Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
La familia indoeuropea, a la que pertenecen la mayoría de las lenguas de Europa y Asia meridional, incluye más de
150 idiomas hablados por alrededor de 3200 millones de personas (aproximadamente un 45 % de la población mundial).1
De estas, unos 1200 millones corresponden a hablantes de las lenguas indoiranias, unos 950 millones de hablantes de
las lenguas románicas y unos 820 millones de hablantes de las lenguas germánicas.
El idioma común ancestral se conoce como protoindoeuropeo. Existe desacuerdo en torno al punto geográfico en el
que se originó (urheimat). Los principales lugares propuestos son el sur de Rusia, el óblast de Kurgán, el sudeste
de Ucrania, Armenia o Irán.
Esta familia está formada por las siguientes
subfamilias: albanesa, armenia, báltica, céltica, eslava, germánica, griega, indoirania (que incluye las lenguas indoarias y
las iranias) e itálica (que incluye el latín y las lenguas románicas). A ellas se suman dos subfamilias hoy desaparecidas:
la anatolia (que incluye la lengua de los hititas) y la tocaria. Desde la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII, y durante todo
el siglo XIX, la lingüística histórica y la neogramática intentaron reunir datos suficientes para demostrar que este conjunto
de lenguas, aparentemente diversas, formaban parte de una única familia.
Vedic Sanskrit (c. 1500–500 BC). This language is unique in that its source documents were all composed orally,
and were passed down through oral tradition (shakha schools) for c. 2,000 years before ever being written down. The
oldest documents are all in poetic form; oldest and most important of all is the Rigveda (c. 1500 BC).
Ancient Greek (c. 750–400 BC). Mycenaean Greek (c. 1450 BC) is the oldest recorded form, but its value is
lessened by the limited material, restricted subject matter, and highly ambiguous writing system. More important is
Ancient Greek, documented extensively beginning with the two Homeric poems (the Iliad and the Odyssey, c. 750
BC).
Hittite (c. 1700–1200 BC). This is the earliest-recorded of all Indo-European languages, and highly divergent from
the others due to the early separation of the Anatolian languages from the remainder. It possesses some highly
archaic features found only fragmentarily, if at all, in other languages. At the same time, however, it appears to have
undergone many early phonological and grammatical changes which, combined with the ambiguities of its writing
system, hinder its usefulness somewhat.
Other primary sources:
Latin, attested in a huge amount of poetic and prose material in the Classical period (c. 200 BC – 100 AD) and
limited older material from as early as c. 600 BC.
Gothic (the most archaic well-documented Germanic language, c. 350 AD), along with the combined witness of
the other old Germanic languages: most importantly, Old English (c. 800–1000 AD), Old High German (c. 750–1000
AD) and Old Norse (c. 1100–1300 AD, with limited earlier sources dating all the way back to c. 200 AD).
Old Avestan (c. 1700–1200 BC) and Younger Avestan (c. 900 BC). Documentation is sparse, but nonetheless
quite important due to its highly archaic nature.
Modern Lithuanian, with limited records in Old Lithuanian (c. 1500–1700 AD).
Old Church Slavonic (c. 900–1000 AD).
Other secondary sources, of lesser value due to poor attestation:
1. As in other centum languages, the "plain velar" and "palatal" stops merged, reducing the number of stops from 15
to 12.
2. As in the other Germanic languages, the Germanic sound shift changed the realization of all stop consonants,
with each consonant shifting to a different one:
bʰ → b → p → f
dʰ → d → t → θ
gʰ → g → k → x (Later initial x →h)
gʷʰ → gʷ → kʷ → xʷ (Later initial xʷ →hʷ)
Each original consonant shifted one position to the right. For example, original dʰ became d,
while original d became t and original t became θ (written th in English). This is the original
source of the English sounds written f, th, h and wh. Examples, comparing English with Latin,
where the sounds largely remain unshifted:
For PIE p: piscis vs. fish; pēs, pēdis vs. foot; pluvium "rain" vs. flow; pater vs. father
For PIE t: trēs vs. three; māter vs. mother
For PIE d: decem vs. ten; pēdis vs. foot; quid vs. what
For PIE k: centum vs. hund(red); capere "to take" vs. have
For PIE kʷ: quid vs. what; quandō vs. when
The Indo-Aryan languages preserve the three series unchanged but have evolved a fourth series of voiceless
aspirated consonants.
The Iranian languages probably passed through the same stage, subsequently changing the aspirated stops into
fricatives.
Greek converted the voiced aspirates into voiceless aspirates.
Italic probably passed through the same stage, but reflects the voiced aspirates as voiceless fricatives,
especially f (or sometimes plain voiced stops in Latin).
Celtic, Balto-Slavic, Anatolian, and Albanian merge the voiced aspirated into plain voiced stops.
