Aurelio Pérez Jiménez

(ed.)

Realidad, Fantasía,
Interpretación, Funciones
y Pervivencia del Mito
Griego
Estudios en Honor del Profesor
Carlos García Gual

LIBROS PÓRTICO
 ALEJANDRO Y LOS CONFINES1
FRANCISCO JAVIER GÓMEZ ESPELOSÍN
Universidad de Alcalá
fjgesp@yahoo.com

Abstract
7KLV SDSHU H[DPLQHV WKH FRPSOH[ UHODWLRQ RI$OH[DQGHU ZLWK WKH VRFDOOHG
HGJHVRIWKHHDUWKZLWKLWVJHRJUDSKLFDODQGLGHRORJLFDOFRQQRWDWLRQVDVDQDV-
SHFWRIKLVSUDFWLFDODQGSROLWLFDOEHKDYLRXUSURPSWHGE\VHYHUDOLQJUHGLHQWVRI
KLVSHUVRQDOLW\DQGWUDLQLQJDQGWKHGLIIHUHQWFKDOOHQJHVRIWKHFRQTXHVWWKDWGLG
QRULQWHUIHUHZLWKRWKHUPRUHSUDJPDWLFDOLQVWDQFHVDULVLQJIURPWKHDLPVDQG
conditions of the oriental campaign.
Key-Words: %RXQGV*HRJUDSK\3HUFHSWLRQ+HURHV,QWHUSUHWDWLRQ,QIRU-
mation.

/DPLWL¿FDFLyQGH$OHMDQGURQRIXHFRPRHQRWURVPXFKRVFDVRVHOUHVXOWDGRGH
XQSURFHVRSRVWHULRUDVXPXHUWHVLQRTXHIXHHOSURSLRPRQDUFDPDFHGRQLRTXLHQOD
LQLFLyHLPSXOVyHQHOFXUVRGHVXYLGDPHGLDQWHODUHGDFFLyQGHXQDKLVWRULDR¿FLDO
GHODFDPSDxDHQFDUJDGDD&DOtVWHQHVTXHIRUPySDUWHGHODH[SHGLFLyQGHFRQTXLVWD
KDVWDHOPRPHQWRGHVXPXHUWHHQHOD&FXDQGRIXHHMHFXWDGRSRURUGHQH[SUH-
sa del rey26XREUDQRKDOOHJDGRKDVWDQRVRWURV\SRUWDQWRQRSRGHPRVFRQVWDWDU
FXiOHVHUDQODVOtQHDVPDHVWUDVTXHFRQ¿JXUDEDQXQUHODWRGHHVWDFODVHFRQFHELGR
DO SDUHFHU GHVGH XQD YLVLyQ KHURLFD GH VX SURWDJRQLVWD SULQFLSDO REVHVLRQDGR SRU
VHJXLUORVSDVRVGHVXVLOXVWUHVDQWHFHVRUHVKHURLFRV\GLYLQRV36LQHPEDUJRWRGDYtD
SRGHPRVUHFXSHUDUDOJXQRVHFRVGHHVWDYLVLyQDWUDYpVGHODWUDGLFLyQVHFXQGDULD
FRQVHUYDGDTXHGHULYDGHXQDIRUPDPiVRPHQRVGLUHFWDGHORVKLVWRULDGRUHVFRQ-

1
 (VWHWUDEDMRHVUHVXOWDGRGHOSUR\HFWRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ)),&¿QDQFLDGRSRUHO
0,1(&2
2
 6REUHOD¿JXUDGH&DOtVWHQHVL. PEARSON, 1983, pp. 33 y ss.; P. PÉDECH, 1984, pp. 40 y ss.; L. PRAN-
DI, 1985, pp. 94 y ss.
3
T. S. BROWN, 1949; D. GOLAN, 1988 y A. M. DEVINE, 1994.

A. PÉREZ-JIMÉNEZ (ed.), Realidad, fantasía, interpretación, funciones y pervivencia del mito grie-
go. Estudios en honor del Profesor Carlos García Gual, Zaragoza: Pórtico, 2014, pp. 329-342.
330 FRANCISCO JAVIER GÓMEZ ESPELOSÍN

WHPSRUiQHRVGH$OHMDQGUR\SRUWDQWRHQXQDSDUWHDOPHQRVWDPELpQGH&DOtVWHQHV4.
De todaVIRUPDVKHPRVGHWHQHUHQFXHQWDTXHODHPXODFLyQGHODVJUDQGHV¿JXUDV
KHURLFDVQRIXHVRORXQDFXHVWLyQGHSURSDJDQGDR¿FLDOFRQFHELGDIUtDPHQWHSDUDOD
FRQVHFXFLyQGHXQREMHWLYRSROtWLFRVLQRTXHIXHWDPELpQSUREDEOHPHQWHXQDH[SH-
ULHQFLDLQWHQVDPHQWHYLYLGDSRUHOSURSLR$OHMDQGURDODPDQHUDGHXQGHVDItRSHU-
VRQDOGDGDVXHGXFDFLyQEDMRWDOHVLGHDOHV\VX¿UPHFUHHQFLDDOLJXDOTXHODPD\RU
SDUWHGHVXVFRQWHPSRUiQHRVHQHOFDUiFWHUKLVWyULFRGHDTXHOORVUHPRWRVSHUVRQDMHV
TXHHUDQDGHPiVORVDQWHSDVDGRVLOXVWUHVGHVXSURSLROLQDMH5. La disposición de Ale-
MDQGURDHPXODU\VHJXLUORVSDVRVGHORVJUDQGHVKpURHVGHOSDVDGRTXHFRQVWLWXtDQ
VXKRUL]RQWHGHUHIHUHQFLDIXHDVtXQDFRQVWDQWHDORODUJRGHVXFRUWDH[LVWHQFLD\
VREUHYLYLySRUWDQWRDODVSDXWDVPDUFDGDVSRUODKLVWRULDGH&DOtVWHQHV
(VWDVHQVDFLyQSHUVRQDOGH$OHMDQGURGHELyDGHPiVLUDFUHFHQWiQGRVHHQHOFXUVR
GHODFDPSDxDDYDODGDSRUORVFRQVWDQWHVp[LWRVGHVXVFRQTXLVWDVSRUODFRQVXOWD
GHRUiFXORVFRPRHOGH6LZDK\ODDSDULFLyQGHDOJXQRVSURGLJLRVIDYRUDEOHVRTXH
DOPHQRVIXHURQLQWHUSUHWDGRVFRPRWDOHVSRUODFRPSOHWDGHSHQGHQFLDGHVXVWURSDV
KDFLDVX¿JXUDDODKRUDGHHPSUHQGHUORVFRPEDWHV\GHVHJXLUXQDUXWDGHWHUPLQD-
GDSRUHOSHVRFUHFLHQWHGHXQDSURSDJDQGDTXHVHUHWURDOLPHQWDEDDVtPLVPDSRU
ODLQFDQVDEOHODERUGHORVDGXODGRUHVFRUWHVDQRVRSRUODLQWHUSUHWDFLyQLQWHUHVDGD\
HTXLYRFDGDGHDOJXQRVLQGLFLRVPDWHULDOHVTXHSDUHFtDQFRQ¿UPDUORVHVTXHPDVWHy-
ULFRVLPSHUDQWHV(VWDDFXPXODFLyQGHFLUFXQVWDQFLDVTXHLQWHUDFFLRQDEDQLQWHQVD-
PHQWHHQWUHVtGHELyDOFDQ]DUVXJUDGRGHPi[LPDH[SUHVLyQFXDQGR$OHMDQGUROOHJy
HQVXPDUFKDDODVUHJLRQHVPiVUHPRWDVFRQVLGHUDGDVORVDXWpQWLFRVFRQ¿QHVGHO
RUEHHQGLIHUHQWHVGLUHFFLRQHV'HKHFKRVRORORVKpURHVKDEtDQFRQVHJXLGROOHJDU
KDVWDDOOt\FDVLVLHPSUHORKDEtDQORJUDGRFRQODGHFLVLYDD\XGDGHORVGLRVHV. Sin
HPEDUJR$OHMDQGUROOHJyKDVWDDOOtFRQVXSURSLRHVIXHU]RpónosFXDQGR\DKDEtD
FRQTXLVWDGR HO FRUD]yQ GHO LPSHULR SHUVD \ VH FRQVLGHUDED SRVLEOHPHQWH XQ GLRV
VXMHWRFRQVFLHQWHGHXQF~PXORGHVHQVDFLRQHVTXHDSDUHFtDQDGHPiVRSRUWXQDPHQWH
UHIUHQGDGDVSRUODSURSDJDQGDR¿FLDOSRUVXVSURSLDVLQFOLQDFLRQHVSHUVRQDOHV\SRU
las creencias colectivas de la mayoría GHORVH[SHGLFLRQDULRV8.
4
 8QEXHQUHVXPHQGHODFXHVWLyQHQ(BAYNHAM, 2002.
5
 3OXAlexD¿UPDTXHVXGHVFHQGHQFLDGH+HUDFOHVSRUHOODGRSDWHUQR\GH1HRSWyOHPRSRUHO
PDWHUQRHUDXQKHFKRSHUIHFWDPHQWHDGPLWLGRSRUWRGRV6REUHODVDFWLWXGHVGH$OHMDQGURHQHVWH
terreno, J. R. HAMILTON, 1965; E. FREDRICKSMEYER, 2002; B. ANTELA-BERNÁRDEZ, 2007; B. DREYER,
2009.6REUHODLPSRUWDQFLDGH+HUDFOHVFRPRPRGHORA. R. ANDERSON SS\(. STA-
FFORDSS

