3.

7 PODA DE ÁRBOLES FRUTALES


Fánor Casierra-Posada y 2Gerhard Fischer

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1
PhD, Profesor asociado, Grupo de Investigación Ecofisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad
Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja.
2
PhD, Profesor asociado, Departamento de Agronomía, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá.

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ASPECTOS FISIOLÓGICOS DE LA PODA

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FRQHOQXWULFLRQDOHQWUHODFRSD\ODUDt]TXHLQÁX\HQHQSURFHVRVFRPRODUHJXODFLyQGHOD
ÁRUDFLyQ\ODIUXFWLÀFDFLyQ

/DSRGDDIHFWDDODSODQWDUHGXFLHQGRHQFRQMXQWRVXFUHFLPLHQWRDOGLVPLQXLUOHODFDQWLGDG
GHKRMDVTXHOHHODERUDQVXDOLPHQWR(OHIHFWRGLUHFWRGHODSRGDHVODHVWLPXODFLyQGHO
FUHFLPLHQWRYHJHWDWLYRSRUTXHVHSURGXFHXQDDOWHUDFLyQGHOHTXLOLEULRHQWUHODFRSD\ODV
UDtFHV$ODUJRSOD]RVXHIHFWRHVXQDUHGXFFLyQHQHOFUHFLPLHQWRWRWDOGHODSODQWDVREUH
WRGRVLODSRGDHVIUHFXHQWHFDVRHQHOTXHVHGLVPLQX\HHOiUHDIROLDU\VHSURGXFHXQ
DEDVWHFLPLHQWRPHQRUGHODVUDtFHVFRQDVLPLODGRV\VXFUHFLPLHQWRPHQRU8QFUHFLPLHQWR

170
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GpELOGHODFRSDIRPHQWDHOGHODVUDtFHV

Algunos fundamentos fisiológicos

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 El aire y la luz favorecen la alimentación y el crecimiento de los órganos del ramaje de un árbol.(VWH
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pSRFDGHUHSRVRRHQSOHQDDFWLYLGDGGHOiUEROLQFUHPHQWDODSHQHWUDFLyQGHOX]HQOD
FRSDORTXHLQÁX\HVREUHODHVWUXFWXUDGHODKRMD\ODIRWRVtQWHVLV&XDOTXLHUDGHHVWRV
GRVWLSRVGHSRGDUHGXFHQHOiUHDIROLDUGHODSODQWDSHURODGLVPLQXFLyQGHVXWDVD
IRWRVLQWpWLFDVHUHFRPSHQVDUiFRQQXHYDVKRMDVRULJLQDGDVHQHOUHEURWH
 El desarrollo de los órganos vegetativos y el de los órganos reproductivos compiten entre sí. (V
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IRWRDVLPLODGRV D RWURV yUJDQRV VyOR FXDQGR HOORV KD\DQ VXSOLGR VXV UHTXHULPLHQWRV
QXWULWLYRV(VDVtFRPRVHGHPRVWUyTXHODIUXFWLÀFDFLyQHQXQDxRUHGXFHHOWUDQVSRUWH
GHFDUERKLGUDWRVDORVyUJDQRVYHJHWDWLYRVGHODSODQWD
 La savia destinada a una rama podada se distribuye entre los órganos vecinos.(OÁXMRGHVDYLD
GHWHUPLQDGRSRUODFDQWLGDGGHKRMDVSUHVHQWHVHQXQDUDPDHVWiVLQFURQL]DGRFRQHO
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PHULVWHPRVFHUFDQRVDOSXQWRGHFRUWH\HQFRQVHFXHQFLDVXUiSLGDEURWDFLyQ
 Las yemas alimentadas con un Áujo mayor de savia bruta evolucionan a ramas vegetativas. /D VDYLD
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 Las yemas alimentadas con un Áujo mayor de savia evolucionan a estructuras reproductivas. /RV
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MANUAL PARA EL CULTIVO DE FRUTALES EN EL TRÓPICO 171

