avtoris stili daculia

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti

xelovnebis istoriisa da Teoriis instituti

Teo jalaRania

arqiteqtura da garemo

xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis

mosapoveblad warmodgenili

d i s e r t a c i a

samecniero xelmZRvaneli: xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori,

profesori irine mirijanaSvili

Tbilisi
2015

1
 Sinaarsi

1. Sesavali
• warmodgenili sadisertacio naSromis aqtualurobis sakiTxi;
• gamoyenebuli literatura, masalebi da wyaroebi;
• kvlevis meTodebi;
• miznebi da amocanebi.

2. Tavi I
garemos gavlena sacxovrebeli arqiteqturis Taviseburebebze: awmyo
da warsuli
• bunebrivi pirobebi, romlebic moqmedebs sxvadasxva qveynebis
tradiciuli sacxovrebeli arqiteqturis tipebis Camoyalibebaze:
reliefi, hava, klimaturi pirobebi, ganaTebis Taviseburebani,
samSeneblo masalis tipebi da a.S.
• `mwvane~ arqiteqtura da garemo: ekologiuri da esTetikuri
sakiTxebi;
• peizaJi da arqiteqturuli forma axali da uaxlesi epoqis
xuroTmoZRvrebaSi;
• arqiteqturis Teoria da garemosa da arqiteqturis kavSiris
sakiTxi.

3. Tavi II
erovnuli formis sakiTxi arqiteqturaSi
• arqiteqturuli forma, rogorc esTetikuri kategoria da misi
ganxilva `erTa fsiqologiis” konteqstSi.;
• garemos gavlena formis, sivrcisa da feris erovnuli aRqmis
TaviseburebaTa Camoyalibebaze;
• xelovnebis xasiaTis ganmsazRvreli ori ZiriTadi sawyisi
(plastikuri da ferweruli) da maTi kavSiri garemos xasiaTTan

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 (magaliTebi: italia, niderlandebi, Zveli saberZneTi,
saqarTvelo).

4. Tavi III
garemos gavlenasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi niSani Zvel qarTul
arqiteqturaSi
• Sua saukuneebis qarTuli sataZro xuroTmoZRvrebis tipuri
niSnebi da maTi ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi;
• paralelebi Zveli saberZneTisa da saqarTvelos arqiteqturas
Soris da garemosTan maTi urTierkavSiris Sedegebis
Taviseburebani.

5. Tavi IV
eqsterieris gadawyvetisa da aRqmis Taviseburebani
marTlmadidebluri samyaros qveynebSi: saqarTvelo da bizantia
• gansxvavebani, romlebic ikveTeba saerTo religiis _
marTlmadideblobis aRmsarebeli ori eris arqiteqturaSi erTsa
da imave istoriul epoqaSi;
• eqsterieris gadawyvetis Taviseburebani umniSvnelovanes
adreqristianul qarTul da bizantiur ZeglebSi.

6. Tavi V
esTetikuri gamomsaxvelobis erovnuli Taviseburebani somxur da
qarTul arqiteqturaSi
• somxuri da qarTuli arqiteqturisaTvis damaxasiaTiaTebeli
zogadi msgavseba-gansxvavebani adreqristianuli Zeglebis
magaliTebze;
• esTetikuri gamomsaxvelobis TaviseburebaTa ganxilva XII-XIII
saukuneTa Zeglebis dekoris Sedarebis safuZvelze.

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7. Tavi VI
esTetikuri gamomsaxvelobis erovnuli Taviseburebani rusul da
qarTul arqiteqturaSi
• rusuli da qarTuli arqiteqturisaTvis damaxasiaTiaTebeli
zogadi msgavseba-gansxvavebani nerlis pokrovis eklesiisa da
samTavisis magaliTebze;
• garemosTan damokidebulebis sxvadasxvagvari principebi da maTi
damokidebuleba landSaftis gansxvavebul xasiaTze.

8. Tavi VII
arqteqturul-sivrcobrivi koncefciebis saxeebi
• garemos rolis mniSvnelovneba da misi mimaniSnebeli magaliTebi
Zvel qarTul literaturaSi;
• arqiteqturul-sivrcobrivi koncefciebis mimoxilva.

9. Tavi VIII
Zeglisa da garemos urTierTkavSiris principebi qarTuli
arqiteqturis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze
• Zeglisa da garemos kavSiri adreqristianuli xanis qarTul
arqiteqturaSi;
• Zeglisa da garemos kavSiri X-XI saukuneTa mijnis arqiteqturaSi;
• Zeglisa da garemos kavSiri XII-XIII saukuneTa arqiteqturaSi;
• Zeglisa da garemos kavSiri XVI saukunis arqiteqturaSi.

10. daskvna

4
 Sesavali

Tanamedrove samyaro _ adamianTa yofa, mecniereba, kultura da

a.S. _ sul ufro swrafad icvleba. msoflioSi mimdinare integraciis
farTomasStabiani procesebi TandaTanobiT arRvevs eTnokulturuli
sazRvrebis simtkices, rac, erTis mxriv, xsnis sul ufro farTo
horizontebs da qmnis perspeqtivebs axali miRwevebisTvis, magram amave
dros globalizaciis es procesi nawilobriv Seicavs zogierT
uaryofiT tendenciasac.
samecniero-teqnikuri progresi da axali teqnologiebi
aramarto cvlis kacobriobis yofas, aramed agreTve moqmedebs mis
cnobierebazec, radganac saSualebas aZlevs calkeul adamianebsa da
mTel erebs, dauaxlovdnen erTmaneTs, gaecnon sxvaTa kulturasa da
xelovnebas, miiRon, daafason da gaiTavison is miRwevebi, romlebic
mTeli kacobriobis monapovarsa da saerTo kuTvnilebas warmoadgens.
magram aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom dRes ise, rogorc
arasodes, gaizarda erovnul kulturaTa Taviseburebis TandaTanobiTi
nivelirebis, sakuTari xelovnebis TviTmyofadobisa da organulobis
dakargvis saSiSroeba. Tu, saubedurod, movlenebi SemdgomSic am
mimarTulebiT warimarTa, maSin, savaraudod, momavalSi es sruli
erTgvarovnebis, standartulobis moZalebas gviqadis yvela sferoSi da
amis safuZvelze ki msoflio kulturis gaRaribebis SesaZleblobas
realur safrTxed aqcevs _ yovel ers xom am saganZurSi sakuTari,
ganumeorebeli wvlili unda Sehqondes. amitom dRes, kulturuli,
teqnikuri da socialuri cvlilebebis epoqaSi, gansakuTrebiT
aqtualuria sakuTari kulturis adgilis gaazreba msoflio
konteqstSi, misi Taviseburebebisa da xasiaTis gansazRvra. am kuTxiT
ki uaRresad mniSvnelovania erovnuli xelovnebis TviTmyofadobis, misi
ganviTarebis unikaluri gzis da misi ganmsazRvreli faqtorebis
gaazreba, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebis gamovlena.
warmodgenil naSromSi saubari gveqneba swored im erovnul niSan-

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Tvisebebze, romlebic yalibdeba xelovnebaSi da kerZod, arqiteqturaSi
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faqtoris _ garemos gavleniT.

adamiani garemoSi arsebobs: saxli, quCa, qalaqi, mTeli planeta

_ es yvelaferi adamianis xeliT Seqmnili an bunebrivi garemoa, sadac
mTeli Cveni cxovreba mimdinareobs. cxadia, rom xelovnebac mWidrodaa
dakavSirebuli garemosTan. es kavSiri uaRresad mravalferovani da
mravalplaniania.
magram Cndeba kiTxva: konkretulad raSi mdgomareobs garemosa
da saxviTi xelovnebis kavSiri, ra formebSi gamoixateba igi, ra
gavlenas axdens garemo xelovnebaze?
aseTi kavSirebi da formebi metad mravalgvari da
mravalferovania. pirvel rigSi, unda zogadad aRvniSnoT xelovnebisa
da garemos urTierTmimarTebis yvelaze naTeli, udavo da pirdapiri
aspeqti, anu is SemTxveva, rodesac garemo uSualod aisaxeba saxviT
xelovnebaSi. aseTi nawarmoebebis mizani, daniSnuleba, dargi da Janri
SeiZleba mravalgvari iyos. arsebobs, magaliTad, wminda esTetikuri
daniSnulebis mqone nawarmoebebi, sadac pirdapir gamoisaxeba garemo
(magaliTad, ferweruli peizaJi an igive Sinaarsis mxatvruli
fotografia), sainformacio-saganmanaTleblo daniSnulebis mqone
nawarmoebi (magaliTad, Sesabamisi Sinaarsis ilustracia), praqtikuli
saWiroebisTvis gamiznuli (magaliTad, ekologiuri Tematikisadmi
miZRvnili plakati) da a.S. yovel aseT namuSevarSi pirdapir, uSualod
aisaxeba garemo an raime misi gamovlineba.
magram, amave dros, garemosa da xelovnebis nawarmoebis
urTierTkavSiris sakiTxs gaaCnia meore mniSvnelovani aspeqtic: es is
SemTxvevaa, rodesac garemo pirdapir ar gamoisaxeba nawarmoebSi, magram
raime saxiT gavlenas axdens masze. mxatvruli nawarmoebis ganxilvisas
Cven SegviZlia davinaxoT da gavaanalizoT garemos is kvali, romelic
naTlad Cans mis gadawyvetaSi _ mis SinaarsSi, stilSi, Sesrulebis
manerasa da kompoziciur TaviseburebebSi da a.S. aseTi `arapirdapiri”
gavlenis magaliTad SegviZlia miviCnioT Tundac saxviTi an
dekoratiul-gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargebSi gamoyenebuli

6
daxatuli, amokveTili an amoqarguli ornamentis saxeebi, romlebic
xSirad naTlad migviTiTebs garemos gavlenaze, Tundac, ama Tu im
qveynis bunebisTvis saxasiaTo elementebis gamosaxvis saSualebiT. amas
mowmobs talRebis formis ornamentacia kretis keramikis nimuSebze,
akanTis foTlebis formebi antikuri berZnuli svetebis korinTuli
orderis kapitelebze, saqarTveloSi _ muxis foTlebis ornamenti Sua
saukuneebis freskebze da vazis ylortebi da foTlebi oqromWedlobis
nimuSebze.
gansakuTrebiT naTeli da mkafio kavSiri bunebriv garemosa da
xelovnebis nawarmoebs Soris Tavs iCens maSin, rodesac saqme exeba
arqiteqturas: igi xom, saxviTi xelovnebis sxva dargebisagan
gansxvavebiT, aris ara mxolod adamianis esTetikur miswrafebaTa
gamovlineba, aramed praqtikuli aucileblobac, vinaidan mis mizans
adamianis arsebobisTvis saWiro xelovnuri garemos Seqmna warmoadgens.
amitom xuroTmoZRvreba yovel epoqaSi, Tavisi ganviTarebis mTel
manZilze, warmoadgenda mxatvruli Semoqmedebis, sainJinro mecnierebisa
da saamSeneblo teqnologiebis erTianobas. swored amis Sesaxeb jer
kidev Zveli welTaRricxvis I saukuneSi werda vitruviusi, rodesac
Tavis naSromSi `aTi wigni arqiteqturis Sesaxeb~ arqiteqturis arss
ganmartavda Semdegi cnobili formuliT: `sargebloba, simyare,
silamaze~ (65) .
cxadia, imisTvis, rom arqiteqturulma nawarmoebma saukeTesod
Seasrulos Tavisi daniSnuleba, misi agebisas aucileblad unda iyos
gaTvaliswinebuli yvela piroba, romelsac ayenebs arqiteqtoris winaSe
garemo – is materialuri situacia, romelSic unda Caeweros,
funqcionirebdes da arsebobdes nageboba, xSirad xom winaswar sakmaod
Zlierad ganapirobebs xuroTmoZRvruli Canafiqris xasiaTs, mis
Taviseburebas.
arqiteqturisa da garemos urTierTkavSiri nebismieri eris
xelovnebaSi arsebobs: reliefi, landSafti, hava, bunebrivi pirobebi
Zlier gansazRvravs nagebobaTa esTetikur saxesac da maT
struqturasac. am sakiTxis erT-erTi mniSnelovani aspeqti mdgomareobs
imaSi, Tu kerZod ra saxis damokidebulebani arsebobs garemos

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Taviseburebasa da im eris xelovnebis xasiaTs Soris, romelic am
garemos pirobebSi yalibdeba, cxovrobs da viTardeba.
arqiteqturis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze, sxvadasxva
qveynebsa da regionebSi, Senoba-nagebobebis bunebriv garemosTan
urTierTkavSiris mxatvruli da teqnikuri principebi uaRresad
gansxvavebuli da mravalferovania. amitom am urTierTkavSirebis
kanonzomierebebis, maTi principebis da ganviTarebis xasiaTis
dakvirveba, agreTve im momentebis dadgena, romlebic konkretuli
qveynisa da epoqis xelovnebis stilistikidan gamomdinareobs, udavod
did interess warmoadgens. mocemul namuSevarSi swored zogierT aseT
principTa da kanonzomierebaTa gamovlenis mcdelobaa mocemuli.

magram arqiteqturisa da garemos urTierTqmedebis sakiTxSi

garemos arqiteqturaze gavlenis aspeqtis garda, Zalze mniSvnelovan
rols asrulebs meore momentic: TviT arqiteqturis gavlena garemoze.
Senoba xom, iseve, rogorc monumenturi qandakeba, konkretul sivrceSia
ganlagebuli da ara marto moiTxovs Sesabamis garemocvas, aramed
aqtiuradac zemoqmedebs masze, cvlis mas da ama Tu im xerxiT
organizebas uwevs sivrces Tavis garSemo.
arqiteqturis es aqtiuri, maorganizebeli roli sivrcisa da
garemos mimarT araerTxel aRniSnula xuroTmoZRvrebis istoriisadmi
miZRvnil gamokvlevebSi. magaliTad, es azri kargadaa Camoyalibebuli a.
ciresis `arqiteqturis xelovnebaSi~:
`Senobisa da garemos urTierTdamokidebuleba gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovani da rTuli mxarea yoveli arqiteqturuli nawarmoebis
mxatvruli saxisa, mdidaria konkretuli SinaarsiT da mravalferovania
Tavisi formiTa da gamomsaxvelobiT.
arqiteqtura aris, ase vTqvaT, bunebis sivrcis mowyoba. misi
moculobebi bunebrivad Caewereba xolme rogorc casa da haerSi, aseve
baRis, parkis, quCis, moednis sivrceSi da a.S.; da axal talRas hmatebs
misi garemomcveli bunebis an qalaqis sivrcis mxatvrul atmosferos.
amasTan, arqiteqturis xvedriTi wona mis mxatvrul kombinaciaSi

8
bunebasTan SeiZleba iyos mcire, an uzarmazari, rogorc amas adgili
aqvs, magaliTad, reimsis taZris uaxloes garemocvaSi.” (62, gv. 85-98)
arqiteqturuli Zeglis mier garemos sivrcis organizebis
mravali xerxi arsebobs. magaliTisTvis SegviZlia gavixsenoT maTgan
erT-erTi yvelaze tipuri xerxi _ garemoSi vertikaluri Senobis
mkveTri aqcentis gamoyeneba, romelic Tavis garSemo specifikur
sivrcobriv areals qmnis da aqtiuri `mizidulobis centris~ rols
asrulebs.
`aseT SemTxvevaSi nageboba kompoziciis mTavari elementis
rols asrulebs. sivrce aRiqmeba, rogorc xedvis mravali wertilis
erTianoba Senoba-monumentze. aseT SemTxvevaSi nageboba `solos
asrulebs~, garemo ki akompanements uwevs mas~ (22, gv. 281).
arqiteqturuli Zeglis mier Tavis garSemo arsebuli garemos
sivrcis organizebis swored aseTi meTodi xSirad gvxvdeba uZvelesi
droidan Cvens dromde, dawyebuli jer kidev mengirebidan da
damTavrebuli Tanamedrove caTambjenebiT. magaliTebis Sors Zebna arc
aris saWiro, sakmarisia Tundac SevxedoT imas, Tu rogoraa
gadawyvetili es problema qarTuli cixe-koSkebis xuroTmoZRvarTa
mier. maTi SemaRlebuli, garemoze gabatonebuli mdebareoba ara marto
safortifikacio TvalsazrisiT strategiulad momgebian pozicias
uzrunvelyofs, aramed nagebobis mier garemos maorganizebeli
vizualuri aqcentis rolis Seqmnasac uwyobs xels.
igive principi, anu garemoze gabatonebuli nagebobis
vertikali, xSirad gamoiyeneboda qarTul sataZro arqiteqturaSic.
magram es, rogorc SemdgomSi konkretuli Zeglebis ganxilvisas
gamoCndeba, sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom yoveli taZris garemosTan aseTi
tipis kavSiri identur Sedegs iZleva. momdevno TavebSi sxvadasxva
epoqebSi garemosTan kavSiris gansxvavebuli saxeebi da principebi
calke, ufro vrclad iqneba ganxiluli.

rac Seexeba mocemul sadisertacio naSromSi gamoyenebul

samecniero literaturas, pirvel rigSi unda aRiniSnos, rom garemosa
da arqiteqturis kavSiris, misi TviTmyofadi saxisa da xasiaTis

9
Camoyalibebaze, da ufro farTod ki _ erovnuli fsiqologiis,
kulturisa da xelovnebis specifikuri saxis Seqmnaze gavlenis sakiTxi
naklebadaa ganxiluli specialur saxelovnebaTmcodneo literaturaSi,
gansakuTrebiT es exeba arqiteqturas. Tumca, iseTi mkvlevarebi,
rogorebic arian kulturul-istoriuli skolisa da pozitivizmis
filosofiis erT-erTi Semqmneli ipolit teni (58) da stilisturi
analizis `mama~, didi xelovnebaTmcodne da esTetikosi hainrix
velflini (12) (13) (14), aramarto aRiareben am kavSirs, aramed TavianT
naSromebSi Rrmadac aanalizeben da asabuTeben kidec mas, xolo giorgi
gaCevi, cnobili Tanamedrove bulgareli kulturologi da
filosofosi, Tavis naSromSi `samyaros erovnuli xatebani~ (19), am
kuTxiT ganixilavs saqarTvelos kulturasac.
garemos xelovnebaze gavlenis idea gvxvdeba gacilebiT ufro
adrec, jer kidev XVII-XVIII saukuneTa mijnaze, didi frangi
esTetikosisa da istorikosis, abat Jan batist diubos naSromSi
`kritikuli azrebi poeziisa da ferweris Sesaxeb~ (10), sadac igi
kulturaTa ayvavebisa Tu dacemis da mxatvruli formis ganviTarebis
mizezebs swored bunebrivi pirobebis gavleniT xsnis.
samwuxarod, zemoxsenebuli avtorebi naklebad exebian
konkretulad garemosa da xuroTmoZRvrebis urTierTkavSiris sakiTxs,
magram maT naSromebSi aSkaradaa gamovlenili garemos rolis
mniSvnelovneba xelovnebis erovnul TaviseburebaTa Seqmnasa da
ganviTarebaSi.
SedarebiT ufro farTodaa ganxiluli garemos gavlena saxviT
xelovnebaze da misi mniSvneloba rogorc formis, ferisa da sivrcis
erovnuli aRqmis, aseve arqiteqturuli azrovnebisa da SemoqmedebiTi
praqtikis specifikis Camoyalibebaze fsiqologiaSi, gansakuTrebiT es
exeba aRqmis fsiqologias. winamdebare namuSevarSi Cven mier
ganxilulia iseTi momentebi cnobil Tanamedrove fsiqologTa: irvin
rokis, julian hoxbergis, riCard lengton gregorisa da rudolf
arnhaimis gamokvlevebidan, romlebic erTgvarad dakavSirebulia
garemosa da xelovnebis urTierTobis sakiTxTan.

10
 amave dros, Cveni interesis sferosTan axlos aris iseTi
filosofiuri da esTetikuri kvlevebi, romlebic exeba arqiteqturis
Teoriis kategoriebsa da maT kavSirs garemosTan. am TvalsazrisiT
saintereso masalas gvaZlevs ara marto klasikuri filosofiis
warmomadgenelTa _ hegelis (24), osvald Spengleris (55), gotfrid
zemperis (52) da sxvaTa namuSevrebi, aramed iseT Tanamedrove mecnierTa
naSromebic, romlebic Tavis kvlevebSi arqiteqturis Teoriis
sakiTxebze didwilad eyrdnobian maTematikis, fizikisa da
kompiuteruli programirebis sferoebSi moqmed kanonebs, magaliTad,
rogoricaa nikos salingarosis (51) da kristofer aleqsanderis (2)
Sromebi. rasakvirvelia, arc erTi zemoaRniSnuli avtoris naSromi
mTlianad ar eZRvneba garemosa da arqiteqturis kavSirs, magram isini
nawilobriv am sakiTxsac mimoixilaven.

rogorc vxedavT, gansaxilveli problemis specifika

moiTxovda, rom, garda sufTa saxelovnebaTmcodneo literaturisa da
masalebisa, naSroms nawilobriv Sexeba hqonoda zogierTi momijnave
disciplinis: esTetikis, kulturologiis, filosofiis, fsiqologiis
zogierT monacemebTan. es saWiro gaxda, raTa gaTvaliswinebuli
yofiliyo xelovnebisa da garemos urTierTkavSiris Sesaxeb arsebuli
sxvadasxva kuTxidan da xedvis sxvadasxva wertilidan gamovlenili
faqtorebi, romlebic erTianobaSi ufro naTel mizez-Sedegobriv
kavSirebs avlenen arsebuli problemis mravalmxriv aspeqtebs Soris.
magram interesis ZiriTad sagans am SemTxvevaSi warmoadgens is
mxatvruli, SemoqmedebiTi aspeqti, romelic warmoiSveba arqiteqturuli
Zeglisa da garemos urTierTobis Sedegad.
amitom imTaviTve unda aRiniSnos, rom mocemul namuSevarSi
arqiteqturisa da garemos urTierTobis Sesaxeb msjeloba da
daskvnebis gamotana xdeba arqiteqturuli Zeglebis sakmaod farTo
speqtris ganxilvis safuZvelze, magaliTebi moyvanilia da
gaanalizebulia ara erTi konkretuli qveynisa da epoqis
xuroTmoZRvrebis sferodan, aramed mravali sxvadasxva regionisa da
xanis kulturuli memkvidreobis saganZuridan, maT Soris rogorc

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sacxovrebeli, aseve religiuri arqiteqturisa. aseTi meTodi
saSualebas gvaZlevs ufro naTlad davinaxoT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens
sxvadasxvagvari garemo da bunebrivi pirobebi arqiteqturuli formebis
TaviseburebaTa Camoyalibebaze, xelovanis aRqmisa da xedvis
TviTmyofadobasa da mxatvruli azrovnebis erovnuli maxasiaTeblebis
gamovlinebaze.
magram amave dros xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom ZiriTad
gansaxilvel masalad, safuZvlad, romelsac umTavresad eyrdnoba
msjeloba am namuSevarSi, gamoyenebulia Sua saukuneebis qarTuli
sataZro arqiteqturis nawarmoebebi, rac, sxva qveynebis saTanado
ZeglebTan paralelebis gavlebis safuZvelze, gvexmareba swored
qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebisa da bunebrivi garemos urTierTobaze
dakvirvebaSi, rac mocemuli namuSevris umTavres mizans warmoadgens.
nimuSebad aq SerCeulia umTavresad Sua saukuneebis qarTuli
sataZro arqiteqturis iseTi Zeglebi, romlebic mdebareobs
ganmartoebiT, dasaxlebul adgilTagan moSorebiT, bunebis wiaRSi.
rasakvirvelia, dasaxlebul punqtebSi, magaliTad, qalaqSi ganlagebuli
taZrebi agreTve kavSirSia garemosTan, reliefTan, garSemo mdebare
nagebobebTan, magram am SemTxvevaSi konkretuli Zeglis `JReradobis”
calke gamovlena, misi gamoyofa qalaqis ganaSenianebidan da, miT umetes,
gaanalizeba TiTqmis SeuZlebelia, imdenad mWidrodaa igi
gadaxlarTuli sxva nagebobebis mier Seqmnil sivrcobriv aqcentebTan.
rogorc le korbiuzie ambobda, arqiteqtura, zarebis msgavsad, sakuTar
`talRebs~ avrcelebs Tavis garSemo landSaftSi, da Tu mis am
analogias gamoviyenebT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qalaqis xelovnur da
SemWidroebul garemoSi iqmneba nagebobaTa saerTo JReradoba, `guguni~,
`gunduri xmovaneba~, sadac calkeuli talRebis gamoyofa praqtikulad
SeuZlebelia.
amave dros, unda aRiniSnos, rom mocemul naSromSi yuradReba
ZiriTadad gamaxvilebulia iseTi qarTuli arqiteqturuli Zeglebis
ganxilvaze, romlebic Tavisi epoqisaTvis gansakuTrebiT
damaxasiaTebel, tipur nimuSebs warmoadgens da Tavisi mniSvnelovnebiT
gamoirCeva. es imisTvis aris saWiro, rom SesaZlebloba gvqondes maTi

12
analizisa da Sedarebis meSveobiT gamovavlinoT arqiteqturisa da
garemos urTierTobis principebis Sesatyvisoba swored sxvadasva
epoqebisTvis damaxasiaTebel xelovnebis stilebTan.
metad mniSvnelovania, rom qarTuli Suasaukuneobrivi taZrebi
karg SesaZleblobas iZleva arqiteqturul ZeglTa garemosTan
urTierTobis problemis gamosakvlevad, radganac ganxilvisas vlindeba,
rom maTi didi umetesobis ganlageba swored gaazrebul SemoqmedebiT
amocanas warmoadgenda.
am namuSevarSi agreTve moyvanilia paralelebi sxva
marTlmadidebluri qveynebis _ bizantiisa da ruseTis, da agreTve
somxeTis Sua saukuneebis sataZro arqiteqturis ZeglebTan. maTTan
Sedareba saSualebas iZleva, gamovavlinoT sxvadasxva qveynebSi
Senobisa da garemos urTierTobis principebis gansxvavebisa Tu
msgavsebis mizezebi da saTaveebi. am konteqstSi gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba eniWeba kidev erT arsobriv moments: kavSirs garemos
xasiaTsa da eris xelovnebis xasiaTs Soris. am SemTxvevaSi
igulisxmeba, rom sakiTxi exeba imas, axdens Tu ara garemo raime
gavlenas ama Tu im qveynis xelovnebis saerToerovnuli niSnebis
Camoyalibebaze, da Tu axdens, rogor da ra gziT.
sxvadasxva epoqaTa Zeglebis Sedareba _ kerZod, ZiriTadad
gamoyenebuli VII, X-XI, XII-XIII da XVI saukuneebis nimuSebi _ gvexmareba
imaSi, rom aRmovaCinoT aseTi urTierTdamokidebulebis principebis
cvlis kanonzomierebani istoriuli procesis msvlelobis manZilze.
aqve aRiniSneba sxva faqtorebis: socialuri, religiuri, istoriuli da
sxv. pirobebis gavlenis mniSvnelovneba epoqaTa xelovnebis xasiaTis
Taviseburebebis Seqmnaze zogadad da kerZod ki _ Zeglisa da garemos
kavSiris specifikis Camoyalibebaze.
imTaviTve mkafiod unda ganisazRvros, rom gamoTqma `eris
xelovnebis zogadi xasiaTis~ Sesaxeb araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar
gulisxmobs im metafizikur azrs, TiTqos yvela eris xelovneba misi
arsebobisa da ganviTarebis mTel manZilze sruliad ar icvlebodes,
mudmivad erTnairi forma da xasiaTi gaaCndes _ aq ubralod laparakia
im zogierT ZiriTad, ganmsazRvrel niSanze, romlebic garkveuli

13
xangrZlivi periodebis ganmavlobaSi naklebad eqvemdebareboda
cvalebadobas da romlebiskenac gansakuTrebul midrekilebas iCendnen
ama Tu im qveynis xelovanebi. es niSan-Tvisebebi, cxadia, sakmaod
zogadi xasiaTisaa _ magaliTad, xSirad es gamoixateba xolme
midrekilebiT ufro mJReri, intensiuri, an ufro TavSekavebuli
koloritisadmi; sada, mkacrad konstruqciuli an Zalze uxvi
dekoratiuli formebisadmi; ferwerulad modelirebuli, an piriqiT,
reliefurad naZerwi, moculobrivi da plastikuri manerisadmi da a.S.
swored es konteqsti igulisxmeba am SemTxvevaSi `eris xelovnebis
zogadi xasiaTis~ Sesaxeb saubris dros.
rasakvirvelia, xelovnebis erovnuli TviTmyofadobis
Camoyalibebis procesSi bunebrivi garemo namdvilad ar warmoadgens
erTaderT ganmsazRvrel pirobas da aq faqtorTa mTeli kompleqsi
moqmedebs: istoriuli, religiuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri,
politikuri da a.S., magram am SemTxvevaSi Cven ZiriTadad gvainteresebs
swored geografiuli garemos Taviseburebani, sivrce, landSafti,
romlebTan mimarTebaSic ganvixilavT urTierTkavSirs `arqiteqturuli
Zegli _ garemo~, da amitom Cveni ZiriTadi mizania, rom am etapze
SeZlebisdagvarad vecadoT, calke gamovyoT da ganvixiloT am faqtoris
moqmedeba da misi Sedegebi. aseTi gamoyofa, rasakvirvelia, erTgvarad
xelovnur xerxs warmoadgens da nawilobriv zRudavs sakvlevi sagnis
mravalferovnebas da masStabs, samagierod, igi iZleva saSualebas,
ufro zustad aRmovaCinoT is yvelaze zogadi, saerTo Tvisebebi,
romlebic umTavresad arqiteqturaze garemos gavlenis Sedegs
warmoadgens.

rogorc zemoT ukve iTqva, bunebrivi garemosa da arqiteqturis

urTierTgavlenis sakiTxebi da agreTve garemos roli xuroTmoZRvrebis
erovnuli saxisa da arqiteqturuli azrovnebis CamoyalibebaSi, aseve
arqteqturuli formisa da sivrcis aRqmis erovnuli Taviseburebis
SeqmnaSi, miuxedavad Tavisi mniSvnelovnebisa da aqtualurobisa,
praqtikulad ar aris damuSavebuli specialur saxelovnebaTmcodneo
literaturaSi. amitom warmodgenili naSromis ZiriTadi amocanaa