J. ROMM, 1992, pp. 109 y ss.

 )-. GÓMEZ ESPELOSÍNSS\VV
8
 8QHFRDXQTXHOHMDQRGHHVWDFRQFLHQFLDSXHGHDSDUHFHUUHÀHMDGRHQHOLQLFLRGHOWUDWDGRSOXWDTXHR
VREUHODIRUWXQDGH$OHMDQGURHQHOTXHFRQWUDSRQHVXVORJURVDYDODGRVSRUODVXFHVLyQGHEDWDOODV
\KHULGDVVXIULGDVHQVXSHUVRQDDODIRUWXQDGHVXVDQWHFHVRUHVRULHQWDOHV
ALEJANDRO Y LOS CONFINES 331

/DUXWDKDFLDORVFRQ¿QHVVHLQLFLyFRQODWUDYHVtDGHODVOODPDGDV3XHUWDVGHO
&DVSLRXQDVHULHGHGHV¿ODGHURVDOQRUWHGHO,UiQTXHDGTXLULHURQHQVHJXLGDXQSD-
SHOHPEOHPiWLFRGHQWURGHODH[SHGLFLyQWDQWRDQLYHOHVWUDWpJLFR\ORJtVWLFRKDVWD
HOSXQWRGHTXH3OLQLRODVFRQVLGHUDEDHOQXGRcardinem) en el itinerario de Ale-
MDQGURVLJXLHQGRSRVLEOHPHQWHHQHVWRODHVWHODGHORVEHPDWLVWDV9FRPRVLPEyOLFR
FRQVLGHUDGDVXQDHVSHFLHGHXPEUDOKDFLDXQHVSDFLRPLVWHULRVR\GHVFRQRFLGRWDO\
FRPRDSDUHFHQOXHJRHQODNovela de Alejandro10. Más allá de ellas se encontraron
FRQXQPDUFRPRHO&DVSLRTXHHQVXWLHPSRHUDFRQVLGHUDGRXQJROIRGHORFpD-
QRH[WHULRU11\DSDUHFLHURQDQWHODPLUDGDDWyQLWDGHORVH[SHGLFLRQDULRVXQDVHULH
GHSDLVDMHVH[FHSFLRQDOHVTXHQRKDEtDQHQFRQWUDGRKDVWDDKRUDHQHOFXUVRGHOD
FDPSDxDFRPRODHQRUPHURFDEDMRODTXHÀXtDXQFXUVRLPSHWXRVRGHDJXDTXHVH
SUHFLSLWDEDFRQJUDQHVWUXHQGRHQXQDLQPHQVDVLPDDELHUWDHQODWLHUUDSDUDVHJXLU
GHVSXpVVXFXUVRVXEWHUUiQHRKDVWDHOPDUXQDVHULHGHFDYHUQDVTXHGDEDQDOPDU
SRUHQFLPDGHODVFXDOHVÀXtDQFRQIXHU]DORVUtRVTXHGHMDEDQVHFDVLQHPEDUJROD
IUDQMDLQWHUPHGLDGHFRVWDTXHTXHGDEDHQWUHHOORVDOGHDVTXHHUDQOODPDGDVODVDIRU-
WXQDGDVSRUVXVRUSUHQGHQWHIHUWLOLGDG\XQDIDXQDWDPELpQVRUSUHQGHQWHFRPRODV
JUDQGHVVHUSLHQWHV\ORVSHFHVGHWRGDVFODVHVTXHKDEtDHQODVDJXDVGHHVWHPDU12.
(OHQFXHQWURFRQHVWHSDLVDMHLPSUHVLRQDQWHKDGHMDGRVXVHFRVHQHOUHODWRGH&XU-
FLRFXDQGRUHODWDGHPDQHUDFLHUWDPHQWHGUDPiWLFD\FODUDPHQWHUHWyULFDODDSUR[L-
PDFLyQGHORVH[SHGLFLRQDULRVKDFLDOD]RQDDWUDYHVDQGRODVUHJLRQHVPRQWDxRVDVGHO
QRUWHGH,UiQHQODVTXHµODDVSHUH]DGHOOXJDU\DTXHOODV]RQDVGHVpUWLFDVLQDFFHVLEOHV
DWHUURUL]DEDQDORVVROGDGRV\DDJRWDGRVTXHSHQVDEDQTXHHVWDEDQYLHQGRORV~OWL-
PRVFRQ¿QHVGHODWLHUUD¶humanarum rerum terminos)13/DGHVRODFLyQGHOOXJDUVLQ
YHVWLJLRVGHYLGDKXPDQDDOJXQDLPSXOVyDORVVROGDGRVDH[LJLUHOUHWRUQRDQWHVGH
TXHOHVOOHJDVHDIDOWDUODSURSLDOX]\HOFLHOR5HFRUULHURQERVTXHVFDVLLQDFFHVLEOHV
\HQFRQWUDURQJHQWHVTXHVHFUHtDQKDVWDHQWRQFHVSURWHJLGDVSRUDTXHOORVYHULFXHWRV
LPSUDFWLFDEOHV\KXtDQGHVHVSHUDGDPHQWHDQWHODOOHJDGDGHOLQYDVRU141RHVH[WUDxR
9
Plin., Nat
10
 6REUHODV3XHUWDVGHO&DVSLR$5ANDERSON, 1928; J. F. STANDISH,\5STONEMAN,SS
11
Arr., AnKDFHUHIHUHQFLDDOµJUDQPDU¶SDUDUHIHULUVHDO&DVSLRHQXQDFODUDDOXVLyQDOD
FUHHQFLDGHTXHVHWUDWDEDGHXQJROIRGHORFpDQR(VWUDEyQHQVXGHVFULSFLyQGHOPLVPRD¿UPD
TXHVXHQWUDGDGHVGHHORFpDQROLQGD\DSUiFWLFDPHQWHFRQHOPXQGRLQKDELWDGR6REUHODV
concepciones de Alejandro en este terreno, V. BURR, 1947; H. BERVESS\VV)-GÓMEZ
ESPELOSÍN, 2010; R. BICHLER, 2011.
12
 '6;9,,&XUW9\VV6WU;,\VV. P. PÉDECH,SS
13
 &XUW9WUDGXFFLyQGH)PEJENAUTE HQ%LEOLRWHFD&OiVLFD*UHGRV
14
 (OUHODWRGH&XUFLRHYRFDTXL]iDXQTXHGHIRUPDLQGXGDEOHPHQWHUHWyULFDXQDVHQVDFLyQVLPLODUD
ODTXHSXGLHURQKDEHUH[SHULPHQWDGRODVWURSDVURPDQDVTXHDFRPSDxDEDQD6H[WR-XQLR%UXWRHQHO
D&KDFLDHOLQWHULRUGH*DOLFLDFXDQGRFUX]yHOUtRGHQRPLQDGR/HWHVTXHVHJXUDPHQWHLGHQWL¿-
332 FRANCISCO JAVIER GÓMEZ ESPELOSÍN