Germanic and Armenian change all three series in a chain shift (e.g. with bh b p becoming b p f (known
as Grimm's law in Germanic).
Among the other notable changes affecting consonants are:
Ancient
PIE English Gothic Latin Celtic
Greek
modern, c.
(predomi 2000 Old Irish, c. 800
Classical
nant AD; Late AD;
c. 350 AD c. 100 BC Attic, c.
dialects West modern Welsh, c.
400 BC
used:) Saxon OE, 2000 AD
c. 1000 AD
*méH₂tēr OIr māthir "mothe
mother (< ON móðir māter "m mḗtēr "m
- "mother r"; W modryb "aun
OE mōdor) "mother" other" other"
" tie"
pʰrāt́ ēr "m
*bʰréH₂te ember of OIr brāth(a)ir, W b
brother (< brōþar "br frāter "br
r- "brothe a phratry rawd (pl. brodyr)
OE brōþor) other" other"
r" (brotherh "brother"
ood)"
sister (< O
E sweostor
*swésor " , swistar "si soror "sist éor "sister OIr siur, W chwaer
sister" influenced ster" er" " "sister"
by ON sys
tir)
obsolete n
*nepot- " eve "neph nepōs
népodes " OIr nïæ "sister's
nephew, ew, male OHG nevo (nepōtis)
descendan son", W nai "nephe
grandson cousin, "nephew" "grandson
ts" w"
" grandson" , nephew"
(< OE nefa)
*dāiH₂u̯ ēr
- "husban OHG zeihh
OE tācor " levir "hus dāēr "hus
d's or "husban W daw(f) "brother-
husband's band's band's
brother, d's in-law"
brother" brother" brother"
brother- brother"
in-law"
People[edit]
Ancient
PIE English Gothic Latin Celtic
Greek
guma " homō "per khthōn OIr duine, W
*dʰĝʰem OE guma "p man" son" dyn "person"
"the
on- "pers erson, < *dʰĝʰom-
earth"
on, man", yo-
human brȳdguma " khamai
(lit. of bridegroom
"on the
the "[2]
ground"
earth" khthonic
Ner-ō
ON Njǫ
*H₂ner- " (personal anḗr W nêr "lord,
rðr (na
man, name), neri (andros) prince,
me of a
hero" ōsus "stron "man" leader; hero"
God)
g"
werewolf
*wiH-ro- waír " OIr fer, W gŵ
(< OE wer " vir "man"
"man" man" r "man"
man")
OIr ben
(mná) "wom
qēns gunḗ an, wife"
*gʷén- queen (< OE (qēnáis (gunaiko < *gʷén-eH₂
eH₂- "wo cwēn "quee ), s) "wom (*gʷn-eH₂-s),
man, n, woman, qinō " an, wife" bé (neut.)
wife" wife") woman < *gʷun- "wife
, wife" eH₂ < *gʷén; W b
enyw "woma
n"
Pronouns, particles[edit]
*egH₂ " egō "I"
I (< OE ic̣) ik "I" egṓ, egṓn "I" es "I"
I" < *egoH₂
OIr me-
*H₁me-
me (< OE mē, me mik "me mē(d) "m emé, me "me sse,
"me
c < *H₁me-ge) (acc.)" e (acc.)" (acc.)" mé, W m
(acc.)"
i "I"
OIr infix -
m- "me";
*H₁meĝ
W -'m in
ʰi "me
fixed
(dat.)",
mis "me mihi "me moi "me (dat., accusativ
*(H₁)m me (< OE mē)
(dat.)" (dat.)" gen. encl.)" e first
oi "me
person
(dat.
singular
encl.)"
pronoun
"me"
*tu "yo OIr tū,
u" thou (< OE þū "yo Doric tú (standar tu-ssu,
þu "you" tū "you"
(nom. u") d sú) tu-sso, W
sg.) ti
OIr ni "w
e, us"
*wei " hēm- "we, us"; <? *s-
[3]
we"; *n̥ we (< OE wē), us Aeol ámme "u nēs,
weis "we", nōs "we,
s-mé, e (< OE ūs < PGerm s" gen. ar
uns "us" us"
ncl. *no *uns < *n̥ s) < *asme < *n̥ sm n- < *n̥ s-
s "us" e rō-m; W
ni "we"
< *nēs
OIr sī,
sissi "you
(nom.
*yū "yo
pl.)"
u (nom.
< *sw-, u
pl.)"; *u jūs "you
ye (< OE gē "you ai-b "of
s-wé, (nom. hum- "you
(nom. vōs "you you (pl.)"