 La poda enérgica de todas las ramas viejas da como resultado menor número de ramas pero de mayor longitud
/DVUDPDVFRUWDVSURGXFWRGHXQDSRGDGUiVWLFDWHQGUiQXQJUDQYLJRUFRPRUHVXOWDGR
GHOJUDQÁXMRGHVDYLDHQODV\HPDVFHUFDQDVDOSXQWRGHFRUWHFRPRVHPHQFLRQyDUULED
HQHOQXPHUDO3RUWDQWRODV\HPDVTXHEURWHQPiVSURQWRWHQGUiQXQJUDQGHVDUUROOR
LQKLELHQGRSRUGRPLQDQFLDDSLFDOODEURWDFLyQGHODV\HPDVLQIHULRUHV6HSURGXFHDVtOD
EURWDFLyQGHSRFDVUDPDVGHJUDQORQJLWXGHQHOVLWLRFHUFDQRDOSXQWRGHFRUWH
 La poda escasa de todas las ramas viejas da como resultado mayor número de ramas pero de menor
longitud.&RPRFRQVHFXHQFLDGHXQDSRGDGHHVWDQDWXUDOH]DEURWDXQJUDQQ~PHURGH
\HPDVIRUPDGDVPiVUHFLHQWHPHQWHTXHDTXpOODVGHODEDVHGHODUDPD(VWDEURWDFLyQ
RFXUUHSRUTXHODV\HPDVTXHWLHQHQPHQRUHGDGWLHQHQXQJUDGRGHGRUPDQFLDLQIHULRU
HQUHODFLyQFRQDTXHOODVXELFDGDVHQODEDVHGHODUDPD
 Si en un árbol se hace simultáneamente poda ligera y severa de ramas viejas, se invierten los conceptos de
los numerales 6 y 7. $OUHDOL]DUXQDSRGDGHVEDODQFHDGDHQUDPDVYLHMDVHQHOVLWLRGRQGH
VHKDFHODSRGDGUiVWLFDODUDPDTXHGDUiPiVFRUWDTXHDOOtGRQGHVHKDFHODSRGDOLJHUD
GHHVWDPDQHUDODGRPLQDQFLDDSLFDOYDDIDYRUHFHUODUDPDTXHVHPDQWHQJDPiVODUJD
KDFLHQGRTXHUHVXOWHQSRFDVUDPDVODUJDV(QFDPELRHQODUDPDHQODTXHVHKDFHODSRGD
GUiVWLFDORVUHJXODGRUHVGHFUHFLPLHQWRTXHPLJUDQHQVHQWLGREDVtSHWRRKDFLDODEDVH\
TXHVHKDQSURGXFLGRFRPRFRQVHFXHQFLDGHODGRPLQDQFLDDSLFDOLQKLELUiQSDUFLDOPHQWH
HOGHVDUUROORGHODUDPDSRGDGDGHIRUPDGUiVWLFDKDFLHQGRTXHSURGX]FDXQJUDQQ~PHUR
GHUDPDVFRUWDV3DUDDOJXQRVODGRPLQDQFLDDSLFDOHVXQWLSRGHSDUDGRUPDQFLDHQODTXH
HOFUHFLPLHQWRGH\HPDVD[LODUHVVHLQKLEHHQOD]RQDPHULVWHPiWLFDDSLFDO\HVSRUHVWR
TXHODV\HPDVD[LODUHVGHORViUEROHVIUXWDOHVVHPDQWLHQHQSRUORJHQHUDOLQDFWLYDVGXUDQWH
XQSHULRGRSURORQJDGRPLHQWUDVTXHHOWDOORSULQFLSDOFRQWLQ~DFUHFLHQGR
 La poda de plantas jóvenes retrasa el comienzo de la fructiÀcación y pospone la época de la producción
máxima. /D HGDG RQWRJpQLFD WHPSUDQD GHQRPLQDGD MXYHQLOLGDG VH GHÀQH FRPR OD
FRQGLFLyQGHODSODQWDSUHYLDDODÁRUDFLyQ0LHQWUDVODHGDGFURQROyJLFDGHXQDSODQWDHV
HOWLHPSRWUDVFXUULGRGHVGHODJHUPLQDFLyQODHGDGRQWRJpQLFDFRUUHVSRQGHDOQ~PHUR
GHHWDSDVGHODVHFXHQFLDGHOGHVDUUROORTXHODSODQWDKDDWUDYHVDGR3XHGHGDUVHHOFDVR
GHTXHSODQWDVGHODPLVPDHVSHFLH\GHODPLVPDHGDGFURQROyJLFDSUHVHQWHQGLIHUHQWHV
HGDGHVRQWRJpQLFDVGHVDUUROOiQGRVHDOJXQDVPiVSURQWRTXHRWUDV'HHVWDPDQHUD
ODVSRGDVUHLWHUDGDVHQSODQWDVMyYHQHVUHWUDVDQVXHQWUDGDHQODIUXFWLÀFDFLyQSXHVD
WUDYpVGHHOODVHOiUEROSURORQJDVXHWDSDMXYHQLO