14
swored am sakiTxis SeZlebisdagvarad guldasmiT, detalurad
damuSaveba-gaanalizeba da amis safuZvelze zogadi kanonzomierebebis
gamovlena.

qveynis bunebasa da mis erovnul xuroTmoZRvrebas Soris

arsebuli urTierTkavSiris naTel ilustracias warmoadgens qvemoT
moyvanili xatovani fraza ipolit tenis `xelovnebis filosofiidan~:
`daTeseT erTi da imave saxeobis Tesli sxvadasxva niadagSi da
sxvadasxva temperaturaze; dae, maTgan mcenareebi gaizardon, nayofi
moisxan, warmoSvan imave saxeobis uamravi sxva mcenare; TiToeuli
maTgani Seegueba Tavis niadags, ris Sedegadac Tqven miiRebT erTi
jiSis ramdenime saxesxvaobas, miT ufro gansxvavebulT, rac ufro
mkveTria kontrasti sxvadasxva niadagsa da klimatur pirobebs Soris.“

15
 Tavi I

garemos gavlena sacxovrebeli arqiteqturis Taviseburebebze: awmyo da

warsuli

arqiteqtura, romelic Tavisi arsiT warmoadgens adamianTa

moRvaweobis farTo dargs Senobebisa da kompleqsebis agebis sferoSi,
nebismier sxva plastikur xelovnebasTan SedarebiT, yvelaze ufro
Zlieradaa dakavSirebuli adamianis yofasTan, realur materialur
samyarosTan. mis nawarmoebebSi ganuyofladaa Sexamebuli utilitarul
amocanaTa gadaWra da mxatvruli Semoqmedeba _ arqiteqturul saxeTa
Seqmna, romelTa esTetikuri mxare da ideuri Sinaarsi aqtiurad
zemoqmedebs adamianis cnobierebaze. amitom aq garemosa da xelovnebis
kavSiri da arqiteqturaze misi gavlenis pirdapiri Sedegebi
gansakuTrebiT naTlad SegviZlia davinaxoT.
magaliTad, SevadaroT erTmaneTs sxvadasxva qveynis
tradiciuli xalxuri sacxovrebeli arqiteqturis nimuSebi (sur. 1, 2, 3,
4), romelTa tipebi didi drois ganmavlobaSi yalibdeboda ama Tu im
Tavisebur erovnul garemoSi. sakmarisia erTdroulad SevxedoT
gansxvavebul geografiul garemoSi Camoyalibebuli tradiciuli
sacxovreblebis: afrikuli qoxis, arabuli saxlis, tropikuli qoxisa
da rusuli `izbas~ gamosaxulebebs da, Tundac zedapiruli dakvirvebis
Sedegad, maSinve davinaxavT, rom samSeneblo masalis, gadaxurvis
formebis, Riobebis zomis, raodenobisa da ganlagebis, dagegmarebis
Taviseburebani swored garemosa da klimaturi pirobebis sxvaobiTaa
gamowveuli da mis moTxovnebs pasuxobs. Sedegad ki viRebT savsebiT
gansxvavebul mxatvrul saxeebsa da esTetikur STabeWdilebebs.
mainc, ras warmoagdens is pirobebi, romlebsac ayenebs garemo
arqiteqtoris winaSe? es sakiTxi detalur da konkretul ganxilvas
moiTxovs. pirvel rigSi unda aRiniSnos im peizaJis mdebareoba, xasiaTi
da Tvisebebi, sadac unda ganlagdes nageboba – magaliTad, imTaviTve

16
naTelia, rom mTis kenweroze an kldis qarafze ganlagebuli Senoba
sruliad sxvagvar gadawyvetas moiTxovs, vidre velze da vakeze
ganlagebuli nageboba.
reliefis Taviseburebis garda, Senobis gadawyvetisas didi
mniSvneloba aqvs agreTve TviT niadagis Tvisebebsac: myari, mtkice
grunti (qva, klde, magari Tixa da sxv.) sruliad sxvagvar saZirkvels,
masalebs da samSeneblo teqnikebs iTxovs da mas sxva zomis, formisa da
masStabebis nagebobebi Seefereba, vidre aramdgrad grunts _ magaliTad,
qviSas, nayar miwas, torfs da sxv. garda amisa, nagebobis Seqmnisas didi
mniSvneloba aqvs arqiteqturul an bunebriv winapirobebs, windawin ukve
arsebul garemocvas: cxadia, rom qalaqis quCis mWidrod Sevsebul
perspeqtivaSi Cadgmuli saxli sruliad gansxvavebul formas miiRebs,
vidre Tavisufal sivrceSi ganlagebuli nageboba.
gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos agreTve kidev erTi
umniSvnelovanesi piroba, romelsac buneba uyenebs arqiteqtorsa da
mSenebels: es aris hava, anu klimaturi pirobebi _ temperatura,
tenianoba, ganaTebis pirobebi, qaris Zala da mimarTuleba da a.S. es
yvelferi Zlierad moqmedebda da moqmedebs ara marto tradiciuli,
sofluri sacxovrebeli saxlebis tipebis Seqmnaze, aramed did gavlenas
axdens agreTve qalaquri saxlebis Taviseburebebze da
qalaqgegmarebazec ki. magaliTad, CrdiloeTis qveynebSi, sadac mziani
dReebi cotaa, sxivebis mxurvaleba sustia da dRe ki xanmoklea, iseT
qalaqebSi, rogoricaa, davuSvaT, peterburgi an helsinki, Senobebis da
quCebis orientacia ZiriTadad CrdiloeTidan samxreTiskenaa mimarTuli,
raTa bunebrivi ganaTeba maqsimalurad iqnes gamoyenebuli. amave mizezis
gamo quCebi aq Zalze farToa, maSin, rodesac samxreTis qveynebSi
piriqiT iqceodnen: igive vitruviusi ar urCevda xuroTmoZRvrebs
qalaqis dagegmvisas CrdiloeT-samxreTis orientaciis gamoyenebas (65),
Tanac cxeli havis pirobebSi mzis sxivebisagan Tavdacvis mizniT quCebi
ara marto ufro viwro keTdeboda, aramed kolonadebiTac iyo xolme
garsSemosazRvruli. gvianantikur qalaqebSi, magaliTad, efesoSi,
mileTSi, antioqiaSi svetnarebiTa da gadaxuruli galereebiT yvela
centraluri moedani iyo xolme garSemortymuli. italiis zogierT

17
qalaqSi, magaliTad, boloniaSi, dRemdea SemorCenili aseTi
gadaxuruli galereebi mTavari quCebis gaswvriv (sur. 5). (boloniaSi
aseTi TaRedebi da svetnarebi iqmneboda rogorc antikur epoqaSi, aseve
Sua saukuneebSi, renesansis xanaSi da barokos epoqaSi).
bunebriv klimatur pirobebs da maTze damokidebuli ganaTebis
TaviseburebaTa racionaluri gamoyenebis sakiTxs didi mniSvneloba
hqonda ara marto qalaqgegmarebaSi, aramed kerZo saxlebis tipebis
Camoyalibebis drosac. zemoxsenebul samxreTul qveynebSi, magaliTad,
elinistur saberZneTSi, sacxovrebeli saxlebis oTaxebi ganlagebuli
iyo peristilis _ svetebiT garSemortymuli Ria ezos garSemo,
romelic sinaTlis, haerisa da sigrilis wyaros warmoadgenda, quCis
mxares gamavali fasadebi ki praqtikulad yru iyo, rac saxlSi
sigrilis da simyudrovis SenarCunebas uwyobda xels. aseTive
kompoziciuri principis Sesabamisad iyo gadawyvetili sacxovrebeli
Senobebi Zvel romSic (11). aq domusis tipis saxlis centraluri
saTavso, atriumi, naTdeboda ara fanjrebiT, aramed WerSi datanebuli
Riobis, kompluviusis meSveobiT. (sur. 6).
zomieri havis sartyelSi ganlagebul qveynebSi, sadac klimatis
sezonuri cvlilebebi metad sagrZnobia, binadarT surdaT, maTi saxlebi
ise yofiliyo gadawyvetili, rom saSualeba hqonodaT zamTarSi
samxreTidan SemoWrili mzis sxivebiTa da siTboTi esargeblaT, xolo
zafxulSi ki _ CrdiloeTidan monaberi sigriliT. amitom aseTi
qveynebis sacxovrebel arqiteqturaSi xSirad gvxvdeba saTavsoebis
sezonuri dayofa: CrdiloeTisken orientirebuli sazafxulo
saTavsoebi da samxreTisaken orientirebuli zamTris oTaxebi. aseTi
xerxi gvxvdeba ubralo glexur sacxovreblebSic da aristokratiis
samyofelebSic, magaliTad, XVII-XVIII saukuneebis frangul sasaxleebSi,
Tundac, luvrSi (6). (Tumca zogierT qveynebSi gvxvdeba iseTi
sasaxleebic, romlebic mTlianadaa sezonuri, da ara nawilobriv:
magaliTad, 1998-2000 wlebSi aRmoCenili mefe herodes zamTris sasaxle
Tulul abu el alaikSi, zamTris sasaxle da petre pirvelis
sazafxulo sasaxle peterburgSi, sazafxulo sasaxle petergofSi,

18
dedofal anas sazafxulo sasaxle praRaSi, imperatoris sazafxulo
sasaxle pekinSi da sxv.)
Tanamedrove epoqaSi bunebrivi pirobebis sezonur
TaviseburebaTa racionaluri gamoyenebis klasikur magaliTs
warmoadgens frenk loid raitis `herbert jekobsis saxli #2~ (aSS,
midltoni, viskonsini, 1948 w) (sur. 7). am SenobaSi naxevarwriuli
formis Seminuli sastumro oTaxis gadaxurvis win wamoweuli
saCrdilobelis zoma isea gaTvlili mzis sxivebis daxris kuTxesTan
mimarTebaSi, rom zamTarSi, rodesac mze dablaa da misi sxivebi maxvili
kuTxiT ecema, isini SenobaSi Tavisuflad aRwevs, zafxulobiT ki,
rodesac mze maRla dgas da sxivebis daxris kuTxe blagvia _ vera.
cxadia, es xels uwyobs zamTarSi SenobaSi sinaTlisa da siTbos,
zafxulSi ki _ sigrilis SenarCunebas. raits gaTvaliswinebuli hqonda
agreTve xSiri qarebis Zala da mimarTulebac, amitom am Senobis
Sezneqili Seminuli ovaluri kedeli samxreTiskenaa mimarTuli, xolo
CrdiloeTidan saxls qarisagan da sicivisagan qvis gamozneqili sqeli
kedeli da miwayrili icavs.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom samSeneblo masalebis arCevani,
romlebic didad ganapirobebda maTgan nagebi Senobebis funqciur da
esTetikur Tvisebebs, adreul epoqebSi mTlianad iyo damokidebuli
garemoze, bunebriv pirobebze. anu, Senobis agebisas udides rols
TamaSobda regionSi arsebuli romelime masalis gavrcelebuloba da
xelmisawvdomoba, iqneboda es qva, rogorc saqarTveloSi an Zvel
saberZneTSi, Tixa, rogorc mesopotamiaSi, xe-tye, rogorc fineTSi da
a.S. rasakvirvelia, es mdgomareoba Zirfesvianad Seicvala Tanamedrove
epoqaSi, rodesac ukve arsebobs xelovnuri samSeneblo masalebis
farTo arCevani, xolo teqnikuri progresis wyalobiT umeteswilad
moixsna am masalebis sxvadasxva Soreul regionebSi transportirebis
problema. Tumca, Tanamedrove arqiteqturaSic sakmaod popularuli da
gavleniania iseTi mimdinareobebi, romlebic emyareba regionis
xuroTmoZRvruli tradiciebis gagrZelebas da adgilobrivi bunebrivi
masalebis farTo gamoyenebas. magaliTisTvis gavixsenoT, Tundac, igive

19
frenk loid raitis an alvar aaltos Semoqmedeba da organuli da
`mwvane~ arqiteqturis principebi.
magram, rac Seexeba samSeneblo masalebis rols tradiciuli
sacxovrebeli tipebis Camoyalibebis procesSi, didi mniSvneloba hqonda
ara marto maT xelmisawvdomobasa da gavrcelebulobas, aramed
klimatis moTxovnebsac. magaliTad, civi hava im qveynebSi, romlebic
CrdiloeT evropis tyian zolSia ganlagebuli (skandinaviis qveynebi,
fineTi, ruseTi), iwvevda sqeli morebisagan naSenebi xalxuri
sacxovreblis tipebis farTo gavrcelebas. aseTi saxlebis Riobebi
mcirericxovani da patara zomisa iyo, xolo radganac mina imxanad
iSviaTobas warmoadgenda da Zviradac fasobda, sarkmlebi Seminuli ki
ar iyo, aramed RamiT da cud amindSi xis darabebiT ixureboda.
CrdiloeTis im qveynebSi ki, sadac xe iSviaTia da, Sesabamisad,
Zvirad fasobs, magaliTad, daniaSi, irlandiaSi, islandiaSi an
grenlandiaSi, tradiciuli xalxuri sacxovreblebi umeteswilad
qvisagan, torfis filebisagan da kordis beltebisagan Sendeboda, [34],
romlebsac saxuravebsa da kedlebis garSemo awyobdnen nagebobis
daTbilvis mizniT, saxuravebze ki umeteswilad balaxi izrdeboda.
aseTi saxlebi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli XVII-XVIII saukuneebamde (sur.
8).
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom CrdiloeTis qveynebSi gaTbobis
problemis sasicocxlo mniSvneloba TandaTanobiT iwvevda
Tavdapirvelad arsebuli Suacecxlis magivrad sxvadasxva
konstruqciis Rumelebis Seqmnas, gaumjobesebas da gavrcelebas, rac
mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenda rogorc SenobaTa siluetis, aseve
interieris da eqsterieris formebisa da esTetikuri xasiaTis
Taviseburebaze.
es niSani mkveTrad ganasxvavebs tradiciuli Crdilouri
saxlebis tipebs zomieri klimatis sacxovreblebisagan, sadac
gaTbobisaTvis ufro xSirad buxrebs iyenebdnen. buxari, marTalia,
nakleb siTbos iZleva da met sawvavs moiTxovs, vidre, vTqvaT, rusuli
an holandiuri Rumeli, samagierod igi Senobis ventilaciasac uwyobs
xels da erTgvari dekoratiuli aqcentis rolsac asrulebs.

20
aRsaniSnavia, rom sxvadasxva qveynebSi gavrcelebuli buxrebis formebi,
zomebi, konstruqcia, masala da dekoratiuli gadawyveta Zalze
mravalferovani iyo, rac gansxvavebul, Tavisebur iers aniWebda
interierebs.
gansxvavebuli problemebi arsebobda samxreTis cxel da mSral
qveynebSi, (magaliTad, zemoxsenebul arabeTSi), amitomac Sedegad iq
Camoyalibda sruliad sxvagvari iersaxisa da gegmis mqone Senobebi.
marTalia, sacxovrebeli saxlebis mSeneblobis dros klimaturi
pirobebis TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswineba aqac saWiro iyo, magram
amjerad, piriqiT, sicxisagan dacva iyo mTavari. am problemis gadaWras
xels uwyobs arabuli qveynebis umravlesobaSi gamoyenebuli
tradiciuli samSeneblo masalac _ sacxovrebeli saxlebis sqeli
kedlebi aq umeteswilad Tixisagan (alizisagan) igeboda. iseve, rogorc
romisa da saberZneTis sacxovrebel arqiteqturaSi, romelzec zemoT
ukve iyo saubari, quCaSi gamavali fasadebi aqac TiTqmis yrua,
sinaTlisa da haeris wyaros ki warmoadgens Sida ezo, sadac auzi an
Sadrevani ewyoba.
sayuradReboa agreTve, rom umeteswilad swored aseT mSral
da cxel regionebSi ufro xSirad gvxvdeba brtyeli, baniani gadaxurvis
mqone saxlebi, gansakuTrebiT ki iq, sadac rTuli geografiuli
reliefia. aseT adgilebSi samSeneblod gamosadegi miwis nakveTebi
cotaa da amis gamo mudmiv aucileblobas warmoadgens maTi
maqsimaluri ekonomia. magaliTad, aseTi tipis Senobebi farTodaa
gavrcelebuli kavkasionis mTian regionebSi (xevsureTi, daRestani).
garda amisa, baniani saxlebi sainteresoa imiTac, rom isini ufro
metadaa gaxsnili bunebaSi, ufro uSualod da organuladaa
dakavSirebuli masTan, rasac banis sruliad Tavisufali, Ria,
vizualurad SemousazRvravi sivrcis sacxovreblad gamoyeneba
ganapirobebs (sur. 9).
`dasaxlebebisa da sacxovreblebis istoriuli formebi,
romlebic cnobili iyo saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis dasawyisisTvis,
yalibdeboda didi xnis manZilze garkveuli socialuri, ekonomikuri da
bunebrivi pirobebis gavleniT. ase magaliTad, maRalmTian zonaSi miwis

21
mwvave naklebobam, meurneobis specifikam da agreTve Tavdacvis
faqtorma sacxovrebeli nagebobebis erTmaneTTan Sejgufeba gamoiwvia.
calkeuli samosaxloebi erTmaneTTan uSualo siaxloves iyo
ganlagebuli, Sedegad soflebs Zalze mWidro gegmareba hqondaT da
isini mkveTr safexurebad iyo Sefenili mTebis kalTebze. (...) aseTi
iersaxe hqondaT Zvel xevsurul soflebs _ Satils, ardots, mucos,
xaxabos da sxv,. ~ (17, gv. 14).
msgavsi azria gatarebuli XIX saukunis avtorebTan, k. ganTan
da a.zisermanTan:
`sofeli gudani, iseve, rogorc TiTqmis yvela xevsuruli
sofeli, terasebadaa ganlagebuli mTis ferdobze. am TvalsazrisiT
isini (xevsuruli soflebi) Zalze gvanan daRestnur aulebs, magram maT
naklebi simWidrove da meti sixalvaTe axasiaTebT~. (18).
`mTiuleTis Zveli soflebi mcire zomisaa, saxlebi aq iseve,
rogorc fSavSi, qvis filebisganaa naSenebi kirisa da Tixis gareSe da
iarusebadaa ganlagebuli da qveda saxlis saxuravi zedisTvis ezos
warmoadgens~ (28, gv. 203, 212, 213.)
rogorc vxedavT, swored regionis bunebrivi pirobebi _
mTagoriani, rTuli reliefi da havis Tavisebureba da am pirobebis
gaTvaliswineba tradiciuli sacxovrebeli saxlebis mSeneblobis dros
xels uwyobda aRniSnul regionebSi ara marto Zalze praqtikuli da
funqciuri, aramed esTetikurad gamomsaxveli, TviTmyofadi da
garemosTan organulad, mxatvrulad dakavSirebuli sacxovrebeli
kompleqsebis Seqmnas.
aRsaniSnavia, rom XX saukuneSic, rodesac gansakuTrebuli
simwvaviT wamoiWra igive problema – samSeneblod gamosadegi miwis
nakveTebis simcire da misi ekonomiis aucilebloba, le korbiuziem,
Tanamedrove qalaqgegmarebis erT-erTma mamamTavarma, praqtikulad imave
xerxs mimarTa: man swored upiratesad brtyeli saxuravebis Seqmna da
maTi farTobebis gamoyeneba (baRebis gasaSeneblad, rekreaciuli
zonebis mosawyobad da a.S.) miiCnia Tanamedrove arqiteqturisTvis erT-
erT umniSvnelovanes principad (40). (sur. 10).

22
 sruliad sxva amocanebi idga sacxovrebeli arqiteqturis
winaSe samxreTis im tropikul qveynebSi, sadac temperatura maRalia,
magram didi raodenobis naleqebis gamo haeri da niadagi Zalze
teniania, rogorc indoCineTSi, malaiziaSi da sxva regionebSi. Zlieri
da uxvi naleqebis gamo aq sruliad sxvagvari arqiteqturuli formebi
Seiqmna, vidre Tundac im cxeli, magram mSrali klimaturi pirobebis
mqone qveynebSi, romlebzedac zemoT ukve gvqonda saubari. aqauri
saxlebis gadaxurva umeteswilad orqanovania, Zalze maRali da
mkveTrad daqanebuli (8) (sur. 11) aseT klimatur pirobebSi mTavari
moTxovna mdgomareobs imaSi, rom wvimis wyals rac SeiZleba swrafi
Camodinebis saSualeba mieces. garda amisa, zogan, magaliTad, CineTSi,
saxuravis boloebi zeviTkenaa azneqili, rac ara marto STambeWdav
dekoratiul efeqts qmnis, aramed Zlieri wvimebis dros kramitis
dacurebisganac icavs gadaxurvas (8) (sur. 12). igive pirobebi, anu uxvi
naleqebi, gansazRvravda karnizebis (lavgardanebis) formebsac _
Zlierad, kedlebisagan rac SeiZleba Sors gadmoweuli karnizebi
kedlebs wvimis wylisagan icavda.
teniani niadagisagan Senobis izolirebis survilma gamoiwvia
sxvadasxva epoqebsa da qveynebSi iseTi sacxovrebeli tipebis Seqmna,
rogorebicaa boZebze an ximinjebze Sedgmuli nagebobebi, magaliTad,
tbebze da mdinareebis napirebze aSenebuli neoliTis xanis dasaxlebebi
evropaSi _ SveicariaSi, safrangeTSi, avstriaSi, CrdiloeT italiaSi da
sxv. dResdReobiT aseTi dasaxlebebi gvxvdeba primitiuli tomebis
gavrcelebis arealebSi, amazonisa da orinokos SesarTavebTan, zondis
kunZulebze, afrikaSi da sxv. mogvianebiT boZebsa da ximinjebze
Semdgari nagebobebi Sendeboda zRvispira zolze gaSenebul qalaqebSi,
magaliTad, indoCineTis qveynebSi, veneciaSi, amsterdamSi da sxv.).
saerTod, xis nagebobis dacileba, izolireba niadagisagan misi
tenisagan dacvis mizniT Zalze gavrcelebuli movlena iyo. berZeni
mwerali da geografi pavsaniasi (ax. w. II saukune) Tavis naSromSi
`saberZneTis aRweriloba~ (47) gvacnobebs, rom olimpiaSi, heras erT-erT
uZveles berZnul taZarSi svetebi Tavdapirvelad xisa iyo, magram isini
qvis bazebsa da saZirkvels eyrdnoboda. am cnobebs adasturebs

23
arqeologiuri masalebi mikenidan da sxva berZnuli salocavebidan.
igive mizeziT warmoiSva qvis podiumebi, romlebzedac ganlagebuli iyo
etruskuli xis taZrebi. mogvianebiT romaelebma etruskebisagan isesxes
podiumze ganlagebuli taZris es forma, magram amjerad ukve rogorc
wminda dekoratiuli elementi, TavianTi qvis taZrebisaTvis.
rogorc vxedavT, bunebrivi pirobebis gansxvaveba da
mravalferovneba naTlad aisaxeba sacxovrebeli arqiteqturis tipebis
Seqmnasa da ganviTarebaze da yoveli maTganis rogorc funqciuri, aseve
esTetikuri Taviseburebanic didwilad swored garemos
mocemulobebiTaa gansazRvruli.
SemTxveviTi araa, rom saqarTveloSi, sadac mravali kuTxea da
Sesabamisad klimaturi pirobebisa da landSaftTa didi
mravalferovnebaa, arqiteqturis ganviTarebis mravalsaukunovani
istoriis manZilze tradiciuli sacxovrebeli saxlebis tipic
bevrnairi Camoyalibda. gana SeiZleba iyos erTmaneTisagan ufro
gansxvavebuli ram, vidre mTaze safexurebad Sefenili da masTan
ganuyrelad Sezrdili Satilis masa, romelsac masala _ muqi fiqalis
Txeli filebi _ Tavisebur, mkacr dekoratiulobas aniWebs, da xis
moCuqurTmebulaivnebiani, svetebze Semdgari dasavluri oda-saxli (sur.
13), an qarTluri darbazi da svanuri muryvamiani saxli (sur. 14)? amave
dros, saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi, sxvadasxva periodebSi Seqmnili
sacxovrebeli saxlis tipebi zustad Seesabameba ara marto iqaur da
imdroindel cxovrebis wessa da tradicias, aramed agreTve garemo
pirobebs, klimatsa da landSafts.
magaliTisTvis, aviRoT darbazi _ qarTlsa da samcxeSi
gavrcelebuli sacxovrebeli Senobis uZvelesi warmoSobis tipi (sur.
15) (Tumca zogierTi mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom saingiloSi gavrcelebuli
`erdoian-ayariani~ saxlis tipic swored adre aq gavrcelebuli
darbazuli nagebobebidanaa warmomdgari). am tipis qarTuli
sacxovrebeli saxlebi samecniero literaturaSi gaSuqebulia giorgi
CubinaSvilis, longinoz sumbaZis, Salva amiranaSvilis, vaxtang beriZis,
giorgi Citaias da sxva avtorTa mier. rogorc aRniSnavda vaxtang
beriZe, `bolo drois arqeologiuri aRmoCenebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom misi

24
winaprebi saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze ukve V - IV aTaswledebSi gvxvdeba~
(3, gv. 263). es aris gvirgvinis gadaxurviani `erTsarTuliani Senoba,
Cveulebriv moTavsebuli mTis Tu borcvis kalTaze, ise rom misi zurgi
miwaSia SeWrili; fasadi mxolod erTi aqvs _ svetebiani Ria talani” (4,
gv. 75). (sur. 16). imaves aRniSnavs ilia adamia wignSi `qarTuli xalxuri
xuroTmoZRvreba~: `qarTuli `darbazebis~ warmoSobis ZiriTad faqtors
warmoadgenda maTTvis Sesaferi adgilis SerCeva, romelic mxolod da
mxolod ferdobze unda yofiliyo ganlagebuli. cnobilia, rom
sacxovrebeli darbazis kedlebi sanaxevrodaa ferdobze miwaSi
Casmuli, amitom mas mxolod erTi fasadi aqvs. danarCeni sami met-
naklebad miwaSia moqceuli~ (1, gv. 71). cxadia, rom praqtikulad aseTi
gadawyveta ara marto Seesabameboda adgilobrivi peizaJis
Taviseburebebs, aramed pasuxobda kontinenturi, mSrali havis
pirobebsac – nesti aq naklebad iyo saSiSi, zamTarSi ki aseTi Senoba
siTbos ukeT inarCunebda, xolo zafxulSi _ sigriles.
garda amisa, rodesac saubaria qarTul tradiciul
sacxovrebel arqiteqturaze, unda aRiniSnos misTvis damaxasiaTebeli
iseTi mniSvnelovani detali, rogoricaa dedaboZi, romelic Tavisi
arsiT sicocxlis xis simbolur gamosaxulebas warmoadgens da
savaraudod, adreul periodSi cocxal, realur xes warmoadgenda (sur.
17). swored am TvalsazrisiT igi uSualo kavSirSia gansaxilvel
TematikasTan _ am SemTxvevaSi dedaboZi, saxlis centraluri elementi,
misi mTavari sayrdeni ara marto realur arqiteqturul detals
warmoadgens, aramed Tavisi formis da ornamentaciis meSveobiT ojaxis
keris bunebasTan mistikur kavSirze migvaniSnebs.
bunebrivia, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi, sadac gacilebiT
ufro teniani havaa, ferdobSi SeWrili darbazis tipis sacxovrebeli
gamousadegari iqneboda sinestis gamo. amitomacaa, rom gviandel xanaSi,
XIX saukuneSi Camoyalibebuli sacxovreblis tipis _ oda-saxlis
Taviseburebebi (samSeneblo masalad xis ficrebis gamoyeneba, nagebobis
qvis boZebze Sedgma, rac mis ganiavebas uwyobs xels, didi aivnebi) _
yvelaferi es rbili da notio havisaTvis iyo Sesaferisi da Tan
saTanado dekoratiul efeqts qmnida.