TXHIXHUDSUHFLVDPHQWHHQHVWD]RQDGH+LUFDQLDGRQGHDOJXQRVVLWXDURQVXHQFXHQWUR
FRQODUHLQDGHODVDPD]RQDVXQSXHEORHQFODYDGRHQORVFRQ¿QHVGHORUEHTXHGHEtD
¿JXUDU LQHYLWDEOHPHQWH GHQWUR GH ODV KD]DxDV GH TXLHQ DVSLUDED D HPXODU D KpURHV
FRPR+HUDFOHV151RROYLGHPRVTXHGHVGHXQDSHUVSHFWLYDHVWULFWDPHQWHKLVWyULFDHO
DYDQFHSRUHVWDVUHJLRQHVVHSURGXMRFXDQGRODFDPSDxDDGTXLULyXQWRQRLQGLVFXWLEOH-
PHQWHPDFHGRQLR\SHUVRQDOOHMRV\DGHODVFRQQRWDFLRQHVVLPEyOLFDVGHODJXHUUDGH
UHSUHVDOLDV\VHDGHQWUDEDDGHPiVKDFLDWHUULWRULRVPHQRVFRQRFLGRVFX\RVSDLVDMHV\
JHQWHVFRQWUDVWDEDQWDPELpQHQEXHQDPHGLGDFRQWRGDODH[SHULHQFLDSUHFHGHQWHTXH
KDEtDGLVFXUULGRSRU]RQDVUHODWLYDPHQWHPiVIDPLOLDUHV.
/DWUDYHVtDGHO+LQGX.XVKIXHVHJXUDPHQWHRWURPRPHQWRGHFLVLYR(QRSLQLyQ
GH(UDWyVWHQHVORVPDFHGRQLRVLGHQWL¿FDURQHVWDVPRQWDxDVFRQHOPtWLFR&iXFDVR
para engrandecer las hazañas de AlejandroDSHVDUGHTXHFRQRFtDQVXGHQRPLQD-
FLyQORFDOFRPR3DURSDPLVR$UULDQRVROYHQWDVXUHODWRGHODWUDYHVtDGHIRUPDEUHYH
FRQXQDVLPSOHDOXVLyQDODSUHVHQFLDGHQLHYHSURIXQGD\DODIDOWDGHVXPLQLVWURV
SHURGHELyWHQHUVLQGXGDXQLPSDFWRPD\RUHQHOLPDJLQDULRFROHFWLYRGHORVH[SH-
GLFLRQDULRV\DTXH¿JXUDHQWUHORVJUDQGHVORJURVGHODFDPSDxDHQHOUHVXPHQTXH
$OHMDQGURKL]RGHOFRQMXQWRGHODH[SHGLFLyQHQORVGLVFXUVRVGHO+tIDVLV\2SLV18.
(VSRVLEOHTXHORVUHODWRVGH'LRGRUR\&XUFLRDXQFRQWDQGRFRQODGRVLVGHHPEH-
OOHFLPLHQWRUHWyULFRKD\DQFRQVHUYDGRDOJXQRVHFRVGHODVGL¿FXOWDGHVTXHKXELHURQ
de afrontar en esos momentos19$VtHOFRPSOHWRGHVFRQRFLPLHQWRGHOD]RQDODH[-
WUHPDEDUEDULHGHVXVKDELWDQWHVTXHQRPDQWHQtDQQLQJ~QWLSRGHFRPHUFLRFRQORV
SXHEORVYHFLQRVHOULJRUGHOFOLPDFRQQLHYHV\KLHORVFDVLSHUSHWXRV\ODVHQVDFLyQ
GHVROHGDG\GHDXVHQFLDGHWRGRYHVWLJLRKXPDQRFRQVWLWX\HQORVLQJUHGLHQWHVSULQ-
FLSDOHVGHXQDGHVFULSFLyQTXHSDUHFHDSURSLDGDGHQWURGHOHVSHFWURSDLVDMtVWLFRGH
ORVFRQ¿QHVGHOPXQGR20$GHPiVODODWLWXGVHSWHQWULRQDOGHOD]RQDQRWRULDPHQWH
H[DJHUDGDGHQWURGHODSHUFHSFLyQJULHJDKDEUtDFRQGXFLGRD$OHMDQGURKDVWDORV
OtPLWHVGHOPXQGRKDELWDGRHQDTXHOODGLUHFFLyQ21.
FDEDQFRQHOPtWLFRUtRGHO2OYLGRORFDOL]DGRHQHOLPDJLQDULRPtWLFRHQORVFRQ¿QHVGHODWLHUUDXQD
]RQDSRUODTXHFUHtDQHVWDUDKRUDSDVDQGRHQHOFXUVRGHVXH[SHGLFLyQFI)ORUEpit. 1, 33, 12
15
Al respecto A. B. BOSWORTH, SS\(. BAYNHAM, 2001

A. B. BOSWORTH,S

Arr., An- ROMM,6REUHHOSDSHOPtWLFRGHO&iXFDVR'. BRAUND,
18
Arr., An+tIDVLV2SLV
19
 '6;9,,&XUW9,,\VV
20
 0XFKRPiVPDWL]DGDHVODGHVFULSFLyQTXHKDFH(VWUDEyQ6WU;9TXHGLVWLQJXHHQWUHODV
GL¿FXOWDGHVKDOODGDVHQHODVFHQVR\HOGHVFHQVRGHODVPRQWDxDV3. PÉDECHSS
21
 (VDHUDDGHPiVODLPSUHVLyQFDXVDGDHQHOPXQGRJULHJRWDO\FRPRVHGHVSUHQGHGHODFpOHEUHDOX-
VLyQFRQWHPSRUiQHDGHORUDGRU(VTXLQHVTXHKDFHUHIHUHQFLDDOKHFKRGHTXH$OHMDQGURVHKDOODED
SRUHQWRQFHVµPiVDOOiGHOSROR\FDVLGHODWLHUUDKDELWDGD¶$HVFKLQContra Ctes
ALEJANDRO Y LOS CONFINES 333

(UD QDWXUDO SRU WDQWR TXH WRGRV ORV PHFDQLVPRV GH LGHQWL¿FDFLyQ VH SXVLHUDQ
HQPDUFKD\TXHDOJXQRVVLPSOHVLQGLFLRVFRPRODH[LVWHQFLDGHXQDURFDRGHXQD
FXHYDHQGLFKDVPRQWDxDVDVLPLODGDGHLQPHGLDWRDODURFDRODFXHYDGRQGH3UR-
PHWHRKDEtDHVWDGRHQFDGHQDGRKDVWDVXOLEHUDFLyQ¿QDODPDQRVGH+HUDFOHVIXHUDQ
VX¿FLHQWHVSDUDFRQ¿UPDUODHFXDFLyQGHOOXJDUFRQHOKLWRGHODJHRJUDItDPtWLFD
GHORUEHWDO\FRPRDSDUHFtDHQHOPrometeo encadenadoGH(VTXLOR22. Esta clase
GH LGHQWL¿FDFLRQHV IXH WDPELpQ IDYRUHFLGD SRU OD DVRFLDFLyQ GHO &iXFDVR FRQ ORV
PRQWHV5LSHRVODFRUGLOOHUDTXHPDUFDEDORVFRQ¿QHVVHSWHQWULRQDOHVGHOPXQGRHQ
la geografía mítica23$GHPiVWRGRSDUHFtDFRQ¿UPDUODSUHVHQFLDGH+HUDFOHVHQOD
]RQDFRPRSRVWHULRUPHQWHODH[LVWHQFLDGHEXH\HVHQOD,QGLDTXHOOHYDEDQJUDEDGR
HOVtPERORGHODHVWDFDTXHHUDSURSLRGHOKpURHRVXIDOOLGRLQWHQWRSRUFDSWXUDU
ODWHPLEOHIRUWDOH]DGH$RUQRV24,QFOXVRODVLQIRUPDFLRQHVGLVSRQLEOHVKDVWDHVRV
PRPHQWRVTXHDSDUHFHQUHÀHMDGDVHQORVMeteorologicaGH$ULVWyWHOHVDSXQWDEDQ
HQODPLVPDGLUHFFLyQ\DTXHVHFUHtDTXHHVWDFDGHQDPRQWDxRVDHUDODPiVHOHYD-
GDKDFLDRULHQWH\GHHOODSURFHGtDQDGHPiVWRGRVORVUtRVPiVFDXGDORVRVORTXH
SDUHFtDVXVFLWDUODH[SHFWDWLYDGHHQFRQWUDUHOPDUH[WHULRUXQDYH]DWUDYHVDGDGLFKD
cordillera25 (V SRVLEOH TXH WDPELpQ LQWHUYLQLHUD XQD LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ LQWHUHVDGD GH
DOJXQDQRWLFLDROH\HQGDORFDOUHODFLRQDGDFRQODFXHYDDOLJXDOTXHVXFHGLyHQRWURV
PRPHQWRVGHODFDPSDxDHQORVTXHORVLQIRUPDGRUHVLQGtJHQDVIDFLOLWDEDQDORVH[-
SHGLFLRQDULRVLQIRUPDFLRQHVDMXVWDGDVDVXVSURSLDVH[SHFWDWLYDVFRPRVXFHGLyHQ
HOFDVRGHODV$PD]RQDVFRQHOUH\FRUDVPLR)DUDVPDQHVHQHOGH+HUDFOHV\$RUQRV
RHQHOGHODFLXGDGGH1LVD\'LRQLVR7RGDXQDFRQMXQFLyQGHFLUFXQVWDQFLDVTXH
IDYRUHFLyHQVXPDODLGHQWL¿FDFLyQGHOOXJDUFRPRXQRGHORVFRQ¿QHVGHORUEH
/DOOHJDGDDOUtR<D[DUWHVDFWXDO6\U'DULDTXHGHOLPLWDEDORV~OWLPRVGRPL-
QLRVGHOLPSHULRDTXHPpQLGDHQDTXHOORVFRQ¿QHVVHSWHQWULRQDOHVIXHRWURGHHVWRV
PRPHQWRV GHFLVLYRV /D FRQGLFLyQ OLPLQDO GHO OXJDU SDUHFH FODUD GHVGH XQ SXQWR
GH YLVWD JHRHVWUDWpJLFR \D TXH$OHMDQGUR GHFLGLó reforzar militarmente la zona y
HPSUHQGLyODIXQGDFLyQGHXQDFLXGDGTXHOOHYDUtDDGHPiVHOVLJQL¿FDWLYRQRPEUH
22
M. GRIFFITH, 1983; M. FINKELBERG, 1998.
23
J. D. P. BOLTON,SS\VVT. P. BRIDGMAN, 2005, pp. 90 y ss.
24
Arr., An. 5.3,4.
25
Arist., MeteD6REUHODSHUFHSFLyQJULHJDGHOSDLVDMH\GHODVPRQWDxDVHQSDUWLFXODU5BUX-
TON, 1994, pp. 80 y ss.

