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INFLAMACIÓN Y MPTP
En 1983, Langston et al describieron en San José, California, unos casos de
parkinsonismo con ciertas peculiaridades, ya que todos los individuos eran jóvenes y
presentaban un cuadro clínico casi idéntico al de los pacientes con EP, respondiendo
también al tratamiento con levodopa [21]. Todos ellos eran drogadictos y habían
utilizado heroína contaminada con una sustancia denominada 1-metil-4-fenil-1,2,3,6-
tetrahidropiridina, comúnmente conocida como MPTP. Esta toxina inyectada en
primates inducía también un parkinsonismo que revertía con la administración de
levodopa o agonistas dopaminérgicos [22,23]. 16 años más tarde, con el fallecimiento
de tres de aquellos jóvenes intoxicados, se ha publicado el estudio post mortem de su
cerebro realizado por el mismo grupo de Langston, que demuestra que aparece
microglia activada (HLA-DR positiva) en la SNpc [24].
Este hecho hizo renacer el interés por la importancia que los procesos inflamatorios
podían tener en el parkinsonismo, ya que estos sujetos no habían recibido ninguna dosis
de MPTP muchos años antes de su muerte y, sin embargo, la inflamación local se
mantenía. El hallazgo supuso un gran avance, ya que los procesos inflamatorios pueden
activarse por una noxa o un evento tóxico puntual y aislado –como la administración de
MPTP–, en un momento dado, y ser capaces de sostenerse en el tiempo. El trabajo de
Langston realizado en los tres humanos fallecidos se ha corroborado, además,
recientemente en un estudio realizado por el mismo grupo de McGeer en primates
intoxicados con MPTP, donde también se observa activación glial en la SNpc años
después de la última dosis de MPTP [25]. En paralelo al grupo de McGeer, nuestro
grupo también ha encontrado activación microglial en la SNpc de primates
parkinsonianos, que, además, se localiza fundamentalmente en la región ventrolateral de
la SNpc, donde la neurodegeneración dopaminérgica es mayor y no aparecen cambios
en el estriado [26]. Sin embargo, en los trabajos de Langston y McGeer, tanto los
humanos intoxicados como los monos tratados con MPTP, respectivamente, se muestra
que se habían tratado alguna vez con levodopa o con agonistas dopaminérgicos, por lo
que quedaba por esclarecer si la levodopa era capaz de inducir esa activación microglial
o si ésta era consecuencia del proceso degenerativo per se. Así, el trabajo de nuestro
grupo muestra que en primates no tratados nunca con levodopa ni agonistas
dopaminérgicos, la activación microglial se presenta al menos un año después de la
última dosis de MPTP. Sin embargo, el punto clave que queda por dilucidar es la
hipótesis de si esos procesos inflamatorios, iniciados por células gliales activas, se
mantienen en el tiempo y son capaces de inducir o perpetuar la muerte neuronal.
PERSPECTIVAS TERAPÉUTICAS
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