu saqcieli kargia, rogorc
mxolod saSualeba raimesaTvis, maSin hipoTezur imperativTan gvaqvs saqme. vTqvaT,
eqimi afrTxilebs pacients, gaufrTxildes janmrTelobas da Tavi daanebos
sigaretis mowevas). magram imperativi savaldebuloc SeiZleba gaxdes, radgan
saqcieli TavisTavad kargia (magaliTad, yvelas patiosnebas an gulwrfelobas Tu
movTxovT). saqcieli fasdeba misi SesaZlo Sedegebidan gamomdinare. mxolod
zneobriobis imperativi SeiZleba iyos kategoriuli _ “moiqeci ise, rom Seni nebis

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maqsimas mudam hqondes sayovelTao kanonis Zala. Cveni saqcieli sayovelTao kanonis
normad unda gamodges”. es zneobriobis pirveli Rirebulebaa.
kategoriuli imperativis mimyoli adamiani moraluri pasuxismgeblobisagan
Tavisufali ar aris. is Tavisufalia imitom, rom moralis absoluturi normebi
TviTon mas, rogorc subieqts axasiaTebs, radgan isini apriorulia. mas aRar
sWirdeba moralisagan gaqceva, is ukve TviTon moralia.
e.i. imperativi sayovelTao zneobrivi principia piradi principis _ maqsimas
sawinaaRmdegod. maqsima aris nebis subieqturi, individualuri principi.
kategoriuli imperativi ki gamoxatavs kanons, romelic empiriuli pirobebisagan
damoukidebelia. kategoriuli imperativi nebis iseTi principia, romelsac miznisa da
interesebisagan damoukidebeli Rirebuleba gaaCnia. es sulac ar niSnavs, rom
kategoriul imperativs araviTari mizani ar aqvs. mizani rom ar hqondes, nebis
arsebobas azri ar eqneboda. kanti ansxvavebs subieqtur miznebs, romlebsac yvela
gonieri arsebisaTvis aqvs mniSvneloba. yvela mizani, romlis mniSvneloba
ifargleba subieqtiT, SefardebiTia. hipoTezuri imperativi SefardebiT mizans
emyareba. magram aris ki iseTi ram, romlis TavisTavad arseboba ukve flobs
absolutur Rirebulebas? Tu aris, maSin kategoriuli imperativis safuZveli
mxolod masSi SeiZleba mdgomareobdes. aseTia adamiani, rogorc gonieri arseba, anu
pirovneba. pirovneba TavisTavad aris mizani da kantis azriT, masze maRali mizani
ar arsebobs. igi ayalibebs kategoriuli imperativis meore Rirebulebas: “yovelTvis
moepyari kacobriobas, rogorc Seni saxiT, ise yvela danarCenis saxiT, rogorc
mizans da arasodes rogorc mxolod saSualebas”.
Cveni damokidebuleba erTmaneTisadmi ufro xSirad pragmatuli da angarebiania.
kanti migvaniSnebs: adamiani TavisTavad Rirebulia. ar SeiZleba gvsurdes sxva
adamianTan zneobrivi urTierTobebis damyareba da imavdroulad vfiqrobdeT
mxolod gamorCenasa da sakuTar sargebelze. sargeblianobis principi SeiZleba
arazneobrivi aRmoCndes, Tu sakuTari, Tundac keTilSobiluri da uaRresad
sasargeblo miznebisaTvis adamians viyenebT mxolod rogorc saSualebas. adamianis
qceva unda iyos sruliad uangaro. zneobrivi qcevis erTaderTi motivi SeiZleba
iyos ara ubralod sikeTis Cadenis survili, aramed moraluri kanonis pativiscema.
adamiani mxolod Tavisi Tavisufali nebiT, zneobrivi kanonis pativiscemiT
ganxorcielebuli moqmedebis Sedegad aris zneobrivi.
germanelma filosofosma artur Sopenhauerma eWvi Seitana aucilebeli normebis
arsebobaSi, romelTa safuZvelzec adamianis saqcieli fasdeba rogorc zneobrivi.
man uaryo moralis normatiuloba da Tvlida, rom eTikaSi ar arsebobs da arc
SeiZleba arsebobdes winaswar dadgenili raRac kanonebi, miTiTebebi. yoveli
adamianis zneobrivi gamocdileba imdenad unikaluri da TviTmyobadia, rom misi
Casma raRac zogad CarCoebSi ubralod SeuZlebelia.
adamianis cxovrebiseuli orientaciebi misi survilebis, miswrafebebis, vnebebis
safuZvelze yalibdeba. individs, upirveles yovlisa, raRac surs da axorcielebs
kidec Tavis zraxvebs. igi yovelTvis ver iqceva Segnebulad. imedi da SiSi,
siyvaruli da siZulvili amaxinjebs inteleqtis mier SemuSavebul warmodgenebs.
magram SesaZlebelia ki saerTod moralze saubari Tuki mas sazogadod miRebuli
normebisagan gavaTavisuflebT?
alber kamius romanis “ucxo” mTavari gmiri, biuros moxele merso ar iniRbeba
adamianur urTierTobaTa tradiciuli normebiT da daufaravad amJRavnebs srul
gulgrilobas “moyvasisadmi”. deda moxucTa TavSesafarSi Caabara, iSviaTad
naxulobda. bolo wels, SeiZleba iTqvas, arc ki mounaxulebia _ drois daxarjva
enaneboda da Tanac, erTob eZneleboda bileTis rigSi dgoma da avtobusiT jayjayi.
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dedis gardacvaleba rom Seatyobines, arc dainteresebula rodis moxda es – dRes,
guSin Tu guSinwin; verc mousmina bolomde TavSesafris direqtors, ver SesZlo, ar
ainteresebda; mere daraji Seacbuna imiT, rom kubos Tavis gadaxda da dedis
saxisaTvis Sexedva ar isurva; kubosTan sigarets abolebda; mSvidad CaiZina kidevac;
ramdenjerme siamovnebiT miirTva rZiani yava; dasaflavebis dRes kargi amindi
gamovida da inana, rom dedamisis ambavi gaseirnebis saSualebas ar miscemda; xolo
dasaflavebis procesiaSi monawilebisas yvelaferze metad sicxe awuxebda; roca
SeekiTxnen micvalebulis asakis Taobaze, aRmoCnda, rom ar scodnia . . .
meore dRes sacuraod wavida zRvaze, iq SemTxveviT nacnob qals gadaeyara da
masTan msubuqi sasiyvarulo urTierToba wamoiwyo; mxiarul komediasac uyures,
Semdeg saxlSi wavidnen da wamowyebuli siyvaruli “logikur dasasrulamde”
miiyvanes . . . erT dRes, aseve SemTxveviT, mezobel kacTan mouxda yofna. am
ukanasknelma Tavisi gulis dardi da faruli ganzraxva gaando: sayvareli
orgulobaSi SeamCnia da sastiki SurisZieba daugegmavs; sTxova, qalis
Semosatyueblad werilis daweraSi damexmareo. mersos winaaRmdegobis gaweva da
kamaTi daezara da amitomac dahyva mis nebas. mere, roca mezoblis binidan qalis
Semzaravi kivilis xma Semoesma, daezara am saqmeSi Careva da qalisaTvis daxmarebis
gaweva .
ramdenime xnis Semdeg SemTxveviT am mezobelsa da misi sayvarlis Zmas Soris
gamarTul Cxubs Seeswro; Zalauneburad CxubSi monawileoba miiRo da ucabedad
kacic Semoakvda: Cxubi damTavrebuli sCanda, roca sicxisagan Sewuxebuli merso
gasagrileblad wyarosaken wavida. gzaze moulodnelad mezobeli kacis mters
waawyda. ukanasknelma mersos gamoCena Tavdasxmis mcdelobad aRiqva da dana
moimarjva. merso Taviseburi alternativis winaSe dadga: unda Seswyvitos wyarosaken
msvleloba da maSasadame, an gagrileba dasTmos, anda kaci moklas, wyarosaken gza
gainTavisuflos da, amgvarad, gagrilebis survili daikmayofilos. mersom kacs
revolveri esrola, Tumca saamiso winaswari ganzraxva ar hqonia, arc gaborotebuli
yofila masze; esrola ubralod imitom, rom mze Zlier acxunebda da sicxeSi
gagrilebis survils ver moeria...
merso daapatimres da sikvdiliT dasja miusajes. arc patimrobisas ugrZvnia
sindisis qenjna, arcerTxel ar gasCenia monaniebis survili; xeirianad arc ki
axsovda, ra Caidina; mxolod imas nanobda, rom moklebuli iyo da sikvdiliT dasjis
SemTxvevaSi miT ufro moklebuli iqneboda elementarul grZnobad siamovnebebs, anu
elementaruli biologiuri arsebobis, sicocxlis uSualo gancdebs, rogoricaa
mzisa da haeris, wylisa da miwis, piris Cagemrielebis, dasvenebis, gagrilebis,
agreTve qalis sxeulis Sexebis sasiamovno gancdebi.
mersosaTvis yvelaferi sulerTia; arafers sagangebo mniSvneloba ar aqvs;
yvelafers erTi fasi aqvs; arc aravin uyvars da arc aravin sZuls; dedac ise
uyvars, rogorc yvela sxvas; arafers arafrad agdebs; arafers ganicdis . . .
erTaderTi, rasac ganicdis da raRac fass adebs, rac raimed uRirs, esaa mxolod
sakuTari biologiuri arseboba da Sesabamisi siamovnebebi.
adamiani is erTaderTi cocxali arsebaa, romelsac gaTavisebuli aqvs sakuTari
arsebobis sazRvrebi, mtkivneulad ganicdis amas da maradisobas eswrafvis. amitomaa,
rom mas, Tuki kargad esmis sakuTari Tavisa, Tavisi daniSnulebis, yovelTvis
cdilobs iseTi miznis ganxorcielebis saqmeSi miiRos monawileoba, romelic mis
elementarul arsebobaze zrunvas aRemateba da romelsac, saboloo jamSi,
mniSvneloba aqvs mTeli sazogadoebisaTvis, momdevno TaobebisaTvis, mTeli
istoriisaTvis, anu sxvagvarad, romelsac sayovelTao, absoluturi da maradiuli
Rirebuleba aqvs. magram Zalian Znelia emsaxurebode sayovelTao mniSvnelobis
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mizans, sazogadoebriv ideals, asrulebde Sesatyvis normebs da imavdroulad ar
dakargo sakuTari gansakuTrebuli, individualur-pirovnuli saxe.
es sirTule maSin ufro igrZnoba, roca vacnobierebT, rom yoveli sayovelTao-
sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis ideali warmavali da istoriulia. adre es ideali
qristianul RmerTs asaxierebda; ukve karga xania, rac Tanamedrove adamianma eWvi
Seitana am idealSi da misTvis, rogorc fridrix nicSem gamoacxada, “RmerTi mokvda”
. . . Cvens axlo warsulSi qristianuli ideali komunizmisaken swrafvam Secvala;
Semdeg _ mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis saxiT iCina Tavi, romelic erTob saeWvo da
orazrovani aRmoCnda: misi mimarTulebiT moZraobam kacobrioba sulieri da
fizikuri katastrofebis winaSe daayena. am gamocdilebam Tanamedrove adamiani
TiTqmis daarwmuna, rom yoveli misi mizani, ideali Tu saqme warmavali da
droebiTia da rom, maSasadame, misTvis maradisobisaken mimavali gza moWrilia: misi
sikvdili aris sikvdili ukvalod. amitom aRar aqvs azri arafers. amitomaa
yvelaferi amao, unayofo, fuWi, garda sakuTar biologiur arsebobaze zrunvisa da
sxeulebrivi siamovnebebis miRebisa. umizno adamianis cxovreba absurds emsgavseba.
ukvdavebis rwmenis gaqrobasTan erTad adamians eTikuri sayrdenic ecleba.
rogorc viciT, eTikuroba sayovelTao mniSvnelobis normebis dacvas gulisxmobs,
rac, Tavis mxriv, maradiuli, ucvleli, absoluturi idealis arsebobas moaswavebs
da mis gareSe yvela Rirebulebas erTi fasi edeba _ sikeTesac da borotebasac,
samarTlianobasac da usamarTlobasac. TavisTavad arcerTi iqneba arc ukeTesi, arc
uaresi, Tuki ar iarsebebs raRac sazomi, romlis mixedviTac ganisazRvreba adamianis
saqcielis simaRle-simdable.
mivmarToT aseT magaliTs: vTqvaT, megobarma mTxova mis Svils gamocdaze
davuwero maRali niSani, Tumca misi codna minimums ar aRemateba. Tavad me es
dauSveblad mimaCnia, magram megobarTan mravali wlis siaxlove makavSirebs, igi
CemTvis Zalian Rirebuli, Zvirfasi adamiania da misi ganawyeneba ar minda. me
vusruleb mas Txovnas da raoden saocaric ar unda iyos, kmayofilebis grZnobasac
ganvicdi, megobars rom davexmare. xom faqtia, rom me Cemi principebis
sawinaaRmdegod moviqeci. es ki sxva araferia, Tu ara uzneoba. am uzneobas SeiZleba
sxvac mohyves _ me Tu damWirda raRac daumsaxurebeli, Cemi megobaric Caidens
uzneobas da Cems Txovnas daakmayofilebs. erTi mxriv, me gavakeTe sikeTe (megobars
davexmare), meore mxriv ki _ usamarTloba anu boroteba (daumsaxureblad davwere
maRali niSani). sad gadis zRvari sikeTesa da borotebas Soris? ras niSnavs viyo
zneobrivi adamiani?
zneobriobis uZvelesi principi, “qcevis oqros wesi” moiTxovs: “moeqeci sxvas ise,
rogorc gsurs, Sen rom mogeqcnen” (an “nu gaukeTeb sxvas imas, rac ar ginda Sen rom
gagikeTon”). dameTanxmebiT, ar arsebobs normaluri, gonieri adamiani, romelsac
Tavisi TavisaTvis cudi undodes, magram modiT SevecadoT cxovrebiseuli
TvalsazrisiT SevxedoT am wess da gavaanalozoT.
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom sikeTe TavisTavad gulisxmobs uangarobas, xom ar
arRvevs es wesi am apriorul mocemulobas? SeiZleba iTqvas, rom garkveulwilad,
albaT, arRvevs. jer erTi, Tu me borotebas ar Cavdivar mxolod im mosazrebiT, rom
ar minda sxvam ziani momayenos, Cems qcevas sikeTes ver vuwodeb, radgan igi
garkveul merkantilur mosazrebas emyareba. meore, vTqvaT, me ganuxrelad vasruleb
am wess, maqvs Tu ara imis garantia, rom sxva adamianebic aseTive patiosnebi iqnebian
Cems mimarT? cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom swored aseT gulubryvilo,
miamit adamianebs ziansac ayeneben da atyueben kidec.
axla davsvaT kiTxva: romeli adamiani migaCniaT ufro zneobrivad _ is, vinc
borotebas ar sCadis mxolod imitom, rom dasjis eSinia (RmerTis, kanonis,
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sazogadoebis, misTvis axlobeli adamianebis mxridan), Tu is, vinc cuds aravis
ukeTebs imitom, rom ubralod sxvagvarad ar SeuZlia, es misi cxovrebis wesia, misi
principia. am kiTxvas Tavad upasuxeT.
unda gvaxsovdes, rom zneobrivi anu keTili saqcieli aris iseTi qceva,
romelsac sikeTe moaqvs meore adamianisaTvis. zneobrivi saqcieli unda iyos:
• Segnebuli
• Tavisufali
• uangaro
zneobrivi saqcieli aris sxva adamianis mimarT ganxorcielebuli qmedeba. igi
aucileblad gacnobierebuli da Segnebuli xasiaTis unda iyos. e.i. Cven viqceviT
zneobrivad, Tu viciT, rom es moqmedeba zneobrivad misaRebi anu keTili saqcielia
da Segnebulad vaxorcielebT mas sakuTari principebidan gamomdinare da am
principebis pativiscemis gamo.
zneobrivi saqcielis meore niSania Tavisufleba. es niSnavs, rom saqcieli
Tavisufali unda iyos sxva adamianis, RmerTis, sazogadoebis, xelisuflebis,
beladis da a.S. zegavlenisagan. adamiani mas axorcielebs mxolod sakuTari
principebis pativiscemis gamo.
zneobrivi saqcielis mesame niSania uangaroba. es saqcieli ar gulisxmobs
sanacvlo sargeblis miRebas. adamiani axorcielebs zneobriv saqciels mxolod
moraluri pincipebis safuZvelze, rac masSi badebs siamovnebis gancdasa da
siamayis grZnobas. es siamaye adamianad yofnis siamayea. zneobrivi saqcieli aris
adamianuri Rirsebis saqme.
sikeTe aris sxvis mimarT ganxorcielebuli sasiamovno, usafrTxo da
sasargeblo moqmedeba. magram cxovrebaSi zneobrivi saqcieli yovelTvis ar aris
sasiamovno da sasargeblo meore adamianisaTvis. xSirad arazneobrivi saqcieli,
“daTvuri samsaxuri” ufro misaRebi da sasiamovno SeiZleba iyos sxvisTvis
(gaixseneT daumsaxureblad dawerili niSnis zemoTmoyvanili magaliTi). adamiani
bunebiT egoistia. marTalia masSi altruistuli sawyisic aris, magram misi yoveli
moqmedebis safuZveli mainc sakuTari keTildReobisa da uzrunvelyofili
cxovrebisaken swrafvaa da arc Tu iSviaTad am mizans igi sxva adamianebis xarjze
aRwevs. maSin rogor unda Caidinos adamianma sikeTe?
keTili saqcieli uangaro saqcielia, rac, Tavis mxriv, Semdegs gulisxmobs: unda
Seecado da gadalaxo sakuTari egoisturi buneba da sxvisi interesebi Seni
moqmedebis miznad gadaaqcio; raRacis misaRwevad adamiani mxolod saSualeba ki ar
unda iyos SenTvis, aramed mizani. magram, xom ar niSnavs es imas, rom ar SeiZleba,
magaliTad, adamianis janmrTelobis gamoyeneba Tundac yvelaze keTilSobiluri
miznebisaTvis, vTqvaT samedicino donorobisaTvis?
eTikuri TvalsazrisiT (amavdroulad iuridiuliTac) donoroba unda iyos
nebayoflobiTi, Segnebuli gadawyvetileba da uangaro qmedeba. amJamad bevr
qveyanaSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSi, nebadarTulia cocxali donorisagan
organoebisa da qsovilebis mxolod genetikuri naTesavebisagan gadanergva.
moraluri poziciebidan am dros warmoiSoba konfliqti medicinis or ZiriTad
princips Soris _ “akeTe sikeTe” da “ar avno”. erTi mxriv, pacientis axloblis
Tavganwirvis Sedegad Cndeba avadmyofis gadarCenisa da sicocxlis gaxangrZlivebis
Sansi (“akeTe sikeTe”), meore mxriv, seriozuli ziani adgeba donoris janmrTelobas
(irRveva principi “ar avno”), gamoricxuli ar aris letaluri Sedegic.
am SemTxvevaSi principis “ar avnos” darRveva SeiZleba gamarTldes potenciuri
donoris uflebiT msxverplad gaiRos erT-erTi wyvili organo axlobeli adamianis
sicocxlis gadasarCenad, roca sxva saSualeba ukve aRar arsebobs. es ufleba
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efuZneba moyvasis siyvaruls, TanagrZnobasa da altruizmis grZnobas. TavisTavad
es keTilSobiluri saqcielia. Tumca, rodesac saqme exeba arawyvili sasicocxlo
mniSvnelobis organos gadanergvas, arc sazogadoebam da arc samedicino personalma
ar unda miiRos es msxverpli. mSoblebsac ki ar unda mieces ufleba Svilis
gadasarCenad xelyon sakuTari sicocxle da gadaunergon mas arawyvili
sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis organo, magaliTad, guli. es ubralod uzneobaa da
gamarTleba ara aqvs.
zneobriobis dafuZnebis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani Tvalsazrisi mocemulia
religiur msoflmxedvelobaSi. religia, filosofiisagan gansxvavebiT, yvelasaTvis
misaRebi da sasurveli fenomenia. religiisadmi indeferentuli ganwyoba adamianuri
bunebis arasrulfasovnebaze mianiSnebs. ganviTarebis dabal safexurze es, albaT,
sulieri samyaros unarebis ganuviTareblobaze metyvelebs; ganviTarebis maRal
safexurze ki miuTiTebs sulierebis iseT mdgomareobaze, rodesac sulis
Tavdapirveli, bunebrivi mTlianoba ukve darRveulia, axali ki jer miuRwevelia.
adamiani yovelTvis eZebda Tavis TavSi RmerTs da iswrafvoda misken. rwmenaSi
eZebdnen adamianebi garemomcveli wyvdiadis “WeSmaritebis CiraRdans”, “manaTobel
varskvlavs” da poulobdnen Svebas, simSvides, nugeSs, imedsa da ideals. Tu ki
odesRac RmerTebi mrisxane, SurismaZiebeli RvTaebebi iyvnen, qristianuli RmerTi
siyvarulis, Tavmdablobis, mimteveblobis gansaxierebaa; Tu ki odesRac RmerTebs
igive vnebebi euflebodaT, rac adamianebs, ieso qriste ubiwo, umanko RmerT-kacia,
romlis zneobrivi srulyofileba miuwvdomelia nebismieri adamianisaTvis; Tu ki
odesRac adamianebi sakuTari codvebis mosananieblad msxverpls swiravdnen
RmerTebs, ieso qristem Tavisi miwieri aRsasruliT gamoisyida kacobriobis codvebi
da adamianebs zneobrivi cxovrebis gza aCvena.
amdenad, qristianobaSi zneobriobis sawyisi da garanti aris RmerTi.
adamiani Seqmnilia umaRles faseulobad _ “xatad da msgavsad RvTisa”,
qristianuli RmerTi ki usazRvro da yovlismomcveli siyvarulia. maSasadame,
adamianis zneobriobis safuZvelic RvTisa da moyvasis siyvarulia. ara sikeTe da
goniereba (RmerTi Tavad aris absoluturi sikeTe da goniereba), rogorc es
sokratesTan iyo, aramed RmerTis usazRvro da yovlismomcveli siyvarulisken
swrafva da masTan miaxloeba. e.i. adamianis saTnoeba mdgomareobs ara sikeTeSi,
aramed yovlismomcvel siyvarulSi, RmerTis, moyvasis, ucxos, mtris gulwrfel
siyvarulSi. “giyvardeT erTmaneTi, rogorc me SegiyvareT Tqven” (ioan. 15.12).
siyvarulis es simbolo adamianis Sinagan sikeTesa da sifaqizes amaRlebs da
RmerTTan gvaaxloebs.
qristianuli eTikis safuZvelia rwmena, siyvaruli da imedi. adamiani ki rogorc
zneobrivi arseba, Tavisi cxovrebis wesiT pasuxismgebelia usasrulo da maradiuli,
absoluturi sikeTis anu RmerTis winaSe.
varT ki dRes qristianuli zneobriobis erTgulni, mimdevarni? gvaqvs ki
gaTavbisebuli da gacnobierebuli amis Sedegad dakisrebuli pasuxismgebloba?
samwuxarod, Tanamedrove adamianSi ufro gulgrilobam daisadgura. gulgriloba ki
borotebisa da Ralatis tolfasia. am fenomenze, rasac gulgriloba hqvia, robert
eberhartma, bruno iasenskim, jon steinbekma saocrad damafiqrebeli mosazreba
gamoTqves:
“nu geSiniaT mkvlelebis, radgan maT, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, mxolod mokvla
SeuZliaT. nu geSiniaT megobrebis, radgan, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, maT mxolod
Ralati SeuZliaT. geSinodeT gulgrili adamianebis, radgan maTi Cumi TanxmobiT
xdeba yvela amazrzeni danaSauli dedamiwaze”.

135
 “vici Seni saqmeni: Sen arc civi xar da arc cxeli.
o, neta an civi iyo, an cxeli!
magram, raki nel-Tbili xar Sen, arc civi da arc cxeli,
amitom amoganTxev Cemi piridan”

gamocxadeba. 4. 15-16

gamTeniisas mRvdelmTavrebma, uxucesebma da mwignobrebma, mTel sinedrionTan

erTad Sekres ieso, waiyvanes da misces pilates.
“da hkiTxa mas mTavarma: Sena xar iudevelTa Mmefe? xolo iesom miugo mas: Sen
ambob” (maT. 27. 11).
pilate iesos brals ver xedavda; isic icoda, rom mRvdelmTavrebma SuriT gasces
igi; colmac sTxova: nurafers dauSaveb mag marTalso. magram mRvdelmTavrebisa da
uxucesebisagan waqezebuli brbo daJinebiT moiTxovda: jvars ecvas! jvars ecvas-o!
“da raki ixila pilatem, rom verafers Svelis, aramed ufro izrdeba SfoTi,
moiTxova wyali, xalxis winaSe daibana xelebi da Tqva: me ubralo var am marTlis
sisxlSi. Tqven ikiTxeT” (maT. 27. 24).
geSinodeT gulgrili adamianebis!
mas Semdeg didi dro gavida, magram kacobriobis mexsierebidan es sityvebi
veraferma da veravin waSala. romaeli prokuratoris mier warmoTqmuli fraza, im
dRidan moyolebuli adamianebisaTvis asocirdeba danaSaulebriv gulgrilobasTan,
rodesac SegiZlia daexmaro adamians da ar akeTeb amas.
ager ukve XXI saukunea, rac pilate pontoelis saxeli iuda iskariotelis
gverdiT ixsenieba. “xeldabanilTa Solti gces, msxverpls sisxli Seurieso” _
aRmoxdeba daviT guramiSvils da kidev erTxel Segvaxsenebs amgvari poziciis
ukeTurobasa da miuReblobas.
adamianTa modgmam tolobis niSani dasva Ralatsa da gulgrilobas Soris. aseTia
istoriis verdiqti. istoria ki arasodes scdeba.

II saukune Cvens welTaRricxvamde. romi da karTageni. romi _ Zlierebisa da

daumarcxeblobis simbolo. karTageni _ vaWrobis, simdidrisa da udardelobis
simbolo. warmatebulma vaWrobam karTagenSi didZali oqro daagrova. oqrom
romaelebi miizida. romis uZlevel, mravalricxovan armias hanibali, karTagenis
didi mxedarTmTavari daupirispirda. moxda saocreba _ misma mcirericxovanma jarma
pirvelad Searyia romis uZleveloba. hanibali roms miadga. mas mcire finansuri
daxmareba sWirdeboda, romi rom aeRo. daxmarebisaTbis hanibalma uxucesTa sabWos
mimarTa. sabWoze mokle sityviT gamovida “gulgrilTa lideri” _ hanoni. man
gamoTqva metad “brZnuli” azri:
Tu mxedarTmTavari imarjvebs, maS, ra saWiroa daxmareba? Tu is marcxdeba, maS,
ra saWiroa aseTi mxedarTmTavari?
hanibali daxmarebis gareSe darCa. romma Zalebi moikriba da axla ukve isini
miadgnen karTagens.
romaelebis pirveli moTxovna _ karTagenis floti unda ganadgurdes! brZaneba
dauyonebliv Sesrulda. meore moTxovna _ kontribucia, udidesi xarki! uxucesTa
sabWo sasowarkveTilebas mieca, radgan safrTxe ukve uSualod maT simdidres
daemuqra. magram ukve gvian iyo winaaRmdegobis gaweva.

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 romi ki iTxovda da iTxovda. jer armiis daSla ubrZanes; mere iaraRi CamoarTves;
materikis siRrmeSi gadasaxleba moundomes, raTa zRvaze aRar evaWraT. romaelebma
SturmiT aiRes karTageni. qalaqi gadawves. mosaxleoba tyveebad gayides. adgili,
sadac qalaqi iyo, TviT karTagenelebs gadaaTxrevines da simbolurad marilic
daaTesines. im adgilas dasaxleba saerTod akrZales.
geSinodeT gulgrili adamianebis!

zneobrivi pirovneba, samarTlianobisaTvis mebrZoli daTa TuTaSxia

cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze midis daskvnamde, rom adamianebs ar unda
daexmaro, sikeTe ar unda gaukeTo.
“araa Cemi saqme. aRaraferi araa Cemi saqme, Tu me ar mexeba, me! egeni arc erTi
araa Cemi Carevis Rirsi. miva kiku amaRam magasTan. rom Caverio, ar mivides, iqneba,
magram uaress Svrebian mere. vici es!”.
mosaxdeni marTlac moxda. Caurevlobas tragedia mohyva. “daTa TuTaSxia, Sens
kiserzea Cemi Svilebis codva” _ aRmoxda durus.
daTas saqciels ganaCeni iase-berma gamoutana: “vinc RmerTs ganudga, vinc
kacTaTvis ar aRasrula is, risi aRsrulebac ZaluZda, vinc RvTis Svils
gansacdelSi xeli ar gauwoda _ igi laCaria, man Tavisi Tavi martoobisaTvis
gaswira. Tu Sen ar ginda kacni, arc kacTa undixar Sen da xvedri Seni _
mimwyvdeuli nadiris xvedri aris”.
geSinodeT gulgrili adamianebis!
es daavadeba adamianis Tandayolili defeqti ar aris, is SeZenilia.
sazogadoeba TviTon qmnis Tavis momakvdinebel viruss _ “gulgrilobas”: “ra azri
aqvs raimes Secvlas? ukeTesobisaken mainc araferi Seicvleba”. amitom “arafers
azri ar aqvs”!
es nihilisturi msoflmxedvelobrivi poziciaa. SegaxsenebT: nihilistur
Sexedulebebs yoveli konkretuli adamiani da sazogadoeba mTlianad sulier
degradaciamde mihyavs, arRvevs mis Sinagan samyaros da arTmevs mas adamianur saxes.
amdenad, gulgriloba igive Ralatia, erTic da meorec borotebaze uaresia.
eTika _ rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivi fenomenia. igi zneobriv problemebs
ganixilavs ara marto yofiT doneze, aramed maT filosofiur dasabuTebasac
cdilobs. eTikis istoria saWirboroto, sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis problemebis
gadawyvetis istoriaa _ rogor ar davkargoT adamianuri saxe, movipovoT
Tavisufleba da Rirseuli arseboba, rogor uzrunvelyoT TiToeuli adamianis
zneobrivi srulyofa, rogor davicvaT samyaro borotebisa da ganadgurebisagan.
ras gvaswavlis eTikis istoria? is sakiTxebi, romlebic mravali saukunis win
adamianTa gonebas aRelvebda, dRes isev aqtualuria. yoveldRiuroba ganuwyvetliv
gvTavazobs arCevnis situacias da pasuxsac

mkacrad gvTxovs _ gamovTqva sakuTari azri, Tu umravlesobas SevuerTde? Cemi

midrekilebisda mixedviT avirCio profesia, Tu mSoblebs davujero? sayvarel
adamians mivendo, Tu sxvebis mosazreba gaviziaro? sakuTari simarTle davicva, Tu
gaCumeba varCio? miznis misaaRwevad sikeTisa da simarTlis rTuli gziT viaro, Tu
ufro mokle da sarfiani gza, borotebis gza avirCio? eTikis istoria garkveul
zneobriv gamocdilebas gvTavazobs, gvaZlevs sazoms sikeTisa da borotebis
gasarCevad da amiT gvexmareba swori arCevnis gakeTebaSi.

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 sakontrolo kiTxvebi

rogor gesmiT mosazreba _ “sindisi anu mamxilebeli goneba?”

ratom aris sindisi adamianis specifikuri Tviseba?
rogor gesmiT sokrates mosazreba _ “sikeTe aris codna”?
gaaanalizeT “qcevis oqros wesi.”
ra moiazreba kantis “kategoriul imperativSi”?
ra aris hedonizmi?
Tqveni azriT, SesaZlebelia Tu ara siamovneba ganvixiloT bednierebis
kriteriumad?
ra igulisxmeba saTnoebaSi? CamoayalibeT TqvenTvis mniSvnelovani saTnoebebi.
yovelTvis amarTlebs Tu ara mizani saSualebas?
ra gansxvavebaa normatiul da aranormatiul eTikas Soris?
CamoayalibeT qristianuli zneobriobis arsi da safuZveli.
ras niSnavs TqvenTvis zneobrivi cxovrebis wesi?

138
 XX saukune da axali teqnologiebi

bioeTika

XX saukunis dasawyisSi gamoTqmulma mosazrebam – filosofiam dakarga yvela Ta-

visi samflobelo da mefe liris mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndao – me-2 aTaswleulis da-
sasruls gansxvavebuli datvirTva SeiZina. arsebobs Tvalsazrisi, rom fundamentur-
ma filosofiam Tavisi SesaZleblobebi amowura. es garkveuli azriT sworia: mra-
valma filosofiurma ideam, mimarTulebam ar gaamarTla, zogi moZvelda, zogic
Rrma kriziss ganicdis, magram filosofia Tavisi Tavdapirveli mniSvnelobiT, ro-
gorc `sibrZnis siyvaruli~, rogorc WeSmaritebis Ziebis saSualeba, rogorc adamia-
nis sulis moTxovnileba da bolos, rogorc msoflmxedvelobis gansakuTrebuli ti-
pi iarsebebs, vidre arsebobs adamiani. amaze metyvelebs filosofiuri codnis is axa-
li mimarTulebebi, romlebic warmoiSvnen sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis calkeuli sfe-
roebis, konkretuli mecnierebebisadmi filosofiuri meTodebis gamoyenebis Sedegad
– bunebis filosofia, samarTlis, mecnierebis, istoriis, politikis, religiis, xe-
lovnebis filosofia, globalur problemaTa filosofia da sxva. maTi umravleso-
ba, ZiriTadad, XX saukunis monapovaria da filosofiis uaxles istoriasTan aris
dakavSirebuli. erT-erT aseT dargs bioeTika (`sicocxlis eTika~) warmoadgens. igi
gasuli saukunis dasasrulis dasavluri civilizaciis nayofia da, Tavisi arsiT,
disciplinaTaSoris codnas ganekuTvneba. mas aqvs biosamedicino, filosofiuri, aq-
siologiuri, anTropologiuri, samarTlebrivi da saRvTismetyvelo aspeqtebi. bioe-
Tikis Sesaswavli problemebi sakmaod saWirboroto sakiTxTa rigs ganekuTvneba, arc
Tu ise Sors aris adamianis yoveldRiuri cxovrebidan da maTi ganxilva umwvaves
diskusiebs iwvevs. misi ZiriTadi amocanaa gadaWras sikvdil-sicocxlesTan, da ara
marto am problemasTan, dakavSirebuli mravalferovani, xSirad dramatuli situaci-
ebi. gadaWarbebuli ar iqneba, Tu vityviT, rom bioeTikis sferoSi minimaluri codna
nebismieri adamianisaTvis aucilebelia.
bioeTikis problemebi Zalian xSirad iurisprudencias ukavSirdeba. adamianTa So-
ris urTierTobis samarTlebrivi regulireba mWidrodaa gadajaWvuli moralur-eTi-
kur regulirebasTan. erTi mxriv, umniSvnelovanesi moraluri normebi Cveulebriv
iuridiul Zalas iZens da samarTlebrivi normis saxiT yalibdeba, maTi darRveva ki
ara Tu garSemomyofTa gakicxvas, aramed kanonis winaSe pasuxismgeblobasac iwvevs.
meore mxriv, sakanonmdeblo aqtebi realurad moqmedia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca
isini mowonebulia sazogadoebis mxridan da mis moralur Segnebas Seesabameba (anu
kanoni imdenad aris progresuli, ramdenadac moraluria).
arsebobs kidev erTi sfero, RvTismetyveleba, romlis warmomadgenlebi yvelaze
did interess iCenen bioeTikis problemebisadmi. axalma biosamedicino teqnologieb-
ma adamianze zemoqmedebis principulad axal dones miaRwies – aRmoaCines ra adamia-
nis sicocxlis marTvis sazRvrebis, miznebis da saSualebebis problemebi. biomedi-
cinis swrafi ganviTarebis pirobebSi sxvadasxva religiur sistemebs rig sakiTxeb-
Tan mimarTebaSi sakuTari poziciebis SemuSaveba uxdebaT, magaliTad, ra sazRvrebSi
SeiZleba CavataroT sicocxlis SemanarCunebeli mkurnaloba da rodis SevwyvitoT
is; SesaZloa Tu ara organoTa da qsovilebis saxiT gardacvlili adamianis gamoye-
neba sxva adamianebis janmrTelobis gaumjobesebis an sicocxlis gadarCenisaTvis;
dasaSvebia Tu ara individisaTvis sakuTari sicocxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb gadawyveti-