Así Arr., AnKDFLpQGRVHHFRGH(UDWyVWHQHVSDUHFHDGPLWLUODH[LVWHQFLDGHYDULDVSRVLELOL-
GDGFRPRTXHORVPDFHGRQLRVYLHUDQXQDFXHYDTXHHVFXFKDUDQXQDWUDGLFLyQORFDORLQFOXVRTXH
ODLQYHQWDUDQHOORVPLVPRV6WUDSXQWDDOKHFKRGHTXHORVPDFHGRQLRVYLHURQXQDFXHYD
VDJUDGDHQHOSDtVVLELHQDWULEX\HWRGDODIDEULFDFLyQSRVWHULRUDVXLGHQWL¿FDFLyQFRQHO&iXFDVR
FRPRODREUDGHORVDGXODGRUHVGHOUH\6REUHODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHODFDGHQDGHLQIRUPDFLyQ$%
BOSWORTH,SS\VV
334 FRANCISCO JAVIER GÓMEZ ESPELOSÍN

de Alejandría escháteHVGHFLUOD~OWLPDGHXQDVHULHGHIXQGDFLRQHVTXHKDEtDLGR
HVWDEOHFLHQGRHQVXFRQTXLVWDGHODUHJLyQ. Alejandro no pretendía atravesar el río
SHURVHJ~Q$UULDQRIXHREOLJDGRDKDFHUORSDUDUHVSRQGHUDOGHVDItRGHORVHVFLWDV
VLWXDGRVDORWURODGRTXHOHLQVWDEDQDSDVDUKDFLDHOORVSDUDFRPSUREDUHQSHUVRQD
VXYDOtDJXHUUHUDPX\VXSHULRUDODGHORVHQHPLJRVTXHKDEtDFRQVHJXLGRVRPHWHU28.
$XQDVtODHPSUHVDQRHUDFRQWHPSODGDFRQEXHQRVRMRVFRPRUHYHODQORVSUHVDJLRV
GHVIDYRUDEOHVREWHQLGRVHQGRVRFDVLRQHV6LQHPEDUJR$OHMDQGURFUX]y¿QDOPHQWH
HOUtRPRYLGRPiVSRUVXSURSLRVHQWLGRGHODGLJQLGDGTXHSRUFXDOTXLHUQHFHVLGDG
GHWLSRHVWUDWpJLFR29SHURODVGL¿FXOWDGHVGHOOXJDUFRPRHOFDORUH[FHVLYR\ODIDOWD
GHDJXDHQFRQGLFLRQHVOHLPSLGLHURQFRQWLQXDUVXPDUFKD\DTXHHOSURSLR$OHMDQ-
GURVHYLRDIHFWDGRSRUXQDGLDUUHD(VWDVFLUFXQVWDQFLDVGHVIDYRUDEOHVXQLGDVDODV
OODQXUDVGHVpUWLFDVHLQVDOXEUHVTXHVHH[WHQGtDQDORWURODGRGHOUtRKDELWDGDVSRU
SREODFLRQHVQyPDGDVDERQyODLGHQWL¿FDFLyQGHOUtRFRQHO7iQDLVTXHWUDGLFLRQDO-
PHQWHFRQVWLWXtDODOtQHDGLYLVRULDHQWUHORVGRVFRQWLQHQWHV([LVWtDXQDJUDQFRQIX-
VLyQDFHUFDGHODJHRJUDItDGHWRGDHVWD]RQD\DTXHDSHQDVVHWHQtDQLQIRUPDFLRQHV
¿GHGLJQDVVREUHVXFRQ¿JXUDFLyQ\H[WHQVLyQSUHFLVDVDH[FHSFLyQGHODVQRWLFLDV
SURFHGHQWHVGHODFDPSDxDGH&LURFRQWUDORVPDVDJHWDVTXHDSDUHFHQUHÀHMDGDVHQ
+HUyGRWR30$ULVWyWHOHVPHQFLRQDEDXQUtROODPDGR$UD[HVTXHÀXtDGHVGHHO+LQGX
.XVK\VHGHVYLDEDOXHJRHQXQDFRUULHQWHODWHUDOTXHVHFRQYHUWtDHQHO7iQDLV\
GHVHPERFDED ¿QDOPHQWH HQ OD ODJXQD 0HyWLGH31. Los errores provocados por los
LQWpUSUHWHVDODKRUDGHPHQFLRQDUHOQRPEUHLQGtJHQDGHOUtR32TXHDSDUHFH\DHQ
$ULVWREXORGHQRPLQDGRFRPR<D[DUWHV33SXGLHURQDXPHQWDUWRGDYtDPiVODFRQIXVLyQ
H[LVWHQWH /RV HFRV GH HVWD FRQIXVLyQ VH GHMDQ VHQWLU HQ OD GLVSDULGDG GH RSLQLRQHV
HQWUHORVKLVWRULDGRUHV\DTXH$ULVWREXORQRSDUHFHTXHLGHQWL¿FDUDORVGRVFXUVRVGH
DJXDHO<D[DUWHVFRQHO7iQDLVQLHTXLSDUDEDHO&DVSLRFRQODODJXQD0HyWLGHFRPR
KDEtDKHFKR3ROLFOLWR34/RVDUJXPHQWRVDIDYRUGHVXFDUiFWHUOLPtWURIHHQWUHDPERV
FRQWLQHQWHVFRPRODSUHVHQFLDGHORVHVFLWDVDSHVDUGHTXHVHFRQRFtDQRWURVQRPEUHV
SDUDDOJXQRVGHHOORV35ODH[LVWHQFLDGHGHVLHUWRVXQUDVJRGH¿QLWRULRGHOSDLVDMHGH


En este sentido E. MATELLI,SS6REUHODFRQGLFLyQIURQWHUL]DGHHVWD]RQD). HOLT, 1988.
28
Arr., An. 4.4,1-2.
29
Arr., An. 4.4,3.
30
 +GW,\VV
31
Arist., Mete. 350 a, 24 y ss. A. B. BOSWORTH, 1993.
32
Asi A. HERMANNHQVXDUWtFXORGHOD3DXO\:LVRZD5(,9$FROOD¿UPDTXHµWDQD¶HUDXQD
SDODEUDGHODVOHQJXDVXUiOLFDVKDEODGDVHQOD]RQDSDUDGHVLJQDUHODJXD
33
Arr., An/DOHFWXUDGHORVPDQXVFULWRVHV2U[DQWHV$OUHVSHFWR3A. BRUNT, 1989, pp. 522-525.
34
A. B. BOSWORTH, SS
35
Arr., An. 3.28,8.
ALEJANDRO Y LOS CONFINES 335

HVWRVFRQ¿QHVVHSWHQWULRQDOHVGHORUEHRODSUHVHQFLDGHDEHWRVHQVXVULEHUDVXQ
iUEROTXHVHJ~Q3ROtFOLWRQRVHGDEDHQHOFRQWLQHQWHDVLiWLFRFRQORVTXHDGHPiV
IDEULFDEDQVXVÀHFKDVORVHVFLWDVGHODUHJLyQMXJDURQWDPELpQVXSDSHOVLQROYLGDU
ODYHUWLHQWHSURSDJDQGtVWLFDDODTXHDOXGtD(UDWyVWHQHVVHFXQGDGRSRU(VWUDEyQ38. El
FDUiFWHUH[FHSFLRQDOGHOUtRTXHGDWDPELpQUHÀHMDGRSRUVXPHQFLyQHQORVGLVFXUVRV
GH+tIDVLV\2SLV\VXFDUiFWHUOLPLQDODYDODGRSRUHOJHVWRVLPEyOLFRGHHVWDEOHFHUDOOt
XQRVDOWDUHVWDO\FRPRVHxDOD3OLQLR39(QXQDSHUVSHFWLYDPiVUHDOLVWDHVSUREDEOH
TXH$OHMDQGUR\VXHVWDGRPD\RUWXYLHUDQODVHQVDFLyQGHTXHHIHFWLYDPHQWHKDEtDQ
OOHJDGR\DDHVDV]RQDVOLPtWURIHVDODYLVWDGHVXFRPSRUWDPLHQWRFRQODHPEDMDGDGH
ORVHVFLWDVTXHDGHPiVGHVXDOLDQ]DOHRIUHFtDQODPDQRGHODKLMDGHOUH\\FRQHOUH\
GHORVFRUDVPLRV)DUDVPDQHVTXHVHSUHVWDEDDDFWXDUFRPRJXtDGHXQDH[SHGLFLyQ
FRQWUDORVFROFRV\ODVDPD]RQDVTXHOLPLWDEDQFRQVXVWHUULWRULRV$OHMDQGURUHFKD]ó
GLSORPiWLFDPHQWHDPEDVSURSXHVWDVDOHJDQGRVXGHFLVLyQGHHPSUHQGHUVXFDPSDxD
FRQWUDOD,QGLDFRQHOREMHWLYRGHFRQYHUWLUVHHQHOGXHxRGH$VLDORTXHOHLPSHGtD
LPSOLFDUVH GLUHFWDPHQWH HQ HVRV PRPHQWRV HQ XQD H[SHGLFLyQ TXH FRPSRUWDUtD XQD
YXHOWDDWUiVHQVXDYDQFHSRUORTXHGHFLGLySRVSRQHUODSDUDXQIXWXUR40.
/DOOHJDGDKDVWDHOUtR+tIDVLVHO~OWLPRDÀXHQWHGHO,QGRKDFLDRULHQWHGRQGHORV
PDFHGRQLRVVHQHJDURQDFRQWLQXDUODH[SHGLFLyQ\REOLJDURQD$OHMDQGURDGDUPDUFKD
DWUiVLPSLGLpQGROHGHHVWHPRGRDOFDQ]DUORVFRQ¿QHVPiVOHMDQRVHQDTXHOODGLUHF-
FLyQUHVXOWyRWURPRPHQWRGHFLVLYR41(VPX\SUREDEOHTXHOOHJDGRDHVWHSXQWR$OH-
MDQGURFRQRFLHUDODVLQIRUPDFLRQHVDFHUFDGHODVUHJLRQHV\ORVSRGHURVRVSXHEORVTXH
KDELWDEDQPiVDOOi42\TXL]iWUDWyGHFRQYHQFHUDVXVWURSDVSDUDFRQWLQXDUODPDUFKD
HQODFRQYLFFLyQGHTXHHO*DQJHVHVWDEDFHUFD\HQFRQVHFXHQFLDHOPDUH[WHULRUTXH
GHOLPLWDEDODWLHUUDSRURULHQWHTXHUHSUHVHQWDUtDHO¿QDOGHVXVFRQTXLVWDV\DTXHGDGD
ODLQWHUFRQH[LyQGHORVGLIHUHQWHVJROIRVGHGLFKRPDUVXVGRPLQLRVVHHTXLSDUDUtDQD
ORVTXHODGLYLQLGDGKDEtDHVWDEOHFLGRSDUDWRGRHOPXQGRKDELWDGR436LQHPEDUJRVXV
DUJXPHQWRVLQFOXLGDODDSHODFLyQD+HUDFOHVQRORJUDURQFRQYHQFHUDVXVKRPEUHV

