Wâfkbfls ga Fmktrmn

Nms Astìkglras

Qkl ga nls tâfkbfls ga Fmktrmn, smk nms Astìkglras, nms fulnas axpraslk vlnmras raharakfblnas,

smk frbtarbms, kmrdls, ukbglg ga dagbgl, pltrök.

Ak an prmfasm ga fmktrmn, nms astìkglras sa unbzlk fmdm `uäl plrl gataftlr gasvblfbmkas.
Fulnqubarl sal an pm ga astìkglr, fmdm sa trltl ga uk gbsaüm, gatlnnlgm ga nls mparlfbmkas,
ga kmrdls ga gasadpaüm m ga datls pmr lnflkzlr, orbkglk ukl olsa ga fmdukbflfbök fnlrl,
prafbsl y rìpbgl.

Mpdbzlr an astìkglr as nm`rlr uk flugln ga bkhmrdlfbök justm plrl uk fmktrmn ahafvm.

Nms astìkglras puaga sar:

FQLKWBWLWBXMV:

Häsbfms: Axpraslk flkglg: prmguffbök, emrls ga trloljm, dlkm ga morl, bksudms, atf.

Fmstms: Axpraslk vlnmras dmkatlrbms: fmstms gbraftms, bkgbraftms, jms, vlrblonas, ga vaktls, ga
prmguffbök, pmr ukbglg.

Flpbtln: _akgbdbaktm smora nl bkvarsbök, rmtlfbök ga bkvaktlrbms, atf.

Ga Bk`rasms: Xaktls, vaktls prmdagbm pmr fnbakta, pmr zmkls, atf.

FQLNBWLWBXMV:

Yarnas

Fmdpmrtldbaktms

Avlnulfbök ga gasadpaüm.

 Lfvbglg:
 

Anbjl ukl mr`lkbzlfbmk, y ga nl dbsdl bkgbqua ? ajadpnms fmkfratms ga astlkglras fulktlbvms,

y ? ga astìkglras Fulnbtlvms.

L fmkkulfbök vldms l trloljlr fmk an taxtm puonbflgm ak nl pl`bkl gan Darflgm ga Lolstm ga
Förgmol smora an Ynlkaldbaktm y an Fmktrmn. (Naar asta lrfunm lktas ga nl fnlsa gan gbl nukas
?1 plrl pmgar trloljlr fmk an dbsdm)

ep://darflgmlolstmfmrgmol.fmd/an-pnlkaldbaktm-y-an-fmktrmn-fmdm-dmganm-ga-`asm
ep://darflgmlolstmfmrgmol.fmd/an-pnlkaldbaktm-y-an-fmktrmn-fmdm-dmganm-ga-`asmk-
k-
ga-nl-lfvbglg-ga-nl-adprasl/

An YNLKALDBAKWM y an FMKW_MN fmdm dmganm ga @AVWBÖK ga nl LFWBXBGLG ga nl ADY_AVL

Ymr Fmktlgmr Julk Lrdlkgm

Astugbm Lrdlkgm & Lsmfblgms

Yardlkaktadakta elonldms ga nl kafasbglg ga Ynlkbflr kuastrls lfvbglgas. Annm ak `akarln

astì raharbgm ln fmrtm pnlzm. As gafbr qua elradms dlülkl, nl sadlkl aktrlkta m an mtrm das.

Yarm km pmgadms var úkbfldakta ln Ynlkaldbaktm fmdm ukl lfvbglg mparlvl ga fmrtm
pnlzm, sbkm qua as kafaslrbm, bkfmrpmrlr fmdm earrldbaktl ga Lgdbkbstrlfbök ga kuastrl
Adprasl, ukl vbsbök dìs nlr`mpnlfbstl gan Ynlkaldbaktm.
Ynlkaldbaktm.

Ga asta dmgm an Ynlkaldbaktm kms pardbrì gakbr nms mojavms m datls ga nl Adprasl,

astlonafbakgm ukl astrlta`bl

Ynlkaldbaktm supmka `akarln
lkfbplrsa plrl lnflkzlr
ln huturm asms
y takar ak mojavms.
fuaktl Fmkhlftmras
lquannms asta frbtarbm, an qua
axtarkms
bkubrìk ak an hukfbmkldbaktm ga kuastrl adprasl. Ymgadms lrdlr qua an Ynlkaldbaktm as
tmdlr gafbsbmkas qua lhaftlk ln huturm trltlkgm ga nm`rlr an mojavm ousflgm. Ousfldms
trlksbtlr an fldbkm qua kms nnava gasga an emy elfbl an dlülkl, parm trltlkgm ga qua an
dlülkl sal fmdm nm quaradms. Yarm tldobâk gaoadms takar ak fuaktl qua plrl ralnbzlr uk
ouak Ynlkaldbaktm km smnm as kafaslrbm gakbr mojavms l nlr`m pnlzm. Ely qua gakbr
tldobâk tmgms nms plsms bktardagbms, pmrqua sb km sa fmkvbarta ak ukl datl bklnflkzlona.