139
lebis miReba da sxva. civilizebuli kacobriobis mTeli istoriisaTvis yovelTvis
udavo WeSmaritebas moralur RirebulebaTa da religiuri Sexedulebebis uSualo
kavSiri warmoadgenda. amdenad, metad aqtualuria kiTxva: gvaZlevs Tu ara marlTma-
didebloba pasuxebs Tanamedrove bioeTikur problematikaze? samwuxarod, erTmniS-
vnelovani pasuxi am kiTxvaze ar moipoveba. marTalia, arsebobs marTlmadidebeli
RvTismetyvelebisa da eqimebis mier dawerili wignebi da statiebi (xelovnur ganayo-
fierebaze, abortze, transplantaciaze, genur inJineriaze da sxv.), magram ver vity-
viT, rom am kuTxiT arsebobs marTlmadidebluri swavlebis damuSavebuli doqtrina.
marTlmadidebeli eklesia, gansxvavebiT kaTolikuri eklesiisagan, ar miiswrafvis
`qristianuli bioeTikis~ specialuri koncefciis Seqmnisaken. igi gansazRvravs Ziri-
Tad ontologiur orientacias, romelic yovelTvis orientirebulia mxolod sai-
dumloebasa da Sesaqmeze da amis safuZvelze ayalibebs zedmiwevniT misaReb da Rir-
seul zneobriv gadawyvetilebebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom bioeTikuri problemebis religi-
uri gadawyveta yovelTvis ar emTxveva am problemebisadmi bioeTikis mier SemuSave-
bul pozicias.
da bolos, filosofiuri codnis sfero, romelsac bioeTikis problemebis mora-
luri regulirebis garda, biosamedicino mecnierebis miRwevebis gaTvaliswinebiT
uwevs iseTi universaluri problemebis xelaxali gaazreba, rogoricaa ra aris ada-
miani?, rogor ganvsazRvroT adamianuri pirovneba da adamianuri arseba? ra iTvleba
am dros ganmsazRvrelad – adamianis sxeulebrivi buneba, Tu misi cnobiereba? sad
gadis zRvari cocxal da aracocxal adamianur arsebas Soris?: sad iwyeba da sad
mTavrdeba sicocxle? ra aris sikvdili? rogor moviqceT, roca adamiani socialu-
rad mkvdaria (tvinis qerqi Seuqcevadad aris dazianebuli), biologiurad ki misi si-
cocxle SenarCunebulia? saqme rTuldeba im garemoebiT, rom dRes am kiTxvebze pa-
suxi aRar rCeba abstraqtuli azrovnebis sferoSi. yovel konkretul situaciaSi,
yovel konkretul adamianTan mimarTebaSi, saWiro xdeba konkretuli pasuxis, realu-
ri gadawyvetilebis miReba da konkretuli moqmedebebis gansazRvra.
cnobilia, rom ukanasknel wlebSi kacobriobis cnobierebis umTavres Rirebule-
bad pirovnebis moqalaqeobrivi uflebebis dacva, adamianis TviTidentifikaciis prob-
lema iqca. bioeTika swored am uflebebis realizaciis saSualebaa medicinaSi da mi-
si Seswavlis obieqts adamianisa (pacientis) da medikosis urTierTobis moraluri
mxare Seadgens. bioeTikis, rogorc mecnierebis or umTavres faseulobas pacientis
sicocxle da misi avtonomia warmoadgens, rac medicinaSi Tavisufal arCevanSi gamoi-
xateba – TiToeul adamians aqvs ufleba Tavad miiRos gadawyvetileba yvela sakiTx-
ze, romelic mis sicocxlesa da janmrTelobas exeba da Tavadve agos pasuxi sakuTa-
ri cxovrebis yvelaze sapasuxismgeblo gadawyvetilebebze.
evTanazia. adamianis yofierebis sasrulobis sakiTxi Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi
yvelaze aqtualuri problemaa. igi Tavisi arsiT filosofiur, moralur-religiur
da samarTlebriv problemaTa rigs ganekuTvneba. cnobilia, rom medicinaSi XX sau-
kunis me-2 naxevridan mimdinare cvlilebebi da axali SesaZleblobebi, romlebic
uaxlesi teqnologiebis danergvasTanaa dakavSirebuli, saSualebas aZlevs medicinas,
erTi mxriv, umkurnalos adamians, meore mxriv ki marTos misi sicocxle. Tanamedro-
ve medicina flobs realur SesaZleblobebs, rom `misces~, `aCuqos~ adamians sicocx-
le (xelovnuri ganayofiereba), gansazRvros da Secvalos misi Tvisebrivi parametre-
bi (genuri inJineria, transseqsualuri qirurgia), `gadados~ sikvdilis dro (reanima-
cia, transplantologia, gerontologia), `Seamsubuqos~ da daaCqaros sikvdili (evTa-
nazia) da sxva. swored aq Cndeba uamravi filosofiuri, moraluri da samarTlebrivi
xasiaTis problema, romelTa gadawyveta ama Tu im sazogadoebis tradiciebis, kul-
turuli da sulieri Rirebulebebis safuZvelze unda xdebodes. ukeT rom gaverkvi-
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oT sakiTxis arsSi, erTi detalic unda gaviTvaliswinoT – Tanamedrove medicinis
arss (transplantologia, reanimatologia) esadageba adamianis, upirveles yovlisa,
rogorc moazrovne arsebis saxe, rasac, Tavis mxriv, sikvdilis axali kriteriumi –
`tvinis sikvdili~ Seesabameba – Tavis tvinis mier azrovnebis, gansjis, adamianebTan
kontaqtSi Sesvlis funqciebisa da unaris Seusrulebloba, e.i. `tvinis sikvdilis~
konstantacia gansazRvravs adamianis, rogorc pirovnebis sikvdils, romlis far-
glebSic dasaSvebia sicocxle ujredul doneze.
2000 weli. avtokatastrofis Sedegad safrangeTis patara provinciuli qalaqis
saavadmyofos reanimatologiur ganyofilebaSi miiyvanes mZimed daSavebuli 23 wlis
axalgazrda. misi sasicocxlo funqciebi SezRudulia. avadmyofs dakarguli aqvs
metyvelebis unari, mxedveloba, dazianebulia xerxemali, ar SeuZlia moZraoba; Se-
narCunebuli aqvs azrovneba da nawilobriv smena, e.i. Tavis tvini Seuqcevadad ar
aris dazianebuli da eqimebs ufleba ara aqvT dasvan `tvinis sikvdilis~ diagnozi
da gamoutanon mas sasikvdilo ganaCeni. magram erTi ram cxadia – es axalgazrda Cve-
ul, normalur cxovrebas verasodes daubrundeba, Tanamedrove medicinas misi Svela
ar SeuZlia, eqimebma ar ician ramden xans icocxlebs ase logins mijaWvuli. erTi
wlis uimedobis ESemdeg dedam gadawyvita TxovniT miemarTa safrangeTis preziden-
tisaTvis, raTa misgan mieRo nebarTva Svilis evTanaziaze. uaris miRebis Semdeg (saf-
rangeTSi, iseve rogorc msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi, evTanazia legalizebu-
li ar aris) dedam da Svilma, sazogadoebaze zemoqmedebis moxdenis mizniT, evTana-
ziasa da sakuTar gancdebze wignis dawera ganizraxes (Svilis TiTebis moZraobiT
deda xvdeboda ama Tu im asos siswores da amgvarad adgenda sityvebs), romlis ga-
mosvlis Semdeg safrangeTis sazogadoeba or dapirispirebul banakad gaiyo: erTi
mxare, iTvaliswinebda ra arsebul viTarebas, TanaugrZnobda deda-Svilis Tvalsaz-
riss, meore ki, kacTmoyvareobis, humanizmisa da moraluri principebidan gamomdina-
re, ewinaaRmdegeboda maT gadawyvetilebas. sazogadoebrivi azris aseTma amxedrebam
arc amJamad moaxdina zegavlena prezidentis gadawyvetilebaze. amis Semdeg dedam mi-
marTa ukidures saSualebas – man sTxova eqims misi SvilisaTvis sistemaSi Seeyvana
letaluri agenti. didi winaaRmdegobis Semdeg eqimi daTanxmda dedis Txovnas, mag-
ram sistemaSi Seyvanili sasikvdilo preparatis doza ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi. maSin
dedam miiRo,Emisi azriT, erTaderTi swori gadawyvetileba – Tavad gazarda prepara-
tis doza da sakuTari xeliT Seiyvana igi Svilis organizmSi. mizezi erTia – mas ar
SeeZlo mTeli sicocxle eyurebina Svilis tanjvisa da umweobisaTvis.
es problema cnobilia evTanaziis saxelwodebiT. termini `evTanazia~ berZnuli
warmoSobisaa da sityva-sityviT `sasiamovno sikvdils~ niSnavs. sadReisod, evTanazia-
Si moiazreba Segnebuli qmedeba an umoqmedeba, romelic iwvevs ganukurnebeli seniT
daavadebuli pacientis sikvdils, SedarebiT swrafi da umtkivneulo gziT. misi miza-
nia Sveba moutanos da ixsnas adamiani autaneli da xangrZlivi tkivilebisagan ganu-
kurnebeli daavadebebis dros. amitom mas zogjer `sasiamovno sikvdils~ uwodeben.
evTanaziis problema axali ar aris. kacobriobis istoriis nebismier etapze es
problema, metnaklebad gansxvavebuli saxiTa da simwvaviT, yovelTvis idga adamiane-
bis winaSe. garkveuli azriT, evTanaziazea saubari platonis `saxelmwifoSi~, rode-
sac igi `arasrulfasovan~ adamianebTan damokidebulebaze msjelobs idealuri sa-
xelmwifos aSenebis dros: ` sasamarTloc da eqimebic unda zrunavdnen adamianebze,
romlebic srulyofilni arian suliTac da xorciTac, xolo vinc... suliTac mankie-
ria da xorciTac – ukurnebeli, is unda mokvdes~. gansxvavebul konteqstSi, magram
mainc `zedmeti adamianebis~ ganadgurebaze saubrobs nicSec. igi adamianebs sulieri
siZlieris niSniT yofs – erTis mxriv, keTilSobili, Semoqmedi, Tavisufali sulis,
Zlieri `maRali adamianebi~, romelTa ricxvi sakmaod mcirea da meore mxriv, adamian-
141
Ta umravlesoba – `patara xalxi~, `zedmeti adamianebi~, romelTa arsebobac ki, nic-
Ses azriT, udides safrTxes warmoadgens zekacisaTvis da swored amitomac unda ga-
nadgurdnen isini da dedamiwa gaTavisufldes maTgan. am `zedmeti adamianebis~
ricxvs igi akuTvnebs ubralo, rigiT adamianebs, anu maT, vinc ar aris dajildovebu-
li SemoqmedebiTi niWiT, visac Zala ar Seswevs amaRldes sakuTar Tavze, visTvisac
zeca, RmerTi ufro Rirebulia, radgan swored iq aris maTTvis imedi, xsna, gamosava-
li, miwieri tanjvis daTmenisaTvis Rirseuli sazRauri. misi mtkicebiT, aseTi, TiT-
qosda aSkara antihumanizmi, Seufaravi mowodeba sustebisa da avadmyofebis mospobi-
saken, isev da isev adamianis siyvaruliTaa nakarnaxebi.
yvelasaTvis cnobilia faSisturi germaniis gamocdileba ariuli rasis siwmindi-
saTvis gatarebul RonisZiebebTan dakavSirebiT, romlis drosac mxolod 1938-39
wlebSi SemuSavebuli da ganxorcielebuli iyo `arasrulfasovan~ pirTa mimarT `ev-
Tanaziis programa~.
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi arsebobda sazogadoeba
`evTanazia~, romlis mizanic kanonebis Secvlasa da `defeqturebis~ ganadgurebis le-
galizaciaSi mdgomareobda. da, Tu gasuli saukunis pirveli naxevris bolos msof-
lio sazogadoebriobam dagmo es ideebi, dReisaTvis isini kvlav Zalas ikrefen.
cnobilia, rom samyaro yovelTvis ori ZiriTadi sawyisis – sikeTisa da borote-
bis brZolis sarbielad moiazreboda. XX saukunem Tavisi gadasaxedidan Secvala Ri-
rebulebaTa sistema da sikeTisa da borotebis, sikvdil-sicocxlisa da sxva uZiri-
Tadesi aqsiologiuri problemebis sakuTari midgoma daamkvidra. Cveni drois erT-
erTi maxasiaTebelia cxovrebisadmi pragmatistuli damokidebuleba. garkveuli az-
riT, es civilizaciis monapovari da Sedegia, romelsac uamravi sikeTe moaqvs adamia-
nisaTvis, magram sulierebis TvalsazrisiT garkveulwilad cvlis mas – adamiani
bevrad ufro praqtikuli, miwieri, momxmarebluri fsiqologiis xdeba. Cveni istori-
is arareligiurma periodma igi RmerTs daaSora (m. haidegerma Tanamedrove kultu-
ris ZiriTad niSnad swored rom `arareligiuroba~ gamoacxada), sakuTari interese-
biT Semofargla da Tavis TavSi Caketa. samyaroSi dakargulobas, cxovrebis sazri-
sis Ziebas ki, rogorc viciT, adamiani axal Rirebulebebamde miyavs, romelSi garkve-
vac yovelTvis saocrad rTuli da mtkivneuli procesia da Zvelis uaryofasa da ax-
lis damkvidrebas gulisxmobs.
Tanamedrove samyaroSi iseTi movlenebisaTvis, rogoricaa evTanazia, damkvidrda
termini – `sikvdilis kultura~, rac gulisxmobs individisagan sakuTari sikvdili-
sadmi maqsimalurad obieqtur da racionalur damokidebulebas. adamianma pasuxi un-
da gasces kiTxvebs: rogor surs mas sikvdili; Sesabamis situaciaSi vin unda miiRos
gadawyvetileba; ramdenad zedmiwevniT da vin unda Seasrulos misi neba; surs Tu
ara mas sikvdilis Semdgomi donoroba da a.S. swored am da msgavsi problemebis ga-
dawyvetis dros xdeba Zveli da axali RirebulebiTi sistemebis urTierTdapirispi-
reba. ufro gasagebi rom iyos razea saubari, dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT Seqmnili vi-
Tareba. Tanamedrove medicinis axali dargebi (reanimatologia, transplantologia,
samedicino genetika, xelovnuri ganayofiereba), aRweven ra adamianis sicocxlis mar-
Tvis axal simaRleebs, upirispirdebian tradiciul zneobriv-msoflmxedvelobriv
principebs. magaliTad, aqvs Tu ara reanimatologs moraluri ufleba gaaxangrZli-
vos kvdomis procesi an ganaxorcielos uimedo mdgomareobaSi myofi pacientis evTa-
nazia? ramdenad aris aucilebeli trnsplantologiis praqtikisaTvis `samedicino
mkvlelobis organizeba~? cxadia, am viTarebaSi eqimi Tavisufldeba ara marto uZi-
riTadesi samedicino akrZalvisagan `ar avno~!, aramed zogadsakacobrio moraluri
mcnebisagan `ara kac hkla!~ axali midgomis gamamarTlebeli principi – `mizani amar-
Tlebs saSualebas~, saboloo jamSi, negatiur zegavlenas axdens eqimis zneobriv
142
TviTSegnebaze da did safrTxes uqmnis mis emociur-fsiqikur mTlianobas. adamianis
sicocxlis xelyofa, ra motiviTa da mizniTac ar unda iyos es gadawyvetileba gan-
pirobebuli (Tundac nicSeseuli `adamianisadmi siyvaruliT, an `eris gajansaRebis
mizniT, an Tanamedrove `gulmowyale~ eqimis surviliT, gaaTavisuflos ukurnebeli
seniT daavadebuli avadmyofi tanjvisagan da saSualeba misces mas uwvaleblad Seu-
erTdes maradisobas), yovlad dauSvebeli da miuRebelia. eqimis damokidebulebaSi
pacientisadmi, mTlianad medicinis eTikisa da filosofiis safuZvelSi, adamianis si-
cocxlisadmi pativiscemisa da mowiwebis grZnoba Zevs, anu eqimisaTvis TiToeuli pa-
cienti unda iyos is erTaderTi, romlisTvisac saWiroa, ufro metic, Rirs mTeli
Tavisi sulieri Zalebis gaReba (mitropoliti anton suroJeli), winaaRmdeg SemTxve-
vaSi samedicino moRvaweoba SeiZleba iyos zedmiwevniT mecnieruli, magram igi da-
kargavs sakuTriv Tavis arss – humanurobasa da zneobriobas.
saqarTvelos jandacvis kanonmdeblobiT samedicino personalis meSveobiT evTana-
ziis ganxorcieleba akrZalulia. aqtiuri evTanazia (winaswarganzraxuli Careva pa-
cientis sicocxlis Sewyvetis mizniT) isjeba sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobiT.
pasiur evTanazias ki Cvens sinamdvileSi ama Tu im formiT xSirad aqvs adgili (maga-
liTad, avadmyofi uars ac-
xadebs mkurnalobaze; ara aqvs materialuri saSualeba Caitaros saWiro gamokvleve-
bi, mkurnaloba; eqimi wyvets an zRudavs uimedo avadmyofis mkurnalobas; staciona-
ridan xdeba uimedo pacientis gamowera da a.S.).
evTanaziis legalizaciis momxreebi Tavis pozicias adamianis uflebebis gaTva-
liswinebiT ayalibeben. maTi mosazrebiT, nebayoflobiTi evTanazia eyrdnoba adamia-
nis fundamentur uflebas – sikvdilis uflebas (Tu ki sikvdili tanjvisagan Tavis
daRwevis erTaderTi saSualebaa). aq erTi ram aris gasaTvaliswinebeli da es Zalian
mniSvnelovania – evTanaziis momxreebi cdiloben gaaTanabron da erTnairi Sinaar-
sobrivi datvirTva miscen cnebebs – `mivceT sikvdilis ufleba~ (pasiuri evTanazia)
da `davexmaroT sikvdilSi~ (aqtiuri evTanazia) da SecdomaSi SeyavT sazogadoeba,
Tavazoben ra mcdar dilemas: an Tqven humanurebi xarT, giyvarT moyvasi da SegiZli-
aT gadaabijoT dauSvebelis zRvars (e.i. moklaT), an abstraqtuli dogmebi bevrad
Rirebulia TqvenTvis, vidre ubralo adamianuri TanagrZnoba da gulmowyaleba, rad-
gan daufiqreblad axangrZlivebT im uazro tanjva-wamebas, romelsac Tavad verc ki
aitandiT. ai, maTi argumentebi:
*adamians unda hqondes TviTgamorkvevis ufleba anu mas unda hqondes SesaZleb-
loba gaakeTos arCevani – gaagrZelos sicocxle, Tu Sewyvitos is.
*adamiani daculi unda iyos mtkivneuli da arahumanuri mkurnalobisagan.
*adamians aqvs ufleba iyos altruisti – Tavidan aacilos axloblebs da ojaxis
wevrebs tanjva, uazro finansuri xarjebi da uSedego Sroma.
arsebobs e.w. `ekonomikuri~ argumentic – uimedo pacientTa mkurnaloba da movla-
patronoba sazogadoebas mZime tvirTad awveba. evTanaziis dakanonebis SemTxvevaSi
SesaZlebeli iqneba resursebis ufro racionalurad da miznobrivad gamoyeneba.
evTanaziis legalizaciis winaaRmdegia saRad moazrovne adamianTa didi umravle-
soba (gamonakliss Seadgens holandia, belgia, miCiganis Stati, q.sidnei, q.darvini, sa-
dac evTanazia kanoniT ar ikrZaleba). evTanaziis mowinaaRmdegeTa poziciis marTebu-
loba aSkaraa da eWvs ar unda iwvevdes:
*avadmyofTa umravlesobis mxridan nebayoflobiTi sikvdilis moTxovna, ZiriTa-
dad, motivirebulia Zlieri tkivilebiT, sakmarisia moixsnas es simptomebi da sik-
vdilis moTxovnac TavisTavad moixsneba.
*axali teqnologiebis danergva medicinaSi da misi ganviTarebis tempebi mow-
mobs, rom bevri ganukurnebeli daavadeba dRes eqvemdebareba mkurnalobas.
143
 *evTanaziis legalizacia kategoriulad miuRebelia religiuri TvalsazrisiT.
yvela religiuri sistema evTanazias ganixilavs, rogorc TviTmkvlelobis an
mkvlelobis formas.
*evTanazia miuRebelia zneobrivi TvalsazrisiT. nebismieri adamianis sicocxle
ganumeorebelia da eqimi valdebulia yvela arsebuli saSualebis gamoyenebiT bolo
wuTamde ibrZolos misi gadarCenisaTvis. es eqimis zneobrivi da profesiuli movale-
obaa.
*ar aris gamoricxuli, rom saqme gvqondes saeqimo SecdomasTan.
*savsebiT SesaZlebelia evTanazia gamoyenebul iqnas boroti miznebisaTvis (winas-
war ganzraxuli mkvleloba an mkvleloba organoTa gadanergvisaTvis nebarTvis mi-
Rebis SemTxvevebSi).
*Tu ki odesme evTanazia iuridiulad dakanondeba, aucileblad dadgeba mwvave
eTikuri sakiTxi – vin unda ganaxorcielos igi? eqimma? aseTi mosazreba varaudis
donezec ki miuRebelia. eqimisaTvis pacientis mokvlis davaldebuleba uzneobaa da
sazogadoebrivi moralis dakninebas da medicinisadmi ndobis dakargvas gamoiwvevs.
amitom TiToeulma CvenTaganma aucileblad unda gaacnobieros, rom evTanazia anu
`sikvdilis kultura~, ar aris mkvlelobis gamamarTlebeli ideebis, Sexedulebebis
gansakuTrebuli erToblioba. igi azrovnebis, mentalitetis specifikuri tipia da
efuZneba Tavisuflebis ideis mcdar gagebas. Tavisufleba, TavisTavad, sikeTea, mag-
ram igi mxolod maSin ar gadaiqceva ganukiTxaobad, rodesac WeSmaritebisaken mivya-
varT.
cxadia, evTanaziis yoveli SemTxveva eTikisa da samarTlis poziciebidan unda Se-
fasdes. magram ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom kanoni imdenadaa progresuli, ramdenadac
moraluria. amdenad, evTanaziis problemis gadaWris dros eTikuri regulirebis do-
ne ufro maRali unda iyos, vidre samarTlebrivi.

`yvelaze utyuari mtkicebuleba imisa, rom romelime erma miaRwia Tavisi zne-
obrivi dacemis ukidures dones, iqneba is dro, rodesac aborti gaxdeba Cveu-
lebrivi da absoluturad misaRebi saqme~.
rafael belestrini
(XIX saukunis italieli iuristi)

abortis eTikuri problemebi. bioeTikis im mravali problemidan, romelic gansa-

kuTrebul interessa da vnebaTaRelvas iwvevs, erT-erTi yvelaze mwvave abortis sa-
kiTxia. mTel msoflioSi sazogadoebrivi azri mkveTrad polarizebulia. ZiriTadi
moraluri problemebi dakavSirebulia xelovnurad gamowveul abortTan. am saxis sa-
medicino Carevis moraluri aspeqtebis swori gagebisaTvis aucilebelia gavacnobie-
roT, rom orsuloba qalis organizmSi mimdinare normaluri fiziologiuri da, imav-
droulad, axali adamianis biologiuri Camoyalibebis procesia. amitom, rodesac
`naklebi borotebis~ principiT abortis praqtikas vuSvebT, gaazrebuli unda gvqon-
des, rom, erTi mxriv, igi seriozul moralur da fizikur travmas ayenebs qals da,
meore mxriv, warmoadgens udides borotebas, radgan wyvets axali adamianis ukve
dawyebul sicocxles. aborti (kontraceptivebTan erTad), ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos
ojaxis dagegmvis Cveulebriv saSualebad. samwuxarod, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi
abortebi gardauvalia.
144
 sakmarisia pasuxi gavceT ramdenime kiTxvas da TiToeuli Cvenganis poziciac Camo-
yalibdeba: 1) cocxali materiis ganviTarebisa da gardaqmnis procesSi sad, rodis,
romel momentSi SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom swored aq da axla iwyeba adamiani? aqedan
gamomdinare, cocxali arseba, romelic adre mxolod dedis sxeulis nawili iyo, am
momentidan xdeba erT-erTi Cvengani, sazogadoebis wevri, romelsac garkveuli ufle-
bebi aqvs, upirveles yovlisa, sicocxlis ufleba? 2) mocemul SemTxvevaSi aqvs Tu
ara SezRudva mcnebas `ara kac hkla?~ da Tu aqvs, ra saxis SeiZleba iyos es SezR-
udva? 3) rogori moraluri da socialuri statusi aqvT im cocxal arsebebs, romle-
bic jer adamianur arsebad ar arian aRiarebulni? magaliTad, SeiZleba Tu ara maTi
gamoyeneba samecniero eqsperimentebis Casatareblad? an nedleulis saxiT farmako-
logiur da parfiumerul mrewvelobaSi? dasaSvebia Tu ara transplantaciisaTvis
sicocxlisuunaro, magram cocxali nayofis gamoyeneba Taviseburi `fermis~ saxiT
organoTa `dasamzadeblad~ da im avadmyofi axalSobilebis gadasarCenad, romelTac
gadarCenis Sansi jer kidev aqvT?
tradiciulad Camoyalibda sami ZiriTadi pozicia: liberaluri, zomieri da kon-
servatuli. liberaluri pozicia daubadebel nayofs `adamianur arsebad~ ar aRia-
rebs da Sesabamisad masze ar vrceldeba garkveuli uflebebi, maT Soris sicocxlis
ufleba. e.i. bunebrivi mSobiarobis momentande qals sruli ufleba aqvs miiRos ga-
dawyvetileba abortis Catarebis Sesaxeb, eqimi ki valdebulia moaxdinos am uflebis
realizacia. amrigad, `liberalebisaTvis~ aborti ar warmoadgens mkvlelobas, ufro
metic, abortze uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi, maTi azriT, irRveva dedis, rogorc nayo-
fis mesakuTris uflebebi. samwuxarod, Cveni kanonmdebloba abortTan dakavSirebiT
erT-erTi yvelaze liberaluria msoflioSi.
`zomieri~ Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, Canasaxis gadaqceva adamianur arsebad xorci-
eldeba TandaTanobiT – orsulobis pirveli sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi nayofis ufle-
bebi minimaluria. am periodSi, ZiriTadad, iTvaliswineben dedis socialur da eko-
nomiur interesebs. bolo sami Tvis periodSi nayofis uflebebi imdenad mniSvnelova-
nia, rom dedis ufleba – gaikeTos aborti SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mxolod da mxo-
lod erT SemTxvevaSi – rodesac qalis sicocxles uSualod emuqreba safrTxe. am
SemTxvevaSi, aborti SesaZlebelia Sefasdes rogorc `udanaSaulo arsebis mkvlelo-
ba~ da mis gasamarTleblad sakmaod safuZvliani argumentebia saWiro.
`konservatorebi~ Canasaxs CasaxvisTanave sicocxlis uflebis mqone pirovnebad
ganixilaven. amdenad, am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, abortis moraluri gamarTleba ar
SeiZleba da is, erTmniSvnelovnad, ganzrax mkvlelobad iTvleba. arsebobs e.w. `zo-
mieri konservatorebis~ Tvalsazrisic, romlis Tanaxmad, qals miniWebuli aqvs abor-
tis gakeTebis ufleba misi janmrTelobisa da sicocxlisaTvis uSualo safrTxis
arsebobis, Zaladobis an incestis SemTxvevebSi.
religiuri Tvalsazrisi abortis problemebTan dakavSirebiT ultrakonserva-
tul pozicias ganekuTvneba. embrionis, rogorc Rirebulebis gaazreba dakavSire-
bulia qristianobis warmoSobasTan. marTalia, bibliaSi sityva `aborti~ an misi
Sesatyvisi sinonimi ar gvxvdeba, magram wminda werili mainc gvaZlevs saSualebas
sruliad naTeli daskvnebi gavakeToT am momakvdinebeli codvis Sesaxeb. bavSvebis
ganadgurebis Taobaze saxarebaSi qcevis ori modelia warmodgenili – herodes `e-
Tika~, romelmac beTlemSi ori wlisa da ufro patara asakis yvela yrma daxoca
da is norma, romelic gagvisazRvra ieso qristes sityvebma: `rac ki gaukeTeT am
Cems mcire ZmaTagans, me gamikeTeT~ (maT. 25.40). amitom Tvlis eklesia orsulobis
xelovnurad Sewyvetis yovel SemTxvevas RvTismkvlelobis momentis Semcvelad.
swored amaSia abortis yvelaze siRrmiseuli da dramatuli azri.

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 moskoveli dekanozi dimitri smirnovi, aanalizebs ra abortTan dakavSirebul
mwvave sakiTxebs (ra saWiroa siRaribisa da simaxinjeebis gamravleba? rogor mo-
viqceT, Tu fexmZimedaa 13 wlis gogona? Tu dedisaTvis orsulobis gagrZeleba si-
cocxlesTan SeuTavsebelia da sxva), ar eTanxmeba xelovnuri abortis aranair ga-
marTlebas da arcerT SemTxvevaSi ar uSvebs kompromiss: `xom SesaZlebelia deda
daiRupos mSobiarobisas? Tu gogona garyvnilia da ase iqceva, man, bunebrivia, un-
da ataros Tavisi jvari, rogorc sakuTari qcevis Sedegi: xSirad gaupatiurebisas
TviTon dazaralebulia damnaSave – gamomwvevi Cacmulobis, qcevis, gaufrTxileb-
lobis, ufrosebisaTvis angariSis gauwevlobis gamo da a.S.~ aborti arRvevs Zveli
aRTqmis ZiriTad mcnebas – `ara kac hkla!~ da saxarebiseul mcnebas siyvarulis
Sesaxeb.
qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis pozicias abortTan dakavSirebiT kargad ga-
moxatavs dekanozi miqael botkoveli: `is, rac Cven Tvalwin danaSaulebrivi dumi-
lis da auRelveblobis gamo xdeba, iseTive saSinelebaa, rogorc beTlemSi ucodvel
yrmaTa mowyveda. uaresic: iq dedebi mkerdiT efarebodnen Cvilebs, dRes ki amazrzeni
simSvidiT eTaTbirebian da sazRaursac ki aZleven maTi Svilebis mkvlels. dedis wi-
aRSi mokluli arsebis ganadgureba naTlobis madliT ganubaneli sulis mkvleloba-
a: aseTi suli brmasaviT gadadis maradisobaSi da Tan winaparTa codvebis beWedi mi-
aqvs~.
Tanamedrove biologiis, genetikisa da embriologiis uaxlesi monacemebis Tanaxmad,
adamianis sicocxle iwyeba ara dabadebidan, aramed Casaxvis momentidanve. pirveli uj-
redi ukve ganumeorebeli pirovnebaa da Seicavs mTel informacias adamianis Sesaxeb:
mis sqess, simaRles, Tmis fers, saxis nakvTebis Taviseburebebs, sisxlis jgufs, midre-
kilebebs, xasiaTs, niWs...
Casaxvidan ramdenime dReSi yalibdeba Sinagani (sasunTqi, nervuli da saWmlis
momnelebeli) organoebi.
18 dReSi guli iwyebs cemas.
21 dReSi iwyeba sakuTari sisxlis mimoqceva: bavSvis sisxli dedisas aRar ereva da
SeiZleba sxva jgufisac iyos.
42 dReSi (7kvira) yalibdeba xelebi, fexebi, Tvalebi, cxviri, yurebi. SesaZlebelia
tvinis encefalogramis gadaReba.
8 kviris nayofi ukve TiTs wovs; igi grZnobs tkivils.
10-11 kviris arsebisaTvis TiTis anabeWdebis aReba SeiZleba. bavSvi Tvalebsac amoZ-
ravebs, enasac. Tu sanayofe wylebs davatkbobT, igi ufro xSirad iwyebs ylapvas, xo-
lo Tu simware Seeria, ylapvas wyvets.
11-12 kviris bavSvs yvela organo aqvs Camoyalibebuli. igi reagirebs sinaTleze,
siTboze, xmaurze.
14 kviris bavSvis guli dReSi 24 litr sisxls gadatumbavs. is dedasTan erTad iZi-
nebs da iRviZebs. Tu Zlier Suqs mivanaTebT, saxes xelebiT ifaravs...
abortis sawinaaRmdego propaganda da saganmanaTleblo muSaoba saxelmwifosa da
sazogadoebis movaleobaa. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT abortis reklama akrZalu-
lia. gansazRvrul vadaze meti xangrZlivobis orsulobis SemTxvevaSi aborti neba-
darTulia mxolod samedicino da socialuri Cvenebebis mixedviT.

aiv infeqcia/Sidsis eTikuri problemebi. Sidsi (SeZenili imunodeficitis sindro-

mi) nela progresirebadi infeqciuri daavadebaa. mas iwvevs adamianis imunodeficitis
virusi (aiv). is, adamianis organizmSi SeWris Semdeg azianebs organizmis imunur
(damcvel) sistemas da mwyobridan gamohyavs igi, ris Sedegadac inficirebul pirs

146
advilad uCndeba sxvadasxva infeqciuri an/da simsivnuri daavadeba, romelic, ro-
gorc wesi, sasikvdilo SedegiT sruldeba.
Tanamedrove klasifikaciiT, aiv infeqcia ewodeba daavadebas virusiT inficirebis
momentidan sicocxlis bolomde, xolo terminiT Sidsi aRiniSneba aiv infeqciis bo-
lo stadia, rodesac avadmyofs uviTardeba daavadebis garkveuli klinikuri niSnebi
da/an imunuri sistemis mZime dazianeba.
aiv-is warmoSobis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva versia arsebobs. zogierTi avtori miiCnevs,
rom Sidsis gamomwvevi virusi didi xania arsebobs centraluri da dasavleT afri-
kis zogierT regionSi, magram globalurad gavrcelda mxolod bolo periodSi, ra-
sac, sxva faqtorebTan erTad, xeli Seuwyo afrikidan iaffasiani sisxlis eqsportma
amerikisa da evropis sisxlis bankebSi.
yvelaze gavrcelebuli versiis Tanaxmad, afrikis kontinentze mcxovrebi maimune-
bis zogierT saxeobaSi (mwvane maimunebi, makakebi) gavrcelebuli iyo Sidsis virusis
winamorbedi, romelic adamianisaTvis saSiSi ar iyo. gamoricxuli ar aris, rom dro-
Ta ganmavlobaSi, mutaciis an sxva faqtorebis Sedegad, viruss gadaelaxa saxeobrivi
barieri da adamianebSic gavrcelebuliyo. am versias amyarebs is garemoebac, rom aR-
niSnul maimunebSi aRmoCenilia e.w. maimunis imunodeficitis virusi (miv), romelic
maTSi Sidsis msgavs daavadebas iwvevs. garda amisa, adamianisa da maimunisagan gamo-
yofili virusebi sakmaod gvanan erTmaneTs genetikuri da antigenuri TvisebebiT.
kidev erTi hipoTezis mixedviT, Sidsis virusi, rogorc biologiuri iaraRi, xe-
lovnurad aris Seqmnili amerikis samxedro daniSnulebis laboratoriebSi. es azri
Tavidanve moklebuli iyo damajereblobas, amJamad ki savsebiT uaryofilia.
Sidsi registrirebulia dedamiwis xuTive kontinentis 213 qveyanaSi. inficirebul-
Ta 90% ganviTarebad qveynebze modis. gaeros Sidsis programis 2003 wlis monacemebiT
msoflioSi:
epidemiis dawyebidan dRemde inficirebulia 37,8 milioni adamiani;
maT Soris: mozrdili 35,7 milioni adamiani, qali – 17 milioni, bavSvi 15 wlamde –
2,1 milioni.
epidemiis dawyebidan dRemde gardaicvala 20 milioni adamiani.
mxolod 2003 wels dainficirda 4,8 milioni adamiani.
maT Soris: mozrdili 4,1 milioni, bavSvi 15 wlamde – 630000, gardaicvala 2,9 mili-
oni adamiani.
ramodenime wlis win ucxoeli eqspertebi, Cven qveyanaSi arsebuli faqtorebis gaT-
valiswinebiT, gvafrTxilebdnen, rom saqarTvelos Sidsis farTomasStabiani epidemia
emuqreboda. saqarTveloSi aiv infeqcia/Sidsis SemTxvevaTa swrafi zrdis safrTxe
ganpirobebulia Semdegi mizezebiT:

*narkomaniis farTo gavrceleba;

*saqarTvelos mezobel qveynebSi, Sidsis TvalsazrisiT arsebuli arasaxarbielo
epidsituacia;
*mosaxleobis mzardi migracia;
*samkurnalo preparatebis, sasterilizacio Tu sadezinfeqcio saSualebaTa nakle-
boba;
*samedicino personalis arasakmarisi unar-Cvevebi infeqciaTa gadacemis profilaq-
tikis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT;
*prezervativebze tradiciulad dabali moTxovnileba an maTi arasistematuri mox-
mareba;
*Sidsis Sesaxeb mosaxleobis codnis dabali done.

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 saqarTveloSi aiv infeqcia/Sidsis pirveli SemTxveva gamovlinda 1989 w. 1997 wels
inficirebulTa ricxvma Seadgina – 21, 1998 w. – 25, 1999 w. – 35, 2000 w. – 79, 2001 w. – 93,
2002 w. – 95, 2003 w. – 100, 2004 – 138, 2005 w. – gamovlenili iyo kidev 90 axali SemTxve-
va. marTalia, saqarTvelo inarCunebs Sidsis gavrcelebis dabal dones, magram eqsper-
tTa azriT, radikaluri prevenciuli zomebis gautareblobis SemTxvevaSi, ukve axlo
momavalSi mosalodnelia aiv/Sidsis SemTxvevaTa swrafi mateba.
marTalia, aiv infeqcias paTognomuri klinikuri niSnebi ar gaaCnia, magram mainc
SeiZleba gamoiyos simptomebisa da daavadebebis jgufi, romelTa dros, upirveles
yovlisa, eWvi unda iqnas mitanili aiv infeqcia/Sidsze da, albaT, es yvela adamianma
unda icodes: aramotivirebuli cxeleba; saerTo sisuste; wonaSi kleba sxeulis masis
10%-iT da metiT; oflianoba; limfuri kvanZebis gadideba; xSiri faRaraTi; sxvadasxva
saxis gamonayari kansa da lorwovan garsebze; TeTri feris nadebi enaze; gaxangrZli-
vebuli filtvebis anTeba, romelic cudad eqvemdebareba Cveulebriv antibiotikur
Terapias; nervuli sistemis sxvadasxva saxis dazianeba da sxva.
amasTan erTad, aucileblad gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnas epidemiologiuri mona-
cemebi (maRali riskis jgufi, aiv inficirebulTan kontaqti da sxv.).

aiv infeqciis profilaqtikis wamyvani elementebia:

*SemTxveviTi sqesobrivi kontaqtebisagan Tavis arideba an ukidures SemTxvevaSi

Tavdacvis saSualebebis gamoyeneba;
*aratradiciuli sqesobrivi urTerTobebisagan Tavis Sekaveba;
*narkotikebis moxmarebaze, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, saerTo Spricebis gamoyenebaze
uaris Tqma;
*sisxlisa da sisxlis produqtebis aucilebeli gamokvleva. Seumowmebeli sisxlis
sasicocxlo CvenebiT gadasxmis SemTxvevaSi donoris sisxlis aucilebeli tes-
tireba proceduris damTavrebidan pirvelive saaTebSi;
*erTjeradi samedicino instrumentebis gamoyeneba, xolo mravaljeradis xmarebis
dros sterilizaciisa da dezinfeqciis wesebis sruli dacva;
*tatuirebisa da samkaulebis tarebis mizniT sxeulis nawilebis dazianebisagan
Tavis Sekaveba, vinaidan es procedurebi Cvens sinamdvileSi xSirad arasaTana-
dod gasterilebuli iaraRebiT tardeba.
Sidsis mimarT sazogadoebis cnobierebaSi damkvidrebulia e.w. `Sidsofobia~. ada-
mianTa umravlesobis pirveli reaqcia sityvaze `Sidsi~, ra Tqma unda, aris SiSi. Si-
Si daavadebis, tanjvis, uimedobis, sikvdilis, agreTve medicinisa da sazogadoebis
uZlurebis winaSe.
TviT aiv-iT inficirebulTa cnobierebaSi, upirveles yovlisa, dominirebs diskri-
minaciis, stigmatizaciis, socialuri devnis winaSe SiSi. rogorc cnobilia, Sidsi
Tavdapirvelad, ZiriTadad, vrceldeboda e.w. `marginalur socialur jgufebSi~ –
homoseqsualistebs, narkomanebsa da meZavebs Soris. imdroindeli sazogadoebis reaq-
cia sakmaod mkacri da Seuwynarebeli iyo. Sidsi Sefasebuli iyo, rogorc `RvTis
risxvis~, `homoseqsualizmis codvis~, `sportuli seqsis~, `seqss turizmis~ Sedegi.
dasaxelebuli marginaluri jgufebis mimarT sazogadoebis negatiuri damokidebule-
ba inerciiT gadaecema aiv-iT daavadebul pirs da sasikvdilod ganwirulobis gan-
cdas aRrmavebs emociuri izolacia da sazogadoebis mxridan maT mimarT arakeTil-
mosurne, mtruli damokidebuleba.
mediaSi xSirad qveyndeba masalebi SidsiT daavadebulTa mimarT gamoyenebuli Za-
ladobis faqtebis Sesaxeb: sacxovrebeli adgilebidan gandevna, maT garSemo `emoci-
uri vakuumis~ Seqmna, samsaxuridan, saswavleblidan daTxovna. aRiniSneba sazogadoe-
148
bis mkveTri agresia daavadebulTa samkurnalod gamoyofili materialuri saxsrebis
gamo (Bbuenos-airesSi SidsiT daavadebulebs jaWviT abamdnen sawolze; amerikis erT-
erT qalaqSi mezoblebma gadawves saxli, sadac aiv-iT inficirebulTa sambavSviani
ojaxi cxovrobda; ruseTis qalaq elistaSi, sadac saavadmyofos pirobebSi inficire-
buli sisxliTa da instrumentebiT daavadnen bavSvebi, xalxma qvebi dauSina avto-
buss, romliTac isini gadayavdaT).
vaSingtonSi cnobilma Jurnalistma, inficirebulTa mimarT sazogadoebis damoki-
debulebis Seswavlis mizniT, mimarTa qimwmendas, saparikmaxerosa da stomatologi-
ur poliklinikas. igi Tavs aiv-iT inficirebulad asaRebda. man yvelgan kategoriuli
uari miiRo momsaxurebaze. msgavsi damokidebuleba ar Seesabameba ara marto samedi-
cino eTikis da saerTod eTikis normebs, aramed kanonis moTxovnebsac. profesiuli
samedicino eTikis uxeS darRvevad iTvleba Sidsis diagnozis gaxmaureba, ris safuZ-
velzec uxeSad ilaxeba pacientis uflebebi.
SidsiT daavadebulTa diskriminaciis yovelgvari gamovlena akrZalulia saerTa-
Soriso samarTlis normebiT.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, bioeTikuri problemebis regulirebis dros religiuri
pozicia ar asrulebs gadamwyvet rols, Tumca TiTqmis yvela SemTxvevaSi, met-nakle-
bad, mainc gaTvaliswinebulia. es arc unda iyos gasakviri, radganac adamianis yofi-
erebaze Tanamedrove teqnologiuri civilizaciis gavlena imdenad didi da SesamCne-
via, rom saWiro xdeba sicocxlis, sikvdilis, adamianuri Rirsebisa da Tavisuflebis
dacviTi meqanizmebis SemuSaveba. isic faqtia, rom kacobriobis mTeli istoriisaTvis
yovelTvis udavo WeSmaritebas moralur RirebulebaTa da religiuri Sexedulebebis
uSualo kavSiri warmoadgenda. kidev erTxel SegaxsenebT, rom marTlmadideblobis
damokidebuleba sicocxlesTan dakavSirebuli yvela problemisadmi saerTo saekle-
sio swavlebas efuZneba. e.i. marTlmadidebeli eklesia ar miiswrafis `qristianuli
bioeTikis~ specialuri koncefciis Seqmnisaken. igi bioeTikis uZiriTadesi probleme-
bisaTvis gansazRvravs mxolod ZiriTad ontologiur orientacias: sikvdilis dad-
gomis kriteriumad adre iTvleboda sisxlis mimoqcevisa da sunTqvis Seuqcevadi ga-
Cereba, magram reanimaciuli teqnologiebis srulyofis safuZvelze es sasicocxlo
mniSvnelobis funqciebi SeiZleba xelovnurad SenarCunebul iqnas xangrZlivi drois
manZilze. amgvarad, sikvdilis aqti gardaiqmneba kvdomis procesad. wminda werilSi
sikvdili ganmartebulia, rogorc sulis ganSoreba sxeulTan (fsal. 145.4, luk. 12,20).
ase rom, sicocxleze SeiZleba vilaparakoT manmade, sanam grZeldeba organizmis,
rogorc mTlianis cxovelmoqmedeba. xelovnuri saSualebebiT sicocxlis gaxan-
grZliveba ar SeiZleba ganixilebodes medicinis savaldebulo da yvela SemxvevaSi
sasurvel amocanad. Rirseuli gardacvalebis marTlmadidebluri gageba gulisxmobs
mzadebas aRsasrulisaTvis, romelic ganixileba, rogorc adamianis cxovrebis mniS-
vnelovani etapi. mama mixeil obuxovi Tvlis, rom tanjva, tkivili `saWiroa adamianis
maradiuli cxovrebisaTvis mosamzadeblad. tanjvas Zala Seswevs gamoasworos adami-
ani, miiyvanos igi monaniebasTan maSin, roca yvelaferi sxva ukve araqmediTia. tanjva,
gansakuTrebiT sikvdilis wina tanjva, ganwmends adamians codvebisagan, Tavmdabalsa
da morCils xdis mas. maSin ki ra xdeba, roca eqimi avadmyofs klavs? suli maradi-
sobaSi moumzadebeli midis, xolo Tuki avadmyofma Tavad gamoTqva sikvdilis survi-
li, maSin es TviTmkvlelobis codviTac mZimdeba~. `ufali akvdinebs da acocxlebs~
(I mef. 2.6), amitom eklesias, icavs ra RvTis mcnebas `ara kac hkla~ (gam. 20.13), ar Se-
uZlia zneobrivad misaRebad CaTvalos amJamad saero sazogadoebaSi gavrcelebuli
e.w. evTanaziis legalizaciis, anu uimedo avadmyofTa ganzrax mkvlelobis mcdelo-
bebi (maT Soris sakuTari surviliT).

149
 gmobs ra aborts, rogorc momakvdinebel codvas, eklesia ver amarTlebs mas verc
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Casaxuli adamianuri sicocxlis ganadgureba sxvisi jan-
mrTelobisaTvis sikeTis momtani SeiZleba gaxdes (e.w. fetaluri Terapiis meTodebis
gamoyeneba, romlis safuZvelSi devs ganviTarebis sxvadasxva stadiaze abortirebu-
li adamianuri Canasaxis organoebisa da qsovilebis amoReba da gamoyeneba sxvadasxva
daavadebaTa mkurnalobis an organizmis gaaxalgazrdavebis mizniT). aseTi praqtika,
Tundac misi sadReisod hipoTeturi efeqturoba mecnierulad dasabuTebuli iyos,
garduvalad uwyobs xels abortebis ufro farTod gavrcelebasa da komercializa-
cias, rac TavisTavad uzneobaa.
Tanamedrove bioeTikis problemebisadmi midgoma, romelsac marTlmadidebluri
kulturis tradiciebi da Rirebulebebi gansazRvravs, metad mniSvnelovani poziciaa.
igi Cveni genotipisadmi erTgulebaze migvaniSnebs, rac, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs mis
gadarCenasa da SenarCunebas, miTumetes, rom saqarTveloSi qristianoba arasodes yo-
fila martooden religia. igi cxovrebis da azrovnebis wesic iyo. medicinis, eTikisa
da religiis kavSiris Segnebulad Tu Seugneblad ugulvebelyofa niSnavs TiToeuli
maTganis, adamianuri arsebobisaTvis esoden mniSvnelovani sferoebis arsisa da da-
niSnulebis damaxinjebas. mizani erTi unda iyos – mecnierebisa da zneobriobis or-
ganuli kavSiri, rameTu es kavSiri dRes Tanamedrove civilizaciis gadarCenis erT-
erT arsebiT pirobas warmoadgens.

sakontrolo kiTxvebi

ra moiazreba evTanaziis cnebaSi?

SesaZleblad migaCniaT Tu ara evTanaziis legalizeba?
rodis iwyeba sicocoxle – Casaxvis momentidan Tu dabadebidan?
aqvs Tu ara abortis SemTxvevaSi SezRudva mcnebas `ara kac hkla~ ?
dasaSvebia Tu ara nayofis gamoyeneba samedicino eqsperimentebis Catarebis miz-
niT?
ra faqtorebi ganapirobebs saqarTveloSi aiv infeqcia / Sidsis SemTxvevaTa
zrdas?
ra profilaqtikuri zomebia misaRebi aiv infeqcia / Sidsisagan Tavis dasacavad?