Concepto de la dominancia apical

(QYDULDVHVSHFLHVIUXWDOHVHOKiELWRQDWXUDOHVHOGHFUHFHUYHUWLFDOPHQWHHQORQJLWXG(VWH
FRPSRUWDPLHQWRGHSHQGHGHODYDULHGDG\HQPD\RUJUDGRGHODVFRQGLFLRQHVFOLPiWLFDV

/DVDX[LQDVTXHVHVLQWHWL]DQHQODVKRMDVEDMRLQÁXHQFLDGHODOX]VHSURGXFHQHQHVSHFLDOHQ
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UDPDHQSRVLFLyQYHUWLFDOODDX[LQDSURGXFLGDHQHOiSLFHHQFUHFLPLHQWRRULJLQDXQDPD\RU
DWUDFFLyQKDFLDVtGHQXWULHQWHVUHJXODGRUHVGHFUHFLPLHQWR\IRWRDVLPLODGRV\XQDLQKLELFLyQ
GHOFUHFLPLHQWRGHODV\HPDVVXEDSLFDOHVIHQyPHQRTXHVHFRQRFHFRPRGRPLQDQFLDDSLFDO

172
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GLVPLQX\HODSURGXFFLyQDX[tQLFD\OOHYDUODVGHQXHYRDXQDSRVLFLyQYHUWLFDOODDXPHQWD
3DUDURPSHUODGRPLQDQFLDDSLFDOORVIUXWLFXOWRUHVKDFHQHOGHVSXQWHGHUDPDVFRQORTXH
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 $OJXQRV H[SHULPHQWRV KDQ GHPRVWUDGR TXH HQ XQD UDPD DJRELDGD KRUL]RQWDOPHQWH
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ODV IXHU]DQ KDFLD XQD SRVLFLyQ KRUL]RQWDO VX GRPLQDQFLD DSLFDO VH UHGXFH \ VH LQLFLD OD
EURWDFLyQGH\HPDVODWHUDOHV

/DVUDPDVGHFUHFLPLHQWRYHUWLFDOFRQJUDQYLJRU\YHJHWDWLYDVRFKXSRQHVPXHVWUDQDOWD
GRPLQDQFLDDSLFDO\KD\GLVFXVLyQVREUHVLVHGHEHQHOLPLQDUWRWDOPHQWHRVHGHEHQGHMDU
DOJXQDV\DTXHSURYHHQHQHUJtDDOiUERO