H. EDELMANN, \-KOLENDO, 1991.

 6WU;,
38
 6WU;,
39
Plin., Nat  TXH SDUHFH KDEHU WRPDGR VX LQIRUPDFLyQ GH 'HPRGDPDQWH TXH DO VHUYLFLR GH
6HOHXFR,KDEtDDWUDYHVDGRHOUtR
40
Arr., An
41
 6REUHHVWHDFRQWHFLPLHQWR3K2. SPANN, 1999 y W. HECKEL, 2003.
42
Arr. An\VVGRQGHVHD¿UPDTXHHVWDVLQIRUPDFLRQHVLPSXOVDURQD$OHMDQGURHQVXGHVHR
GHLUPiVDOOi6XLQIRUPDQWHSULQFLSDOSXGRKDEHUVLGRHOUH\)HJHRTXHKDELWDEDHQODVLQPHGLD-
FLRQHVGHOD]RQD'6;9,,CURT.,;$%BOSWORTH,SS
43
Arr., An6REUHODFRQFHSFLyQHFXPpQLFDGH$OHMDQGURTXL]iGHIHFKDSRVWHULRU6BIAN-
CHETTI,2005.
 FRANCISCO JAVIER GÓMEZ ESPELOSÍN

TXHHVWDEDQGHFLGLGRVDHPSUHQGHUHOUHWRUQR$OHMDQGURHOHYyHQHOOXJDUGRFHDOWDUHV
GHHQRUPHWDPDxRFRPRRIUHQGDVGHDJUDGHFLPLHQWRDORVGLRVHVTXHOHKDEtDQFRQ-
GXFLGRKDVWDDOOt\FRPRPHPRULDOGHVXVHVIRU]DGDVKD]DxDV44/DH[LVWHQFLDGHORV
DOWDUHVTXHDSDUHFHUHFRQRFLGDFRPRWDOSRUWRGDODWUDGLFLyQFRQVHUYDGDLQFOXLGRV
ORVEHPDWLVWDV45GHMyVXVKXHOODVHQODWUDGLFLyQSRVWHULRUTXHFRQWHPSODEDWDOHVKLWRV
FRPR PDUFDGRUHV VLPEyOLFRV GH ORV FRQ¿QHV DOFDQ]DGRV SRU$OHMDQGUR HQ VXV FRQ-
TXLVWDV\DSDUHFHQDVtGHVWDFDGRVHQHOYLDMHGH$SRORQLRGH7LDQD\¿JXUDQWDPELpQ
HQDOJXQRVPDSDVSRVWHULRUHVFRPRODTabula PeutingerianaRHOPDSDGH+HUHIRUG.
8QD VHULH GH FLUFXQVWDQFLDV DYDODEDQ HO FDUiFWHU OLPLQDO GHO +tIDVLV FRPR ODV
GL¿FXOWDGHVSDUDHOFUXFHGHOUtRGHELGRDVXDQFKXUDVXSURIXQGLGDG\VXUiSLGR
FXUVRTXHGHVWDFDOD9XOJDWDODH[LVWHQFLDGHXQGHVLHUWRPiVDOOiFX\DWUDYHVtD
UHTXHUtDXQYLDMHGHGRFHGtDVVHJ~QODVLQIRUPDFLRQHVGH)HJHRORVSUHVDJLRVGHVID-
YRUDEOHVSDUDHOFUXFHGHOUtRTXH$OHMDQGURFRQWLQXyKDFLHQGR48RLQFOXVRODSURSLD
LQFUHGXOLGDGLQLFLDOGHOUH\DQWHODVLQIRUPDFLRQHVDFHUFDGHORVLPSRQHQWHVUHFXUVRV
PLOLWDUHVTXHORVSXHEORVGHOD]RQDHUDQFDSDFHVGHPRYLOL]DULPDJLQDQGRTXL]i
TXHVHWUDWDEDGHODVWtSLFDVH[DJHUDFLRQHVDFHUFDGHODVUHJLRQHVPiVH[WUHPDVGHOD
tierra49'HKHFKRGDGRTXHWDOHVWHUULWRULRVTXHGDURQDOPDUJHQGHODH[SHULHQFLDGH
ODH[SHGLFLyQPDFHGRQLDWDO\FRPRUHVDOWD(VWUDEyQ50IXHHQHVWHHVSDFLRGRQGHVH
VLWXDURQODVDYHQWXUDVH[WUDRUGLQDULDVGHODNovela de Alejandro51.
6LQHPEDUJRHOUHWRUQRGHODH[SHGLFLyQQRVHKL]RHQGLUHFFLyQKDFLDHORHVWHFRPR
TXL]iSDUHFtDORHVSHUDEOHVLQRTXHVHGLULJLyKDFLDHOVXUHQEXVFDGHODVDJXDVGHO2FpD-
QRGDGRTXHHUDDOOtGRQGHHO,QGRGHVHPERFDEDDMX]JDUSRUODVLQIRUPDFLRQHVREWHQLGDV
/DLGHDGHGHVFHQGHUDJXDVEDMRHQEXVFDGHOPDUSDUHFHTXHVHKDEtD\DDGRSWDGRFRQDQ-
WHODFLyQWUDVODYLFWRULDVREUH3RURHQHO+LGDVSHVVLQHPEDUJR$OHMDQGURTXHUtDH[SORUDU
WRGDYtDODVSRFDVSRVLELOLGDGHVTXHKDEtDGHKDOODUHOJUDQPDUKDFLDHORULHQWH\UHJUHVDU
GHVGHDOOtXQDYH]DOFDQ]DGRHOREMHWLYR4XL]iDSXQWDHQHVWDGLUHFFLyQODSURSXHVWDGH
&HQRHQVXGLVFXUVRGHUpSOLFDDQWH$OHMDQGURDFHUFDGHODSRVLELOLGDGGHDOFDQ]DUDO2FpD-
44
Arr., AnQXHYDPHQWHODH[SUHVLyQGHVXVKD]DxDVPHGLDQWHHOWpUPLQRpónosUHVDOWDEDHOHV-
IXHU]RUHDOL]DGRDOLJXDOTXHHQHOFDVRGH+HUDFOHVHQXQDFODUDLQWHQFLyQGH$OHMDQGURGHFRPSDUDU
VXVFDPSDxDVDODVGHVXLOXVWUHDQWHSDVDGR6WU,,,D¿UPDH[SUHVDPHQWHTXH$OHMDQGURHULJLyORV
DOWDUHVµLPLWDQGRD+HUDFOHV\D'LRQLVR¶
45
 (VWHSDUHFHTXHHVHORULJHQGHODVLQIRUPDFLRQHVTXH¿JXUDQHQ3OLQNat

Philostr., VA6REUHORVPDSDV5STONEMAN, 2008, p. 81.