150
 Tavi VII

qarTuli filosofiis istoria

(mokle eqskursi)

germanuli klasikuri filosofiis didi warmomadgenlis hegelis azriT, ubedu-

ria eri, romelsac sakuTari filosofiuri azrovneba ar gaaCnia. sabednierod, es ga-
monaTqvami Cvens erze ar vrceldeba. Cven gvaqvs Zveli, axali da uaxlesi filosofi-
a, romelic didad ar Camouvardeba evropuls.
qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis sistemuri kvleva-Zieba, mecnieruli Ses-
wavla Cveni saukunis pirvelive wlebidan iwyeba da or etaps moicavs. pirveli etapi
ivane javaxiSvilisa da niko maris saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli, xolo meore etapi -
Salva nucubiZis gamokvlevebTan. S. nucubiZis mravalwliani da mravalmxrivi Zieba
qarTuli filosofiis istoriaSi Sejamda fundamenturi gamokvlevis ortomeulSi
`qarTuli filosofiis istoria` (tomi I 1956; tomi II 1958, Tbilisi). is moicavs qar-
Tuli filosofiuri azris istorias Zveli droidan dawyebuli solomon dodaSvi-
lis (XIX s.) moRvaweobiT damTavrebuli.
Zveli da Sua saukuneebis qarTuli filosofia. istoriul saqarTveloSi filo-
sofiuri azris Semswavleli centris arsebobis Sesaxeb werilobiTi wyaroebi IV sa-
ukunidan mogvepoveba. amis Sesaxeb gvauwyeben berZnuli wyaroebi, kerZod cnobili
ritori da filosofosi Temistiosi. am cnobis Tanaxmad IV saukuneSi kolxeTSi ar-
sebula filosofiuri ganaTlebis kera, romelsac iseTi avtoriteti da saxeli mo-
uxveWia, rom filosofiuri codnis SesaZenad aq sxvadasxva qveynebidanac ki Camodi-
odnen. kolxeTis skolaSi gabatonebuli mdgomareoba ekava berZnul (platoni, aris-
totele da sxvaTa) filosofiur ideebs.
kolxeTis ritorikul skolasTan dakavSirebulia IV saukunis gamoCenili moRva-
wis bakuris saxeli, romlis Sesaxebac cnobil neoplatonikoss libanioss (daaxl.
314 – 393ww.) uTqvams: `suliT brwyinavso~. berZnuli wyaroebi bakurs warmoaCenen ara
marto rogorc mxedarTmTavars, aramed rogorc filosofoss.
Sua saukuneebis gamoCenili moazrovne petre iberi, eris kacobaSi murvani (411 –
491ww.), qarTlis samefo sagvareulos STamomavali iyo. 12 wlis murvani Tavis maswav-
lebel ioane lazTan da 50-mde TanmxlebTan erTad mZevlad gaagzavnes konstantine-
pols saimperatoro karze. miuxedavad imisa rom man iq did warmatebebs miaRwia, sa-
bolood beris cxovreba arCia, mogvianebiT ki marumis episkoposis kaTedra daikava.
petre iberis saxeliT mecniereba kidev ufro metad mas Semdeg dainteresda, rac
nucubiZe – honigmanis koncefciis Tanaxmad, igi miCneuli iqna e. w. areopagituli
wignebis namdvil avtorad. sukuneebis ganmavlobaSi aRniSnuli Txzulebebi Secdo-
miT miewereboda I saukunis cnobil saeklesio moRvawes dionise areopagels. Sua sa-
ukuneebSi am avtorTan dakavSirebiT eWvi gaCnda, ris gamoc dionise areopageli mo-
ixsenieboda rogorc `fsevdo~ (yalbi). mecnierebaSi areopagituli wignebis araerTi
savaraudo avtori iyo wamoyenebuli, magram sabolood es Tvalsazrisebi ar mar-
Tldeboda.
1942 wels Salva nucubiZem gamoaqveyna naSromi, sadac saTanado argumentebis moS-
veliebiT daasabuTa, rom areopagituli wignebis namdvili avtoria petre iberi. 1952
wels, Salva nucubiZisagan damoukideblad, amave azramde mivida cnobili belgieli
orientalisti ernst honigmani. es Tvalsazrisi mecnierebaSi nucubiZe – honigmanis
koncefciis saxeliTaa cnobili. mas Tavis droze didi gamoxmaureba mohyva. dReisaT-
vis am koncefcias hyavs rogorc momxreebi, ise mowinaaRmdegeebi.

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 qristianobis gavrcelebasa da ganmtkicebasTan erTad, farTovdeboda qarTuli
samyaros kavSirebi qristianul qveynebTan. am dros, erTi mxriv, adgili aqvs qar-
TvelTa sazRvargareTis qristianul centrebSi gamgzavrebas da iq saqmianobas, meore
mxriv, CvenSi qristian moRvaweTa Semosvlas. didi mniSvneloba hqonda cnobil `siri-
el mamaTa~ mosvlas istoriul saqarTveloSi VI saukunis meore naxevarSi. maT sa-
fuZveli Cauyares aqtiur samonastro cxovrebas da mravalmxrivi moRvaweoba gaaCa-
Res. `siriel mamaTagan~ qarTuli filosofiuri azris ganviTarebaSi gansakuTrebu-
li wvlili miuZRviT daviT garejelsa da abibos nekresels.
daviT garejeli qristianuli RvTismetyvelebis TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli iyo.
masTan RmerTi gagebulia, rogorc samyaros Semoqmedi, Semqmneli, romelic yvelaf-
ris mizezi da gamgebelia. daviT garejelis SemoqmedebaSi SeiniSneba antikuri fi-
losofiuri Tvalsazrisis gavlena, kerZod platonis moZRvreba amqveyniuri sinamdvi-
lis warmavlobaze.
abibos nekreseli, rogorc irkveva, kargad icnobda Zveli drois berZeni filoso-
fosis empedokles (487 – 424ww.) oTxi elementis (miwa, wyali, cecxli, haeri) Teorias
da mas iyenebda qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis dasacavad. kerZod, sparsel marzpan-
Tan saubrisas abibos nekreseli eyrdnoba zemoxsenebul Tvalsazriss da cdilobs
Teoriulad daasabuTos, rom cecxli, ise rogorc wyali, aris mxolod masala, ris-
ganac RmerTi qmnis samyaros.
qristianobis gavrcelebas saqarTveloSi mohyva rogorc originaluri mwerlobis
ganviTareba, ise safuZvliani mTargmnelobiTi saqmianobis gaaqtiureba. am mxriv, gan-
sakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs giorgi merCules `grigol xanZTelis cxovreba~
da `sibrZne balahvarisas~ qarTuli redaqcia.
goirgi merCulem Tavis nawarmoebSi aRwera VIII – X saukuneebis cnobili qarTve-
li qristiani moRvawis – grigol xanZTelis cxovreba da moRveweoba. TxzulebaSi
warmoCenilia avtoris filosofiuri ideebic, kerZod mocemulia miwierisa da zecie-
ris dapirispirebis Tvalsazrisi, sadac giorgi merCule miwierTan SedarebiT zeci-
ers aniWebs upiratesobas. giorgi merCules es azri gavrcelebuli aqvs adamianzec,
romelic Sedgeba sulisa da sxeulisagan. sxeuli warmavalia, xolo suli maradiu-
li da ekuTvnis RvTaebriv samyaros.
`sibrZne balahvarisas~ ucnobi avtorisaTvis azrovnebis upirvelesi sakiTxia
RmerTisa da adamianis, zeciurisa da miwieris raobis gansazRvra, maTi urTierTobis
sakiTxi. misi azriT, RmerTi adamianisa da mTeli samyaros Semoqmedia, xolo adamiani
RvTis mier Seqmnili arseba da xatia, romelic arca hgavs Semoqmeds. adamiani,
RvTis msgavsad, sulieria, e.i. ukvdavi, magram, amave dros, fizikurad mokvdavia.
farTod gaSlili eklesia-monastrebis mSeneblobiT yalibdeboda qarTuli sasu-
liero, kulturuli da filosofiuri kerebi rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise sazRvarga-
reT (aTonis iverTa monasteri, Sua mTa antioqiaSi, petriwonis monasteri...), sadac
samecniero da mTargmnelobiT moRvaweobas eweodnen giorgi da eqvTime mTawmindele-
bi, ioane petriwi, efrem mcire, giorgi mcire da sxvebi.
qarTvel swavlulTa mecadineobas ukvalod ar Cauvlia. amis safuZvelze saqar-
Tvelom XI – XII saukuneebSi saxelmwifoebriv aRmavlobasTan erTad, kulturis gan-
sakuTrebul simaRleebs miaRwia, rac sabolood rusTavelis `vefxistyaosnis~ Seq-
mniT dagvirgvinda. es qmnileba renesansul Zegladaa miCneuli.
renesansi franguli sityvaa da qarTulad aRorZinebas niSnavs, rac gulisxmobs
ukve arsebulis aRdgena-ganaxlebas. am aRdgena-ganaxlebaSi gaTvaliswinebulia im
epoqis Taviseburebani, romelSic mimdinareobs es procesi. renesansis cnebaSi moce-
muli aRdgena-ganaxlebis Sinaarsi, upirvelesad, gulisxmobs adamianisadmi antikuri
damokidebulebis aRdgenas – adamiani dayenebulia samyaros centrSi, amqveyniur si-
152
namdviles Rirebuleba eniWeba. renesansi aseve gulisxmobs qalaquri cxovrebis gan-
sakuTrebul dones, saxelmwifo da samarTlebrivi institutebis demokratiulobas,
religiis saTanado pozicias. XI – XII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi yvela piroba iyo
Seqmnili renesansuli kulturis CamoyalibebisaTvis. yvelaze mniSvnelovnad am dro-
isaTvis ivane javaxiSvils miaCnda qarTvelTa mxridan `safilosofio mwerlobis da-
wafeba~, gansakuTrebiT ki neoplatonuri filosofiis SeTviseba. berZnul filosofi-
asTan erTad qarTvelebma gaicnes maTi warmarTuli poeziac. `erTi sityviT, qarTve-
lobam elinuri Semoqmedebis nimuSebi igema da daewafa cxovelmyofel elinizms,
romlis Rrmam da safuZvlianma Seswavlam dasavleT evropaSi egreTwodebuli `rene-
sansi~ warmoSva. saqarTveloSi es moZraoba XII saukuneSi daiwyo, magram misi dasru-
leba monRolTa Semosvlam Seaferxa~ (ivane javaxiSvili).
ivane javaxiSvilisagan gansxvavebiT, Salva nucubiZes miaCnda, rom saqarTveloSi
iyo srulyofili, dasrulebuli renesansi. S. nucubiZis azriT, renesansis erT-erTi
msoflmxedvelobrivi safuZvelia areopagituli moZRvreba, sadac antikuri filoso-
fiuri memkvidreoba (neoplatonizmis saxiT) `gadargulia qristianobis safuZvelze~.
am gziT ki SenarCunebuli iqna renesansisaTvis aucilebeli ideebi da principebi:
RmerTisa da samyaros erTianoba, RmerTidan (pirvelmizezidan) arsebaTa aucileblo-
biT gamomdinareoba da Semdeg amave aucileblobiT arsebaTa RmerTSive ukudabrune-
ba, adamianis gaRmerTebis SesaZlebloba, ierarqiis principi, sikeTis absoluturobis
aRiareba da borotebis SemTxveviTad miCneva.
qarTuli renesansis saTaveebTan dgas XI – XII saukuneebis gamoCenili qarTveli
moazrovne ioane pertiwi. mMan ganaTleba miiRo konstantinopolSi, manganis akademia-
Si, sadac misi maswavlebeli iyo cnobili bizantieli filosofosi, neoplatonikosi
ioane itali. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imasac, rom ioane itali meore cnobil bizantiel
filosofosTan miqael fselosTan erTad iTvleba renesansuli yaidis moazrovned,
maSin SeiZleba vivaraudoT: saqarTveloSi dabrunebuli ioane petriwi ukve gamsWva-
luli iyo renesansuli msoflmxedvelobiT. amasTan petriws saqarTveloSi daxvda
neoplatonizmis aTvisebis tradicia. amis dasturia cnobili mTargmnelisa da moaz-
rovnis efrem mcires mier berZnulidan qarTul enaze gadmoRebuli areopagituli
wignebi. efrem mcire, ioane petriwi da arsen iyalToeli iyvnen swored is moazrov-
neebi, romlebmac saTave daudes filosofiuri azris aRmavlobas saqarTveloSi.
efrem mcire (XI s.) savaraudod samcxedan unda yofiliyo, mas ganaTleba konstan-
tinopolSi miuRia, Semdeg gadasaxlebula antioqiaSi Sav mTaze da mTeli cxovreba
iq gautarebia. Zalian didia efrem mcires wvlili filosofiuri terminologiis Se-
motanaSi, mis qarTul azrovnebaSi danergvasa da filosofiuri Zeglebis Targmnis
saqmeSi. upirvelesad am kuTxiT aRsaniSnavia efrem mcires mier berZnulidan qarTul
enaze Targmnili areopagituli Txzulebani da ioane damaskelis `codnis wyaro~.
ioane petriwi (XI – XII ss.) qarTuli filosofiuri azris gamoCenili warmomadge-
nelia. misi dabadebisa da gardacvalebis zusti TariRi ucnobia. rogorc ukve aRi-
niSna, ioane petriws ganaTleba miuRia konstantinopolSi, manganis akademiaSi. aq io-
ane petriws safuZvlianad Seuswavlia berZnuli ena, filosofia da RvTismetyveleba.
daaxloebiT 1083 wlidan igi grigol bakurianis Zis mier daarsebul petriwonis mo-
nasterSi moRvaweobs (bulgareTi).
ioane petriwis moRvaweobis bolo periodi gelaTis akademiasTanaa dakavSirebu-
li, sadac is miwveuli iqna daviT aRmaSenebelis mier. aq man daasrula Tavisi mra-
valmxrivi mTargmnelobiTi da originaluri filosofiuri saqmianoba: berZnulidan
qarTulad Targmna aristoteles ori Sroma, nemesios emeselis eTikuri Txzuleba –
`bunebisaTvis kacisa~ da prokle diadoxosis `Teologiis pirvelsafuZvlebi~. ioane
petriwma vrceli ganmartebebi dauTmo prokles aRniSnul Sromas, rac mis origina-
153
lur filosofiur Txzulebas warmoadgens. swored am ganmartebebis safuZvelze Se-
iZleba msjeloba petriwis filosofiuri Sexedulebebis Sesafaseblad.
ioane petriwis msoflmxedvelobis mTlianobaSi ganxilva cxads xdis misi filo-
sofiuri Tvalsazrisis neoplatonur xasiaTs. petriwi mihyveba neoplatonikosebs,
magram is maTi pasiuri mimdevari rodia. erTi am problemaTagani, romelic petriws
neoplatonuri filosofiidan aqvs aRebuli, magram masze Tavisi originaluri Tval-
sazrisi aqvs Camoyalibebuli, aris triadis sakiTxi.
petriwi amocanad isaxavs pirveli erTis anu pirvelmizezis dadgenas. erTi rom
gavigoT, amisaTvis saWiroa davicvaT misi siwminde. erTi mxolod martivi SeiZleba
iyos. amitom goneba, suli, ca SeuZlebelia iyos erTi, vinaidan yvela eseni rTulni
arian, maSin roca pirveli erTi mxolod martivi (`uzado~) SeiZleba iyos. pirvelmi-
zezi (RmerTi) TanmimdevrobiT warmoSobs mTel arss, romelic rangobrivad ganlage-
bul safexurTa erTianobas warmoadgens da TiToeuli maTganis mniSvneloba pirvel-
mizezTan siaxlove-daSorebiT ganisazRvreba.
ioane petriwi ganixilavs Semecnebis or gzas – sulis meSveobiT da gonebis meS-
veobiT. sulis Semecneba TandaTanobiT mimdinareobs, warmoadgens gansjas da Sesac-
nobi sagnis sxvadasxva mxaris Sedareba-gansxvavebis Sedegs. amis sapirispirod gone-
biT Semecnebisas uSualod xdeba sagnis mocva. Aam dros Semecnebis sagani TviT go-
nebaSia mocemuli, ise rogorc mzesTan erTad mocemulia misi saxeebi, ise gonebasTa-
naa misi Semecnebis sagani. gonebiT Semecneba Semecnebis maRali donea da mis sagans
ierarqiulad ganlagebuli arsis umaRlesi safexuri warmoadgens. goneba winamava-
lia sulis da ufro srulyofilia masTan SedarebiT.
petriwi iziarebs da misdevs aristoteles cnobil Sexedulebas arsisa da Semec-
nebis mimarTebaze: is, rac pirvelia ontologiurad (pirveladobis azriT), ukanaskne-
lia gnoseologiurad (Semecnebis azriT) da piriqiT.
arsen iyalToeli (XI – XII ss.) ioane petriwis Tanamedrovea da masTan erTad
swavlobda konstantinopolSi, manganis akademiaSi, Semdgom moRvaweobda antioqiaSi –
Sav mTaze. saqarTveloSi dabrunebis Semdeg arsen iyalToeli jer gelaTSi iyo, Sem-
dgom ki Sio mRvimesa da iyalTos monasterSi, sadac daarsa akademia. arsen iyalToe-
lis filosofiur Sexedulebebze urTierTsawinaaRmdego azrebia gamoTqmuli. erT
SemTxvevaSi igi miCneulia konservatuli azrovnebis moRvawed da qristianuli or-
Todoqsiis iseT damcvelad, romelic ebrZoda neoplatonur filosofias (ioane pet-
riwis saxiT). meore SemTxvevaSi, ioane petriwsa da arsen iyalToels Soris veravi-
Tar dapirispirebas ver xedaven.
arsen iyalToelis TxzulebaTagan cnobilia misi `dogmatikoni~, romelic warmo-
adgens sxvadasxva SromebiT Sedgenil didi moculobis kompediums (SemoklebiT gad-
mocema). masSi Sesulia anastasia sinelis `winamZRvari~, ioane damaskelis `codnis
wyaro~, Teodore abakuris traqtatebi, romelic mimarTuli iyo iudaizmis, islamis
da sxvadasxva qristianuli eresebis winaaRmdeg. `dogmatikonSi~ sxva Sromebicaa Se-
suli. filosofiuri TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania patara zomis fi-
losofiur-religiuri traqtati –`pirmSoisaTvis~, romelic cnobil bizantiel fi-
losofoss miqael fseloss unda ekuTvnodes.
masSi ganxilulia `pirvelis~ sakiTxi, rac Sua saukuneebis azrovnebisaTvis erT-
erTi mTavari problema iyo. saubari exeba moZRvrebas pirvelsawyisze, RmerTze. Tavi-
si Sinaarsis mixedviT, es traqtati ioane petriwis Tvalsazrisis winaaRmdeg unda
iyos mimarTuli. traqtatSi gatarebulia is ZiriTadi azri, rom Semqmnelsa (RmerTi-
sa) da Seqmnils (xiluli sinamdvilis arsebebi) Soris ufskrulia da maTi gaerTia-
neba SeuZlebelia.

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 axali drois qarTuli filosofia

XI – XII saqarTvelos politikur, socialur-ekonomikur da kulturul aRmavlobas

dacemis periodi mohyva. es gamowveuli iyo dampyrobTa mravalricxovani SemosevebiT.
am droisaTvis qarTvel kacs lamis mxolod yofna – aryofnisaTvis uxdeboda brZola.
es iyo upirvelesi mizezi imisa, rom ioane petriwis, efrem mciresa da arsen iyalToe-
lis mier saqarTveloSi damkvidrebuli filosofiuri tradicia faqtobrivad didi
xnis ganmavlobaSi aRar gagrZelebula da, bunebrivia, aRarc ganviTarebula.
amis miuxedavad, saqarTvelosTvis am mZime epoqaSi, epizodurad gamokrTis xolme
filosofiuri azrovnebis damadasturebeli elementebi. am mxriv yuradRebas imsaxu-
rebs aswlovani istoriis anonimi avtoris, JamTaaRmwerelis (XIV s.) moRvaweoba, rom-
lis Semoqmedebis sagansac saqarTvelos politikuri sinamdvilis filosofiuri axsna
warmoadgens.
rodesac wminda filosofiuri saqmianoba Camkvdaria, am dros, arc Tu iSviaTad,
filosofiuri problematikis damuSaveba SeimCneva kulturis sxvadasxva dargis war-
momadgenelTa mier. saqarTveloSi am mxriv gansakuTrebiT yuradsaRebia gamoCenili
qarTveli mwerlisa da sazogado moRvawis sulxan-saba orbelianis (1658 – 1725 ww.) Se-
moqmedeba.
am didi moRvawis wvlili qarTuli filosofiuri azris ganviTarebaSi upirvele-
sad qarTul saazrovno sinamdvileSi filosofiuri terminologiis SemotaniTa da ma-
Ti axleburi gaazrebiT gamoixateba. sulxan – saba orbelianis leqsikonSi, filoso-
fiuri terminebis da cnebebis ganmartebisas, kargad Cans avtoris mWidro kavSiri qar-
Tuli filosofiis warsulTan. is uxvad iyenebs masalebs qarTvel moazrovneTa (ioane
petriwi, arsen iyalToeli) Semoqmedebidan.
S. nucubiZe sulxan-saba orbelianis Rvawls qarTuli filosofiis winaSe imaSi xe-
davda, rom man `JamTa viTarebaTa uCino qmnili~ qarTuli azrovnebis tradiciebi da
Zeglebi igav-arakebisa da calke terminebis axsniT nawilobriv mainc gaacocxla da
amiT Semdegi Taobebis mier maT Seswavlas Seuwyo xeli.
SedarebiT sasikeTo Semobruneba qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriaSi xdeba
XVIII saukunis dasarulsa da XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi. am mxriv didad iRvwod-
nen anton bagrationi, aleqsandre amilaxvari, iona xelaSvili, ioane batoniSvili,
solomon dodaSvili.
anton bagrationi (anton I, eriskacobaSi Teimurazi – 1720 – 1788 ww.), saqarTvelos
kaTolikosi, mravalmxrivi moRvawe iyo. filosofiis poziciidan gansakuTrebul yu-
radRebas ipyrobs misi enciklopediuri xasiaTis naSromi – `spekali~, sadac ganxi-
lulia platonis, aristoteles, grigol noselis, prokles, ioane damaskelis, ioane
petriwis da sxvaTa filosofiur – Teologiuri Sexedulebebi.
anton bagrationi did yuradRebas aqcevda qarTvel moazrovneTa Sexedulebebs.
magaliTad, igi Tavis `mza metyvelebaSi~ did adgils uTmobs rusTavels, petriws,
CaxruxaZes, sulxan-saba orbelians. anton bagrationma Targmna porfiriusis, baumais-
teris, volfis, laibnicis, svimon julfelisa da sxvaTa filosofiuri Txzulebani.
am Targmanebs TandarTuli aqvs antoniseuli komentarebi.
anton bagrationis damsaxurebad unda CaiTvalos misi Tavdadebuli moRvaweoba
filosofiuri tradiciebis aRdgenisaTvis da, am mizniT, evropul azrovnebaze orien-
taciis aReba.

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 qarTuli filosofiuri azris ganviTarebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda ruseT-
Si moRvawe Zmebis, saqarTvelos ukanaskneli mefis, giorgi XII Svilebis – ioane (1778
– 1830 ww.) da daviT (1756 – 1819 ww.) batoniSvilebis mecnierul saqmianobas. ioane ba-
toniSvilma dawera enciklopediuri xasiaTis nawarmoebi `kalmasoba~, romelSic
codnis TiTqmis yvela dargia warmodgenili, maT Soris filosofia. daviT batoniS-
vili mTargmnelobiT moRvaweobas eweoda, masve ekuTvnis originaluri xasiaTis Sro-
ma – `Semoklebuli fizika~, romelSic filosofiuri sakiTxebic aris ganxiluli.
aleqsandre amilaxvars (1750 – 1802 ww.) ekuTvnis naSromi – `brZeni aRmosavleTi-
sa~, sadac igi saxelmwifos mowyobis evropul models uWers mxars. Txzulebidan
irkeveva, rom avtori kargad icnobda frangi ganmanaTleblebis ideebs da Tanaug-
rZnobda maT.
ioane xelaSvilma (1772 – 1837 ww.) 1812 wels daamTavra peterburgis aleqsandre ne-
velis sasuliero akademia da sicocxlis bolomde moRvaweobda am qalaqSi. mas bevri
naSromi darCa filosofiasa da RvTismetyvelebaSi (gamoqveynda misi `34 SekiTxvis
wigni~, Tbilisi, 1967). iona xelaSvili did daxmarebas uwevda peterburgis qarTvelo-
bas. misi mecenatobiT gamoqveynda solomon dodaSvilis `logika~.
gansaxilveli periodis moazrovneTa Soris gamorCeuli warmomadgenelia solomon
dodaSvili (1805 – 1836 ww.). misi pirovnebiT qarTuli filosofiuri azrovnebis isto-
riaSi axali epoqa iwyeba. man kargad gaicno da Seiswavla axali drois evropuli fi-
losofia, ris safuZvelzec dawera `logikis~ kursi da rusul enaze gamoaqveyna pe-
terburgSi (1827 w.). am wigns didi aRfrTovanebiT Sexvdnen im drois cnobili rusi
swavlulebi. `logikis~ kursi Tavisi SesavaliT da misi avtoris CanafiqriT filoso-
fiis sruli kursis Seqmnis Sesaxeb, naTels xdis, rom s. dodaSvili safuZvlianad
iyo naziarebi evropul mecnierebis miRwevebs da man aRadgina filosofiuri azrovne-
bis tradiciebi saqarTveloSi. aRsaniSnavia agreTve
s. dodaSvilis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli da literaturuli moRvaweoba. manve
qarTuli kulturis filosofiuri analizis pirveli da saintereso cda ganaxorcie-
la.
s. dodaSvilis `logikis~ Sesavali nawilidan irkveva, rom mis avtors filosofi-
is sruli kursis Seqmnac hqonda ganzraxuli, magram, obieqturi mizezebis gamo, es
didi Canafiqri ver ganaxorciela da mis filosofiur Sexedulebebze, arsebiTad
`logikisa~ da `logikis meTodologiisaTvis~ mixedviT unda vimsjeloT.
s. dodaSvils safuZvlianad aqvs gaSuqebuli filosofiis sagani da misi amocana.
WeSmariti filosofiis misaRwevad, misi azriT, aucilebelia crurwmenisagan gaTavi-
sufleba. Semdeg avtori adgens filosofiis Seswavlis obieqts da ansxvavebs mas
kerZo mecnierebis Seswavlis obieqtisagan. filosofia gansakuTrebuli mecnierebaa
da iseT codnas gvaZlevs, romelsac sxva mecnierebebi ver iZleva.
filosofiuri kvleva-Ziebis aucilebel pirobad s. dodaSvils miaCnia: ganyeneba,
Secnoba da gageba TavisTavisa. amasTan, filosofiaSi Semmecnebeli piri da Semecne-
bis umTavresi sagani adamiania. swored amiT gansxvavdeba filosofia sxva Semecnebi-
sagan. aRniSnulis safuZvelze s. dodaSvili ase ganmartavs filosofiis sagans: `fi-
losofia aris mecniereba mTeli Cveni moqmedebis ukanaskneli safuZvlebis Sesaxeb;
masSi unda veZioT da vipovoT Cveni Semecnebis da moqmedebis iseTi mizezebi, romel-
Tac SeuZliT, metad Tu naklebad daakmayofilon adamianis goneba~.
s. dodaSvilis mecnierul moRvaweobaSi garda `logikisa~ aRsaniSnavia misi Sro-
mebi: `logikis meTodologiisaTvis~, `ritorika~, `mokle ganxilva qarTuli litera-
turisa anu sityvierebisa~, `mokle filosofia, Sedgenilni Zalni sazRvrebiTni da
ganyofilebaTa misTa~.

156
 s. dodaSvili adreul asakSi gardaicvala da bevri Canafiqri ganuxorcielebeli
darCa. misi naadrevi daRupvis mizezi is iyo, rom igi, rogorc 1832 wlis SeTqmule-
bis erT-erTi ideuri xelmZRvaneli, gaasamarTles da Soreul viatkaSi gadaasaxles.
iqaur mZime klimats s. dodaSvilis isedac avadmyofma organizmma ver gauZlo da
gardaicvala.
qarTuli filosofiuri azris mniSvnelovan monapovrad unda CaiTvalos gamoCeni-
li saeklesio moRvawisa da mecnieris, imereTis episkoposis – gabrielis – eriskaco-
baSi gerasime qiqoZe (1825 – 1896 ww.) gamokvleva `cdiseuli fsiqologiis safuZvlebi~
(peterburgi, 1858 w.), romelic didi dagvianebiT, magram mainc iTargmna da gamoqvey-
nda qarTulad (1993 w.). aseve didi aRiareba hpova gabriel episkoposis qadagebebma,
romlebic araerTgzis gamoica, bolos 1990 wels or tomad. qadagebebSi gansakuTre-
bul yuradRebas ipyrobs avtoris mosazrebani adamianis daniSnulebaze, sadac vxvde-
biT mecnierebisa da rwmenis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis cdas. qadagebebis did mniSvne-
lobaze metyvelebs is faqtic, rom igi qarTulad gamoqveynebisTanave, male iTargmna
da gamoica rusul da inglisur enebze.
XIX saukunis meore naxevrisa da XX saukunis dasawyisis qarTuli filosofiuri
azris umniSvnelovanesi warmomadgenlebi arian: ilia WavWavaZe, niko nikolaZe, arCil
jorjaZe, giorgi wereTeli, akaki wereTeli, vaJa-fSavela, anton furcelaZe, varlam
CerqeziSvili, mixako wereTeli. maTgan arCil jorjaZe da mixako wereTeli filoso-
fosebi iyvnen, xolo varlam CerqeziSvilis bevri statia filosofiuri problemati-
kisadmia miZRvnili.
varlam CerqeziSvili (1846 – 1925 ww.) qarTvel anarqistTa yvelaze mniSvnelovani
warmomadgenelia. misTvis miuRebeli iyo proletariatis diqtatura, radganac, misi
azriT, es ar iqneboda umravlesobis namdvili batonoba umciresobaze da sabolood
ar iqneboda mimarTuli eqspluataciis mospobisaken.
v. CerqeziSvilis azriT, arcerTi gabatonebuli klasi, maT Soris proletariati,
Tavisi nebiT ar daTmobs Tavis gabatonebul mdgomareobas, gamomdinare aqedan, arc
Tavisi Tavis winaaRmdeg wava. amitomac v. CerqeziSvili yovelgvari saxelmwifo wyo-
bis winaaRmdegi iyo da maT gauqmebas moiTxovda. swored amis Semdeg da amis safuZ-
velze, misi azriT, SeiZleba damyardes Tavisufali Temebis, Tavisufali asociacie-
bis federaciuli kavSiri. v. CerqeziSvils sazogadoebis mmarTvelobis mxolod ase-
Ti forma miaCnda misaRebad, sadac adamians SeeZlo normalurad ecxovra.
arCil jorjaZe (1872 – 1913 ww.) axali drois gamoCenili qarTveli moazrovne iyo,
romelmac, miuxedavad xanmokle sicocxlisa, mdidari da mravalmxrivi memkvidreoba
dagvitova. mis sicocxleSive gamoica TxzulebaTa oTxi tomi da mis mierve momzade-
buli iyo V tomi.
gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos a. jorjaZis is Txzulebebi, romlebic qarTveli
xalxis warmoSobas, ganviTarebas da raobas exeba. misi Sromebidan cxadad mosCans,
rom is kargad da safuZvlianad icnobda qarTveli eris warmoSoba-ganviTarebis Zi-
riTad tendenciebs, rac mas saSualebas aZlevda angariSsawevi prognozebi gaekeTebi-
na Cveni qveynis momavalTan dakavSirebiT.
a. jorjaZis Semoqmedebis aranakleb mniSvnelovani mxarea publicisturi memkvid-
reoba, romelic exeba ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedebas, qarTveli inteligenciis istori-
as, filosofiisa da religiis mimarTebas da sxva. filosofiur SromebTan erTad a.
jorjaZis publicisturma memkvidreobam didi gavlena moaxdina XX saukunis dasawyi-
sis qarTuli kritikuli da sazogadoebrivi azris ganviTarebaze.
mixako wereTeli (1878 – 1965 ww.). gamoCenili qarTveli moazrovne, romelmac Tavi-
si cxovrebis ZiriTadi nawili sazRvargareT gaatara. igi mravalmxrivi moRvawe iyo
(astrologi, filosofosi, sociologi). m. wereTlis Sromebis umravlesoba sazRvar-
157
gareTaa gamocemuli. CvenSi mas gansakuTrebuli aRiareba moutana 1910 wels TbilisSi
gamocemulma gamokvlevam `eri da kacobrioba~.
`eri da kacobrioba~ umniSvnelovanesi sociologiuri gamokvlevaa, sadac mkvlevari
Tanmimdevrulad ixilavs sazogadoebis arss, kacobriobis cnebas, erisa da sazogadoe-
bis mimarTebas, xalxs, ersa da saxelmwifos. am naSromSi kritikuladaa ganxiluli im-
droindeli Teoriebi eris Sesaxeb.
gamokvlevis dasasruls m. wereTeli aanalizebs qarTveli eris cnebas, ganixilavs
mas istoriul ganviTarebaSi da dasasruls akeTebs daskvnas, romlis Tanaxmadac qar-
Tveli eri iyo, aris da iqneba rogorc `gansazRvruli, konkretuli socialuri orga-
nizmi, romelsac iseTive ufleba aqvs sicocxlisa, rogorc yvelas, didsa Tu pataras,
brwyinvalesa Tu daqveiTebulsa~.
XX saukunis qarTuli filosofia

XX saukunis qarTveli filosofosebis mecnierul kvlevas didi daRi daasva sab-

Wouri reJimis zewolam. amas isic daerTo, rom bevri maTgani bolSevikuri represie-
bis msxverpli gaxda. miuxedavad amisa, maT mainc SeZles sakuTari filosofiuri Se-
xedulebebis Camoyalibeba.
XX saukunis qarTuli filosofiis ganviTareba, ZiriTadad, dakavSirebulia Tbi-
lisis saxelmwifo universitetis gaxsnasTan (1918 w.), sadac male Camoyalibda `pet-
riwis saxelobis filosofiuri sazogadoeba~; amas mohyva Salva nucubiZis filoso-
fiuri seminarebi. yvelaferma ki ganapiroba qarTuli filosofiuri azrovnebis gan-
sakuTrebuli aRmavloba, rac upirvelesad dakavSirebulia Salva nucubiZis, dimitri
uznaZis, sergi danelias, mose gogiberiZis, kita megreliZis, konstantine kapanelis,
konstantine baqraZisa da savle wereTlis saxelebTan.
Salva nucubiZes (1888 – 1969 ww.) didi aRiareba moutana jer kidev 1913 wels ru-
sulad gamoqveynebulma gamokvlevam `bolcano da mecnierebis Teoria~. Tbilisis
universitetis gaxsnis Semdeg, S. nucubiZe, rogorc erT-erTi damaarsebeli universi-
tetisa, aqtiur filosofiur da sazogadoebriv moRvaweobas eweva. sul male Tbi-
lisSi qveyndeba misi sami Sroma: `filosofiis Sesavali~, `aleTologiis safuZvle-
bi~ da `logika~, romlebSic ZiriTadad gadmocemulia S. nucubiZis filosofiuri
msoflmxedvelobis ZiriTadi mimarTuleba. `aleTologiis safuZlebSi~ S. nucubiZem
SeimuSava sakuTari Teoria WeSmaritebis problemaze (aleTologia berZnulad niS-
navs moZRvrebas WeSmaritebaze). am Teoriis Camoyalibeba ganapiroba kantisa da kanti-
anuri filosofiis im gadauWrelma problemam, rasac transcendenturisa da imanen-
turis (Semecnebis obieqtisa da Semmecnebeli subieqtis) damokidebulebasTan iyo da-
kavSirebuli. am damokidebulebas `Catexili xidis~ problema ewodeba, romlis mixed-
viTac subieqti verasodes gava Tavisi imanenturi SesaZleblobidan da ver daadgens
transcendenturis Sesaxeb WeSmaritebas.
S. nucubiZis Teoriis mixedviT, arsebobs `WeSmariteba TavisTavad~, romelic pi-
robaa `WeSmaritebisa CvenTvis~, xolo meores mxriv, CvenTvis WeSmariteba TviT aris
piroba `WeSmaritebisa TavisTavad~. amiT Semecnebis obieqti da Semmecnebeli subieqti
erTimeores emTxveva da Catexili xidis problema ixsneba. filosofiaSi yovelTvis
arsebobs sadao problemebi, romelzec erTiani azris miReba SeuZlebelia. swored
aseT sakiTxs ganekuTvneba WeSmaritebis problema filosofiaSi, romelzec Tavisi
gabeduli pozicia Camoayaliba im dros sruliad axalgazrda mecnierma Salva nucu-
biZem.
S. nucubiZe ramdenime wliT sazRvargareT miemgzavreba, sadac germanul enaze aq-
veynebs or umniSvnelovanes gamokvlevas: `WeSmariteba da Semecnebis struqtura~ (1926