25
 unda aRiniSnos, rom, samwuxarod, dasavleT saqarTvelos
sacxovrebeli arqiteqturis uZvelesi tipebis Sesaxeb uaRresad mwiri
cnobebi mogvepoveba. praqtikulad, erTaderTi sabuTi, romelic
gagvaCnia, aris arqanjelo lambertis cnobebi XVII s-is I nax. megruli
soflis Sesaxeb da kristeforo de kastelis ramdenime Canaxati.
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa erTi momenti, romelic uSualod
exeba gansaxilvel Tematikas, anu bunebisa da arqiteqturis kavSirs:
lambertis cnobiT, megrelebi, gansxvavebuli sezonebis Sesabamisad,
sxvadasxva adgilebze iSenebdnen xolme saxlebs: zamTarSi
sacxovreblad tyeSi gadadiodnen, xolo zafxulobiT _ amaRlebul,
gorak adgilebze. lamberti wers:
`vfiqrob, bunebis simSvenierea imis mizezi, rom megrelebi ar
cdiloben magari da mSvenieri saxlebi aagon, radganac surT, drois
Sesaferisad sxvadasxva adgilas gavidnen da yvelgan Sesaferis
siamovnebiT datkbnen. kargad da mdidrulad aSenebuli saxli xom erT
adgilas iWers kacs. megrelebi, raTa yoveli adgilis siamovneba igemon,
erTi adgilidan meoreze gadadiano~ (39, gv. 39).
moyvanil fragmentSi gansakuTrebiT yuradsaRebia is momenti,
rom arqanjelo lamberti ara marto gviCvenebs sacxovrebeli
arqiteqturis aRweril nimuSTa kavSirs bunebriv pirobebTan maTi
praqtikuli gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT, aramed xazs usvams swored mis
esTetikur mxares.
arqiteqturisa da garemos kavSirze saubari SeiZleba im
SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac saqme exeba gviandeli xanis, kerZod, XIX
saukunis qarTul qalaqur sacxovrebel saxlebsac (Tbilisi, Telavi,
siRnaRi da sxv), romlebic ZiriTadad saerToimperiuli, erTnairi tipis
proeqtebis mixedviT igeboda. sacxovrebeli da teqnikuri daniSnulebis
nagebobaTa aseTi `sanimuSo proeqtebis~ yvelaze didi, xuTtomeuli
gamocema _ `fasadebis krebuli, misi saimperatoro udidebulesobis
mier uzenaesad aprobirebuli kerZo SenobebisTvis ruseTis imperiis
qalaqebSi~ (54) 1809-1912 wlebSi gamoqveynda. ampiris stilis aseTi
tipuri proeqtebisagan Semdgari albomebi ruseTis imperiis yvela
kuTxeSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSic vrceldeboda da nebismieri

26
nagebobis masTan Sesabamisobis aucilebloba sagangebo sakanonmdeblo
aqtebiT mkacrad iyo reglamentirebuli:
`1809 wlis 31 dekebers gamoqveynda gankarguleba `qalaqebSi
saxlebis Senebis Sesaxeb uzenaesad damtkicebuli fasadebis mixedviT,~
romlis Sesabamisad, kerZo saxlebis mSenebloba nebadarTuli iyo
mxolod `fasadebis krebulis~ proeqtebis mixedviT~ (45, gv. 79).
miuxedavad amisa, aSkaraa imdroindel qarTul qalaqebSi nagebi
sacxovrebeli saxlebis tipebis realuri transformacia, saxecvlileba,
adgilobriv pirobebTan da moTxovnebTan SesabamisobaSi TandaTanobiTi
mosvla. amis magaliTia, Tundac, Tbilisuri sacxovrebeli saxlebi,
Sida ezoebiTa da aivnebiT, romlebic ukeT Seesabameba bunebriv
pirobebs, havas, samSeneblo tradiciebsa da adgilobvrivi cxovrebis
wess da sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba imave periodSi, imave Tavdapirveli
proeqtebis mixedviT ruseTSi agebuli saxlebisagan (sur. 18).

rac Seexeba Tanamedrove epoqas, erTi SexedviT SeiZleba

mogveCvenos, viTom XX-XXI saukuneebis Tavbrudamxvevi teqnikuri
revoluciis pirobebSi, axali teqnologiebisa da xelovnuri masalebis
Seqmnis Sedegad, arqiteqtura TiTqos naklebad unda iyos damokidebuli
bunebriv garemoze: temperaturaze, tenianobaze, qarebis mimarTulebaze,
ganaTebis Taviseburebebze, reliefze, niadagze, adgilobriv samSenelo
masalebze da a.S. es, erTis mxriv, marTlac udavoa, miT umetes, rom
transportisa da komunikaciebis ganviTareba da informaciis
gavrcelebis tempi didad ganapirobebs msoflioSi msgavsi cxovrebis
wesis, msgavsi teqnologiebis da, Sesabamisad, msgavsi arqiteqturuli
formebis gavrcelebas. magram sinamdvileSi swored Tanamedrove epoqaSi
Cndeba iseTi arqiteqturuli mimdinareobebi, romlebic gaazrebulad da
mizanmimarTulad ukavSirdeba bunebriv garemos, da ara mxolod
praqtikuli, aramed mxatvruli TvalsazrisiTac. magaliTad SegviZlia
gavixsenoT iseT arqiteqtorTa Semoqmedeba, rogorebic arian antonio
gaudi (7), frenk loid raiti (66), alvar aalto (67), fridensraix
hundertvaseri (44), norman fosteri (5), `ekologiuri arqiteqturis~
mimdevarTa nawarmoebebi (32) da a.S.

27
 amitom xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom igive momenti, anu
xuroTmoZRvrebis kavSiri garemosTan da garemos uSualo gavlena
arqiteqturuli formebis Camoyalibebaze, naTlad ikveTeba ara marto
warsuli epoqebis xuroTmoZRvruli nawarmoebebis, aramed agreTve
sruliad sxva, SeiZleba iTqvas, diametrulad gansxvavebuli
magaliTebis ganxilvisas _ gavixsenoT, vTqvaT, axali da uaxlesi
epoqebis arqiteqtura, Tundac, XX saukunis bolos da XXI saukunis
dasawyisSi Seqmnili iseTi mniSvnelovani arqiteqturuli mimdinareoba,
rogoricaa `ekologiuri~, anu `mwvane~ arqiteqtura.
SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom ekologia, rogorc cneba, dRes
mWidrod daukavSirda arqiteqturis, saxlis, sacxovreblis Tanamedrove
gagebas, TviT sityva `ekologiac~ xom berZnuli `oikos~ _ `saxlidan~
warmodgeba. Tanamedrove `mwvane~ Senobebs gaaCniaT wyliT, siTboTi,
energiiT, sinaTliT da gaziT TviTmomaragebis praqtikuli da sando
sistemebi, romlebic bunebrivi procesebisa da nivTierebebis
gamoyenebazea damyarebuli, nagvis swori utilizaciis da naxmari wylis
bunebrivi filtraciis sistemebi, magram, garda amisa, eko-saxlebs
gaaCniaT dizainis sruliad Taviseburi koncefcia, rogorc interierSi,
ise fasadebze, da amis wyalobiT saxlis iersaxe erwymis bunebas, masTan
harmoniulad Tanaarsebobs.
idea `ekologiuri arqiteqturis~ Sesaxeb, romelic dRes
farTodaa gavrcelebuli da sul ufro met momxres iZens, gaCnda maSin,
rodesac teqnikuri progresis Sedegad garemoSi momxdari seriozuli
cvlilebebis gamo warmoiSva mravali sagangaSo problema da
seriozuli ekologiuri safrTxe _ haeris, wylisa da niadagis qimiuri
da radioaqtiuri dabinZureba, `saTburis gazebis~ efeqti, ionuri
xvrelebi, globaluri daTboba, mosaxleobis mzardi siWarbe
resursebis klebis fonze da a.S.
amis pasuxad, 70-an wlebSi amerikelma arqiteqtorma da
ekologma maikl reinoldsma wamoayena `mwvane saxlis~, anu, rogorc mas
kosmosur xomaldTan analogiiT uwodes, `miwieri saxlis~ idea (48).
aseTi saxli Sendeba Zalze swrafad da advilad, iafi meoradi da

28
bunebrivi masalebisgan, rac xels uwyobs mis efeqtian gamoyenebas
eqstremalur pirobebSi: katastrofebis, bunebrivi kataklizmebis dros
miyenebuli ngrevis da zaralis SemTxvevaSi da a.S. garda amisa, aseT
saxls gaaCnia wyliTa da energiiT momaragebis, filtraciis,
utilizaciis da sxva avtonomiuri bunebrivi sistemebi, rac mas
damoukidebel organizmad aqcevs (sur. 19). da Tumca aseTi Senobebis
idea sufTa praqtikuli iyo da garemos dabinZurebisa da resursebis
zedmeti xarjvis Tavidan acilebaSi mdgomareobda, amave dros
horizontalurad gaSlili maTi moculobebi da bunebrivTan
miaxloebuli, Tavisufali formebi da mJReri, mravalferovani dekori
swored bunebasTan kavSirze metyvelebs (mag., miwieri xomaldi
`nautilusi~, aSS, niu-meqsiko, taosi, 1996) (sur. 20, 21, 22). unda
aRiniSnos, rom arsebobs amave saxelwodebis kidev erTi Tanamedrove
ekologiuri nageboba, romelic meqsikel arqiteqtors, xavier senosians
ekuTvnis (sur. 23). es nageboba, romelsac lokokinas forma da uaRresad
efeqturi dekori aqvs, didi popularobiT sargeblobs.
XX-XXI saukuneTa mijnaze ukve mravali iseTi Senobebis
saxeobebi arsebobs, romlebic ara marto nagebobebis praqtikul,
utilitarulad ekologiur gadawyvetas isaxavs miznad, aramed Tavisi
mxatvruli gadawyvetiT xazgasmulad ukavSirdeba bunebrivi pirobebis
gavleniT Seqmnili tradiciuli xalxuri sacxovrebeli arqiteqturis
tipebs. magaliTad, iaponeli arqiteqtoris kacuio sejimas `saxli
tyeSi~ (1994, iaponia, nagano), romelic civ, mTian garemoSia aSenebuli,
eskimosebis Tovlis saxlis _ iglus zogierT elements iyenebs. kacuio
sejimas saxlis iglusTan msgavsebis STabeWdilebas kidev ufro
aZlierebs misi ovaluri formebi da sqeli, xorkliani betonis qaTqaTa
TeTri kedlebi, romlebic TiTqos Tovlis blokebis imitacias
warmoadgens. (sur. 24, 25)
amJamad Tanamedrove ekologiuri principebi caTambjenebis
mSeneblobaSic ki inergeba. MmaT Soris erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli
cnobili Tanamedrove britaneli arqiteqtoris norman fosteris `sent
meri eqs 30~-is koSkia, sadac ganlagebulia `Sveicaruli sadazRvevo
kompaniis~ ofisis Senoba (didi britaneTi, londoni, 2004) (sur. 26),

29
romelsac misi wagrZelebuli ovaluri formis gamo zedmetsaxelad
`simindis taro~ Searqves – saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli pirveli
ekologiuri caTambjeni. es Senoba ara marto originalur dekoratiul
aqcents qmnis, aramed isea gaTvlili, rom misi ganaTebisa da
ventilaciis xarjebi CveulebrivTan SedarebiT gacilebiT mcirea.
aqve SegviZlia gavixsenoT italiaSi moRvawe arqiteqtoris,
devid fiSeris mier daproeqtebuli superTanamedrove `dinamiuri
caTambjenebi~ (sur. 27), sadac yoveli sarTuli damoukideblad
moZraobs Senobis centraluri RerZis garSemo, rac bunebrivi
ganaTebisa da gaTbobis maqsimaluri gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas iZleva,
da romlebic energiis naturaluri wyaroebis _ qarisa da mzis
gamoyenebis wyalobiT, sruliad avtonomiuria energetikuli
TvalsazrisiT.
naklebad `teqnologiurad~ gamoiyureba avstrieli
arqiteqtorisa da mxatvris, fridensraix hundertvaseris (namdvili
saxeli _ fridrix Stovaseri) Semoqmedeba (sur. 28, 29), romelic imave
problemas ganixilavda ara imdenad mecnieruli, tradiciuli
sabunebismetyvelo ekologiis, aramed, SeiZleba iTqvas, `fsiqologiuri~
da `mxatvruli ekologiis~ TvalsazrisiT. mas miaCnda, rom tipuri
qalaquri Senobebis standartizirebuli, geometriuli, umoZrao da
uferuli formebi imdenad mowyvetilia cocxal bunebas da gamofituli,
rom amiT udides zians ayenebs adamianis fsiqikas. hundertvaseris
azriT, misi nagebobebis mJReri feradovneba, Tavisufali da
originaluri formebi, zRapruli gumbaTebi, sxvadasxva doneebze
asimetriulad ganlagebuli sarkmlebi da balaxiTa da buCqebiT
dafaruli saxuravebi da kedlebi swored saxlebis `bunebasTan
dakavSirebas~, `gacocxlebasa~ da iq mcxovrebTa fizikuri da
mentaluri gajansaRebis mizans emsaxureba. am ideebis ganxorcielebis
naTel gamoxatulebas warmoadgens, magaliTad, misi sagamofeno darbazi
`xelovnebis saxli venaSi~ (1991 wels gadakeTebulia XIX saukunis
safabriko nagebobisagan) (sur. 30). fridensaraix hundertvaseris
Semoqmedebis sayovelTao aRiareba da misi popularoba kidev erTi

30
naTeli magaliTia imisa, Tu ramdenad aqtualuria dResdReobiT
arqiteqturis bunebasTan kavSiris idea.
magaliTad, XXI saukunis ekologiur arqiteqturaSi Zalze
farTod gavrcelda hundertvaseris idea SenobaTa kedlebis
mcenareebiT dafarvis Sesaxeb. marTalia, rogorc zemoT ukve aRiniSna,
hundertvasers ZiriTadad ainteresebda am xerxis sufTa mxatvruli da
fsiqologiuri mxare, xolo dRes aqcenti keTdeba ufro praqtikul da
sufTa ekologiur aspeqtebze: Tanamedrove qalaqebSi Tavisufali miwis
farTobebis Semcirebisa da misi fasis zrdasTan erTad gamwvanebis
problema sul ufro mwvave xdeba, samagierod, izrdeba rogorc
sazogadoebis, ise arqiteqtorTa mxridan am problemis mniSvnelovnebis
gaazreba. swored am dilemis gadasaWrelad SesaniSnav gamosavals
gvTavazobs hundertvaseris idea, romlis safuZvelzec warmoiSva
Tanamedrove landSafturi arqiteqturis axali mimarTuleba:
vertikaluri gamwvaneba. mis gamomgoneblad iTvleba landSaftis
arqiteqtori patrik blani, romlis namuSevarTagan yvelaze cnobilia
parizis centrSi ganlagebuli xuTsarTuliani saxlis ocdaxuTmetriani
`mwvane kedeli~, anu baRi-instalacia, saxelwodebiT `abukiris oazisi~
(sur. 31).
Tumca, unda aRiniSnos isic, rom `vertikaluri gamwvanebis~
meTodisagan gansxvavebiT, Tanamedrove arqiteqturul praqtikaSi
gamoyenebuli zogierTi idea, romelic nagebobasa da bunebrivi garemos
Soris maqsimaluri kavSiris damyarebas emsaxureba, miuxedavad misi
novatoruli da TvalSisacemad efeqturi xasiaTisa, zogjer rogorc
praqtikuli, aseve esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT ver amarTlebs dasaxul
mizans. ase, magaliTad, Senobis garemosTan sruli Serwymisken swrafva
daedo safuZvlad bolo periodSi gavrcelebul e.w. `sarkeebian
saxlebs~ _ nagebobebs, romelTa fasadebi mTlianad sarkeebiTaa
mopirkeTebuli (sur. 32). aseTi arqiteqturuli eqsperimentis ZiriTadi
idea mdgomareobda imaSi, rom Senoba, romlis kedlebsac ar gaaCnia
sakuTari feri da faqtura da mxolod garemos zust anarekls
warmoadgens, maqsimaluradaa miaxloebuli peizaJTan, absoluturad
`Cawerilia~ masSi da amis wyalobiT idealurad `organuli~ da

31
`naturaluria~. Teoriis saxiT es Tezisi damajereblad JRers, magram
sinamdvileSi aseTi nagebobebi ara marto arapraqtikulia, aramed
zogjer mavnec kia: magaliTad, SveciaSi, Mirror Tree Hotel-is mflobelebi
iZulebulebulni gaxdnen SeekveTaT specialuri stikerebi TavianTi
sastumros mosarkuli kedlebisaTvis _ es stikerebi SeumCnevelia
adamianis TvalisTvis, magram samagierod maT frinvelebi xedaven. es
gakeTda imis Semdeg, rac naTeli gaxda, rom Senobis es `uCinari~
sarkiani kedlebi maTTvis sasikvdilo xafangad gadaiqca. faunisTvis
miyenebuli zianis garda, aseTi nagebobebi gaumarTlebelia esTetikuri
TvalsazrisiTac _ aseTi nagebobebi araTu kargaven Tavis
arqiteqturul saxes, aramed saerTodac ar aRiqmebian, savsebiT erwymian
fons, maT ar gaaCniaT mxatvruli Rirebuleba, SemoqmedebiTi da
emociuri datvirTva.
magram Tu tradiciul xalxur sacxovrebel arqiteqturasa da
Tanamedrove ekologiur arqiteqturaSic bunebasTan kavSiri ufro
praqtikul, utilitarul xasiaTs atarebs, Cven SegviZlia mivmarToT
sapirispiro magaliTebsac, sadac sufTa esTetikuri, SemoqmedebiTi
momenti gamiznulad dominirebs da garemosTan kavSiri gacnobierebul
mxatvrul amocanas warmoadgens.
aviRoT Tundac genialuri antonio gaudis SenobaTa organuli
da biomorfuli formebi, romelTa STagonebis wyaroc sruliad
naTelia, _ gavixsenoT `kasa batlo~ barselonaSi (1904-06ww.,) (sur. 33),
sadac talRovani konturebi, `Zvliseburi~ formebi da `qercliseburi~
zedapirebi zRapruli drakonis asociaciebs iwvevs, `kasa milas~
talRiseburi formebi, guelis parkis nagebobebis dekori (sur. 34),
romlebic fantastikuri florisa da faunis feradovani,
cxovelxatuli formebiTaa aRsavse. gaudis mTeli Semoqmedeba TiTqos
uaryofs swor xazs, marT kuTxes, geometriul formas, misi Senobebis
siluetebi ki imdenad Tavisufali da denadia, rom nageboba bunebrivad
warmoSobil arsebas ufro mogvagonebs, vidre usicocxlo masalisagan
aSenebul saxls.
Tanamedrove arqiteqturuli formebis bunebasTan kavSiris
naTeli magaliTia agreTve XX saukunis arqiteqturis erT-erTi

32
mamamTavris, frenk loid raitis `preriis stilis~ sacxovrebeli
saxlebi _ horizontaluri, umeteswilad erTsarTuliani nagebobebi,
bunebrivi qviTa da xiT mopirkeTebuli kedlebiT, daqanebuli, win
wamosuli saxuravebiTa da baRebsa da ezoebSi SeWrili Seminuli
terasebiT _ isini swored amerikuli preriebis, anu ukidegano `brtyeli
miwebis~ peizaJebis Taviseburebas pasuxobs. amave principis (bunebasTan
kavSiris) gaTvaliswinebiTaa agebuli raitis saxelganTqmuli `saxli
CanCqerze~ (sur. 35), anu `kaufmanis saxli~ (pensilvania, 1936-1939ww.),
romlis dagegmarebac da formebic imdenad zustad pasuxobs garemosa
da urTulesi reliefis pirobebs, rom sxva adgilze aseTive saxli
ubralod ver aSendeba. raitis mier daarsebuli mimdinareobis,
`organuli arqiteqturis~ ZiriTadi arsic swored garemosTan kavSirSi
mdgomareobs (sur. 36). `SeiswavleT buneba, giyvardeT buneba, axlos
iyaviT bunebasTan da igi arasodes giRalatebT~ _ ambobda raiti (66).
rasakvirvelia, raiti pirveli ar iyo, vinc Tavis nagebobebs
idealurad uxamebda reliefisa da peizaJis Taviseburebebs, am
principis praqtikul ganxorcielebas vxedavT sxvadasxva qveynis
nagebobebSi, uZvelesi droidan dRemde. aviRoT, Tundac, yvelaze
cnobili, SeiZleba iTqvas, banaluri magaliTebi: gizehis piramidebis
absoluturi, wminda geometrizmi, romelic zustad Seesabameba udabnos
aseve absoluturad gluvi sibrtyis fons, an aTenis akropolisis
SenobaTa idealurad gawonasworebuli da Tan Tavisufali ganlageba
borcvze. an gavixsenoT, Tu ra uzarmazari mniSvneloba aqvs am aspeqts
iaponur sintoistur da budistur arqiteqturaSi _ aq taZrebi,
landSafturi, pavilionuri da sacxovrebeli arqiteqtura ara marto
zedmiwevniT pasuxobs garemos praqtikul da esTetikur moTxovnebs,
aramed sintos da Zenis bunebasTan kavSiris ideebis safuZvelzea
damyarebuli da maT simbolur gansaxierebas warmoadgens. magram
samagierod raiti iyo pirveli arqiteqtori, romelmac bunebriv
garemosTan kavSiris es principi Teoriulad Camoayaliba da Tavisi
mimdinareobis _ organuli arqiteqturis erT-erT ganmsazRvrel
midgomad dasaxa.

33
 aRsaniSnavia, rom interesi bunebisa da xuroTmoZRvrebis
urTierTkavSiris gamovlenisaken arsebobs ara marto XX-XXI saukuneTa
arqiteqturul praqtikaSi, aramed arqiteqturis TeoriaSic. magaliTad,
cnobili Tanamedrove avstralieli mkvlevari, nikos salingarosi, Tavis
wignSi `arqiteqturis Teoria~ (61) gamoTqvams azrs, rom modernizmisa
da postmodernizmis xanis arqiteqturis Tanamedrove vizualuri aRqmis
ZiriTadi defeqti mdgomareobs mis `geometriul fundamentalizmSi~. am
terminSi igulisxmeba sayovelTao orientacia umTavresad monumentur,
geometriuli eqspresiis matarebel formebze, romelic axasiaTebs
uaxlesi epoqis arqiteqturas. amave dros es orientacia iwvevs
landSaftis Taviseburebis, klimaturi pirobebis, kulturuli
tradiciebisa da garemos ugulebelyofas, rac, salingarosis azriT,
arqiteqturas `bunebriobas~ (sustainability) ukargavs. gansakuTrebiT es
exeba swored sacxovrebeli arqiteqturis nimuSebis gadawyvetas.
sainteresoa agreTve, rom salingarosi, Termodinamikisa da fsiqologiis
kanonebze dayrdnobiT, ganixilavs arqiteqturul formebs biologiur
formebTan analogiiT da amtkicebs, rom maT (anu biologiur formebs)
gaaCniaT Tandayolili organizebulobis Tviseba. da Tu tradiciul
arqiteqturas axasiaTebs aseTive Tandayolili organuloba,
minimalistur da dekonstruqtivistul arqiteqturas igi srulebiT ar
gaaCnia.
nikos salingarosis Teoria ZiriTadad eTanxmeba avstrieli
arqiteqtoris, dizainerisa da maTematikosis kristofer aleqsanderis
naSromebSi gamoTqmul ideebs. iseve rogorc salingarosi, aleqsanderic
kritikulad udgeba Tanamedrove arqiteqturas da gvTavazobs
alternatiul midgomas arqiteqturisa da urbanistikis sakiTxebisadmi,
romelic ukeT miesadageba adamianis moTxovnilebebs sacxovrebeli
arqiteqturisadmi da emyareba saguldagulo mecnierul analizs, Rrma
codnasa da intuicias (2). mniSvnelovania is momentic, rom
kompiuteruli programirebis kanonebze damyarebuli kristofer
aleqsanderis Teoriuli gamokvlevebi xorcSesxmulia mis mierve agebul
SenobebSi, rac misi Teoriebis sicocxlisunarianobaze metyvelebs.

34
 amave dros, unda aRiniSnos, rom es mkveTrad kritikuli
midgoma, romelic gamovlinda salingarosis, aleqsanderis da mravali
sxva arqiteqturis Teoretikosis naSromebSi, SeiZleba samarTliani
iyos zogierTi calkeuli Tanamedrove mimarTulebis mimarT,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, funqcionalizmi da internacionaluri stili,
an zemoT ukve naxsenebi dekonstruqtivizmi da minimalizmi. magram, amave
dros, ar unda dagvaviwydes isic, rom, rogorc zemoT ukve gvqonda
naxsenebi, paralelurad swored amJamad mTel msoflioSi sul ufro
izrdeba xelovanTa interesi ekologiuri, anu mwvane arqiteqturisadmi,
ibadeba sul ufro masStaburi da Tamami proeqtebi, romlebic
iTvaliswinebs ukve ara mxolod ekologiuri saxlebis, caTambjenebis
an Tundac dasaxlebebis mSeneblobas, aramed mTeli qalaqebis Seqmnas,
romlebic erTi SexedviT sruliad fantastikurad gveCveneba, Tu ar
gaviTvaliswineT teqnikuri progresis sul ufro mzard tempebs.
amis magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT safrangeTSi moRvawe
Tanamedrove belgieli arqiteqtorisa da bioinJinris, vensan kalebos
ukve farTod gaxmaurebuli proeqtebi, romlebmac ukanasknel wlebSi
mraval prestiJul arqiteqturul konkursze moipoves gamarjveba. esenia:
a) `ekopolisi~, anu avtonomiuri qalaqi-gemi, saxelad `dumfara~ (sur.
37), b) mfrinavi qalaqi-baRebi, anu, rogorc am proeqts TviT avtori
uwodebs, `momavlis TviTkmari diriJablebi~, g) giganturi baRi-
caTambjenebis, `WriWinebis~ kunZuli da sxv. sainteresoa, rom vensan
kalebos am proeqtebSi nagebobebis umravlesoba ara marto gegmiT,
aramed arqiteqturuli formebiTac msgavsia cocxali faunidan
nasesxebi im biomorfuli `pirvelwyaroebisa~, romlebmac biZgi misca
arqiteqtoris SemoqmedebiT fantazias.A
vensan kalebosa da misi zogierTi kolegis SemoqmedebaSi
Casaxuli aseTi damokidebuleba arqiteqturasa da bunebas Soris,
rasakvirvelia, Zalze gansxvavdeba tradiciulisagan, igi sruliad
axleburi da uCveuloa, erTgvarad eqstravaganturic. Tumca unda
aRiniSnos, rom teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT vensan kalebos `momavlis
proeqtebis~ ganxorcieleba dResac savsebiT SesaZlebelia. SeiZleba

35
iTqvas, rom aseTma mimdinareobam axali mimarTuleba misca
arqiteqturasa da bunebas Soris odiTganve arsebul kavSirs.

rogorc vxedavT, garemos, landSaftis, bunebrivi pirobebis

gavlena uaRresad seriozuli faqtoria, romelic arqiteqturis
ganviTarebis mTel manZilze mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs ama Tu im
qveynis xuroTmoZRvrebis TviTmyofad saxes. erTi mxriv, garemo
ganapirobebs praqtikuli aucileblobidan momdinare Tvisebebs _
nagebobaTa Sesatyvisobas klimatur pirobebTan da bunebriv reliefTan,
samSeneblo masalebis SerCevas, teqnikuri xerxebisa da konstruqciebis
arCevans, qalaqgegmarebis principebs da sxv. meores mxriv, igi axdens
zemoqmedebas SenobaTa esTetikur mxareze _ maT dagegmvasa da
kompoziciur gadawyvetaze, arqiteqturuli formebis saxeze,
sivrcobrivi gadawyvetis Taviseburebebze, ferisa da faqturis
arCevanze da sxv. amaze naTlad metyvelebs is magaliTebi, romlebic
moyvanili iyo sxvadasxva qveynebisa da epoqebis rogorc tradiciuli,
xalxuri, aseve saavtoro, klasikuri da Tanamedrove sacxovrebeli
arqiteqturis saganZuridan.

amave dros, Zalze mniSvnelovania imis ganxilvac, Tu rogor

aisaxeba garemos gavlena xelovnebis, da kerZod arqiteqturis
TviTmyofadi erovnuli saxis Camoyalibebaze, erovnuli xedvisa da
aRqmis, sivrcis, formisa da feris SegrZnebaze. swored am sakiTxebis
Sesaxeb gveqneba saubari momdevno TavSi.