*us-mé, pl.)", izwis[5] (pl.)"; Aeol úmm
[4] pl.)"), you (< OE ē (nom./acc. < *ō-swī,
encl. "you e "you (acc. pl.)"
ow[5] "you pl.)" NIr far
*wos "y (acc./dat. < *usme
(acc./dat. pl.)") n- "your
ou pl.)"
(pl.)"; W
(acc./da
chwi "yo
t. pl.)"
u (nom.
pl.)"
< *sw-
OIr fein (
*s(w)e- self,
"onesel himself);
swes (ref. g
f"; W hun(a
self (< OE self', se n. pn.), OH sē (ref.
(reflexiv hé (ref. pn.) n) "self,
olf) G sih (ref. pn.)
e myself,
pn.)
pronou himself/h
n) erself
etc"
quid "wha
*kʷid,
what (< OE hwæt t?", quod tí "what?", tì "wh OIr cid "
kʷod " ƕa "what"
) "what…, at…" what?"
what"
that…"
Numbers[edit]
See also: Proto-Indo-European numerals and List of numbers in various languages
Gothi Ancient
PIE English Latin
c Greek
sem-el "
once", s
em-per
heĩs,
same (< ON sam "always
hén,
r); OE sam- "toge ", sim-
sama mía "on
*sem- "one, ther"; plex "si
"same e"
together" [also German ngle,
" < *sems,
Language zusam simple",
*sem,
men] sin-gulī
*smiH₂
"one
each,
single"
oĩnos "o
ūnus (ar ne (on a
*ói-nos, ói- ains "
one (< OE ān) chaic oi die)", oĩ(
wos "one" one"
nos) w)os "al
one"
twái (f
em. t
*dwóH₁ ,
wōs, duo "tw dúō "tw
neut. *dwóy(H₁ two (< OE twā)
neut. o" o"
) "two"
twa)
"two"
*tréyes (fem. *
þreis " trēs "th treĩs "th
tisres,[8] neut. * three (< OE þrīe)
three" ree" ree"
tríH₂) "three"
*kʷetwóres (fe four (< OE fēowe fidwo quattuo téssares
m. *kʷétesres, r) r "four r "four" "four"
neut. *kʷetwṓr " (In
Germ
anic
influe
nced
) "four"
by
pénkʷ
e
"five")
fimf " quīnqu pénte "fi
*pénkʷe "five" five (< OE fīf)
five" e "five" ve"
héx,
sáihs sex "six
*swék̂s "six" six (< OE siex) dial. wéx
"six" "
"six"
sibun
*septḿ̥ "seven seven (< OE seof septem heptá "s
"seve
" on) "seven" even"
n"
ahtáu
*H₁ok̂tō(u) "eig eight (< OE eaht octō "ei oktṓ "ei
"eight
ht" a) ght" ght"
"
*(H₁)néwn̥ "nin niun " novem ennéa "
nine (< OE nigon)
e" nine" "nine" nine"
taíhu
decem déka "te
*dék̂m̥t "ten" ten (< OE tien) n "ten
"ten" n"
"
*wīk̂́ m̥tiH₁ "twe
(remo
nty" < *dwi- vīgintī " eíkosi "t
(remodelled) delled
dk̂m̥t-iH₁ "two twenty" wenty"
)
tens"
hunda
*k̂m̥tóm "hund centum he-
hundred (< OE h (pl.)
red" "hundre katón "h
und, hund-red) "hund
< *dk̂m̥tóm d" undred"
red"
Body parts[edit]
Go
Ancient
PIE English thi Latin
Greek
c
tear (<
tag
*(d)á OE tēa
r "t lacrima
kru- " r, dákru "tear"
ear "tear"
tear" tæhhe
"
r)
*dn̥ ĝʰ
tug
uH₂-, lingua "
tongue gō
*dn̥ ĝʰ tongue"
(< OE t "to
wéH₂ (archaic
unge) ng
"tong dingua)
ue"
ue"
ĝ(o)n
génus
H₂dʰo kin
(génuos) "chi
s "ja chin (< nus
gena "c n,
w, OE c̣in "ch
heek" jaw"; gnátʰos,
cheek n) eek
gnatʰmós "ja
, "
w" < *ĝnH₂dʰ-
chin"
gónu (Hom ge
n. gounós < *
*ĝén
kni gonwós)
u, knee (
u " genū "k "knee", pró-
ĝnéus < OE c
kne nee" kʰnu "with
"knee nēo)
e" outstretched
"
knee" < *pró-
gʰnu
tun
odṓn
þus
*H₁d tooth ( dēns (odóntos) "to
"to
ónt-, < OE t (dentis) oth" < Proto-
oth
*H₁d ōþ < * "tooth" Greek *edónt
"
n̥ t- "t H₁dont < *H₁dn̥ -, cf.
