Cfsk 6 Omoias `k vm`f `k ias

ias pftÿgkeas ofusfetks `k keckrlk`f`ks ke pifetfs
pifetfs

WMILKT FXFKI OIMLFOA FE@MOF

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Putar8

T[PN IMIMFEF ME_[F_PM

LFEKHA MEPKGTF@A @K KECKTLK@F@K_

Fgraealìf

OKF@ _fnfgue

[emvkrsm`f` Efomaefi Fdmkrtf y f @mstfeomf ‟ [EF@

Omu`f` y/a Luemompma

_fe Hasí `k [rí

26/2=/4246
 

Omoias `k vm`f `k ias pftÿgkeas, Kstfdikokr if mlpartfeomf `k kstas.

_ae vfrmas ias lmoraargfemslas pralatarks `k keckrlk`f`ks quk ofusfe

of usfe `mcmouitf`ks f ifs

 pifetfomaeks, prmeompfilketk oufe`a sk trftf `k dfotkrmfs y vmrus Z OMPFPMAE Fia60 Yi ?2>4 \

Ias sìetalfs sk lukstrfe `k luonfs carlfs, ke ki ærkf caimfr lk`mfetk if pír`m`f `ki

oaiar efturfi `kdm`a f if `mslmeuomÿe `ki praoksa catasmetítmoa, if ofì`f `k ifs nahfs, rktrfsa `ki
orkomlmketa, rk`uoomÿe `k if ofim`f` `ki cruta par `kcarlfomaeks, tflföa, pa`rk`uldrk

meoiusmvk, if lukrtk `k if pifetf, cfotarks quk

qu k oaestmtuyke pkr`m`fs `k ofræotkr koaeÿlmoa
koae ÿlmoa f ias

 pra`uotarks oala ks ki ofsa `k figueas pftÿgkeas oala ki cusfrmul, if fetrfoeasms quk meourrke

ke `urfetk ias praoksas `k `ksfrraiia `k if pifetfs y if oaskonf pu`mke`a fckotfr if tatfim`f` `k

if pra`uoomÿe (Taha, kt.ft.

kt.ft. 4267).
 4267). Rar ia kiia, ks cue`flketfi oaeaokr ias
ias omoias a cfsks `k ias

 pftÿgkeas `f`a f quk ks cue`flketfi pfrf if talf `k `komsmaeks fi lalketa `k `kcmemr ki tmpa `k

oaetrai quk sk rkfimzfrf pfrf oaetraifr

oaetraifr ias `föas fi `ktkrlmef`a
`ktkrlmef`a ouitmva, kskeomfilketk ias `k

meom`keomf koaeÿlmof, y par supuksta quk `monfs lk`m`fs skfe `k ofræotkr sastkemdik a quk

lfetkegf ki kqumimdrma efturfi ke ias koasmstklfs.

Omoias `k vm`f. If vm`f `k ias pftÿgkeas kstæ oaecarlf`f par uef skrmk `k omoias a ktfpfs ke

skoukeomf quk oaetrmduyke f if luitmpimofomÿe y supkrvmvkeomf, `urfetk ki praoksa metkrfotøfe

kstfdikomíe`ask y oaiaemzfe`a ifs pifetfs kspkomfilketk

k spkomfilketk ifs læs susokptmdiks gkekrfe`a ke kiifs

ki `ksfrraiia `k `mckrketks pftaiagìfs cmefimzfe`a oae ki surgmlmketa `k sìetalfs y eukvas

meÿouias (Larfi, 4242)

Omoia Gkeírmoa `k Rftagíeksms8 carlf`a par  `as sudomoias prmlfrma y skoue`frma oae 0 cfsks

kskeomfiks8 supkrvmvkeomf, rkpra`uoomÿe, `msgrkgfomÿe k meckoomÿe. Ea adstfetk, `kpke`mke`a `ki

 pftÿgkea, kxmstke `mvkrsas omoias oae atrfs oalpikhm`f`ks y ofrfotkrìstmofs `mckrketks `ae`k ifs

oae`momaeks fldmketfiks hukgfe ue rai mlpartfetk. Z OMPFPMAE Fiv60 Yi ?2>4 \

 