158
w.) da `filosofia da sibrZne~ (1931 w.). am SromebSi didi interesiT Sexvdnen evrope-
li mecnierebi.
mniSvnelovania S. nucubiZis Rvawli xelovnebis Teoriis problemebis damuSaveba-
Si, romlebic gadmocemulia mis naSromSi – `xelovnebis Teoria, monisturi esTeti-
kis safuZvlebi~ (naw. I, Tb. 1920 w.). Tavisi Semoqmedebis meore periodi S. nucubiZem
mTlianad qarTuli kulturis problemebis kvleva-Ziebas miuZRvna. am periodSi wamo-
ayena man aRmosavluri renesansis Teoria, petre iberisa da fsevdodionise areopage-
lis identobis koncefcia da Camoayaliba qarTvelologiis axali dargi – qarTuli
filosofiis istoria.
gamoCenil qarTvel fsiqologs, ganwyobis Teoriis fuZemdebels – dimitri uzna-
Zes (1886 – 1950 ww.) didi wvlili miuZRvis qarTuli filosofiuri azris gaRrmaveba-
ganviTarebaSi. misi Sromebi – `vl. soloviovi – misi Semecnebis Teoria da metafizi-
ka~ (hale, 1909 w.), `ra aris Semecnebis Teoria?~, `omis filosofia~ da gansakuTrebiT
monografiuli gamokvleva – `anri bergsoni~ (Tb. 1920 w.) uaxlesi drois qarTuli
filosofiis umniSvnelovanesi SenaZenia. d. uznaZes ekuTvnis agreTve gamokvlevebi:
`n. baraTaSvilis liris motivebi`, `n. baraTaSvilis Semoqmedebis ganviTareba~, `gan-
dgomilobis problema i. WavWavaZis `gandegilSi~ da sxva. es naSromebi, faqtobrivad,
warmoadgenda qarTuli literaturuli memkvidreobis filosofiuri poziciidan gan-
xilvis erT-erT pirvel da warmatebul cdas.
Zalian didi roli iTamaSa dimitri uznaZis ganwyobis Teoriam Tanamedrove fi-
losofiis mniSvnelovani problemebis axsnis saqmeSi. cnobieri da aracnobieri fsi-
qikis kanonzomierebis kvlevis Sedegebi, romelic dimitri uznaZem zogadi da eqspe-
rimentuli fsiqologiis safuZvlebSi Camoayaliba, dasayrdens iZleva aixsnas mrava-
li filosofiuri problema, romelic dakavSirebulia, rogorc gnoseologiur, aseve
aqsiologiur sakiTxebTan. davasaxelebT ramdenime sakiTxs: ra obieqturi da subieq-
turi motivebi iwveven pirovnebis aqtivobas? ra aris am aqtivobis sazrisi, anu ra
aris adamianis sicocxlis azri da cxovrebis mizani? subieqtis aqtivobis procesSi
aracnobieri faqtoria gadamwyveti, Tu cnobieri faqtori? da sxva.
am problemis kvlevas didi yuradReba dauTmo aw gansvenebulma qarTvelma filo-
sofosma, profesorma apolon Seroziam, romelic mis ortomeulSi aisaxa. a. Serozi-
as iniciativiT da xelmZRvanelobiT TbilisSi Catarda saerTaSoriso samecniero
simpoziumi aracnobieri fsiqikis problemebze, sadac centraluri adgili daeTmo d.
uznaZis ganwyobis Teorias. simpoziumSi monawileobdnen msoflios gamoCenili fsi-
qologebi da filosofosebi. misi masalebi rusul, inglisur, germanul da frangul
enebze daibeWda oTx tomad (1978 w.).
d. uznaZis ganwyobis Teoria ufro Rrma filosofiur Seswavlas da gaazrebas saWi-
roebs.
sergi danelias (1887 – 1963 ww.) saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli filosofiis istoriis
mecnieruli kvlevis dawyeba saqarTveloSi. am mxriv sayuradReboa Sromebi: `antiku-
ri filosofia sokratemde~ (1925 w.), `qsenofone kolofonelis filosofia~ (1925 w.)
da `sokrates filosofia~ (1930 w.). safuZvlian Sromebs warmoadgenen misi gamokvle-
vebi atomistur filosofiaze, kantis cxovrebaze da moRvaweobaze. s. danelias ekuT-
vnis aristoteles `poetikis~ qarTuli Targmani da masze darTuli vrceli Sesavali
werili. manve qarTulad Targmna dekartis `metafizikuri ganazrebani~. calke aRniS-
vnis Rirsia misi `vaJa-fSavela da qarTveli eri~, `gamokvlevebi msoflio da rusuli
literaturis klasikaze~ da a. S.
sergi danelias filosofiuri naSromebi gamoirCeva Rrma analiziT da damajereb-
lobiT. am kuTxiT gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia misi `sokrates filosofia~. yvelasaT-
vis cnobilia, rom Tavad sokrates werilobiT araferi dautovebia. mis Sesaxeb fi-
159
losofosebi msjeloben misi mowafeebis qsenofantes, platonis da aristoteles
Txzulebebis mixedviT. swored maT SromebSia sokrates filosofiuri Sexedulebebi
Camoyalibebuli, magram maTi naazrevi zogierT sakiTxSi erTimeores ar emTxveva.
amis gamo, filosofiis istoriis mkvlevarni gansxvavebul Sexedulebebs gamoTqvamen
sokrates pirovnebaze da mis filosofiaze. sergi danelia Rrmad aanalizebs yvela
pozicias, iZleva maT Sefasebas da ayalibebs sakuTar azrs sokrates pirovnebaze da
mis filosofiur Sexedulebebze. Sefasebis kriteriumad mas sokrates cxovreba da
misi bedi miaCnia. aqedan gamomdinare mecnieri askvnis, Tu rogori unda yofiliyo
sokrate da rogori iyo is.
mose gogiberiZis (1897 – 1951 ww.) umniSvnelovanes filosofiur Sromebs warmoad-
genen `ainStainis relatiurobis Teoria da misi filosofiuri safuZvlebi~ (1924 w.),
`Semecnebis aqsiomaturi dasabami~ (1926 w.), `Semecnebis sagnis problema~ (1928 w.) da
sxva. aRniSnul SromebSi mose gogiberiZem SeimuSava sakuTari filosofiuri Sexedu-
leba usasrulo samyaros sasrulo logikuri meTodebiT Semecnebis Sesaxeb da mas
aqsiomaturi meTodi uwoda. aq mTavari yuradReba eTmoba cnobierebisagan damoukide-
beli yofierebis arsis struqturis gaazrebis da adamianis azrovnebis raobas, ri-
Tac man unda gamoxatos yofierebis usasruloba. amasTanave, m. gogiberiZe erT-erTi
pirvelTagania, vinc qarTuli kulturis nimuSebis (`vefxistyaosani~, nikoloz bara-
TaSvilis `merani~, zaqaria faliaSvilis musikis da sxva) filosofiuri analizi
mogvca.
qarTuli filosofiuri da sociologiuri azris ganviTarebaSi didi damsaxureba
miuZRvis kita megreliZes (1900 – 1944 ww.). man, sruliad axalgazrdam, moamzada sa-
fuZvliani gamokvleva – `azrovnebis sociologiis ZiriTadi problemebi~, romlis
gamocemac Tavis droze SeCerebul iqna da dRis sinaTle TiTqmis 30 wlis Semdeg
ixila.
adamianis azrovnebis specifikis gasagebad man airCia socialuri garemos yovel-
mxrivi gaazreba. k. megreliZe ikvlevs ara mxolod qarTuli azrovnebis socialur
problemebs, aramed is swavlobs azrovnebis socialur bunebas farTo mniSvnelobiT.
mas miaCnia, rom azrovnebis Seswavla unda moxdes kompleqsurad. am mizniT, is emya-
reba enaTmecnierebis, anTropologiis, fsiqologiis, logikis, eTnologiis da sxva
mecnierebaTa gamokvlevebs. misTvis kritikis obieqtia iseTi calmxrivi filosofiu-
ri sistemebi, rogoricaa naturalizmi, empirizmi, racionalizmi, romlebic azrovne-
bas Seiswavlian romelime kuTxiT da iviwyeben mis mTlianobiT bunebas. megreliZis
kvlevis ZiriTadi meTodia istorizmi, romliTac is adgens azrovnebis uwyvetobis
kavSirs materialur da sulier kulturasTan mimarTebaSi.
konstantine kapanelis (1989 – 1952 ww.) naSromSi `tanjvis idea da zekacis poezia
qarTul literaturaSi~ ganxilulia nikoloz baraTaSvilisa da vaJa-fSavelas poe-
zia. wignSi `qarTuli kulturis genezisi~ kapanelma scada qarTuli kulturis gaaz-
reba sociologiis principebis gamoyenebiT.
k. kapanelma SeimuSava organotropizmis Teoria, romelzec didi gavlena iqonia
nicSes moZRvrebam da biologisturma sociologiam. misi msoflmxedveloba sicocx-
lis filosofiis iracionalistur principebzea damyarebuli, romelic uaryofs is-
toriis sazriss. Kk. kapanelis azriT, istorias sazrisi ar aqvs imis gamo, rom mas
ara aqvs gonieri miznisaken mimarTuleba, ara aqvs kanonzomiereba da amdenad is
progresulic ver iqneba, rasac racionalizmi progress uwodebs, is k. kapanels reg-
resad miaCnia. misi azriT, sazogadoebrivi cxovreba, misi socialuri da moraluri
wesebi da kanonebi zRudaven adamianis sasicocxlo impulsebis gamovlenas da Tavi-
suflebas arTmeven individis Semoqmedebas. individis da pirovnebis Tavisufleba ki
mdgomareobs misi biologiuri impulsebis (biologiuri siamovnebis) SeuzRudvel
160
ganxorcielebaSi. amitom ideebi adamianisaTvis sxva araferia, Tu ara biologiuri
instinqtebis gagrZeleba arsebobisaTvis brZolaSi. organotropizmis dedaarsi swo-
red imaSia, rom uCvenos kulturisa da civilizaciis uaryofiTi gavlena adamianis
Tavisuflebaze. sicocxlis filosofiis es saWirboroto sakiTxi warmoadgens Tana-
medrove eqsistencializmis centralur problemas.
kote baqraZem (1900 – 1970 ww.) – filosofiuri ganaTleba germaniaSi miiRo. is
leqciebs ismenda, mogvianebiT ki muSaobda gamoCenil filosofosebTan: huserlTan,
rikertTan, haidegerTan. misi kvlevis ZiriTadi sfero iyo filosofiis istoria, lo-
gika, Semecnebis Teoria. Kk. baqraZes didi wvlili miuZRvis germanuli klasikuri fi-
losofiis istoriis, dialeqtikis Teoriisa da masTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis da-
muSavebaSi. misi Sromebi – `dialeqtikis problema germanul idealizmSi~ (1920 w.) da
`sistema da meTodi hegelis filosofiaSi~ (1936 w.) imTaviTve cxare kamaTis sagani
gaxda, Semdgom ki klasikur gamokvlevebad iqna miCneuli.
Tavis fundamentur gamokvlevebSi kote baqraZem safuZvlianad daamuSava germanu-
li klasikuri filosofiis korifeebis kantis, fixtes, Selingis da hegelis filo-
sofia da sakuTari koncefcia Seqmna. kerZod, man Camoayaliba dialeqtikuri meTodis
memkvidreobiTi ganviTarebis idea, romelic kantidan iwyeba da hegelis dialeqtikiT
mTavrdeba. k. baqraZem gaakritika is moazrovneebi, romlebic ver xedavdnen igiveobas
germanuli klasikuri filosofiis warmomadgenlebSi da izolirebul sistemebad ga-
nixilavdnen maT.
kote baqraZe iyo Tanamedrove filosofiis ZiriTadi mimdinareobebis – neokantia-
nelobis, fenomenologiis, pragmatizmis, eqsistencializmis safuZvliani mkvlevari.
amasTan erTad, is iyo logikis saxelmZRvanelos avtori. moRvaweobis bolo wlebSi
k. baqraZem gamoaqveyna: `axali filosofiis istoria~(1969 w.), romelSic araerTi sa-
kiTxi metad sainteresod gaiazra.
dialeqtikis Teoriis problemebis kvlevas didi Rvawli dasdo savle wereTelma
(1907 – 1966 ww.). misi mravalwliani Ziebis Sedegs warmoadgens fundamenturi gamok-
vleva – `dileqtikuri logika~ (1970 w.). manamde man gamoaqveyna dialeqtikis Teoriis
problemebisadmi miZRvnili araerTi naSromi, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia: `dasabuTebis
sawyisi~ (1963 w.) da `logikuri kavSiris dialeqtikuri bunebis Sesaxeb~ (1965 w.). s.
wereTelma ganaviTara originaluri Teoria usasrulo daskvnis Sesaxeb. am Teoriis
ZiriTadi arsi Semdegia: usasrulo daskvna azris umaRlesi formaa, is sapirispiro
azrebis erTianobaa anu TviTdadgenaa Sinagani uaryofis gziT. es dialeqtikuri me-
Todi winaaRmdegobis urTierTobis meTodia, romelze umaRlesic SeuZlebelia. aseve
SeuZlebelia winaaRmdegobis erTianobis uaryofa. aseTi ram formalur logikaSi ga-
moricxulia, radgan misi ZiriTadi kanonia winaaRmdegobis SeuZlebloba. aq ar SeiZ-
leba erTsa da imave dros saganze vamtkicoT ori sapirispiro gamomricxavi azri.
paralelurad s. wereTeli intensiurad muSaobda antikuri filosofiis proble-
mebze, rac Sejamda mis naSromSi `antikuri filosofiis istoria~ (1968 w.).
XX-is 60-iani wlebidan saqarTveloSi intensiuri Seswavlis sagani xdeba adamia-
nis filosofiuri problemebi. am saqmeSi didi wvlili Seitana angia boWoriSvil-
ma (1902 – 1982 ww.). misi uSualo iniciativiT filosofiis institutSi Camoyalibda
filosofiuri anTropologiis ganyofileba.
a. boWoriSvili avtoria `fsiqologiis principuli safuZvlebis~ samtomeulisa, sa-
dac fsiqologiis filosofiuri problemebia ganxiluli. manve araerTi mniSvnelo-
vani gamokvleva miuZRvna kantis esTetikas, huserlis fenomenologias da dasavle-
Tis sxva gamoCenili moazrovneTa Semoqmedebas.
qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis SeswavlaSi S. nucebiZis tradiciebi gaag-
rZela Salva xidaSelma (1910 – 1994 ww.). gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania misi wvlili
161
adreuli periodis (Zveli droidan rusTavelis epoqis CaTvliT) qarTuli filosofi-
is sakvanZo sakiTxebis damuSavebaSi, rac Tavmoyrilia mis fundamentur naSromSi –
`qarTuli filosofiis istoria~ (1988 w.). S. xidaSelis Sromebi yuradRebas imsaxu-
rebs imiTac, rom maTSi adreuli periodis qarTuli filosofia ganxiluli da Sefa-
sebulia aqsiologiis poziciidan.
S. xidaSelma gaaRrmava da ganaviTara S. nucubiZis qarTuli renesansis koncefci-
a, safuZvlianad gamoikvlia renesansis filosofiuri safuZvlis sakiTxi, romelsac
miuZRvna specialuri Sromebi (`rusTavelis msoflmxedvelobis sakiTxebi~, `neopla-
tonizmis Teoria rusTvelologiaSi~).
calke aRniSvnis Rirsia qarTvel filosofosTa miRwevebi logikis mecnierebis
problemebis damuSavebaSi, rasac saqarTveloSi didi xnis tradicia aqvs. aRsaniSnavia
is faqti, rom 50-iani wlebis sabWoTa kavSirSi swored qarTvelma logikosebma wamo-
iwyes diskusia logikis aqtualur sakiTxebze, romlebsac saerTaSoriso rezonansi
mohyva. kote baqraZesa da savle wereTelTan erTad formaluri, dialeqtikuri da ma-
Tematikuri logikis problemebis damuSavebaSi mniSvelovani wvlili Seitanes grigol
kalandariSvilma (1906 – 1965 ww.), levan gokielma (1901 – 1975 ww.) da zurab miqelaZem
(1916 – 1993 ww.).
Tamaz buaCiZe (1930 – 2001 ww.) – filosofiur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori,
filosofiis institutis direqtori; saqarTvelos filosofiuri sazogadoebis Tav-
mjdomare; Jurnal `macnes~ filosofiis seriis mTavari redaqtori;
T. buaCiZe SesaniSnavi pedagogi da moazrovne iyo. Mmisi auditoria, rogorc wesi, ver
itevda leqciebze daswrebis msurvelebs.
T. buaCiZis samecniero interesebis centrSi filosofiuri anTropologiis sakiTxe-
bi idga, rasac araerTi monografia miuZRvna (`Tanamedrove burJuaziuli filosofiis
saTaveebTan~; `sicocxlis filosofia~). urTulesi filosofiuri problemebis Rrma da
naTeli xedvisa da damajerebeli gadawyvetis SesaniSnavma unarma T. buaCiZe didi xnis
win aqcia Cveni qveynis erT-erT wamyvan da sayovelTaod aRiarebul mecnierad.
vaxtang erqomaiSvili (1932 – 2001 ww.) – filosofiur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profeso-
ri, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis Teoriuli filosofiis ka-
Tedris gamge, filosofiis istoriisa da filosofiis Tanamedrove problemebis mkvleva-
ri, filosofosTa da sociologTa araerTi Taobis aRmzrdeli. Mmisi ZiriTadi Sromebi-
a: `WeSmaritebis Sesaxeb neopozitivistur SexedulebaTa kritika~, `jon smitis Teoria
mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb~, `empirizmi da abstraqciis problema~, `ena da metyveleba~, `adami-
anis Tavisuflebisa da pasuxismgeblobis problema~, `filosofiis tragedia~, `bediswe-
ris Teoria da misi uaryofiTi Sedegebi~, `adamiani mecnierul–teqnikuri revoluciis
epoqaSi~, `samoqalaqo sazogadoeba~, `kote baqraZis filosofiuri Sexedulebani~, `eri
da ideologia~ da sxva.
aRniSnuli gamokvlevebi dawerilia SesaniSnavi qarTuliT. gamoirCeva sisadaviT,
problemis arsisa da misi istoriis axleburi, siRrmiseuli gaazrebiT.
aRsaniSnavia v. erqomaiSvilis pedagogiuri moRvaweoba. misi leqciebi xasiaTdeboda
problemis srulyofili garCeviT da analizis sicxadiT. Mman araerTi pirovneba azia-
ra filosofiur mecnierebas da daexmara mas cxovrebis gzis arCevaSi.
merab mamardaSvili (1930 – 1991 ww.) – filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profeso-
ri. garkveuli periodi muSaobda Jurnal `voprosi filosofiis~ (moskovi), Jurnal
`problemi mira i socializmas~ (praRa) redaqciebSi, agreTve moskovis samecniero –
kvleviT institutSi.
1980 wels merab mamardaSvili gadmodis TbilisSi, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa aka-
demiis filosofiis institutSi. oficialuri xelisuflebis mier devnili, Seviwroe-

162
buli moazrovne, romlis wignebs ar beWdavdnen da leqciebis wakiTxvis nebas ar aZ-
levdnen, ver aiZules wasuliyo sazRvargareT emigraciaSi.
sakvanZo problema, romelic aerTianebs m. mamardaSvilis sakmaod mravalmxriv fi-
losofiur moRvaweobas, cnobierebis, azrovnebis filosofiuri problemaa. am prob-
lemis originaluri xedvis wyalobiT m. mamardaSvilma Tavisi wvlili Seitana sazo-
gadod Teoriuli filosofiis, mecnierebis meTodologiis, istoriisa da socialuri
folosofiis, kulturisa da adamianis filosofiis, esTetikis, filosofiis istori-
is sakiTxTa kvlevaSi.
Mmerab mamardaSvilis ZiriTad naSromTa nusxa aseTia: `simbolo da kultura (me-
tafizikuri msjeloba cnobierebaze, simbolikasa da enaze)~ (ierusalimi, 1982); `raci-
onalobis klasikuri da araklasikuri idealebi~ (Tbilisi, 1984); `azrovnebis forme-
bi da Sinaarsi (Semecnebis formaTa hegeliseuli moZRvrebis kritika)~ (moskovi, 1968).
m. mamardaSvili Tavis kvlevaSi ZiriTadad eyrdnoba klasikur tradicias – gansa-
kuTrebiT platonis, dekartis, kantis naazrevs. Aam sami filosofosis koncefciaTa
ganxilvas man miuZRvna fundamenturi naSromebi `antikuri filosofia~, `kartezianu-
li ganazrebani~ da `kantianuri variaciebi~.
m. mamardaSvili filosofiis urTules sakiTxebze fiqrobda, magram misTvis fi-
losofia cxovrebisagan gaqcevis saSualeba ki ar iyo, aramed cxovrebis orientire-
bis Zieba. amitomac TvalsaCino mkvlevari sanimuSo moqalaqec brZandeboda. misma
mecnierulma moRvaweobam farTo saerTaSoriso aRiareba hpova.
niko WavWavaZe (1923 – 1997 ww.) – filosofosi, politikosi da sazogado moRvawe,
filosofiur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis
wevr-korespondenti. 30 wlis manZilze xelmZRvanelobda saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa
akademiis s. wereTlis sax. filosofiis instituts saqarTveloSi. misi xelSewyobiTa
da TaosnobiT ganviTarda filosofiuri anTropologia, kulturis filosofia, aqsi-
ologia. n. WavWavaZis garSemo gaerTianda axalgazrda, progresulad moazrovne fi-
losofosTa Taoba, romelsac Semdgom `axali filosofiuri talRis~ saxeliT moix-
seniebdnen ara mxolod imdroindel sabWoTa samecniero wreebSi, aramed ucxoeTSic.
es iyo mTeli epoqa, romelmac datova `kvali naTeli~.
misi ZiriTadi Sromebia: `esTetikis sakiTxebi~, `esTetikuri sagnis bunebisaTvis~,
`kultura da Rirebulebebi~.
klasikuri Tanamedrove filosofiis, logikis, eTikisa da esTetikis, filosofiu-
ri anTropologiisa da kulturis filosofiis problemebis damuSavebaSi TvalsaCi-
no miRwevebi hqondaT bolo xanebSi gardacvlil qarTvel filosofosebs: apolon
Serozias, zurab kakabaZes, aleqsandre frangiSvils, vaJa gogoberiSvils, daviT gege-
SiZes, arCil begiaSvils, avTandil popiaSvils, eduard koduas da sxvebs. maTi Se-
moqmedebis Seswavla da qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriaSi maTi adgilis dad-
gena, momavlis saqmea. filosofiis sxvadasxva problemebs swavloben da dResac na-
yofierad iRwvian Rvawlmosili mecnierebi: guram TevzaZe, sergi avaliani, meri Weli-
Ze, napo kvaracxelia da sxva.

163
 danarTi
(sakiTxavi masala)

`mokvdi, raTa ar scodo~!

netari avgustine

kacobriobis sulier – goniTi gamocdileba gvidasturebs, rom sicocxlis cneba

sxvadasxvanairad esmodaT. pirveli berZeni filosofosebi bunebas, mTel plastikur
kosmoss gacocxlebulad warmoidgendnen. maT swored sicocxle miaCndaT samyaros
Sinagani aqtivobisa da TviTmoqmedebis principad. bunebis aRmniSvneli sityva `fiu-
sis~ xom imas niSnavs, rac garedan Carevis gareSe, sakuTari Tavidan aRmocendeba da
amoizrdeba. mogvianebiT sicocxlis aseT kosmiur-universalur gagebas `hiloZoizmi~
ewoda.
sxvagvarad esmis sicocxle Tanamedrove biologiis mecnierebas. sicocxle aq ara-
cocxal samyarosTan dapirispirebaSi moiazreba. yvelaze zogadi gansazRvrebiT, si-
cocxle aris individis Sinagani TviTaqtivoba arsebobisa da TviTgadarCenisaTvis,
rac, upirveles yovlisa, garemosTan nivTierebaTa cvlisa da gamravlebis procesSi
gamoixateba. maSin, rodesac aracocxali samyaro inertulia (es ZiriTadi principi
Tavis droze niutonma Camoayaliba), sicocxle Tavisi bunebiT antiinertulia.
aracocxal bunebas, fizikur sxeulTa samyaros, garegani inerciis principi gana-
gebs, xolo sicocxles Sinagani TviTaqtivobis principi marTavs da gansazRvravs.
sicocxlis aseTi gansazRvra sikvdilis Sesatyvis gagebas gulisxmobs. ra aris
sikvdili? igi aris sicocxlis Sewyveta. yoveli individis arseboba gaCenasa da mos-
pobas, dabadebasa da gardacvalebas Soris aris moqceuli. sikvdili ar aris raRac
damoukidebeli, TviTmyofadi arsi, rogorc amas folkloruli cnobiereba warmoid-
gens. igi sicocxlis ganuyofeli nawilia, Tanac yvelaze mniSvnelovani da damagvir-
gvinebeli nawili. amaod imSvideben Tavs epikurelebi, sikvdili da sicocxle aras-
dros Sexvdebian erTmaneTso. aba, rogor Sexvdebian isini erTmaneTs, roca mudam er-
Tad arian.
sul sxvanairad ganicdeba sikvdili adamianuri cnobierebis doneze. saSinelebaa
ara TviTon sikvdili, rogorc sicocxlis Sewyvetis biologiuri faqti, aramed mas-
ze dafiqreba da misi eqsistencialuri gancda. adamianebi eridebian sikvdilze sau-
bars. isini cxovrebis yoveldRiur fusfusSi CarTulni, saguldagulod iviwyeben da
Cqmalaven mas.
erTi mxriv, samyaros arsze dafiqreba Cvens gaognebasa da gakvirvebas iwvevs, rac
platonsa da aristoteles filosofosobis dasabamad miaCndaT, meore mxriv, samya-
roSi adamianis bedze, mis metafizikur mdgomareobaze fiqri sasowarkveTasa da imed-
gacruebaSi gvagdebs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom religiur-filosofiuri azrovneba sakuT-
riv am gakvirveba-sasowarkveTam warmoSva. kantsac xom es ori ram ancvifrebda: `var-
skvlaviebiT moWedili ca Cvens zeviT da moraluri kanoni CvenSi~.
filosofiis TvalTaxedvaSi adamianis sicocxle didad samwuxaro da tragikul
gaugebrobad gamoiyureba. SemaZrwunebelia da Tavzardamcemi imaze dafiqreba, rom
adamianuri individebi sikvdilisaTvis ibadebian. adamiani sikvdilze mimarTuli yof-
naa (haidegeri). sicocxle imTaviTve sasikvdilo seniTaa daavadebuli (kirkegori).
yvelaze saSineli is aris, rom am uazrobasa da absurds, hegelis sityvebiT, cud
usasrulobas, bolo ar uCans. marTlac, sikvdili adamianis cxovrebis yvelaze mniS-
vnelovani xdomilebaa, romlis gareSe es cxovreba ar CaiTvleba dasrulebulad.
amitomac iTqmis: adamiani aResrulao.

164
 magram es sikvdilis mxolod erTi aspeqtia. mas SeiZleba sxva mxridanac Sevxe-
doT, romelsac misi pozitiuri mxare SeiZleba vuwodoT. sikvdilis fenomenis am-
gvar ganxilvas platonma Cauyara safuZveli, roca filosofia sikvdilisaTvis mza-
debad gamoacxada da amiT mis did SemecnebiT da moralur daniSnulebaze miuTiTa.
sakuTar ideaTa Teoriasa da agreTve piTagorelTa moZRvrebaze dayrdnobiT, plato-
ni qmnis grandiozul miTs sulis ukvdavebisa da maradiulobis Sesaxeb.
platons sikvdili esmis rogorc sulis gayra sxeulisagan da amiT mis unikalur,
SemecnebiT Rirebulebaze miuTiTebs. `fedonSi~ igi wers: `Znelad saval biliks mi-
vuyvebiT Cven Ziebisas da vidre sxeulisgan ar ganvZarculvarT, vidre suli ar gah-
yria am borotebas, mTeli sisruliT verasodes mivwvdebiT mas, rasac veswrafviT, ve-
rasodes mivwvdebiT WeSmaritebas, vinaidan suli yvelaze kargad azrovnebs maSin,
roca araferi amRvrevs mas, arc smena, arc mzera, arc tkivili, arc sixaruli, roca
iZarcvis da, SeZlebisamebr, Tavisufldeba sxeulisagan da Tavis TavSi oden STeni-
li miiqceva arsebulis Wvretad~. platoni sxeuls sulis sapyrobiles uwodebs da
ra unda iyos sikvdilze ufro didi sikeTe, romelic am sapyrobilisagan gvaTavi-
suflebs, ideaTa WeSmarit samyaros Wvretad migvaqcevs da amiT umaRles sibrZnesa
da sikeTes gvaziarebs.
sikvdilis moraluri Rirebuleba da funqcia, upirveles yovlisa, imaSi gamoixa-
teba, rom is sicocxlis SezRudvas, sasicocxlo instinqtebis alagmvas da maSasada-
me, garkveuli azriT, mis uaryofa-gadalaxvas gulisxmobs. budas moZRvrebidan gamom-
dinare, Sopenhaueri mas sicocxlis nebis uaryofas uwodebs. swored aq SeiZleba da-
vinaxoT moralis Sinagani kavSiri sikvdilis fenomenTan. moraluri SezRudvis gare-
Se sicocxle autaneli gaxdeboda da TviTdinebaze miSvebuli, igi Tavis Tavs mos-
pobda. sicocxle adamianur doneze imiT gansxvavdeba yvela sxva danarCenisagan, rom
mas sulierebis Saravandedi adgas, sulierebisa, romlis birTvs zneoba Seadgens.
yvela eTikur-religiuri moZRvreba amitomac Seicavs askezas garkveul elements.
Cveulebriv adamianebi ver xedaven Sinagan kavSirs sikvdilsa da zneobas Soris.
isini, aTasgvari sacduriT moxiblulni da mojadoebulni, saguldagulod cdilo-
ben zneobis xmis CaxSobas da sikvdilis daviwyebas. samwuxarod, sikvdilis cnobiere-
bam amitomac ver moaxdina jerovani zegavlena adamianis zneobriv srulyofaze. man
elementaruli samarTlianobac ki ver daamyara adamianTa socialuri Tanacxovrebis
sferoSi. samarTlianoba xom sazogadoebis Semadgenel individTa garkveul wonaswo-
robasa da Tanasworobas gulisxmobs. man junglis kanonebi socialur sferoze gad-
moitana da mas sabazro ekonimikasa da Tavisufal konkurencias uwodebs.
filosofiis erT-erTi daniSnuleba isic aris, rom saqmeSi CaZirul da cxovrebis
mowyobiT garTul adamianebs romis erT-erTi imperatoriviT xSirad Seaxsenos sik-
vdili: `momento mori~.
sakacobrio kulturis mTeli gamocdileba imas gvkarnaxobs, rom kacTa modgmis
yvelaze didi qmnileba zneobrivad srulyofili adamiania. civilizacias mxolod im-
denad aqvs Rirebuleba, ramdenadac igi adamianis zneobrivi srulqmnis am did mizans
emsaxureba. adamiani zneobrivi arsebaao, amboben, magram ufro swori iqneboda gveT-
qva: adamiani zneobriv arsebad yofnis mxolod SesaZleblobaa. mas jer kidev sinam-
dviled ar uqcevia es SesaZlebloba. adamianma mTeli Tavisi arsebobiTa da zneobri-
vi cxovrebis wesiT unda daadasturos am SesaZleblobis namdviloba, rac amasTanave
sikvdil-sicocxlis miRma gasvlasa da sulier-goniT samyaroSi damkvidrebis winapi-
roba iqneba.
napo kvaracxelia

165
 `filosofosoba sasikvdilod
mzadebas niSnavs~
ciceroni

mTeli amqveyniuri sibrZnis, mTeli Cveni bWobisa da msjelobis saboloo daniSnu-

leba is gaxlavT, rom viswavloT, rogor davaRwioT Tavi sikvdilis SiSs. marTlac,
yvela erTxmad aRiarebs im azrs, rom Cveni saboloo mizani am SiSis daTrgunva da
bednierebaa. Cveni cxovrebis gzis saboloo wertili, ukiduresi zRvari aris sikvdi-
li. Tuki is Tavzars gvcems, rogorRa SevZlebT imas, rom yovel fexis nabijze cieb
– cxelebianiviT ar vcaxcaxebdeT? ubiri kaci gamosavals imaSi eZebs, rom cdilobs
saerTod ar ifiqros sikvdilze, magram, sisulelea, ase daivso Tvali.
gasakviri araa, rom amisTana adamiani xSirad ebmeba maxeSi. Wiris dResaviT uf-
rTxis imas, rom Tavis saxelTan ar gaaigivos sikvdili. bevri maTgani am sityvis ga-
gonebaze iseve isaxavs pirjvars, TiTqos eSmakis saxelisaTvis moekras yuri, da raki
anderZSi aucilebelia sikvdilis xseneba, nu moeliT, rom vinmes azrad mouva misi
Sedgena, sanam eqimi saboloo ganaCens ar gamoutans.
raki es sityva yurs sWrida romaelebs da misi warmoTqmisas raRac avismomaswave-
beli elandebodaT, isini yovelnairad cdilobdnen an SeerbilebinaT, an SeecvalaT
igi: nacvlad imisa, rom eTqvaT `mokvdao~, ambobdnen – `sicocxle daasrulao~ an
`sicocxles gamoesalmao~. raki aq ismoda `sicocxle~, Tundac dasrulebuli da
gardasuli, isini cotaTi mainc inugeSebdnen Tavs. aqedanve warmosdgeboda Cveneburi
gamoTqma `werili waiRo~.
sikvdili erTmaneTisagan ar asxvavebs jeelsa da bebers. yvela ise emSvidobeba
sicocxles, TiTqos es-esaa Semoedgas fexi amqveynad. amas isic unda davsZinoT, rom
SeuZlebelia TviT yvelaze mixrwnil berikacsac ki, ar mieces imedi, erT oc weli-
wads kidev vicocxlebo.
gijobT kargad daukvirdeT yvelafers, rac gars gartyia da daekiTxo Sensave ga-
mocdilebas: Sen ufro didxans cocxlob, vidre saerTod cocxloben kacni. daukvir-
di Sens nacnobebs da dainaxav, rom maT Soris SedarebiT cotam miaRwia Sens asaks.
Camowere imaTi sia, vinc SesZlo saxeli moexveWa amqveynad da darwmundebi, rom um-
ravlesoba ocdaTxuTmet welsac ki ver ewia. goneba da RvTismosaoba gviwesebs, rom
adamianuri cxovrebis nimuSad ieso qristes cxovrebas vTvlideT, magram man ocdaca-
meti wlisam daasrula sicocxle. yvelaze didi adamiani – amjerad igulisxmeba mxo-
lod da mxolod adamiani, aleqsandre makedoneli, imave xnisa gardaicvala. mereda
ra veragia sikvdili, alaliviT rom Camogiqrolebs, RmerTma icis saidan da romeli
mxridan. ra sazarelia es sikvdili, es Secxadeba, mrisxaneba Tu sasowarkveTa – ra
Tavzardamcemia es Tavsdatexili ubedureba. arada saWiro iyo adreve efiqraT amaze,
radganac yvelaze mZime kaeSanic ki ver gvifaravs misgan. bolos da bolos viswav-
loT, rogor SevegeboT mas warbSeuxrelad.
CamovaSoroT mas idumalebis saburveli, davukvirdeT da TandaTan gavuSinaurdeT
mas. dResaswaulze, gancxromaSi, qorwilSi, lxinSi, yovelTvis Cagvesmodes xma, Cvens
mware xvedrs rom mogvagonebs. mTelis arsebiT nurasodes mivecemiT Svebas da lxe-
nas da dro da dro mainc gagvaxsendes, rom xanmoklea Cveni sixaruli da ramdeni
moulodneli ubedureba emuqreba Cvens arsebobas. ase iqceodnen egviptelebi, rom-
lebsac dResaswaulis dros, saucxoo saWmel-sasmelTan erTad, darbazSi Semohqon-
daT mumia, raTa sikvdili SeexsenebinaT stumrebisaTvis. `warmoidgine, rom ukanaskne-

166
lad ginaTebs yoveli dRe da netarebad miiTvli TiToeul wams, romelsac ukve aRar
elodi~ – horaciusi.
ar viciT, sad gvisafrdeba sikvdili. maS, modiT, yvelgan velodoT mas. sikvdilze
fiqri Tavisuflebaze fiqrs niSnavs; vinc mieCvia sikvdils, monobas gadaeCvia. si-
cocxleSi araviTari boroteba aRar arsebobs misTvis, vinc Seicno, rom sicocxles-
Tan gamoTxoveba sulac ar aris boroteba. rakin sikvdili gardauvalia, gana sul
erTi ar aris, rodis movkvdebiT? xom sibriyvea tanjva-wameba im qveynad gadasvlis
gamo, sadac aRar arsebobs araviTari tanjva-wameba?
Cvens dabadebasTan erTad daibada CvenTvis mTeli samyaro da zustad aseve, mTe-
li samyaro Cvens sikvdilTan erTad mokvdeba CvenTvis. amitomac tirili imis gamo,
rom asi wlis Semdeg aRar viqnebiT, sibriyvea. sikvdili axali sicocxlis dasabamia,
aseve vtirodiT, aseve vitanjebodiT da aseve viZarcvavdiT Cvens Zvel garss Tu samo-
sels am qveynad mosvlisas. aryofnisaTvis aRarc xangrZlivoba arsebobs da aRarc
xanmokleoba. aristotele gadmogvcems, rom mdinare hipanisis piras binadroben pa-
wawkintela cxovelebi, romlebic mxolod erT dRes cocxloben. zogi dilis 8 sa-
aTze kvdeba da isini jer kidev axalgazrdebi arian, xolo saRamos 5 saaTamde Tu
miatans, ukve mixrwnilebi ixocebian. mereda vis ar mohgvrida damcinav Rimils imis
mtkiceba, TiTqos zogierTi am cxovelTagani bednieri iyos, zogi ki ubeduri maTi
sicocxlis xangrZlivobis Sesabamisad?
Tqveni sikvdili samyaroseuli wesrigis erTi nawilia, es aris samyaros sicocx-
lis nawili. gaCenis dRidanve Tqven iseve iwyebT sikvdils, rogorc sicocxles. da
Tu Tqven ixileT mxolod erTi dRe, ukve ixileT yvelaferi. erTi dRe yvela sxva
dRis sworia. sicocxlis xangrZlivoba dRegrZelobiT ki ar izomeba, aramed imiT,
Tu rogor moixmareT igi. zogma didxans icocxla, magram cota icxovra. sicocxlis
xangrZlivoba Tqveni xandazmulobiT ki ar ganisazRvreba, aramed Tqvenive nebiT. gana
yvelaferi ar barbacebs Tqvens irgvliv, rodesac wabarbacdebiT? gana yvelaferi
TqvenTan erTad ar berdeba? aTasi kaci, aTasi sxva arseba kvdeba imave wams, roca
Tqven kvdebiT. ra azri aqvs ukan daxevas imis winaSe, rasac versad wauxval, versa-
dad gaeqcevi!
Tqven iciT, rom mravalma kacma sikvdilis wyalobiT did ubedurebas daaRwia Ta-
vi, magram Tu gsmeniaT, rom sikvdilis Semdeg ubeduri yofiliyos kaci? didi miami-
tobaa imis gmoba, rac piradad ar gangicdiaT da arc sxvisi gamocdilebiT iciT.
maS, ratomRa vgmobT an me da an Sen bedisweras?
yvela dRe sikvdilisaken migviZRvis da mxolod ukanasknels mivyavarT masTan.
miSel monteni `cdebi~

167
 igavni solomonisa
(fragmentebi)

 igavebi solomonisa, daviTis Zisa, ierusalimis mefisa.

 sibrZnisa da Segonebis gasagebad, gonieri naTqvamebis Sesagnebad.
 Wkuis, simarTlis, samarTlis da siwrfelis Segonebis
misaRebad.
 briyvTaTvis gamWriaxobis, yrmisaTvis codnisa da gonierebis misaniWeblad.
 gaigonos brZenma da sibrZne Seematos, mcodnem SeiZinos
Tavgzianoba.
 rom mixvdes igavs da andazas, brZenTa naTqvamebs da maT arakebs.
 uflis SiSi codnis saTavea. sibrZne da Segoneba briyvebs
ar uyvarT.
 Tu sibrZne Sevida Sens gulSi da codna etkbo Sens suls,
goniereba dagifaravs da Segneba dagicavs,
rom gixsnas borotebis gzidan, Tvalmaqci kacisagan,
swori gzis damtovebelTagan, bneli gziT moarulTagan.
 bednieria is kaci, vinc hpova sibrZne da vinc goniereba SeiZina!
 radgan misi SeZena sjobs vercxlis SeZenas da misi mosavali – xalas oqros.
 margalitze ufro Zvirfasia da Sengan sanatreli araferi
Seedreba mas.
 misi gzebi netarebis gzebia da yoveli misi biliki simrTelea.
 igi ukvdavebis xea maTTvis, vinc mas moeWideba. netarni arian misi mflobelni.
 ufalma sibrZniT daafuZna qveyana, gonierebiT gaamtkica camyari.
 nu daukaveb, vinc Rirsia, keTil saqmes, Tuki SegiZlia amis gakeTeba.
 nu etyvi Sens axlobels: wadi, xval modi da mogcemo, Tu misacemeli Tana gaqvs.
 avs nu daupireb Sens axlobels, roca is imedianad cxovrobs SenTan.
 nuravis gaumarTav davas umizezod, Tu avi ar gaukeTebia SenTvis.
 nu gSurs moZaladisa, nu airCev mis gzas.
 radgan sibilwea uflisaTvis mzakvroba da alalmarTlebiskenaa misi saidumlo TaT-
biri.
 aha, eqvsi ram uflis saZulveli, da aha, Svidi sibilwe mis TvalSi:
 ampartavani Tvalebi, cru ena, ubralo sisxlis mRvreli xelebi,
avismzraxveli guli, saborotod mardi fexebi,
tyuilebis aRmomsunTqveli, cru mowme da ZmaTa Soris SuRlis mTesveli.
 netaria kaci, me rom mismens, Cems karebTan fxizlobs dReniadag da Cemi karis wyrTi-
lebs icavs.
 vinaidan Cemma mpovnelma sicocxle hpova da uflisagan madls moixveWs.
 brZeni Svili mamas axarebs da ugunuri Svili dedis dardia.
 gonieris bageebSi sibrZne ipoveba, WkuaTxelis zurgze ki joxi.
 Segonebis dammarxveli sicocxlis gzas adgas, darigebis ukumgdebeli gzaabneuli da-
exeteba.
 bevri laparakisas codva aucdenelia, sakuTari bageebis amlagmavi gonieria.
 ugunuris xalisi avis qmnaSia, xolo gonieri kacisa – sibrZneSi.
 rac boroteuls aSinebs, swored is SeemTxveva, marTals ki sasurveli miecema.
 aravis argebs simdidre risxvis dRes, simarTle ki ixsnis
sikvdilisagan.

168
 gulwrfelebs Tavisi simarTle ixsnis, mzakvarni ki TavianTive sixarbiT datyvevdebi-
an.
 WkuaTxeli Tavis axloblebs awyeninebs, gonieri kaci ki
dadumebulia.
 briyvs Tavisi gza swored eCveneba brZeni ki rCevis gamgonea.
 briyvi wamSi amxels Tavis gabrazebas, gonieri ki malavs wyenas.
 gesliani ena maxviliviT Cxvlets, brZenkacis ena ki mkurnalia.
 sazriani kaci codnas malavs, umecarTa guli ki sisuleles roSavs.
 sadardebeli kacis guls aRonebs, keTili sityva ki axalisebs.
 mxolod ampartavnoba warmoSobs SuRls, moTaTbireebTan ki sibrZnea.
 qariT motanili simdidre cotavdeba, xeliT Semgrovebeli ki abevrebs.
 brZenkacebTan mosiarule Tavad dabrZendeba, briyvTa megobari ki gaubedurdeba.
 vinc SvilisTvis wkeplas ar imetebs, misi mteria; xolo moyvaruli Wkuas aswavlis.
 sulels yvela sityvisa sjera, sazriani ki sakuTar nabijs ukvirdeba.
 Tavisi axloblis moZule codvilia, Rarib-RatakTa mwyalobeli ki netaria.
 Raribis mCagvreli Tavis Semoqmeds Seuracxyofs, maTxovris mwyalobeli ki uflis ma-
didebelia.
 mSvidi pasuxi guliwyromas acxrobs, sawyeni sityva ki risxvas iwvevs.
 qarafSutas ar uyvars Tavisi mamxlebeli, igi brZenkacebTan ar wava.
 gonieri guli codnas daeZebs, briyvTa piri ki sisuleliT
sazdoobs.
 uflis moSiSebiT mcires qona umjobesia, vidre didZali ganZi mousvenrobaSi.
 ukeTesia mwvanileuli sazrdo da siyvaruli, vidre nasuqi xari da siZulvili.
 ficxi kaci cilobas texs, sulgrZeli ki davas acxrobs.
 TaTbiris gareSe Canafiqri ifuSeba, mravali mrCevlis SemweobiT ki xorcieldeba.
 kacis sixaruli mis bageTa pasuxSia; ra kargia droulad naTqvami sityva!
 Segonebis abuCad amgdebi sakuTari Tavis moZulea, mxilebis gamgone ki gonebas ixveWs.
 gulis zraxvebi kacs ekuTvnis, enis pasuxi ki uflisgan modis.
 kacis yoveli gza sufTaa mis TvalSi, sulTa amwoni ki ufalia.
 yvela gulzviadi sibilwea uflis winaSe: gjerodes, dausjeli ver gadarCeba.
 ukeTesia mciredi, oRond simarTliT, vidre didZali mogeba usamarTlobiT.
 kacis guli Tavis gzebs gegmavs, mis nabijebs ki ufali
warmarTavs.
 sibrZnis SeZena oqroze ukeTesia, Wkuis moxveWa vercxlze – umjobesi.
 marTalTa gza-kvali borotebas gverds uqcevs; vinc Tavis gzas akvirdeba, Tavis suls
icavs.
 daRupvas win uswrebs ampartavneba, dacemas – qedmaRloba.
 vinc Tvalebs Wutavs, ukuRmarTs fiqrobs; vinc bageebs kumavs, siavisTvis mzad aris.
 wils ubidan yrian, magram yoveli ganaCeni uflisgan modis.
 erTi lukma xmeli puri simSvideSi ukeTesia, vidre saklaviT savse saxli uTanxmoeba-
Si.
 moxucTa gvirgvini SvilTa Svilebia, SvilTa dideba ki maTi mamebia.
 danaSaulis damviwyebeli siyvarulis mZebnelia, ambis Semxsenebeli ki megobars iSo-
rebs.
 gonierze datuqsva ufro sWris, vidre umecarze asi dartyma.
 sikeTis wil borotis mimgebs saxlSi ubedureba ar gamoeleva.
 boroteulis gamamarTlebeli da marTlis gamamtyunebeli – orive sibilwea uflis
TvalSi.
 am fuls ra unda umecris xelSi? sibrZnis SesaZenad xom Wkua ara aqvs?
169
 briyvi Svili mSoblis sadardebelia da verc ukuRmarTis mama gaixarebs.
 briyvi Svili mamis dardia da dedis naRveli.
 mcodne kaci sityvaZunwia da gonebis kaci didsulovania.
 mdumare sulelic ki brZnad iTvleba, xolo pirmokumuli – Wkvianad.
 TavkerZa kaci Tavis gulisTqmas aris ayolili da yovelgvari sibrZnis winaaRmdeg
janydeba.
 briyvi codnas ar eswrafvis, sakuTari fiqris gamxela surs.
 boroteuls siZulvili moyveba, lanZRva-ginebas ki – sircxvili.
 mouTmenlad pasuxis gacema sibriyvea da sircxvili.
 zarmacs ubeSi aqvs xeli Camaluli da pirTan mitana ezareba.
 Worikana kaci saidumlos gamtexia, pirmorRveuls axlos nu gaekarebi.
 ded-mamis maginebels ukuneT RameSi Cauqreba lampari.
 nu ityvi, borotebas sanacvlos mivagebo, ufals miende da is giSvelis.
 vin ityvis: sufTa guli maqvs da codvisagan ganviwmideo?
 WabukTa dideba maTi jania, moxucTa pativi ki – WaRara.
 qedmaRloba da didguloba – boroteulTa lampari – codvaa.
 muyaiTis zraxvebi siuxves aCens, xolo moCqarisa – siduxWires.
 vinc RatakTa kvnesis wamyruebelia, Tavadac iyvirebs, magram ar iqneba Sewynarebuli.
 rCeuli saxeli didZal qonebaze ukeTesia, keTili madli ki – vercxlze da oqroze.
 gonieri xedavs borotebas da Tavs aridebs, sulelni ki jiqur midian da isjebian.
 ymawvili misi gzis dasawyisSive gawvrTeni da sibereSic ki ar gadauxvevs mas.
 kurTxeuli iqneba gulmowyale, radgan Raribs Tavisi puridan gaikiTxavs.
 Raribs nu waarTmev, radgan Raribia igi; beCavs karibWesTan nu daCagrav.
 didkacTan puris saWmelad rom dajdebi, dakvirvebiT iyavi:
yelze dana miibjine, Tu msunagi xar.
nu indomeb mis nugbar saWmelebs, macduri puria igi.
radgan rogorc iqceva, ise ar fiqrobs; Wame da svio, geubneba, magram SenTan ar aris
misi guli.
SeWmul lukmas ukan amoanTxev da madlobis sityvebs fuWad daxarjav.
 briyvs yurSi nurafers etyvi, radgan mas sZuls Seni gonivruli sityvebi.
 nu Secvli Zvel mijnas da oblebis yanaSi nu Sexval;
radgan Zlieria maTi mfarveli, is daicavs maT saqmes Sens winaaRmdeg.
 nu xarob Seni mtris dacemiT da misi waborZikebiT nu ilxens Seni guli.
 nu ityvi rogorc momeqca, ise moveqcevio, Tavisi saqmisaebr mivagebo.
 Tu Tafli ipove, imdeni Wame, ramdenic Segergeba, rom ar gatyvre da ukan ar amoanTxi-
o.
 mezoblis saxlSi xSirad nu ivli, rom ar mobezrde da ar SegiZulos.
 Tu Seni mteri mSieria, puri aWame; Tu swyuria, wyali asvi.
 raRa ugalavno qalaqi da raRa kaci, romelic Tavis Tavs ver patronobs.
 briyvs misi siregvenisebr nu upasuxeb, rom Tavad misi msgavsi ar gaxde.
 raRa ZaRlis yurebSi Cafrenili kaci da raRa sxvis kamaTSi Careuli.
 ormos gamTxreli Sig TviTon Cavardeba, qva mis msrolels daubrundeba.
 sxvam Segaqos da ara Senma pirma, ucxom d ara Senma bageebma.
 megobrisgan Wriloba erTgulebis niSania, mteri ki kocniT agavsebs.

