MANUAL PARA PARTICIPANTES

Manual para Participantes

Curso: Geomecánica Básica

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 MANUAL PARA PARTICIPANTES

BIENVENIDO/A
CURSO: GEOMECÁNICA BÁSICA VP CODELCO

A través de este curso, podremos conocer y aprender algunos aspectos relevantes de la

Geomecánica Básica y la importancia en su prevención y cultura de seguridad.

Este Manual para Participantes es una herramienta de trabajo que acompaña la explicación e
información presentada por el facilitador, en el cual se adjuntan definiciones y conceptos claves,
además de las actividades a desarrollar en cada módulo.

Manual para
Participantes
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 MANUAL PARA PARTICIPANTES
Estructura del
Manual para Participantes
Introducción
Presentación del curso. Estructura del
manual
. Detalla las partes que componen
este manual de aprendizaje para
el participante
El texto contiene las siguientes
unidades de trabajo:
1. Presentación
2. Introducción a Codelco
3. Marco regulatorio Definiciones
4. Qué es la Geomecánica
5. Sistemas de acuñadura.
6.Acuñadura mecanizadas y sus
características
8. Aplicando lo aprendido.
Contenidos y
orientaciones por
unidad de aprendizaje.
Se presentan los contenidos que
se revisarán por unidad de
aprendizaje, detallando los
objetivos de aprendizaje, algunos
contenidos y actividades cuando
corresponda.
1. Portada de la unidad: Nos
muestra el nombre e ícono de la
unidad
2. Objetivos de aprendizaje: Nos
muestra que es lo que se espera
que logre el participante al
término de la unidad.
3. Desarrollo del tema:
Presentación de los contenidos
claves que conforman la unidad,
cuando corresponda.
4. Actividad: En algunos casos,
Los participantes deben
aplicar en una actividad lo
aprendido, lo que les permitirá
fijar los aprendizajes y evaluar su
avance.
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EXPLORACIÓN

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MANUAL PARA PARTICIPANTES

CONDICIÓN ESTRUCTURAL

ROCA SECUNDARIA ROCA PRIMARIA

C1 – Geomecánica Básica – Codelco 2020

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IDEAS BÁSICAS

Evento
Ruptura Movimiento
Sísmico

C1 – Geomecánica Básica – Codelco 2020

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LOS ELEMENTOS DE FORTIFICACIÓN

QUE SE UTILIZAN Y SU FUNCIÓN

Pernos de Anclaje
Perno Helicoidal Acero - Reforzar el macizo.
Perno Split Set FUNCIÓN - Mantener los bloques dentro del macizo.
Pernos de Fibra de Vidrio

Cables de Acero
- Reforzar el macizo.
Simples FUNCIÓN
- Mantener los bloques dentro del macizo.
Dobles

Malla Metálicas
Malla Trenzada FUNCIÓN - Sostener el contorno del macizo.
Malla Soldada

C1 – Geomecánica Básica – Codelco 2020

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¿ QUÉ ES EL SHOTCRETE ?

QUE ES EL SHOTCRETE

A pesar de que algunas personas afirman que el shotcrete es un

concreto especial, lo cierto es que no es así. Este es un concreto
normal colocado de otra forma. Es un concreto transportado por
algún medio, vía seca o húmeda, a través de mangueras y
proyectado neumáticamente a gran velocidad contra la superficie.

PROPIEDADES DEL SHOTCRETE

- Resistencia a la Compresión.
- Resistencia a la Flexión.
- Adherencia.
- Impermeabilidad.

C1 – Geomecánica Básica – Codelco 2020

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SISTEMAS DE APLICACIÓN DEL

SHOTCRETE
Existen dos medios de aplicación:
Vía seca y Vía húmeda.

1.- Sistema Vía Seca:

Es donde la alimentación del material al equipo es en estado fresco
y al que se le añade agua de hidratación en la boquilla de
proyección.