 $Vt'6;9,,&XUW,;DxDGHORVREVWiFXORVGHVXVHVFROORV
48
Arr., An. 5.28,4.
49
 '6;9,,&XUW,;(SLW0HW]
50
Str., XV 1.32.
51
A. CIZEK, \-. ROMM, 1992, pp. 110 y ss.
ALEJANDRO Y LOS CONFINES 

QRPXFKRPiVIiFLOPHQWHSRUHOVXUTXHSRUHOHVWH52. El propósito de descender hasta el

2FpDQRVLWXDGRKDFLDHOVXUDSDUHFHWDPELpQUHÀHMDGRHQHOUHVWRGHODWUDGLFLyQ\DTXH
WDQWR'LRGRURTXHVLW~DGLFKRREMHWLYR\DHQHOPRPHQWRGHODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHODÀRWD
HQHO+LGDVSHVFRPR3OXWDUFR$UULDQR\HO(StWRPHGH0HW]DVXPHQFRPREXHQDGLFKD
iniciativa53(VSUREDEOHTXH$OHMDQGURGHVSXpVGHVXVFDPSDxDVHQHO,QGR\VXVDÀXHQ-
WHVKXELHUDUHXQLGRODVLQIRUPDFLRQHVQHFHVDULDVDFHUFDGHOYHUGDGHURFDUiFWHUGHOUtR
TXHGHVHPERFDEDHQXQGHOWDKDFLDHOPDUGHMDQGRGH¿QLWLYDPHQWHGHODGRVXLPSUHVLyQ
LQLFLDOTXHOHKDEtDLQGXFLGRDFUHHUTXHKDEtDGHVFXELHUWRODVIXHQWHVGHO1LORGDGRVORV
SDUDOHOLVPRVKDOODGRVHQHOWHUUHQRGHODÀRUD\GHODIDXQDFRQHOUtRHJLSFLR\DTXHHQ
VXVRULOODVFUHFtDQMXGtDVGHODPLVPDFODVH\HQVXVDJXDVKDEtDFRFRGULORV54. Convencido
GHVXHTXLYRFDFLyQFRUULJLyGHIRUPDDEVROXWDODVQRWLFLDVTXHHQHVWHVHQWLGROHKDEtD
KHFKROOHJDUSRUFDUWDDVXPDGUHDQXQFLiQGRODVXJUDQGLRVRGHVFXEULPLHQWR55. El deseo
GHDOFDQ]DUODVDJXDVGHO2FpDQRSRUHOVXUSDUHFtDDVtXQUHWRPiVIDFWLEOHTXHODVPXFKDV
LQFHUWLGXPEUHV\UHFHORVTXHURGHDEDQVXIDOOLGRDYDQFHKDFLDHOHVWH
/DOOHJDGDDO2FpDQRFRQVWLWX\yRWURPRPHQWRFODYHHQODREVHVLyQGH$OHMDQGURSRU
DOFDQ]DUORVFRQ¿QHVGHOPXQGR/DLPSUHVLyQFDXVDGDHQVXVKRPEUHVSRUODFRQWHP-
SODFLyQGHOHVSHFWiFXORGHODVPDUHDVDSDUHFHFODUDPHQWHGHVWDFDGDHQHOUHODWRGH$UULD-
no. Alejandro navegó además en persona mar adentro, aparentemente con la intención
GHFRPSUREDUVLGLYLVDEDODH[LVWHQFLDGHWLHUUDPiVDOOiVLELHQ$UULDQRORDWULEX\HDVX
GHVHRGHKDEHUQDYHJDGRSRUHO2FpDQRPiVDOOiGHOD,QGLD. La condición liminal del
OXJDUDSDUHFHELHQUHÀHMDGDHQWRGDODWUDGLFLyQDMX]JDUSRUODVROHPQLGDG\HVSHFWDFX-
ODULGDGGHORVVDFUL¿FLRVGHWRURVHQKRQRUGH3RVHLGyQTXHIXHURQODQ]DGRVDOPDUMXQWR
FRQXQDFRSDGHRUR\YDULRVFXHQFRVGHOPLVPRPDWHULDO58TXHUHÀHMDQODVDWLVIDFFLyQ
SRUKDEHUDOFDQ]DGR¿QDOPHQWHXQRGHORVREMHWLYRV'LRGRURPHQFLRQDDGHPiVODHUHF-
FLyQGHXQRVDOWDUHVHQKRQRUGH7HWLV\GH2FpDQRDOKDEHUFRPSUHQGLGR$OHMDQGURTXH
ODH[SHGLFLyQKDEtDDOFDQ]DGRVXWpUPLQRGH¿QLWLYR59\3OXWDUFRDxDGHXQDSOHJDULDHQ
ODTXHVHSHGtDTXHQDGLHIXHUDPiVDOOiGHORVOtPLWHVDOFDQ]DGRVSRUVXH[SHdición.
&RPRVLHPSUHHVHQ&XUFLRGRQGHKDOODPRVORVHFRVPiVGUDPiWLFRV\HVSHFWDFXODUHVGH

52
 &XUW,;
53
 '6;9,,3OXAlex$UUAn(SLW0HW]
54
Arr., An
55
Arr., An

Arr., An. 

Arr., An
58
Arr., An'6;9,,6REUHODVRIUHQGDV9 EHRENBERG, 1933.
59
 '6;9,,7DPELpQ-XVW;,,

 3OXAlex
338 FRANCISCO JAVIER GÓMEZ ESPELOSÍN

XQDFRQWHFLPLHQWRTXHVLQGXGDGHELyGHMDUXQDKXHOODSURIXQGDHQVXVSURWDJRQLVWDV$Vt
ODUHDFFLyQGHODVWURSDVDQWHODDSDULFLyQGHODPDUHDTXH$UULDQRFRQFHQWUDHQXQWpU-
PLQRDXQTXHVLJQL¿FDWLYRpNSOHVLVVHFRQYLHUWHHQHOUHODWRGH&XUFLRHQODVHQVDFLyQ
de estar presenciando prodigios y manifestaciones de la cólera divina. En este mismo
VHQWLGR&XUFLRDWULEX\HDOREVWLQDGRDIiQSRUYHUHO2FpDQR\DOFDQ]DUORVFRQ¿QHVGHO
PXQGRSRUSDUWHGH$OHMDQGURHOTXHOOHJDVHDH[SRQHUVXSURSLDYLGD\ODGHVXVKRPEUHV
HQODVDJXDVGHXQUtRGHVFRQRFLGRGDGRTXHQDYHJDEDQGHVSURYLVWRVGHJXtDVORFDOHV.
$OHMDQGURKDEtDDOFDQ]DGRDVtORVFRQ¿QHVVHSWHQWULRQDOHVRULHQWDOHV\PHULGLR-
QDOHVGHORUEH6RORIDOWDEDQORVRFFLGHQWDOHVTXHHQDTXHOORVPRPHQWRVVHKDOODEDQ
FRPSOHWDPHQWHIXHUDGHODOFDQFHPDFHGRQLR6LQHPEDUJRSDUHFHTXHVXFRQTXLVWDVH
FRQWHPSODEDHQORVOODPDGRV~OWLPRVSODQHVFRQFHELGRVDQWHVGHVXPXHUWHVLFRQFH-
GHPRVSOHQDFUHGLELOLGDGDGLFKRSUR\HFWR6DEHPRVTXHSODQHDEDXQDH[SHGLFLyQD
$UDELDLQFOXVRFXDQGRVHKDOODEDSRVWUDGRHQHOOHFKRGHVXHQIHUPHGDG. La idea de
XQDFLUFXQQDYHJDFLyQGHOFRQWLQHQWHDIULFDQRSDUDDOFDQ]DUSRURFFLGHQWHODVFROXPQDV
GH+HUDFOHVKDEtD¿JXUDGRHQVXGLVFXUVRGHO+tIDVLV\HQODUpSOLFDGH&HQRVHKDEtD
FRQWHPSODGRODSRVLELOLGDGGHXQDH[SHGLFLyQFRQWUD&DUWDJR\ODVWULEXVOLELDVTXH
KDELWDEDQPiVDOOiSHURODVGL¿FXOWDGHVGHFUHGLELOLGDGTXHSUHVHQWDGLFKRSDVDMH
LPSLGHQDWULEXLUWDOHVSUR\HFWRVDODPHQWHGHOFRQTXLVWDGRU6LQHPEDUJRHOYLDMH
GH1HDUFRKDEtDGHPRVWUDGRODVSRVLELOLGDGHVUHDOHVGHHPSUHQGHUGLFKDLGHDGDGDOD
LQWHUFRQH[LyQPDUtWLPDHQWUHOD,QGLD\HOJROIRSpUVLFR\VXSRVLEOHFRQWLQXLGDGGHOD
UXWDDORODUJRGHODSHQtQVXODDUiELJD7DPELpQ+HUDFOHVKDEtDYLDMDGRSRUHO2FpDQR
HLQFOXVRORKDEtDFLUFXQQDYHJDGRSRUHOQRUWHVHJ~QDOJXQRVWHVWLPRQLRVFXDQGRIXH
GHVGHHOH[WUHPRRFFLGHQWHGRQGHVHKDOODEDODLVODGH(ULWtDKDVWDODWLHUUDGHORVHVFL-
tas6XLQHVSHUDGDPXHUWHIUXVWUyWRWDOPHQWHFXDOTXLHUH[SHFWDWLYDHQHVWDGLUHFFLyQ
&RQVHJXLUSHQHWUDUHQODPHQWHGH$OHMDQGURSDUDGHVFXEULUVXVYHUGDGHUDVLQWHQ-
FLRQHV\DQKHORVSDUHFHXQDWDUHDGHOWRGRLPSRVLEOHSHURDMX]JDUSRUODVLQIRUPD-
FLRQHVPiVRPHQRVFRQWUDVWDGDVTXHSRVHHPRVQRUHVXOWDGLItFLOLPDJLQDUTXHXQ
LQGLYLGXRTXHVHKDOODEDHQHVRVPRPHQWRVHQODFXPEUHGHVXSRGHUFRQWRGD$VLD

 &XUW,;monstraque et irae deum indicia.