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 eklesiaste

Tavi pirveli
1. sityvani eklesiastesi, Zisa daviTisa, ierusalimis mefisa.amaoeba amaoebaTa, Tqva eklesi-
astem, amaoeba amaoebaTa, yovelive amaoa?
2. adamians ras hmatebs Sroma, romelsac igi mzis qveS eweva?
3. Taoba midis, Taoba modis, es qveyana ki ucvlelia ukunisamde.
4. aRmosdgeba mze da Cadis igi, ubrundeba Tavis adgils da kvlav iqidan amobrwyindeba.
5. samxreTisaken mihqris qari, gabrundeba CrdiloeTisken; brunavs, brunavs, mihqris qari da
ubrundeba isev Tavis wres.yvela mdinare zRvebisaken miedineba, zRva ki mainc ar aRivseba;
mdinareni saiTkenac miedinebodnen, kvlavac iqiTken miedinebian.
6. uZluria yoveli sityva, ar ZaluZs kacs yovelives Tqma; Tvali xedviT ver gaZReba, yu-
ri smeniT ver aRivseba.
7. rac yofila, igive iqneba da rac momxdara, igive moxdeba; araferia mzis qveS axali.
8. naxaven rasme da ityvian: aha, axali. esec yofila Cvens winare
saukuneSi.
9. ar darCenila xsovna imaTi, vinc winaT iyo; da momdevnoTac, vinc iqnebian, ar gaixse-
nebs maTi momyoli.
10. me, eklesiaste, mefe viyav israelisa ierusalimSi.
11. viwye kvleva gulmodginebiT, gonebiT gansja yovelivesi, raic momxdara cisqveSeTSi;
es mZime saqme miuCina ufalma adamis ZeT satanjvelad.
12. ganvicade yoveli saqme, rac ki momxdara mzisqveSeTSi; da aha, vcani – amao aris yvela-
feri da qaris devna.
13. gamrudebuls veRar gamarTav, xolo nakluls veRarafriT veRar Seavseb.
14. vuTxari Cems Tavs: aha, movipove da ganvimravle codna yovelTa upiratesad, vinc arsebu-
la Cems uwinares ierusalimSi, da eziara goneba Cemi ganuzomel sibrZnes da codnas.
15. roca mivapyar gulisyuri, Sevican sibrZne, mecniereba, umecreba da sisulele, mivxvdi
– amasac ara aqvs azri.
16. radgan, roca didia sibrZne, dardic didia; mravlis Secnoba adamians wuxils umrav-
lebs.

Tavi meore
1. vuTxari Cems Tavs: modi, gamovcdi mxiarulebas da mivecemi siameTa – da, aha, esec ama-
oeba yofila mxolod.
2. mivxvdi, garToba fuWi saqmea; mxiaruleba ris maqnisia?
3. vifiqre, RviniT damebanga Cemi sxeuli, xolo gonebas sibrZniT efxizla; davdgomodi
gzas sibriyvisas, vidre vnaxavdi, ra sikeTea kacTaTvis masSi, rasac iqmnian cisqveSeTSi,
sanam cocxloben.
4. didi saqme Cavidine, avige saxlni, Cavyare vazi,
5. gaviSene CemTvis baRebi da walkotebi, davrge xexili yovelgvari,
6. wyalsatevebi movawyve, rom moerwyaT norCi tevrebi,
7. SeviZine mona-mxevalni, da mravlad mesxnen saxlSi saxleulni; myavda cxvar-Zroxa
imaTze meti, visac Cems uwin umefia ierusalimSi.
8. davagrove oqro da vercxli, mefeTa ganZi yoveli mxaris; gaviCine mgalobelni, kacni
da qalni, da siameni xorcielni, ulamazes xarWaTa dasi.
9. ganvidide da gavmdidrdi umetes maTsa, vinc Cems winare arsebula ierusalims; da sib-
rZne Cemi meve meyudna.
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10. ar uarvyavi araferi, rac ki momTxoves Cemma Tvalebma, ar davaoke guli Cemi sixaru-
lisgan, radgan xarobda Cemi guli Cemi naRvawiT. es yovelive iyo xvedri Cemi Sromisa.
11. merme, rodesac gadavxede yovelives, rac ki Seqmna Cemma marjvenam, da yovel saqmes,
Cems namoqmedars, mivxvdi, amao rom yofila es yvelaferi, qarisnaberi, da rom ar aris
sargebeli am mzisqveseTSi.
12. radgan raRa qmnas adamianma, romelic mova Semdgom mefisa, romelsac ukve yvelaferi
uqmnia qveynad?
13. odes vikvlie, ra aris sibrZne anu sibriyve da umecreba, vnaxe, rom sibrZne sibriyveze
upiratesobs, iseve rogorc naTeli bnelze.
14. brZeni kaci gonebiTa Wvrets, ugunuri ki bnelSi davals. da vuwyi, mainc mowevnadi er-
Ti aqvs yvelas.
15. guls vuTxar maSin: mec ugunuris bedi meweva; maS, radRa viyav me sxvaze brZeni? da
gulsave vuTxar: amaoeba yofila esec.
16. maradiulad ar exsomebaT arc brZenkaci, arc ugunuri; gaivlis Jami, yvelaferi dai-
viwyeba. vaglax, rom kvdeba brZeni kaci ugunuriviT!
17. da SeviZule me es cxovreba, radgan memwara yvelaferi, rac mzis qveS xdeba, radgan
yoveli amaoa, qarebis devna.
18. da moviZule yovelive naRvawi Cemi, rac miRvawia am mzisqveSeTSi, da rac sxvas unda
davutovo, Cems Semdgom mosuls.
19. aravin uwyis, vis Sexvdeba Cemi naRvawi, brZens Tu ugunurs, raic sibrZniT momiRvawia am
mzisqveSeTSi? aha, kidev amaoeba.
20. da warvuxoce imedi Cems Tavs, rom aRarafers movelode im Rvawlisagan, rac mzisqve-
SeTSi gamiwevia.
21. naxav kacs, iRwvis, ar iSurebs sibrZnes da codnas, magram naRvawi sxvas xvdeba wilad,
visac arasdros uRvawnia am saqmisaTvis. amaoeba aris esec da udidesi boroteba.
22. maS, raRa rCeba adamians Sromisa da zrunvis Sedegad, romelsac igi mzis qveS eweva?
23. dReni misni satanjvelia, sazrunavi misi – wuxili, RamiTac ar isvenebs, SfoTavs gu-
li. aha, kvlav amaoeba.
24. kacisaTvis araferia imaze kargi, rom Wamos, svas da datkbes Tavisi naRvawiT. es ga-
movcade, radgan esec RmerTis xelTaa.
25. vin Wams anu svams, an gancxromas vin miecema mis gareSe?
26. visac is iTnevs, mas mianiWebs sibrZnes codnasa da sixaruls; xolo codvils ki mox-
veWisaTvis sazrunavs uCens, raTa RvTis saTnos dautovos es monagari. amaoeba aris
esec da qaris devna.

Tavi mesame
1. yovelives Tavis dro aqvs da yvelafers Tavisi Jami am cisqveSeTSi.
2. Jami Sobisa da Jami sikvdilisa; Jami danergvisa da Jami danergulis aRmofxvrisa.
3. Jami mokvdinebisa da Jami gankurnebisa; Jami ngrevisa da Jami Senebisa.
4. Jami tirilisa da Jami sicilisa; Jami glovisa da Jami lxinisa.
5. Jami qvaTa mimofantvisa da Jami maTi Segrovebisa; LJami mijnurTa paemanisa da Jami ma-
Ti gayrisa.
6. Jami povnisa da Jami dakargvisa; Jami Senaxvisa da Jami gaflangvisa.
7. Jami darRvevisa da Jami Sekervisa; Jami dumilisa da Jami ubnobisa.
8. Jami siyvarulisa da Jami siZulvilisa; Jami omisa da Jami mSvidobisa.
9. ras argebs maSvrals Sroma misi?
10. kidevac vnaxe sazrunavi, romelic RmerTma miuCina adamis ZeT maT satanjvelad.
172
11. man yvelaferi keTilad Seqmna Tavis droisTvis, TviT idumalis Secnobad aRZra gone-
ba kacTa, oRond ise, rom ver gaugon RvTis namoqmedars Tavi da bolo.
12. vuwyi, radgan araferia kacisaTvis imaze kargi, rom gaixaros da qmnas sikeTe, vidreRa
cocxlobs.
13. Tu kacsa visme ar akldeba sasmel-saWmeli da Sromisa wil sikeTes hpovebs, es madlia,
RvTis naboZebi.
14. vuwyi isic, rom yovelive, RvTis mier qmnili, iarsebebs ukunisamde; arc damateba sWir-
deba ramis, arc gamokleba. ase qmna RmerTma, mis winaSe SiSi rom hqondeT.
15. raic yofila, ukve aris didi xania; da rac iqneba, is ukve iyo. da aw gardasuls mxo-
lod RmerTi gamoiZiebs.
16. kidev vixile mzisqveSeTSi: gansjis adgili daeWira ukanonobas, marTlis adgili mtyu-
an kacs epyra.
17. maSin vTqvi gulSi: RmerTi gansjis marTals da mtyuans, roca yvelafers da yovel
saqmes daudgeba iq Tavis Jami.
18. da vTqvi Cems gulSi: ase gamocdis Turme RmerTi adamis ZeTa, raTa darwmundnen, rom
TavisTavad pirutyvebi arian mxolod.
19. radgan kacis da pirutyvis xvedri erTia – erTis sikvdili meorisas hgavs da yvelas
erTi suli udgas, kaci pirutyvze verafriT ver upiratesobs, radgan yvelaferi amaoa.
20. yovelive erT adgils miva; yvelaferi miwisganaa da yvelaferi miwad iqceva.
21. romeli ityvis, rom kacTa suli zeviT miiltvis, xolo pirutyvis qveviT Cadis, qves-
knelisken?
22. vxedav, kacTaTvis sxva sikeTe rom ar yofila, Tu ar ixara Tavis naRvawiT, radgan
esaa misi wili am mzisqveSeTSi, vin daanaxvebs, ra moxdeba Semdgomad misa?
D

Tavi meoTxe
1. kvlavac vxedavdi Zaladobas, rac ki xdeboda am mzisqveSeTSi: aha,iRvreba CagrulTa
cremli da maT aravin ar anugeSebs; mCagvrelTa xelSia Zala, aravina hyavT nugeSis-
mcemeli.
2. ufro bednierad Sevracxe didi xnis mkvdarni maTze, vinc jerac cocxloben kidev.
3. da orTaveze bednieri mainc is aris, vinc jerac ar dabadebula da ar uxilavs boro-
teba, rac mzis qveS xdeba.
4. isica vnaxe, rom sibejiTe yvela saqmeSi mxolod erTurTis SuriT aris gamowveuli. ama-
oeba yofila esec da qaris devna.
5. briyvs gulze xeli daukrefia da Tavis xorcs Wams.
6. erTi peSvi simSvide sjobs mTel kalTa garjas da fuWQ sazrunavs.
7. kidev da kidev ganvicade amaoeba am mzisqveSeTSi:
8. arsebobs kaci martoxela, ar hyavs aravin, arc Zma, arc Svili, xolo mis Sromas bo-
lo ar uCans da ver gaZReba misi Tvali dovlaTis xilviT. visTvisRa vSromob da sia-
mes risTvis vaklebdi? amaoeba aris esec da fuWi saqme.
9. marto yofnas sjobs orni iyvnen, radgan keTilad miezRvebaT maT saSromelSi.
10. Tu daecnen, erTi mainc wamoayenebs Tavis amxanags. magram vai, martomyofs, Tu daeca
vinRa uSvelis?
11. Tu orni dawvnen, gaTbebian; martomyofs ki raRa gaaTbobs!
12. Tu erTs dasZlevs vinme, ori xom gaumklavdeba. male ar gawydeba sammagi Zafi.
13. Rataki, magram brZeni ymawvili sjobs moxucebul da briyv mefes, romelic ukve veras
iswavlis.
14. radgan igi sapyrobiledanac gamova mefed, Tundac Tavis samefoSi upovrad iSvas.

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15. vixile: yovel mkvidrs mzisqveSeTSi ymawvili axlavs, es misi sxvaa, mis nacvlad dad-
geba.
16. ar uCans dasasruli xalxs, vinc maT uwinares iyo, da arc Semdgomni moinatreben maT.
radgan esec amaoebaa da qaris devna.
17. fexs nu auCqareb RvTis saxlisken mimavali; gafrTxildi, msxverpli ugunurTa msgav-
sad ar Seswiro, radgan ar uwyian ukeTurebas rom sCadian.

Tavi mexuTe
1. nu giswrebs ena da guli Seni nu gaCqaris sityvis warmoTqmas RvTis winaSe, radgan
RmerTi caSia, Sen ki – miwaze. amitom ikmare cota sityvebi.
2. rogorc mravladaa sizmarSi ambebi, ise mravlsityvaa ugunuris naubari.
3. Tu RmerTs aRTqmas miscem, nu daayovneb mis aRsrulebas, radgan upironi arad varga-
nan. rasac aRuTqvam, aRusrule.
4. sjobs ar aRuTqva, vidre aRTqmuli ar aRusrulo.
5. nu aTqmevineb Sens bageebs iseT sityvas, rom codvaSi Caigdo Tavi; nurc imarTleb
Tavs angelosis winaSe, Sevcdio. rad unda ganrisxdes RmerTi Sens xmaze da daRupos
Seni xeliT qmnili?
6. radgan bevrs sizmrebs bevri amao sityva axlavs; Sen ki RvTisa
geSinodes.
7. Tu sadme qveynad ixilav RatakTa Seviwoebas da samarTlisa da WeSmaritebis Seryvnas,
nu gaikvireb, radgan maRals uTvalTvalebs masze maRali; xolo maT zemoT kidev aris
ufro maRali.
8. ukeTesia is qveyana, sadac mefe qveynisTvis iRwvis.
9. fulis moyvaruli fuliT ver gaZReba, da arc simdidris moyvaruli Tavis Semosav-
liT. esec amaoebaa.
10. bevr dovlaTs bevri mWameli hyavs; raRa darCeba patrons misas? mxolod yureba.
11. tkbilia Zili mSromeli kacis, gind cota Wamos, ginda bevri; xolo simaZRre Zils uf-
rTxobs mdidars.
12. aris, mixilavs mtanjveli boroteba am mzisqveSeTSi: patronis sazianod damarxuli
simdidre.
13. daikargeba es simdidre ubeduri SemTxvevis gamo da Svili misi xelcarieli darCeba;
14. isev SiSveli gabrundeba, rogorc movida dedis muclidan da veRarafers moixveWs
SromiT.
15. esec mtanjveli borotebaa: rogorc movida, ise rom wava. ra sikeTea, fuWad rom Sro-
mobs?
16. Tan Tavis dReebs bnelSi amoWams, dardiT, tkiviliT gulgasenili.
17. ai, sad vxedav me sikeTes, Sesafer saqmes: Wamos kacma, svas da ixaros Tavisi RvawliT
am mzisqveSeTSi dReni misni, RmerTma rom misca; radgan esaa misi xvedri.
18. kacs RmerTi aZlevs qonebasa da simdidres da imis Snosac, rom moixmaros, miiRos wi-
li da gaixaros Tavisi SromiT; es yvelaferi RvTis wyalobaa.
19. da raki bevrs veRarafers gaixsenebs kaci Tavis sicocxleSi, RmerTi miscems mas gu-
lis sixaruls.

174
Tavi meeqvse
1. aris boroteba, romelic vixile mzisqveSeTSi da mZimea igi
kacTaTvis.
2. miscems kacs RmerTi qonebas, simdidres da didebas, da aha, yvelaferi aqvs, rac ki
inatra, magram RmerTi ar moaxmarebs da sxva, ucxo vinme, moixmars. amaoeba aris es da
ubedureba.
3. kidev rom Svas kacma asi Svili da icocxlos mravali weli,
magram ver igemos siame da saflavic aRar eRirsos, vityvi, ujobda dedis mucels
mowyvetiliyo.
4. fuWad rom movida da bnelSi wavida, bnelSi rom dainTqa saxeli misi;
5. visac mze ar unaxavs da arc gaugia, im kacze ufro mosvenebulia.
6. Tundac icocxlos ori aTas wels da veraferi sikeTe naxos, ra bedenaa, mainc yvela
erT adgils miva.
7. adamianis yoveli Sroma pirisTvisaa, magram sul ar aRivseba.
8. radgan ra upiratesoba aqvs brZens ugunurze? an da Rataks, romelmac icis, rogor ga-
uZlos cxovrebas?
9. sjobs TvaliT naxo, vidre guls ahyve – amaoeba aris esec da qaris devna.
10. rac ki arsebobs, yovelives didi xania saxeli hqvia; ar aris kaci, esec cnobilia:
ZlierTan dava kacs ar SeuZlia.
11. bevri ramea, amaoebas rom amravlebs; ra upiratesoba aqvs kacs?
12. radgan vin uwyis, ra aris kargi kacisaTvis mis amao wuTisofelSi, romelsac aCrdi-
liviT atarebs? vin auwyebs kacs, ra moxdeba mis Semdeg mzis qveS.

Tavi meSvide
1. kargi saxeli sjobs Zvirfas nelsacxebels, dRe sikvdilisa – gaCenis dRes.
2. tirilSi wasvla sjobs lxinSi wasvlas, radgan iq aris bolo kacisa; cocxalma kacma
es yurad iRos.
3. mwuxareba sjobs sicils, radgan saxis daRvremisas keTilia guli.
4. brZenTa fiqrebi glovis saxlSia, ugunurTa fiqrebi – mxiarulebis saxlSi.
5. sjobs brZenisagan kicxvas ismende, vidre briyvisagan qeba-didebas.
6. radgan briyvTa sicili qvabis qveS fiCxis tkacuns hgavs; amaoebaa es.
7. gaWirveba brZens gamoaCens, xolo qrTami ryvnis guls kacisas.
8. saqmis bolo sjobs mis dasawyiss; sulgrZeli kaci sjobs ampartavans.
9. guliswyromad nu iCqari, radgan guliswyroma ugunurTa mkerdSi budobs.
10. nu ityvi: warsuli droeba awmyos rad sjobdao, radgan sibrZne ar axlavs am kiTxvas.
11. kargia sibrZne da dovlaTi, didad sargoa mzis mWvretelTaTvis
12. sibrZnec daifaravs kacs da fulic daifaravs, magram sibrZne upiratesia; mis mflo-
bels acocxlebs.
13. Sexede RvTis Seqmnils: vin gamarTavs misgan gamrudebuls?
14. keTildReobisas ibedniere, Znelbedobisas frTxilad moiqec! esec da isic RmerTma
Seqmna erTmaneTis sapirispirod, raTa kacma mis ukan veraferi Seicnos.
15. bevri ram vnaxe Cems amao wuTisofelSi: marTali iRupeba Tavis simarTleSi, boroteu-
li dRegrZelobs Tavis borotebaSi.
16. nu iqnebi zedmetad marTali da metismetad nu dabrZendebi – rad ginda rom SeZrwun-
de?
17. metismetad nu iboroteb, arc gabriyvde – rad ginda, rom udrood mokvde?
18. umjobesia, erTic iyo da meorec, arc erTi uaryo da arc meore; radgan RvTis moSiSi
yvelafrisgan Tavs aRwevs.
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 19. sibrZne brZenisaTvis Zalaa, qalaqis aT mbrZanebelze aRmatebuli.
20. ar ipoeba qveynad marTali kaci, romelic iqmodes keTil saqmes da ar scodavdes.
21. yvela sityvas, rasac amboben, yurs nu miugdeb, raTa ar gesmodes, Seni mona rogor ga-
ginebs.
22. radgan bevrjer gamogicdia, Senc rom aginebdi sxvebs.
23. yovelive es sibrZniT gamovikvlie; vTqvi: brZeni var-meTqi, magram sibrZne Sorsaa Cem-
gan.
24. Soria, rac iyo, da Rrma aris, Rrma, vin miagnebs?
25. guls videv, Semecno, Semeswavla, gamomekvlia ra aris sibrZne da goniereba, raTa mcodno-
da, rom umecreba borotebaa.
26. mivxvdi, sikvdilze mwarea diaci, maxe da badea misi guli, borkilebia xelebi misi;
RvTis saTno gadaurCeba, xolo codvili misgan datyvevdeba.
27. ai, ras mivxvdi, Tqva eklesiastem: TanmiyolebiT unda misdio, rom azrs miagno.
28. kidev amas eZiebda goneba Cemi, magram ver vpove: aTasidan erTi mamakaci vpove, magram
maT Soris vera vpove vercerTi qali.
29. aha, es vpove mxolod: RmerTma wrfeli Seqmna kaci, isini ki zedmet Tavsatexs mravlad
iCenen.

Tavi merve
1. brZens vin Seedreba da vin Seicnobs saganTa bunebas? sibrZne adamians saxes unaTlebs
da misi saxis sitlanqe icvleba.
2. geubnebi, asrulebde mefis brZanebas, Tundac RvTisadmi micemuli ficis gamo.
3. nu iswrafvi misgan wasvlas da borot saqmes nu daadgebi, radgan rasac isurvebs, yve-
lafers gaakeTebs.
4. vinaidan sityva mefisa kanonia; vin hkadrebs mas – ras akeTebo?
5. cnebis Semnaxvels avi saqme ar SeemTxveva; Jamsac da wessac brZenkacis guli grZnobs.
6. vinaidan yvelafers Jami da wesi aqvs, adamianis ubedureba ki is aris, rom man ar icis, ra
moxdeba; an vin etyvis mas, rogor moxdeba?
7. aravis ZaluZs qaris SeCereba, veravin ganagebs dRes sikvdilisas, vervis daiTxoven
brZolis velidan, ver ixsnis siborote mis patrons.
8. es yvelaferi vixile da davakvirdi yvela saqmes, rac mzisqveSeTSi momxdara; da is
droc vnaxe, roca kaci kacze mZlavrobda Tavisda sazianod.
9. kidevac vnaxe boroteulni da marxulni, adre rom modiodnen wmida adgilas da brun-
debodnen; daviwyebul iqnen im qalaqSi, sadac amgvarad iqceodnen. esec amaoebaa.
10. raki swrafadve ar isjeba boroti saqme, amitom bedavs kaci borotebis Cadenas.
11. codvilma kacma asjerac rom Caidinos boroti saqme, mieteveba; me isic vici, rom mie-
gebaT madli RvTismosavT, romelTac eSiniaT RvTisa.
12. ar miegebaT madli boroteulT da landiviT dRemokle iqneba yvela, visac RvTisa ar
eSinia.
13. aris kidev amaoeba, qveynad rom xdeba: marTlebs boroteulTa saqmeTaebr miegebaT; da
arian boroteulni, romelTac marTalTa saqmeTaebr miegebaT. vTqvi: esec amaoebaa.
14. da Sevaqe me mxiaruleba, radgan ar yofila sxva sikeTe adamianisaTvis mzisqveSeTSi,
garda imisa, rom svas, Wamos da imxiarulos; es yovelive axlavs mas mis saSromelSi
dReni misni, RmerTma rom uboZa mzisqveSeTSi.
15. roca guls videv, Semecno sibrZne da momexila yoveli saqme, rac qveynad xdeba, Cems
Tvalebs Zili ar unaxavT arc dRe, arc Rame.

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16. vixile RvTis yoveli saqme, rom ver mixvdeba adamiani verafer saqmes, rac mzis qveS
xdeba; rac unda daSvres da iZios, veras mixvdeba; Tundac brZenkacma Tqvas: mivxvdio,
veras mixvdeba.

Tavi mecxre
1. es yovelive gulSi Cavidevi da gamovikvlie es yvelaferi, rom marTalni, brZenni da maTi
namoqmedarni RvTis xelTaa; arc siyvaruli, arc siZulvili ar uwyis kacma da arc sxva
rame, rac mis winaa.
2. erTi xvedri aqvs yvelas: marTals da ukuRmarTs, keTils da borots, sufTas da mire-
uls, msxverplis Semwirvels da msxverplis arSemwirvels, rogorc keTils, ise cod-
vils, rogorc moficars, ise ficis moSiSs.
3. ubedrebaa mzisqveSeTSi, rom yvelas erTi xvedri aqvs; adamis ZeTa gulebic aRsavsea sibo-
rotiT da siSlegea maT gulebSi, vidre cocxloben; amis Semdgom ki mkvdrebSi gadavlen.
4. radgan cocxlebSi Seracxils kidev aqvs imedi; radgan cocxali ZaRli mkvdari lomis
umjobesia.
5. radgan cocxalma icis, rom mokvdeba; mkvdrebma ki araferi ician da aRarc sazRauri
miezRvebaT, radgan maTi xsovna daviwyebas mieca.
6. warxda maTi siZulvilic, Suric da trfobac; aRar eqnebaT aw da maradis wili imaSi,
rac mzisqveS xdeba.
7. wadi, mxiarulad Wame Seni puri da gulis sixaruliT svi Seni Rvino, raki RmerTma mo-
giwona namoqmedari.
8. mudam spetaki gqondes samoseli da zeTi ar moakldes Tavs Sensas.
9. datkbi sicocxliT qalTan erTad, romelic giyvars Sens wuTisofelSi, da romelic
mogca RmerTma mzis qveS Sens wuTisofelSi, radgan esaa Seni xvedri sicocxleSi da
im SromaSi, rasac Sen mzis qveS eweodi.
10. risi keTebis Zalac Seswevs Sens xelebs, akeTe; radgan arc saqme, arc safiqrali,
codna, an sibrZne ar gagyveba SaveTSi, sadac midixar.
11. isic Sevityve am mzisqveSeTSi, rom mkvircxlTa nebaze araa rbola, arc mamacTa neba-
zea omi, arc brZenTa nebazea puri, arc gonierTa nebazea simdidre, arc mcodneT neba-
zea madli; radgan dro da SemTxveva ganagebs yvelafers.
12. radgan adamianma ar uwyis Tavisi Jami; av badeSi gaxveuli TevzebiviT da maxeSi gabmu-
li CitebiviT iqnebian Sepyrobilni adamis Zeni avbediT Jams, romelic moulodnelad
eweva maT.
13. es sibrZnec Sevityve mzisqveSeTSi da sagulisxmod Sevracxe igi:
14. iyo qalaqi mcire da xalxic cota; moadga qalaqs didi mefe, alya Semoartya da Semo-
aSena didi simagreebi.
15. aRmoCnda iq kaci vinme upovari, magram brZeni da ixsna qalaqi Tavisi sibrZniT, magram
upovari igi aravis aRar gaxsenebia.
16. vTqvi: sibrZne Zalaze upiratesia, magram upovaris sibrZnes abuCad igdeben da mis
sityvebs yurs aravin ugdebs.
17. brZenTa sityvebi, wynarad naTqvami, umjobesia, vidre sulelTa mTavris yvirili.
18. brZolis saWurvels sibrZne sjobia, erTi codvili ki bevr sikeTes daRupavs.

Tavi meaTe
1. Sxamiani buzebi afuWeben da alpoben surnelovan zeTs; mciredi sibriyve ufro Zvirfa-
sia zogjer, vidre sibrZne da dideba.
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2. brZens guli marjvniv aqvs, briyvs – marcxniv.
3. sadac ar unda wavides briyvi, briyvadve rCeba, yvelas eubneba, rom briyvia.
4. Tu Tavs dagatyda ufrosis risxva, Sens adgils nu miatoveb, radgan Tviniers didi
codvebic mieteveba.
5. aris siborote kidev, mzisqveS rom vixile: TiTqos mbrZaneblisagan momdinare Secdoma
iyos.
6. sibriyve gandidda metad, xolo mdidrebi dabla sxedan.
7. vnaxe monebi cxenebze msxdarni, xolo mTavarni monebiviT fexiT mavalni.
8. ormos gamTxreli Tavad Cavardeba Sig, xolo kedlis damangrevels gveli daSxamavs.
9. vinc qvebs miaTrevs, wels qvave moswyvets; xis gamCexavs xeve daasaxiCrebs.
10. culi Tu dagiClungda da ar galese, zedmeti Zala dagadgeba; WkuiT unda warmarTo
saqme.
11. Tu Seulocvels ukbina gvelma, Semlocveli veRar uSvelis.
12. brZenis sityvebi madlia, briyvs ki misi bageebi Rupavs.
13. misi sityvebis dasabami sibriyvea, xolo Sedegi – avi siSlege.
14. briyvi mravalsityvaa, magram ar uwyis kacma, ra moxdeba; vin auwyebs, mis Semdgom ra
iqneba?
15. briyvs dahqancavs Tavisi Sroma, radgan man ar icis qalaqisken mimavali gza.
16. vai, Senda, qveyanav, bavSvi rom gizis mefed, da Seni didebulebi dilidanve rom iwye-
ben Wamas!
17. bednieri xar, qveyanav, rom Seni mefe aravis hmonebs da Seni didebulebi Tavis droze
rom Wamen, ZalTa mokrebad, ara salxinod!
18. sizarmacisgan Weri Camoiqceva, gulxeldakrefisagan wyali Camova saxlSi.
19. samxiarulod imarTeba puroba; Rvino sixaruliT avsebs sicocxles, xolo fuli yve-
laferze pasuxs agebs.
20. Sen fiqrSic ki nu agineb mefes, sawol oTaxSiac nu agineb didebuls: radgan cis
frinveli wauRebs ambavs da frTosani auwyebs sityvas.

Tavi meTerTmete
1. wyals gaatane Seni puri, radgan mravalTa dReTa Semdgom kvlav moiZieb.
2. miec nawili qonebisa Svids, rvasac ki, radgan ar ici, ra ubedureba moelis qveyanas.
3. roca Rrubeli aivseba, wvimac iwvimebs qveyanaze; Tu daeca xe samxreTSi an CrdiloeT-
Si, sadac daeca, iqve darCeba.
4. vinc qars akvirdeba, ver daTesavs; vinc Rrublebs Sescqeris, veras moimkis.
5. rogorc ar uwyi gza qarisa da rogor isaxeba Zvlebi savse mucelSi, aseve ar uwyi
saqmeni RvTisa, romelmac yovelive Seqmna.
6. diliT Tese Seni Tesli da mwuxrisas nu daisvenebs Seni xeli; radgan ar ici, romeli
ufro sasikeToa; iqneb orive erTnairad kargi gamodges.
7. tkbilia sinaTle da saamuria TvalTaTvis mzis Wvreta.
8. Tundac mravali weli icocxlos kacma da imxiarulos,axsovdes, rom mravlad iqneba
Savi dReebi; yvelaferi, rac mova, amaoa.
9. ixare, yrmao, vidre norCi xar; gaamos Senma gulma siymawvileSi, mihyev Sens guls da
TvalTa mzeras, oRond icode, yvelafris amis gamo samsjavroze wargadgens RmerTi.
10. ukuiyare gulidan dardi da sxeuls aride uamuri ram, radgan bavSvobac da siymawvi-
lec amaoa da warmavali.

178
Tavi meTormete
1. gaxsovdes Seni gamCeni Sens saWabukeSi, vidre dagidgebodes mware dReebi da geweodes
wlebi, romlebzec ityvi, raRaSi madgian me isinio?
2. vidre dabneldebodes mze, naTeli da mTvare da varskvlavebi, vidre Rrublebi kidev
Canan wvimis Semdeg,
3. im dRemde, vidre dafrTxebodnen sasaxlis mcvelni da meomarni dauZlurdebodnen,
vidre Sewyvetdnen samuSaos mewisqvile qalebi (radgan mciredniRa darCebian), vidre
naTeli daakldebodeT sarkmlidan mWvretelT,
4. vidre daigmanebodes quCis karebi, miCumdebodes dolabis xmauri, miwydebodes frinvelTa
Jriamuli, dadumdebodes yoveli galoba,
5. SeeSindebodeT simaRlisac da gzebze SiSi daivanebdes, ayvavdebodes nuSi, damZimdebo-
des kalia da dacxrebodes vneba, - roca midis kaci Tavis saukuno saxlisaken da ukan
mihyvebian motiralni,
6. vidre gawydebodes vercxlis sabeli da gatydebodes oqros WurWeli, daimsxvreodes
doqi wyarosTan, CaeSvebodes owinaris borbali WaSi,
7. miiqceodes mtveri miwad, rogorc iyo, da suli daubrundebodes RmerTs, romelmac
STabera.
8. amaoeba amaoebaTa, Tqva eklesiastem, yovelive amaoa.
9. Tavad xom brZeni iyo eklesiaste, xalxsac Seaswavla sibrZne. ikvlevda, iZiebda da
Txzavda igavebs mravals.
10. eZebda eklesiaste saWiro sityvebs da wrfelad daiwera WeSmariti sityvebi.
11. brZenTa sityvebi wvergamaxuli solebia, CaWedili lursmnebia. igavTa krebuli erTi
mwyemsisgan STagonebuli.
12. kidev getyvi, Svilo, yurad iRe: bevri wignebis weras bolo ar eqneba da zedmeti fiq-
ri sxeuls adunebs.
13. movisminoT yvelafris Tavi da bolo: RvTisa geSinodes da daicavi mcnebani misni,
radgan es aris kacis Tavi da Tavi.
14. radgan yvela saqmes samsjavroze miitans RmerTi, yovelive dafaruls, keTils Tu bo-
rots.

179
 platoni. `fedoni~
(fragmentebi)

dialogi `fedoni~ platonis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi Txzulebaa. platonuri filoso-

fiis kardinaluri momentebis dasabuTebis garda (mogonebis Teoria, dapirispirebulTa Teo-
ria, ideaTa Teoria da sxva), `fedoni~ miznad isaxavs sulis ukvdavebis mtkicebas. miuxeda-
vad mtkicebis arasakmarisobisa, es nawarmoebi mainc rCeba platonis dialeqtikuri azrovne-
bisa da mxatvruli ostatobis brwyinvale nimuSad.
dialogSi gadmocemulia sokratesa da misi megobrebis msjeloba. aq ikvanZeba da yalib-
deba sokrates filosofiuri Sexeduleba sikvdilsa da sicocxleze, dapirispirebulTa ur-
TierTobaze, ideebze, mogonebaze da a.S. `fedonis~ problematikis Sesavlad unda miviCnioT
platonis mier zogierTi zogadi sakiTxis garCeva, rogoricaa, magaliTad:
1. ratom warmoadgens sicocxle yvelasaTvis da yovelTvis erTaderT da ucvlel auci-
leblobas, maTTvisac ki, visac sicocxles sikvdili ujobs?
2. ratom ara aqvs im kacs ufleba, visac sicocxles sikvdili ujobs, TviTonve moiklas
Tavisi Tavi, ratom unda daelodos sxva mxsnelsa da keTilismyofels?
sokrate ambobs: es azri, SesaZloa, sisuleled eCvenos kacs, magram mas Tavisi gamarTle-
bac moeZebneba. gavixsenoT mistiur moZRvrebaTa didi da bundovani sityvebi: marTalia, am
qveynad TiToeuli Cvengani dilegSia gamoketili, magram mainc ar unda vecadoT am dilegi-
dan gaqcevas da Tavis daRwevas. RmerTebi zrunaven Cvenze da Cven, kacni, RmerTebs vekuTvniT.
siSlegea kacma Tavi moiklas manam, sanam amis aucileblibas ar mouvlens RmerTi. Sens erT
monaTagans Seni neba-survilis winaaRmdeg rom moekla Tavi, Sen, albaT, aRSfoTdebodi da,
dasja rom SegZleboda, dasjidi kidec. amitom adamiani Tavis Semoqmeds unda elodos, sanam
amis dros ar mouvlens.