36
 Tavi II

erovnuli formis sakiTxi arqiteqturaSi: garemos gavlena

Tanamedrove epoqaSi, rodesac msoflioSi mimdinare istoriuli

procesebis fonze globalizaciisa da erovnuli TviTmyofadobis
sakiTxebi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens, uaRresad aqtualuri
xdeba xelovnebis nacionaluri xasiaTisa da formis problemebi.
amjerad ganvixilavT erovnuli formis sakiTxs arqiteqturaSi da mis
kavSirs garemos xasiaTsa da mis TaviseburebebTan.
imTaviTve unda aRiniSnos, rom TviT arqiteqturuli formis,
rogorc esTetikuri kategoris, arqiteqturuli azrovnebis da
amavdroulad, arqiteqturuli Semoqmedebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi
elementis gansazRvra da misi analizi specialur saxelovnebaTmcodneo
literaturaSi SedarebiT naklebad gvxvdeba, Tumca nawilobriv es
sakiTxi filosofiaSia dasmuli, sadac igi ufro farTo konteqstSi
ganixileba, rogorc zogadad kulturisa da azrovnebis ganviTarebis
aspeqti.
Znelia dazustebiT imis mtkiceba, Tu rodis da sad warmoiSva
Tavad termini `arqiteqturuli forma~. cnobilia, magaliTad, rom
vitruviusi Tavis namuSevrebSi mas jer ar xmarobs, aRorZinebis xanidan
moyolebuli ki es termini sul ufro farTod gamoiyeneba. magram
pirvelad arqiteqturuli formis sakiTxis filosofiuri gaazrebis
mcdelobas vxvdebiT hegelis naSromebSi (24), sadac mxatvruli
stilebis istoria sam ZiriTad etapad iyofa:

1) pirveli etapia Zveli aRmosavleTis arqiteqtura, romelsac

hegeli `simbolurs~ uwodebs, radganac imdroindeli Zeglebi,
magaliTad, zikuraTi (ziggurat), ar warmoadgens arqiteqturul Zegls
klasikuri gagebiT, anu eqsterierisa da interieris erTianobas. isini
sivrceSi ganTavsebul formebs _ religiuri simboloebis gansaxierebas

37
warmoadgens. am TvalsazrisiT hegeli maTsa da qandakebas Soris avlebs
paralels, miT umetes, rom am Zeglebis SemoqmedTa arqiteqturuli
azrovneba aSkarad sivrcobriv-plastikur xasiaTs atarebs.
2) meore etaps warmoadgens klasikuri antikuri arqiteqtura,
romelic Zveli aRmosavleTis xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebisagan
gansxvavebiT aris ara damoukidebeli forma-simbolo, aramed RvTaebis
qandakebis an adamianis samyofeli, sadgomi.
3) mesame etapi _ goTikis xanis arqiteqtura, sadac es orive
Tvisebaa gaerTianebuli, anu goTikis xanis qristianuli taZari forma-
simboloc aris, rogorc samyaros Taviseburi modeli, mikrokosmi, da
amave dros `RvTis saxlicaa~.
hegelisagan sruliad gansxvavebul mosazrebebs gamoTqvamda
gotfrid zemperi, (52), romelic arqiteqturuli stilisa da formis
TaviseburebaTa warmoqmnis mTavar ganmsazRvrel faqtorad Tvlis ara
istoriul, religiur da simbolur momentebs, aramed savsebiT
materialur safuZvels _ kerZod, Senobis praqtikul daniSnulebas, mis
struqturas, konstruqcias, masalaTa Tvisebebs da a.S. zemperis azriT,
nagebobis mxatvrul formas upirveles yovlisa misi konstruqcia da
teqnika ganapirobebs. arqiteqturuli formis warmoqmnis mTavar
safuZvlad igi miiCnevs materialur bazas, teqtonikas, simZimis Zalis
gavlenas, zrdisken swrafvas, energiis mimarTul moZraobas da a.S.
gotfrid zemperisagan gansxvavebiT, hegelis mosazrebebs
nawilobriv iziarebs osvald Spengleri, (55), romelic arqiteqturul
formas ganixilavs, rogorc ama Tu im kulturis simbolos. Spenglers
miaCnia, rom SeuZlebelia arqiteqturuli stilisa da formebis Seqmna
mxolod racionalur, materialur safuZvelze, radganac isini Tavisi
arsiTa da garegnuli niSnebiT warmoadgenen erovnuli sulisa da
kulturis `asakis~ gamoxatulebas. es iracionaluri momenti
SprenglerTan moiazreba simbolur-emociuri erTianobis saxiT, anu es
simboluri damokidebulebani adamianis qvecnobierebaSi arsebobs
erTgvari SegrZnebebis saxiT. Spengleris azriT, yovel kulturas
gaaCnia samyaros Tavisi ganumeorebeli, TviTmyofadi xedva da agreTve
sivrcis, droisa da istoriis sakuTari aRqma da gageba. amave dros,

38
Tavis naSromSi `evropis daisi~ Spengleri gamoTqvams sruliad
materialistur azrs, rom yoveli kultura deda-bunebis wiaRidan
warmoiSveba, romelTanac organuladaa dakavSirebuli arsebobis mTel
manZilze da swored es mSobliuri landSafti ara marto am kulturis
garegnuli formebis Seqmnis safuZvels warmoadgens, aramed agreTve
mTel mis sulsa da xasiaTs gansazRvravs.
rogorc vxedavT, swored osvald SpenglerTan vlindeba
pirvelad idea uSualo kavSiris Sesaxeb xelovnebis, kerZod ki
arqiteqturis Taviseburebasa da misi Semqmneli eris xasiaTs Soris.
amis Semdgom ki XIX-XX saukuneTa mijnis mecnierebaSi sakmaod mtkiced
arqiteqturuli formis fenomenologiis ganxilva `erTa fsiqologiis”
konteqstSi ikidebs fexs. am periodSi mecnierTa nawili
xuroTmoZRvruli stilebis warmoSobas da maT Taviseburebas swored
qveynis bunebasTan kavSirSi ganixilavda.
XX saukuneSi filosofiis, sabunebismetyvelo da teqnikuri
mecnierebebis, fsiqologiis, xelovnebis, kerZod ki arqiteqturis
urTierTobebi kidev ufro mWidro xdeba, garda amisa, arqiteqturis
sferoSi swrafad iWreba axali, novatoruli ideebi ekologiisa da
anTropologiis sferoebidan. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, rom XX
saukunis SuaxanebSi gaCnda fsiqologiis axali dargebi, iseTi,
rogoricaa garemosTan urTierTobis, anu envaironmentuli fsiqologia
_ axali mimarTuleba, romelic Seiswavlis adamianisa da garemos
urTierTobis aspeqtebs, materialuri realobis gavlenas adamianis
pirovnebis Camoyalibebaze. am dargis pirveli kvleva, romelic niu-
iorkis universitetSi Catarda uiliam itelsonis da harold
proSanskis mier, eZRvneboda swored sivrcobrivi da arqiteqturuli
garemos gavlenas adamianis fsiqikaze (30).
XX saukunis ormocdaaTiani wlebis bolosa da samociani
wlebis dasawyisSi garemos fsiqologias gamoeyo, rogorc
damoukidebeli, calke dargi, arqiteqturis fsiqologia. misi mizani
mdgomareobs arqiteqturuli azrovnebis, rogorc SemoqmedebiTi,
proeqtuli da mecnieruli azrovnebis erTianobis kvlevaSi, adamianis
mier sivrcisa da formis aRqmis meqanizmebis SeswavlaSi da agreTve

39
SenobaTa daproeqtebisa da SemdgomSi maTi gamoyenebis fsiqologiuri
aspeqtebis dadgenaSi da a.S.
marTalia, am SemTxvevaSi arqiteqturuli fsiqologiis
specialistebs urTierTkavSiri `garemo-arqiteqtura-adamiani~
umeteswilad aintersebT, rogorc Tanamedrove arqiteqturuli
praqtikis ara imdenad mxatvruli, aramed ufro ekologiuri,
socialuri, fsiqofiziologiuri da sxva problemebis sfero, anu maT
ZiriTad mizans warmoadgens xuroTmoZRvrebaSi `adamianuri faqtoris~
Seswavlis, misi saWiroebebis dadgenisa da am moTxovnilebebis
optimalurad uzrunvelyofisaTvis saWiro kvlevebi da gacilebiT
naklebad ainteresebT arqiteqturis, rogorc xelovnebis, esTetikuri
problemebi. magram TavisTavad cxadia da faqtia is, rom farTo
interdisciplinuri kavSirebis gaCena gacilebiT met saSualebas
gvaZlevs imisTvis, rom sxvadasxva kuTxidan, sxvadasxva wyaroebisa da
monacemebis safuZvelze SevecadoT, gavarkvioT, Tu ranairad da ra
xerxebiT zemoqmedebs garemo xelovanze, rogor xdeba Semoqmedis mier
am garemos aRqma da masTan urTierTkavSiri, rogoria garemos roli ama
Tu im qveynis xelovnebis, kerZod ki arqiteqturis erovnul
TaviseburebaTa CamoyalibebaSi.
aseTi erTiani interdisciplinuri midgomis Sedegebi naTlad
ikveTeba jer kidev ocian-ocdaaTian wlebSi bauhauzis, vxutemasis,
ulmis skolis, arqiteqturis italiel istorikosTa, Semdeg ki
safrangeTSi, struqturalistTa da poststruqturalistTa wreebSi.
dResdReobiT gaCnda axali programebi, romlebic iTvaliswinebs mZlavr
integraciul potencials da gulisxmobs arqiteqturuli codnisa da
warmodgenebis gaazrebas iseT kategoriebTan erTianobaSi, rogorebicaa
sivrce, garemo, sistema, adamiani, kultura, ena da sxv. amis magaliTad
SeiZleba miviCnioT proeqti axali dargis – ekistikis Sesaxeb, romelic
qalaqgegmarebis sruliad novatorul _ istoriul-kulturologiur da
ekologiur xedvas emyareba.
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia is, rom aseTi erTiani,
interdisciplinuri midgomebi saSualebas iZleoda, rom mecnierul
safuZvelze gamovleniliyo ara marto eris kulturis ZiriTadi

40
ganmsazRvreli Taviseburebani, aramed isic, Tu ra faqtorebi axdens
gavlenas eris xelovnebis, kerZod, arqiteqturis TviTmyofadi xasiaTis
Camoyalibebaze da isic, Tu ra rols asrulebs am SemTxvevaSi garemos
gavlena.
am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa bulgareli kulturologisa da
eTnologis georgi gaCevis Teoria e.w. `kosmo-fsiqo-logosis~ Sesaxeb,
(19), sadac `kosmosis~, anu eris gansaxlebis arealis, mis arsebobasTan
odiTganve dakavSirebuli sivrcis, bunebis Taviseburebani gadamwyvet
zemoqmedebas axdens am eris fsiqologiuri wyobis, misi xasiaTisa da
msoflSegrZnebis Camoyalibebaze, rac, Tavis mxriv, aisaxeba `logosze~,
anu azrovnebis wyobaze, mis mentalobaze. es Taviseburi mentaloba ki,
gaCevis Teoriis Tanaxmad, gamoixateba yofisa da kulturis
praqtikulad yvela sferoSi, magaliTad, rogorc enisa da
literaturuli Semoqmedebis specifikaSi, aseve musikasa da saxviT
xelovnebaSi, kerZod – arqiteqturaSi, rac Cvens SemTxvevaSi
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa.
am mxriv gaCevis Teoria nawilobriv emTxveva osvald
Spengleris zemoT moyvanil Sexedulebebs, Tumca misi kvlevis
meTodebi, masalebi, wyaroebi da a.S. sruliad gansxvavebulia da msgavs
daskvnebTan igi, ase vTqvaT, sruliad `sxva mxridan~ midis. garda amisa,
SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom xSirad gaCevi ama Tu im eris yofis,
tradiciebis, enisa da kulturis analizis safuZvelze am eris
msoflSegrZnebisa da azrovnebis simbolod swored arqiteqturul
elementebs irCevs: magaliTad, Tavis wignSi `samyaros erovnuli
xatebani~ italiuri `erovnuli saxis xatebis” gamovlenad igi TaRs
asaxelebs, xolo germanulisa – taZris koSkuras (Turmspitze).
rogorc ukve aRiniSna wina TavSi sacxovrebeli arqiteqturis
nimuSebis analizis safuZvelze, arqiteqturisa da garemos
urTierTkavSiri nebismieri eris xelovnebaSi arsebobs: reliefi,
landSafti, hava, bunebrivi pirobebi xom obieqturad Zlier
gansazRvravs nagebobaTa esTetikur saxesac da maT struqturasac. am
sakiTxis erT-erTi mniSnelovani aspeqti mdgomareobs imaSi, Tu kerZod
ra saxis damokidebulebani arsebobs garemos Taviseburebasa da im eris

41
xelovnebis xasiaTs Soris, romelic am garemos pirobebSi yalibdeba da
viTardeba. upirveles yovlisa aRsaniSnavia, rom garemo did gavlenas
axdens eris xasiaTis Camoyalibebaze mTlianobaSi, iseve, rogorc misi
cxovrebis wesis, temperamentisa da eTnikuri Taviseburebebis
Camoyalibebaze. rasakvirvelia, geografiuli garemo ar warmoadgens
erTaderT faqtors, arsebobs agreTve istoriuli, religiuri,
socialuri da sxva faqtorebic, magram am SemTxvevaSi Cven
gvainteresebs swored garemos roli jer xelovnebis zogadi xasiaTis
da agreTve erovnuli formis, sivrcis da feris grZnobis
CamoyalibebaSi, Semdeg ki _ yovelive amis konkretul nawarmoebebSi
asaxva.
magram Cndeba kiTxva: arsebobs ki realurad erovnuli aRqmis
Tavisebureba, anu formis, sivrcis, feris Taviseburi nacionaluri
xedva, Tu es ubralod xatovani gamoTqmaa da sinamdvileSi yvela
adamiani, saerTo anatomiuri wyobidan gamomdinare, zustad erTnairad
xedavs da aRiqvams? es problema SedarebiT ufro farTodaa gaSuqebuli
fsiqologiaSi, vidre zemoaRniSnuli sakiTxi _ xelovnebis TeoriaSi.
zemoT ukve aRiniSna xelovnebasTan, kerZod ki arqiteqturasTan
dakavSirebuli am problemis Semswavleli fsiqologiis axali dargebis
Seqmna, iseTebisa, rogoricaa e.w. envaironmentuli, anu garemos
fsiqologia, rogorc am sakiTxis kvlevis procesSi gansakuTrebuli
mniSvnelobis mqone movlena, da SemdgomSi damoukidebeli dargis saxiT
arqiteqturis fsiqologiis gamoyofa, im dargisa, romelic uSualod
ukavSirdeba SenobaTa daproeqtebasa da SemdgomSi maT gamoyenebasTan
dakavSirebul fsiqologiur aspeqtebs. magram, garda amisa, arsebobs
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis iseTi mimarTulebebic, romlebic ufro metad
amaxvilebs yuradRebas arqiteqturuli azrovnebis eTnofsiqologiur
aspeqtebze, rac nawilobriv am sakiTxis Spengleriseul xedvas
ukavSirdeba.
gansakuTrebiT seriozulad da Rrmadaa damuSavebuli
mxedvelobiTi aRqmis sakiTxebi da problemebi konstruqtivistul
fsiqologiaSi. konstruqtivistulma midgomam didi gavlena iqonia
aRqmis eqsperimentul Seswavlaze da misi Teoriuli safuZvlebis

42
Camoyalibebaze. metic, misi fundamenturi idea imis Sesaxeb, rom aRqma
warmoadgens ara xilulis zust fotografiul asls, aramed Tvalis
baduraze miRebuli sensoruli signalis gonebis mier damuSavebis, misi
interpretaciis Sedegs, Zalze popularuli gaxda Tanamedrove
fsiqologiaSi, konkretulad ki im mecnierTa Soris, romlebic sivrcis
aRqmis sakiTxebs ikvleven. amaSi gansakuTrebiT didi roli Seasrula
iseTi mkvlevarebis naSromebma, rogorebic arian irvin roki (49),
julian hoxbergi (25) da riCard lengton gregori. am mecnierTa
namuSevrebSi xazgasmulia, rom grZnobis organoebis mier miRebuli
vizualuri signali ar rCeba ucvleli, aramed igi tvinis mier
muSavdeba im codnisa da gamocdilebis safuZvelze, romelic adamians
ukve gaaCnda manamde. Sesabamisad, Cven SegviZlia davuSvaT, rom rodesac
xdeba tvinis mier TvaliT danaxuli formis, sivrcisa da feris Sesaxeb
informaciis damuSaveba, didi mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu rogori
informaciis, emociebis da SegrZnebebis maragi gaaCnia ukve adamians, anu
amas ukve pirdapiri kavSiri aqvs imasTan, Tu rogor garemoSi
cxovrobda da aRizarda igi.
riCard l. gregoris wignSi `Tvali da tvini. mxedvelobiTi
aRqmis fsiqologia~ aRwerilia saganTa zomis, formis da feris aRqmis
mudmivobis (konstanturobis) meqanizmTa Sesaswavlad Catarebuli
eqsperimentebi. aq moyvanili zogierTi azri exeba Cvens mier dasmul
sakiTxsac. riCard gregori wers, rom sagnis formas, fers da zomas Cven
aRviqvamT ara sruliad obieqturad, e. i. ise, rogorc igi airekleba
Tvalis baduraze, aramed iseTad, rogoric igi xdeba gonebis mier am
gamosaxulebis qvecnobieri koreqciis Semdeg. aqve gregoris moyavs
konstanturobis rene dekartiseuli gansazRvreba:
`sabolood – wers dekarti _ CemTvis aucilebeli ar aris
raime specialuris Tqma saganTa zomisa da formis aRqmis xerxis
Sesaxeb; igi savsebiT determinirdeba am sagnebis nawilTa ganlagebisa
da manZilis xedvis xerxiT. aseTnairad, maTi zoma fasdeba Sesabamisad
Cveni codnisa an warmodgenisa maTi daSorebulobis Sesaxeb, Cveni
Tvalis ukana kedelze mocemul anabeWdTan erTianobaSi.~

43
 dekartma agreTve aRwera is movlenac, romelsac amJamad
`formis konstanturobas~, anu formis aRqmis mudmivobas uwodeben.
`garda amisa, formis Cveneuli Sefaseba aSkarad momdinareobs
Cveni codnidan an warmodgenidan saganTa sxvadasxva nawilebis
ganlagebis Sesaxeb; igi ar Seesabameba TvalSi arsebul gamosaxulebas,
radganac am gamosaxulebaSi sinamdvileSi aris xolme ovalebi an
rombebi iq, sadac Cven wreebsa da kvadratebs vxedavT~ (21).
aqve gregori aRniSnavs da eqsperimentulad asabuTebs tvinSi
aRqmis Skalis Semqmneli sistemis arsebobas, romlis meSveobiT adamiani
afasebs sivrcesa da formas. es sistema qvecnobierad CairTveba xolme,
magaliTad, maSin, rodesac adamiani raime perspeqtiul gamosaxulebas
uyurebs _ am dros igi xedavs siRrmes iq, sadac sinamdvileSi arsebobs
sibrtyeze ganlagebuli xazebi. magram Tu adamiani ar dgas ganviTarebis
garkveul doneze, e. i., Tu man ar icis perspeqtivis kanonebi an,
yoveldRiuri gamocdilebis safuZvelze, imTaviTve ar iyo SeCveuli
perspeqtiuli gamosaxulebebis xilvas, man SeiZleba es iluzoruli
sivrce verc aRiqvas. magaliTad, mTis Soreul sofelSi gazrdilma
qalma ubralod ver aRiqva fotoze sakuTari Svilis gamosaxuleba,
samagierod Seicno igi naqargze. gregoris eqsperimentebi uCvenebs did
gansxvavebas imaSic, Tu rogor aRiqvmen sivrces tyeSi mcxovrebi
tomebis warmomadgenlebi, sadac TvalTaxedvis areali mudmivad mcirea,
da gaSlil velebze mcxovrebi adamianebi, an dasavluri civilizaciis
warmomadgenlebi, sadac sacxovrebeli garemo (saxlebi, oTaxebi,
qalaqgegmarebis elementebi da a.S.) marTkuTxa formebzea agebuli (sur.
38) da, amis sapirispirod, zulusebi, romelTa sacxovreblebi, saxlebis
Riobebi, saxnav-saTesi nakveTebi da sxv. mrgval formebzea agebuli (sur.
39).
aqedan gamomdinare, cxadia, rom formis, zomisa da sivrcis
aRqma ar aris yvelasaTvis saerTo, mdgradi ram. zemoT moyvanili
masala naTelyofs, rom is, Tu rogor aRviqvamen adamianebi formasa da
sivrces, pirdapir da didad aris damokidebuli Cvens warsul
gamocdilebaze, romelic mexsierebaSia aRbeWdili, Cveni gonebis
mdgomareobaze da grZnobaTa aRzrdis doneze. da swored am azris

44
dasabuTeba iyo saWiro Cveni problemis ganxilvisas, radganac igi
mkafiod adasturebs kavSirs garemos gavlenasa da adamianis aRqmis
Taviseburebebs Soris. sruliad naTelia, rom garemo, anu pirobebi,
romlebSic aRizarda adamiani da Camoyalibda misi xedva da aRqma,
didad gansazRvravs am xedvisa da aRqmis xasiaTs, iwvevs ra Tvalis
SeCvevas garkveuli formebisadmi. Tvalis es Cveva SemdegSi
gansazRvravs gemovnebas, xolo is ki, Tavis mxriv _ xelovnebis
nawarmoebebSi gamoyenebuli ferebis, formebisa da sivrcis zogad
Taviseburebebs.
`msoflio arqiteqturuli stilebis (goTika, renesansi, baroko,
klasicizmi, moderni da sxv.) Seqmnisa da urTierTcvlis fonze
viTardeboda agreTve erovnuli arqiteqturebi, romlebic sakuTar,
TviTmyofad saxeebsa da formebs warmoSobda. yoveli eris nacionaluri
arqiteqturis saTaveebTan arsebobs klimaturi, religiuri,
saxelmwifoebrivi da sxva faqtorebi. erovnuli arqiteqtura uamravi
ZafiTaa dakavSirebuli xalxis cxovrebasTan. misi formebi da xazebi
asaxavs yoveli eris xasiaTis Taviseburebebs: udabnosa da ukidegano
qviSiani tramalebis mcxovrebTa arqiteqturas talRovani, rbili xazebi
axasiaTebs, maxvili kuTxeebi da mkafio xazebi ki – pragmatul
evropelebs; eris Rrma religiurobis gamovlinebas vxedavT CineTis,
indoeTis, iaponiis mcxovrebTa arqiteqtutaSi da a. S.” (26).
aq marTebuli iqneba, gavixsenoT Cveni didi mxatvrisa da
mecnieris, daviT kakabaZis azri imis Sesaxeb, rom `qarTuli `mxatvruli
enis~ saukeTeso maswavlebels warmoadgens buneba, romelSic viTardeba
da cxovrobs qarTveli eri~ (50). Tumca citirebul frazaSi cota
sxvagvaria konteqsti da avtoris mier nagulisxmevia konkretuli
Sinaarsi, romelic ferweruli enis, saxviTi xerxebis erovnul xasiaTs
exeba, magram samagierod, aq zustad aris gavlebuli xazi mxatvruli
nawarmoebis saxviT mxaresa da garemos Taviseburebas Soris, rac
swored Cveni interesis sagans warmoadgenda.
am azris konkretul ilustracias vxvdebiT ipolit tenis
naSromSi `xelovnebis filosofia~, sadac avtori saubrobs im or
ZiriTad sawyisze, romelTagan erT-erTi aucileblad axasiaTebs ama Tu

45
im qveynis xelovnebis saxesa da stils mTlianobaSi: esaa plastikuri
sawyisi, sadac wamyvan rols asrulebs Suq-CrdiliT naZerwi sufTa
forma, mkafio silueti da mkveTri naxati; da meore – ferweruli
sawyisi, sadac wamyvania valiorebi, feris laqebi da haeri., romelic
arbilebs ferebsa da konturebs. magaliTisTvis teni saubrobs
niderlandur peizaJur ferweraze, sadac yvelaze naTlad Cans garemosa
da xelovnebis kavSiri da paralelurad ganixilavs gansxvavebas
veneciuri da florenciuli skolebis `ferweruli~ da `plastikuri~
sawyisebis warmoSobis mizezebs. holandiur da veneciur ferweraSi
sagnebis `ukonturobis~, mocimcime ganaTebis efeqtebis, ferTa
sixasxasis da simdidris bunebriv wanamZRvrebad teni notio havas da
niadags Tvlis.
`aq (anu niderlandebSi), iseve, rogorc veneciaSi, Tavad buneba
koloristad aqcevs adamians. miaqcieT yuradReba imas, Tu ra
sxvadasxvagvarad gamoiyureba sagnebi imisda mixedviT, imyofebiT Tqven
mSral qveyanaSi, provansisa Tu florenciis midamoebis msgavsad, Tu
niderlandebiviT, tenian dablobze. mSral qveyanaSi gansakuTrebiT
mkveTrad gamoiyofa da yuradRebas ipyrobs xazebi; aq mTebi cis fonze
ise gamoiyofa, rogorc keTilSobilebiTa da didebulebiT aRsavse
mravalsarTuliani nagebobebi. notio dablobis brtyeli zedapiri ki aq
ar warmoadgens interess da sagnebis konturebi Serbilebulia,
waSlilia da TiTqos iRvenTeba im SeumCnevel aorTqlebaTa gamo,
romlebic erTTavad curavs haerSi; aq laqaTa sabrZanebelia. Zroxa,
romelic balaxs Zovs, saxuravi Suagul mindorSi, moajirs
dayrdnobili adamiani – yvelaferi es aRiqmeba, rogorc sxva tonTa
Soris mikarguli erT-erTi toni. sagani iRvenTeba, igi ar Cndeba
erTbaSad garemomcveli sivrcidan, ar hgavs naWeds, TvalSi pirvelad
gvecema ganaTebis sxvadasxva Zala da ganusazRvrel tonTa gadasvlebi,
romlebic sagnis Seferadebas reliefad aqcevs (.....) aqauri ca, ferebiTa
da moZraobiT aRsavse, saukeTesod esadageba imas, rom SeaTanxmos,
gaamravalferovnos da xazi gausvas yvela tons. igi saukeTeso skolas
warmoadgens koloristisaTvis. aq, iseve, rogorc veneciaSi, xelovneba

46
mihyveba bunebas da mxatvris xeli xatavs ise, rogorc amas karnaxobs
Tvalis mier aRqmuli STabeWdileba.~ (58, gv. 149, 151 ).
ipolit tenis am debulebis sailustraciod da realobasTan
misi kavSiris naTelsayofad sakmarisia erTmaneTs SevadaroT jer
italiis, Semdeg ki niderlandebis garemo da misi gadmocemis stili
fotoebsa da ferwerul nawarmoebebSi. aSkaraa, rom fotoebze asaxuli
realuri garemos Taviseburebani orive SemTxvevaSi cxadad aisaxeba
benoco gocolis, girlandaios, art van der neeris da ian van goienis
nawarmoebebSi (sur. 40-41, 42-43, 44-45, 46-47, 48-49).
sakiTxis msgavs dasmas vxvdebiT agreTve hainrix velflinTan,
mis wignSi `renesansis epoqis xelovneba germaniasa da italiaSi~ (12).
velflini aRniSnavs italielTa xelovnebis udides swrafvas
plastikurobisadmi da sapirispirod – germaneli xelovanebis mudmivad
ferwerul maneras. am mosazrebis sailustraciod mas mohyavs uamravi
magaliTi xelovnebis sxvadasxva sferoebidan, adarebs, arCevs da
detalurad aanalizebs maT. igi aRniSnavs italiuri arqiteqturis
mkafio da sufTa proporciebs, gluv zedapirebs, simetriul
elementebsa da naTel interierebs; da amis sapirispirod ki _
germanuli arqiteqturis iregularul gegmebsa da asimetriul fasadebs,
kedlis sibrtyeTa cxovelxatul `rRvevasa~ da Cabnelebul, idumalebiT
mocul interierebs. igi adarebs agreTve italielTa ganzogadebul,
amaRlebul, naTel suraTebs da germanelTa romantikul, daZabul,
detalizebul peizaJebs, italielTa idealizebul, plastikur sxeulebs
_ germanelTa utrirebul, yovelgvari cxovrebiseuli wvrilmanebiT
`damiwebul~ figurebs. am ori xalxis esTetikuri mrwamsis, maTi xedvis
Tavisebureba da gansxvavebuloba velflinma kargad gadmosca xatovan
frazaSi, rom `samxreTeli (italieli) xes aRiqvams, rogorc svets,
xolo Crdiloeli (germaneli) svets gamosaxavs, rogorc cocxalsa da
uswormasworo xes~. (12, gv. 172).
italiasa da germaniaSi sxvadasxva sawyisebis – plastikurisa
da ferwerulis, cxovelxatulis arsebobis sailustraciod SegviZlia
davakvirdeT erTi da imave periodis – goTikis xanis arqiteqturis or

47
tipur nimuSs, santa kroCes eklesias florenciaSi da kelnis
sakaTedro taZars (sur. 50, 51).
rac Seexeba ipolit tenis zemoT moyvanil citatebs, isini
kargad asaxavs kavSirs bunebrivi pirobebis xasiaTsa da xelovnebis
xasiaTs Soris, magram, Tumca es magaliTebi Zalze naTelia, Cveni
problemis konkretul arss isini mainc mTlad zustad ver miesadageba.
es imitom xdeba, rom aq kavSiri `buneba – xelovnebis nawarmoebi~
erTgvarad mainc sworxazovania da nawilobriv ugulebelhyofs
mxatvris pirovnebas – amis saSualebas iZleva gansaxilvel obieqtad
peizaJuri ferweris arCeva. arqiteqturaSi ki, sadac bunebis pirdapiri
asaxva ar xdeba, (Tu ar CavTvliT iseT wvrilman detalebs,
rogorebicaa, vTqvaT, lotosis an papirusis formis svetebi egvipteSi,
akanTis foTlebi kapitelebze saberZneTSi, vazis ylortebi qarTul
CuqurTmebze, muxis foTlebi interierebis ferwerul ornamentebze da
a.S), sainteresoa swored is, Tu rogor gardatydeba da gamoixateba
xelovanis pirovnebis `linzaSi~ garemos zogadi xasiaTi, misi gavlena.
miT umetes, rom es Tviseba _ formis, feris, sivrcis aRqmis erovnuli
Tavisebureba, iseve, rogorc erovnuli temperamenti, etyoba, imdenad
mtkicea, rom garemos gamocvlis SemTxvevaSic ki inarCunebs xolme
Tavisebur niSnebs.
amis dasadastureblad SegviZlia gavixsenoT ucxoeTSi moRvawe
xelovanTa Semoqmedeba, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi metnaklebad mainc
atarebs xolme Tavisi eris xelovnebisaTvis saxasiaTo niSnebs.
magaliTisTvis SegviZlia davasaxeloT rogir van der veidenis, hans
holbainis, vinsent van gogis da sxvaTa saxelebi, romelTa Semoqmedeba
sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeboda im qveynebis stilisagan, sadac isini
moRvaweobdnen.
imaves mowmobs im eqsperimentebis Sedegebic, romlebic Catarda
amerikeli konstruqtivisti fsiqologebis mier sxvadasxva eTnikuri
warmoSobis warmomadgenelTagan Semdgari jgufebis mier
arqiteqturuli sivrcis aRqmis TaviseburebaTa gamosakvlevad. kvlevis
Sedegebma daadastura, rom sami eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgenlebs _
anglosaqsonuri, germanuli da afrikuli warmoSobis amerikelebs _

48
marTlac gaaCndaT arqiteqturuli sivrcis gansxvavebuli aRqma.
pirveli jgufis warmomadgenlebi komfortulad grZnobdnen Tavs Ria,
gaxsnil interierebSi, sadac minimaluri raodenobis an gamWvirvale
tixrebia. sapirispirod, germanuli warmoSobis eTnikuri jgufis wevrebi
arCevdnen ufro tradiciul, daxurul sivrces, xolo afroamerikelTa
jgufSi gamoikveTa swrafva ufro kameruli da dabal sarTulebze
ganlagebuli interierebisadmi. cxadia, rom am eqsperimentis Sedegebis
absolutizacia an nebismier SemTxvevaze maTi ganzogadeba araswori
iqneba, magram es kvleva mainc SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc
arqiteqturuli sivrcis aRqmis erovnuli Taviseburebebis arsebobis
damadasturebeli masala.
zemoT moyvanili gvqonda ipolit tenis msjeloba italiis
(kerZod, toskanis) xelovnebaSi arsebuli plastikuri sawyisis primatze
nawarmoebis xedvasa da aRqmaSi, da amis sawinaaRmdegod, holandiaSi
arsebuli ferweruli sawyisis primatis Sesaxeb da agreTve im mizezebis
Sesaxeb, romlebic am Taviseburebebs ganapirobebs. amave naSromSi
moyvanili msjeloba saberZneTis bunebisa da arqiteqturis
urTierTkavSiris Sesaxeb naTlad asaxavs im mniSvnelovan rols,
romelsac, avtoris azriT, swored garemos pirobebi asrulebda
xelovnebis TviTmyofadi xasiaTis Camoyalibebisas. aRsaniSnavia agreTve,
rom ipolit teni sakmaod detalurad aRwers im bunebriv pirobebs,
romlebic swored plastikuri xedvis Camoyalibebas iwvevs ama Tu im
eris xelovnebaSi.

sainteresoa, rom Tumca teni, rasakvirvelia, wers ara

saqarTveloze, aramed, saberZneTsa da italiaze, mainc mis mier
aRniSnul garemos TvisebaTagan bevri samaod kargad miesadageba Cvens
SemTxvevasac da Sesabamisad, SesaZlebelia, ganvavrcoT misi
mosazrebebi, magaliTad, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli arqiteqturis
sferozec da gavavloT Sesabamisi paralelebi.
garemos es saxasiaTo Tvisebebia: mTiani peizaJebi, romelTa
struqtura da formebi naTlad da mkafiod gamoikveTeba gamWvirvale,
mSral haerSi, weliwadis umetes dros arsebuli Zlieri ganaTeba da am