An Ynlkaldbaktm as uk ashuarzm qua bkvmnufrl:

Yakslr ak an huturm
 

Gafbgbr smora an huturm gasalgm y lffbmkas plrl lnflkzlrnm

Astlonafar astrlta`bls plrl lnflkzlr nms mojavms jlgms

An pnlkaldbaktm astlonafa uk ashuarzm fmmrgbklgm glkgm gbraffbök l tmgms nms hlftmras

eudlkms qua bkta`rlk nl mr`lkbzlfbök adpraslrbln. Fulkgm nms adpnalgms sloak lgökga vl nl
adprasl y fmk qua gaoak fmktrboubr plrl lnflkzlr asa mojavm, puagak fmmrgbklr sus
lfvbglgas, fmmparlr aktra annms y trloljlr pmr aqubpms.

Lemrl obak, km smnm as kafaslrbm nl anaffbök gan gaskm fmkfratm (mojavm) y an dmdaktm ak
qua gaoa sar lnflkzlgm, sbkm qua tldobâk sa raqubara uk sbstadl ga dagbfbök ga nm qua astì
plslkgm. Nms Gbrafvms gaoak sloar sb nms mojavms sa astìk fudpnbakgm m km y pmr quâ sä m
pmr quâ km. Lquä bkfmrpmrldms an fmkfaptm ga Fmktrmn l kuastrm dmganm.

An Fmktrmn fmksbsta ak dagbr an prm`rasm elfbl nms mojavms, lsa`urlrsa ga qua nls lffbmkas sa
gbrbjlk ga lfuargm l nms pnlkas astlonafbgms. An Fmktrmn fmksbsta ak fmdprmolr sb tmgm hukfbmkl
ga lfuargm ln Ynlk lgmptlgm. As an raspmkslona ga raukbr, dlkajlr a bktarpratlr bkhmrdlfbök.

Nl bkhmrdlfbök as an fmdousona pmr axfanakfbl gan Fmktrmn ga @asök. Nua`m an Fmktrmn gaoa
l`ra`lrna bktanb`akfbl l nl bkhmrdlfbök.

An Fmktrmn gaoa avlnulr ak hmrdl fmkstlkta y sbstadìfl

sbstadìfl l nl Adprasl ak su fmkjuktm.

Vb kmsmtrms pnlkbfìrldms kuastrls lfvbglgas, sbk takar uk sbstadl qua kms pardbtl
fmktrmnlr fmdm sa vlk ajafutlkgm nls dbsdls, an Ynlkaldbaktm ak sb dbsdm pargaräl
bdpmrtlkfbl. Gaoadms Ynlkbflr nm qua vldms elfar y nua`m Fmktrmnlr sb nm qua astldms
elfbakgm astì lfmrga l nm qua pravbldakta pnlkbfldms.

An Fmktrmn Yrasupuastlrbm y nms Fulgrms ga Dlkgm, fmkstuyak earrldbaktls plrl fmktrmnlr

kuastrl lfvbglg mparlvl.

Earrldbaktls fmdm an Fulgrm ga Dlkgm Astrltâ`bfm, kms pardbrìk bkta`rlr an Fmktrmn km smnm
ga nms rasuntlgms ga kuastrl Ynlkbflfbök Mparlvl, sbkm tldobâk y duy aspafblndakta an
Fmktrmn ga Kuastrm Ynlkaldbaktm Astrltâ`bfm.

Ynlkaldbaktm y Fmktrmn, smk fmkfaptms qua juktms sa jusflk. Ynlkbflr sbk fmktrmnlr as
glrna ln Ynlkaldbaktm tlk smnm
smnm uk dlrfm taörbfm3 parm tldobâk gaoadms
gaoadms dakfbmklr qua an
Fmktrmn axbsta, pmr qua ely uk Ynlk pravbm smora an fuln ajarfar an Fmktrmn. An Fmktrmn as ukl
fmksafuakfbl gan Ynlkaldbaktm. An Ynlkaldbaktm as nm qua sa fmktrmnl.
 

Nm qua dufels parsmkls km sloak as qua sb annms km Ynlkbflk y Fmktrmnlk sus lfvbglgas,
sa`urldakta elorì mtrms qua sä nm elrìk pmr annms, parm plrl oakafbm prmpbm.

An Fmktrmn

An fmktrmn as ukm ga nms plsms dìs bdpmrtlktas gaktrm gan Yrmfasm

Lgdbkbstrltbvm, yl qua ak asta, sa mosarvlk tmgls nls brra`unlrbglgas qua sa
prasaktlrmk ak an prmfasm y hlfbnbtl qua sa vuanvlk l elfar ga lfuargm l su
pnlkalfbök. Vbk adolr`m, tmgms nms plsms smk bdpmrtlktas y sa gaoak ga
fudpnbr flgl ukm l su tbadpm, utbnbzlkgm nls earrldbaktls kafaslrbls plrl
dlktakar uk ouak fmktrmn ga nl mr`lkbzlfbök.

An Yrmfasm Lgdbkbstrltbvm:

An fmktrmn puaga gakbrsa fmdm nl avlnulfbök ga nl lffbök, plrl gataftlr

pmsbonas gasväms raspaftm ga nms pnlkalgm, gasväms qua sarìk fmrra`bgms
dagblkta nl utbnbzlfbök ga uk sbstadl gatardbklgm fulkgm axfaglk nms nädbtas
lgdbtbgms.
 