Yema apical con inicio Contenido

de auxina
ſpƟmo Ěe cƌecimienƚo
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concenƚƌaciſn Ěe aƵdžinaƐ
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Bajo

hn Ąpice ĚoďlaĚo
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la pƌoĚƵcciſn aƵdžşnica

n la ƌama Śoƌinjonƚal
loƐ ďƌoƚeƐ nƵeǀoƐ Ɛon
n la ƌama ĚoďlaĚa Śacia aďaũo ƐimilaƌeƐ enƚƌe elloƐ
la LJema en la poƐiciſn mĄƐ alƚa
ƚoma la ĨƵnciſn Ěe lşĚeƌ
FIGURA 1. (VTXHPDGHODSURGXFFLyQGHDX[LQDVHQ\HPDV\UDPDVVHJ~Q
VXSRVLFLyQHQODSODQWD$GDSWDGDGH)ULHGULFK\)LVFKHU
&RUWHVtDGH9HUODJ(XJHQ8OPHU6WXWWJDUW$OHPDQLD

MANUAL PARA EL CULTIVO DE FRUTALES EN EL TRÓPICO 173

Poda e inducción floral
(QODPHGLGDHQTXHODVHYHULGDGGHODSRGDVHLQFUHPHQWDVHGLVPLQX\HSURSRUFLRQDOPHQWH
ODSURGXFFLyQGH\HPDVÁRUDOHVSRUORTXHVHSXHGHUHWUDVDUHOPRPHQWRGHODÁRUDFLyQH
LQFUHPHQWDUHOFUHFLPLHQWRYHJHWDWLYR(QHVWHFDVRORVPHULVWHPRVGHODV\HPDVGHVDUUROODQ
UDPDV DQWLFLSDGDV HQ YH] GH SULPRUGLRV ÁRUDOHV (O ÁXMR UtWPLFR HQWUH HO FUHFLPLHQWR
YHJHWDWLYR\ODÁRUDFLyQHQJXD\DEDPDQJR\UDPEXWiQLQÁX\HVREUHODGHFLVLyQGHOPRPHQWR
\ODPDQHUDHQTXHODSRGDVHGHEHOOHYDUDFDER(QHVWDVHVSHFLHVODVÁRUHVVHGHVDUUROODQ
HQUDPDVTXHQRHVWiQHQXQÁXMRGHFUHFLPLHQWR\HOREMHWLYRGHODSRGDSRUORWDQWRGHEH
VHUHOLQFUHPHQWRGHOQ~PHURGHUDPDVTXHSXHGDQÁRUHFHUGHIRUPDVLPXOWiQHD3RUVHU
FRPSOHMDODLQÁXHQFLDGHODSRGDVREUHODLQGXFFLyQÁRUDOVHGHEHHVSHUDUHOIRPHQWRGH
pVWDVLHPSUH\FXDQGRVHHOLPLQHQUDPDVTXHSURGXFHQXQEXHQVRPEUtRRDTXHOODVFRQXQ
Q~PHURH[FHVLYRGH\HPDVÁRUDOHVRGHVSXpVGHXQDSRGDGHODVSDUWHVVHQHVFHQWHVGHOiUERO
(OWLSR\ODIHFKDGHODSRGDGHEHQGHÀQLUVHFRQVLGHUDQGRODSURJUDPDFLyQGHODÁRUDFLyQ
FRPRVHUHFRPLHQGDSDUDiUEROHVGHPDQJRTXHHQOD]RQDGHO&DULEHGHEHQGHVSXQWDUVH
DFRPLHQ]RVGHVHSWLHPEUHSDUDWHQHUÁXMRVGHÁRUDFLyQHQWUHHQHUR\IHEUHURVLJXLHQWHV

Reconocimiento de las estructuras vegetativas y reproductivas

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Formaciones de la copa*
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*
Para una información más completa sobre este tema se recomiendan autores como Gil-Albert (2005)16 y Arjona y Santinoni
(2007)1, entre otros.

176
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Operaciones complementarias
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MANUAL PARA EL CULTIVO DE FRUTALES EN EL TRÓPICO 185