< *
ooth" -) t- Aeol. édontes
H₁d
"teeth"
n̥ t-
*H₂ós os
ostéon "bone
t- "bo (ossis) "
"
ne" bone"
áus
*H₂o ear (<
ō " auris "e
us- "e OE ēar oũs "ear"
ear ar"
ar" e)
"
ON
*nas- nose (< nāsus,
nǫs
"nose OE nos nāris "n
"no
" u) ose"
se"
*pōd
fōt
s, pēs poús
foot (< us
*ped- (pedis) (podós) "foot
OE fōt) "fo
"foot "foot" "
ot"
"
*yḗk
jecur
ʷr̥, hẽpar
(jecinor
yekʷ (hḗpatos) "liv
is) "liver
nés "l er"
"
iver"
*ǵʰés
hir
r̥ ~
*ǵʰs- "hand" kheír
r-és (rare,
"hand"
anatomi
"hand
cal)
"
Animals[edit]
An
cie
nt
PIE English Gothic Latin
Gr
ee
k
*é
k̂w
os
híp
"h
po
ors aíƕa-
OE eoh " equus "ho s "
e", "horse
horse" rse" ho
"fa "[13]
rse
st
"
ani
ma
l"
*g cow (< Old bōs bo
ʷō OE cū) Saxon (bovis) "c ũs,
us kō, OH attle"; Um Do
"ca G chu brian acc. r b
ttle o "cow bum "cow õs
"[14] " "[15] (b
o(
w)
ós)
"ca
ttle
,
co
w"
awistr
*H ó(
ewe (< "sheep
₂ó w)i
OE ēow fold";
wi- ovis "shee s "
"sheep", OHG o
"sh p" sh
ēowu "e uwi,
ee ee
we") ou "sh
p" p"
eep"
*H
árk
₂rt
tos
k̂o ursus "be
"b
s " ar"
ear
be
"
ar"
*k̂
kú
wo
ōn
n- hound (
(ku
"h < OE hu hunds canis "dog
nó
ou nd "dog" "dog" "
s) "
nd, )
do
do
g"
g"
*m
mũ
uH
mouse ( ON m s "
₁s- mūs "mou
< OE mū ús "m mo
"m se"
s) ouse" us
ou
e"
se"
*s hũ
uH s,
sow (< O ON sýr
s- " sūs "pig" sũs
E sū) "sow"
pig "pi
" g"
*w
lúk
l ̥kʷ wulfs
os
os wolf (< (wulfis lupus "wo
"w
"w OE wulf) ) "wolf lf"
olf
olf "
"
"
*ĝʰ
kʰḗ
an
OHG g n "
s- " goose (< (h)ānser "
ans "g go
go OE gōs) goose"
oose" os
os
e"
e"
*H Scot enn OHG e ānas "duc ne
₂en et "duck nita "d k" ssa
,
H₂-
ne
t(i) "
tta
- " (< OE en uck"
"d
du ed)
uc
ck"
k"
Agriculture[edit]
Anci
Englis ent
PIE Gothic Latin
h Gree
k
corn (
*ĝr̥H₂- grānu
< OE c kaúrn
no- "g m "gr
orn "g "corn"
rain" ain"
rain")
acre ( ager
*H₂éĝr agró
< OE akrs " (agrī)
os "fie s "fie
æcer " field" "field
ld" ld"
field") "
aróō
"I
plow
arō
"
(arāre
< *H
*H₂er OE eri arjan " ) "to
₂erH
H₃- "to an "to to plow"
₃-
plow" plow" plow" , arātr
oH₂,
um "p
árotr
low"
on "
plow
"
milk ( mulg
< OE miluks eō
*H₂me amél
meolc (miluk (mulg
lĝ- "to gō "I
, s) "mil ēre) "
milk" milk"
miolu k" to
c) milk"
molō
múll
*melH meal ( malan (mole
ō "I
₂- "to < OE "to re) "t
grind
grind" melu) grind" o
"
grind"
mēdu
*médʰ
s "a
u "hon mead midus métʰ
type
ey", (< OE "mead u "wi
of
"mead medu) " ne"
mead
""
"[17]
háls
salt (< sāl
*sal- " salt "s (haló
OE se (salis)
salt" alt" s) "s
alt) "salt"
alt"
serō
(serer
*seH₁-
saian e) "to
"to
"to sow"
sow sow (
sow"; < *si-
(seed) < OE s
OHG s sH₁-
", *sé āwan)
āmo " oH₂, s
H₁mn̥
seed" ēmen
"seed"
"seed
"
Lati Ancient
PIE English Gothic
n Greek
*uz-
anan "
OE ōþian
*H₂en to
"breathe ani
H₁- "t expire
hard" ma " ánemos
o ", ON
< PGerm brea "wind"
breat anda "
*anþōjan th"
he" to
ã
breath
e"
sūd
sweat (<
*swei or "s (e)ĩdos "
OE swǣt ON sv
d- "sw wea sweat
an "to eiti
eat" t (n.)"