3. filosofosisaTvis Zneli rodia isurvo sikvdili. ismis kiTxva: gana uazroba araa, kacTa
Soris yvelaze gonierni udrtvinvelad eclebodnen sicocxles?
– me mwams, rom iq vixilav sxva brZensa da keTil RvTaebebs, vixilav aw gardacvlilTa
sulebs, romelTac veravin Seedreba cocxalTa Soris. es rom ar mwamdes, Cemis mxriv didi
Secdoma iqneboda udrtvinvelad Sevxvedrodi sikvdils. me imedi maqvs, rom kacTaTvis sikvdi-
lis Semdegac arsebobs raRac da Zveli gadmocemisa ar iyos, es raRac keTilTaTvis gacile-
biT ukeTesia, vidre borotTaTvis. rogorc Cans, kacTaTvis SeumCneveli rCeba, rom mTeli mi-
si sicocxle, vinc uangarod emsaxureba filosofias, sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara samzadisi
kvdomisa da sikvdilisaTvis. TiTqos ucnauria: mTeli sicocxle sikvdilisaTvis emzadebodes
kaci da mere, roca sikvdili TviTon moadgeba karze, drtvinviT xvdebodes mas, rasac amden
xans natrobda da eswrafvoda?
4. aris Tu ara, raime sikvdili? – sxva ara aris igi, Tu ara sulis gayra sxeulTan? ras
niSnavs igi, Tu ara calcalke arsebobas erTurTs gayrili sulis da sxeulis? gana swored
es araa sikvdili?
5. rodis wvdeba suli WeSmaritebas? gviSlis Tu ara xels sxeuli, roca mas mwed movux-
mobT codnis SeZenisas? WeSmaritia is, rasac Cveni mzera gvawvdis da Cveni smena, Tu marTali
arian isini, romlebic gamudmebiT CagvCiCineben: danamdvilebiT veras vxedavT, veras vismenTo!
WeSmarits suli maSin wvdeba upiratesad, roca azrovnebs. xolo suli yvelaze ukeT azrov-
nebs maSin, roca araferi amRvrevs mas, arc smena, arc mzera, arc tkivili, arc sixaruli, ro-

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ca inZarcvis da SeZlebisamebr, Tavisufldeba sxeulisagan da Tavis TavSi oden STenili mi-
iqceva arsebulis Wvretad.
Znelad saval biliks mivsdevT Cveni Ziebisas da vidre sxeulisagan ar ganvZarculvarT,
vidre suli ar gahyria am borotebas, mTelis sisruliT verasodes mivwvdebiT mas, rasac
veswrafviT, verasodes mivwvdebiT WeSmaritebas. marTlac, sxeuli uTvalav dabrkolebas
gviqmnis Cven, radgan gvaiZulebs sazrdeli viZioT misTvis, xolo Tu amas avadmyofobac da-
erTo zed, samudamod xelmocarulni vrCebiT WeSmaritebaze monadireni. swored sxeuli gvav-
sebs vnebebiT, survilebiT, ZrwoliT, aTasgvari moCvenebebiT, amao da fuWi gancdebiT, da ar
cdebian, roca amboben, rom sxeulis wyalobiT, erTxelac ver CavfiqrebulvarT jerovnad.
omebi, amboxebebi, brZolebi mxolod sxeulisa da misi vnebebisagan iRebs dasabams, radgan
yoveli omis mizani simdidris moxveWaa, xolo simdidre Cven gvWirdeba sxeulisaTvis, ro-
melsac monis morCilebiT vemsaxurebiT. amitom veRar vicliT filosofiisaTvis. da maSinac
ki, roca amisaTvis vicliT, sxeuli myisve eCreba Cvens ZiebebSi, gvamRvrevs, gvaRelvebs da
gvaSorebs QWeSmaritebas. an verasodes SeviZenT codnas, anda mxolod maSin, sikvdilis Sem-
deg, roca sxeuls davSordebiT. amrigad, yovelTvis, roca ixilav kacs, romelic drtvinviT
egebeba kars momdgar sikvdils, es iqneba utyuari sabuTi imisa, rom Sen win sibrZnis trfia-
li ki ar dgas, aramed sxeulis da ara marto sxeulis, albaT, simdidrisac da pativisac.
sibrZnea erTaderTi WeSmariti moneta, romelzedac yvelaferi unda gaicvalos. mxolod
sibrZniT iyideba da gaiyideba yoveli: simamace, TavdaWeriloba, samarTlianoba, mokled rom
vTqvaT, WeSmariti saTnoeba ganuyrelia sibrZnisagan.
6. marTla hgian micvalebulTa sulebi hadesSi, Tu ara hgian? arsebobs Zveli gadmocema,
romelic ambobs, rom aqedan wasulTa sulni iq agrZeleben arsebobas, da mere ukanve brunde-
bian, raTa mkvdarTagan aRdgnen cocxalni. da Tu es asea, Tu kacni sikvdilis Semdeg axali
sicocxlisaTvis ibadebian, aqedan mxolod is SegviZlia vifiqroT, rom Cveni sulni hgian ha-
desSi, radgan ukan veRar mobrundebodnen, hadesSi rom ar agrZelebdnen arsebobas da Tu
virwmunebT, rom cocxalni mkvdarTagan ibadebian, martooden esec ikmarebda hadesSi sulTa
arsebobis dasamtkiceblad.
marto kacTaken nu ki mimarTav mzeras, Tu ginda ufro advilad irwmuno eg, aramed yvela
cxovelisa da mcenarisaken. erTi sityviT, yvelafrisaken, rac ibadeba. yvelaferi, rac ibade-
ba, Tavisi mopirispiresagan ibadeba mxolod da mxolod. magaliTad, mSveniers maxinji upi-
rispirdeba, samarTlians – usamarTlo, roca raime didi xdeba, igulisxmeba Tu ara, rom
odesRac igi patara iyo? – diax! xolo, roca pataravdeba, igulisxmeba Tu ara, rom igi odes-
Rac didi iyo? – diax! sicocxles upirispirdeba Tu ara raRac, iseve, rogorc RviZils upi-
rispirdeba Zili? – diax! ra aris es? – sikvdili. da raki upirispirdeba, cxadia, erTi meore-
sagan iRebs dasabams. maT Sorisac Zevs Sualeduri fenomeni, romliTac erTi meoreSi gada-
dis. Zilisagan RviZili iRebs dasabams da RviZilisagan Zili. cocxalisagan ibadeba mkvdari.
mkvdrisagan ki – cocxali. amrigad, mkvdrisagan ibadeba yvela suldgmuli, yvela cocxali.
gana gardacvalebas meore dabadeba ar unda upirispirdebodes uTuod? Tu mainc da mainc aq
koWlobs buneba? – sikvdils aRdgoma cvlis uTuod.
maSasadame, cocxalni mkvdarTagan ibadeban, iseve, rogorc cocxalTagan – mkvdarni. es ki
savsebiT sakmarisia imis dasamtkiceblad, rom Cveni sulebi sikvdilis Semdegac arseboben
sadRac, saidanac axali sicocxlisaTvis brundebian ukan. rom iyos mxolod daZineba da mis
sapirispirod aRar iyos gamoRviZeba, maSin yvelaferi daemsgavseboda saRaTas ZiliT moculs.
yvelaferi rom erTdebodes da ar iTiSebodes, kosmosis nacvlad miviRebdiT qaoss. sicocx-
lesTan wilnayari yvela arsi rom kvdebodes mxolod, mkvdari ki aRar dgebodes, gana darCe-
boda qveynad cocxali?
swavla mogonebaao mxolod, sxva araferi da Tu es asea, Cven SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom
is, rasac axla vigonebT, odesRac unda gvcodnoda ukve. es ki SeuZlebeli iqneboda, Cvens
suls rom ar earseba sadme, sxeuls Seimosda sanam kacisas. codna dabadebidan Tan dagvyveba,
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magram am codnas erTxel ziarebulni, yoveli axali dabadebis Semdeg TandaTan vkargavT.
iciso, amboben imaze, vinc flobs erTxel SeZenil codnas da ar kargavs mas. xolo ras vu-
wodebT daviwyebas? erTxel SeZenili codnis dakargvas.
maS, ra iqneba e.w. swavla, Tu ara xelaxla SeZena odesRac Cveni kuTvnili codnisa. amitom
ar vcdebiT, Tu mogonebas vuwodebT mas.
saganTa romeli gvari ganicdis gafantvas-ganqarvebas? romeli maTganisaTvis unda vSiSob-
deT, vaiTu daiSalono? da romel maTgans ekuTvnis suli? swored is sagnebi ganicdian daS-
las, romelnic Sedgenilni arian. sul Sedgenil nawilebad iSlebian. xolo martivi sagnebi,
romelTac Semadgeneli nawilebi ar gaaCniaT, daSlas rodi ganicdian Sedgenili sagnebis
msgavsad.
martivs iseT sagnebs vuwodebT Cven, romelnic miwyiv icvlebian da arasodes ar arian er-
Ti da igive.
miviRoT, rom arsebobs saganTa ori wyvili. erTi – xilulTa, meore – uxilavTa. xilulni
arasodes ar arian igiveni, ucvlelni; uxilavni – ucvleli da igiveni arian mudam. sxeuli –
xilulTa gvars enaTesaveba, suli – uxilavTa (kacTaTvis uxilavTa mainc). erTad rom Sehkra
suli da sxeuli, bunebam sxeuls monoba da morCileba arguna wilad; xolo suls – xelmwi-
foba da meufeba. axla am orTagan, romeli hgavs RvTaebrivs da romeli mokvdavs? cxadia,
RvTaebrivs – suli, mokvdavs – sxeuli.
suli yvelaze metad waagavs RvTaebrivs, ukvdavs, erTsaxovans, goniT sacnaurs, uSlels,
maradis ucvlelsa da TavisTavads; sxeuli ki – kacurs, mokvdavs, mravalsaxovans, ara goniT
– grZnobiT sacnaurs, Slads, miwyiv cvladsa da araTavisTavads. gana SeiZleba eWvi Sevita-
noT amaSi. da Tu es asea, sxeuls daSla uweria, xolo suls – uSleloba.
magram ras vityviT, roca suli Seryvnili da Sebilwuli eyreba sxeuls? nivTieri buneba
qve-damzidvelia. mZime, xiluli da miwieri, raki mis mier ganwonili suli simZimis gavleniT
ukan, xiluli samyarosakenve moiswrafvis, uxilavi samyaros da misi meufis winaSe wardgomis
SiSiT SemkrTali kvlav am qveynad mo-ra-iqceva, rogorc amboben samarxTa da samaris qvaTa
irgvliv iwyebs borials, romelTa Soriaxlos marTla xedaven xolme mwuxare aCrdilebs: am
saxiT gvecxadebian sulni, wmindad ki ar gahyrian sxeuls, aramed xilulis uwmindurebac wa-
ritanes Tan da amitom xilulni xdebian Tavad. eg sulni keTilTa sulni ki ar arian, aramed
borotTa sulni, romelTac yvela Zveli borotebisTvis saflavTa Soris boriali ergoT
sasjelad da borialoben eg sulni manam, sanam miwyiv maTi Tanamdevi nivTieri bunebis wyur-
viliT devnilni axal sxeuls ar Seimosen. xolo SemosviT, bunebrivia, im arsTa sxeuls Sei-
mosen, romelTac zniT waagavdnen Zvel sicocxleSi. maTi sulebi, vinc usamarTloba, tirania
da Zarcva-gleja airCia, mglebsa, qorebsa da ZerebSi gardasaxdebian. aba, sxvagan sad wavlen
isini?
gedebi sikvdilis win mRerian xolme, mRerian ise nazad da warmtacad, rogorc arasodes
ar umReriaT da eg simRera sixarulis simReraa. maT axarebT RvTaebisaken moqceva. xolo sik-
vdilis SiSiT SemkrTalni kacni, cils wameben gedebs, roca amboben, rom eg simRera sixaru-
lisa ki ara, mwuxarebiT Sobili simReraa, romliTac isini sakuTar sikvdils dastirian
TiTqos! ratom ar esmiT, neta, rom arc erTi frinveli ar daiwyebs simReras maSin, roca Sia,
roca sciva, anda ram awuxebs mas. raki winaswar Wvreten isini hadesis yvela sikeTes, amitom
sikvdilis dRes ufro tkbilad mRerian da ufro xaroben, vidre odesme. es sityvebi SeiZle-
boda harmoniis, lirisa da simebis mimarTac Tqmuliyo, radgan cnobili liris harmoniac
uxilavTa, usxeulo, RvTaebrivi da mSvenieri, xolo lira, simebiTurT, nivTieri, Sedgenili
da miwieri sxeulia, mokvdavis naTesavi da Tvistomi. hoda, Tu vinme daamsxvrevs liras, an
mis simebs daglejs da dawyvets, amiT harmonia ar iRupeba da arsebobas ganagrZobs. xe da si-
mebi ufro umal ixrwnebian, vidre harmonia. sulic upiratesad an saxiT warmogvidgeba Cven.

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 mokle biografiuli cnobebi

A
anaqsimandre – mileTidan, (Zv. w. 611 – 545) – ioneli naturfilosofosi, Talesis mowafe
da mimdevari. misi wigni `bunebis Sesaxeb~ warmoadgens berZnul enaze Sesrulebul pirvel
filosofiur naSroms. man pirvelma dasva kiTxva yovelive arsebulis `sawyisze~ da gansazR-
vra igi rogorc principi, apeironi. apeironi (berZ. ganusazRvreli) aris pirvelsawyisi, bune-
bis usasruloba, raRac `RvTaebrivi~. misgan, gamoyofis gziT warmoiSveba sxvadasxva sagnebi.
anaqsimene (Zv.w. 585 – 525) – ioneli naturfilosofosi. materialur sawyisad Tvlida ha-
ers, romlisganac ganmuxtvis Sedegad warmoiqmneba cecxli, Sesqelebis Sedegad – qari, Rrub-
lebi, wyali, miwa da qvebi.
aristotele stagiriti (Zv. w. 384\383 – 322\321) – Zveli berZnuli azrovnebis mwvervali, Zve-
li drois enciklopediuri goneba, `antikuri xanis hegeli~. igi daibada q. stagiraSi, berZnul
koloniaSi. mamamisi – nikomaxe eqimi iyo da megobrobda makedoniis mefesTan amnistisTan, fili-
pe makedonelis mamasTan. mamam Seaswavla bunebismetyveleba, ramac didi mniSvneloba iqonia
aristoteles msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebaze. 18 wlis aristotele Cavida aTenSi da pla-
tonis skolaSi Sevida, sadac 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi swavlobda. mas Zalian uyvarda Tavisi mas-
wavlebeli, magram misi sawinaaRmdego Tvalsazrisi SeimuSava, Seqmna sakuTari filosofiuri
mimdinareoba – aristotelizmi. aristotele ambobda: miyvars platoni, magram kidev ufro me-
tad miyvars WeSmaritebao!
342 w. filipe makedonelma aristotele miiwvia Svilis, 13 wlis aleqsandres aRmzrdelad.
aristotele mas aswavlida 3 weliwads – gamefebamde. Semdeg dabrunda aTenSi da daarsa sko-
la – liceumi (likei), sadac 15 weli moRvaweobda. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, am xnis ganmavlobaSi
aristotelem dawera 1000 Txzuleba (msmenelTa Canawerebi aristoteles redaqtorobiT). aleq-
sandres sikvdilis Semdeg mas devna dauwyes – uRmerToba daswames da aristotelesave TqmiT,
imis SiSiT, rom filosofiis winaSe meore codva ar CaedinaT (pirveli sokrates mowamvla
iyo), igi gaiqca evbeaSi, sadac 322 w. gardaicvala.
aristoteles Txzulebebs sam jgufad yofen: 1) `gamoqveynebuli Sromebi~, dialogebi, rom-
lebic Turme Seicavda SesaniSnav azrebs da dawerili iyo brwyinvale eniT (am TxzulebaTa-
gan arcerTi Semonaxuli ar aris); 2) krebulebi (yvela daikarga); 3) saswavlo Txzulebebi,
romelTa mxolod meeqvsedi nawilia SemorCenili. aristoteles Txzulebebi exeboda codnis
TiTqmis yvela dargs, saxeldobr, aristoteles ekuTvnis Txzulebebi metafizikaSi, fsiqolo-
giaSi, logikaSi, eTikaSi, politikaSi, esTetikaSi, meteorologiaSi, organuli bunebis Seswav-
lis dargSi, maTematikaSi da sxva.
aristoteles Sexedulebebma mniSvnelovani zegavlena moaxdina kacobriobis azrovnebis
ganviTarebaze, gansakuTrebiT misma mecnieruli disciplinebis klasifikaciis filosofiurma
sistemam, romelic nawilobriv gadamuSavebuli saxiTaa Semonaxuli. am sistemis safuZvels
warmoadgens logika da metafizika. filosofiur disciplinebs aristotele maTi Sinaarsis
mixedviT yofs Teoriul (maTematika, fizika da fsiqologia), praqtikul (eTika, politika,
ekonomika) da poetikur (teqnika, esTetika, ritorika an pedagogika) disciplinebad.
demokrite (Zv.w. 460/70 – gardacvalebis weli ucnobia. zogierTi versiis Tanaxmad, icocx-
la 100 weli) – Zveli berZeni filosofosi – atomisti da swavluli – enciklopedisti. dai-
bada q. abderaSi SeZlebul ojaxSi. igi bavSvobidanve did siyvaruls iCenda swavlisadmi da
kargi ganaTlebac miiRo. demokrite TiTqmis yvela didi filosofosis moZRvrebas icnobda.
mas bevri umogzauria mecnieruli mizniT aRmosavleTis qveynebSi, maT Soris egvipteSic, sa-

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dac maT codnas gaecno. magram axali codnis miReba egviptelebisagan demokrites ar SeeZlo,
radgan TviTon mas Turme meti codna hqonia dagrovebuli.
Tavisi xangrZlivi cxovrebis manZilze demokrites mravali Txzuleba dauweria. am Txzu-
lebebidan Cvenamde moaRwia mxolod calkeulma nawyvetebma. ar darCenila TiTqmis arcerTi
mniSvnelovani problema imdroindeli mecnierebisa, romelsac es didi moazrovne ar Sexebo-
des. astronomia, fizika, botanika, zoologia, anTropologia, esTetika, eTika – yvela am dar-
gSi demokritem SesaniSnavi gamokvlevebi dautova kacobriobas. magram mTavari mainc atomiz-
mis Teoriaa, romelic safuZvlad edo zemoCamoTvlil mecnierul gamokvlevebs.
epikure B(Zv.w. 342/41 – 271/70 ) – elinizmis epoqis berZeni filosofosi. daibada skolis
maswavleblis Rarib ojaxSi. cameti wlisa demokrites Txzulebebs gaecno da filosofii-
sadmi siyvaruli cxovrebis bolomde gayva. ocdaTeqvsmeti wlis asakSi aTenSi daaarsa saku-
Tari skola – `epikures baRi~, romlis SesasvlelSi Semdegi warwera iyo gakeTebuli: `stuma-
ro, Sen aq Tavs kargad igrZnob; aq siamovneba – umaRlesi sikeTea~. igi cdilobda adamianebi-
saTvis cxovrebis praqtikuli saxelmZRvanelo mieca (eTika): bunebis Semecneba TviTmizani ar
aris. igi aTavisuflebs adamians crurwmenebis SiSisa da saerTod religiisagan, agreTve ex-
mareba mas daZlios sikvdilis winaSe SiSi. gaTavisufleba adamianis bednierebisa da netare-
bisTvis aris aucilebeli, romelTa arss siamovneba warmoadgens. magram es ubralo grZnoba-
di siamovneba ki ar aris (Tumca, TavisTavad, nebismieri siamovneba kargia), aramed sulieri
siamovnebaa. igi bevrad mdgradi xasiaTisaa, radgan damokidebuli ar aris garegan dabrkole-
bebze. RmerTebisagan boZebuli gonebis safuZvelze, Cveni miswrafebebi erTmaneTs unda Sevu-
xamoT da davamTxvioT (simetria), rac siamovnebas gulisxmobs da Tanac miiRweva simSvide,
aRuSfoTveloba (ataraqsia). swored maTSia WeSmariti RvTismosaoba. sazogadoebriobisadmi
(gansakuTrebiT, saxelmwifosa da kultisadmi) brZeni adamiani megobrulad, Tumca TavSekave-
bulad unda iyos ganwyobili.
epikurem Seqmna moZRvreba samarTlianobaze, romelsac konvencionalizmis principi udevs
safuZvlad. samarTlianoba warmoiSveba da arsebobs mxolod iq, sadac adamianebs Soris sa-
xelSekruleblo urTierTobebia gaformebuli. Tu adamianebi Tanxmdebian, rom zians ar miaye-
neben da izruneben erTmaneTze, Seqmnian usafrTxo garemos, sadac TiToeuli Tavs daculad
igrZnobs, maSin aseTi saxelmwifo samarTliani iqneba. samarTlianad mowyobili saxelmwifos
individebi Tavisufali arian saqmianobis saxis arCevaSi, drois gatarebasa da pirad miswra-
febebSi, gulmidrekilebebsa da simpaTiebSi. es piradi cxovrebis sferoa, romelic keTilgo-
nierma adamianma sxeulebrivi da sulieri siamovnebebiT unda Seavsos.
epikures devizi iyo: `icxovre ganmartovebiT!~
epikurem kacobriobas dautova kidev erTi cnobili gamonaTqvami, romelic saukuneebis man-
Zilze adamianis sikvdilis winaSe SiSis daZlevis filosofiur damSvidebad iyo miCneuli: `bo-
rotebaTagan usaSinlesi – sikvdili – Cven sruliad ar gvexeba, radgan, roca Cven varT, sikvdi-
li ar aris, xolo rodesac sikvdili aris, Cven aRar varT. ase rom, igi srulebiT ar exeba arc
cocxlebs, arc mkvdrebs, radgan pirvelTaTvis igi ar arsebobs, meoreni ki ukve aRar arsebo-
ben~.
Talesi mileTeli (Zv.w. 635 – 545) – filosofosTuxucesi. igi Telidebis warCinebul
gvars ekuTvnoda. mas bevri umogzauria egvipteSi da maTematikuri codna daugrovebia; sain-
Jinro samuSaoebsac asrulebda: mas xidi gauyvania halisze. didi saxeli hqonda Taless Tana-
medroveTa Soris, rogorc politikossac; astronomiaSic erkveoda: scodnia, rom mzis dabne-
leba periodulad xdeba da amdenad misi winaswarmetyveleba SesaZlebelia; rom weliwadi 365
dRes Secavs da rom TveSi 30 dRea. masve gamouyvia e.w. mcire daTvis varskvlavTa wyoba. cno-
bilia misi geometriuli Teoremebic. magram misi SemoqmedebiTi niWi ufro aSkarad filoso-
fiaSi mosCans. Talesi pirveli berZeni filosofosia da evropuli filosofiis istoriac mi-
siT iwyeba. swored man dasva pirveli filosofiuri kiTxva: ra aris yovelive da risgan Sed-
geba igi? Talesi movlenaTa da saganTa mravalferovnebis pirvelsawyisad Tvlida wyals.
184
 leboni gustavi (1841 –1931 ww.) – frangi eqimi, anTropologi, sociologi, arqeologi, pub-
licisti. damnaSaveobis masobrivi formebis fsiqologiur-sociologiuri Teoriis erT-erTi
fuZemdebeli.
lebonma Semoitana da daamkvidra cneba `fsiqologiuri brbo~, rac sulac ar niSnavs erT
adgilze mravali adamianis erTdroulad yofnas. man Camoayaliba `brbos sulieri erTobis
kanoni~: fsiqikis aqtivizirebuli aracnobieri rezervebi brbos Semadgenel individebs gadas-
cemen masasTan gansakuTrebuli emociur-komunikaciuri erTianobis, Serwymulobis SegrZnebas.
individualuri `me~ fsiqologiurad iTqvifeba masobriv `Cven~-Si da nebismier qmedebaze kar-
gavs piradi pasuxismgeblobis grZnobas. lebonis azriT, brbos destruqciuli efeqtebisaTvis
yvelaze xelsayreli dro socialur-istoriuli krizisebis mSfoTvare periodia.
nicSe fridrixi (1844 –1900 ww.) – germaneli filosofosi, mwerali, poeti, eseisti. nicSe
warmoSobiT sasuliero pirTa ojaxidan iyo. bavSvobidanve susti janmrTelobiT, arakomuni-
kabelobiTa da moridebulobiT gamoirCeoda. es komplesebi rom daeZlia, sxvebTan zedmetad
TviTdajerebulad da ampartavnulad eWira Tavi. 1888 w. nicSes dambla daeca. sigiJem ki sabo-
lood dausva wertili mis sauniversiteto profesoris karieras. nicSe martoobisaTvis gan-
wiruli pirovneba gaxldaT. igi mTeli arsebiT gatacebuli iyo mis mierve Seqmnili idealu-
ri adamianis – zekacis saxiT da gamogonil, iluzorul, ararealur samyaroSi imkvidrebda
Tavs, ramac, saboloo jamSi, TviTgaRmerTebamde miiyvana. Tavis yvelaze cnobil nawarmoebs
`ase ambobda zaratustra~ (qvesaTauriT – `wigni yvelasaTvis da aravisTvis~) nicSe miiCnevda
kacobriobis yvelaze siRrmiseul da mniSvnelovan wignad da sakuTar Tavs zaratustrasTan
aigivebda. igi mowadinebuli iyo Seeqmna axali adamianis, zekacis ideali, romlis mizanic yo-
velive avadmyofuris, yalbis, sicocxlisadmi mtrulad ganwyobilis ganadgureba iqneboda.
nicSeanelobis metafizikuri leitmotivi SeiZleba ase warmoCindes: yovelive arsebuli, maT
Soris adamianuri Semecneba, mxolod Zalauflebisadmi swrafvis gamovlenis formaa; araviTari
absoluturi yofiereba ar arsebobs: yofiereba axlis qmnadobaa da ara misi ganuwyveteli warmo-
Sobis procesi, igi mxolod `maradiuli wrebrunvaa~ yovelive imisa, rac warsulSi mravaljer
gameorebula (`yofierebis maradiuli qviSis saaTi kvlav gadatrialebulia~); identuri, ucvleli
`me~ iseTive fiqciaa, rogorc WeSmariti yofiereba.
Tanamedrove eqsistencialuri filosofiisaTvis metad mniSvnelovania nicSes Semdegi mosaz-
reba: `adamianma, romelsac ar surs brbosTan Serwyma, upirveles yovlisa, unda daZlios sizar-
mace da miyves Tavis sindisis xmas: `iyavi rac xar, SeinarCune Seni Tavi. yvelaferi, razec axla
fiqrob da akeTeb, riskenac miiswrafi – Sen ar xar!~ winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, mxolod Sablonu-
rad moazrovne manekeni iqnebi.
nicSesTan simSvides ver moiZieb, mis filosofiaSi ar aris arc saboloo WeSmariteba,
arc sarwmuno debulebebi... nicSes sworad gaigebs mxolod is, vinc winaswar ukve miiRo sa-
fuZvliani Teoriuli ganaTleba, vinc SeiTvisa azrovnebis sirTule da sizuste, vinc jiuti
da TavisnaTqvamaa. ifilosofoso nicSesTan erTad, niSnavs gamudmebiT mis mowinaaRdeged da-
imkvidro Tavi (karl iaspersi).
ortega –i- gaseti xose (1883 –1955 ww.) – espaneli filosofosi, sociologi, kulturologi,
Jurnalisti. misi filosofiur-sociologiuri Sexedulebebi eqsistencialistebis Tvalsazrisis
msgavsia da nawilobriv nicSes calkeul ideebsac exmianebian. gasetma wamoayena vitaluri sawy-
isidan (adamianTa cxovelmoqmedi energia) saxelmwifos iracionaluri warmoSobis neoromanti-
kuli koncefcia, xolo civilizaciebis istorias ganixilavda, rogorc or ZiriTad vitalur
riTms (asakobrivsa da seqsualurs) daqvemdebarebul process.
platoni (Zv.w. 427 – 347) – antikuri samyaros udidesi moazrovne. daibada aTenSi, Zveli
tradiciebis mqone aristokratiul ojaxSi. mravalmxrivi niWiT dajildovebuli pirovneba
gaxldaT: werda leqsebsa da dramebs, swavlobda musikasa da ferweras, monawileobda da
imarjvebda olimpiur TamaSebSi. oci wlis asakSi filosofiam gaitaca da sokrates mowafe
gaxda. magram bedi mas pirad tragedias, gamocdas umzadebda – sasamarTlo, cixe, ganaCenis
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aRsruleba da umZimesi sulieri tkivili. es misi maswavleblis, sokrates sasamarTlo, patim-
roba da sikvdiliT dasja iyo, romelic misTvis ufro mets warmoadgenda, vidre maswavlebe-
li – sulieri mama, SemdgomSi ki, misi `Alter ego~ dialogebSi. sokrates sikvdilisTanave pla-
toni tovebs aTens da didi xnis Semdeg ganaxlebuli, sxva adamianis saxiT ubrundeba mSob-
liur qalaqs. man mTeli Tavisi inteleqtualuri da sulieri SesaZloblobebi mimarTa ukvda-
vi, maradiuli ideebis, upirveles yovlisa, umaRlesi samarTlianobis ideis, zegrZnobadi sam-
yaros arsebobis dasasabuTeblad. sokratesaTvis sikvdili sxva samyaroSi, sicocxlis sxva
formaSi gadasvlas niSnavda. es mosazreba amosavali debuleba gaxda platonisaTvis – samya-
ro, romelSic adamiani arsebobs sulierad da ara xorcielad, mTavaria. is realoba ki, sa-
dac udanaSaulo brZeni adamianebisaTvis sasikvdilo ganaCeni gamoaqvT, ar SeiZleba iyos er-
TaderTi, WeSmariti, umTavresi. amdenad, aucileblad unda arsebobdes sxva, umaRlesi, idea-
luri samyaro, romelSic samarTlianoba ki ar ibRaleba, aramed sufevs.
platonis filosofiisaTvis dialogis formaa damaxasiaTebeli, romlebSic gadmocemulia mi-
si Sexedulebebi yofierebis dramatizmze, aRmoufxvrel cxovrebiseul winaaRmdegobebsa da ada-
mianis marad mSfoTvare sulze, romelsac WeSmariteba da samarTlianoba swyuria. platonma sa-
kuTari Tavi sokratesTan gaaigiva da misgan Tavisi filosofiuri oreuli Seqmna. sainteresoa,
rom dialogebSi platoniseuli sokrate arasodes gvevlineba orakulis rolSi. igi yovelTvis
saboloo sityvas, anu daskvnis gamotanis SesaZleblobas, avtors an sakuTar Tavs ki ar utovebs,
aramed dialogis mkiTxvels – dRevandels, xvalindels, momavals. amaSia misi WeSmariti filo-
sofiuri sidiade. Tavisi dialogebiT platonma STamomavlobas ori saxelis mqone erTi moaz-
rovnis swavleba dautova – sokrate-platoni. man Tavis Tavze RmerTebis uflebamosileba aiRo:
maswavlebeli ukvdavebas aziara.
seneka (Zv.w. 4 – 65) – Zveli romaeli filosofosi, poeti da saxelmwifo moRvawe. keTilSo-
bili patriciebis STamomavali; miiRo kargi filosofiuri da iuridiuli ganaTleba; dajil-
dovebuli iyo oratoruli niWiT; stoicizmis TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli; imperator neronis
aRmzrdeli, romelmac mogvianebiT sasikvdilo ganaCeni gamoutana Tavis maswavlebels.
senekas mixedviT, filosofia cxovrebis zneobriv-religiur saxelmZRvanelos warmoad-
gens. adamiani zneobrivad susti da naklovani arsebaa. amdenad, igi zneobrivi TvalsazrisiT
sakmaod momTxovni unda iyos sakuTari Tavisadmi, xolo moyvasisadmi iCendes gonivrul Sem-
wynareblobas da ara sibraluls. umaRlesi saTnoeba, senekas azriT, sakuTari Tavisadmi er-
Tgulebaa.
senekas Txzulebebma da Tavad filosofosis pirovnebam ganapiroba stoicizmis mniSvne-
lovani gavlena romis sazogadoebriv da kulturul cxovrebaze, iuridiul sferosa da sa-
xelmwifos marTvis sistemaze.
sokrate (Zv.w. 470 – 399) – gamoCenili berZeni moazrovne. daibada aTenSi, qvismTlel-skul-
ptorisa da bebia qalis ojaxSi. Tavidan mamis profesias misdevda, magram ormoci wlisam fi-
losofiisadmi dauokebeli swrafva da siyvaruli gamoiCina da yovelive sxvam misTvis azri
dakarga. sokrate did dros aTenis inteleqtualebTan saubar-disputebSi atarebda. sxvebisa-
gan gansxvavebiT mas Tandayolili gamWriaxi goneba, araCveulebrivi oratoruli niWi da
mkveTrad gamoxatuli SemecnebiTi interesebi gamoarCevda. `me RmerTebma Camayenes mwyobrSi
da filosofiiT dakaveba margunes xvedrad, raTa sxvebi da sakuTari Tavi gamovcado~ – ase
ambobda Tavis Tavze. zepirsityvieri, cocxali filosofosoba iyo misi WeSmariti cxovrebi-
seuli daniSnuleba. sokratem, ironiulma da principulma mokamaTem, daundobelma iseTi ada-
mianuri mankierebebisadmi, rogoricaa pirferoba, farisevloba, orpiroba, yeyeCoba, angareba,
aTenis mkvidrTa Soris bevri mteri SeiZina. samma maTganma sasamarTloSi daabezRa sokrate
da RmerTebis gmoba da axalgazrdobis Seryvna dasdo bralad. xuTasi nafici msajulisagan
Semdgarma aTenis sasamarTlom kenWisyris safuZvelze sasikvdilo ganaCeni gamoutana filo-
sofoss. sokratem TviTon aRasrula es ganaCeni.

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 Tavad sokrateSi, rogorc konkretul empiriul adamianSi (Cveulebrivi aTeneli, msuqani,
meloti, paWua cxviriT, ojaxuri problemebiT damZimebuli) Sinaganad arsebobda metafizikuri
`me~, romelsac igi `daimons~, anu Sinagan xmas uwodebda. igi yovelTvis emorCileboda da iT-
valiswinebda `daimonis~ rCevebs. odesRac, Sinaganma xmam sokrates urCia, Tavi Seekavebina po-
litikuri moRvaweobisagan – ubralo, Cveulebrivi adamiani win ver aRudgeba `ZlierTa ama
qveynisa~ nebas, ver gadaurCeba maT risxvas, roca daufaravad amxels maT arakanonier qmede-
bebsa da usamarTlobas. mxolod Tavisufal kerZo pirs Seswevs Zala ibrZolos sikeTisaTvis.
mxolod aseT adamians SeuZlia SeinarCunos sulieri Tavisufleba da WeSmaritebis Ziebis Se-
saZlebloba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi filosofosi aRar aris brZeni. politikur cxovrebaSi
mTeli arsebiT Cafluli adamianis suli garegan zemoqmedebas ganicdis da deformirdeba.
kargavs ra Tavisuflebas, suli umaRles realobasTan kavSirsac kargavs. Zil-RviZilis mdgo-
mareobaSi vardeba. aqedan Tavis daRweva ki praqtikulad SeuZlebelia. sokrate Zalian afaseb-
da Tavisufali moazrovnis statuss, romlis sulieri `me~ yovelTvis sifxizlis mdgomareo-
baSi imyofeba, yovelTvis mzadaa yvelaze rTuli filosofiuri problemebis inteleqtualuri
wvdomisa da daZlevisaTvis.
tardi gabrieli (1843 –1904 ww.) – frangi sociologi, fsiqologi, kriminalisti. igi Tvli-
da, rom socialuri cxovrebis ZiriTad funqcias warmoadgens iniciativa (siaxleebi) da mibaZ-
va (moda da tradiciebi). tardma didi wvlili Seitana brbos fsiqosocialuri Teoriis damu-
SavebaSi.
froidi zigmundi (1856 –1939 ww.) – avstrieli nevropaTologi, fsiqiatri, fsiqologi; fsi-
qoanalizis fuZemdebeli, romelsac Tavidan aviTarebda, rogorc isteriis sxvadasxva forme-
bis mkurnalobis fsiqoTerapiul meTods, Semdeg ki, rogorc moZRvrebas aracnobieris saku-
Tari kanonzomierebebisa da moqmedebebis Sesaxeb, gansakuTrebiT ltolvis, instinqtebis sfe-
roSi. froidi Tavis yvelaze did miRwevad Tvlida aracnobieri fsiqikuri procesebis aRmo-
Cenasa da zrdasruli adamianis fsiqologiis bavSvobis periodis movlenebiT axsnisa da
wvdomis meTodologiis SemuSavebas.
froidis moZRvrebaSi centraluri adgili uWiravs individis fsiqoseqsualuri ganviTare-
bis Teorias. froidis Tanaxmad, aracnobieris safuZvels seqsualuri instinqtebi (libido)
warmoadgens, romlebic adamianis fsiqikuri moqmedebebis umravlesobas ganapirobeben da xasi-
aTdebian instinqtebTan dakavSirebuli ori cnebiT: kompleqsiT da sublimaciiT (laT. amaRle-
ba, gandideba. froidTan: gamoZevebuli sqesobrivi ltolvis gardasaxva sulier moRvaweobaSi,
umetesad religiis, metafizikis an xelovnebis sferoSi).
fromi erixi (1900–1980 ww.) – ebrauli warmoSobis germaneli fsiqologi, sociologi, fi-
losofosi. sxvadasxva dros gatacebuli iyo marqsizmiT, budizmiT, fsiqoanaliziT.
mTeli Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis ganmavlobaSi froms ainteresebda da ikvlevda
borotebis anTropologiur safuZvlebs. rogorc Zveli drois moazrovneebi, fromic borote-
bas sicocxlis erT-erT Semadgenel gamovlinebad miiCnevda. sicocxlisaTvis damaxasiaTebe-
lia, rogorc srulyofileba da harmonia, aseve naklovaneba da disharmonia. marTalia, igi
iziarebda klasikuri filosofiis mier SemuSavebul metafizikur da eTikur wanamZRvrebs bo-
rotebis warmoSobisa da misi safuZvlebis Taobaze, magram mainc Tavisi sakuTari gziT sia-
ruli arCia. fromi ikvlevda adamianTa socialuri qcevis destruqciuli formebis anTropo-
logiur, fsiqikur da socialur – fsiqologiur sawyisebs. Tavis fundamentur naSromSi `a-
damianuri destruqciulobis anatomia~ fromma safuZvlianad gamoikvlia agresiulobis prob-
lemebi.
Spengleri osualdi (1880 –1936 ww.) – germaneli moazrovne. moRvaweobda socialuri filo-
sofiisa da kulturis filosofiis sferoebSi. misi erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili naSromi, fi-
losofiuri bestseleri `evropis Casveneba~ gamoqveynda 1922 wels. wignSi ganxilulia saxel-
mwifoebis, kulturebisa da civilizaciebis istoriuli bedis koncefcia da gamoirCeva argu-
mentaciisa da saboloo daskvnebis eqstravaganturi stiliT.
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 Spengleris istoriul-filosofiuri sistema iziarebs da emorCileba bibliuri eklesias-
tis lakonur gamonaTqvams – `yvelaferi amaoebaa~.
Zenoni eleeli (Zv. w. daax. 490 –430 ww.) – Zveli berZeni filosofosi, romelmac pirvelma
gamoiyena iribi damtkicebis xerxi. amis gamo uwodes mas `dialeqtikis Semqmneli~. cnobili
gaxda Tavisi paradoqsebiT – aporiebiT, romelTa mizans moZraobis SeuZleblobis damtkiceba
warmoadgenda (`aqilevsi~, `isari,~ ~diqotomia~). Zenoni ganTqmuli iyo ara marto filosofi-
iT, aramed politikuri moRvaweobiTac. igi monawileobda erT politikur SeTqmulebaSi ti-
rani nearxis winaaRmdeg. SeTqmuleba udrood gamoaSkaravebula da Zenonic SeupyriaT. Mmag-
ram, miuxedavad imisa, rom Zenoni sastikad uwamebiaT, mas Tavisi megobrebi ar gaucia.

188
 saxelmZRvaneloSi gamoyenebul filosofiur terminTa mokle leqsikoni

Aadekvaturi – (laT. Mmitolebuli) – Sesabamisi, Tanazomieri, SemTanmxmebluri.

warmodgena sagnis adekvaturia, Tu igi mas Seesatyviseba, Tu ki igi `sworia~.

Aavantiura socialuri – `gubristiuli motivaciis~ (berZ. Kkadnieri, SeteviTi,

Tavxeduri sawyisi, romlis safuZvelzec miznis misaRwevad arafers Takiloben) cno-
bierebis tyveobaSi myofi mravali adamianis mier ganxorcielebuli grandiozuli
socialuri RonisZieba.

Aavantiurizmi – individebisa da jgufebis moqmedebebis socialuri praqtika, ro-

melic scildeba da arRvevs sazogadod miRebul, Cveul yofiT, agreTve socialur,
moralur, samarTlebriv normebs. miCneulia, rom pirovnebis avantiuristuli qcevis
safuZveli pragmatuli interesebia, magram ufro xSirad, igi ganpirobebulia mZafri
SegrZnebebisa da gancdebis moTxovnilebiT. Aavantiuristuli qceva SeiZleba iyos,
rogorc konstruqciuli, aseve asocialuri, anormaluri, destruqciuli xasiaTis.

absoluti – (laT. upirobo) – maradiuli, usasrulo, srulyofili, ucvleli, da-

moukidebeli absoluturi goni anu RmerTi.

absoluturi suli – hegelis filosofiur sistemaSi – absoluturi codnisaken

sulis aRmavali ganviTarebis saboloo rgoli. Tavis ganviTarebis etapebze absolu-
tur ideas suli swvdeba: a) xelovnebaSi – Wvretisa da grZnobebis meSveobiT, b) re-
ligiaSi - emociuri gancdebiT, g) filosofiaSi adekvaturad ayalibebs ideas, ro-
gorc TviTSemecnebul cnebas. amgvarad, aqtualizebuli absoluturi suli xdeba go-
nieri, Tavisufali da usasrulod TviTSemoqmedi.

Aabsurduli – (laT. xelovnurad, yalbad JReradi) – uazro, ugunuri, Seusabamo, wi-

naaRmdegobrivi. daviyvanoT absurdamde, niSnavs davasabuToT mtkicebis Sinagani winaaR-
mdegobrioba.

Aabulia – (berZ.) – moqmedebaTa fsiqiuri regulaciis paTologiuri darRveva; une-

bisyofoba, gaubedaoba.

Aagnozia – (berZ.) – uvicoba, ucodinaroba. sokrates Tanaxmad – sawyisi; stoikose-

bis mixedviT – filosofosobis Sedegi.

abstraqcia – (laT. ganyeneba) – SemecnebiTi operacia, Semecnebis forma, romelic

mdgomareobs saganTa Tvisebebis da mimarTebebis azrovnebiT gamoyofaSi, gamocalke-
vebasa da Semdeg ganzogadebaSi.

agnosticizmi – (berZ. codnis uaryofa) – moZRvreba, romelic mTlianad an nawi-

lobriv uaryofs samyaros Semecnebis SesaZleblobas. Semecnebis SeuZleblobis mize-
zad miiCnevs adamianis Semmecnebeli unarebis naklovanebas da SezRudulobas.

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 Aavtokratia – (berZ. TviTmpyrobeloba) – erTmmarTveloba; mmarTvelobis forma,
romelic gulisxmobs erTi piris ganusazRvrel ukontrolo sruluflebianobas.
Aavtonomia – (berZ. sakuTari kanonzomiereba) – saubroben organuli sicocxlis
avtonomiaze araorganulTan mimarTebaSi; azrovnebis avtonomiaze yofierebasTan mi-
marTebaSi; eTikur avtonomiaze da sxva.

Aavtoritarizmi – (laT. Ggavlena, Zalaufleba):

1.arasamarTlebrivi xasiaTis politikuri reJimi;
2. Zalaufleba, romelic Tavis funqciebs moqalaqeTa bunebiTi uflebebis sistema-
turi darRvevis gziT axorcielebs;
3. cnobierebis orientacia, romelic mimarTulia marTvis iZulebiT-Zaladobrivi
meTodebis aRiarebaze. Aavtoritaruli cnobiereba aris saxelmwifoebrivi marTvis
avtoritaruli modelis mier warmoSobili mTavari socialuri produqti. misTvis
damaxasiaTebelia: azrovnebis tipi, romelic, rogorc wesi, scildeba zneobriv-samar-
Tlebrivi kategoriebis sazRvrebs; saxelmwifo xelisuflebis ukritiko damokidebu-
leba arasamarTlebrivi aqciebisadmi; avtokratuli mmarTvelobis subieqtebisadmi ma-
amebluri, mliqvneluri morCileba.

Aavtoriteti – mniSvneloba an gavlena, romelic SeiZleba hqondeT adamianebs,

sagnebs, nivTebs da romelic ar saWiroebs am gavlenisa Tu mniSvnelobis mudmiv da-
sabuTebas, mis realurad damtkicebas. imisda mixedviT, Tu romeli sfero aqvT mxed-
velobaSi, saubroben religiur, politikur, samecniero da a. S. Aavtoritetze.
Aavtoritarul-politikuri saxelmwifo – arasamarTlebrivi saxelmwifos tipi,
romlis farglebSic marTlwesrigi emyareba ara ganaTlebul, civilizebuli moqala-
qeebis ganviTarebul marTlSegnebas, aramed xelisuflebis sifxizles, mis gadaWar-
bebul, akviatebul swrafvas xelqveiTebis meurveobisadmi da zedamxedvelobis fun-
qciebis zedmiwevniT Sesrulebas. Aavtoritarul-politikuri saxelmwifosaTvis dama-
xasiaTebelia administrirebis mravalsafexuroba. amasTan erTad, uflebismqone aqci-
ebis absoluturi umravlesoba atarebs zekanonier xasiaTs da dasaSvebad iTvleba
moqalaqeTa bunebiTi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis sistematuri ugulvebelyofa.
saxelmwifos mier deklarirebuli miznebi xalxis keTildReobis, misi materialuri
uzrunvelyofis, ganaTlebis, janmrTelobis dacvis da a. S. Sesaxeb, aSkarad ewinaaR-
mdegeba individebisadmi (rogorc kontrolis obieqtebisadmi da ara rogorc samar-
Tlis subieqtebisadmi) yoveldRiur praqtikaSi damkvidrebul damokidebulebas.

aTeizmi – (berZ. RmerTis uaryofa) – filosofiuri Teoria, romelic uaryofs ze-

bunebriv RvTaebriv Zalebs da RmerTis arsebobas. aqedan gamomdinare, is ugulvebel-
yofs yovelgvar religias da yvelafris safuZvels materialur substanciaSi xe-
davs.

anTropologia – (berZ. anTropos – adamiani, logos – moZRvreba) – moZRvreba ada-

mianis warmoSobasa da evoluciaze.
1. sabunebismetyvelo da samedicino anTropologia gansazRvravs adamianis adgils
cocxal arsebaTa samyaroSi da swavlobs mis sxeulebriv organizacias, riTac igi
gansxvavdeba sxva cocxali arsebebisagan. mas ganekuTvneba anatomia, fiziologia,
moZRvreba rasebis Sesaxeb da sxva.