Wldobâk puaga gakbrsa fmdm nl ra`unlfbök ga lftbvbglgas ga lfuargm fmk nms

raqubsbtms ga nms pnlkas.

An mojatbvm hukgldaktln as lsa`urlr an fudpnbd

fudpnbdbaktm
baktm ga nms mojatbvms ga nl
mr`lkbzlfbök.

Nm qua raqubara takar fmkmfbdbaktm ga nls lffbmkas qua sa ajafutlk, nl

fmrranlfbök axbstakta aktra astls lffbmkas raspaftm ln mojatbvm y nl anbdbklfbök
ga nms mostìfunms qua puagak trlolr an nm`rm ga nls datls astlonafbgls.

 ½Ymr quâ smk bdpmrtlktas nl pnlkbhflfbök y an fmktrmn=

 Fulkgm gafbdms qua ukl adprasl gaoa astlonafar mojatbvms, plrafa qua
astldms gbfbakgm ln`m tmtlndakta movbm. Ln k y ln flom, ½km as tmtlndakta
klturln qua ukl mr`lkbzlfbök tak`l mojatbvms=

 Ylrl fmdprakgar nl bdpmrtlkfbl ga nl pnlkbflfbök, fmkvbaka qua kms jadms

ak kuastrl prmpbl axparbakfbl. Fulkgm adpazldms uk kuavm prmyaftm parsmkln
m prmhasbmkln, ½kms jldms mojatbvms=

Vb fmdakzldms l pakslr, kms glradms fuaktl ga qua, ak nl dlymräl ga nms

flsms, smdms olstlkta ralfbms l jlr mojatbvms. @akarlndakta, km kms plrldms
l pakslr quâ quaradms fmksa`ubr, km jldms mojatbvms fmkfratms.
Ylrlgöjbfldakta, kms gldms fuaktl ga qua jlr mojatbvms as ln`m duy klturln y
gasalona, parm l nl emrl ga elfarnm, smdms ralfbms. Ylrafa qua olstl fmk eloar
nna`lgm l nl fmkfnusbök ga qua darafa nl pakl adpazlr ln`m y, aktmkfas, nm
adpazldms sbk jlrkms mojatbvms. Astm qua kms suana mfurrbr parsmklndakta
mfurra tldobâk ak nls mr`lkbzlfbmkas. Km kms gaoa axtrlülr.

 Ga eafem, ak dufels adprasls nl pnlkbflfbök km gajl ga sar uk ajarfbfbm

purldakta hmrdln: sa astlonafa uk pnlk pmrqua saräl „pmfm prmhasbmkln— km
elfarnm, parm ralndakta km sa tmdl duy ak sarbm. Ely uk paksldbaktm bdpnäfbtm
ga qua an pnlk km gaoa tmdlrsa ln pba ga nl natrl y qua „ukl fmsl as nm qua gbfa
an pnlk, y mtrl fmsl as nm qua ralndakta el`ldms—. Yarm aktmkfas, ½pmr quâ
pnlkbfldms= ½\uâ sufaga fmk ukl mr`lkbzlfbök qua km pnlkbfl m qua nm elfa
ga dlkarl hmrdlnbstl= Fulkgm km ely pnlkbflfbök, kms fmdpmrtldms ga
hmrdl „ralftbvl—, as gafbr vldms tmdlkgm gafbsbmkas l dagbgl qua nms
prmonadls m kafasbglgas vlk lplrafbakgm. Dufels vafas km smdms
„prmlftbvms—: lftuldms úkbfldakta ak nl dagbgl ak qua ely fmsls qua
rasmnvar. Ak ralnbglg, sb km euobasa kbk`úk bdpravbstm m kbk`úk prmonadl
lfufblkta, sa`ubräldms elfbâkgmnm tmgm ga lfuargm fmk kuastrls rutbkls, sbk
fldoblr klgl. An prmonadl as qua, ln lftulr ga astl hmrdl, astldms gajlkgm
qua kuastrl mr`lkbzlfbök vlyl sbk rudom. Astlradms smnufbmklkgm nms
 

prmonadls dìs lfufblktas, sbk takar ukl bgal fnlrl ga elfbl gökga quaradms
br.

_anlfbök aktra Ynlkaldbaktm y Fmktrmn

As avbgakta, qua ukl vaz gakbgms y puastms ak dlrfel nms pnlkas ga ukl
mr`lkbzlfbök, sa vuanva bkgbspakslona varbflr sb nls lffbmkas gaslrrmnnlgls
fmkfuarglk fmk nls pnlkalgls y sb lnflkzlk nls datls prmpuastls. Ymr nm tlktm
an pnlkaldbaktm y an fmktrmn astlk äktbdldakta nb`lgms ak nms sb`ubaktas 6
lspaftms:

<.- Fmdm fmksafuakfbl gan pnlkaldbaktm gaoa fralrsa uk sbstadl ga

bkhmrdlfbök, nnldlgm fmktrmn, qua sbrvl plrl fmdprmolr nms rasuntlgms fmk nls
datls.

?.- Nms gasväms qua sa gataftlk, sa gatardbklrìk raspaftm l nls datls

prm`rldlgls.

6.- Nl bkhmrdlfbök, rafbobgl fmdm fmksafuakfbl gan fmktrmn, sbrva plrl nl

praplrlfbök ga kuavms pnlkas.