Omoia `k Rftagíeksms (MM)

Ki omoia `k pftagíeksms MM, tmkek su gíeksms f pfrtmr `k if cfsk `k supkrvmvkeomf, skgum`a `k

if ktfpf `k luitmpimofomÿe `ki pftÿgkea, `mspkrsmÿe, pralavm`as par ki mlpfota `ki fguf a ias

cukrtks vmketas, k meckoomÿe. Prfs ue pkrma`a oaeaom`a oala pkrma`a `k meoudfomÿe sk vmsufimzfe

ias sìetalfs y pastkrmarlketk ki eukva meÿouia `ki pftÿgkea (pkrma`a `k iftkeomf), par khklpia,

ksparfs `k ue naega. Ias sìetalfs k meÿouia puk`ke fpfrkokr smluitæekflketk (pkrma`a `k

meoudfomÿe < pkrma`a `k iftkeomf), pkra sukik nfdkr omkrta rktrfsa. _m kstk eukva meÿouia gkekrf

eukvfs meckoomaeks `urfetk ksk föa fgraeÿlmoa, oaestmtuyke ias omoias skoue`frmas `k if

keckrlk`f`. Ke ki ofsa `k quk ki meÿouia sk fouluik (puk`k pkr`krsk pfrtk) ke ki sukia,

rkstas `k ouitmva, vkotarks, ktoítkrf, pfrf ki prÿxmla

p rÿxmla föa, if keckrlk`f` saia tmkek omoia

 prmlfrma (Larfi, 4242)

Omoia prmlfrma8 _k memomf f pfrtmr `k uef cfsk `k supkrvmvkeomf `ki pftÿgkea mlpukstf par

oae`momaeks fldmketfiks f`vkrsfs a par if fuskeomf

f uskeomf `k pifetfs susokptmdiks. (Larfi, 4242)
 
Omoias skoue`frmas8 _k memomfe f pfrtmr `k meÿouia `ki pftÿgkea `ksfrraiif`a `urfetk ki

omoia prmlfrma a ke ue omoia skoue`frma fetkrmar.

_meoraemzfomÿe8 Fi mgufi quk ias pftÿgkeas, ifs pifetfs tmkeke su prapma omoia `k vm`f. If

smeoraemzfomÿe `k fldas omoias `k vm`f ks cue`flketfi pfrf ki `ksfrraiia `k if

keckrlk`f`. Ke luonas pftasìstklfs, ki pftÿgkea y if pifetf nuíspk` sk vke fckotf`as

`k carlf smlmifr par ifs vfrmfdiks oimlætmofs (Larfi, 4242)

Cfsk `k supkrvmvkeomf.
 
Ke ki ofsa `k ias naegas y ias aalmoktas a naegas fouætmoas if cfsk `k supkrvmvkeomf

`kpke`kræ ke su tatfim`f` `k ifs ksparfs kspkomfimzf`fs `k rksmstkeomf, ki tflföa `k kstfs `kdk skr 

lfyar f ifs oaevkeomaefiks y puk`ke surgmr par rkpra`uoomÿe skxufi (khklpia, aasparfs) a

fskxufi (khklpia, oiflm`asparfs). Atras argfemslas oala ki Cusfrmul pra`uoke oiflm`asparfs

 

quk fpfrkoke meskrtf`fs ke sus nmcfs, ke cueomÿe `k oÿla y ouæetfs fpfrkzofe puk`ke usfrsk

oala ofræotkr tfxaeÿlmoa (@fsmivf, kt.fi , 4263).

Rfsa ?. Tkfimok uef tfdif oalpfrftmvf

oa lpfrftmvf `k tmpas k mlpartfeomf `k ifs `mckrketks
` mckrketks kstruoturfs

rkpra`uotmvfs `k naegas pftÿgkeas `k pifetfs.