sweat")
(n.)"
edō
édō "I
(ēss
eat",
e) "t
Homeric
o
*H₁ed athema
eat (< OE itan "t eat"
- "to tic
etan) o eat" , ēst
eat" infinitiv
"(he
e édme
)
nai "to
eats
eat"
"
bibō
potable ( (bib
< OF pota ere)
ble) "to ́
pīnō,
*peH₃ imbibe (< drin pépoma
- "to Lat. biber k", p i "I
drink" e "to ōtus drink"
drink" "dri
via OF im nk
biber) (n.)"
gign
ō
(gig
nere
) "to
prod
*ĝenH uce"
₁-, *gi- (OLa
ĝnéH₁ kind (< O -kunds t. ge
gígnom
(-sk̂)-, E (ġe)cyn "born" nō);
ai "I
*ĝn̥ - d); OE cen ; OHG nā-
become
néH₁- nan "prod kind "c scor
"
"to uce" hild" (nās
give cī) "t
birth" o be
born
"
< *ĝ
n̥ H₁-
skṓ-
r
*H₂eu eke (< OE aukan, aug a(w)éks
g-, ēacian "to aukna eō ō "I
n "to
increas
e
increase") (intr.)" increase
(aug
H₂we ; wax (of , wahs (intr.)",
ēre)
g- "to the jan "to aúksō,
"to
grow, moon) grow" auksánō
incr
increa (< OE we < "I
ease
se" axan "to orig. c increase
(tr.)"
grow") aus. * (tr.)"
H₂wog
-s-éy-
onom
*gʷiH
vīvu
₃wo- " bíos,
s "al
alive", quick (< O bíotos "l
qius "a ive";
*gʷiH E cwicu "a ife", zoo
live" vīta
₃wo- live") "animal
"life
teH₂ " "
"
life"
mori
or
(mo
rī) "t
o brotós (
murder (<
*mer- maúrþ die" < *mrot
OE morþo
"to r "mur < * ós), mor
r < *mr̥ -
die" der" mr̥ - tós "mo
tro-m)
yōr, rtal"
mor
talis
"mo
rtal"
Anci
Gothi ent
PIE English Latin
c Gre
ek
Natural features[edit]
Gothi Ancient
PIE English Latin
c Greek
Iuppit
er
(Iovis
), Old
ON tī Latin
*dyē Tues-
var "g Diū-
us, day
ods", piter
déiw (< OE T Zdeús
Týr " (Diovi
os[21] īwes- (Di(w)ós)
Tīw" s) "Ju [21]
"sky, dæġ lit. "Zeus"
(the piter"
day, "day of
war ; diēs
god" Tīw"[22])
god) "day",
deus,
dīvus
"god"[
23]
*seH₂ Homeric
sauil,
wol-, sun (< hēélios "s
sunn sōl "s
*sH₂u OE sun un"
ō "su un"
n- "su ne) < *sāwéli
n"
n" os
*wód
Umbr
r̥
ian ut
(udén watō
ur "w
s) pl. water ( (wati húdōr
ater",
*wéd < OE w ns) " (húdatos)
Latin
ōr æter) water "water"
unda
(udné "
"wav
s) "w
e"
ater"
*doru
, triu "
tree (< dóru,
*dreu tree,
OE trēo drûs "tre
- "wo wood
) e, wood"
od, "
tree"
*H₂w
eH₁n̥ t wind (< wind
áenta (ac
o- "wi OE win s "wi
ventu c.)
nd", * d); OE nd";
s "win "wind", á
H₂we wāwan waia
d" ēsi "(he)
H₁- "t "to n "to
blows"
o blow" blow"
blow"
snow (
nix
< OE sn
(nivis
āw < *s
) "sno
*snei noigʷh nípʰa (ac
w", ni
gʷʰ- " os, snī snáiw c.)
nguō
to wan "t s "sn "snow", n
(ning
snow o ow" eípʰei "it
uere)
" snow" snows"
"to
< *snei
snow
gʷhono
"
m)
Umbr
fōn ian pi
(funi r "fire
ns)[26] "
*péH
"fire" < *pū
₂wr̥, fire (<
; OHG r, pũr
pH₂u OE fȳr
fuïr[26] acc. p (purós) "
nés " < *fuïr[2
(two urom fire"
bonfir 6])
syllab -e "in
e"[26]
les) to the
< *pu fire"
wéri < *pu
r-
?warm
(< OE
wearm)
; OE ġie ?