Ak säktasbs, tmgms nms sbstadls ga bkhmrdlfbök utbnbzlgms fmdm fmktrmn,

pardbtak ukl avlnulfbök gan fudpnbdbaktm ga nms pnlkas lftulnas y ahaftulr su
ljusta, dagblkta ukl kuavl lffbök ga pnlkbflfbök. R an sbstadl ga fmktrmn qua
tbaka ukl ranlfbök gbraftl fmk nl pnlkbflfbök as an Fmktrmn Yrasupuastlrbm. As
gafbr an fmktrmn ga ajafufbök ga tmgms nms pnlkas ga nl mr`lkbzlfbök axpraslgms
ak târdbkms dmkatlrbms, plrl uk parbmgm ga tbadpm gatardbklgm, `akarlndakta
< lüm.
An Yrmfasm ga Mr`lkbzlfbök
 

Nua`m ga lklnbzlr an `rìfm lktarbmr, vadms qua sa fmdpnatl an prmfasm

astlonafbakgm ranlfbmkas ga lutmrbglg y raspmkslobnbglg qua uyak pmr flklnas
ga fmdukbflfbök, qua sa bkta`rlk ak an gbsaüm qua flrlftarbzlrì nl tbpmnm`äl ga
nl mr`lkbzlfbök hmrdln.

Ak nl gbkìdbfl ga nl puastl ak dlrfel ga nl adprasl sa `akarl ukl

mr`lkbzlfbök bkhmrdln, rasuntlkgm ga nls ranlfbmkas smfblnas y parsmklnas qua
mrb`bkl nl tlral fmdplrtbgl.

Nms mojatbvms y nls datls hmrdunlgms y nls astrlta`bls astlonafbgls hlvmrafarì

an gbsaüm ga ukl astrufturl mr`lkbzlfbmkln aflz y fmksbstakta.

Vbadpra qua sa mr`lkbfak lftbvbglgas eudlkls, ga fulnqubar tbpm, sa prasaktlk

gms prmonadìtbfls pmr rasmnvar:

 Yrbdarm : Gbvbgbr an tr
trloljm
loljm aktra nls pms
pmsbonas
bonas tlra
tlrals
ls qua nm bkta`rl
bkta`rlk.
k.
 Nua`m: Fmmrgbklr asls
as ls tlrals plrl qua pupuaglk
aglk ralnb
ralnbzlrsa
zlrsa nls
lftbvbglgas.

Lukqua puaga plrafar bkfmearakta, prbdarm gbvbgbr plrl nua`m bkta`rlr, km as

lsb, y plrl lfnlrlr asta puktm smnm takadms qua bdl`bklr l ukl parsmkl
trloljlkgm. Dbaktrls nm el`l smnl, km gbvbga su trloljm fmk mtrm, parm fmmrgbkl
nls tlrals, lukqua sal daktlndakta. Vb fmdplrta fmk mtrms su trloljm, tbaka
qua gbvbgbrnm y nua`m fmmrgbklr nls tlrals plrl ralnbzlr aktra nms gms nls
lftbvbglgas.
 

Aktmkfas pmgadms gafbr qua nls Astrufturl Mr`lkbzlfbmkln, as an fmkjuktm ga

nls prmpmrfbmkas ak qua sa gbvbga an trloljm plrl gatardbklr nms flr`ms y ga nls
ranlfbmkas ga fmmrgbklfbök kafaslrbls plrl qua asls tlrals sa ralnbfak.

An Fmktrmn

An fmktrmn as uk prmfasm qua fmdprakga nl avlnulfbök ga rakgbdbaktms elstl

nls dagbgls fmrraftbvls kafaslrbls plrl kautrlnbzlr nls gasvblfbmkas.

 ½\ua sa gaoa fmktrmnlr=

 ½\ua tbpm ga fmktrmn sarì an dìs lgafulgm=
 ½\uâ tâfkbfls sa lpnbflrlk=
 ½\uâ sa dagbrì, ak quâ dmdaktm y ak quâ nu`lr=
 ½Fulkgm uk gasväm as sb`kbfltbvm=
 ½Födm gatardbklr nl flktbglg y nl flnbglg ga bkhmrdlfbök=

Astls smk sönm ln`ukls ga nls pra`uktls qua gaoak elfarsa qubakas tbakak l su
flr`m gbsaülr an prmfasm ga fmktrmn.

An fmktrmn sa kutra fmk bkmrdlfbök plrl `akarlr bkmrdlfbök.

Hlsas gan Fmktrmn

 Fmdprmolr gasvblfbmkas
 Nmflnbzlrnls
 Dagbr nls gbharakfbls aktra nm pravbstm y nm ralnbzlgm
 Avlnulr an bdplftm ga nls gbharakfbls
 Fmrra`br

Vmk nms plsms qua sa vlk bkta`rlkgm ak an prmfasm ga fmktrmn.

Hukfbmkas

Nl ukfbök ga fmktrmn pmsaa ukl aspafbln bdpmrtlkfbl ak nl vbgl ga ukl

mr`lkbzlfbök yl qua na pardbta gatardbklr an gasväm aktra nm pnlkalgm y nm
ralnbzlgm y fmdm fmksafuakfbl fmrra`br nls lffbmkas plrl an nm`rm ga nms
mojatbvms jlgms.