Ias naegas pftÿgkeas sae argfemslas quk pra`uoke keckrlk`f`ks quk puk`ke ofusfr

lukrtf tfeta f kspkomks `k pifetfs

pifetfs oala femlfiks. Ias naegas quk ftfofe ifs pi
pifetfs
fetfs sk

`kealmefe cmtapftÿgkeas, sk f`fptfe f `mckrketks oae`momaeks fldmketfiks Z OMPFPMAE _æe2; Yi

?2>4 \

Pmpas `k mlpartfeomf `k ifs `mckrketks kstruoturfs rkpra`uotmvfs `k naegas

pftÿgkeas `k pifetfs

Tkpra`uoomÿe skxufi Tkpra`uoomÿe fskxufi

Ias naegas sk rkpra`uoke prmeompfilketk Kstfs kstruoturfs puk`ke carlfrsk

 par lk`ma `k ksparfs, kstfs, sae kstruoturfs fskxufilketk (lk`mfetk if pra`uoomÿe, par
kspkomfimzf`fs pfrf if rkpra`uoomÿe a ki lmokima `ki naega, `k oíiuifs
 prapfgfomÿe `ki naega, puk`k skr me`mvm`ufiks kspkomfimzf`fs ifs ksparfs sme
uemokiuifr a piurmokiuifr. metkrvkeomÿe `k ofrmagflmf a lkmasms) a skr 
Ke figueas naegas sk uek ue pfr `k oíiuifs ki rksuitf`a `k ue praoksa skxufi.
`k mgufi tflföa y carlf pra`uomke`a ue Ias naegas meckrmarks, ifs ksparfs
omgata zmgasparf. Atras naegas `k fskxufiks sk carlfe ke ki metkrmar `k ue
`mckrketk tflföa y carlf y `mstmetas fi sfoa `k-ealmef`a ksparfegma y sk
omgata quk carlfe sk ik `kealmef aasparf. `msklmefe ke ki lalketa ke quk sk ralpk
Ke figueas naegas, ea sk carlfe gflktas kstf kstruoturf a f trfvís `k uef fdkrturf
`kcmem`as, y ke iugfr `k kiia ue lmokima sk quk paskk. Figuefs `k ksfs ksparfs sk
cusmaef oae atra lmokima oalpftmdik lukvke lk`mfetk cifgkias y sk iks
Z OMPFPMAE _fe606 Yi ?2>4 \ . If cusmÿe `k ias `kealmef zaasparfs. Atras naegas
eøoikas skxufiks `ki omgata pra`uok ue  pra`uoke ksparfs fskxufiks `kealmef`fs
eøoika `mpiam`k
`mpiam`k (4e). Tkguifrlketk ifs oaem`mas, quk sk `ksprke`ke `k ifs oíiuifs
 prmlkrfs `mvmsmaeks `k kstk eøoika sae tkrlmefiks a iftkrfiks `k nmcfs
lkmÿtmofs, `k fnì quk ki naega oaetkegf kspkomfimzf`fs `kealmef`fs oaem`mÿcaras

eøoikas nfpiam`ks (6e) `urfetk ta`a su Z OMPFPMAE _fe606 Yi ?2>4 \

 

omoia `k vm`f, kxokpta fi lalketa ke quk

sk nfe cusmaef`a ias eøoikas gflítmoas
Z OMPFPMAE _fe606 Yi ?2>4 \

Oaeoiusmaeks.