49
ganaTebiT gamowveuli Suq-Crdilebis TamaSi, ris gamoc yvela konturi
sufTad da naTlad aRiqmeba, ferebi ki erTiani da Rrmaa. garda amisa,
peizaJebi mravalferovania TavisTavadac da, amave dros,
sxvadasxvagvaradac aRiqmeba arsebuli mravali xedvis wertilidan.
naTelia, rom aseTi mTiani peizaJebis moxazuloba permanentulad aCvevs
aseT garemoSi mcxovrebi adamianis Tvals mkafio talRovan siluetebs
da masaTa safexurebriv ganlagebas.
es swored is Tvisebebia, romlebic, ipolit tenisa da hainrix
velflinis mixedviT, ganapirobebs xolme erovnuli xedvis `plastikur
xasiaTs”, rac gulisxmobs saxviT xelovnebaSi xazis dominirebas
laqaze, plastikuri mkafio formisa _ cxovelxatulze, mkveTri
siluetisa _ zedapiris rbil modelirebaze da a.S. cxadia, rom es
zogadi principi marTlac kargad miesadageba mTel qarTul
Suasaukuneobriv xelovnebas, romelic, rogorc cnobilia, yovelTvis
avlenda ltolvas swored xazovani eqspresiisaken. iqneboda es,
davuSvaT, freska, miniatura Tu reliefi, gamomsaxvelobis wamyvani
xerxi swored metyveli da Zlieri xazi iyo. xolo rac Seexeba Tavad
qarTul arqiteqturas, aqac naTlad mJRavndeba yovelive zemoTqmulTan
dakavSirebuli Tvisebebi, rogorebicaa, magaliTad: siluetisa da
konturebis didi mniSvneloba, arqiteqturul formaTa mkafio,
gamokveTili geometriuli moculobebi da maTi safexurovani ganlageba,
kedlis zedapiris mtkice da gluvi, zedmiwevniT guldasmiT gaTlili
qvis farTobebis mniSvnelovneba, TavSekavebuli, magram gaazrebuli
feradovani gadawyveta. garda amisa, qarTul arqiteqturas yovelTvis
axasiaTebda zomieri masStabebi da moxerxebuli da srulyofili
ganlagebis Zieba _ yvela es Tviseba, rogorc adre aRvniSneT, aSkara
kavSirSia garemos gavlenasTan. rasakvirvelia, droTa ganmavlobaSi
nawilobriv icvleboda arqiteqturis stilic da konkretuli
detalebic, rogorc mxatvruli, aseve konstruqciulic, magram es
zogadi damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi praqtikulad ucvlelia Sua
saukuneebis qarTuli sataZro arqiteqturis ganviTarebis yvela etapze.
magaliTisTvis SegviZlia davakvirdeT da SevadaroT erTmaneTs
sxvadasxva periodis, Tanac droSi Zlier daSorebuli Zeglebis, Tundac

50
mcxeTis jvris didi taZrisa da gremis gamosaxulebebi. miuxedavad
imisa, rom maT ganasxvavebs ara marto epoqa, aramed uamravi sxva ram:
regioni, masala, gegma, stili, proporciebi, konstruqciuli da
samSeneblo Taviseburebebi da a.S., mainc orive maTganSi mkafiod
vlindeba is zogadi, gamaerTianebeli, mudmivi saerTo Tvisebebi,
romlebzec zemoT ukve gvqonda saubari (sur. 52, 53).

ganxiluli monacemebis safuZvelze Cven SegviZlia Semdegi

mokle daskvnis Camoyalibeba: adamianis aRqma, maT Soris mxedvelobiTi
aRqma, ar aris raRac absoluturi, obieqturi, ucvleli, yvelasaTvis da
yovelTvis erTnairi Tviseba. adamianis Tvali aRizrdeba garemos,
bunebrivi pirobebis safuZvelze, eCveva mas. am Cvevis safuZvelze droTa
ganmavlobaSi yalibdeba gemovneba. Taobidan Taobaze, TandaTan, igi
mtkicdeba da sabolood mTeli erisaTvis organuli, sisxlxorceuli
xdeba, rac mis xelovnebaSi formis, ferisa da sivrcis grZnobis
TaviseburebaSi mJRavndeba. es niSnavs, rom garkveuli erovnebis
xelovanis Tvali da gemovneba xelovnebis nawarmoebebSi, kerZod ki
arqiteqturaSi, umeteswilad xorcs Seasxams im formebs, ferebsa da
proporciebs, romlebic masSi da mis erSi droTa ganmavlobaSi garemos
gavlenam STanerga. kidev erTxel unda gavusvaT xazi imas, rom
geografiuli garemo ar warmoadgens xelovnebis erovnuli xasiaTis
ganmsazRvrel erTaderT faqtors, magram yvela zemoT moyvanili
momenti mis seriozul gavlenaze metyvelebs.

51
 Tavi III

garemos gavlenasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi niSani Zvel

qarTul arqiteqturaSi

wina nawilSi moyvanili monacemebis ganxilvis safuZvelze

SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom bunebriv pirobebs _ reliefs, havas,
landSafts da garemos iersaxes erT-erTi mniSvnelovani adgili
uWiravs im faqtorTa Soris, romlebic gavlenas axdens ara marto eris
yofis, misi xasiaTisa da temperamentis Camoyalibebaze, aramed agreTve
misi xelovnebis TviTmyofadobaze, formis, ferisa da sivrcis aRqmisa
da SegrZnebis erovnul Taviseburebaze, rac, Tavis mxriv, aisaxeba
xelovnebaSi, kerZod ki arqiteqturul ZeglTa gadawyvetaSi. es
daskvnebi gamotanili iyo ara erTi konkretuli qveynis da epoqis
magaliTebis safuZvelze, aramed moicavda sxvadasxva nimuSebis sakmaod
farTo speqtrs. amjerad ki saubari gveqneba garemos gavlenasTan
dakavSirebul im niSnebze, romlebic gamoikveTeba Sua saukuneebis
qarTul sataZro arqiteqturaSi.
magram Cndeba kiTxva: ras warmoadgens Sua saukuneebis qarTuli
sataZro xuroTmoZRvrebis is zogadi, tipuri niSnebi, romlebic
axasiaTebs mas ganviTarebis yvela etapze? SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom
sxvadasxva periodSi, qveynis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi Seqmnili Zeglebis
mTeli mxatvruli da konstruqciuli mravalferovnebidan gamovyoT
iseTi Tvisebebi, romlebic namdvilad gansazRvravs qarTuli
arqiteqturis TviTmyofad erovnul xasiaTs? saqarTveloSi xom,
miuxedavad imisa, rom feodaluri xanis religiuri arqiteqturis
mTavari ideologiuri safuZveli _ marTlmadidebluri qristianuli
rwmena _ ucvlelad rCeboda ganviTarebis mTels manZilze, ris gamoc
taZris, rogorc samyaros, makrokosmis simboluri modelis gageba da
mis winaSe mdgomi amocanebi ZiriTadad aseve ucvleli rCeboda, mainc
arsebobs sakulto xuroTmoZRvrebis mravali gansxvavebuli tipi da
maTi qvesaxeobebi. maTgan zogierTi aTaswleulebis manZilze
SenarCunda, zogi ki mxolod TiTojer, ase vTqvaT, eqsperimentis saxiT

52
gvxvdeba _ magaliTad, gurjaanis yvelawmindas orgumbaTiani nageboba an
orqanovani gadaxurviT dafaruli wirqolis gumbaTi. Taviseburi
niSnebi axasiaTebs sxvadasxva regionis, magaliTad, kaxeTis, tao-
klarjeTis, svaneTis da sxva kuTxeebis arqiteqturas.
garda amisa, droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleboda istoriuli,
politikuri da socialuri mocemulobebi, teqnikuri da kulturuli
pirobebi da sxv., Cndeboda, Zlierdeboda an sustdeboda politikuri da
kulturuli kavSirebi sxva qveynebTan. yovelive amas SeuZlebeli iyo,
zegavlena ar moexdina rogorc msoflmxedvelobasa da azrovnebis
Taviseburebebze, agreTve xelovnebis Sinaarsze, formasa da stilze,
rac naTlad aisaxeba kidevac qarTuli xelovnebis ganviTarebis mTeli
gzis ganmavlobaSi, rodesac yovel axal epoqas da mis xelovnebas
Tavisi ganumeorebeli xedva, Tavisi stili da manera axasiaTebs.
rogorc ambobda ludvig mis van der roe, `arqiteqtura aris epoqis
suli, gamoxatuli sivrcobrivi formebiT~.
aqedan gamomdinare, SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom giorgi
CubinaSvili gamoyofda e.w. `qarTul klasikas~ _ adrefeodaluri
periodis xelovnebas, romelsac, rogorc ambobda leon batista
alberti, axasiaTebs `yvela nawilis mkacri harmoniuli
proporciuloba, iseTi, rom arafris mimateba, mokleba an Secvla ar
SeiZleba ise, rom mTlianobis silamaze ar dairRves~. CubinaSvili aseve
gamoyofda, magaliTad, `qarTuli barokos periods~, romelic meaTe
saukunidan iwyeba da romelsac dinamiuri, mdidruli da efeqturi
stili da manera axasiaTebs. aseve sxva epoqebsac Tavisi sakuTari saxe
da xasiaTi GgaaCnia. Sesabamisad, SesaZlebelia ki aseTi
mravalferovnebis fonze im niSnebis gamocalkeveba, romlebic
axasiaTebs ganurCevlad yvela qarTul Zegls Tu ara, maT umetes
nawils mainc?
magram unda aRiniSnos, rom zemoT CamoTvlili warmavali da
cvalebadi pirobebisa da mocemulobebis garda, Sua saukuneebis
qarTuli arqiteqturis ganviTarebis manZilze arsebobda ucvleli
faqtorebic: erTi – ukve aRniSnuli sarwmunoebrivi momenti, xolo
meore _ garemo, bunebrivi pirobebi. es ukanaskneli ki, rogorc wina

53
TavSi moyvanili masalis safuZvelze aRiniSna, aris swored is faqtori,
romelic Zalze mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs erovnuli xedvisa da
aRqmis, formis, sivrcisa da feris specifikuri erovnuli grZnobis
CamoyalibebaSi, rac, Tavis mxriv, aisaxeba xelovnebis nawarmoebebSi.
aqedan gamomdinare, arqiteqturuli Zeglebis is Tvisebebi, romlebic
dakavSirebulia am faqtorTan, aucileblad unda gvxvdebodes yvela
epoqisa da stilis ZeglebSi.
imisaTvis, rom daaxloebiT gamovyoT zogierTi aseTi Tviseba,
saWiroa gansaxilvelad Sesaferisi Zeglebi avirCioT _ iseTebi, sadac
garkveviTaa gamovlenili qarTuli taZris e.w. `saprogramo struqtura~
da romlebic Tavisi mniSvnelovnebiT Cveni arqiteqturis ganviTarebis
umniSvnelovanes moments warmoadgens. amave dros, maT ar unda
axasiaTebdes, stilisturi da konstruqciuli TvalsazrisiT, raime
mkveTri, uCveulo Taviseburebebi, eqsperimentuli da gansxvavebuli
niSnebi, anu isini unda iyvnen tipuri da warmoadgendnen `oqros
Sualeds~.
Tavidanve unda aRiniSnos, rom, rasakvirvelia, praqtikulad
arc erTi arqiteqturuli Zegli ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos Tavisi qveynis
xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel absolutur, unaklod tipur
nimuSad, radganac yovel maTgans aucileblad gaaCnia mxolod misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli, ganumeorebeli niSan-Tvisebebi, sakuTari mxatvruli
saxe. es Taviseburebebi ganpirobebuli SeiZleba iyos mravali
faqtoriT, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, xuroTmoZRvris originaluri xedva,
misi individualobisaTvis da pirovnuli gemovnebisTvis saxasiaTo
niSnebiT, zogjer Zeglis ierze gavlenas axdens damkveTis survilebi
da moTxovnebi, zogjer _ materialur-teqnikuri bazis pirobebi,
gamoyenebuli masalis xasiaTi, an bunebrivi garemos Tu ukve arsebuli
ganaSenianebis mier ganpirobebuli moTxovnilebebi.
amave dros, Zeglis Taviseburi ieris Seqmnisas mniSvnelovan
rols SeiZleba asrulebdes sarwmunoebrivi faqtori an adgilobrivi
tradiciebi: magaliTad, taZris saxes da mis damokidebulebas
garemosTan SeiZleba nawilobriv ganapirobebdes iseTi
adgilmdebareobis SerCeva, sadac odesRac ukve arsebobda ufro

54
adreuli periodis Zegli, an axali taZris kompoziciaSi Zvelis raime
nawilis CarTva, rac sakmaod xSiri movlena iyo. cnobilia, rom aseTi
xerxi _ axali taZris ageba im adgilze, sadac adre ukve idga
mosaxleobisTvis odiTganve cnobili wminda nageboba, Zalze farTod
iyo gavrcelebuli.
garda amisa, unda gvaxsovdes isic, rom mravalma
arqiteqturulma Zeglma, romelic Tavis droze dazianda miwisZvrebis,
xanZrebis, saomari moqmedebebis an raime sxva bunebrivi Tu istoriuli
katastrofebis Sedegad, aRdgena-SekeTebis Semdeg metad Tu naklebad
icvala pirvandeli ieri. Sesabamisad, es momenti aucileblad unda iyos
gaTvaliswinebuli maSin, rodesac saubaria am Zeglis Sesabamosobaze
Tavisi epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebel stilistikasTan.
yovelive amis safuZvelze kidev erTxel xazi unda gaesvas im
moments, rom rodesac saubari gvaqvs ama Tu im qveynisa Tu epoqisaTvis
tipuri, saxasiaTo nimuSebis SerCevaze, unda gvaxsovdes, rom TviT es
terminebi aucileblad Seicavs Tavis TavSi pirobiTobis elements _
idealurad tipuri arqiteqturuli Zegli ubralod ar arsebobs, yovel
maTgans axasiaTebs raime individualuri, sxvebisagan ganmasxvavebeli
niSnebi. magram amave dros sruliad SesaZlebelia SeirCes iseTi
nagebobebi, romlebic ara marto ganekuTvneba qarTuli xelovnebis
istoriisaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan periods, aramed maTSi
agreTve asaxulia rogorc am xanisaTvis saxasiaTo niSnebi, aseve is
Tvisebebi, romlebic araerTgzis gvxvdeba mTeli Sua saukuneebis
xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebis gzaze.
erT-erT aseT saxasiaTo magaliTad SeiZleba miviCnioT mcxeTis
sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZari (sur. 54), romlis Sesaxebac giorgi
CubinaSvili `xelovnebis istoriis sakiTxebSi~ werda:
`erTis mxriv, (.....) es aris Sua saukuneebis qarTuli
xelovnebis klasikuri periodis udidesi Zegli, misi SemoqmedebiTi
Canafiqris grandiozulobisa da harmoniulobis TvalsazrisiT. meores
mxriv, swored aq Cadebulma ganviTarebis perspeqtivam gansazRvra
saqarTveloSi mTeli Semdgomi arqiteqturuli Semoqmedeba, romelic
aSkarad esadageba aq mocemul arqiteqturul saxes, rogorc kanons.

55
amitom SedarebiTi analizi saSualebas gvaZlevs, ganvsazRvroT ara
marto misi individualuri Tvisebebi, (.....) aramed agreTve Sua
saukuneebis xelovanis mTeli mxatvruli midgoma~ (60, gv. 264) .
aq kidev erTxel unda gaesvas xazi imas, rom rogorc ukve adre
aRiniSna, sveticxoveli iseve, rogorc nebismieri sxva Zegli, ar
warmoadgens absoluturad tipur Zegls _ mas gaaCnia yvela is
individualuri Tavisebureba, romelic ganapiroba rogorc xelovanis
pirovnulma xedvam, aseve, rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, arsebulma
istoriulma da religiurma winapirobebma, romlebic qarTlis
moqcevasTan da am adgilze mcxeTis pirveli qristianuli eklesiis
agebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. magram, rogorc aRniSnavs giorgi
CubinaSvili, sveticxovlis mxatvruli srulyofileba da misi roli da
gavlena qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis Semdgom ganviTarebaze imdenad
didia, rom misTvis damaxasiaTebeli mravali niSan-Tviseba Tavisuflad
SegviZlia ganvixiloT, rogorc qarTuli arqiteqturisTvis uaRresad
didi mniSvnelobis mqone momentebi.
vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi Cven gvainteresebs ara Zeglis
detaluri aRwera da gamokvleva (miT umetes, rom sveticxoveli, swored
Tavisi gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobisa da mxatvruli da istoriuli
Rirebulebis gamo, ar warmoadgens sruliad Seuswavlel, ucnob
nawarmoebs), aramed mxolod masSi gansaxierebuli qarTuli
arqiteqturis uzogadesi saxasiaTo niSnebis gamovlena, amitom amjerad
ar aris aucilebeli Zeglis detaluri aRweriloba da analizi, aramed
mizanSewonilad migvaCnia, yuradReba gavamaxviloT swored im uzogades
niSnebze, romlebic axasiaTebs mas, rogorc qarTuli arqiteqturis erT-
erT umniSvnelovanes Zegls.
Tumca aqve unda mivuTiToT, rom zogierTi TvalsazrisiT,
sveticxoveli mainc gansxvavdeba sxva qarTuli taZrebisagan. pirvel
rigSi unda aRiniSnos Tundac is, rom igi qarTul ZeglTagan yvelaze
didi da masStaburia, rasac misi, rogorc sapatriarqo taZris,
gansakuTrebuli mdgomareobac ganapirobebda. amitom TiTqmis yvela
avtorTan, romelic ganixilavs sveticxovels, uxvad gvxvdeba epiTetebi
`grandiozuli~, `uzarmazari~ da a.S., rac, TavisTavad cxadia, ar aris

56
damaxasiaTebeli qarTuli arqiteqturisaTvis _ mas, piriqiT, yovelTvis
zomieri masStabebi axasiaTebda. magram aRsaniSnavia isic, rom es
epiTetebi yovelTvis ixmareba swored qarTul sinamdilesTan
dakavSirebul konteqstSi da rom igive zomebi romelime sxva
kulturasTan mimarTebaSi sulac ar CaiTvleboda grandiozulad.
Sesadareblad gavixsenoT Tundac yvelaze trivialuri magaliTebi,
Tundac Zveli egviptisa da goTikis arqiteqturuli Zeglebi. da rac
mTavaria, taZarSi myofi adamiani sulac ar grZnobs Tavs daTrgunulad
Senobis masStabebis gamo, radganac misi Siga sivrce erTianobis,
simsubuqis, mSvidi harmoniis SegrZnebas badebs, rac swored Zalze
saxasiaToa qarTuli arqiteqturuli Zeglebis umetesobisaTvis.
es STabeWdileba miRweulia ara imdenad Senobis simaRlis,
aramed interieris gaazrebuli, gonebamaxviluri gadawyvetis xarjze.
magaliTad: sveticxovlis centraluri Sesasvleli dasavleTiTaa
ganlagebuli, CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis karibWeebi mxolod damxmare
rols asrulebda da taZris gverdiTa nawilebs ukavSirdeboda,
Sesabamisad, pirvel STabeWdilebas, romelsac aRiqvams taZarSi
Semsvleli adamiani, swored es xedvis wertili gansazRvravs. vinaidan
taZris dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi mklavebi wagrZelebuli formisaa,
SenobaSi am dasavleTis karibWidan Semsvlelis Tvalwin grZeli
perspeqtiva iSleba, rasac kidev ufro usvams xazs samxreTiT da
CrdiloeTiT ganlagebuli TaRedebis mwyobri ritmi. yuradReba unda
mivaqcioT imas, rom wesiT aseTi xedi perspeqtiuli Semcirebis gamo
sivrcis TandaTanobiTi Seviwroebis STabeWdilebas unda badebdes,
magram vinaidan aq mdgomi adamiani xedavs, rom dasavleTis mklavi
aRmosavleTisken moZraobisas gadadis gumbaTqveSa kvadratis gacilebiT
ufro farTo moculobaSi, mayurebels didi da Tavisufali sivrcis
SegrZneba eufleba (sur. 55).
es grZnoba kidev ufro Zlierdeba, rodesac mayurebeli
bindbundiT moculi mklavidan gadainacvlebs gumbaTqveSa kvadratSi,
radganac gumbaTis yelis sarkmlebidan SemoWrili sinaTle izidavs mis
mzeras da maSinve zeviT, gumbaTis maRali da naTeli sivrcisken
aaxedebs mas. es momenti da saerTod ganaTebis gaazrebuli gamoyeneba

57
Siga sivrcis mxatvruli gadawyvetisa da emociuri muxtis SeqmnisaTvis
agreTve axasiaTebs mTel qarTul jvar-gumbaTovan arqiteqturas. amave
dros, unda aRiniSnos, rom Tumca gumbaTs saerTod didi simboluri
mniSvneloba eniWeba marTlmadidebluri qveynebis sataZro
xuroTmoZRvrebaSi, magram misi esoden didi mxatvruli roli
interieris gadawyvetaSi yvelgan da yovelTvis erTnairad ar gvxvdeba:
magaliTad, rusuli eklesiebis interierebSi zogjer saerTod ar
aRiqmeba gumbaTebis Siga sivrceebi, radganac isini sakmaod dabali
brtyeli WeriTaa dafaruli. es gamowveulia klimaturi pirobebiT _
cxadia, rom CrdiloeTis qveynebSi maRali gumbaTovani nagebobebis
gaTbobis problema gacilebiT ufro seriozul problemas warmoadgens,
vidre samxreTis qveynebSi.
unda aRiniSnos isic, rom sveticxovlis ganaTebis sistema am
SemTxvevaSi ara marto emociur, aramed simbolur-Sinaarsobriv
datvirTvasac atarebs: yvelaze Zlierad ganaTebulia da, Sesabamisad,
yvelaze did yuradRebas ipyrobs taZris yvelaze wminda nawilebi _
gumbaTi da absida (rac agreTve saxasiaToa qarTuli arqiteqturuli
Zeglebis umetesobisaTvis). garda amisa, is, rom taZris sxvadasxva
nawilebi sxvadasxvagvaradaa ganaTebuli, mravalferovan, cxovelxatul,
ferwerul iers aniWebs interiers.
kidev erTi momenti, romelic tipuria mTeli qarTuli
arqiteqturisTvis, mdgomareobs imaSi, rom sveticxovlis Sida
struqtura, misi yvela saTavso da moculoba naTlad da mkafiod
aisaxeba garegnul masebSi: centrSi moCans gumbaTi, romelic mklavebis
mier sivrceSi Seqmnili jvridanaa `amozrdili~, maT Soris, ufro
dabla _ damatebiTi saTavsoebis formebi da sul qvemoT _ portikebi
(samwuxarod, dResdReobiT sveticxovlis samxreTisa da CrdiloeTis
portikebi aRar arsebobs). amgvarad, qarTuli taZris safexurovani,
kristaliseburad Sekruli forma Sinagani struqturis zust
gamovlinebas warmoadgens.
Zalze mniSvnelovania isic, rom sveticxovelSi, iseve, rogorc
saerTod Sua saukuneebis qarTul taZrebSi, yvela arqiteqturul
formas aucileblad gaaCnia Tavisi funqcia, praqtikuli daniSnuleba.

58
rogorc werda giorgi CubinaSvili, `mTavari (.....) gamoikveTeba mcxeTis
taZris arqiteqtoris midgomaSi, romelic, miuxedavad misi swrafvisa
didi da dasrulebuli dekoratiulobisadmi, mainc, upirveles yovlisa,
inarCunebs mkacr keTilSobilebasa da TavSekavebulobas da ar iyenebs
iseT elementebs, rogoricaa wminda dekoratiuli xasiaTis mqone
arqiteqturuli formebi~ (60, gv. 273).
amgvarad, rogorc vxedavT, qarTuli taZris iersaxe naTlad
avlens struqturulobasa da funqciur xasiaTs. mis am Tvisebas kidev
ufro xazs usvams dekori, romelic am droisTvis ukve erTian, mTlian
sistemas warmoadgens: dekoratiuli TaRedebi, romlebic zustad
miuyveba fasadebis formas da erT mTlianobad kravs maT, niSebi
aRmosavleTis fasadze, romlebic naTlad gamoyofs taZris
umniSvnelovanes nawils _ afsidas, ornamentuli dekori, romelic
gamoyofs arqiteqturulad yvelaze mniSvnelovan nawilebs _ sarkmlebs,
Sesasvlelebs, karnizebs da Tavisuflad tovebs kedlis gluv,
saucxood gaTlil kvadrebs.
mniSvnelovan moments warmoadgens isic, rom CuqurTmisa da qvis
gluvi zedapirebis aseTi Tanafardoba ara marto aZlierebs taZris
keTilSobilur sisadavesa da zomierebis SegrZnebas, aramed agreTve,
zrdis ra kedlis sibrtyis mniSvnelobas, amiT aniWebs Senobas
monumenturobis, simtkicis, konstruqciulobis STabeWdilebas (rac
qarTuli arqiteqturisaTvis damaxasiaTebel kidev erT niSans
warmoadgens).
didi mniSvneloba aqvs imasac, Tu rogor zustad da
ostaturadaa ganlagebuli taZari _ aq aSkarad igrZnoba
mizanmimarTuloba, gaazrebuli mxatvruli amocana. marTalia, qarTuli
taZrebis didi nawilisagan gansxvavebiT, sveticxoveli ganlagebulia
vake adgilze, magram igi ise naTlad moCans nebismieri wertilidan,
rogorc axlo manZilidan, aseve gaRma napirebidan da mTebidan, rom misi
mkafio silueti mTeli garemos dominantad da mizidulobis wertilad
aRiqmeba (sur. 56).

59
 yvela zemoxsenebuli Tviseba, rogorc ukve araerTgzis
aRiniSna, Zalze saxasiaToa Sua saukuneebis mTeli qarTuli sataZro
arqiteqturisaTvis. cxadia, es imaze migviTiTebs, rom saukuneTa
manZilze saqarTvelos yvela kuTxis xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis ucvleli
niSnebi formisa da sivrcis im erovnul grZnobas da erovnul
gemovnebas Seesabameba, romelzec wina TavSi gvqonda saubari. aqve Cven
aRvniSnavdiT im momentebs, romlebic miuTiTebs xelovnebis am
erovnuli niSnebis Camoyalibebis kavSirze im garemos xasiaTTan, sadac
saukuneebis manZilze cxovrobs esa Tu is eri.

magram rogor SegviZlia Cven SevamowmoT, arsebobs Tu ara am

konkretul SemTxvevaSi kavSiri garemos xasiaTsa da arqiteqturis
Taviseburebebs Soris? albaT, aucilebeli iqneba, paralelurad
ganvixiloT iseTi qveynis arqiteqtura, romelic Tavisi bunebrivi
pirobebiTa da garemos xasiaTiT met-naklebad waagavs saqarTvelos da
davakvirdeT, gamoikveTeba Tu ara maT Soris raime msgavseba. magram,
rasakvirvelia, umjobesia, rom ganvixiloT sxva epoqis da sxva
sarwmunoebis sataZro arqiteqtura, raTa gamovricxoT religiuri da
istoriuli mizezebiT gamowveuli msgavseba da amiT meti koncentracia
movaxdinoT swored garemos gavlenaze.
am TvalsazrisiT saintereso iqneba, ganvixiloT fragmentebi
ipolit tenis `xelovnebis filosofiidan~, sadac igi detalurad
ganixilavs Zveli saberZneTis arqiteqturis kavSirs eladis bunebriv
garemosTan da vnaxoT, Tu ramdenad SeiZleba aq paralelebis gavleba
saqarTvelos garemosa da xelovnebasTan. es magaliTi savsebiT
Seesabameba winamdebare pirobebs, rogorc epoqisa da sarwmunoebis
gansxvavebulobis, ise geografiuli pirobebis erTgvari msgavsebis
TvalsazrisiT. aseT SemTxvevaSi ki, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, Cven
SegviZlia gavaanalizoT mxolod is saerTo zogadi Tvisebebi,
romlebsac sxvadasxva qveynebis arqiteqturul azrovnebasa da aRqmaSi
msgavsi bunebrivi pirobebi ayalibebs.
marTlac, saberZneTi iseve, rogorc saqarTvelo, e.w. xmelTaSua
zRvis geografiuli regionis samxreTuli patara qveyanaa, bunebrivi

60
sazRvrebiT momcro regionebad dayofili, Tbili haviT, zRviT da, rac
mTavaria, mTiani peizaJebiT (sur. 57, 58). rasakvirvelia, garemos es
saerTo Tvisebebi ufro zogadi xasiaTisaa, realurad saqarTvelosa da
saberZneTis peizaJebi erTmaneTis zusti analogi ver iqneba, magram
vinaidan sruliad zusti analogebi arc arsebobs bunebaSi, Cven
SegviZlia, ganvixiloT is msgavsi niSnebi, romlebic am ori qveynis
bunebas da landSaftebs axasiaTebs. aqve saintereso iqneba moviyvanoT
fragmentebi `xelovnebis filosofiis~ im Tavidan, sadac ipolit teni
aRwers saberZneTis bunebas da imas, Tu rogor suls ayalibebs igi
qveynis mosaxleobaSi, rac Semdeg mis xelovnebaSi, kerZod
xuroTmoZRvrebaSi vlindeba, da gavaloT paralelebi saqarTvelos
bunebasa da xelovnebasTan.
`qveynis fizikuri reliefi iseT niSans asvams xalxis gonebas,
romelic mis Semoqmedebasa da istorias emCneva. am qveyanaSi araferia
uzarmazari, giganturi; sagnebs ara aqvs zedmetad didi, damTrgunveli
zomebi. (.....) Tvali iolad aRiqvams saganTa formebs, maT mkveTrad
Semoxazul xatebs. aq yvelaferi saSualo zomisaa, zomieri, iolad da
mkafiod aRqmadia grZnobaTa mier (....)
zRvac ki, esoden mZvinvare da saSiSi CrdiloeTis qveynebSi, aq
tbas mogvagonebs. sul ar aris iseTi SegrZneba, ToTqos es usazRvro
udabno iyos, mudmivad moCans napiri an romelime kunZuli; (...) mas ar
axasiaTebs Camqrali, tyviisferi feri, rogorc CrdiloeTSi, igi
aTasnair ferebad brwyinavs. (...)
warmoidgineT (...) im adamianis suli, romelic aseT garemocvaSi
aRizarda. mas uyalibdeba Cveva naTeli, gamokveTili saxeebisadmi; (...) am
qveyanaSi niadagis reliefi kidev ufro naTlad Cans, vidre Cvens
provansSi; igi ar idRabneba, ar iSleba, rogorc es CrdiloeTis
qveynebSi xdeba. dedamiwis geologiuri ConCxi, nacrisferi marmarilo,
gareT gamodis kldeebis saxiT, mkveTrad gamoiyofa cis fonze da gars
ertymis dablobebs Tavisi mwvervalebiTa da qarafebiT, ase rom peizaJi,
daserili mTebis mkveTri kuTxeebiT, mogvagonebs mtkice xeliT
Sesrulebul naxats. gamWvirvale haeris Tvisebebi kidev ufro
aZlierebs saganTa moculobriobas; isini ar gveCveneba bundovnad,

61
danislulad, daCrdilulad, isini mkafiod gamoiyofa arsebul fonze,
rogorc antikur larnakTa formebi. dabolos, gaiTvaliswineT mzis
gasaocari sikaSkaSe, romelsac ukiduresobamde mihyavs kontrasti
Crdilsa da sinaTles Soris da qmnis dapirispirebas mZime masebsa da
xazTa simkveTres Soris. rogorc vxedavT, buneba, im formaTa meSveobiT,
romlebiTac garemo avsebs adamianis gonebas, uRviZebs berZens swrafvas
mkafiod gamokveTil da dasrulebul cnebebisaken ~ (58, gv. 102).
moyvanil nawyvetSi ipolit teni avlens da gamoyofs
saberZneTis bunebis mTeli mravalferovnebidan im ZiriTad, sayovelTao
niSnebs, romlebic umTavres gavlenas axdens xalxis xasiaTisa da
gonebrivi wyobis Camoyalibebaze da ostaturad amaxvilebs mkiTxvelis
gulisyurs im momentebze, romlebsac kavSiri aqvs xelovnebasTan.
aRwers ra saberZneTis peizaJebis zomier, adamianis aRqmasa da zomebTan
Sesatyvis masStabebs, maT mravalferovnebas, gamWvirvale haerSi
gamokveTili mTebis mkafio siluetebs, mravalferad molivlive zRvas,
mzis sikaSkaSes da ganaTebis efeqtebs, yovelive amis safuZvelze igi
Tanmimdevrulad atarebs im azrs, rom aseTi garemo ayalibebda Zvel
berZenSi naTel, zomier, jansaR suls da `swrafvas gamokveTili da
dasrulebuli formebisaken~, aqedan ki ukve pirdapir gadadis
xelovnebis sferoze, kerZod ki plastikuri sawyisis primatze Zveli
saberZneTis arqiteqturaSi.
gansakuTrebiT unda mivaqcioT yuradReba imas, Tu ramdenad
zustad emTxveva saberZneTis bunebis teniseuli daxasiaTeba imas, rasac
saqarTveloSi vxedavT, imdenad, rom am fragmentSi sityva `saberZneTi~
`saqarTveloTi~ Tu SevcvaleT, mkiTxveli erTbaSad verc ki igrZnobs
gansxvavebas. yvela is ZiriTadi momenti, romlebzec avtors aqvs
gakeTebuli aqcenti, sruliad emTxveva saqarTvelos bunebis
damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebs. rasakvirvelia, aq kidev erTxel unda
aRiniSnos, rom am ori qveynis garemo pirobebi da peizaJebi
absoluturad, srulad ar emTxveva erTmaneTs da maT Soris zogierTi
gansxvavebebic arsebobs, sxvagvarad arc SeiZleba iyos, magram msgavsi
niSnebi aSkarad Warbobs, es ki saSualebas gvaZlevs, paralelebi
gavavloT teniseul magaliTebTan.