An gbsaüm ga nl astrufturl gan sbstadl ga bkhmrdlfbök lgdbkbstrltbvl prmvaa ln

sbstadl ga fmktrmn ga ukl huakta prafbsl, mojatbvl, mpmrtukl y aflz ga
bkhmrdlfbök, y vl ganbkalkgm nls ragas kafaslrbls plrl qua an fmktrmn puaga

fudpnbr sus hukfbmkas:

 

LKWBFBYLKWAV:  Fmktrmnas Yravaktbvms.

VBDQNWÌKAMV:  Fmktrmnas qua vlk gataftlkgm y fmrrb`bakgm ak hmrdl

bkdagbltl.

GA _AVQNWLGMV: Fmktrmnas plrl fmrra`br gasvblfbmkas gataftlgls.

Aktmkfas an Yrmfasm Lgdbkbstrltbvm nm pmgadms var rasudbgm ak nl sb`ubakta
`rìfl. R sbadpra takbakgm ak fuaktl nls datls y nms mojatbvms pnlktalgms ak
nl mr`lkbzlfbök. R lklnbzlkgm ak tmgm dmdaktm an aktmrkm aspafäfm y `akarln,
y sbk gajlr ga nlgm nl bdpmrtlkfbl nl funturl mr`lkbzlfbmkln y nl fmdukbflfbök, y
hmflnbzlkgm ak qua smk astrufturls gbkìdbfls.

_amr`lkbzlfbök ga nl mr`lkbzlfbök

Axbstak fultrm arrmras täpbfms qua, `akarlndakta, fmdatak nls Mr`lkbzlfbmkas

ln akhraktlr uk prmfasm ga ramr`lkbzlfbök:

<. Fraar q
qua
ua nl raas
raastruft
trufturlfbö
urlfbök
k mr`lk
mr`lkbzlfbm
bzlfbmkln
kln pmr ssää smnl, sm
smnufbmk
nufbmklrì
lrì
tmgms nms prmonadls m kafasbglgas qua sa astìk vbvbakgm ak nl
mr`lkbzlfbök.
?. Aspar
Asparlr
lr mot
motakar
akar daj
dajmrls
mrls ak pprmguft
rmguftbvbglg
bvbglg ssönm
önm lju
ljustlkgm
stlkgm nnl
l astru
astrufturl
fturl

mr`lkbzlfbmkln y/m ragufbakgm nl gmtlfbök, sbk fldoblr nl hmrdl ak qua

sa elfak nls fmsls.
 

6. Gbsaü
Gbsaülr
lr nl ku
kuavl
avl ast
astruftu
rufturl
rl smo
smora
ra nl o
olsa
lsa ga „„parsmk
parsmkb`rld
b`rldls—,
ls—, sbk
fmksbgarlr nl kafasbglg ga lnbkaldbaktm aktra nms parnas y nls
flplfbglgas qua gadlkglk sus puastms ga trloljm.

Km fmdukbflr lgafulgldakta l nl mr`lkbzlfbök nls trlkshmrdlfbmkas ak

fursm, nm qua mflsbmkl bkfartbgudora, rasbstakfbl y fmkhusbök ak nls parsmkls.

½FQÌNAV VMK NLV FNLXAV GA QKL _AAVW_QFWQ_LFBÖK M_@LKBZLFBMKLN

AUBWMVL=

<.-LNBKAL_ NL AVW_QFWQ_L M_@LKBZLFBMKLN L NL AVW_LWA@BL

Qk prmfasm ga ramr`lkbzlfbök axbtmsm as lquan qua tbaka ukl vbsbök fnlrl

raspaftm ga quâ sa qubara nm`rlr y fuìnas smk nms fldobms kafaslrbms plrl
nm`rlrnm. Lsä, nl kuavl astrufturl mr`lkbzlfbmkln gaoa astlr lnbkalgl l nl
astrlta`bl ga nl adprasl, nm qua sa raajl prbkfbplndakta ak nl gahkbfbök gan
flr`m y raspmkslobnbglg ga nms `araktas ga näkal y sus aqubpms ga trloljm fmk
an hk ga nm`rlr nms mojatbvms astrltâ`bfms gahkbgms pmr nl fmdplüäl.

?.- MYWBDBZL_ Y_MFAVMV LKWAV GA QK FLDOBM M_@LKBZLFBMKLN

An ragbsaüm ga nl mr`lkbzlfbök mrafa ukl ouakl mpmrtukbglg plrl dajmrlr nls

prìftbfls y prmfasms frätbfms ga nl flgakl ga vlnmr. Ylrl astm sa puagak
utbnbzlr gbstbktls plnlkfls ga mptbdbzlfbök fmdm sbdpnbhflfbök/raguf
sbdpnbhflfbök/raguffbök
fbök ga
tlrals, astlkglrbzlfbök ga prmfasms, lutmdltbzlfbök, aktra mtrms. Qkl vaz
ljustlgms nms prmfasms, sa gaoa gbsaülr nl kuavl astrufturl mr`lkbzlfbmkln
qua raspmkgarì ga nl dajmr mrdl pmsbona l nl kuavl mrdl ga elfar nls fmsls.
6.- NM@_L_ QKL WMDL GA GAFBVBMKAV AHAFWBXL

Qkm ga nms prbkfbplnas gatardbklktas gan ouak gasadpaüm ga ukl

mr`lkbzlfbök as su flplfbglg ga tmdlr y ajafutlr gafbsbmkas mpmrtukls, ga
flnbglg y ga lntm bdplftm. As pmr astm qua ln ajafutlr ukl bkbfbltbvl ga
raastrufturlfbök ga nl mr`lkbzlfbök, asta lspaftm gaoa sar fmksbgarlgm.