2. filosofiuri anTropologia – filosofiuri koncefcia, romelic mTeli sis-

ruliT moicavs realur adamianur arsebobas, gansazRvravs adamianis adgilsa da mis
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damokidebulebas garemomcveli samyarisadmi. adamianis raobis gaazrebisaTvis gansa-
kuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba kulturis istoris Seswavlas.
anTropologia samarTlis – codnis sfero, sadac gaSuqebulia adamianis samar-
Tlebriv realobasTan mimarTebis ZiriTadi problemebi: a) adamianis roli samar-
Tlebrivi realobis CamoyalibebaSi; b) adamianis adgili samarTlebriv realobaSi; g)
samarTlebrivi realobis arseboba adamianSi; d) adamianis aqtivobis destruqciuli
formebi, romlebic angreven da Slian samarTlebriv realobas adamianis garSemo da
Tavad masSi. anTropologiuri midgomis konteqstSi adamiani da samarTali warmoad-
genen urTierTkreatiuli Tvisebebis mqone mxareebs: adamiani qmnis samarTlebriv rea-
lobas, samarTali ki monawileobs WeSmaritad adamianuri arsebobis formebis dafuZ-
nebaSi, romlebic Seesabamebian da pasuxoben civilizebulobis kriteriumebs. Oor-
mxrivi Zalisxmevis Sedegad iqmneba erTiani socialur-samarTlebrivi anTroposfero,
romelic gamyarebulia simboluri, normatiuli, RirebulebiTi, azrobrivi kavSire-
biT. samarTlis anTropologia akonkretebs zogadfilosofiur kiTxvas adamianis ra-
obaze: ras warmoadgens iuridiuli adamiani da saxelmwifoebrivi adamiani? ras war-
moadgens kanonmorCili adamiani da adamiani damnaSave? da a. S. mas ainteresebs is an-
Tropogenuri safuZvlebi, romlebic aiZuleben adamians daicvas an daarRvios samar-
Tlis normebi.

anTropomorfizmi – (berZ.) – adamianuri Tvisebebis gadatana usulo sagnebze,

RmerTis cnebaze an bunebaze.

anTropocentrizmi – (berZ.) – Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxmad adamiani aris samyaros

centri da masSi mimdinare yvela movlenis mizani.

Aalqimia – (laT.) – Mmecnierebamdeli mimarTuleba qimiaSi. Aalqimikosebis mTavari

mizani iyo e. w. `filosofiuri qvis~ mopoveba. `filosofiuri qvis~ ZiriTad Tvisebad
iTvleboda arakeTilSobili metalebis gardaqmna oqrod da vercxlad. Aalqimikose-
bi `filosofiur qvas~ miawerdnen mraval samkurnalo Tvisebas – daavadebaTa gan-
kurnebas, axalgazrdobis dabrunebas, sicocxlis usasrulod gaxangrZlivebas da
sxva.

alternativa – (frang. – Ooridan erTi) – ori, urTierTgamomricxavi SesaZleblo-

bidan erT-erTis arCevis aucilebloba; emyareba moTxovnas – miiRe gadawyvetileba
da airCie oridan erTi.

Aaltruizmi – (laT. sxva) – zneobrivi principi, romelic gulisxmobs sxva adamia-

nebisadmi uangaro msaxurebas, mzadyofnas gaiRos Tavi msxverplad maTi keTildReo-
bisa da bednierebisaTvis. sawinaaRndego cnebaa egoizmi.

Aambivalentoba – (laT.) – grZnobadi gancdebis gaoreba, rac gamoixteba SemdegSi

– erTi da igive obieqti adamianSi erTdroulad or urTierTsawinaaRmdego grZnobas
iwvevs. magaliTad, simpaTia da antipaTia, siyvaruli da siZulvili, siamovneba da
usiamovneba.

Aamnezia – (berZ.) – Mmexsierebis nawilobriv moSla an mTlianad dakargva.

analizi – (berZ. danawevreba, daSla) – logikaSi cnebiTi (azrobrivi) daSla er-

Tianobisa – simravleebad, mTlianis – mis nawilebad. analizis aqts ewodeba anali-
191
zireba, xolo analizis Catarebis xerxs – analitikuri meTodi. sapirispiro cnebaa
sinTezi.
analitikuri msjeloba – msjeloba, romlis WeSmariteba dgindeba wminda logiku-
ri analizis gziT.

analogia – (berZ. msgavseba) – mimarTebaTa msgavseba, toloba. agreTve, Sedarebis

gziT Semecneba. Sesadarebel sagnebs Soris aucileblad unda arsebobdes, rogorc
gansxvaveba, aseve msgavsebac. is, rac Sedarebis safuZvlad gvaqvs aRebuli, bevrad
ufro kargad unda iyos CvenTvis cnobili, vidre is, rac mas unda SevadaroT.

anamnezisi – (berZ. mogoneba) – platonis Tanaxmad, Semecneba – ramdenadac yoveli

Semecneba aris sulis mogoneba ideebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac igi ganWvretda sxeulTan
SeerTebamde.

anarqia – (berZ. uxelisufleoba) – mdgomareoba, romelSic imyofeba sazogadoeba

xelisuflebis gauqmebis pirobebSi. anarqizmi – moZRvreba sazogadoebaze, romlis mi-
zans warmoadgens adamianis gaTavisufleba politikuri, ekonomikuri da sulieri Za-
lauflebis yovelgvari saxesxvaobisagan. aRiarebs mxolod calkeuli pirovnebis ne-
bas, sxva nebismier avtoritetsa da saxelmwifoebriv wyobas uaryofs.

animizmi – (laT. anima – suli) – religiuri rwmena sulebis arsebobaze da maT Za-
lebze, romlis mixedviTac bunebis yvela saganSia suli da is did gavlenas axdens
adamianis cxovrebaze. arsebobda pirvelyofil, primitiul sazogadoebaSi.

anomalia – (berZ). – normidan, saerTo kanonzomierebidan gadaxveva.

anormatuli qceva – individis socialuri qmedeba, romelic ar Seesabameba civi-

lizebuli sazogadoebis stereotipebs, scildeba da ar emTxveva etiketis, kultu-
ris, moralis, samarTlis sazogadod miRebul normebs da amdenad, rogorc wesi, ga-
napirobebs sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis uaryofiT reaqcias. sazogadoebaSi adamiane-
bis vitaluri, socialuri da sulieri aqtivobis yvela gamovlineba regulirdeba,
Zlierdeba an piriqiT, Seferxebulia socialuri normebisa da Rirebulebebis safuZ-
velze, romelTa mizani da daniSnulebaa subieqtis aRmSenebluri moRvaweobis stimu-
lireba da maTi destruqciuli miswrafebebisa da Zalisxmevis blokireba. im SemTxve-
vaSi, roca blokirebis, Seferxebis, damuxruWebis funqciebi Sedegs ver aRwevs, xo-
lo adamianTa qcevebi da moqmedebebi arRvevs da scildeba normatiul CarCoebs, war-
moiqmneba anormatiuli qcevis fenomeni. normatiuli qceva uzrunvelyofs socialuri
sistemis stabilurobas, mdgradobas, anormatiuli qcevis gamovlenis mizans ki war-
moadgens sistemis cvalebadobis uzrunvelyofa.

antagonizmi – (berZ. erTmaneTTan brZola) – winaaRmdegoba, romelic xasiaTdeba

mtruli Zalebis Seurigebeli brZoliT.

antiTezisi – (berZ. dapirispireba) – logikaSi Tezisis sapirispiro msjeloba.

antikuroba – (laT. Zveli) – Zveli berZnuli da romauli klasikuri epoqa.

antinomia – (berZ. winaaRmdegoba) – ori winaarmdegobrivi msjeloba, sadac upira-

tesoba arcerTs ar eniWeba, aramed isini TanabardasabuTebadi msjelobebia. erTis
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uaryofiT meore sabuTdeba da piriqiT. debulebaTa Soris yovel maTgans aq vs
kanonieri Zala.
apeironi – (berZ. ganusazRvreli) – anaqsimandres mixedviT, usasrulo, uformo
pirvelsawyisi, romlisganac Sedgeba yvela sagani. platonTan da piTagorelebTan –
materiis sinonimi.

apercefcia – (laT.) – logikaSi, Semecnebis TeoriaSi igivea, rac gacnobierebuli

aRqma.

apologia – (berZ. dacva) – dasacavi sityva. sokrates mier sasamarTlos winaSe

warmoTqmuli sityva. agreTve, platonisa da qsenofantes am sityvisadmi miZRvnili
Txzulebebi.

aporia – (berZ.) – gamouvali mdgomareoba, problemis gadaWris SeuZlebloba, vina-

idan Tavad saganSi an gamoyenebul cnebebSi arsebobs winaaRmdegoba.

apriori – (laT. winamdebare, winamorbedi) – codna, romelic win uswrebs cdas da

misgan damoukidebelia. aprioruli ewodeba Sexedulebas, romlis sisworis damtki-
ceba an uaryofa cdis meSveobiT SeuZlebelia.

aposteriori – (laT. momdevnodan, Semdgomidan) – Semecnebis Teoriis cneba. apos-

teriuli ewodeba cdis safuZvelze aRqmidan miRebul codnas. sawinaaRmdego cnebaa
apriori.

argumenti – (laT. sabuTi, mosazreba) – damtkiceba, misi is nawili, romelsac

mtkicebis utyuaroba, ueWveloba eyrdnoba. argumentireba – damtkiceba, dasabuTeba.
argumentacia – dasabuTebis motana.

artefaqti iuridiuli – (laT. xelovnurad gakeTebuli) – cneba, romelic aRniS-

navs samarTlebriv realobaSi CarTuli adamianis monawileobiT Seqmnil meorad, xe-
lovnur faqtebsa da formebs. Tu ki iuridiuli faqti empiriul-Teoriuli gziT ga-
movlenili mTlianobaa da moicavs informacias samarTlebrivi realobis SigniT ar-
sebul konkretul subieqtur urTierTobebze, iuridiuli artefaqti aris genetiku-
rad meoradi kulturuli realoba, romelic Tavisi SemecnebiT-RirebulebiTi fun-
qciebis safuZvelze iZleva informacias samarTlebriv urTierTobebis arsebiT Tvi-
sebebze.

arxe – (berZ. sawyisi) – pirvelsawyisi, principi.

arxetipi – (berZ. sawyisi saxe) – pirvelsaxe, sawyisi forma, nimuSi.

asketizmi – (berZ. raimeSi movarjiSe) – Tavdapirvelad aTletebis SejibrebisaT-

vis momzadeba; SemdgomSi – saTno cxovrebisaken swrafva da codvebTan da mavne Cve-
vebTan brZola. qristianuli asketizmi – locvaSi, marxvaSi, sxeulis ganwmendaSi
moRvawe adamianis cxovreba.

asocialuri – (berZ.) – sazogadoebis mimarT Sinaganad gulgrili da garegnulad

pasiuri adamiani.

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 atributi – (laT. gamoyofa, boZeba) – Tviseba, niSani, arsebiTi niSan-Tviseba.
afeqti – (laT. sulieri mRelvareba, gaSmageba, gaxeleba) – xanmokle emociuri
mdgomareoba, romelic xasiaTdeba grZnobebis avadmyofuri aRgznebiT, azrovnebisa
da misi zemoqmedebis Zlieri daqveiTebiT.

aqsiologia – (berZ. aqsi – Rirebuleba, logos – moZRvreba) – filosofiuri

moZRvreba Rirebulebebze. RirebulebebSi igulisxmeba ideebi, idealebi, Sexedulebe-
bi, principebi, romlebic safuZvlad udevs adamianTa cxovrebis wess. aq igulisxmeba
zneobrivi, samarTlebrivi, politikuri, religiuri, mecnieruli, mxatvruli (xelov-
nebis) da sxva ideebi, idealebi da principebi, romelTac Rirebuleba aqvT sazogado-
ebisa da pirovnebisaTvis.

biblia – (berZ. wignebi) – qristianobis wminda werili RvTis gamocxadebaze, sam-

yaroze da adamianze, kacobriobasa da mis momavalze, mis saboloo bed-iRbalze.
Sedgeba ori nawilisagan – `Zveli aRTqma~ (51 wigni) da `axali aRTqma~ (27 wigni) da
warmoadgens erT mTlianobas. biblia Svidasamde enaze da dialeqtzea Targmnili.
qarTul enaze arsebobs Zveli da axali aRTqmis uZvelesi Targmanebi da mogviano
redaqciebi (xanmeti da sabawminduri VII-VIII ss., adiSuri - 897w., jruW-parxlis –X s.,
oSkuri - 987 w., aTonuri - X-XI ss., irusalimuri – XI s., gelaTuri - XII s., mcxeTuri
- XVII–XVIII ss., baqariseuli – 1743 w., 1884 w.).

boroteba – filosofiur-eTikuri kategoria, romelic adamianTa socialur sinam-

dvileSi aRniSnavs yovelive aramarTebulis vnebis momtan da saSiS formebs. borote-
ba, rogorc ontologema arsebobs sami ZiriTadi ipostasis saxiT: 1. metafizikuri, 2.
religiuri da 3. naturalisturi. boroteba, rogorc sikeTis antiTeza, warmoadgens
im sociogenuri fenomenebis kvalificirebis zogadSemfaseblur kategorias, romle-
bic adamianuri arsebobis umniSvnelovanes Rirebulebebsa da faseulobebs ngreviT
da ganadgurebiT emuqreba.

bunebiTi samarTali – filosofiur – samarTlebrivi da iuridiuli azrovnebis

erT-erTi wamyvani paradigma, romelic eyrdnoba kosmosSi, bunebasa da sazogadoebaSi
gabatonebul erTian normatiul – RirebulebiT principebs da SesaZlebloba aqvs
gaxdes saxelmwifos mier dadgenili kanondebulebaTa samarTlianobis sazomi. bune-
biTi samarTali (CveulebiTi samarTlis dauwereli wesebisa da tradiciebis saxiT)
warmoiSoba kacobriobis civilizaciisa da kulturis gaCenasTan erTad. misi moTx-
ovnebi warmodgenilia miTebSi, religiur da moralur normativebSi. mogvianebiT, fi-
losofiis warmoSobasTan erTad, isini iReben ontologiur da metafizikur dasabu-
Tebas.

gaucxoeba – adamianis iseTi mdgomareoba, rodesac masze batonobs garegani soci-

aluri faqtori, romelic adamians arTmevs Sinagan Tavisuflebas. es warmoSobs gan-
sxvavebas moqmedebis mizansa da Sedegs Soris, ris gamoc adamiani pesimistur da ni-
hilistur ganwyobaSi vardeba da gamosavalis povna uZneldeba.

determinizmi – (laT. gansazRvra) – Sexeduleba samyaros kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb,

romlis mixedviTac samyaroSi yvelaferi mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiriT aris ganpirobe-
buli, determinirebuli. amitom samyaroSi ar arsebobs araviTari umizezo movlena
anu SemTxveviToba. SemTxveviToba mxolod subieqturi arcodnis gamo moixmareba mec-

194
nierebaSi, Torem TavisTavad samyaroSi araviTari SemTxveviToba ar arsebobs. samya-
ros mxolod mkacri aucilebloba da mizezobrioba marTavs.

deduqcia – (laT. gamoyvana) – zogadidan konkretulis gamoyvana;

deduqciuri meTodi – azrovnebis meTodi, romlis meSveobiTac zogadi msjelobi-

dan gamogvyavs kerZo debulebebi.

devalvacia (ger. – gamaCnia mniSvneloba, vRirvar) – gaufasureba

deizmi – (laT.) – rwmenis forma, romelic warmoiSva ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi

(gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia inglisisaTvis). deizmis Tanaxmad, marTalia, RmerTi
samyaros pirvelmizezia, magram Seqmnis Semdeg samyaro misi monawileobis gareSe vi-
Tardeba; arc saswaulebs, arc RvTis Svilis movlinebas dedamiwaze, kavSiri ara aqvT
samyaros ganviTarebasTan.

dekadentoba – (fr. gaxrwna, daknineba, dacema) – cneba, romelic xSirad ixmareba

filosofiis istoriaSi kulturebisa da sxvadasxva erebis istoriis ayvavebisa da
dakninebis periodebis ganxilvis dros.

dekalogi – bibliuri aTi mcnebis zogadi dasaxeleba.

demiurgi – (berZ.) – platonis filosofiaSi: samyaros Semqmneli RvTaeba

demokratia – (berZ. xalxis Zalaufleba) – saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis forma, ro-

melic saSualebas aZlevs xalxs da mis warmomadgenlebs uSualod ganaxorcielon
mmarTvelobiTi funqciebi.

depresia – (laT. daTrgunva) – daTrgunuli sulieri mdgomareoba.

despotizmi – saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis arasamarTlebrivi forma, romlis dro-

sac xelisuflebis mxridan sastikad da sistematurad irRveva moqalaqeTa bunebiTi
uflebebi, ilaxeba pirovnebis Rirseba da iTrguneba misi Tavisufali neba.

destruqciuloba – e. fromis filosofiuri anTropologiis centraluri cneba.

aRniSnavs zogierTi adamianis ngreviTi procesebisadmi miswrafebasa da midrekile-
bas.

definicia – (laT. SezRudva) – cnebis gansazRvra misi Tvisebebis CamoTvlis

gziT.

didaqtika – (berZ. gawrTvnis, ganswavlis xelovneba an mecniereba) – ganswavlis

Teoria.

disonansi – (laT. sxvadasxvaxmovanoba, arakeTilxmovani, Seuwyobeli) – arakeTil-

xmovaneba, uTanxmoeba.

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 dogma – (berZ. azri) – filosofiuri Tezisi, romlis WeSmariteba safuZvlad ede-
ba ama Tu im filosofiur sistemas; agreTve, qristianuli rwmenis dogmati – saekle-
sio kanoni, romelic Secvlas ar eqvemdebareba.

doqtrina – (laT. swavleba) – sistematizirebuli filosofiuri, politikuri an

ideologiuri moZRvreba, koncefcia, principebis erToblioba.
dialeqtika – (berZ. vsaubrob, vmsjelob) – moZRvreba ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. Zvel saber-
ZneTSi masSi kamaTis xelovneba igulisxmeboda. kamaTi miCneuli iyo azrovnebis ganviTare-
bis saSualebad, romliTac WeSmariteba miiRweoda. hegelma dialeqtika absoluturi gonis
TviTSemecnebis meTodad gamoacxada. hegelis mixedviT azrovnebis dialeqtika warmoad-
gens Semecnebis aRmaval process, romliTac adamiani absoluturi gonis Semecnebisaken
miiswrafvis.

dualizmi – (laT. ori) – filosofiuri moZRvreba, romelic materialur da sulier

substanciebs miiCnevs TanabarmniSvnelovan sawyisebad, romlis mixedviTac verc sulisagan
warmoiSoba materia da verc materia warmoSobs suls, aramed isini absoluturad gansxva-
vebuli cnebebia.

egoizmi – (laT) – TavisTavis moyvaruloba, TavmoTneoba. qceva, romelic srulad Semo-

ifargleba da ganisazRvreba sakuTari `me~- s interesebiT – sakuTari sargebeli, gamorCe-
na, sakuTari interesebis sxva adamianis interesebze maRla dayeneba. sawinaaRmdego cnebaa
altruizmi.

egocentrizmi – samyarosadmi damokidebulebis forma, romelic xasiaTdeba sakuTar in-

dividualur `me~-ze yuradRebis aqcentirebiT.

evTanazia – (berZ. kargi sikvdili) – `kargi, sasiamovno sokvdili~. pirvelad es termini

gamoiyena bekonma. igi evTanaziaSi msubuq, umtkivneulo, bednier sikvdils gulisxmobda.
mecnierul terminologiaSi damkvidrda XX s. me-2 naxevridan da aRniSnavs Segnebul qme-
debas an umoqmedobas, romelic iwvevs ganukurnebeli seniT daavadebuli pacientis sik-
vdils, SedarebiT swrafi da umtkivneulo gziT. misi mizania Sveba moutanos da ixsnas
adamiani mtanjveli tkivilebisagan.

eTika – (berZ. Cveuleba) - filosofiuri moZRvreba, romelic Seiswavlis adamianis mo-

rals, adamianis zneobrivi qcevis normebs da Rirebulebebs. eTika aris aqsiologiuri Te-
oria, romelic yuradRebis centrSi ayenebs im principebisa da Rirebulebebis kvlevas,
rac safuZvlad udevs adamianTa cxovrebis wess. aq saqme exeba im ideebsa da idealebs,
risTvisac adamiani axorcielebs Tavis aqtiur moqmedebas da azrs aZlevs sicocxles.

eTikuri Teologia – (agreTve, moraluri Teologia) – gvxvdeba kantis `praqtiku-

li gonebis kritikaSi~. kantis Tanaxmad, zneobrivi kanonis arseboba, romelic gan-
sazRvravs adamianis moqmedebebis, qcevebis moralurobas, ukve warmoadgens RmerTis,
rogorc am kanonis pirvelSemoqmedisa da misi garantis, arsebobis dasabuTebas.

ekleqtika – (berZ. arCevis unari; is vinc irCevs) – gansxvavebuli xasiaTis Sexedu-

lebebis, ideebis, principebis an Teoriebis SeerTeba. ekleqtiki ewodeba pirovnebas,
romelic Tavad ar qmnis erTian principze dafuZnebul sakuTar filosofiur siste-
mas da ar iziarebs romelime erTi filosofosis Sexedulebebs, aramed sxvadasxva
sistemebidan sesxulobs misTvis misaReb, swor ideebs da aerTianebs maT.
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 elita – (fr. saukeTeso, rCeuli) – sociologiaSi sazogadoebis maRali, privile-
girebuli fena, romelic axorcielebs marTvis, mecnierebisa da kulturis ganviTare-
bis funqciebs.

emanacia – (laT. gamosvla, gamodineba) – mTlianidan, erTianidan gamodineba, ga-

mosxiveba. neoplatonizmisa da gnosticizmis Tanaxmad, samyaro aris RvTis emanacia,
romelic imavdroulad ucvleli rCeba.

empirizmi – (berZ. cda) – filosofiuri moZRvreba, romelic grZnobad cdas cod-

nis erTaderT wyarod miiCnevs da amtkicebs, rom yovelgvari codna sabuTdeba cdaSi
da cdis saSualebiT; ar arsebobs araviTari Tandayolili zogadi ideebi adamianis
cnobierebaSi, aramed cnobierebis Sinaarsi mTlianad SegrZnebebiT miRebuli codniT
ganisazRvreba. Aam mimdinareobis warmomadgenlebi arian: berkli, iumi, avenariusi,
loki da sxvebi.

esTetika – (berZ. mgrZnobeli) – moZRvreba mSvenierebis Sesaxeb. es aris xelovne-

bis Teoria, romelic ikvlevs mxatvrul saxeebSi gadmocemul iseT Rirebulebebs,
romelTac udidesi mniSvneloba aqvT adamianis mxsoflmxedvelobis CamoyalibebaSi.
esTetika msjelobs da afasebs xelovnebis iseT kategoriebs, rogoricaa mSveniereba,
silamaze, amaRlebuli, tragikuli, komikuri da sxva.

epistomologia samarTlebrivi – (berZ.) – disciplinaTSorisi Teoriuli sfero,

romlis farglebSic SemuSavebulia meTodologiuri problemebi samarTlis buneba-
ze, struqturasa da funqciebze.

eqsistencia – (laT. arseboba) - adamianuri arsebobis wesi. es termini ixmareba eq-

sistencializmSi da warmoadgens adamianuri `me~-s sulier sawyiss, romlis wyalobi-
Tac adamiani aris ganumeorebeli pirovneba, persona.

eqsistencialebi – adamianuri arsebobis saSualebebi, adamianuri yofierebis kate-

goriebi (arseboba samyaroSi, SiSi, zrunva, siyvaruli, gageba, martooba da sxva ).

eqsistencializmi – filosofiuri moZRvreba adamianuri arsebobis Sesaxeb; Camo-

yalibda XX saukuneSi. misi ZiriTadi warmomadgenlebi arian: iaspersi, berdiaevi, ha-
idegeri, sartri, kamiu, da sxv. eqsistencializmi aris iracionalisturi filosofi-
a, is ar iziarebs da akritikebs yovelgvar racionalizms da miaCnia, rom filoso-
fiam unda ikvlios mxolod adamiani da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebi. filoso-
fiam xeli unda aiRos mTeli samyaros Seswavlaze, rasac tradiciuli filosofia
akeTebda da miznad unda daisaxos adamianis sulieri samyaros wvdoma. eqsistencia-
lizmis mixedviT, sulieri samyaros wvdoma da misi eqsistencialuri fenomenebis ga-
geba SeuZlebelia racionaluri meTodebiT; maTi azriT, aseTi wvdomis funqcias
mxolod emocionaluri intuicia da emocionaluri gancda asrulebs. SiSisa da sa-
sowarkveTis gancdis momentSi adamiani gacilebiT mets igebs misi yofierebis Sesa-
xeb, vidre xangrZlivi logikuri gaazrebis saSualebiT. amdenad, adamians sicocx-
lis arsi mxolod gancdaSi eZleva; aseve gancdis saSualebiT xdeba gasagebi eqsis-
tenciebi da Rirebulebebi, riTac adamiani xelmZRvanelobs gadawyvetilebis miReba-
Si. eqsistencializmi eWvqveS ayenebs samecniero-teqnikur miRwevebs da saerTod mec-
nierebis rols sazogadoebrivi istoriis ganviTarebaSi. maTi azriT, swored teqni-
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kurma progresma warmoSva pirovnebis gaucxoebis problema, ramac gamoiwvia adamian-
Ta pirovnuli Rirsebebis nivelireba, standartizacia da Tavisuflebis dakargva.

verifikacia – (laT. WeSmaritebis damtkiceba) – logikuri pozitivizmis erT-erTi

amosavali principi, romlis Tanaxmad, samyaros Sesaxeb yoveli mtkicebis WeSmarite-
ba, saboloo angariSiT, unda dadgenil iqnes grZnobad monacemebTan misi Sedarebis
gziT. amdenad Semecneba ar unda gascdes grZnobadi cdis sazRvrebs, Semecneba unda
Semoifarglos cdidan miRebuli codnis logikuri analiziT. debuleba, romelic
cdaSi ar mowmdeba, mcdaria.

virtualuri – (laT. Zala, unari) – SemZle.

vitaluri – adamianis cxovelmoqmedi energia.

voluntarizmi – (laT. neba) – filosofiuri mimdinareoba, romelic uaryofs

obieqturi kanonebisa da adamianis gonebis rols sazogadoebis istoriaSi. istori-
is mamoZravebel Zalad miiCnevs RvTaebriv an did pirovnebaTa nebas. swored amitom
ewodeba mas nebisyofis anu voluntarizmis Teoria. voluntarizmi aris iraciona-
listuri Teoria. misi ZiriTadi warmomadgenlebi arian: Sopenhaueri, hartmani, nic-
Se da sxv.

vulgaruli materializmi – (laT. ubralo) - XIX s. filosofiuri mimdinareoba,

romelic bunebis mecnieruli monacemebiT cdilobda adamianis da misi cnobierebis
axsnas. isini materialur sinamdviles da cnobierebas erTimeoresTan aigivebdnen,
cnobierebas fiziologiuri procesebiT xsnidnen. misi warmomadgenlebi arian: fogti,
moleSoti, biuxneri da sxva.

zaratustra – (daax. Zv. w. X-VI ss.) – Zveli iranuli religiis qurumi da refor-
matori. mis swavlebas gadmoscems am religiis wminda wigni `avesta~.

zneobrioba – normatiuli dadgenilebebis sistema, romelic icavs adamianuri ar-

sebobis universalur Rirebulebebs – sicocxle, Tavisufleba, Rirseba da sxva.
Talmudi – (Zv. ebr. Seswavla) – iudaizmis religiur-eTikuri da samarTlebrivi
debulebebis krebuli.

Teza, Tezisi – (berZ. fuZemdebluri debuleba) – mtkicebuleba, debuleba. logika-

Si – mtkicebuleba, romelic damtkicebas moiTxovs.

Teizmi – (berZ. RmerTi) – religiur-filosofiuri moZRvreba, aRiarebs pirovnuli

RmerTis arsebobas, romelic zemoqmedebas axdens yvela materialur da sulier pro-
cessze. amitom yovelive, rac samyaroSi xdeba, RmerTis Canafiqris ganxorcielebas
warmoadgens.

Teogonia – (berZ.) – RmerTebis dabadeba; miTi RmerTebis warmoSobaze.

Teokratia – (berZ.) – saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis forma, romlis drosac saero

politikuri Zalaufleba sasuliero pirTa xelSia.

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 Teosofia – (berZ.) – RvTaebrivi sibrZne; uSualo WvretiT miRweuli umaRlesi
codna RmerTisa da RvTaebrivi Sesaqmis saidumloebis Sesaxeb.

Teologia – religiuri moZRvreba anu RvTismetyveleba, romelic ama Tu im reli-

giis sarwmunoebis principebisa da dogmebis sistematizacias axdens. qristianuli
Teologia eyrdnoba biblias, saeklesio krebebis dadgenilebebs da `eklesiis mame-
bis~ moZRvrebas.
ideali – (berZ. saxe, xati) – adamianis an sazogadoebis umaRlesi mizani, romelic
azrs aZlevs adamianis da sazogadoebis SemoqmedebiT aqtivobas. ideali aris is
umaRlesi Rirebuleba, romlisTvisac adamiani yvelafers swiravs, TviT sicocxle-
sac ki. idealis cneba sxva mniSvnelobiTac ixmareba. magaliTad, rodesac adamiani
raimes Sefasebas axdens (idealuri adamiani, idealuri qandakeba, idealuri musika
da a.S.), idealuri SefardebiTi mniSvnelobis cnebas gamoxatavs, radgan Sefaseba su-
bieqtur gemovnebazea damokidebuli.

idealizmi – filosofiuri mimdinareoba, romelic materialurTan SedarebiT su-

lierebis upiratesobas amtkicebs; ideebi pirveladi da maradiulia, xolo materia-
luri sagnebi meoradi da warmavali. es iyo platonis filosofiis amosavali prin-
cipi, romelic ganaviTares dekartma, laibnicma, hegelma... obieqturi idealizmis gar-
da, arsebobs subieqturi idealizmis Teoriac, romelic materialurTan mimarTebaSi
obieqturi ideebis nacvlad, SegrZnebebisa da aRqmebis upiratesobas asabuTebs. Aam
mimdinareobis warmomadgenlebTa (berkli, iumi, avenariusi) azriT, materialuri si-
namdvile subieqturi SegrZnebebiT ganisazRvreba.

identuroba – (laT. – igive) – igiveobrioba, sruli damTxveva.

ideologia – politikuri, samarTlebrivi, zneobrivi, religiuri Sexedulebebis

sistema, romelsac esa Tu is filosofia an politikuri organizacia ayalibebs sa-
zogadoebis momavlis, misi marTvisa da cxovrebis wesis Sesaxeb.

imanenturi – (laT. niSandoblivi) – Sinaganad damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba (kanonzo-

miereba). gnoseologiaSi es termini gamoiyeneba subieqtis Sinagani kanonzomierebis
aRmniSvnelad. am termins kanti iyenebs transcendenturis (is rac subieqtis gareT
aris da ar moiazreba) sapirispiro mniSvnelobiT. kantma Tavisi filosofia swored
imanenturis kanonzomierebis Seswavlas miuZRvna. imanenturi cnebis irgvliv yvela
drois filosofiaSi iyo kamaTi, rac dResac grZeldeba, radgan is fenomenologiuri
filosofiis centralur problemas warmoadgens.

imaterialuri – (laT.) – arasagnobrivi, arasxeulebrivi, sulieri.

imoralizmi – moralis principebisa da moTxovnebis aucileblobis uaryofa.

imperativi – (laT.) – moTxovna, brZaneba, kanoni.

indeterminizmi – determinizmis sapirispirod amtkicebs, rom samyaroSi obieqtu-

rad ar arsebobs mizezobriobisa da aucileblobis kanoni, aramed samyaroSi gabato-
nebulia mxolod SemTxveviToba da albaToba. indeterminizmi gansakuTrebiT Tanamed-
rove kvanturi fizikis monacemebs emyareba, sadac mizezobriobis klasikuri gageba
Zalas kargavs. klasikur fizikaSi miRebuli iyo, rom erTi da igive movlena, erTsa
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da imave pirobebSi, erTsa da imave Sedegs iZleva. xolo kvanturma fizikam daadgina,
rom mikro nawilaki am kanons ar emorCileba da moqmedebs araerTmniSvnelovnad,
aramed usasrulod mravali SesaZlebeli mimarTulebiT. mogvianebiT gairkva, rom
mikro sinamdviles aqvs albaTuri statistikuri mizezobrioba.

intuicia – (laT. daJinebiT mzera) – uSualo Semecnebis aracnobieri unari. arse-

bobs intuiciis sxvadasxva formebi: grZnobadi, inteleqtualuri, emocionaluri da mis-
tikuri. grZnobadi intuicia grZnobad-konkretul sinamdviles exeba, inteleqtualuri –
zogad cnebebs, emocionaluri – subieqtur gancdebs, xolo mistikuri – RmerTis Semec-
nebas axorcielebs.

intuitivizmi – filosofiuri Teoria, romelic SemecnebaSi upiratesobas aniWebs

intuicias da amtkicebs, rom adamianis SemoqmedebiTi aqtivoba da sasicocxlo
swrafva mxolod intuiciuri aracnobieri alRos safuZvelze mimdinareobs, rom ada-
mianis sicocxlis usasrulo swrafvis Semecneba da wvdoma mxolod intuiciiT xde-
ba. rac Seexeba inteleqts, mas mxolod materialuri sagnebis Semecneba SeuZlia da
meti araferi. maTi azriT, inteleqti da saerTod mecniereba, xels uSlis da win
eRobeba namdvili sicocxlis ganxorcielebas.

intuitiuri meTodi – SemecnebiT saSualebaTa erToblioba, romelic eyrdnoba ma-

teriisa da sulis, subieqtisa da obieqtis, cnobierisa da aracnobieris erTianobis
ideas da aRiarebs adamianis sulis mier erTiani samyarosa da misi calkeuli nawi-
lebis, maT Soris, samarTlebrivi realobis arsis, uSualo, araracionaluri wvdo-
mis strategias.

infantiluri – (laT.) – bavSvuri.

infantilizmi – bavSvobis etapze fizikuri da gonebriv-sulieri ganviTarebis Se-

ferxeba.

incesti – (laT. – biwieri, mankieri) – sisxlis aRreva, sisxlis naTesavTa Soris

seqsualuri kavSiri.

iracionalizmi – (laT. aragonieri) – filosofiuri moZRvreba, romelic Semecne-

bis ZiriTad unarad intuicias miiCnevs, xolo adamianis azrovnebis rols Semecneba-
Si umniSvnelod Tvlis. iracionalizmis mixedviT, adamianis goneba uZluria Cawvdes
samyaros saidumloebas da gansakuTrebiT adamianis sicocxlis kanonzomierebas.

kaTarsisi – (berZ. – ganwmenda) – emociuri ganmuxtva; sulis mistikuri ganwmenda.

kanibalizmi – kaciWamiaoba; cnobilia kanibalizmis ramdenime saxesxvaoba:

1. nekrofagia – ubeduri SemTxvevebis, avadmyofobis, siberis Sedegad gardacvli-
li adamianebis xorcis Wama;
2. egzokanibalizmi – mtrebis, tyveebis, agreTve adamianebze mizanmimarTuli nadi-
robis msxverplTa xorcis gamoyeneba sakvebSi;
3. endokanibalizmi – naTesavebis, ritualuri msxverplisa da moxucebul Tvistom-
Ta xorcis Wama.

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 kategoria – (berZ. gamoTqma, mtkiceba) – codnis forma, romelSic gamoiTqmeba si-
namdvilis sxvadasxva kavSirebi, mimarTulebebi, Tvisebebi da kanonzomierebani.
ganasxvaveben universalur da specifikur kategoriebs.

kategoriebi filosofiur – samarTlebrivi, filosofiur – iuridiuli diskursis

mniSvnelovani Sinaarsobriv-azrobrivi datvirTvis mqone sakvanZo cnebebi, romlebic
maqsimaluri aqtivobiT monawileoben samarTlis subieqtis filosofiuri TviTSegne-
bis analitikur moRvaweobaSi. maT ricxvs ganekuTvneba iseTi cnebebi, rogoricaa
norma, kanoni, samarTlianoba, bunebiTi da pozitiuri samarTali, Tavisufleba, Zala-
ufleba, marTlmsajuleba, danaSauli, sasjeli, samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi, socia-
lur-samarTlebrivi winaaRmdegobebi, socialuri wesrigi da sxva.

kanoni – erTiani sistemis elementebsa da Tvisebebs Soris obieqturi xasiaTis

mdgradi, arsebiTi kavSiri.

kanonikuri samarTali – religiuri da iuridiuli normebis sistema, romelic Camoya-

libda saeklesio kanonebis safuZvelze.

kategoriuli imperativi – kantis `praqtikuli gonebis kritikis~ gamoqveynebis Sem-

deg imperativi ganixileba, rogorc sayovelTaod mniSvnelovani zneobrivi dadgeni-
leba (maqsimis – piradi principis – sawinaaRmdegod); wesi, romelic valdebulebas ga-
moxatavs (obieqturi davaldebuleba – moiqeci ase da ara sxvagvarad). hipoTeturi im-
perativi moqmedebs mxolod gansazRvrul pirobebSi; kategoriuli imperativi gulis-
xmobs upirobo valdebulebas. igi adgens qcevis aucilebel formasa da princips.

kauzaloba – mizezobrioba, mizezisa da Sedegis kanonzomieri kavSiri.

kolizia – (laT.) – dapirispirebuli Zalebis, miswrafebebis, Sexedulebebis, inte-

resebis Sejaxeba.

konsesusi moralur – samarTlebrivi – (laT. SeTanxmebuloba) – socialuri wina-

aRmdegobis gansakuTrebuli tipi, romelic gulisxmobs mxareTa mzadyofnas pozicie-
bis urTierTSeTanxmebisa da kompromisebisaken.

konfliqtologia samarTlebrivi (iuridiuli) – Teoriuli disciplina, romlis

sagans warmoadgens samarTlebriv urTierTobaTa sferoSi subieqtebs Soris arsebu-
li da individualur da sazogadoebriv marTlSegnebaSi fesvgadgmuli motivaciuri
konfliqtebi.

kosmogonia – (berZ. samyaros Seqmna) – samyaros Seqmnisa da ganviTarebis mecnierebam-

deli miTosur-religiuri moZRvreba.

kosmologia – (berZ. moZRvreba samyaros Sesaxeb) – kosmogoniis safuZvelze kos-

mosis, samyaros filosofiur – mecnieruli ganxilva.

kosmosi – (berZ. samyaro) – mowesrigebul erTianobad moazrebuli samyaro (qaosis

sawinaaRmdego); Tavdapirvelad, igive iyo, rac wesrigi, mowyoba; samyaros kosmosi
pirvelad piTagoram uwoda, miaqcia ra yuradReba masSi gamefebul wesrigsa da har-
monias.
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 kreatuloba – raRac axlis gakeTebis an axleburad Seqmnis unari; problemis ax-
leburad gadawyveta, axali meTodi an instrumenti.

kreacionizmi – religiuri koncefcia, romlis Tanaxmad yovelive arsebuli warmo-

adgens RvTaebrivi Semoqmedebis Sedegs.

kriminaluri cnobiereba – fsiqikur-nebelobiTi, mentaluri Tvisebebis erToblio-

ba, romelic individs saSualebas aZlevs sazogadod miRebul moralur-samarTleb-
riv RirebulebaTa sistemas ara marto daupirispiros alternatiuli normebi, ara-
med, am ukanasknelze dayrdnobiT, Caidinos marTlsawinaaRmdego, socialurad saSiSi
qmedeba.

legitimoba – (laT. kanonieri, dakanonebuli) – saxelmwifo xelisuflebis kanoni-

erebis aRmniSvneli principi, romelic uflebamosils xdis mis arsebobas da aniWebs
mis subieqtebs saxelmwifos marTvis kanonier uflebas.

liberalizmi – (laT. Tavisuflebas naziarebi) – socialur – filosofiuri, po-

litikuri da samarTlebrivi ideebis erTianoba, romelTa mizania pirovnebis, misi
uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacva saxelmwifo diqtatisagan.

logosi – (berZ.) – sityva, moZRvreba, kanoni, azri.

mantika – (berZ. winaswarmetyveli) – winaswarmetyvelebis xelovneba, magaliTad,

astrologia, qiromantia (xelze mkiTxaoba), banqoTi mkiTxaoba, sizmrebis axsna da
sxva.

materia – (laT. nivTieri) – materialisturi filosofiis ZiriTadi cneba, romlis

mixedviTac materia warmoadgens samyaros substancias (sawyiss), romelic ar warmo-
Sobila da ar ispoba, maradiulad moZraobs droSi da sivrceSi, ganicdis ganviTare-
bas da am ganviTarebis procesSi warmoiSoba yvelaferi am samyaroSi. TviT adamianic
Tavisi cnobierebiT, materiis ganviTarebis Sedegs warmoadgens. amdenad, cnobiereba
maRalganviTarebuli materiis anu adamianis tvinis gamovlenaa da ar arsebobs aravi-
Tari cnobiereba da araviTari ideebi materiis gareSe.

materializmi – filosofiuri moZRvreba, romelic upirispirdeba idealizms da

samyaros sawyisad materias miiCnevs. arsebobs materializmis istoriuli formebi:
Zveli berZnuli gulubryvilo materializmi, meqanisturi da metafizikuri, vulgaru-
li da dialeqtikuri materializmi.

meTodi – (berZ. gza, kvleva) – garkveuli miznis miRwevis saSualeba, sinamdvilis

praqtikuli an Teoriuli aTvisebis xerxebis an operaciebis erToblioba. samecniero
sferoSi – saSualeba, romlis meSveobiTac mkvlevari sakuTari hipoTezis safuZvelze
imecnebs misTvis saintereso sagans (problemas).

mentaloba – (laT.) – adamianis, garkveuli jgufis azrovnebis wesi, saerTo suli-

eri ganwyoba.

menkantiluri (fr. – vaWruli) - aq: angarebiani

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 movaleoba – pirovnebisadmi mimarTuli moraluri an samarTlebrivi jerarsis kon-
kretuli forma. igi gamoxatavs konkretul socialur pirobebsa da situaciaSi cal-
keuli individis, adamianTa jgufis, klasis, xalxis mier Sinaganad miRebul da gac-
nobierebul zneobriv valdebulebebs. Mmovaleoba arsebobs sazogadoebis, saxelmwi-
fos, uaxloesi socialuri garemocvis (naTesavebis, megobrebis, kolegebis da a.S.)
winaSe, agreTve, sakuTari Tavis winaSe. normatiuli realobis pirobebSi ganasxvave-
ben damavaldebulebeli zemoqmedebis or meqanizms – garegani, romelic saTanado
qcevas ganapirobebs iZulebis safuZvelze da Sinagani, romlis safuZvelia motivaci-
uri survili, moTxovnileba. pirveli, metwilad, damaxasiaTebelia samarTlebrivi re-
gulirebis meqanizmebisaTvis, meore – moralurisaTvis.
motivacia – (laT. Segulianeba, waqezeba) – garkveuli qcevebisa da moqmedebebis
mimarT Sinagani survilebis (motivebis) warmoSobisa da gamovlenis fsiqodinamika.

metafizika – filosofiaSi es cneba ori mniSvnelobiT ixmareba: metafizika, ro-

gorc filosofiis sinonimi da metafizika, rogorc erT-erTi meTodis aRmniSvneli.
es termini pirvelad gamoiyenes aristoteles `pirveli filosofiis mimarT~. imis ga-
mo, rom am Sromas saTauri ar aRmoaCnda da ido aristoteles Sromis `fizikis~ Sem-
deg, mas uwodes metafizika, e. i. is, rac fizikis miRmaa. droTa ganmavlobaSi am ter-
minma gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina. igi aRniSnavs yvela filosofiur moZR-
vrebas yofierebisa da Semecnebis sawyisebze.

misticizmi – (berZ. saidumlo) – religiur-filosofiuri Sexeduleba, romelic

rwmenas emyareba da miznad isaxavs RmerTTan miaxloebas da urTierTobas. RmerTTan
miaxloebis saSualebad mas eqstazur mdgomareobaSi yofna da intuiciuri Wvreta mi-
aCnia, romelSic qreba subieqtad da obieqtad dayofa da adamiani erwymis sulier
pirvelsawyiss anu RmerTs.

monizmi – (berZ. erTi) – filosofiuri moZRvreba, romelic yoveli arsebulis sa-

fuZvlad acxadebs erT sawyiss. materializmi aseT sawyisad materias miiCnevs, xolo
idealizmi RmerTs.

monoTeizmi – (berZ. erTi) – erTRmerTianoba, romelic uaryofs miTologiur mra-

valRmerTianobas anu poliTeizms da samyaros Semqmnelad da yvelafris safuZvlad
erT RmerTs aRiarebs. moniTeituri religiebia: iudaizmi, budizmi, qristianoba, is-
lami.

muzageti – (berZ.) – muzebis winamZRoli; apolonis metsaxeli. aRniSnavs muzebisa

da xelovnebis mfarvels.

negacia – (laT.) – mTlianad subieqtis an misi predikatis uaryofa (magaliTad, an-

tiTezisi aris Tezisis negacia).

neoTomizmi – kaTolokuri eklesiis oficialuri filosofia, romelic Sua sau-

kuneebis religiuri moazrovnis Toma aqvinelis Teologias emyareba. misi warmomad-
genlebi arian: mariteni, Jilsoni, boxenski da sxvebi. neoTomizmi aris obieqtur-idea-
listuri filosofia, romelic platonisa da aristoteles filosofias religiur
moZRvrebasTan aTavsebs.