Ks cue`flketfi pfrf eukstrf pracksmÿe

pracksmÿe oaeaokr k m`ketmcmofr ki omoia `k vm`f `k ias

 pftÿgkeas, pfrf if dukef talf `k `komsmaeks y if pifemcmofomÿe `k ouitmvas, ta`f vkz quk `k kstfs

foomaeks `kpke`kræ ki `ksfrraiia `k if pifetfomÿe y ki rksuitf`a `k if pra`uoomÿe a oaskonf `ki

lmsla. [sufilketk ifs keckrlk`f`ks memomfe

memomfe oae ue emvki dfha, ks `komr uef paof meom`keomf
meom`keomf a

eølkra pkquköa `k tkhm`as `k pifetfs fckotf`fs, ia oufi ea rkprksketf pír`m`fs `k fita vfiar

koaeÿlmoa. Rkra sm ea sk talfe ifs lk`m`fs prkvketmvfs sk puk`ke oaevkrtmr

oa evkrtmr `k fita metkrís

iikgfe`a f aofsmaefr if pkr`m`f `k pifetfomaeks y if tatfim`f` `k ifs oaskonfs.

Tkckrkeomfs Dmdimagræcmofs.
 

Fiaesa, A., & Ikzofea, H. (4260). Lmoraargfemslas pftÿgkeas ke Hftrapnf ourofs Imeefkus. Kstrftkgmfs
 patkeomfiks pfrf su lfekha.
lfekha.  Rfstas y Carrfhks
Carrfhks.. Adtkem`a `k nttp8//somkia.si`.ou/somkia.pnp1
nttp8//somkia.si`.ou/somkia.pnp1
sormpt<somQfrttkxt&pm`<_2>30-2?=0
sormpt<somQfrttkxt&pm`<_2>30-2?=04260222422226
4260222422226

Fivfrkz, H. o., & Oay, H. (4260). Kstf`a `k if laemimfsms `ki ofofa ofusf`f par Laemimapntnarf rarkrm ke
Oaialdmf. Fotf
Oaialdmf.  Fotf Fgraeÿlmof.
Fgraeÿlmof. Adtkem`a `k nttp8//www
nttp8//www.somkia.arg.oa/somkia.pn
.somkia.arg.oa/somkia.pnp1
p1
sormpt<somQfrttkxt&pm`<_2642-4>64
sormpt<somQfrttkx t&pm`<_2642-4>644260222022266
4260222022266

@fsmivf, L. kt.
L. kt. fi   (4263).
(4263). Rra`uoomÿe `k oaem`mas y oiflm`asparfs `k ias naegas @u``megtaemf cifgrfes y
Laeforasparmul tnfulfsmul ke `mckrketks lk`mas sÿim`as. Frqumvas
sÿim`as.  Frqumvas `a Mestmtuta
Mestmtuta Dmaiÿgmoa.
Dmaiÿgmoa.

Adtkem`a `k nttps8//www.somkia.dr/somkia.pnp
nttps8//www.somkia.dr/somkia.pnp1sormpt<somQfrttkx
1sormpt<somQfrttkxt&pm`<_6>2>-
t&pm`<_6>2>-
63;7426;22262246>

Taha, M.kt.
M.kt. fi . (4267). _mtufomÿe fotufi `k Oaiiktatrmonuls spp. ke Líxmoa8 Pfxaealìf, ofrfotkrmzfomÿe,
 pftagíeksms y oaetrai.
oaetrai. Tkvmstf
 Tkvmstf lkxmofef `k
`k cmtapftaiagì
cmtapftaiagìf
f. Adtkem`a `k
nttp8//www.somkia.arg.lx/somkia.pnp
nttp8//www .somkia.arg.lx/somkia.pnp1sormpt<somQfrttkx
1sormpt<somQfrttkxt&pm`<_26>;-??2=
t&pm`<_26>;-??2=4267222?22;0=
4267222?22;0=

_æeonkz, G., Ofeoní, D., & Jfy, F. (422;). Naegas pftÿgkeas8keklmg

pftÿgkeas8keklmgas
as vkrsætmiks. Omkeomf
Omkeomf.. Adtkem`a `k
nttps8//www.rkvmstfomkeomf.flo.k`u.lx/mlfg
nttps8//www .rkvmstfomkeomf.flo.k`u.lx/mlfgks/rkvmstf/;3Q?
ks/rkvmstf/;3Q?/naegas.p`c 
/naegas.p`c