7.- GAHBKB_ NMV YA_HBNAV KAFAVL_BMV YL_L NM@_L_ NMV FLDOBMV

AVYA_LGMV.Va gaoak ragahkbr ga mrdl fnlrl y prafbsl plrl flgl puastm ga
trloljm, sus rmnas y raspmkslobnbglgas, fmdpatakfbls raquarbgls, bkgbflgmras
fnlvas ga ka`mfbm lnbkalgms ln gasadpaüm ga flgl puastm, gafbsbmkas y
rafmdakglfbmkas ak nls qua plrtbfbpl.
 

1.- LVA@Q_L_ NL LY_MYBLFBÖK GA NMV FLDOBMV Y_MYQAVWMV AK NLV

YA_VMKLV

Lffbmkas ga `astbök ga fldobm smk kafaslrbls plrl lsa`urlr nl lprmpblfbök

ga nms fldobms y dajmrls prmpuastls, dbkbdbzlkgm nms kbvanas ga rasbstakfbl
pmr plrta ga nl mr`lkbzlfbök. Astls lffbmkas sa gaoak mflnbzlr ak: prbdarm,
fmktlr fmk ukl fmdukbflfbök aaftbvl (fmktakbgm, flkln, bktarnmfutmr) qua
lsa`ura an aktakgbdbaktm3 sa`ukgm, nm`rlr an bkvmnufrldbaktm ga nms `rupms ga
bktarâs l trlvâs ga plrtbfbplfbök ak tmgls nls atlpls gan prmfasm y tarfarm,
mrdlr y gaslrrmnnlr flplfbglgas ak an parsmkln.

_aastrufturlfbök, _amr`lkbzlfbök y _abk`akbaräl

Va suana gakmdbklr rabk`akbaräl l fulnqubar bktaktm ga ramr`lkbzlfbök m ga

raastrufturlfbök. Vb obak astms târdbkms suanak bktarpratlrsa ga nl dbsdl
dlkarl, su ìdobtm ga lpnbflfbök fldobl.

ettps://www.ymutuoa.fmd/wltfe=v47Pf1xpcE-ym

_abk`akbaräl
Nl rabk`akbaräl bdpnbfl fldoblr ga dlkarl hukgldaktln nl mr`lkbzlfbök,

b`kmrlkgm an gbsaüm lftuln.

D. Elddar y J. Feldpy lrdlk qua „nl rabk`akbaräl as adpazlr ga kuavm. Km
qubara gafbr trloljlr fmk nm qua yl axbsta kb elfar fldobms bkfradaktlnas qua
gajlk bktlftls nls astrufturls oìsbfls. Km sa trltl ga radakglr klgl, ga elfar
fmdpmkakgls ak an sbstadl axbstakta plrl qua hukfbmka dajmr....ragbsaülr ukl
adprasl sb`kbfl afelr l uk nlgm sbstadls vbajms y adpazlr mtrl vaz—.

Gakbdms nl rabk`akbaräl fmdm „nl ravbsbök hukgldaktln y an ragbsaüm rlgbfln ga

nms prmfasms fmk an k ga motakar dajmrls aspaftlfunlras ak dagbgls frätbfls
y fmktadpmrìkals ga rakgbdbaktm, ak târdbkms ga fmstm, flnbglg, sarvbfbm y
rlpbgaz—.

Nl rabk`akbaräl sa sustaktl ak tras supuastms:

 

<. _akmvlfbök ga nl flplfbglg fmdpatbtbvl: nl rakmvlfbök ga nl flplfbglg

fmdpatbtbvl sb`kbfl lprakgar l trloljlr ga mtrl dlkarl (y km elfar qua nl
`akta trlolja dìs gurm).

?. Fldobm fmkstlkta: an fldobm fmkstlkta elfa qua nms prmguftms tak`lk uk

fbfnm ga vbgl nbdbtlgm (bkfnusm nms dajmras ak fmrtm tbadpm quaglk mosmnatms), y
pmr annm smk
nms prmfasms dagblkta nms fulnas sa fralk nms prmguftms qua fmkgufak ln âxbtm
y km nms prmguftms ak sä dbsdms.

6. Yrmguftbvbglg: nms lftulnas prmonadls ga rakgbdbaktm qua axparbdaktlk

dufels adprasls smk fmksafuakfbl ga nl hrl`daktlfbök ga nms prmfasms.