*gʷʰe rwan "t warm
form
rm- " o jan "t tʰermós "
us "w
warm prepar o warm"
arm"
" e, warm
cook" "
< PGer
m *gar
wjan
lūceō
*leuk liuha (lūcēr
leukós "b
- "ligh light (< þ e) "to
right,
t, OE lēo (liuha shine
shining,
bright ht) dis) "l ", lūx
white"
ness" ight" "light
"
Directions[edit]
Anc
ien San
Engl Lati
PIE Gothic t skri
ish n
Gre t
ek
per
faírra "far
*per- "th far ( per í, pári
"; faír- "ar
rough, < OE "thr pér "for
ound;
across, feor oug "for war
(intensifie
beyond" r) h" war d"
r)"
d"
sup
er " upá
over ri "
" ove
over hu
*upér(i) " ufar "over (infl r,
(< O pér
over, , above, uen abo
E of "ov
above" beyond" ced ve,
er) er"
by s bey
ub " ond
und "
er")
án-
īka-
"fac
in (< in "in,
in "i en e"
*en "in" OE i into,
n" "in" < ?
n) towards"
*en
i-
Hkʷ
af "from,
of,
of, by" ab " apó ápa
*apó "aw off (
(ab-u awa "fro "aw
ay" < OE
"from ...?" y" m" ay"
of)
)
Basic adjectives[edit]
An
cie
Got La nt
PIE English
hic tin Gr
ee
k
m mé
mid,
midj edi s(s)
*medʰy middle
is " us os
o- "mid, (< OE m
mid "m "mi
middle" id,
dle" idd ddl
middel)
le" e"
m
much (
ag mé
< OE m miki
*meĝ- " nu gas
yc̣el "bi ls "b
big" s " "bi
g, ig"
big g"
many")
"
gr
bar
kaúr āvi
*gʷerH₂ ús
us " s "
- "heavy "he
hea he
" avy
vy" av
"
y"
ru
rau eru
be
þs tʰr
*H₁reud r "
(rau ós
ʰ-, *H₁r re
red (< O dis) "re
oudʰ- d"
E rēad < "red d"
os, *H₁r <
*H₁rou " < *
udʰ- *H
dʰ-os) < * H₁r
rós[27] "r ₁ru
H₁ro ud
ed" dʰ-
udʰ- ʰ-
ró
os rós
s
*alyos,
else (< aljis, ali áll
*anyos
OE elles anþ us os
"other";
); other ar " "ot "ot
*antero
(< OE ō othe he her
s "secon
þer) r" r" "
d"
no né(
new (< niuji vu w)
*néwo-
OE nīw s "n s " os
"new"
e) ew" ne "ne
w" w"
juv
young (
jugg eni
*H₂yuH < OE ġe
s "y s "
n̥ - "you ong < *
oun yo
ng" H₂yuHn̥
g" un
k̂ós)
g"
*sen- "o sine se hé
ld" igs " ne nos
"fo
rm
er,
fro
old m
x "
(per a
old
son) for
"
" me
r
per
iod
"
nu gu
naked ( naq du mn
*nogʷ- < OE na aþs s " ós
"naked" cod "na "nak na "na
ked") ed" ke ked
d" "
Construction, fabrication[edit]
Ancie
La
PIE English Gothic nt
tin
Greek
*dʰ
we
r- " for
do ēs
or, daúr, (pl. tʰurā
door (< OE
do daúrō " ) "door
dor, duru)
or door" "d "
wa oo
y, r"
gat
e"
*d
om
do
o-,
mu
*d
timber (< s
om timrjan
OE timber (d dómo
u- " "to
"house, om s "ho
ho build,
building ūs) use"
use erect"
material") "h
",
ou
"ho
se"
me
"
su
*s( ō
y)u (su
humḗ
H- sew (< OE siujan "t er
n "sin
"to sēowan) o sew" e)
ew"
se "to
w" se
w"
*te
tex
ks-
ō téktō
"to
OHG de (te n "car
fas
hsa, xer pente
hio OE þeox "s
dehsala e) r", tík
n, pear"
"hatche "to tō "I
con
t" we give
str
av birth"
uct
e"
"
*w
ebʰ weave (< O
hupʰa
- "t E wefan), OHG we
ínō "I
o web (<P.G ban "to
weav
we mc. *wabj weave"
e"
ave an)
"
(w)ér
gon "
ur
work"
ge
, érdō
ō
*w ,
(ur
erĝ hrézd
work (< OE waúrkja gēr
- "t ō "I
weorc, n "to e)