62
 Cvens SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa tenis mier
arqiteqturis sferodan moyvanili magaliTebi. ai, rogor axasiaTebs igi
berZnuli arqiteqturis uzogades niSnebs:
`naTeli SegrZnebis moTxovnileba, zomierebis grZnoba,
siZulvili yovelive uformo da ganyenebulisadmi, siZulvili yovelive
Semzaravisa da uzarmazarisadmi, swrafva mkafio moxazulobebisadmi _
ai, ra aiZulebs berZens moaqcios Tavisi warmodgenebi warmosaxvisa da
grZnobebisaTvis iolad aRsaqmel formebSi da amiT Seqmnas yoveli
tomisa da epoqisaTvis gasagebi qmnilebebi. (...) swored amaSi
mdgomareobs Zvel berZenTa xelovnebis mTeli Tavisebureba. (...)
ganvixiloT is, rac pirvel rigSi gvecema TvalSi berZnul
qalaqSi Sesvlisas _ kerZod, taZari. sazogadod, igi ganlagebulia
SemaRlebul adgilas, kldis Sverilze, rogorc sirakuzSi, an borcvze,
rogorc aTenSi. igi Cans dablobis yvela kididan da mezobeli
borcvebidan. igi mTlianad mkafiod ikveTeba gamWvirvale haerSi. (...) misi
safuZveli, mTeli misi masa da proporciebi erTianad warmogvidgeba.
taZris ganlageba Cveni grZnobebisaTvis misawvdoms xdis mas. berZnebi
aniWeben mas saSualo an mcire zomebs, raTa araferma ar SeuSalos
xeli naTel aRqmas. Tumca, isini iseTi sadaa, rom mTlianis aRsaqmelad
erTi Sexedvac sakmarisia. yvela aqsesuari da detali gasaocari
metyvelebiT gvixatavs misi yoveli nawilis xasiaTs. taZris silamazes
misi mravalferovani feradovnebac asrulebs. (...)
TavisTavad berZnuli taZari uryevi da udrekia. misi masiuroba
simZimis STabeWdilebas ki ar qmnis, aramed mxolod aniWebs mas
gansakuTrebul simtkices. Cven vgrZnobT taZris sxvadasxva nawilis
mdgrad wonasworobas, radganac xuroTmoZRvarma misi Sinagani
agebuleba xilul formebSi gamoxata. daumateT simZlavris am
STabeWdilebas taZris simsubuqe da moxdeniloba. igi mogvagonebs
aTletis sxeuls, romelic aerTianebs Zalasa da formaTa
daxvewilobasa da sizustes~ (58, gv. 78) (sur. 59).
moyvanil nawyvetSi gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa is, rom
ZvelberZnuli taZrisTvis damaxasiaTebeli arsebiTi, uzogadesi niSnebis
aRwerisas, avtori gamudmebiT SefarviT gvaxsenebs Tavis ZiriTad

63
debulebas imis Sesaxeb, rom yvela es saxasiaTo niSani aris organuli
gamovlineba elinuri sulisa, am ukanasknelis Camoyalibeba ki xdeboda
swored garemos gavleniT. e.i. teni erTdroulad axasiaTebs da
paralels avlebs eris xelovnebasa da fsiqikas, da meores mxriv, im
fizikur pirobebs Soris, romelSic am ers ayenebs garemo. amave dros,
berZnuli arqiteqturis is niSnebi, romelTac igi gamoyofs, namdvilad
yvelaze arsebiTi da realuria, ris gamoc tenis Semdgomi mosazrebebic
metad myar niadags iZens. es Tvisebebi _ naTeli kompozicia, zomieri
masStabebi, mkafio formebi, daxvewili proporciebi, praqtikuli da
esTetikuri miznebis erTianoba, gaazrebulad SerCeuli ganlageba da
a.S, _ yovelive es tenTan erTian mTlianobaSia gaazrebuli, rogorc
`eris sulis gamovlineba~.
amasTan dakavSirebiT, SegviZlia gavixsenoT engelsis erTi
gamonaTqvami, romelic kargad axasiaTebs ara marto berZnuli
aqiteqturis, aramed mTeli misi kulturis suls, mis xasiaTs.
sxvadasxva qveynebis arqiteqturaTa zogad xasiaTze saubrisas igi
gamoTqvamda im azrs, rom berZnuli arqiteqtura gamoxatavs Tavis TavSi
naTel, xalisian cnobierebas, mavritanuli _ naRvels, guTuri _ wminda
eqstazs; berZnuli arqiteqtura aris kaSkaSa, mziani dRe, mavritanuli _
varskvlavebiT gasxivosnebuli bindbundi, guTuri _ aisi.
ucnauria TiTqos, rom Sua saukuneebis qarTuli sataZro
arqiteqturis Zeglebis daxasiaTebac SeiZleba praqtikulad imave
sityvebiT, romlebic Tavis droze naTqvamia antikuri berZnuli
arqiteqturis Sesaxeb, da es exeba ara marto gamonaTqvams `mziani dRis~
Sesaxeb, romelic marTlacda kargad gamoxatavs qarTuli arqiteqturis
sulsac, aramed exeba agreTve zemoT Cvens mier sveticxovelze saubris
dros aRniSnul iseT niSnebsac, rogoricaa masStabTa zomiereba,
swrafva erTiani da naTeli kompoziciisadmi, monumenturoba,
struqturuloba, daufaravi konstruqciuli elementebis esTetikurobis
xazgasma, dekoris TavSekavebuli, magram gaazrebuli da moxdenili
xasiaTi, feris mniSvnelovneba taZris saerTo emociuri STabeWdilebis
Seqmnisas, masalad ZiriTadad qvis gamoyeneba, misi specifikisadmi zusti
alRo, misi feris guldasmiT SerCeva da misi Tvisebebis unarianad

64
gamoyeneba da a.S. (es uzogadesi Tvisebebi, rasakvirvelia, ganviTarebis
sxvadasxva etapebze gansxvavebul konkretul formebSi vlindeboda,
magram isini mainc mudmivad axasiaTebda qarTul arqiteqturas da
yovelTvis arsebiTi iyo misTvis).
rasakvirvelia, rodesac laparakia am ori qveynis arqiteqturis
niSan-TvisebebaTa msgavsebaze, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom warmarTuli
elinuri taZrebis tipebi, gegmebi, arqiteqturuli formebi,
konstruqciebi da samSeneblo tradiciebic sruliad gansxvavedeba
qarTuli Suasaukuneobrivi arqiteqturis arsenalisagan. magram am
SemTxvevaSi es gansxvavebebi saukeTeso safuZvels qmnis imisTvis, rom
Sedarebisas gamovavlinoT zogadi, saxasiaTo Tvisebebisa da xasiaTis
msgavseba. amJamad saubaria ara konkretikaze da zustad analogiur
formebze, romlebic verc iarsebebda, aramed taZris iersaxeSi zogadad
asaxul arqiteqturul xedvasa da azrovnebaze, xelovnebaSi plastikuri
sawyisis primatze ferwerulTan SedarebiT, formis, ferisa da sivrcis
Taviseburi grZnobisa da gagebis Sesaxeb da, rogorc vnaxeT, swored am
TvalsazrisiT qarTulsa da elinur arqiteqturas Soris sakmao
msgavseba gamoikveTa, es ki swored is Tvisebebia, romlebic, rogorc
ukve vnaxeT, tenis, velflinis, Jan batist diubos esTetikur
kvlelevebisa da Tanamedrove fsiqologTa monacemebis mixedviT,
pirdapiraa dakavSirebuli garemos gavlenasTan.
gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos elinuri arqiteqturis CvenTvis
yvelaze ufro saintereso Tviseba _ es aris Zeglebis uaRresad mtkice,
gaazrebuli da emociuri kavSiri garemosTan, nagebobis `mibma~
landSaftze, rac agreTve anaTesavebs am or arqiteqturas. ai, rogori
azrebia gamoTqmuli berZnuli antikuri arqiteqturis am TvisebasTan
dakavSirebiT kolpinskis wignSi `egeosuri samyarosa da Zveli
saberZneTis xelovneba~:
`mSvenier berZnul nagebobebs, ansamblebsa da qalaqebs
gaaCndaT udavo kavSiri bunebasTan, adamianis mier gaazrebuli da
Seqmnili. igi gamoixateboda Senobis moxdenil dayenebaSi, bunebasTan
harmoniis an kontrastis SeqmniT, ansamblis moxerxebul ganlagebaSi
reliefze, arqiteqturis TaviseburebaTa xazgasmaSi peizaJis meSveobiT,

65
an piriqiT, Senobis bunebasTan SerwymiT, maTi erTmaneTisagan
ganuyoflobiT. magaliTad, wminda WalebSi mdgomi adreuli taZrebis
svetTa rigebi mSvenivrad eTanxmeboda xeebis tanTa mwyobr ritmebs,
warmoadgenda TiTqos mowesrigebul, kristalurad naTel formebSi
Seqmnil bunebas. aTenis akropoliss gaaCnia urRvevi kavSiri reliefTan,
romelic qmnis mravalferovan rakursebs ansamblis SenobebTan
procesiaTa msvlelobis dros, Soridan Tu axlodan aRqmisas da a.S~
(36, gv. 123).
rogorc araerTxel ukve aRiniSna, aqac kvlav vpoulobT bevr
saerTos qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebasTan, rogorc zogadi principebis
mxriv, aseve `erovnuli sulis mxatvruli gamovlinebis~
TvalsazrisiTac. zemoT Cven ukve gvqonda laparaki berZnuli
arqiteqturis `naTel, mxiarul~ xasiaTze. aqve unda gavixsenoT, rom
qarTuli arqiteqturis mkvlevarTa umravlesobac agreTve usvams xazs
mis xaliasian, maJorul ganwyobas.
TiTqos ucnaurad unda mogveCvenos, rom esoden msubuqi Tvalis
gadavlebiTac ki aRmoCnda amdeni saerTo Tviseba saqarTvelosa da
eladis xuroTmoZvrebas Soris. ucnauria imitom, rom mdgomareoba am
qveynebisa yovelmxriv mkveTrad iyo gansxvavebuli _ gansxvavebulia
dro, epoqaTa xasiaTi, social-politikuri wyoba, religia,
msoflmxedveloba da a.S. mxolod am faqtorebis mixedviT Tu
vimsjelebT, qarTul arqiteqturas, wesiT, srulebiT araferi unda
hqonoda saerTo ZvelberZnulTan, iseve, rogorc, vTqvaT, guTurs. magram,
amis miuxedavad, rogorc ukve araerTgzis aRvniSneT, zogi ram saerTo
namdvilad aris. saintereso iqneboda, gvecada gagverkvia aseTi
winaaRmdegoba: arsebobs uamravi obieqturi, Zalze mniSvnelovani
faqtori, romelTa erToblioba TiTqos unda gamoricxavdes msgavsebas
qarTul da berZnul arqiteqturas Soris, da amis miuxedavad aseTi
msgavseba mainc arsebobs. ra SeiZleba iyos amis mizezi?
cxadia, rom aq saqme gvaqvs ara SemTxveviTobasTan, aramed
romeliRac mZlavri faqtoris zemoqmedebasTan, romelic erTsa da imave
gavlenas axdens am ori xalxis gemovnebisa da fsiqikis Camoyalibebaze
da saboloo jamSi _ mis gamoxatulebaze mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi,

66
kerZod _ arqiteqturaSi. logikuri iqneba, davuSvaT, rom erT-erTi
aseTi mniSvnelovani faqtoria msgavsi garemos zegavlena: msgavsi
peizaJebi, klimati da yofa, romelsac didwilad swored garemo
gansazRvravs.

67
 Tavi IV

eqsterieris gadawyvetisa da aRqmis Taviseburebani marTlmadidebluri

samyaros qveynebSi: saqarTvelo da bizantia

wina TavebSi araerTxel aRiniSna, Tu ra saxis kavSirebi

arsebobs erTi mxriv, garemos xasiaTsa da meore mxriv, eris
temperamentsa da agreTve formis, ferisa da sivrcis aRqmisa da
gamosaxvis erovnul Taviseburebebs Soris. saubari gvqonda agreTve
imazec, rom es momenti aucileblad aisaxeba xelovnebis xasiaTze.
rogorc vnaxeT, garemo namdvilad mZlavrad monawileobs eris
mxatvruli gemovnebisa da xasiaTis CamoyalibebaSi, ris
sailustraciodac mravali magaliTi iqna moyvanili. aqve gavixsenoT
isic, rom xelovnebis iseTi cnobili mkvlevrebi, rogorebic iyvnen
ipolit teni da hainrix velflini, miiCnevdnen, rom ama Tu im eris
xelovnebas ZiriTadad axasiaTebs ori sawyisidan _ plastikuri da
ferweruli, an, ufro sworad, cxovelxatuli sawyisebidan _ erT-erTis
prioriteti.
es mosazreba gacilebiT adre gamoiTqva, vidre meoce saukunis
fsiqologiaSi damkvidrdeboda Sesabamisi cneba mravalmxrivi
inteleqtisa da azrovnebis gansxvavebuli tipebis Sesaxeb, magaliTad,
amerikeli fsiqologis hovard gardneris (23) namuSevrebSi. gardneris
es kvlevebi principulad adasturebs esTetikosTa da
xelovnebaTmcodneTa mier TiTqmis saukunenaxevris win gamoTqmul
mosazrebebs. magram, rogorc vxedavT, xelovnebis nawarmoebTa
SedarebiTi stilisturi analizis Sedegebze dafuZnebuli daskvnebi
aranakleb zusti aRmoCnda, vidre eqsperimentuli kvlevebis monacemebze
damyarebuli Tanamedrove fsiqologiuri debulebebi. gavixsenoT
Tundac ipolit tenis zemoT moyvanili msjeloba italiaSi (toskanaSi)
SemoqmedebiT azrovnebaSi plastikuri sawyisis primatsa da holandiaSi
arsebuli ferwerulobis primatis da maTi mizezebis Sesaxeb, sadac

68
umniSvnelovanes rols, misi azriT, swored garemos Taviseburebebis
gavlena asrulebda.
aRsaniSnavia agreTve, rom garemos is Tvisebebi, romlebic,
ipolit tenis mixedviT, xelovnebaSi da kerZod ki arqiteqturaSi
plastikuri xedvis Camoyalibebas iwvevs, rogorc vnaxeT, aSkarad
axasiTebs swored saqarTvelos bunebasac. aRniSnul TvisebaTagan bevri
sakmaod kargad miesadageba Cvens SemTxvevasac. Sesabamisad, SesaZlebeli
gaxda, gangvevrco tenis mosazrebebi qarTuli arqiteqturis sferozec
da Segvedarebina igi sxva qveynis arqiteqturasTan, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
im qveynis garemos zogierTi Tviseba nawilobriv emTxveva saqarTvelos
bunebriv pirobebs. swored aseTi Sedarebis Sedegad gamoikveTa
qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis zogierTi, wina TavSi aRniSnuli zogadi
damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebis msgavseba sxva qveynis _ eladis, sxva
periodisa da sxva sarwmunoebis arqiteqturasTan, rac, rogorc vnaxeT,
erTgvarad ukavSirdeba garemos msgavsi Tvisebebis gavlenas.
bunebrivi garemos es Tvisebebia: mTiani peizaJebi, romelTa
struqtura da formebi naTlad da mkafiod gamoikveTeba gamWvirvale,
mSral haerSi, weliwadis umetes dros arsebuli intensiuri ganaTeba da
am ganaTebiT gamowveuli Suq-Crdilebis Zlieri TamaSi, ris gamoc
moculobrivi formebi gansakuTrebiT mkafiod, reliefurad da
skulpturulad aRiqmeba, yvela konturi zedmiwevniT sufTad da
naTlad moCans, ferebi ki erTiani da Rrmaa. garda amisa, peizaJebi
mravalferovania TavisTavadac da, amave dros, sxvadasxvagvaradac
aRiqmeba arsebuli mravali xedvis wertilidan. aseTi mTiani peizaJebis
moxazuloba permanentulad aCvevs aq mcxovrebi adamianis Tvals mkafio
talRovan siluetebs da masaTa safexurebriv ganlagebas.
es swored is Tvisebebia, romlebic, tenisa da velflinis
mixedviT, ganapirobebs xolme erovnuli xedvis `plastikur xasiaTs”,
rac gulisxmobs dominirebas xelovnebaSi xazisa laqaze, plastikuri
mkafio formisa _ cxovelxatulze, rbilad damuSavebulze, siluetisa
_ zedapiris modelirebaze da a.S. es zogadi principi kargad
miesadageba mTel qarTul Suasaukuneobriv xelovnebas, romelic,
rogorc cnobilia, yovelTvis avlenda ltolvas xazovani

69
gamomsaxvelobisken. xolo rac Seexeba Tavad qarTul arqiteqturas,
aqac naTlad mJRavndeba yovelive zemoTqmulTan dakavSirebuli
Tvisebebi, magaliTad: siluetisa da konturebis didi mniSvneloba,
arqiteqturul formaTa mkafio, gamokveTili moculobebi da maTi
safexurovani ganlageba, kedlis zedapiris mtkice da gluvi,
zedmiwevniT guldasmiT gaTlili qvis farTobebis mniSvnelovneba,
TavSekavebuli, magram gaazrebuli da naTeli emociuri ganwyobis
Semqmneli feradovani gadawyveta. garda amisa, qarTul arqiteqturas
yovelTvis axasiaTebda zomieri masStabebi da moxerxebuli da
srulyofili ganlagebis Zieba _ yvela es Tviseba, romelic erovnuli
aRqmisa da xedvisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, rogorc adre aRvniSneT,
aSkara kavSirSia garemos gavlenasTan.
rogorc vxedavT, msgavsi garemos, landSaftisa da bunebrivi
pirobebis mqone, magram gansxvavebuli istoriuli, religiuri,
socialuri da ekonomikuri da sxv. pirobebis mqone qveynebis xelovnebis
nimuSebis Sedareba saSualebas gvaZlevs gamovavlinoT garemos is
saerTo Tvisebebi, romlebic zegavlenas axdens erebis xelovnebis
Taviseburebis Camoyalibebaze.
magram amave dros, rodesac saubaria garemos gavlenaze
arqiteqturis TviTmyofadi erovnuli saxis Camoyalibebaze, ufro
srulyofili da naTeli suraTis misaRebad yuradReba unda mivaqcioT
agreTve sapirispiro momentsac, anu im gansxvavebebs, romlebic SeiZleba
arsebobdes sxvadasxva garemosa da bunebrivi pirobebis mqone qveynebis
arqiteqturas Soris. rasakvirvelia, aseT SemTxvevaSi, imisaTvis, rom
gamovyoT, gamovacalkevoT swored garemos faqtoris zemoqmedebiT
miRebuli Sedegebi, saWiroa, rom msgavsi iyos sxva danarCeni faqtorebi.
yvelaze mniSvnelovania, rom gansaxilvelad aRebul qveynebSi unda
arsebobdes erTi da igive religia, daxlovebiT igive istoriuli
periodi da sazogadoebrivi formacia.
Sesabamisad, unda ganvixiloT, arsebobs Tu ara raime
mniSvnelovani ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi Sua saukuneebis qarTul
religiur arqiteqturasa da sxva qveynebis amave periodis
marTlmadideblur Suasaukuneobriv arqiteqturas Soris. Cvens

70
SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani da sainteresoa swored
Zeglis bunebaSi ganlagebis da misi eqsterieris _ masaTa saerTo
ganlagebisa da fasadebis gadawyvetis _ Taviseburebani, radganac
swored eqsterieria Zeglis is nawili, romelic uSualod kontaqtirebs
gare samyarosTan da Tavisi Tvisebebis meoxebiT Semdegnair gavlenas
axdens masze:
a) harmonirebs an kontrastirebs bunebasTan, an
b) organizacias uwevs garemos sivrces Tavis garSemo an
erwymis mas.
garda amisa, swored Senobis masaTa ganlagebis principSi,
moculobaTa proporciul urTierTdamokidebulebaSi, formaTa
moxazulobis Taviseburebebsa da maT kavSirsa da koloritis
TaviseburebebSi vlindeba yvelaze naTlad aramarto konkretuli
arqiteqtoris mier Sesisxlxorcebuli sivrcobrivi STabeWdilebebi da
warmodgenebi, aramed agreTve mTeli erisaTvis saxasiaTo mxatvruli
gemovneba, romelSic qvecnobierad aisaxeba misi aRmzrdeli bunebis
tipuri, damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi (gavixsenoT, Tundac, am sakiTxTan
dakavSirebuli cnobil mkvlevarTa debulebebi xelovnebis erovnuli
grZnobis Sesaxeb aRqmis fsiqologiis sferodan, romlebic meore TavSi
iyo moyvanili).
aqve xazi unda gavusvaT imas, rom eqsterieris sakiTxi qarTul
Suasaukuneobriv sataZro arqiteqturaSi odiTganve gansakuTrebiT
mkafiod iyo dasmuli da gadawyvetili. am faqtze yuradRebis
gansakuTrebuli aqcentireba imitomac aris aucilebeli, rom, rogorc
sayovelTaodaa cnobili, sazogadod qristianuli arqiteqturisTvis
interesi am problemisadmi yovelTvis da yvelgan ar aris erTnairad
damaxasiaTebeli, rac gansakuTrebiT exeba adreul periodebs. piriqiT,
cnobilia, rom gansxvavebiT uZvelesi drois warmarTul
arqiteqturaTagan (magaliTad, egviptis, saberZneTis, SuamdinareTisa da
sxva kulturebSi), sadac religiuri ritualebis Catarebis specifika
taZris ZiriTadad garedan aRqmas moiTxovda, qristianulma
xuroTmoZRvrebam umTavresi yuradReba gadaitana interieris problemis
gadawyvetaze, sadac morwmuneni iyridnen Tavs.

71
 es movlena sakmaod Rrmad da farTodaa ganxiluli specialur
samecniero literaturaSi. magaliTad, SegviZlia vnaxoT, Tu ras wers
am sakiTxze arqiteqtori, arqiteqturis Teoriis specialisti da
filosofosi da p. a. mikelisi Tavis naSromSi `esTetikuri midgoma
bizantiuri xelovnebisadmi~:
`berZnul-romauli taZari RvTaebis qandakebis sacxovrebels
warmoadgenda da wmindaTawmindaSi Sesvlis ufleba mxolod qurumebs
hqondaT. morwmuneni ar monawileobdnen religiur ceremoniebSi, aramed
garedan adevnebdnen maT Tvalyurs. qristianobam farTod gaaRo taZris
kari da morwmuneebi RvTismsaxurebis monawileebad aqcia. amitom
berZnul taZarSi ZiriTadi datvirTva hqonda eqsteriers: mayurebeli
taZars ZiriTadad garedan aRiqvamda. bizantiuri eklesia ki
(gansakuTrebiT adreuli xanis), piriqiT, moklebuli iyo TvalSisacem
garegnul dekors _ samagierod, misi Siga sivrce irTveboda mozaikiTa
da freskebiT, svetebiTa da TaRebiT~ (43, gv. 321)
msgavsi azria gamoTqmuli s. kaufmanis `romis imperiis
arqiteqturaSic~:
`interiers gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceoda, radganac,
gansxvavebiT warmarTul taZarTagan, mlocvelebi ikribebodnen ara
eklesiis win an mis ezoSi, aramed Senobis SigniT. qalaqur eklesiaTa
interierebs xSirad amkobdnen marmariloTi da oqroTi, ufro sada
soflur eklesiebSi _ mozaikebiT, romlebic savsebiT faravda qvis
wyobas. iatakebze Tavsdeboda ornamentebi, afsidasa da kedlebze _
figuruli gamosaxulebebi. eklesiaTa fasadebi xSirad savsebiT
moklebuli iyo morTulobas.~ (35, gv. 259).
zemoT moyvanil fragmentSi laparaki iyo adreqristianuli
xanis taZrebze, kerZod _ IV-V saukuneTa siriul da romaul
bazilikebze. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom, rac Seexeba adreqristianul
siriul Zeglebs, swored maTi gadawyveta warmoadgens am mxriv
gamonakliss _ siriul adreqristianul arqiteqturul ZeglebSi xom
aSkarad igrZnoba eqsterieris gadawyvetisadmi metad seriozuli
yuradReba. amitom gacilebiT metad zemoT moyvanili citata SeiZleba
Seesabamebodes bizantiuri arqiteqturis nimuSebis iersaxes, vTqvaT,

72
ravenis taZrebs an Tundac sxva, ufro gviani periodis Zeglebsac ki.
magaliTad, es naTlad Cans ravenis gala placidias mavzoleumis
interierisa da eqsterieris amsaxveli suraTebis erTmaneTTan
Sedarebisas (sur. 60, 61).
siriul ZeglebTan dakavSirebiT uolter lauri Tavis
naSromSi `xelovneba adreul eklesiaSi~ (69, gv, 138, 139) wers:
`me minda, rom mivapyro mkiTxvelis yuradReba bazilikis
ganviTarebas CrdiloeT siriaSi, rogorc SesaniSnav gamonakliss, sadac
kargi samSeneblo qvis simravle da qvis damuSavebis brwyinvale
tradicia safuZvlad udevs im faqts, rom aq V da VI saukunis eklesiebi
guldasmiT iyo damuSavebuli gareTa mxridan da Sesaferisi
arqiteqturuli ornamentiTac ki iyo damSvenebuli.~
rogorc vxedavT, siriel xuroTmoZRvarTa interesi safasado
mxaris gadawyvetisadmi miiCneva iSviaT gamonaklisad. ZiriTadad ki
ucilobel faqtadaa miCneuli, rom antikuri arqiteqturis umaRles
miRwevas warmoadgenda brwyinvaled gadawyvetili eqsterieris Seqmna,
romlis drosac Senoba aRqmuli unda yofiliyo garedan, qandakebis
msgavsad. bizantiur arqiteqturaSi arsebobda sruliad sapirispiro
midgoma: aq mTavari, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeboda Siga sivrcis
gadawyvetasa da mis gaformebas. saerTod, qristianul taZarSi yovelive
gankuTvnili iyo imisTvis, raTa morwmunes Seqmnoda RvTaebrivi,
brwyinvale, sazeimo da amaRlebuli ganwyoba _ amas emsaxureboda
didebuli interieric, ritualis silamazec, amaRlebuli musikac,
Zvirfasi saeklesio nivTebic, sakmevlis aromatic – es yvelaferi
erTian didebul ansambls qmnida da zeciuri mSvenierebis asaxvad
aRiqmeboda.
eklesiaTa fasadebi ki ukidurexad mokrZalebuli iyo da
xSirad savsebiT moklebuli iyo raime morTulobas. magaliTisTvis
SegviZlia SevxedoT erT-erTi yvelaze adreuli qristianuli
arqiteqturuli Zeglis, IV saukunis pirveli naxevris romis e. w. santa
konstancas mavzoleumis fasads, romelic sakmaod kargad aris
SemorCenili, TiTqmis pirvandeli saxiT. (dRes es Senoba ar warmoadgens
mavzoleums, radganac Sua saukuneebSi, konstancas wmindanad Seracxvis