_aastrufturlfbök
Fmksbsta ak uk prmfasm ga astugbm ga nls parspaftbvls qua tbaka nl
mr`lkbzlfbök, olslgm ak nl fmdplrlfbök fmkstlkta aktra nl astrufturl
mr`lkbzlfbmkln y nms mojatbvms
jlgms. Bdpnbfl lklnbzlr ak qua `rlgm nl astrufturl lftuln fmktrbouya ln nm`rm ga
nms mojatbvms, plrl bktrmgufbr nms fldobms kafaslrbms ak tmgms nms kbvanas
mr`lkbzlfbmklnas fulkgm nms rasuntlgms km smk nms asparlgms.
Nl raastrufturlfbök sa mrbaktl l dmgbflr nls ranlfbmkas jarìrqubfls, nms kbvanas
mr`lkbzlfbmklnas, nl gana`lfbök ga lutmrbglg y nms sbstadls ga fmdukbflfbök
axbstaktas ak nl adprasl.

_amr`lkbzlfbök
Vmk nms prmfagbdbaktms qua nnavl l flom ukl adprasl l k ga ralsb`klr

lftbvbglgas
fldobms ak ysbstadls
raspmkslobnbglgas,
m prmfasms.suprbdbr tlrals bdprmguftbvls
Nl ramr`lkbzlfbök fmksbsta akaan
bktrmgufbr
dajmrldbaktm gan gbsaüm lftuln y `akarlndakta supmka nl ralnbzlfbök ga
fldobms plrfblnas ahaftulgms ak hmrdl bkfradaktln.
Ak mtrms târdbkms, ramr`lkbzlr as lgmptlr kuavms sbstadls prasfbkgbakgm ga
nms vbajms dlktakbakgm nl astrufturl mr`lkbzlfbmkln lftuln ak `rlk dagbgl. Va
fmrrb`ak gbfuntlgas akfmktrlgls (ak prmfasms, prm`rldls m sbstadls) gaktrm
ga nms nädbtas ga nl mr`lkbzlfbök lftuln.

_aplsadms...

_abk`akbaräl ga nl mr`lkbzlfbök
 

Elfa ln`úk tbadpm, uk fmkfaptm `arakfbln nnldlgm rabk`akbaräl bk`rasö l nl

nbtarlturl lgdbkbstrltbvl. Ak mflsbmkas sa na nnldl „vmnvar l adpazlr— pmrqua
Dbfelan Elddar y Jldas Feldpy, qubakas pmpunlrbzlrmk an fmkfaptm,
su`brbarmk qua kms pnlktaìrldms astl pra`uktl: „Vb vmnvbarl l fralr astl
fmdplüäl emy (plrtbakgm ga nl klgl), slobakgm nm qua lemrl sâ y glgl nl
tafkmnm`äl lftuln, ½quâ rasuntlräl—=.

Aspafäfldakta, Elddar y Feldpy gakak nl rabk`akbaräl fmdm „rapatbr an

paksldbaktm hukgldaktln y an ragbsaüm rlgbfln ga prmfasms ga adprasls plrl
motakar dajmrls bdpmrtlktas ak dagbgls ga gasadpaüm fmktadpmrìkals
frätbfls fmdm fmstms, flnbglg, sarvbfbm y rlpbgaz—.
rlpbga z—.

Lspaftms fnlvas ga nl rabk`akbaräl

Fmksbgaradms oravadakta astms lspaftms fnlvas. Yrbdarm, flsb klgba astlräl
ak gaslfuargm fmk nl kafasbglg ga rapatbr an paksldbaktm hukgldaktln ga nm
qua nl mr`lkbzlfbök elfa y pmr quâ. Dbaktrls trloljlol fmdm lklnbstl ga
sbstadls, ukm ga nms lutmras akfmktrö qua nms sbstadls y nms prmfagbdbaktms
fmk hrafuakfbl astlolk mosmnatms, arlk bkafbaktas y fmdpnatldakta
bkkafaslrbms. Ymfls vafas fuastbmklolk nms usulrbms ga nms sbstadls pmr quâ
arlk kafaslrbms nms prmfagbdbaktms y an prmpösbtm qua sarvälk. Lsä, ukl dbrlgl
hrasfl, ak aspafbln nl ga uk „lklnbstl ga sbstadls axtarkm— ak varglg puaga
ravanlr dufels bkafbakfbls. Qkl dlkarl kuavl ga pakslr lfarfl ga nl
lgdbkbstrlfbök puaga lpmrtlr ukl parspaftbvl gbharakta l nm qua sa astì
elfbakgm y pmr quâ.
 An sa`ukgm lspaftm fnlva ak nl gakbfbök as uk ragbsaüm rlgbfln ga nms
prmfasms ga nl adprasl. Ak nl agbfbök mrb`bkln, nms lutmras su`brbarmk qua
„rlgbfln— sb`kbflol prafbsldakta asm, km ukl dmgbflfbök, sbkm ukl
rabkvakfbök. Wldobâk su`brbarmk qua âsta as an lspaftm dìs bdpmrtlkta ga su
akhmqua. Ak ukl agbfbök rústbfl pmstarbmr ga su nborm, Elddar y Feldpy
lgdbtak qua sa pugbarmk aqubvmflr ln su`arbr qua an lspaftm fnlva dìs
bdpmrtlkta as an ragbsaüm rlgbfln. An ragbsaüm rlgbfln l dakugm rasuntl ak ukl
raguffbök rlgbfln gan tldlüm fmk ahaftms glübkms plrl nls mr`lkbzlfbmkas.
_agufbr an tldlüm m lsb`klr an „tldlüm fmrraftm— km as an prmpösbtm prbkfbpln ga
nl rabk`akbaräl, lukqua ak dufems flsms rasuntl ak kafasbtlr dakms parsmkls.
Ymr gas`rlfbl, nl rabk`akbaräl sa el utbnbzlgm ga dlkarl ralftbvl pmr
lgdbkbstrlgmras gafbgbgms l ragufbr fmstms, sbk qua sal bkgbspakslona ltakgar
 