o work"
wyrc̣an) work" "to
wo < *wé
pu
rk" rĝ-
sh,
yoH₂,
dri
*wré
ve"
ĝ-
yoH₂
Self-motion, rest[edit]
La Ancie
PI Got
English ti nt
E hic
n Greek
*
H₁
es
-
"t
o
b
e"
su
,
m
*
(e
H₁
ss
es estí "is
e)
-ti ,"; Dor
"i "I ian
s" a Greek
Cf is (< OE ist " m entí "(
. I is) is" (t they)
n o are"
d be <- *H₁s
o- )"; -enti
E es
ur t "
it
o
is
p
"
e
a
n
c
o
p
ul
a
* be (< O bau fu pʰúom
bʰ E bēon) an " ī " ai "I
u ; OE bū to I becom
H an "to dwe w e", épʰ
₂- dwell" ll" as ū "bec
"t " ame"
o
b
ec
o
m
e"
Cf
. I
n
d
o-
E
ur
o
p
e
a
n
c
o
p
ul
a
se
de
ō
(s
ed
ēr
e)
"t
*s o
e sit
hézdo
d- ",
mai "I
, sī
sit (< O sit"
*s sita d
E sittan < *sed
i- n "t ō
< *sed- -yo-, h
z o "I
yo- izdō "I
d- sit" sit
nom) set"
"t d
< *si-
o o
zd-oH₂
si w
t" n"
<
*s
i-
zd
-
o
H
₂
*l
e
gʰ
- le
liga
"t ct lékʰo
lie (< O n "t
o us mai "I
E lic̣ga o lie
li "b lie
n) dow
e ed down"
n"
d "
o
w
n"
* home ( hái cī keĩtai
k̂ < OE h ms vi "lies"
ei
-
"t
o
li s "
e cit
(d y
o d
w (hái w
n) mái ell
; s) "v er
ām "vill
b illag ,
age,
e e, ci
home"
d, tow tiz
< *k̂oi-
c n" en
mos)
oz < *k̂ "
y, oi- <
d mis *
e k̂e
ar i-
, wi
fa s
m
ili
ar
"
st
ō
(s
*s
tā
te
re
H
) "
₂-
to
"t
stan st
o
dan an
st
"to d"
a
stan , s
n
d"; ist Doric
d stand (
OH ō hístā
(i. < OE st
G st (si mi "I
e. andan)
ān, st stand"
b
stēn er
e
"to e)
st
stan "t
a
d" o
n
ca
di
us
n
e
g)
to
"
st
an
d"
* yede (< iddj eō eĩmi "I
H₁ OE ēod a " (īr (will)
ei e "went wen e) go"
- ") t" "t
"t o
o
go
g
"
o"
* ve
g ni
ʷ ō
e (v
qim
m en
come ( an "
- īr baínō
< OE cu to
"t e) "I go"
man) com
o "t
e"
c o
o co
m m
e" e"
se
*s q
e u
k or
OE sec̣g
ʷ- ON (s
"follow hépo
"t seg eq
er, mai "I
o gr " uī
compa follow
fo her ) "
nion, "
ll o" to
man"
o fo
w llo
" w
"
Object motion[edit]
*
fer
bʰ
baír ō
er
an " (fer
- " pʰerō "I
bear (< OE beran) to re)
to carry"
carr "to
ca
y" carr
rr
y"
y"
*
veh Pamphyli
w ga-
ō an wekʰ
e wig
weigh (< OE wega (ve étō "he
ĝʰ an "
n "carry"); way (< her should
- " to
OE weġ); wain "w e) " bring"; C
to mo
agon" to ypriot é
co ve,
(< OE wæġn)[28] con wekse "b
n sha
vey rought
ve ke"
" there"
y"
*
d
e
H₃ dō
-, (da
dʰ re) dídōmi "I
H̥ ₃ "to give"
- " give
to "
gi
ve
"
* hab
cap
k an "
iō
a to
(ca
p- have (< OE habba hav káptō "I
per
"t n), heave (< OE he e", snatch,
e) "
o bban) hafj swallow"
to
gr an "
tak
a to
e"
b" lift"
*
gʰ
a hab
bʰ eō
gib
- " (ha
an "
to bēr
give (< OE ġiefan) to
se e) "
give
iz to
"
e, hav
ta e"
ke
"
*l
ei
k
ʷ-
,
*l linq
i- uō
n (lin
lei
e- que
ƕa leípō,
k re)
n "t limpánō
ʷ- OE lēon "to lend" "to
o "I leave
"t lea
len behind"
o ve
d"
le beh
av ind
e "
b
e
hi
n
d"
Time[edit]
Ancie
Engli Got nt
PIE Latin
sh hic Gree
k
yest gistr
*dʰĝʰ erda a- "t kʰtʰé
heri "
yés "y y (< omo s "ye
yester
ester OE ġ rro sterd
day"
day" eost w ay"
ra) (?)"