 &XUW,;$UUAnUH¿HUHVRORODVGL¿FXOWDGHVKDOODGDVHQHVWHHPSUHVDVLQLQGLFDUORV
PRWLYRVGHOUH\SDUDOOHYDUDFDERXQDWDUHDGL¿FXOWRVD

Al respecto A. B. BOSWORTH, 1988, pp. 185-211.

Arr., AQ

Arr., An

Arr., An

Así A. B. BOSWORTHSS\VV

S. BIANCHETTI, 2009.

 +GW,9
ALEJANDRO Y LOS CONFINES 339

VRPHWLGDDVXGRPLQLRDVSLUDVHDDPSOLDUVXVFRQTXLVWDVKDFLDDTXHOORVWHUULWRULRVTXH
WRGDYtDSHUPDQHFtDQIXHUDGHORVOtPLWHVGHVXQXHYRLPSHULR'HVGHODSHUVSHFWLYD
GHODLGHRORJtDUHDODTXHPpQLGD$OHMDQGURDVSLUDEDWDPELpQDFRQYHUWLUHQUHDOLGDGOD
DQWLJXDSURFODPDRULHQWDOTXHH[WHQGtDHOGRPLQLRGHODPRQDUTXtDVREUHODVFXDWUR
SDUWHVGHOPXQGR/RVUHWRV\ORVGHVDItRVHUDQFRQVWDQWHV\QXPHURVRV$OHMDQGUR
VXSR FRPELQDU VLHPSUH GHQWUR GH VX FRPSOHMD SHUVRQDOLGDG IDFHWDV PX\ GLIHUHQWHV
TXHQRVSDUHFHQKR\HQGtDFRPSOHWDPHQWHFRQWUDGLFWRULDVRLQFRPSDWLEOHVFRPRHO
HMHUFLFLRGHXQFRQWURODEVROXWRGHVGHXQSXQWRGHYLVWDLGHROyJLFRTXHFRPSRUWDED
VX FRQGLFLyQ GH KpURHGLRV R VX DVXQFLyQ GH OD VREHUDQtD XQLYHUVDO FRQ FXHVWLRQHV
PiVLQPHGLDWDVGHFDUiFWHUHVWUDWpJLFR\ORJtVWLFR/RVFDPLQRVGHODHYLGHQFLDGLV-
FXUUtDQDGHPiVHQODVGRVGLUHFFLRQHVWDQWRDIDYRUGHORVSUHMXLFLRV\H[SHFWDWLYDV
FRPRKDFLDVXVPiVÀDJUDQWHVFRQWUDGLFFLRQHV/DHTXLSDUDFLyQKHURLFDGH$OHMDQGUR
FRQ +HUDFOHV \ 'LRQLVR FDUDFWHUL]y WRGD VX FDPSDxD RULHQWDO SHUR HVWD LQFOLQDFLyQ
QREORTXHDEDRWUDFODVHGHLQLFLDWLYDVGHFRUWHFODUDPHQWHSROtWLFR\SUDJPiWLFR/DV
GRVLVGHUHDOLVPRIXHURQFRQVWDQWHVFRPRODREWHQFLyQGHLQIRUPDFLRQHV¿DEOHVVREUH
ORVWHUULWRULRVPiVGHVFRQRFLGRVHOHQYtRGHH[SORUDGRUHVVXQHJDWLYDDVHJXLUODLQ-
YLWDFLyQGH)DUDVPDQHVODIXQGDFLyQGHFLXGDGHVFRQ¿QHVHVWUDWpJLFRVGHFRQWURO\
GRPLQLRGHGHWHUPLQDGDV]RQDVFODYHVODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHXQDÀRWDHQHO+LGDVSHVFRQ
SODQHVDFRUWRSOD]RRVXHQYtRGHXQDSDUWHGHODH[SHGLFLyQGHFDPLQRGHUHWRUQR
SRUODUXWD\DFRQRFLGDHYLWDQGRORVULHVJRVTXHFRPSRUWDEDDGHQWUDUVHHQWLHUUDVPH-
QRVFRQRFLGDV/HMRVGHOFDUiFWHUURPiQWLFR\DYHQWXUHURTXHSHUVHJXtDDWRGDFRVWD
DOFDQ]DUORVFRQ¿QHVGHOPXQGR$OHMDQGURDOEHUJDEDREMHWLYRVPXFKRPiVFRPSOHMRV
\DPELFLRVRVFX\RVLQJUHGLHQWHVQRUHVXOWDEDQLQFRPSDWLEOHVGHVGHXQDSHUVSHFWLYD
TXHFRQWHPSODEDHOPXQGR\ODVKD]DxDVKXPDQDVGHIRUPDPX\GLIHUHQWHDODQXHVWUD
)XHVHJXUDPHQWHHQpSRFDSRVWHULRUFXDQGRWDOHVLQJUHGLHQWHVFRPHQ]DURQDDSDUHFHU
GLVRFLDGRV\VHFRQYLUWLHURQHQHOHPHQWRVLUUHFRQFLOLDEOHVTXHFLUFXODEDQSRUVHSDUD-
GR(VWHIXHVHJXUDPHQWHHOSDSHOGHODVFDUWDVFRPRFDXFHIXQGDPHQWDOSRUHOTXH
FLUFXODURQWRGDVODVDYHQWXUDVIDQWiVWLFDVDWULEXLGDVDOFRQTXLVWDGRUPDFHGRQLR o de
ORVWUDWDGRVGHUHWyULFDTXHYHKLFXODEDQDTXHOODVIDFHWDVGH$OHMDQGURTXHUHVXOWDEDQ
PiVDSURSLDGDVSDUDHOGHEDWH\ODHMHPSOL¿FDFLyQPRUDO6LODVDYHQWXUDVIDQWiVWL-
FDVTXHHQFRQWUDURQFRELMRGHQWURGHODNovela de AlejandroWXYLHURQHQVXRULJHQ
referentes reales opoUWXQDPHQWHH[DJHUDGRVRGHIRUPDGRVFRPRODULTXH]D]RROyJLFD
HVSHFWDFXODUGHOD,QGLDRODSUHVHQFLDGHSREODFLRQHVH[WUDxDV\SULPLWLYDVFRPRORV
KDELWDQWHVGHDOJXQDV]RQDVPRQWDxRVDVGHOD,QGLDRGHODVFRVWDVGHVpUWLFDVGHOËQ-
dicoUHVXOWDLJXDOPHQWHSRVLEOHTXHODWHQGHQFLDDFRQGXFLUD$OHMDQGURDH[WUHPRV


 $OUHVSHFWR-0. BALCER, SS\VV

L. L. GUNDERSON, 1980.

 $*RILLI, 1984; D. LASANDRO, 1984.