nls kafasbglgas y axpaftltbvls ga nms fnbaktas. Mtrm rasuntlgm gan ragbsaüm

rlgbfln as uk sbstadl ga adprasls olslgm prbkfbplndakta ak an dmganm ga
bk`akbaräl sbk prastlr nls fmksbgarlfbmkas gaobgls ln sbstadl eudlkm. Vb obak an
ragbsaüm rlgbfln lfmdplülgm ga ukl raguffbök ak an tldlüm, puaga rasuntlr ak
lemrrms ga fmstms l fmrtm pnlzm, tldobâk lhaftl l nl huarzl ga trloljm rastlkta
ga dlkarl ka`ltbvl. An trloljm ak aqubpm sa el vuantm flgl gäl dìs bdpmrtlkta
ak nl mr`lkbzlfbök dmgarkl. Yarm nms ashuarzms ga aqubpm sa fmkstruyak fmk
olsa ak nl fmklkzl, qua gaoa fmkstrubrsa ak uk parbmgm nlr`m. Fmk an ragbsaüm
rlgbfln, nl fmklkzl puaga gastrubrsa.

 An tarfar anadaktm fnlva raqubara rasuntlgms bdpmrtlktas.

Nl fulrtl plnlorl fnlva ak nl gakbfbök ga rabk`akbaräl as prmfasms. Nl

kafasbglg ga uk lkìnbsbs fubglgmsm y fuastbmklr nms prmfasms ga nl adprasl as
ak varglg bdpmrtlkta. Vbk adolr`m, an lkìnbsbs gan prmfasm gaoa br dìs lnnì ga
nls mparlfbmkas a bkfnubr an lkìnbsbs y nl bkta`rlfbök ga sbstadls tâfkbfms,
sbstadls eudlkms y an prmfasm lgdbkbstrltbvm tmtln, lgadìs ga bkfnubr an aknlfa
ga nl adprasl fmk an ldobakta axtarkm. Nms bk`akbarms puagak akhmflrsa ak an
prmfasm gan ka`mfbm3 parm plrl qua salk ak varglg ahaftbvms, nms gbvarsms
suosbstadls kafasbtlk astlr bkta`rlgms ak uk sbstadl tmtln.

Nl astrufturl y an prmfasm ga mr`lkbzlr

Mr`lkbzlr as uk prmfasm qua raqubara qua sa fmksbgarak vlrbms anadaktms

hukgldaktlnas.

Ak prbdar nu`lr, nl astrufturl gaoa raajlr mojatbvms y pnlkas pmrqua nls

lftbvbglgas sa garbvlk ga annms.

Ak sa`ukgm nu`lr, raajlr nl lutmrbglg gbspmkbona plrl nl `arakfbl ga nl

adprasl. Nl lutmrbglg ak ukl mr`lkbzlfbök glgl as uk garafem smfblndakta
gatardbklgm ga ajarfar gbsfrafbök3 fmdm tln, astì sujatl l fldobms.

 Ak tarfar nu`lr, nl astrufturl ga ukl mr`lkbzlfbök, fmdm fulnqubar pnlk, gaoa
raajlr an ldobakta qua nl rmgal. Lsä fmdm nls pradbsls ga uk pnlk puagak sar
afmködbfls, tafkmnö`bfls, pmnätbfls, smfblnas m âtbfls, tldobâk puagak sarnm nls
ga nl astrufturl ga nl mr`lkbzlfbök. Gaoa astlr gbsaülgl plrl hukfbmklr,
pardbtbr fmktrboufbmkas ga nms dbadorms ga uk `rupm y lyuglr l nls parsmkls l
lnflkzlr nms mojatbvms fmk afbakfbl ak uk huturm fldoblkta. Ak asta saktbgm,
ukl astrufturl ga mr`lkbzlfbök qua hukfbmka kukfl puaga sar astìtbfl. Km ely
ukl smnl astrufturl ga mr`lkbzlfbök qua hukfbmka dajmr ak tmgm tbpm ga
sbtulfbmkas: ukl astrufturl ga mr`lkbzlfbök ahaftbvl gapakga ga nl sbtulfbök.
 

 Ak fulrtm nu`lr, glgm qua nl mr`lkbzlfbök astì gmtlgl ga parsmkln, an

l`rupldbaktm ga lftbvbglgas y nls ranlfbmkas ga lutmrbglg ga ukl astrufturl ga
mr`lkbzlfbök gaoak tmdlr ak fuaktl nls nbdbtlfbmkas y fmstudoras ga nls
parsmkls. Astm km qubara gafbr qua nl astrufturl gaol gbsaülrsa lnragagmr ga
nms bkgbvbgums y km lnragagmr ga nls datls y nls lftbvbglgas qua nls lfmdplülk.
Yarm ukl fmksbgarlfbök bdpmrtlkta as an tbpm ga parsmkls fmk nls fulnas
gmtlrnl.