2. Sistema Vía Húmeda:

Donde la alimentación del material al equipo es en estado fresco
y/o pastoso que ya contiene el agua necesaria para la hidratación.

C1 – Geomecánica Básica – Codelco 2019

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APLICACIÓN DEL SHOTCRETE VIA

HUMEDA
Este método o sistema con proyección robotizada de superficies
grandes, es posible lograr (con un sólo operador) una producción
promedio de 60 a 100m³, con un rebote inferior al 10 % en un
turno de 8,0 horas.

Ventajas del sistema vía húmeda:

- Relación agua/cementante controlada.

- Menor rebote (Inferior al 10 %).
- Menor cantidad de polvo en el ambiente.
- Mayor rendimiento.
- Utiliza nueva tecnología de adiciones.
- Ideal para la aplicación con fibras.

C1 – Geomecánica Básica – Codelco 2020

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CONCLUSIONES

1. Shotcrete de buena calidad y bien ejecutado aumenta la

eficiencia del sistema de fortificación.

2. Shotcrete mal ejecutado, es carga muerta y peligrosa.

3. Shotcrete aumenta la durabilidad de fortificación, sellando la roca

y protegiendo malla y pernos de la corrosión.

4. Un shotcrete de pobre desempeño es costoso, inseguro, ineficaz

e ineficiente.

C1 – Geomecánica Básica – Codelco 2020

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ACUÑADURA

La ACUÑADURA, es la acción más importante dentro de la

seguridad de las persona en una faena minera subterránea, ya que
con esta acción se evitan accidentes tanto a las personas, como a
los equipos con los que se está trabajando por caída de Roca.

C1 – Geomecánica Básica – Codelco 2020

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CONCEPTO DE ACUÑADURA

Acuñar:

Actividad que consiste en desprender roca suelta desde las cajas,

frente y techo de una labor minera, evitando que se caiga en forma
repentina y descontrolada.

La acuñadura debe efectuase de manera:

- Planificada.

- Sistemática.

- Controlada.

- Debe realizarse cada vez que sea necesario.

C1 – Geomecánica Básica – Codelco 2020

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AGENTES QUE OCASIONAN CAIDA

DE ROCAS
- El macizo rocoso soporta presiones en todas direcciones.

- Se mantiene estable al equilibrio de sus esfuerzos.

- Si el equilibrio se modifica al desarrollar una galería.

- Forma y dimensión de la galería.

- Profundidad de la galería.

- Fallas y diaclasas.

- Si los esfuerzos superan a la resistencia de la roca, ésta se

deforma pudiendo llegar al agrietamiento, generándose rocas
sueltas que pueden caer, afectando a las personas, a los equipos
y/o instalaciones.

C1 – Geomecánica Básica – Codelco 2020

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CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LA
ACUÑADURA MECANIZADA
• Elevada productividad y eficiencia respecto a la acuñadura
manual

• Se debe acuñar la roca desprendiendo solamente las rocas

potencialmente sueltas.

• El control de la potencia de rotura del martillo y la frecuencia de

impacto la debe tener el operador en cabina.

• Eliminación del riesgo de caída de rocas para el personal que

ejecuta la labor.

• Buena iluminación y visión completa del lugar de trabajo.

C1 – Geomecánica Básica – Codelco 2020

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CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LA
ACUÑADURA MECANIZADA
Desventajas de la Acuñadura Mecanizada:

• El martillo hidráulico transfiere gran cantidad de energía a la

roca, lo cual puede generar daños en la galería.

• En roca con gran cantidad de fallas puede producir sobre

excavaciones, si no existe un adecuado control de la energía de
impacto por parte del operador.

Martillo hidráulico NO DEBE generar sobre excavación.

C1 – Geomecánica Básica – Codelco 2020

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Cuadernillo de Aprendizaje / GEOMECÁNICA BÁSICA/ VP Codelco

2020

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