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 neokantianeloba – filosofiuri mimdinareoba, romelic germaniaSi warmoiSva
XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi. neokantianurma filosofiam wamoayena lozungi: `ukan
kantisaken~. neokantianuri filosofia ZiriTadad Camoyalibda or - marburgis (kohe-
ni, natropi, kasireri da sxva) da fraiburgis (vindelbandi, rikerti da sxva) sko-
lad. am filosofiis kvlevis amocanas warmoadgens kantis transcendentaluri subi-
eqtis axleburad gaazreba. maT kantis filosofiidan amoiRes `nivTi TavisTavadis~
cneba da amiT transcendentalur subieqts SeuzRudavi asparezi misces. amdenad su-
bieqtis imanentur sinamdvileSi transcendentalur subieqts mouazrebeli araferi
rCeba. badenis skolis warmomadgenlebma buneba da sazogadoeba or gansxvavebul si-
namdviled miiCnies. maTi azriT, bunebaSi moqmedebs kanonebi da kanonzomiereba, xo-
lo sazogadoebaSi araviTari obieqturi kanonebi ar arsebobs. amdenad, sazogadoebis
procesebis Semecneba da momavlis gansazRvra SeuZlebelia.
neoplatonizmi – religiur-filosofiuri moZRvreba, romelic III saukuneSi Camoa-
yaliba plotinma, xolo ufro maRal doneze ganaviTara proklem. neoplatonizmi em-
yareba platonis filosofias, magram misgan gansxvavebiT ayalibebs sulieri pirvel-
sawyisidan mTeli materialuri samyaros emanacias (gamosxivebas). emanaciis yvelaze
dabal safexurs amqveyniuri samyaros ierarqiaSi aracocxali materia warmoadgens,
xolo maRals – adamiani. yvelaferi, rac sulieri sawyisidan (RmerTidan) gamosxiv-
deba, SemdegSi isev sulieri sawyisisaken miiswrafvis. es aris swrafva umaRlesi si-
keTisaken, umaRlesi sinaTlisaken anu RmerTisaken. neoplatonizmis mixedviT, adami-
ans eqstazis (Zlieri gancdis) gziT SeuZlia RmerTTan misvla da Semecneba. neopla-
tonizmis Teoria XI saukuneSi ganaviTara qarTvelma filosofosma ioane petriwma.

neopozitivizmi – XX saukunis filosofia, romelic eqsistencializmisagan gan-

sxvavebiT, filosofiis sagnad miiCnevs mecnieruli Teoriebis logikur da sintaqsur
analizs. misTvis miuRebelia metafizikuri da msoflmxedvelobrivi problemebis
kvleva.

nihilizmi – (laT. ararsi) – Tvalsazrisi, romelic yvelafers eWvis TvaliT uyu-

rebs da uaryofs warsulisa da Tanamedroveobis zne-Cveulebebs, Rirebulebebs da
kulturas. amis klasikur magaliTs warmoadgens nicSes filosofia, romelmac uar-
yo tradiciuli morali da mis nacvlad `zekacis Teoria~ iqadaga.

nominalizmi – (laT. saxeli) – mimarTuleba Sua saukuneebis filosofiaSi, rome-

lic erTeuli sagnebis saxelwodebad zogad cnebebs miiCnevda. nominalistebi amtki-
cebdnen, rom realurad arseboben mxolod erTeuli sagnebi, xolo zogadi cnebebi
Seqmnilia azrovnebis mier da maT realuri arsebobis safuZveli ar gaaCniaT.

norma – (laT. wesi, nimuSi) – socialuri qcevis mtkice formula, romelic adami-
anTa umravlesobis mier sayovelTao nimuSad aris aRiarebuli. norma mowodebulia
moawesrigos adamianTa Soris urTierTobebi, aamaRlos sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
xarisxi, gansazRvros sociokulturuli sivrcis sazRvrebi, romlis farglebSic
adamians SeuZlia icxovros civilizebuli subieqtisaTvis Sesaferisi praqtikuli da
sulieri cxovrebiT.

normebi samarTlis – socialuri regulatorebi, romlebic aiZuleben adamianebs

maTi sazogadoebrivi aqtivobis yvela gamovlena miusadagon saxelmwifosa da mTeli
civilizebuli samyaros moTxovnebs. samarTlis normebis mizania civilizebuli Ta-
nacxovrebis safuZvlebisaTvis saSiSi, destruqciuli muxtis mqone aqtivobis forme-
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bis blokireba. samarTlis normebi avaldebuleben individs gamoasworon an Secva-
lon Tavisi socialuri qceva, mravali samoqmedo variantidan upiratesoba mianiWon
da airCion iuridiuli kriteriumebis Sesabamisi qcevis sanimuSo modeli, romelic
uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebis wonasworobasa da dinamiur mdgomareobas.

noumeni – (berZ.) – azris, gonebis obieqti.

ontologia – (berZ. arsebuli) – moZRvreba samyaros arsis Sesaxeb. samyaros ar-

sSi igulisxmeba rogorc sazogadoebrivi, aseve TviTon adamianis pirovnuli yofie-
rebac. ontologiis centralur sagans warmoadgens substanciis problema. aqedan ga-
momdinare, yvela filosofia Taviseburad wyvets samyaros kanonzomierebis sakiTxs.
ontologiur problemebze saerTod uars ambobs neopozitivisturi filosofia. amde-
nad, Tu tradiciuli ontologiuri sistemebi, ZiriTadad, samyaros substanciisa da
kanonzomierebis problemebs ikvlevdnen, Tanamedrove filosofiaSi ontologiurma
kvlevam adamianSi gadmoinacvla. kvlevis obieqti gaxda TviTon adamiani, misi Semmec-
nebeli unarebi, emociebi, gancdebi da saerTod sulieri fenomenebi.

panTeizmi – (berZ. `pan~ – yvelaferi, `Teos~-RmerTi) – filosofiuri moZRvreba,

romlis mixedviTac RmerTi warmoadgens upirovno sawyiss, romelic bunebis miRma ki
ar arsebobs, aramed masTan gaigivebulia. spinozas mixedviT, RmerTi TviTon buneba-
Sia, is Semoqmedi da mwarmoebeli bunebaa, xolo yvelaferi danarCeni warmoebul bu-
nebas ganekuTneba.

paradigma – (berZ. magaliTi, nimuSi):

1. antikur filosofiaSi cneba, romelic axasiaTebs sulieri da realuri samya-
ros urTierTdamokidebulebas;
2. sakvlevi amocanebis nimuSad miCneuli Teoria (an problemis dayenebis modeli).

percefcia – (laT.) – aRqma, rogorc aqti.

pirovnebis samarTlebrivi cnobiereba – individualuri sulieri Tvisebebis er-

Toblioba, romlic uzrunvelyofs subieqtis orientacias samarTlebriv realoba-
Si. es Taviseburi `marTvis pultia~, romelSic Tavs iyris orive mxridan, civili-
zebuli sistemidan da Tavad subieqtisagan, mowodebuli informacia. marTlcnobie-
rebis amocanaa moZebnos orive mxris miswrafebaTa SeTanxmebisaTvis saWiro saSua-
lebebi, Searbilos winaaRmdegobebi, winaswar ganWvritos da Tavidan aicilos mosa-
lodneli konfliqtebi, SeimuSaos SesaZlo kompromisebis variantebi, Semdeg ki Ca-
moayalibos direqtivebi, gasces brZanebebi iuridiuli kriteriumebis Sesabamis gar-
kveul socialur moqmedebebze.

pirovnebis marTlcnobiereba vlindeba ori formiT – heteronomiuri da avtono-

miuri. pirvelis Tanaxmad, samarTlis normebi garedan Tavs moxveuli da sakmaod
mtrulia adamianisaTvis. adamiani valdebulia ixelmZRvanelos Tavs moxveuli nimu-
SebiT, romlebic mis interesebs ar Seesabameba. amdenad, igi iZulebulia Seeguos am
moTxovnebs. avtonomiuri marTlcnobierebac aseve xelmZRvanelobs civilizebuli
sistemis moTxovnebiT, magram es normativebi imdenad Rrmad aris integrirebuli in-
dividualur `me ~-Si, rom subieqti maT sakmaod xSirad sakuTar normebad miiCnevs.
amdenad, misTvis normativebis Sesruleba Sinagani Tavisuflebis gamoxatvis aqtia.

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 pluralizmi – (laT. mravlobiTi):
1. pozicia, romlis Tanaxmad, arsebobs codnis mravali damoukidebeli da erTma-
neTisagan gansxvavebuli sawyisi, safuZveli da forma;
2. filosofiuri Teoria, romelic samyaros mraval sawyiss aRiarebs. am mraval
sawyisSi igulisxmeba absoluturad ganuyofeli da izolirebuli an materialuri
nawilakebi da atomebi (demokrite), an idealuri sawyisebi (laibnici). Ppluralizmi,
gnoseologiis TvalsazrisiT, niSnavs iseT Teorias, romelic WeSmaritebaTa simrav-
les aRiarebs. magaliTad: Zveli berZeni filosofosi protagora amtkicebda, rom
WeSmariteba imdenia, ramdeni adamianicaa.

pnevma – (berZ. sunTqva, SesunTquli haeri, mogvianebiT – suli) – suli; sasicocx-

lo Zala. TeologiaSi suli wminda.

pozitivizmi – (laT. dadebiTi) – filosofiuri mimdinareoba, romelic daupiris-

pirda yovelgvar metafizikur filosofias, brali dasdo maT, rom isini msjeloben
iseT sakiTxebze, rac arafris momcemi da usargebloa. pozitivizmis mixedviT, filo-
sofiam unda ikvlios is, rac dadebiTi da pozitiuria da rac amave dros sasargeb-
loa. amitom filosofiam uari unda Tqvas gonebis usargeblo metafizikur manipula-
ciebze da miznad daisaxos imis Seswavla da analizi, rac cdaSi aqvs mocemuli mec-
nierebas. pozitivizmis ganviTarebaSi gamoyofen sam etaps: pirveli etapis warmomad-
genlebia: konti, mili, spenseri, meore etapisa – maxi da avenariusi, xolo mesame po-
zitivizms neopozitivizmi warmoadgens (Sliki, karnapi, raseli, vidgenSteini, franki
da sxva).

poliTeizmi – (berZ.) – mravalRmerTanoba.

politikuri danaSauli – marTlsawinaaRmdego meTodebisa da saSualebaTa gamoye-

nebiT Cadenili socialuri qmedeba, romlis mizania arsebuli politikuri wyobis
dacva (kriminalur-tiranuli saxelmwifos pirobebSi), an Secvla (civilizebuli sazo-
gadoebrivi sistemis pirobebSi). politikur danaSaulTa rigs ganekuTvneba saxelmwi-
fos winaaRmdeg mimarTuli aqciebi, romlebic Zirs uTxrian mis konstituciur safuZ-
vlebs da Tavdacvisunarianobas; saxelmwifoebrivi Ralati; politikuri SeTqmulebebi;
SpionaJi sxva saxelmwifoebis sasargeblod; saxelmwifos meTaurisa da parlamentis
wevrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli politikurad motivirebuli danaSauli.
arsebobs politikuri danaSaulis sxva saxec – im pirTa moRvaweoba, romlebmac
Seqmnes kriminaluri saxelmwifoebrivi sistema, moaxdines xelisuflebis uzurpire-
ba, sistematurad mimarTaven represiebs moqalaqeTa winaaRmdeg, arRveven maT ufle-
bebsa da Tavisuflebebs.

predikati – is, rac gamoiTqmis subieqtze.

pragmatizmi – (berZ. saqme, moqmedeba) – filosofiuri mimdinareoba, romelic po-

zitivizmis nairsaxeobas warmoadgens. pozitivizmis msgavsad, pragmatizmic mxolod
cdas emyareba da uaryofs yovelgvar metafizikas. pragmatizmi codnis Sinaarss misi
praqtikuli SedegebiT gansazRvravs. maTi azriT, WeSmariti aris is, `rac ukve muSa-
obs~ CvenTvis, rac yvelaze ukeT Seesabameba cxovrebis yovel nawils da subieqtur

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interesebs akmayofilebs. pragmatizmis ZiriTadi warmomadgenlebi arian jemsi, pirsi,
diui da sxva.

providencializmi – (laT.) – gangeba.

puritani (ing. – sufTa) – aq: adamiani, romelic gamoirCeva cxovrebis mkacri

asketuri wesiT.

racionalizmi – (laT. gonieri) – filosofiuri moZRvreba, romlis mixedviTac sa-

yovelTaoba da aucilebloba ver gamoiyvaneba cdidan da misi ganzogadoebidan, ara-
med isini unda moiZebnos mxolod gonebaSi. racionalizmis mixedviT, sayovelTao da
zogadi ideebi adamians gonebaSi Tandayolili aqvs. am ideebs adamiani mxolod logi-
kuri azrovnebiT da inteleqtualuri intuiciiT wvdeba. rac Seexeba grZnobad Semec-
nebas, is WeSmaritebas verasodes daadgens. e. i. codnis da WeSmaritebis miRebis erTa-
derT unarad, racionalizmSi gonebaa miCneuli. racionalistur filosofias sxvadas-
xva formiT ayalibebdnen platoni, dekarte, spinoza, kanti, hegeli da sxvebi.
realoba – (Zv. laT. sagnobrivi, arsebuli) – sinamdvileSi arsebuli. realuroba
miewereba yovelive imas, rac SeiZleba warmoiSvas an warmoiSva droSi, rac arsebobs
da warmavalia.

realoba samarTlebrivi – lokaluri an msoflio civilizaciis socialur siv-

rceSi arsebuli samarTlis uklebliv yvela fenomenis erToblioba. ganasxvaveben sa-
marTlebrivi realobis or formas – obieqturs da subieqturs. obieqtur realobaSi
moiazreba samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi da socialuri institutebi. subieqtur rea-
lobaSi – individualuri marTlSegnebis normatiul–RirebulebiTi, motivaciur –o-
rientirebadi struqturebi.

regresi – (laT.) – ukusvla, ukan dabruneba.

regresia kriminaluri – instinqtebis, afeqtebisa da vnebebis dominirebadi zemoq-

medebiT ganpirobebuli qceviTi strategia. afeqtebi da vnebebi sakmaod aqtiurad
erevian individis savaraudo moqmedebaTa logikaSi, mTlianad imorCileben adamianis
nebas da saSiSs xdian mas sazogadoebisaTvis. maT Zala SeswevT Secvalon adamianis
cnobiereba; mniSvnelovnad Seasuston kritikis unari; droebiT an xangrZlivi perio-
dis manZilze gaaufasuron moralisa da samarTlis normebi; xeli Seuwyon sxvadas-
xva saxis samarTaldarRvevebisa da danaSaulis Cadenas.

represiuloba – Zalovani institutebis socialuri praqtika, romelic gulis-

xmobs adamianis winaaRmdeg arasamarTlebrivi iZulebisa da Zaladobis sxvadasxva
formebis (sxeulebrivi, socialuri, sulieri) sistematur gamoyenebas. represia SeiZ-
leba iyos kerovani an sistematuri xasiaTis. sistematuri represiebis subieqtebia
despotur-totalitaruli reJimebis pirobebSi moqmedi Zalovani struqturebi da
maTze daqvemdebarebuli organoebi.

relativizmi – (laT, SefardebiTi) – filosofiuri Teoria, romelic uaryofs ab-

solutur WeSmaritebas da mTeli mecnieruli codna dahyavs SefardebiTze. maTi az-
riT, codna SefardebiTia, ara mxolod im gagebiT, rom adamians ar SeuZlia Cawvdes
samyaros absolutur mTlianobas, aramed imitom, rom ar arsebobs samyaroSi obieq-

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turi aucilebloba da sayovelTaoba, ris gamoc ar SeiZleba codna mis Sesaxeb au-
cileblobis da sayovelTaobis matarebeli iyos.

refleqsia – (laT. ukan mimarTva) – TviTdakvirveba sakuTar azrebze, gancdebze

da emociebze, romliTac adamiani axdens sulieri samyaros fenomenebis TviTSemecne-
bas. Semecnebis aseT meTods iyenebs fenomenologiuri filosofia.

ritorika – (berZ.) – oratoruli xelovneba.

samarTaldarRveva – sazogadoebrivad saSiSi socialuri qmedeba, romelic ar-

Rvevs saxelmwifos mier samarTlebriv kodeqsebSi dafiqsirebul normebs da mimar-
Tulia civilizebuli Tanacxovrebis safuZvlebis ngrevisaken.

samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo – sazogadoebis marTvis mikrosocialuri meqanizmi,

romelic samarTlis sistemas saSualebas aZlevs TviTnebobis nebismieri formis ga-
movlenisagan daicvas moqalaqeebi, maTi sicocxle, Tavisufleba, sakuTreba da pira-
di Rirseba.
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba – individebs Soris bunebrivad Camoyalibebuli socia-
luri urTierTobebis mravalganzomilebiani, TviTorganizebadi sistema, sadac TiTo-
euli adamiani warmoadgens gansakuTrebuli cxovrebiseuli miznebis mqone pirs da
ara saxelmwifos qveSevrdoms.

saxelmwifo – wesrigis dacvisaken mimarTuli giganturi makroinstituti, socio-

genuri Zalovani struqtura, romelic moicavs mTel sazogadoebriv organizms da
axorcielebs marTvis, Sinagani da garegani destruqciebis saSiSroebisagan Tavdac-
vis, dabalansebul–dinamiuri mdgomareobis uzrunvelyofisa da SenarCunebis funqci-
ebs. am amocanaTa gadaWrisaTvis saxelmwifos xelSia specialuri saSualebebi – Za-
lauflebisa da marTvis organoebis sistema, iZulebis aparati, armia, policia, sas-
jelaRsrulebiTi dawesebulebebi.

sikeTe – eTikuri kategoria; ZriTadi moraluri Rirebuleba; TavisTavad warmoad-

gens zneobriv faseulobas. sikeTe ar SeiZleba ganvixiloT `sikeTed raRacasTan mi-
marTebaSi~. igi ar SeiZleba iyos `umaRlesi sikeTe~ an raRac Sesadarebeli sidide.
sikeTe yovelTvis ubralo pozitiurobaa. eTikurad Rirebulia (anu sikeTea) im adami-
anis saqcieli, romelic nebismier konkretul situaciaSi yovelTvis sikeTes irCevs.

sensualizmi – (laT. grZnoba, SegrZneba) – gnoseologiuri moZRvreba, romlis mi-

xedviTac Semecnebis erTaderT wyaros SegrZnebebi warmoadgens. arsebobs materia-
listuri da idealisturi sensualizmi. materialisturi sensualizmis mixedviT, Seg-
rZnebebi aris obieqturi sinamdvilis asaxva. xolo idealisturi sensualizmis mixed-
viT, obieqtur sinamdviles TviTon subieqturi SegrZnebebi gansazRvraven. amitom
codnas mxolod SegrZnebaTa kombinacia warmoadgens.

skepticizmi – (berZ. ganxilva) – filosofiuri koncefcia, romelsac eWvi Seaqvs

codnis WeSmaritebaSi da yovelgvari codna mxolod SefardebiTze dahyavs. skepti-
cizmi warmoiSva Zv. saberZneTSi (Zv, w. IV s.). misi warmomadgenlebi iyvnen pironi, ar-
qezila, enezidemi, seqst empirikosi da sxva.

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 substancia – (laT. arseba) – samyaros sawyisi, safuZveli, rac yvelafers gan-
sazRvravs da razec damokidebulia yvelaferi, romelic maradiulia, ar warmoiSoba
da ar ispoba, romelic yovelgvari moZraobis mizezic aris da mizanic. substanciis
es daxasiaTeba pirobiTia, radgan substancia ganusazRvreli arsia da misi cnebebiT
gansazRvra amouwuravia. substanciis cneba sxvadasxva filosofiur sistemebSi gan-
sxvavebulia, magram yvela aRiarebs, rom is aris yvelafris safuZveli da pirvelmi-
zezi. filosofiuri dava arsebobs mxolod imaze, materialuria is Tu idealuri,
erTia Tu mravali. vinc miiCnevs, rom samyaros substancia materialuria, materia-
listi ewodeba; vinc miiCnevs, rom samyaros substancia aris absoluturi idea an
RmerTi, idealistia. filosofosTa umetesoba miiCnevs, rom samyaros erTi substan-
cia aqvs. aseT Sexedulebas monizmi ewodeba. arsebobs idealisturi monizmi da mate-
rialisturi monizmi. vinc aRiarebs, rom samyaros ori sawyisi aqvs, dualistia. maT-
Tvis materia da suli Tanabar sawyisebadaa gamocxadebuli (dekarte). vinc samyaros
mraval sawyiss aRiarebs, pluralisti ewodeba.

sqolastika – (berZ. saskolo) – Sua saukuneebis religiuri filosofia (saskolo

filosofia), romlis warmomadgenlebi cdilobdnen qristianuli rwmenisaTvis raci-
onaluri dasabuTeba miecaT da moexdinaT misi sistematizacia. sqolastikis filo-
sofiur baziss warmoadgenda platonis, aristoteles da neoplatonizmis mimdevarTa
filosofia. Sua saukuneebis did sqolastikosebad iTvlebian eriugena, kenterberie-
li, Toma aqvineli da sxvebi.

tabu – religiuri akrZalva. Tanam. – akrZaluli sagnebi, azrebi.

tavtologia – (berZ. ilaparake igiveze) – raime gamoTqmis zedmeti, usargeblo,

zogjer saWiro gameoreba.

tendencia – (laT. raRacisadmi miswrafeba) – raime movlenis ganviTarebis mimarTu-

leba, survili, miswrafeba, mizani.

termini – (laT. zRvari) – cneba; cnebis gamomxatveli sityva; logikaSi – msjelo-

bis (subieqti da predikati) an silogizmis Semadgeneli elementi.

teleologia – (berZ. mizani) – religiur-filosofiuri moZRvreba samyaroSi ada-

mianisagan damoukidebeli obieqturi miznebisa da mizanSewonilobis arsebobis Sesa-
xeb. teleologiur moZRvrebas icavs yvela filosofia, romelic samyaros sawyisad
uZrav da ucvlel RmerTs aRiarebs. es exeba platonis, aristoteles, neoplatonizms,
sqolastikas, hegelis da sxvaTa filosofias. yvela es filosofia uSvebs winaswari
ucvleli miznis cnebas, romliskenac yvelaferi miiswrafvis da ver acdeba am gzas.
aseTi gageba aucileblobiT midis fatalizmis aRiarebamde, romlis mixedviTac yve-
laferi bedisweras eqvemdebareba. RmerTis arsebobas arc sicocxlis filosofia da
arc religiuri eqsistencializmi uaryofs, magram isini uaryofen absoluturad uc-
vleli miznis anu RmerTis arsebobas. maTi azriT, RmerTi TviTon aris absoluturi
qmnadoba da amis gamo adamianebsac eZlevaT Tavisufali Semoqmedebis saSualeba. am
gagebiT, adamianis sicocxle da cxovrebis mizani ar aris mkacr gardauval CarCoeb-
Si moqceuli.

teqnokratia – (berZ.) – teqnikis batonoba; sazogadoebrivi azris erT-erTi mimar-

Tuleba, romelic socialur cxovrebaSi teqnikas aniWebs ganmsazRvrel rols da
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Tvlis, rom mxolod industrializacias SeuZlia racionalurad moawesrigos da
srulyos sazogadoebisa da pirovnebis cxovreba. adamiani, xSir SemTxvevaSi, ganixi-
leba rogorc `manqanis mona~.

tolerantoba – (laT. moTmineba):

1. gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis, poziciebis, zne – Cveulebebisadmi Semwynareblu-
ri damokidebuleba;
2. organizmis unari Seeguos da gadaitanos garemos ama Tu im araxelsayreli
faqtoris zemoqmedeba.

totalitarizmi – (laT. mTliani, sruli) – sazogadoebriv – politikuri wyoba,

romelic xasiaTdeba avtoritaruli saxelmwifos yovlismomcveli CareviT sazoga-
doebisa da calkeuli pirovnebis cxovrebasa da moRvaweobaSi. magaliTad, totali-
taruli xasiaTisaa bonapartistuli, faSisturi, socialisturi reJimebi. maTi dama-
xasiaTebeli niSnebia – xelisuflebis usazRvro uflebamosileba, demokratiuli in-
stitutebis akrZalva, moqalaqeTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis likvidacia, er-
Tpartiuli sistema, ekonomikis militarizacia, represiebi opoziciisa da sxvagvarad
moazrovneebis mimarT da sxva.

transcendentaluri – (laT. gadabijeba) – aRniSnavs apriorul, e. i. cdamde arse-

bul cnobierebas, romelic Tavisi sayovelTaobiT da aucileblobiT gansazRvravs
gare sinamdviles. kantis filosofiaSi wminda azris formis transcendentaluri
cnobiereba anu subieqti arsebobs empiriuli subieqtis siRrmeSi da ar aris damoki-
debuli empiriul subieqtze. piriqiT, empiriuli subieqtis Teoriuli moRvaweoba
niSnavs transcendentalur subieqtamde amaRlebas.

transcendenturi – imanenturis sapirispiro. aRniSnavs imas, rac cnobierebisa da

Semecnebis sazRvrebs miRmaa. am termins gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba aqvs agnos-
ticizmSi, romlis mixedviTac transcendenturi niSnavs subieqtisaTvis miuwvdomels,
Seumecnebads `nivTs TavisTavads~ (kanti). Tu adamiani Seecdeba Semecnebis mizniT ga-
vides imanenturi sferodan transcendenturSi, is veraviTar WeSmaritebas ver daad-
gens, aramed aRmoCndeba gadauWreli problemebis anu antinomiebis winaSe.

universaluri – (laT. zogadi) – sayovelTao, yvelafrismomcveli, mravalmxrivi.

universumi – erTiani samyaro, `samyaro, rogorc mTeli~.

fatalizmi – (laT. sabediswero) – religiur-filosofiuri rwmena bedis gardau-

valobis Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviTac samyaroSi yvelaferi gangebis ZaliT aris gan-
sazRvruli; rac moxda, rac xdeba da rac unda moxdes yvelaferi winaswaraa dageni-
li RmerTis mier. es exeba mTel bunebas, adamians da sazogadoebis istorias. aseTi
gagebiT, adamianis Tavisufleba mxolod moCvenebiTia, radgan adamianis yovelgvar
moqmedebas da gadawyvetilebis miRebas zebunebrivi RvTaebrivi Zalebi gansazRvraven.
amdenad, moRvaweobis procesSi adamianis Sinagani Tavisuflebis roli absoluturad
gamoricxulia, yovelgvari moqmedeba mxolod garegani gangebis ZaliT sruldeba.

fatumi – (laT.) – bedi, bunebis brma aucilebloba.

fenomeni – (berZ. movlenili) – cdaSi, grZnobad SemecnebaSi mocemuli movlena.

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 fenomenologia – filosofiuri moZRvreba, romelic filosofiis upirveles amo-
canad sulieri fenomenebis TviTSemecnebas acxadebs. kvlevis meTodad iyenebs reduq-
cias, romelic induqciuri meTodis sapirispiroa. induqciuri meTodi mizezebidan
Sedegebis Ziebas emsaxureba, xolo reduqciuli meTodi – Sedegebidan mizezebis Zie-
baze gadasvlas niSnavs. induqciisagan gansxvavebiT, saqme exeba ara winsvlas, aramed
ukusvlas, ukan dabrunebas, adamianis moqmedebidan da emociuri gancdebidan maTi ga-
momwvevi mizezebis Ziebas. fenomenologiuri Semecnebis mizania gaigos da daadginos
is sulieri Rirebulebebi, ris safuZvelzec qmnis adamiani sulier kulturas, rad-
gan sulieri Rirebulebebi anu eqsistenciuri fenomenebi, warmoadgenen adamianis
cxovrebis wesisa da adamianad yofnis safuZvlebs. sulis fenomenologiuri gamok-
vlevebi mocemuli aqvs loks, iums, kants, hegels, eqsistencializmisa da sxva filo-
sofiuri Teoriebis warmomadgenlebs.

ფლუიდები (laT. – mimdinare) - aq: spiritebis azriT, raRac “fsiqikuri deni”,

romelsac savaraudod asxivebs adamianis sxeuli an raime sxva sagani.

fobia – (berZ. SiSi) – SiSis akviatebuli mdgomareoba.

fsiqoanalizuri meTodi – z. froidisa da misi mimdevrebis mier SemuSavebuli Se-
mecnebiT saSualebaTa sistema; misi gamoyenebiT, pirovnebis normatiul qcevebSi ra-
cionalur, gacnobierebul mamoZravebel motivebTan erTad, SesaZlebelia aRmoCndes
siRrmiseuli, qvecnobieri motivebi, romlebic xSirad ganapirobeben individis norma-
tiul-RirebulebiT orientaciasa da mis praqtikul moqmedebebs.

fsiqologia samarTlis – problemaTa kompleqsi, romelic dakavSirebulia indi-

vidualuri da sazogadoebrivi marTlSegnebis fsiqikuri mdgomareobis Camoyalibeba-
sa da samarTlebriv urTierTobaTa funqcionirebis motivaciur uzrunvelyofasTan.

qarizma – (berZ. madli, RvTis saCuqari) – RvTis wyalobad aRqmuli araCveulebri-

vi SesaZleblobebi an gansakuTrebuli niWiereba.

qarizmatuli pirovneba – cneba, romelic ixmareboda qristianul (kaTolikur) Te-

ologiaSi da aRniSnavda gamorCeuli, gansakuTrebuli TvisebebiT (RvTaebrivi mad-
lis gadmosvlis safuZvelze) dajildoebul adamians. socialur TeoriaSi am cnebis
gamoyeneba XIX s-Si daiwyes germanelma sociologebma e. trelCma da m. veberma.
qarizmatuloba ambivalenturia da Tavis TavSi Seicavs rogorc kolosalur aRmSe-
neblur potencials, aseve uzarmazar damangrevel energias. pirvel SemTxvevaSi igi
vlindeba rogorc RvTisrCeulobis naTeli madli, rogorc SemoqmedebiTi genia (mo-
se, solomoni, perikle, buda, qriste, muhamedi, luTeri, gandi da sxva), meoreSi, ro-
gorc boroti genia (Cingisxani, ivane mrisxane, hitleri, lenini, stalini da sxva).
amasTan erTad, arseboben cnobili adamianebi, romelTa qarizmas erTmniSvnelovnad
ver miakuTneb verc naTel da verc bnel Zalebs. Ees, upirveles yovlisa, gamoCenili
mxedarmTavrebia, romelTa moRvaweobas erTdroulad konstruqciuli da destruqci-
uli Sedegebi hqonda (magaliTad, aleqsandre makedoneli, iulius keisari, napoleoni
da sxva).

qvecnobieri – warmodgenaTa konceptualuri kompleqsi adamianis fsiqikis im sfe-

roebis Sesaxeb, sadac ganlagebulia individis sulier-praqtikuli cxovrebis gansa-
211
kuTrebuli fsiqikuri mocemulobebi – instinqturi, emocionalur-grZnobadi, intui-
tiuri da sxva Sreebi, romlebic scildebian gonebisa da gansjis sazRvrebs da ar
eqvemdebarebian racionalur axsnas.

qsenofobia – (berZ. ucxos SiSi) – ucxoebis (sxva rasis, gansxvavebuli religiuri

Sexedulebebis, ucxoelebis, ltolvilebis, imigrantebis da a. S.) mimarT mtruli,
SiSsa da siZulvilTan Sezavebuli damokidebuleba.

Rirebulebebi – materialuri da sulieri realobebi, romlebic saSualebas aZle-

ven adamianebs daikmayofilon survilebi, moTxovnilebebi, ocnebebi, imedi da saWiro-
eben garkveul Zalisxmevas maTi miRwevis, dafuZnebisa da dacvisaTvis.

RirebulebiTi orientaciebi – pirovnebis Sinagani struqturis umniSvnelovanesi

elementebi, romlebic gamyarebulia individis cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebiT, misi
gancdebis erTobliobiT da romelTa safuZvelzec pirovnebas SeuZlia gamijnos er-
TmaneTisagan, misi mosazrebiT, arsebiTi araarsebiTisagan, mniSvnelovani umniSvnelo-
sagan. Camoyalibebuli, fesvgadgmuli RirebulebiTi orientaciebis erToblioba aya-
libebs pirovnebis myar pozicias, rac, Tavis mxriv, uzrunvelyofs garkveuli tipis
qcevebisa da moRvaweobis memkvidreobiTobas, mimarTulebas aZlevs interesebs, moTx-
ovnilebebsa da miznebs da motivirebuls xdis maT. aseTi miznebi SeiZleba iyos: a)
cxovrebiseuli Rirebulebebi – siyvaruli, megobroba, ojaxi, zrunva STamomavloba-
ze, adamianuri urTierTobebi; b) civilizaciis Rirebulebebi – materialuri keTil-
dReoba, kariera, Zalaufleba, teqnikuri miRwevebis floba, piradi da sazogadoebri-
vi cxovrebis garantirebuli usafrTxoeba da sxva; g) kulturuli Rirebulebebi –
Semoqmedeba, Tavisufleba, rogorc sulieri moRvaweobis saSualeba, tradiciebi da
sxva.

Rirseba – aRiareba, romelsac garemocva miagebs pirovnebas misi individualuri

Tvisebebisa da sulieri Rirebulebebis safuZvelze (pativiscema); aRiarebis is for-
ma, romelsac adamiani ganicdis sakuTari Tavisadmi, rogorc pirovnebisadmi (sakuTa-
ri Rirsebis grZnoba) an romelsac igi, misi mosazrebiT, imsaxurebs Tavisi socialu-
ri wris adamianebisagan (didebismoyvareoba, pativmoyvareoba).

SurisZieba – msxverplis an misi axloblis mxridan, Cadenili danaSaulis, miyene-

buli zianisaTvis damnaSavis dasjis marTlsawinaaRmdego (TviTneburi) aqcia. warmo-
adgens `misagebeli samarTlianobis~ principis erT-erT yvelaze arqaul formas, ada-
mianTa Soris urTierTobaTa regulaciis saSualebas. Camoyalibda saxelmwifosa da
samarTlis warmoSobamde. axasiaTebda istoriuli ganviTarebis saxelmwifomdel sta-
diaze myof yvela ers. SurisZiebis yvelaze radikaluri formaa sisxlis aReba.

codna – sinamdvilis aRqmis praqtikiT Semowmebuli Sedegi, misi swori asaxva

adamianis azrovnebaSi; subieqturi da obieqturi TvalsazrisiT, swori wvdomis for-
mebisa da gamocdilebis floba, romelTa safuZvelze SesaZlebeli xdeba codnis ga-
momxatveli msjelobebisa da WeSmariti daskvnebis Camoyalibeba.

civilizacia – (laT. samoqalaqo) – xelovnuri, anTropogenuri, mravalmiznobrivi

socialuri megasistema, romelic miiswrafvis gawonasworebul-dinamiuri mdgomareo-
bisaken, xasiaTdeba TviTregulaciisa da TviTsrulyofis unariT da mudmivi Zalis-
xmeviT, Seasustos da SeaCeros arsebuli destruqciebi da qaosis saSiSroeba.
212
 cinizmi – sayovelTaod miRebuli sociokulturuli normebisa da Rirebulebebis
mimarT demonstratiuli totaluri negativizmis pozicia. cneba `cinizmi~-s warmoSo-
ba dakavSirebulia Zveli berZeni filosofos-cinikebis saxelTan, romlebic cnobi-
li iyvnen civilizaciisa da kulturis miRwevebTan Tavisi uaryofiTi damokidebule-
biT.

Zaladoba – msxverplze fizikuri da fsiqikuri zemoqmedebis saSualebiT ganxor-

cielebuli arasamarTlebrivi iZuleba. msxverpli SeiZleba iyos calkeuli idividi,
adamianTa mcirericxovani an didi jgufi, mTeli eri. Zaladoba gulisxmobs subieq-
tebisaTvis maTi bunebiTi uflebebis (sicocxlis, janmrTelobis, adamianuri Rirse-
bis, TviTgamorkvevis da sxva) CamorTmevas. Zaladobis subieqtebi SeiZleba gaxdnen
calkeuli pirovnebebi, sisxlis samarTlis damnaSaveebi, politikuri radikalebi, ag-
reTve saxelisuflo struqturebi da maTze daqvemdebarebuli damsjeli organoebi.
ganasxvaveben sporaduli (calkeuli danaSauli, teroristuli aqtebi) da sistemuri
(totalitaruli reJimebis mier ganxorcielebuli masobrivi represiebi) xasiaTis Za-
ladobas.

wanamZRvari – is, rac sxvis pirobas warmoadgens.

wesi – (laT.) - obieqturi azriT, cnebebis saSualebiT Camoyalibebuli (magram
jer kidev Seumecnebeli, rogorc kanonzomierad arsebuli) yofierebis, movlenis an
moqmedebis Tanazomiereba, erTgvarovneba. subieqturi mosazrebiT, xSirad gamoiyeneba
miTiTebebis mniSvnelobiT (magaliTad, romelime saxelisuflebo organos an piris
miTiTeba). wesis cnebasTan dakavSirebulia e. w. gamonaklisebi (anu iseTi wesebi, rom-
lebic kanonis cnebas ar emTxvevian, magaliTad, `zneobriobis oqros wesi~).

wesi daskvnis – gansazRvravs wanamZRvrebidan Sedegze gadasvlas; ufro zustad,

adgens Sesabamisobas gamonaTqvamebis garkveul erTobliobas (formulebs), romelTac
wanamZRvrebi ewodebaT da erT gansazRvrul gamonaTqvams (formulas) Soris, romel-
sac am wanamZRvrebidan gamoyvanili Sedegi ewodeba.

WeSmariteba – Semmecnebeli subieqtis mier sinamdvilis sagnebisa da movlenebis

swori, adekvateri asaxva.

xasiaTi – adamianis qcevis gansakuTrebuloba, romelic vlindeba mis manerebSi,

qcevebsa da azrTa wyobaSi. igi warmoadgens pirovnebis fsiqikuri mdgradobisa da
zneobrivi poziciis safuZvels.

jerovani (saTanado) – moralur-samarTlebrivi cnobierebis normatiul-Rirebule-

biTi kategoria, romelic aRniSnavs 1) religiuri mcnebebis, rwmenis moTxovnebis
formiT warmodgenil RmerTis miTiTebebs; 2) sxvadasxva saxis sazogadoebebis korpo-
raciuli interesebiT nakarnaxeb garegan moralur, samarTlebriv, politikur, ideo-
logiur moTxovnebs; 3) subieqturad motivirebul, pirovnul imperativebs – movaleo-
bis grZnoba, pasuxismgeblobis gacnobiereba da sxva.

hedonizmi (berZ. – siamovneba) – aq: eTikuri Teoria, romelic umaRles sikeTed da

cxovrebis miznad Tvlis siamovnebas.

213
 heteronomia – (berZ. hetero – sxva, ucxo, nomia – kanoni) – pirovnebis moraluri da
kanonmorCili qcevis ganpirobebuloba garegani mizezebiT da ara Sinagani moTxovne-
biTa da Tavisufali nebiT.

hiloZoizmi – (laT. hil – nivTiereba, Zoe – sicocxle) - filosofiuri moZRvreba,

romelic mTel materialur samyaros gansulierebulad warmoidgens. aseT azrs icav-
dnen Zveli berZeni materialistebi (heraklite, anaqsagora da sxvebi). am Teoriis mi-
xedviT, buneba cocxali sinamdvilea da Tavis Tavs TviTon awarmoebs; mas ar sWirde-
ba garegani RvTaebrivi Zalebis moSvelieba bunebis moZraobis asaxsnelad, aramed bu-
neba TviTon aris RmerTi; RmerTi bunebaSia da is ganagebs bunebis qmnadobas.

hipoTeturi – (berZ. safuZveli) – pirobiTi, savaraudo; msjeloba hipoTeturia, Tu

meore debulebis arseboba ganpirobebulia pirveli debulebis arsebobiT. magali-
Tad, Tu aris A, iqneba BB-c.

humanizmi – (laT. adamianuri) – istoriulad cvalebad SexedulebaTa sistema, rome-

lic aRiarebs adamianis, rogorc pirovnebis Rirebulebas, mis uflebebs Tavisufle-
baze, bednierebaze, sakuTari SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebasa da realizaciaze; adami-
anis sikeTesa da keTildReobas Tvlis socialuri institutebis Sefasebis kriteriu-
mad, xolo Tanasworobis, samarTlianobis, adamianurobis principebs miiCnevs adamia-
nuri urTierTobebis sasurvel normad. viwro gagebiT, aRorZinebis epoqis kulturu-
li moZraoba.

214
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