*H₂eu
sōs "d
awn", east aurōr
*H₂eu ern ( ON a "da Doric
s- < OE aust wn", āṓs "
tero- ēast r "e auru dawn
"east" erne ast" m "go "
, *H₂e ) ld"
uso- "
gold"
ON
*ĝʰye
gói kʰeĩ
m-, hiems
"win ma "
ĝʰeim "wint
ter winte
- "win er"
mon r"
ter"
th"
*wés-
r̥, ON (w)é
wes- vár vēr "s ar "s
n-és " "spr pring" pring
spring ing" "
"
OH
G wi
dar
"ma
le
she
ep",
MH
wet
G ve
her "
rt "l vetus
*wet- castr (w)ét
ast (veter
"year ated os "y
year is) "ol
", *pe male ear",
" d" (pe
r-ut- " shee pérus
<- * rīre) "
last p" i "last
per- to
year" (< O year"
ut-, die"
E we
ON
þer),
fjor
ð "la
st
year
"
<- *
per-
ut-
A A
B B
bala (Kugel, Ballen) Ball (balón, pelota)
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I/J I/J
L L
M/N M/N
P P
Q/R Q/R
S S
T T
V/Y V/Y
ya (schon) ja (sí)
Por ejemplo, desde el punto de vista de la sintaxis, el alemán y el español no construyen las frases
de la misma forma. Y la gramática alemana no se parece en nada a la española.
En primer lugar, hay que señalar que el español y el alemán, al igual que la mayoría de las lenguas
europeas, tienen un mismo origen común.
A partir del siglo XVII, los eruditos observaron que había similitudes entre el griego, el latín y las
lenguas europeas modernas.
Así, el alemán y el español provienen de la lengua primitiva indoeuropea. Esta lengua, hablada
mucho antes de la aparición de la escritura, evolucionó y se dividió para dar lugar con el tiempo a las
diferentes lenguas que conocemos hoy en día.
La primera similitud de todos estos idiomas, incluyendo el alemán y el español, es que son flexivos.
Esto significa que las palabras de estos idiomas cambian de forma por razones gramaticales. ¿Vas a
estudiar las famosas declinaciones de la lengua alemana? ¡Pues así te darás cuenta de que estás
aprendiendo una lengua flexiva!
Los extranjerismos, o también llamados Fremdwörter en alemán, son las palabras que un idioma
toma prestado de otro. Muchas veces ocurre que apenas se ve alterada su ortografía. El alemán se
alimenta de palabras que provienen del latín, griego, francés etc.
Aquí tienes una pequeña lista de palabras que ha tomado prestadas el alemán del castellano:
Embargo (embargo)
Moskito (mosquito)
Germanismos en castellano
Blanco (de Blank que significa «vacío»)
Yelmo (de Helm)
Brindis (de Bring dir es que significa «yo te lo ofrezco»)
Cobalto (de Kobalt)
Níquel (de Nickel)
Leitmotiv (de Leitmotiv)
Zepelín (de Zeppelin)
Vals (de Walzer)
Delicatesen (de Delikatessen)
Bigote (de Bei Gott que significa «por Dios»
Escanciar (del gótico skankjan).
Espía (del gótico spaíha)
Fresco (del germánico frisk)
Guarecer (del germánico *warjan, proteger)
Guerra (del germánico *werra, pelea, discordia; del alemán antiguo wërra; del neerlandés
medio warre)
Rico (del gótico reiks)
Rueca (del germánico rokko)
cuarzo, zinc, enzima, pistola, nazi, acordeón
Además, entre ambos países existe una larga historia de movimientos migratorios. En los años
sesenta hubo muchos españoles que emigraron a las ciudades industriales de la RFA motivados por
la oferta alemana para trabajadores extranjeros (Gastarbeiter), escapando así de la pobreza que
reinaba en la dictadura franquista. A partir de los años ochenta, en plena Transición española, el flujo
de alemanes que establecen su residencia en España aumenta considerablemente, siendo
actualmente el número de residentes alemanes en España mayor que el de españoles en Alemania.
En primer lugar, hay que señalar que el español y el alemán, al igual que la mayoría de las lenguas
europeas, tienen un mismo origen común.
Al compartir una raíz de lengua romance común del español y el alemán, una porción (aunque pequeña) de la
estructura gramatical y vocabulario, facilita un poco el aprendizaje del alemán como segundo idioma.
Bibliografía[editar]
Bernard Comrie, ed. (1987). The Major Languages of South Asia, the Middle East and Africa. Londres:
Routledge. ISBN 0-415-05772-8.
Clackson, James. (2007). Indo-European linguistics: An Introduction. Londres: Cambridge University Press. ISBN
978-0-521-65367-1.
Rodríguez Adrados, Francisco. (1975). Lingüística indoeuropea. Madrid: Gredos. ISBN 84-249-0049-9.