73
Semdeg, igi eklesiad gadakeTda). misi arqiteqturuli tipi da gegma
sakmaod damaxasiaTebelia adreqristianuli periodisTvis: SedarebiT
mokrZalebuli zomebis mqone es rotonda gadaxurulia didi
dabalyeliani gumbaTiT, romelSic TaRovani formis sarkmlebia
gaWrili. gumbaTi Senobis centrSi ganlagebul TaReds eyrdnoba,
romelic maRali da msubuqi Sewyvilebuli korinTuli svetebisagan
Sedgeba. gumbaTis sarkmlebi warmoadgens ganaTebis ZiriTad,
praqtikulad erTaderT wyaros, da misi wyalobiT gumbaTqveSa sivrce
gansakuTrebiT Zlieri ganaTebiTaa aqcentirebuli, xolo mnaxveli
kargad aRiqvams brwyinvale freskebs, romlebic santa konstancas
interiers amSvenebs. santa konstancas eqsterieri gacilebiT sadaa. igi
xasiaTdeba ubralo, daunawevrebeli geometriuli moculobebiTa da
mZime proporciebiT. aguris sqeli, masiuri kedlebi sruliad gluvia,
maT ar gaaCniaT arc reliefuri ornamentuli dekori, arc dekoratiuli
wyoba (rogorc amas mogviano xanis ZeglebSi vxvdebiT), arc feradovani
aqcentebi, arc raime saxis skulpturuli dekori, Riobebic arafriT ar
aris aqcentirebuli. es ukiduresi sisadave Zlierad kontrastirebs
santa konstancas mdidrulad gaformebul, efeqtur interierTan (sur.
62, 63).
amave dros, xazi unda gavusvaT imasac, rom interierisa da
eqsterieris gadawyvetisadmi aseTi diametrulad gansxvavebuli midgoma
axasiaTebda ara mxolod uadres periods, aramed grZeldeboda sakmaod
didi xnis manZilze da mxolod XI saukunidan moyolebuli bizantiur
arqiteqturaSi TandaTan Cndeba interesi taZris eqsterieris
gadawyvetisadmi.
`bizantiur nagebobaTa eqsterierebis ukideuresi ubraloeba da
`siSiSvle~ gamowveuli iyo adreqristianuli arqiteqturis
Camoyalibebis specifikuri pirobebiTa da gvianromauli
xuroTmoZRvrebis zegavleniT. SenobaTa garegnuli mxaris dekoratiuli
Semkobis tendencia matulobs mxolod bizantiis arsebobis bolo
periodSi.~ (15).
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom interieris mxatvruli gadawyvetis
amocanis aSkara dominireba ganpirobebuli iyo agreTve am sakiTxisadmi

74
bizantiuri RvTismetyvelebis Taviseburi midgomiTac. marTalia, jer
kidev wm. maqsime aRmsareblisa da patriarq germanes Sromebidan
cnobilia, rom marTlmadideblur taZars gaaCnia:

a) kosmiuri simbolika: taZris nawilebi zeciur da miwier

sferoebs Seesabameba,
b) topografiuli simbolika: taZris nawilebi wminda miwis
geografiul punqtebs Seesabameba, da
g) liturgiul-qronologiuri simbolika: Sesabamisoba
qristianuli RvTismsaxurebis kalendarTan.

simbolikis aseT saxeebze miuTiTebs r. krauthaimeri Tavis

wignSi `adreqristianuli da bizantiuri arqiteqtura~ (46, gv. 37).
aseTsave simbolikaze, oRond taZris ferwerul dekorTan
kavSirSi, wers oto demusi Tavis naSromSi `bizantiuri mozaikuri
dekori~ (9).
magram Zalze mniSvnelovania, rom, amis garda, bizantiur
TeologiaSi paralels avlebdnen agreTve taZarsa da qristian adamians
Soris, anu taZris interieri da eqsterieri Seesabameboda qristianis
garegnobasa da mis Sinagan sulier samyaros _ igulisxmeboda, rom
RvTismoSiSi adamianis garegnoba da samoseli sadad da mokrZalebulad
unda gamoiyurebodes, xolo misi suli mdidari, lamazi da uxvi unda
iyos.
`bizantiuri taZrebis Tavisebureba mdgomareobda kontrastSi
maT garegnul saxesa da interiers Soris. eklesiis fasadebi gvaocebs
kedlebis pirquSi sigluviT, romlebic, gansakuTrebiT adreul
periodSi, sruliad moklebulia dekors. qristianuli eklesiis
eqsterieris ubraloeba warmoiSva, rogorc antikuri taZris mdidruli
gare dekoris antiTeza. qristiani ideologebi dekoratiuli
elementebis aseT ganawilebas eklesiis arqiteqturaSi xsnidnen imiT,
rom adarebdnen mas morwmune adamians. mdidari sulieri cxovrebis
mqone Tavmdabali qristianis msgavsad, taZari, Tavisi eqsterieriT,
xazgasmulad mkacri unda yofiliyo.~ (57)

75
 yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, cxadi xdeba, rom
rogorc romaul adreqristianul taZrebSi, aseve bizantiuri
arqiteqturis ZeglebSi eqsterieris mxatvruli gadawyvetis problemas,
antikuri Zeglebisagan gansxvavebiT, gacilebiT naklebi mniSvneloba
eniWeboda da aseTi midgoma ara marto realurad arsebobda, aramed
Teoriuladac sabuTdeboda bizantieli RvTismetyvelebis mier. magram
Cvens SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadad mniSvnelovania ara marto (da ara imdenad)
gansxvaveba qristianuli taZris interieris da misive eqsterieris
morTulobis siuxvesa da simdidres Soris, aramed is, rom bizantiur
xuroTmoZRvrebaSi Siga sivrcis mxatvruli gadawyvetis problema idga
Tavidanve da mas Zalze didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda, maSin roca
fasadebi aRiqmeboda mxolod, rogorc misi `naWuWi~, misi
SemomsazRvreli zedapiri, da ara rogorc damoukidebeli mxatvruli
amocana.
aseT saerTo fonze qarTvel xuroTmoZRvarTa damokidebuleba
am problemisadmi sakmaod Taviseburad gamoiyureba, radganac unda
aRiniSnos, rom Cveni arqiteqturis ganviTarebis yvela etapze, maT
Soris adreul etapzec, erT-erT umniSvnelovanes amocanad maT swored
eqsterieris gadawyvetis sakiTxi miaCndaT, rac mraval mkvlevarTan
poulobs asaxvas. magaliTad, swored am sakiTxze amaxvilebs yuradRebas
v. beriZe, rodesac saubrobs mcxeTis jvris mxatvrul gadawyvetaze:
`jvris garegnuli saxe naTlad asaxavs Siga sivrcis
danawevrebas. magram aq mxolod pasiuri gameoreba ki ar aris imisa,
rasac SigniTa konturebi karnaxobda, aramed Siga da gare formebis
mxatvrulad gaazrebuli Sesabamisoba. es pirveli magaliTia Sua
saukuneebis qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi, rom fasadis saxe
damoukidebeli, Segnebulad dasaxuli, mxatvruli amocanis
mniSvnelobas iZens. amieridan, es qarTuli arqiteqturis
damaxasiaTebeli niSani iqneba, erTi im mraval niSanTagani, romelic
mkveTrad ganasxvavebs mas bizantiurisagan: sakmarisia gavixsenoT
sergisa da baqos an wminda irines eklesiebi konstantinepolSi (sur. 64,
65, 66), wm. sofio _ bizantiuri arqiteqturis umaRlesi monapovari,
ravenis eklesiebi, da CvenTvis naTeli gaxdeba, rom bizantiaSi

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xuroTmoZRvarTa yuradRebas (xelovnebis ayvavebis periodSiac)
mTlianad ipyrobda didebuli Siga sivrcis Seqmnis amocana, fasadebi
maT ar ainteresebdaT.~ (4, gv. 31).
is, rom vaxtang beriZe gansakuTrebiT usvams xazs Sua
saukuneebis qarTul arqiteqturaSi arsebul interess eqsterieris
mxatvruli gadawyvetisadmi, rogorc misi TviTmyofadi, originaluri
xasiaTis damadasturebel niSans, uaRresad mniSvnelovania, radganac
jer erTi, cnobilia, rom aRmosavleT saqristianos, anu bizantiuri
samyaros kulturul regionSi Semavali qveynebis xelovnebas didxans
(da zogjer Cvens droSic ki), aRiqvamdnen mxolod rogorc bizantiuri
xelovnebis kuTxur, regionul variantebs. amitom aRniSnuli momentis
xazgasma da erovnul TviTmyofadobaze aqcentis gakeTeba kvlavac metad
aqtualuria da meorec, rac gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa Cvens
SemTxvevaSi, aq naTlad ikveTeba is kavSirebi, romlebzec adre ukve
gvqonda saubari: eqsterieris gadawyvetis Taviseburebani ganixileba
xelovnebis erovnul xedvasTan kavSirSi, es ukanaskneli ki _ sivrcis,
formisa da feris grZnoba _ didadaa damokidebuli garemos
Taviseburebebze. Tavis mxriv, rogorc zemoT araerTxel iTqva, es
erovnuli xedva mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli im garemoze, romelSic
igi yalibdeba.
rac Seexeba qarTul arqiteqturaSi taZris eqsterieris
gadawyvetis specifikas, aq ZiriTadi, yvelaze tipuri da gavrcelebulia
jvar-gumbaTovan gegmaze agebuli kristaliseburi forma erTmaneTSi
Sezrdili zeswrafi safexurebiT. marTalia, saqarTveloSi arsebobda
sxva formebic, romlebic Seesabameboda magaliTad, bazilikis da
darbazuli eklesiis tipebs, magram es jvar-gumbaTovani forma mainc
yvelaze mnivnelovani da saxasiaToa. epoqebisa da stilebis cvlasTan
erTad icvleboda konstruqciuli elementebi, nagebobaTa proporciebi,
Sefardebani, Cndeboda an qreboda sxvadasxva mniSvnelovani Tu
umniSvnelo elementebi da detalebi, icvleboda `garekanis~
dekoratiuli momentebi, magram qarTuli jvar-gumbaTovani taZris
saerTo kristaliseburi ieri saukuneTa manZilze ucvleli darCa.

77
 cxadia, jvar-gumbaTovani tipi arsebobda ara marto CvenTan,
aramed mTel marTlmadideblur samyaroSi. oto demusi Tavis
`bizantiur mozaikur dekorSi~ aseTnairad axasiaTebs bizantiaSi misi
warmoqmnis pirobebsa da mizezebs:
`bizantiuri (ferweruli dekoris) programa yovelTvis
saWiroebda gansakuTrebul moCarCoebas, Tanac swored imas, romelSic
igi Camoyalibda da romelsac Seesabameboda. aseT moCarCoebad iqca
Suabizantiuri saeklesio arqiteqturis klasikuri warmomadgeneli _
Cawerili jvris tipis taZari gumbaTovani gadaxurviT centrSi.
am arqiteqturuli tipis Camoyalibeba xangrZlivi procesi iyo,
xolo saboloo gadawyvetisken ramdenime erTmaneTis konkurentuli gza
midioda. TviT es idea, etyoba, gaCnda araugvianes VI saukunisa.
sxvadasxva arqiteqturuli tradiciebis mimdevari xuroTmoZRvrebi
problemis gadasawyvetad gansxvavebul sawyis wertilebs irCevdnen:
zogi eyrdnoboda Tavisufali jvris centrul gegmas, an oqtagonalur
gegmas, centrul-gumbaTovan bazilikas, salonikis da ankiras tipis
naxevarbazilikur gegmebs da a.S. zogierTi Sualeduri varianti,
rogoricaa konstantinopolis xuTnaviani taZris tipi,
garsSemosavleliani taZari an taZari-trikonqi, warmoadgenda erTgvar
winaswar cdebs da sabolood, maTze uari Tqves klasikuri Caxazuli
jvris tipis sasargeblod. am evoluciis istoria TiTqmis Teologiur
interpretaciaSi jdeba. igi cxadyofs mizandasaxul Ziebas iseTi
saboloo gadawyvetisa, romelic upasuxebda liturgiis moTxovnilebebs
da Tavisi drois esTetikur idealebs. lokaluri gansxvavebebi gzas
uTmobda am idealuri tipis Ziebebs da imis mere, rac igi sabolood
Camoyalibda, masze aRrasodes uTqvamT uari, gaxades ra igi momdevno
evoluciis safuZvlad. (....) saboloo varianti, romelic IX saukunis
bolosTvis Camoyalibda, uCveulod srulyofili iyo da liturgiuli
da formaluri TvalsazrisiT TiTqmis ar saWiroebda damuSavebas. am
tipis umaRles srulyofilebas SeiZleboda misi sicocxlisunarianobac
ki moespo, rom ara am arqiteqturis ZiriTadi ideis saocari moqniloba,
romelmac Semdgomi variaciebis safuZveli Seqmna.~ (9, gv, 85).

78
 mkvlevarebi aRniSnaven, rom bizantiaSi da mTlianad
aRmosavleT saqristianos kulturul regionSi jvar-gumbaTovani tipis
taZrebi, romlebic warmodgenilia V saukuneSSi, VI saukuneSi ukve aRar
warmoadgens iSviaTobas, xolo VII saukuneSi ukve Zalze farTodaa
gavrcelebuli, gansakuTrebiT _ saqarTvelosa da somxeTSi. magaliTad,
aseT azrs gamoTqvams riCard krauthaimeri Tavis naSromSi
`adreqristianuli da bizantiuri arqiteqtura~ (46, gv. 251 - 348), siril
mango Tavis wignSi `bizantiuri arqiteqtura~ (41, gv. 151 - 193), aleqsei
komeCi monografiaSi `taZari oTx svetze da misi mniSvneloba
bizantiuri arqiteqturis istoriaSi~ (37).
rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, giorgi CubinaSvilis wignSi
`ramodenime Tavi qarTuli xelovnebis istoriidan~ vkiTxulobT:
` ... jvar-gumbaTovani Tema saqarTveloSi ukve muSavdeboda IV
da V saukuneebSi, rasac amtkiceben im drois calke naSTebi da
fragmentebi. am uZveles SenobaTa gansakuTrebul xazuls, romliTac
isini gansxvavdebian momdevno drois SenobaTagan, warmoadgens taZris
uSualo gadaxurva gumbaTiani TaRiT, romelsac ara aqvs garedan
gansakuTrebuli Ria yeli, _ es yeli sabolood muSavdeba CvenSi VI
saukunis naxevarSi.~ (59, gv. 83 - 84).
Tavis wignSi `jvris tipis Zeglebi~ (61) giorgi CubinaSvilma
absoluturad naTlad da damajereblad Camoayaliba qarTuli
klasikuri tetrakonqis Camoyalibebis logikuri etapebi. Zalze
mniSvnelovania, yuradReba mivaqcioT imas, Tu rogor izrdeba yovel
etapze eqsterieris, rogorc gaazrebuli mxatvruli amocanis
mniSvnelovnebis Segneba. pirvel safexurs warmoadgens Zveli gavazi,
romlis gegma – gumbaTiT gadaxuruli oTxi naliseburi afsida, kuTxis
damatebiTi saTavsoebis gareSe _ sruliad elementarul xasiaTs
atarebs. aseve savsebiT ubralod da elementaruladaa gadawyvetili
eqsterieric _ kedlebi mxolod da mxolod zustad imeorebs Siga
sivrcis formas, ris gamoc miRebuli Sedegi jer sakmaod uinteresoa.
Semdgomi etapia ninowminda, romelic Tavisi mniSvnelovnebiT,
rogorc saepiskoposo taZari, metad seriozul amocanas warmoadgenda.
aq vxedavT tetrakonqis tipis Semdgom ganviTarebas _ afsidebs Soris

79
moTavsebulia aseTive naliseburi formis kuTxis damatebiTi
saTavsoebi, romlebic ara marto praqtikuli amocanis gadawyvetas
emsaxureba, aramed xels uwyobs kompoziciuri da konstruqciuli
miznebis gadawyvetas _ rva sayrdenis arsebobam oTxis nacvlad
warmoSva gumbaTisa da gumbaTqveSa sivrcis mniSvnelovnad gafarToebis
SesaZlebloba. garedan afsidebi waxnagovani formisaa, rac damatebiTi
saTavsoebis gluvi momrgvalebuli zedapirebis gverdiT sakmaod
organulad gamoiyureba. garda amisa, afsidebis moculobebi, gverdiT
kompartmentebTan SedarebiT, ufro Zlieradaa gamoweuli win, rac
Senobis moculobriv gadawyvetas ufro sainteresos xdis, vidre es
Zveli gavazis magaliTze vnaxeT. Tumca kedlebis mier Siga sivrcis
garedan zusti gameorebis xerxi aqac saxezea.
saqarTveloSi tetrakonqis arqiteqturuli tipis ganviTarebis
mesame, damagvirgvinebeli etapia mcxeTis jvris didi taZari, sadac ukve
klasikuri, mxatvrulad dasrulebuli saxiTaa warmodgenili
ninowmindis kompozicia. aq ara marto nagebobis gegmaa unaklod
gaazrebuli, aramed srulyofiladaa gadawyvetili eqsterieris
esTetikuri saxec. jvarSi fasadebi pasiurad ki aRar imeorebs Siga
sivrcis moxazulobas, aramed masTan mxatvrul TanxvedraSia moyvanili.
Sesabamisad, VI - VII saukuneTa mijnaze saqarTveloSi ukve arsebobs ara
ubralod interesi eqsterieris problemisadmi, aramed misi
SemoqmedebiTi gadawyvetis SesaniSnavi nimuSic.
zemoT aRniSnul naSromSi giorgi CubinaSvili sagangebod
miuTiTebs, rom `swored VI saukunis ukanaskneli aTeuli wlis
nawarmoebSi qarTuli xelovneba aRwevs mxatvrul damTavrebas,
mTlianobas, aRwevs klasikur formebs. es formebi ekuTvnis mxolod
saqarTvelos, maT ara aqvT paralelebi anu ganmeoreba bizantiaSi.
marTalia, qronologiurad mxatvruli ganviTarebis am or punqts
Soris 1 _ bizantiaSi iustinianes dros (526 - 565) da saqarTveloSi
stefanoz I-is dros (586/590 - 604) daaxloebiT 50 wlis manZilia, magram

1
zeviT avtori saubrobs konstantinopolis Zeglebze _ aia sofiaze da wm.
irines eklesiaze.

80
amas TviT wminda formaluri mxriTac ara aqvs mniSvneloba mxatvruli
gaTangviT miRebuli Sedegis dasafaseblad, radganac kopoziciis
formebiT es erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli movlenebi rodia. (...) bizantiis
arqiteqturam ara Tu ar SeimuSava araviTari normebi fasadisaTvis,
rogorc mxatvrul-dekoratiuli erTeulisaTvis, aramed arc ki dasva
aseTi problema, ver Seigno misi arsi; qarTulma xuroTmoZRvrebam ki
ukve mcxeTis jvris patara eklesiaSi an ninowmindis kaTedralSi
moaxdina am mimarTulebiT cda, romelic, rogorc ganviTarebis yvela
sxva mosamzadebeli Zafebi, iReben Tavis srul damTavrebas mcxeTis
jvris didi eklesiis genialur SeqmnaSi.~ (59, gv. 105).
saerTod, unda aRiniSnos, rom g. CubinaSvili did mniSvnelobas
aniWebda eqsterieris gadawyvetisadmi gansxvavebuli midgomebis
gamovlenas qarTul da bizantiur arqiteqturaSi.
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT SegviZlia SevxedoT am periodis
zemoT ukve naxseneb VI saukunis bizantiuri arqiteqturis iseT
klasikur magaliTebs, rogoricaa sergisa da baqosis eklesia an wm.
sofios taZari konstantinopolSi (64), rom savsebiT naTeli xdeba g.
CubinaSvilisa da v. beriZis mosazrebebis sruli samarTlianoba.
sergisa da baqosis eklesiis eqsterieri ukiduresad martivia.
igi Sedgeba agurisagan nagebi masiuri, daunawevrebeli marTkuTxa
moculobisagan, romelSic oqtogonuri interieria Cawerili.
samwaxnagiani absida Zlier aris gamozneqili. sarkmlebi
mcirericxovania, ubralo marTkuTxa an TaRovani formisaa (absidaze da
gumbaTis yelze) da praqtikulad ar aris aqcentirebuli dekoriT, Tu
ar CavTvliT am ukanasknelebis zeda TaRovani nawilis garSemo aguriT
amowyobil brtyel sxivebs, romlebic TiTqmis ar aRiqmeba kedlis
sibrtyeze. es `sxivebi~ da primitiuli, aguris kuTxeebis ormagi
zolisagan Sedgenili karnizi (lavgardani) Senobis saxuravisa da
gumbaTis qveS fasadebis erTaderT dekors warmoadgens.
Senobis saxuravis daqaneba Zalze mcirea, amitom
Teqvsmetwaxnagiani ganieri dabalyeliani gumbaTi, romelic Teqvsmetive
qolgiseburi amozneqili segmentisagan Sedgeba, uSualod Senobis tanis
Semdeg, gardamavali safexurebis gareSe aRiqmeba da amitom ar

81
SeigrZnoba mayureblis mier mis logikur gagrZelebad, rogorc jvarSi,
anu ar tovebs misgan amozrdilis STabeWdilebas, aramed kontrastirebs
masTan. aRsaniSnavia agreTve, rom gumbaTis saxuravi ar malavs SigniT
arsebuli moculobrivi segmentebis talRovan formas, aramed pirdapir
imeorebs mas, aseve ar aris SeniRbuli an mxatvrulad damuSavebuli
gumbaTis yelis yru waxnagebze midgmuli mcire, marTkuTxa
konstruqciuli elementebi, ris gamoc gumbaTis yelis are TiTqos
daulagebel, mouwesrigebel STabeWdilebas tovebs. am STabeWdilebas
aZlierebs absidis CrdiloeTiT gamozneqili viwro vertikaluri
saTavso, romelsac ar gaaCnia meore mxridan Sesatyvisi simetriuli
forma, da romlis ori viwro, zed absidis kuTxesTan midgmuli
sarkmeli arc formiT, arc zomiT, arc ganlagebiT ar Seesabameba
absidis waxnagebze arsebul fanjrebs.
yovelive es aSkarad gviCvenebs, rom xuroTmoZRvari, romelmac
Seqmna Tavisufali, maRali, naTeli da uaRresad mdidruli interieri
da Seamko igi marmarilos feradi svetebiTa da moelvare mozaikebiT,
sruliad araa dainteresebuli eqsterieriT da misi formebi mxolod
imeorebs taZris Siga struqturas.
imave princips vxedavT agreTve RvTaebrivi sibrZnis, anu wm.
sofios taZris, anu igive aia sofias taZris gadawyvetaSi, magram imis
gamo, rom es ukanaskneli Tavisi masStabebiTac, sirTuliTac, da amave
dros, Tavisi mniSvnelovnebiTac gacilebiT metia sergisa da baqosis
eklesiaze, amitom fasadebis problema, an, ufro sworad, misi
ararseboba, kidev ufro seriozuli xdeba (sur. 67, 68) .
unda aRiniSnos, rom aia sofias taZris, genialuri qmnilebisa
da msoflio arqiteqturis margalitis esTetikuri zegavlenis da TviT
misi saqveyno didebis Zala imdenad waruSleli da STambeWdavia, rom
mkvlevarTa umravlesoba an saubrobs mxolod mis brwyinvale
interierze da urTulesi konstruqciuli amocanis gadawyvetaze da
saerTod ar ganixilavs eqsterierebs, an gakvriT exeba maT da imave
aRfrTovanebiT, romliTac manamde ganixilavda interiers, aRniSnavs,
rom aia sofias fasadebi `STambeWdavia Tavisi ubraloebiT da
didebulebiT~, Tumca aq iseve, rogorc sergisa da baqosis eklesiaSi,

82
garegnuli formebi ara marto moklebulia dekors, aramed mxolod
imeorebs Siga struqturas da ar warmoadgens mxatvrulad organizebul
mTlianobas. ar unda dagvaviwydes isic, rom Turqebis mier
konstantinopolis aRebis Semdeg aia sofias taZris garSemo miSenebuli
minarebi dResdReobiT Zlier cvlis misgan miRebul saerTo
STabeWdilebas _ amis gamo Zeglis eqsterieri ufro Sekrulad da
dasrulebulad gamoiyureba, vidre odesRac iyo misi WeSmariti,
Tavdapirveli ieri.
zogierTi mkvlevari ki am faqts, anu Zalze did gansxvavebas,
romelic arsebobs aia sofias martivi fasadebisa da misive didebuli
interieris gadawyvetas Soris, ukavSirebs imave, an imis msgavs
Teologiur safuZvels, simbolur gagebas, romelzec zemoT iyo
saubari. Tu es varaudi sworia, maSin gamodis, rom kontrasti taZris
garegnul mxaresa da Siga sivrcis gadawyvetas Soris sruliad
gaazrebulad da mizanmimarTulad yofila Seqmnili.
`wm. sofio aigo imave uiSviaTesi da, etyoba, gaazrebuli
principis Sesabamisad, romelic iTvaliswinebda garegnul saxeze uaris
Tqmas. es aris qaris qrolviT savse erTi rTulad Sekerili afra,
romelic gadafarebulia interierze, magram araa garedan formalurad
gamovlenili da Semkuli. (...) es aris Siga sivrceze garsSemovlebuli
uzarmazari `garekani~, mravalnawiliani, magram erTiani gumbaTi,
zeciuri sferos grandiozuli da rTuli metafora. gverdidan es
struqturuli, geometriulad gaangariSebuli garekani gamoiyureba,
rogorc samSeneblo masalebis da konstruqciuli elementebis
giganturi gaerTianeba, romelic erTgvari amorfulobis STabeWdilebas
qmnis.
es gasaocari Tviseba uaRres Teatralurobas aniWebs wminda
sofios taZris aRqmis process. xedvis Soreuli wertilebidan, zRvidan
an oqros rqis meore mxridan, taZari batonobs mTel ganaSenianebaze,
rogorc maRali, cotaTi gaRvenTili borcvi an yorRani. qalaqis
kvartlebis mxridan momavali mayurebeli ki xedavs gumbaTiT daxurul
masas, romelSic amoicnoba kontrforsebi, calkeuli TaRebi da momcro
gumbaTovani taZrebi or sayrden masivze, magram ver aRiqvams

83
mTlianobas, romelic ikargeba konstruqciuli blokebis, ZiriTadi da
damatebiTi moculobebis daxvavebaSi. da uecrad SenobaSi Sesvlisas
plinTisa da qvis masa gadaiqceva sinaTliT savse brwyinvale taZrad
brZnulad gadawyvetili sivrciT.
bizantieli xuroTmoZRvrebi ueWvelad iTvaliswinebdnen
moulodnelobis am efeqts, magram am mizezis gamo ar dautovebiaT maT
diadi taZris fasadebi yovelgvari dekoratiuli damuSavebis gareSe.
konstantinopolis wm. sofios taZarSi Cven vxvdebiT arqiteqturuli
azris im ukidures fazas, romelic sakraluri sivrcis Seqmnis dros
taZars xedavs marto Signidan, xolo mis garekans uyurebs, rogorc
zecis materializebul metaforas. taZris gare saxe aris is, rac ar
arsebobs, radganac zecas ar gaaCnia ukana mxare, ar gaaCnia garegnoba,
aris mxolod is, rac SigniTaa.~ (53).
msgavs azrs interierisa da eqsterierisadmi gansxvavebuli
midgomis Sesaxeb adreqristianul bizantiur arqiteqturaSi gamoTqvams
uiliam lauric:
`imis gamo, rom eklesiis mistikuri arsi mdgomareobda
pirovnebisa da koleqtivis RmerTTan erTianobis miRwevaSi, eklesiis
Senoba unda yofiliyo dekorirebuli Signidan, da ara garedan.
gamaognebelia, raoden mcire yuradRebas uTmobdnen adreuli periodis
qristianebi TavianTi eklesiebis garegnul iersaxes. TavianT eklesiebs
isini uyurebdnen iseve, rogorc maT sacxovrebel saxlebs, romlebic
mxolod Signidan unda yofiliyo mdidrulad gaformebuli. CvenTvis
Znelia im faqtis miReba, rom veneciis san markos brwyinvale taZars
garedan Tavdapirvelad mxolod ubralo aguris kedlebi hqonda da igi
ar iyo mopirkeTebuli marmarilos filebiT, romlebic esoden
mSvenierebas aniWebs mas amJamad. konstantinopolis wm. sofios taZari
garedan dResac ubralo aguris nagebobaa, damaxinjebuli XIII saukuneSi
miSenebuli uzarmazari kontrforsebiT, da garegnulad mowesrigebuli
mxolod Turqebis mier damatebuli minarebiT. am yvelaferTan
mdidrulad Semkuli interieri warmoudgenel kontrasts qmnis~. (69, gv,
113).

84
 yovelive zemoTqmulis safuZvelze, SesaZlebelia gamovitanoT
daskvna, rom bizantiur arqiteqturaSi, gansakuTrebiT adreqristianuli
xanidan XI saukunemde, interieris problemisadmi interesis ararseboba
da taZris garegnuli saxis gadawyvetis mxatvruli amocanis
ugulebelyofa, riTac igi esoden gansxvavdeba qarTuli
arqiteqturisagan, simbolur-Teologiuri xasiaTis kidev erT Teoriul
safuZvels poulobs. Tumca savaraudod aseTi Teoriebi albaT
arsebuli realuri movlenis mizezebis post factum Ziebas ufro
warmoadgens, vidre mis realur safuZvels, radganac sxva SemTxvevaSi
igive movlena saerTo iqneboda yvela marTlmadidebluri qveynisaTvis.
magram am SemTxvevaSi CvenTvis gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovania TviT am
faqtis konstatacia, vidre misi gamomwvevi mizezebis garkveva.
rogorc vxedavT, miuxedavad imisa, rom Sua saukuneebis
qarTul xelovnebas mravali ram aqvs saerTo bizantiurTan, rac
ZiriTadad gamowveuli iyo saerTo sarwmunoebiTa da am qveynebs Soris
mWidro mravalmxrivi urTierTobebis arsebobiT, mainc naTlad ikveTeba
mniSvnelovani gansxvavebani, romlebic Tavs iCens qarTulsa da
bizantiur religiur arqiteqturas Soris.