A. CISEK, 1976; R. STONEMAN, 1994.
340 FRANCISCO JAVIER GÓMEZ ESPELOSÍN

LPSRVLEOHVFRPRHOIRQGRGHOPDUHOFLHORROXJDUHVGHFDODGRPtWLFRFRPRODVLVODVGH
ORVELHQDYHQWXUDGRVRSRVWHULRUPHQWHHO3DUDtVRWHUUHQDOSXGLHUDKDEHUWHQLGRWDPELpQ
VXVSUHFHGHQWHVPHQRVH[WUDYDJDQWHVHQVXSUHVHQFLDHQORVFRQ¿QHVGHOPXQGRGHQWUR
GHODUHDOLGDGFRPSOHMDGHXQDFDPSDxDHQODTXHDFWXDEDQDODYH]\VLQGHPDVLDGDV
HVWULGHQFLDVLQWHUQDVGLIHUHQWHVSODQHVGHDFWXDFLyQFRQFHELGRVGHVGHSHUVSHFWLYDVWDQ
GLVWLQWDVFRPRXQDYLVLyQKHURLFDGHOPXQGRTXHLPSXOVDEDODUHFUHDFLyQGHODVKD-
]DxDVGHORVDQWLJXRVKpURHVXQDIiQGHFRQTXLVWD\GRPLQDFLyQHMHFXWDGRGHIRUPD
LPSODFDEOH D WUDYpV GH ORV PHFDQLVPRV GH OD GLSORPDFLD \ OD JXHUUD \ HO GHVHR GH
FRQVWUXLUXQQXHYRSDUDGLJPDLGHDODWUDYpVGHODSURSDJDQGD\GHVXSURSLDDXWRUH-
presentación personal.
BIBLIOGRAFÍA
ANDERSON, A. R.,
 ³+HUDFOHVDQGKLV6XFFHVVRUV$6WXG\RID+HURLF,GHDODQGWKH5HFXUUHQFHRID+HURLF
Type”, HSCP,
 ³$OH[DQGHUDWWKH&DVSLDQ*DWHV´TAPA
ANTELA-BERNÁRDEZ, B.,
- “Alejandro Magno o la demostración de la divinidad”, Faventia,
BALCER, J. M.,
- Herodotus and Bisitun. Problems in Ancient Persian History6WXWWJDUW
BAYNHAM, E.,
 ³$OH[DQGHUDQGWKH$PD]RQV´&4
 ³7KH$QFLHQW(YLGHQFHIRU$OH[DQGHUWKH*UHDW´HQ-5RLVPDQHGBrill Companion
to Alexander the Great, Leiden, 2002, 3-29.
BERVE, H.,
 ³$OH[DQGHUGHU*URVVHDOV(QWGHFNHU´HQGestaltende Kräft der Antike0XQLFK
pp. 88-108.
BIANCHETTI, S.,
 ³/DFRQFH]LRQHGHOOHFXPHQHGL$OHVVDQGURLQ'LRGRUR;9,,;9,,,´HQ&%HDU]RW 
)/DQGXFFLHGVDiodoro e l´altra Grecia. Macedonia, Occidente, Ellenismo nella Bi-
blioteca Storica0LOiQSS
 ³/DVFRSHUWDGHOODSHQLQVROD$UDELFDQHOOHWjGL$OHVVDQGUR0DJQR´Geographia Anti-
qua
BICHLER, R.,
 ³'LH)DKUW]XGHQ*UHQ]HQGHU(UGH9RQ+HURGRWELV]XU$OH[DQGHU+LVWRULRJUDSKLH´
Gymnasium,
BOLTON, J. D. P.,
- Aristeas of Proconnesus2[IRUG
BOSWORTH, A. B.,
- A Historical Commentary on Arrian´s History of AlexanderYRO,Commentary on Books
I-III2[IRUG
- Conquest and Empire. The Reign of Alexander the Great&DPEULGJH
 ³$ULVWRWOH,QGLDDQGWKH$OH[DQGHU+LVWRULDQV´7RSRL
- Commentary on Arrian´s History of Alexander II2[IRUG

C. MIHALOPOULOS, 2009.
ALEJANDRO Y LOS CONFINES 341

- Alexander and the East. The Tragedy of Triumph2[IRUG

BRAUND, D.,
 ³7KH &DXFDVLDQ )URQWLHU 0\WK ([SORUDWLRQ DQG WKH '\QDPLFV RI ,PSHULDOLVP´ HQ 3
)UHHPDQ\'/KENNEDYHGVThe Defense of the Roman and Byzantine East, Londres,
SS
BRIDGMAN, T. P.,
- Hyperboreans. Myth and History in Celtic-Hellenic Contacts, Londres, 2005.
BROWN, T. S.,
 ³&DOOLVWKHQHVDQG$OH[DQGHU´AJP
BRUNT, P. A.,
- Arrian. History of Alexander and IndicaYRO,&DPEULGJH0DVV /RQGUHV
BURR, V.,
 ³'DVJHRJUDSKLVFKH:HOWELOG$OH[DQGHUVGHV*URVVHQ´Würzburger Jahrbücher für
die Altertumswissenschaft,
BUXTON, R.,
- Imaginary Greece. Mythology in Context&DPEULGJH
CIZEK, A.,
 ³+LVWRULFDO'LVWRUWLRQDQG6DJD3DWWHUQVLQWKH3VHXGR&DOOLVWKHQHV5RPDQFH´ZA,

DEVINE, A. M.,
 ³$OH[DQGHUV3URSDJDQGD0DFKLQH&DOOLVWKHQHVDVWKH8OWLPDWH6RXUFHIRU$UULDQ$QD-
EDVLV´HQ, WORTHINGTON HGVentures into Greek History. Essays in Honour of
N.G.L. Hammond2[IRUGSS
DREYER, B.,
 ³+HURHV&XOWVDQG'LYLQLW\´HQ:+HFNHO /$7ULWOHHGVAlexander the Great. A
New History2[IRUG
EDELMANN, H.,
- “EremosXQGeremieEHL+HURGRW´Klio
EHRENBERG, V.,
 ³'LH2SIHU$OH[DQGHUVDQGHU,QGXVPQGXQJ´HQFestchrift Moriz Winternizt, Leipzig,
SS
FINKELBERG, M.,
 ³7KH*HRJUDSK\RIWKH3URPHWKHXV9LQFWXV´Hermes
FREDRICKSMEYER, E.,
 ³$OH[DQGHUV5HOLJLRQDQG'LYLQLW\´HQ-. ROISMANHGBrill Companion to Alexander
the Great/HLGHQSS
GOLAN, D.,
 ³7KH)DWHRID&RXUW+LVWRULDQ&DOOLVWKHQHV´ Athenaeum
GÓMEZ ESPELOSÍN, F. J.,
- El descubrimiento del mundo, Geografía y viajeros en Grecia antigua, Madrid, 2000.
 ³/DLPDJLQDFLyQJHRJUi¿FDHQODH[SHGLFLyQGH$OHMDQGUR´HQ)MARCO SIMÓN, F. PINA
POLO & J. REMESAL HGVViajeros, peregrinos y aventureros en el mundo antiguo, Bar-
FHORQDSS
GRIFFITH, M.,
- Aeschylus. Prometheus Bound&DPEULGJH
GRILLI, A.,
342 FRANCISCO JAVIER GÓMEZ ESPELOSÍN

 ³$OHVVDQGURH)LOLSRQHOOD¿ORVRItDHOOHQLVWLFDHQHOOLGHRORJLDSROtWLFDURPDQD´HQ0
SORDIHGAlessandro Magno. Tra storia e mito, Milán, 1984, 123-153.
*XQGHUVRQ//
- Alexander´s Letter to Aristoteles about India0HLVHQKHLPDP*ODQ
HAMILTON, J. R.,
 ³$OH[DQGHU´s Early Life”, G & R,
HECKEL, W.,
 ³$OH[DQGHUWKH*UHDWDQGWKH/LPLWVRIWKH&LYLOLVHG:RUOG´HQ:HECKEL & L. A. TRITLE
HGVCrossroads of History. The Age of Alexander&ODUHPRQW&DOLIRUQLDSS
HOLT, F.,
- Alexander the Great and Bactria, Leiden, 1988.
KOLENDO, J.,
 ³/HVGpVHUWVGDQVOHVSD\VEDUEDUHV5HSUpVHQWDWLRQVHWUpDOLWpV´DHA
Lasandro, D.,
 ³/D¿JXUDGL$OHVVDQGUR0DJQRQHOODRSHUDGL6HQHFD´HQ0 SORDIHGAlessandro
Magno. Tra storia e mito0LOiQSS
MATELLI, E.,
 ³*OLHVWUHPLFRQ¿QLRULHQWDOLGHOOLPSHURGL$OHVVDQGUR0DJQR´HQ0SORDIHGIl
FRQ¿QHQHOPRQGRFODVVLFR0LOiQSS
MIHALOPOULOS, C.,
 ³7KH&RQVWUXFWLRQRID1HZ,GHDO7KH2I¿FLDO3RUWUDLWXUHRI$OH[DQGHUWKH*UHDW´HQW. HEC-
KEL & L. A. TRITLE HGVAlexander the Great. A New History2[IRUGSS
PEARSON, L.,
- The Lost Histories of Alexander the Great)LODGHO¿D
PÉDECH, P.,
 ³/HSD\VDJHFKH]OHVKLVWRULHQVG$OH[DQGUH´,QS,
- Historiens compagnons d´Alexandre, París, 1984
PRANDI, L.,
- Callistene. Un storico tra Aristotele e i re macedonici, Milán, 1985.
ROMM, J.,
- The Edges of the Earth in Ancient Thought, Princeton, 1992.
 ³$OH[DQGHUV*HRJUDSKLF1RWLRQV´HQ-ROMMHGThe Landmark Arrian. The Cam-
paigns of AlexandeU1XHYD<RUNSS
SPANN, PH. O.,
 ³$OH[DQGHUDWWKH%HDV)R[LQD/LRQ6NLQ´HQ F. B. TITCHENER & R. F. MOORTON Jr
HGVThe Eye Expanded. Life and the Arts in Greco-Roman Antiquity%HUNHOH\/RV
$QJHOHV /RQGUHVSS
STAFFORD, E.,
- Herakles, Londres, 2012
STANDISH, J. F.,
 ³7KH&DVSLDQ*DWHV´G & R
STONEMAN, R.,
 ³5RPDQWLF (WKQRJUDSK\ &HQWUDO$VLD DQG ,QGLD LQ WKH$OH[DQGHU 5RPDQFH´ AW, 25

- Alexander the Great. A Life in Legend1HZ+DYHQ /RQGUHV