85
 Tavi V

esTetikuri gamomsaxvelobis erovnuli Taviseburebani somxur

da qarTul arqiteqturaSi

wina TavSi ganxiluli gvqonda is gansxvavebuli midgomebi,

romlebic arsebobda Sua saukuneebis (kerZod umeteswilad
adreqristianuli xanis) qarTul da bizantiur arqiteqturaSi SenobaTa
eqsterieris gadawyvetis problemasTan dakavSirebiT. aseve yuradReba
gavamaxvileT erovnuli esTetikuri aRqmisa da gamomsaxvelobis
zogierT Taviseburebebsa da ganmasxvavebel niSan-Tvisebebze. rogorc
vxedavT, miuxedavad imisa, rom zogadad qarTul da bizantiur
arqiteqturas bevri ram akavSirebs, mainc konretuli Zeglebis
analizisas naTlad Cans is didi gansxvaveba, romelic arsebobs
rogorc samSeneblo masalebisa da konstruqciebis, aseve mxatvruli
gadawyvetis, gemovnebis, formis, ferisa da faqturis SegrZnebis mxriv.
swored am moments usvams xazs vaxtang beriZe Sua saukuneebis
qarTul da bizantiur arqiteqturul ZeglTa fasadur mxareTa
gadawyvetis Sedarebis dros:
`saqarTveloSi ucnobia mravalgumbaTiani eklesiebi _ aq
dominants, gvirgvins Seadgens safexurebad agebuli Senobidan
amozrdili erTaderTi gumbaTi, romelic mTel Senobas `hkravs~ da
kompaqturobas aniWebs mas; ucnobia sferuli da kamarebis zurgs
gayolebuli saxuravi, TaRovani karnizebi _ es yvelaferi Seuferebelia
qarTuli taZris xazovanebisa da `kubizmisaTvis~. morTulobis
simdidris miuxedavad, qarTuli taZrebis gare struqtura
geometriulad ufro mkafioa, ufro naTeli, vidre bizantiuri taZrisa,
misi ramdenime gumbaTiT, mravali eqvteriT, Sverili afsidebiT,
kedelTa cxovelxatuli faqturiT.~ (4, gv. 67, 68 ).
aSkaraa, rom miuxedavad am ori qveynis, saqarTvelosa da
bizantiis religiuri da kulturuli siaxlovisa da maT Soris mWidro
kavSirebis arsebobisa, maT arqiteqturebSi sagrZnoblad iCens Tavs

86
TviTmyofadi mxatvruli xedva, gansxvavebuli gemovneba da
SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis Tavisebureba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom bizantiisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac, rogorc
vnaxeT, adreqristianuli epoqidan moyolebuli XI saukunemde
xuroTmoZRvarTa interesis ZiriTad sferos warmoadgenda mxolod
interieris efeqturi gadawyvetisa da gaformebis sakiTxebi, xolo
nagebobis garegnuli mxaris problema praqtikuad ugulvebelyofili
iyo, Sua saukuneebis somxur sataZro arqiteqturaSi swored
eqsterierisadmi, rogorc mniSvnelovani mxatvruli amocanisadmi
yuradReba da am problemis mniSvnelovnebis mkafiod gaazreba naTlad
ikveTeba ukve adreqristianuli periodis xuroTmoZRvrul ZeglebSi, es
ki SedarebiT ufro aaxlovebs mas qarTul arqiteqturul
SemoqmedebasTan.
Tumca unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom somxuri
arqiteqturuli Zeglebisagan miRebuli zogadi esTetikuri
STabeWdileba, taZrebis eqsterierTa sistema, maTi fasadebis
gadawyvetis konkretuli xasiaTi da forma, nagebobaTa proporciebi da
siluetebi da feradovani mxare mainc sakmaod gansxvavdeba
qarTulisagan. anu, erTi SexedviT, mezobeli xalxebis _ qarTvelebisa
da somxebis mier Seqmnili Tanadrouli nagebobebi gacilebiT naklebad
kontrastulad gamoiyureba, vidre qarTuli da bizantiuri
arqiteqturuli Zeglebi, magram aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom, miuxedavad
amisa, mainc yovel maTgans Taviseburi, TviTmyofadi saxe aqvs.
aRniSnuli saerTo momentebi eqsterieris problemisadmi
damokidebulebaSi da am mxriv erTgvari siaxlove arc aris gasakviri,
vinaidan `rogorc mravalricxovani wyaroebi naTelyofs, kulturuli
urTierTobebi saqarTvelosa da somxeTs Soris uZvelesi droidan
arsebobda. imyofebodnen ra feodaluri sazogadoebisTvis
damaxasiaTebel msgvs socialur-ekonomiur pirobebSi, mezobelma
xalxebma Seqmnes monaTesave mxatvruli nawarmoebebi, samSeneblo
teqnika, konstruqciuli xerxebi da arqiteqturuli saxeebi, romlebsac
bevri ram aqvT saerTo da enaTesavebian erTmaneTs~. (2, gv. 3)

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 garda amisa, metad mniSvnelovani iyo religiuri faqtoric _
saqarTvelosa da somxeTSi daaxloebiT erTsa da imave dros Semodis
qristianuli sarwmunoeba, romelmac srulad ganapiroba rogorc am
qveynebis mTeli kulturis, ise kerZod arqiteqturis Semdgomi
ganviTarebis gza.
magram aqve xazi unda gaesvas imasac, rom is zogadi saerTo an
msgavsi pirobebi, romlebic zemoT aRiniSna, dakonkretebis SemTxvevaSi
sakmaod bevr gansxvavebul momentsac Seicavs da am gansxvavebuli
pirobebis arseboba cocxali realobis suraTis gacilebiT ufro
TviTmyofad da Tavisebur saxes ganapirobebs. magaliTad, orive
qveyanaSi gavrcelda qristianoba da Tanac daaxloebiT erTsa da imave
periodSi, magram somxeTSi monofizituri qristianoba damkvidrda,
saqarTveloSi – diofizituri, iq axali religia siriidan Sevida,
CvenTan – kapadokiidan. garda amisa, gansxvavdeboda yofiTi momentebic:
somxeTSi qalaquri cxovreba, xelosnoba da vaWroba yovelTvis
gacilebiT did rols asrulebda, vidre saqarTveloSi, sadac ufro
mniSvnelovan dargs soflis meurneoba warmoadgenda, Sesabamisad,
gansxvavdeboda cxovrebis stili, yofa da tradiciebi. garda amisa,
bunebrivia, rom rogorc am ori eris yofa-cxovrebaze, ise maT
fsiqologiur wyobazec moqmedebas axdenda agreTve garemo, bunebrivi
pirobebis xasiaTi, is msgavseba-gansxvavebebi, romlebic ganapirobebda
rogorc ekonomikis, ise kulturis xasiaTis Taviseburebebs.
erTi SexedviT, saqarTvelosa da somxeTis bunebrivi pirobebi
TiTqos msgavsia: orive qveyana mezoblad, erT geografiul regionSi
mdebareobs, orive mcire masStabebisaa da mTagoriania. magram
saqarTvelos buneba ara marto met saSualebebs iZleoda soflis
meurneobis ganviTarebisTvis, vidre somxeTis ufro mkacri, qviani da
naklebad wyaluxvi buneba, aramed misi peizaJebic Tavisi xasiaTiT
Zalze gansxvavebulia da sxvagvar feris, formisa da sivrcis
SegrZnebas ayalibebs adamianSi, es ki, Tavis mxriv, aisaxeba xelovnebis
nawarmoebTa xasiaTSic.
ufro cxadad rom davinaxoT, Tu kerZod ra msgavseba-
gansxvavebebi arsebobda qarTul da somxur xuroTmoZRvrul Zeglebs

88
Soris da ra Taviseburebebi gvxvdeba aq mxatvruli xedvisa da aRqmis
TvalsazrisiT, SegviZlia SevadaroT erTmaneTs ori konkretuli Zeglis
gadawyveta. imisTvis, rom saSualeba gvqondes, davukavSiroT am
Sedarebis safuZvelze miRebuli daskvnebi wina TavSi gamoTqmul
mosazrebebTan bizantiur da qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi arsebul
midgomebTan, umjobesi iqneba, amjeradac avirCioT ZiriTadad imave
epoqis _ adreqristianuli periodis masala.
Sesadareblad Cven SegviZlia aviRoT Tundac wm. rifsimes
taZari eCmiaZinSi (618 w.), (sur. 69, 70, 71), romelic Tavisi
arqiteqturuli tipiT axlosaa mcxeTis jvris monasterTan (sur. 72, 73).
rasakvirvelia, am Zeglebis SerCeva ganpirobebulia ara maTi cal-calke
Seswavlis aucileblobiT _ orive maTganis aRwera da analizi ukve
gvxvdeba specialur literaturaSi da am mxriv siaxles ar warmoadgens,
magram am SemTxvevaSi CvenTvis ufro sainteresoa ara imdenad axali da
gamoukvlevi nagebobebis, aramed iseTi arqiteqturuli Zeglebis SerCeva
saqarTvelosa da somxeTSi, romlebic ara marto mniSvnelovania da
tipuria Tavisi qveynisa da epoqis xelovnebisaTvis, aramed sakmaod
axlos dgas erTmaneTTan epoqisa da arqiteqturuli tipis mxriv _ aseT
SemTxvevaSi zogadi saerTo Tvisebebis fonze ufro naTlad da mkafiod
gamovlindeba is ganmasxvavebeli stilisturi niSnebi da Tvisebebi,
romlebic am nagebobebis TviTmyofad xasiaTze da aqedan gamomdinare,
xuroTmoZRvris erovnuli xedvis sakuTar, originalur xasiaTze
metyvelebs.
rac Seexeba mcxeTis jvris did taZarsa da wm. rifsimes taZars
eCmiaZinSi, orive es Senoba imdenad mniSvnelovania Tav-Tavisi qveynis
xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis, rom saqarTveloSi am arqiteqturul tips
`jvris tips~ uwodeben, xolo somxeTSi ki _ `rifsimes tips~. erTi
SexedviT, msgavseba maT Soris TiTqos gacilebiT meti unda iyos, vidre
gansxvaveba: erTia saamSeneblo masala _ orive taZari nagebia
ostaturad gaTlili qvis kvadrebiT, gegmac orivegan warmoadgens
marTkuTxedSi Casmul tetrakonqs, kuTxeebSi ganlagebuli damatebiTi
saTavsoebiT, romlebic gumbaTqveSa sivrces kedlis sisqeSi amoWrili
mrgvali niSebis meSveobiT ukavSirdeba. fasadebze afsidebi jvarSic da

89
rifsimeSic orive mxridan samkuTxa gegmis niSebiTaa flankirebuli.
orive Senoba gvirgvindeba TiTo ganieri, dabalyeliani gumbaTiT,
romelic kedlis Sverilebs eyrdnoba. marTalia, rifsimes taZris
gumbaTi ufro mravalwaxnagovania, vidre jvrisa, metia sarkmlebis
raodenobac. magram igi gvian periodSia restavrirebuli da
Tavdapirvelad isic rvawaxnagovani formisa iyo, Sesabamisad, naklebi
iyo masze ganlagebuli sarkmlebis raodenobac. aseve gviandelia
rifsimes dasavleTis mxridan miSenebuli samrekloc (XVIII s.)
aq moyvanili zogadi aRwerilobidanac Cans, rom rifsimes
taZris tipi jvris tipis Zeglebs namdvilad enaTesaveba. magram aSkaraa
isic, rom realurad somxuri taZari sruliad sxvagvar esTetikur
STabeWdilebas tovebs. upirveles yovlisa, erTi SexedviTac ki
TvalSisacemia qvis gansxvavebuli feri: igi muqi mowiTalo da ruxi
tufisaganaa nagebi, rac maSinaTve ganasxvavebs rifsimes iers mcxeTis
jvris Ria, qviSisfer-moxorblisfro feris sxeulisagan da ufro mkacr,
pirquS SegrZnebas iwvevs.
aseT emociur efeqts xazs usvams agreTve SenobaTa saerTo
proporciebis gansxvavebulobac _ wm. rifsimes taZris gumbaTis yeli,
magaliTad, Senobis tanTan SedarebiT ufro dabalia, vidre jvrisa, rac
vizualurad ufro mZime, damjdari proporciebis SegrZnebas badebs.
simZimis am STabeWdilebas kidev ufro aZlierebs gumbaTis yelis
garSemo, TiTqmis masze midgmuli, gumbaTqveSa kvadratis kuTxeebze
ganlagebuli mcire zomis oTxi cilindri.
da, rac aseve Zalze mniSvnelovania, fasadebis gadawyvetis
sistema, romelic erTi SexedviT jvris monastrisas Zalze hgavs,
Seicavs bevr gansxvavebul elements, romlebic, saboloo jamSi, didad
ganapirobebs im sruliad sxvagvar esTetikur STabeWdilebas, romelzec
zemoT ukve gvqonda laparaki.
upirveles yovlisa unda aRiniSnos, rom jvris afsidebi
gegmis kvadratSi ki ar jdeba, aramed winaa wamoweuli, maTi waxnagovani
moculobebi naTlad gamoikveTeba da zustad pasuxobs taZris Sida
sivrcis gadawyvetas. aseTi waxnagovani, Sezrdili moculobebi
kristalis mravalferovan formas mogvagonebs, xolo rifsimes taZris

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perimetri geometriul marTkuTxeds warmoadgens, misi afsidebi
sruliad swor xazzea ganlagebuli da ar aris gadmosuli gegmis
kvadratidan, ris gamoc maTi moculobebis damoukidebloba fasadebze
praqtikulad araa gamovlenili da Senobis tani erTian, daunawevrebel
kvadratad aRiqmeba, es ki ufro mkacr, masiur da TavSekavebul
SegrZnebas badebs.
garda amisa, mcxeTis jvarSi afsidebis gverdebze ganlagebuli
niSebi kuTxis ufro dabal damxmare saTavsoebTanaa gaerTianebuli
saerTo erTqanovani saxuraviT, xolo rifsimes taZarSi, piriqiT,
damatebiTi kompartmentebi calkea gamoyofili, xolo niSebi da afsidis
kedeli erT kompoziciaSia Sekruli orqanovani gadaxurvis meSveobiT.
amis gamo rifsimes fasadebis es centraluri nawilebi ufro ganivrad
gveCveneba, rac Seesabameba jvrisaze proporciulad cota ufro dabal
da ganier gumbaTis yels, da esec Senobis ufro masiuri, damjdari
proporciebis SegrZnebas aZlierebs.
amave dros, rifsimes taZris fasadebis es centraluri
kompozicia, anu afsidebisa da niSebis erTianoba, zeviT, orqanovani
gadaxurvis qveS, sakmaod maRali samkuTxedis moxazulobas iRebs, rac
gumbaTis wvetiani konusuri gadaxurvis formas epasuxeba, xolo jvarSi
afsidebi swori xaziT mTavrdeba da iseve, rogorc gumbaTs, maTac
momrgvalebuli formis gadaxurva aqvT. ase rom, rifsimes eqsterierSi
am texili, mkveTri samkuTxa xazebis mousvenari ritmi sruliad
sxvagvar, ufro daZabul efeqts qmnis, vidre jvris afsidebisa da
gumbaTis momrgvalebuli xazebis mSvidi, talRovani ritmi. am
STabeWdilebas kidev ufro aZlierebs isic, rom rifsimes taZris
fasadebze, (gansakuTrebiT _ CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis), centraluri
(afsidebis) sarkmlebi gacilebiT maRlaa da zomiTac bevrad didia,
vidre gverdiTi saTavsoebis sarkmlebi, ris gamoc daZabulobis, mkveTri
dapirispirebisa da kontrastis SegrZneba somxur ZeglSi ufro izrdeba,
maSin rodesac jvris monasterSi sxvaoba centraluri da gverdiTi
sarkmlebis zomebsa da maTi ganlagebis simaRles Soris naklebia, rac
am kontrastis simkveTres bevrad amcirebs da simSvidis saerTo
STabeWdilebas aZlierebs.

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 aRniSnuli qarTuli da somxuri arqiteqturuli Zeglebi
gansxvavdeba dekoris TvalsazrisiTac, Tumca erTi SexedviT aqac
TiTqos bevri ram aris saerTo: orivegan zogadi sistema, ZiriTadi
principi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom gluvi kedlis sibrtyeze ganlagebuli
mcirericxovani dekoratiuli aqcentebi konstruqciulad mniSvnelovani
elementebis (mag, sarkmlebisa da Sesasvlelebis) xazgasmisaTvis
gamoiyeneba. magaliTad, rogorc jvaris, aseve da rifsimes taZrebSic
sarkmlebis zemoT moTavsebulia naxevarwriuli formis, kuTxeebSi
gareTken Setexili ornamentirebuli reliefuri dekoratiuli TaRebi,
gumbaTisa da Senobis tanis gadaxurvebs ki profilirebuli karnizebi
miuyveba. magram am saerTo niSnebis fonze Zlier igrZnoba gansxvaveba
ornamentaciis xasiaTs Soris, da rac mTavaria, jvris monasteri, wm.
rifsimes taZrisagan gansxvavebiT, Semkulia didi da metad
mniSvnelovani figuruli reliefebiT, gansakuTrebiT _ aRmosavleTis
fasadze. gamonakliss warmoadgens dekoratiul Semkulobas sruliad
moklebuli CrdiloeTis fasadi, magram es momenti swored imaze
metyvelebs, Tu rogor gaazrebulad udgeboda jvris xuroTmoZRvari
Senobis fasadebisa da garemos kavSirs: taZari isea ganlagebuli, rom
CrdiloeTis fasadi mxolod Zalze Soridan aRiqmeba, saidanac mnaxveli
mxolod Senobis zogad masebs xedavs da, Sesabamisad, dekoratiuli
elementebis aq ganTavseba sruliad usargeblo iqneboda.
dekorze saubrisas SeiZleba aRiniSnos is momentic, rom VII
saukunis qarTul ZeglebSi, marTalia, jer ar gvaqvs interieris
freskebiT mTlianad Semkobis mwyobri sistema, romelic gacilebiT
ufro gvian Seiqmna, magram ukve arsebobs SemorCenil moxatulobaTa
fragmentebic da mozaikac (magaliTad, wromi), romlebic afsidis konqSi
ganTavsdeboda xolme, xolo vinaidan somxuri _ monofizituri _
eklesia, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi ar aRiarebda xatmebrZoleobas da
mis principebs, mainc friad uaryofiTad uyurebda kedlis mxatvrobas.
amitom somxeTSi es dargi naklebadaa ganviTarebuli, ris gamoc
interieris kedlebis qvis wyoba da misi zedapiris damuSaveba aq Zalze
did rols asrulebs ara marto adreqristianul xanaSi, aramed

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momdevno periodebSic, rac, rasakvirvelia, interieris ufro asketur
xasiaTs da aRqmis gansxvavebul specifikas ganapirobebda.

eqsterieris dekoratiul gaformebaze saubris dros

mizanSewonili iqneboda, yuradReba gagvemaxvilebina ara marto zemoT
ganxilul adreqristianuli xanis arqiteqturuli Zeglebze, aramed
gangvexila SedarebiT ufro farTo areali, gvenaxa, Tu rogor wydeba
es problema sxva periodebis somxur da qarTul ZeglebSi. icvleba Tu
ara maT Soris msgavseba-gansxvavebaTa Sefardeba sxvadasxva epoqebSi
istoriuli pirobebis cvlasTan erTad da raSi mdgomareobs es
msgavseba-gansxvavebani, an rodis Cans yvelaze naTlad qarTul da
somxur kulturaTa kavSiri da igrZnoba Tu ara am fonze orive
xelovnebis TviTmyofadi xasiaTi?
SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom yvelaze Zlierad msgavseba qarTuli
da somxuri arqiteqturuli Zeglebis dekors Soris SeiniSneba im
istoriul periodSi, romelic emTxveva XII - XIII saukuneebs, anu Tamaris
mefobis xanas da dakavSirebulia zaqaria da ivane mxargrZelebis
saxelTan. es bunebrivi movlenaa, vinaidan kavSirebi da kontaqtebi am
dros gansakuTrebiT mWidro iyo _ somxeTi xom imJamad saqarTvelos
samefos Semadgeneli nawili iyo, xolo Zmebi mxargrZelebi _ qarTuli
samefo karis warCinebuli moxeleebi – somxeTSi didZal teritoriebs
flobdnen.
swored zaqaria mxargrZelis, `mandaturTuxucesisa da
amirspasalaris~ da ivane aTabagis SekveTiT aigo 1201 wels harijis
(ariCis) monastris mTavari taZari, surb astvacacin (wminda
RvTismSoblis eklesia) (sur. 74, 75). pirvel rigSi yuradReba mivaqcioT
aRmosavleT fasadis centrSi ganlagebul vertikalur dekoratiul
kompozicias. yvelaze maRla ganlagebulia reliefuri lilvebiT
garSemortymuli jvari, romelic amave lilvebis meSveobiT uerTdeba
marTkuTxa formis reliefs ori qtitoris _ ivane da zaqaria
mxargrZelebis gamosaxulebiT. Semdgom lilvebi ori mxridan gars
uvlian sarkmels, sadac am sarkmlis zemoT darCenil sivrces mrgvali
rozeti avsebs.

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 unda aRiniSnos, rom lilvebiT gaerTianebuli da jvriT
dagvirgvinebuli vertikaluri kompoziciebi Zalze iSviaTia somxur
xuroTmoZRvrebaSi. iSviaTia TviT am tipis jvris gamosaxvac (igi
mxolod erTgvarad mogvagonebs im jvris formas, romelic gamosaxulia
igive ivane mxargrZelis mier aRarcinSi agebuli taZris narteqsSi).
ZiriTadad, vertikaluri dekoratiuli kompoziciebi gvxvdeba swored
mxargrZelTa da maT wresTan daaxloebul pirTa mier agebul taZrebSi,
rogoricaa keCarukis (keCarisis) monastris eklesia katogike (sur. 76),
romelic aigo mecamete saukunis dasawyisSi vasak xaxbakiancis mier
swored `aTabag ivanes SewevniT” da hovanavankis monastris 1217 wels
agebuli surb karapetis (ioane naTlismcemlis) taZari _ misi
mSenebloba dakavSirebulia vaCe vaCutianis saxelTan (sur. 77) .
samagierod, vertikaluri dekoratiuli kompoziciebi uaRresad
damaxasiaTebelia qarTuli arqiteqturisTvis, kerZod _ samTavisis
Semdgom, sadac meTerTmete saukuneSi pirvelad Seiqmna am kompoziciis
klasikuri saxe. mis saxesxvaobebs xSirad vxvdebiT mravali Zeglis
fasadebze, gansakuTrebiT, meTormete-mecamete saukuneebis Zeglebze,
iseTebze, rogoricaa, magaliTad, ikorTa, qvaTaxevi, gudarexi, metexi da
a.S. samTaviss mogvagonebs agreTve harijis monastris am fasadze,
CrdiloeT mxares, karnizis qveS grifonis amsaxveli reliefis
moTavsebac.
Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom miuxedavad zemoxsenebuli
vertikaluri dekoratiuli kompoziciis arsebobisa Tamaris epoqis
somxur Zeglebze, rac, istoriuli konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT, qarTul
xuroTmoZRvrebasTan arsebul mWidro kontaqtebze miuTiTebs, mainc misi
konkretuli gadawyveta da mxatvruli saxe Zlier gansxvavebul xasiaTs
atarebs.
yvelaze mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba harijis aRmosavleT fasadis
dekorsa da qarTul arqiteqturaSi gavrcelebul vertikalur
dekoratiul kompoziciebs Soris aris is, rom qarTul ZeglebSi,
magaliTad, samTavisSi, es kompozicia ganlagebulia fasadis mTel
simaRleze, Sedegad igi vizualurad aerTianebs da vertikalurad kravs

94
mas, riTic aniWebs zeswrafvas, simsubuqes, rogorc parmen zaqaraia
ambobs, igi `mZiviviT aris asxmuli~ (27).
xSirad aseTi kompoziciebi mTel fasadebze ganlagebuli
dekoratiuli reliefuri TaRedebis erTian sistemaSia CarTuli,
rogorc amas vxedavT igive samTavisis an ikorTis magaliTze. TaRebi
erTian mxatvrul mTlianobaSi kravs aRmosavleTis fasadis
xazgasmulad vertikalur centrs, afsidis gverdze ganlagebul niSebs,
sarkmlebs, ornamentis yvela detals. dekoratiuli elementebi aseT
sistemaSi Tanabrad nawildeba fasadze da wonasworobis, simetriis,
mSvidi harmoniis SegrZnebas badebs.
qarTuli Zeglebisagan gansxvavebiT, harijis taZris fasadze ki
lilvebi mxolod sarkmlamde Camodis, ori mxridan uvlis mis zeda
mxares da Semdeg sworad, horizontalurad grZeldeba Senobis oTxive
fasadze, anu gadaizrdeba Senobis Suaze gamyof im horizontalur
dekoratiul sartylad, romelic uaRresad tipiuria somxuri
arqiteqturisTvis da ar gvxvdeba qarTul ZeglebSi. aseTi
horizontaluri dayofa iluzorulad amcirebs Senobis simaRles da
ufro damjdar iers aniWebs mis proporciebs. Sedegad harijis taZarSi
iqmneba kompozicia, romelSic gaerTianebulia eqsterieris
dekoratiuli gadawyvetis qarTuli da somxuri xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli ori savsebiT gansxvavebuli principi _ vertikaluri
da horizontaluri.
magram SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am SemTxvevaSi qarTuli
vertikaluri dekoratiuli kompoziciis, ufro sworad, misi nawilis
gamoyeneba ar ganapirobebs im esTetikuri STabeWdilebis Seqmnas,
romelic mocemul Zegls qarTuli arqiteqturisaTvis damaxasiaTebel
xedvas dauaxlovebda _ kompoziciuri gansxvavebebi sruliad sxvagvar,
swored somxuri arqiteqturisTvis damaxasiaTebel efeqts qmnis.
magaliTad, yovelive amis Sedegad vxedavT, rom aq, harijis taZris
aRmosavleT fasadze, Senobis zeda nawili mWidrodaa Sevsebuli
dekoratiuli elementebiT, rasac kidev ufro usvams xazs jvris
moxazulobis mWidrod `gaWedva~ samkuTxa gadaxurvis karnizis qveS.
datvirTulobis am STabeWdilebas kidev ufro aZlierebs fasadis

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zemoT gamoCenili gumbaTis yelis uxvi Semkoba reliefuri dekoriT.
amis sapirispirod, horizontaluri sartylis qvemoT darCenili fasadis
nawili ki sruliad gluvi, Seumkobelia da es Tavisufali are Tavisi
sicarieliT Zalze kontrastulad gamoiyureba zeda nawilTan
SedarebiT.
yvela aRniSnuli gansxvaveba zemoT aRweril qarTul da
somxur Suasaukuneobriv arqiteqturul Zeglebs Soris rom SemTxveviTi
ar aris, mravali sxva, gansxvavebuli periodebis somxuri Zeglebis
magaliTebzec SegviZlia davinaxoT, sadac aseve xSirad gvxvdeba muqi
tonis, Savi, ruxi da muqi wiTeli qvis masalebiT nagebi kedlebi,
masiuri proporciebi, mkveTri, texili xazebis ritmebi, romlebic
gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemia gumbaTebis `gofrirebul~ saxuravebze,
reliefuri dekoris gansxvavebuli saxe fasadebze da sxva zemoT ukve
aRniSnuli ganmasxvavebeli Tvisebebi. magaliTisTvis SegviZlia
gadavxedoT ilustraciebs, sadac gamosaxulia sxvadasxva xanis somxuri
arqiteqturis mniSvnelovani Zeglebi: gndevanki (X s.), vagramaSeni (XI s.),
goSavankis monastris kompleqsis RvTismSoblis eklesia anu surb
astvacacin (XII-XIII ss.) da sxv.
aqve yuradReba SegviZlia mivaqcioT aRniSnuli somxuri
Zeglebis ganlagebis Taviseburebasac: igi aSkarad SerCeviTi.rebuli da
gamiznulia, maTi umetesoba SemaRlebul adgilebzea ganlagebuli,
magram CamoTvlil ZeglTagan praqtikulad arc erTi mTlianad ar
dominirebs garemoze, arc erTi ar aris ganTavsebuli peizaJis yvelaze
maRal wertilze, Tumca isini sxvadasxva periodebSia agebuli. (sur.
78, 79, 80).
SegviZlia agreTve gavixsenoT, Tu ras werda am sakiTxis
Sesaxeb giorgi CubinaSvili wignSi `xelovnebis istoriis sakiTxebi.
rkvevani da SeniSvnebi~, statiaSi `erovnuli formis sakiTxisaTvis~, (60),
sadac igi adarebda XIII saukunis qarTul da somxur Zeglebs: pitareTs,
harijavanks da gegards. rasakvirvelia, es magaliTebi sul sxva epoqas
ekuTvnis, vidre Cvens mier gansaxilvelad SerCeuli Zeglebi _ jvari da
rifsime, magram swored amis safuZvelze SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom

96
zogierTi aRniSnuli ganmasxvavebeli Tviseba saukuneTa manZilze
ucvleli rCeba da metad fundamentur xasiaTs atarebs.
`erTi SexedviT, iqmneba qarTul magaliTTan msgavsebis
STabeWdileba. upirveles yovlisa, amas qmnis SenobaTa masalad qvis
gamoyeneba; Semdgom gumbaTis konusuri gadaxurva; aRmosavleTis
fasadis swori kedeli, da bolos, fasadebze reliefuri dekoris
arseboba. magram msgavsebis yvela es niSani arsebiTad imdenad zogadi,
arakonkretuli xasiaTisaa, rom TavisTavad arafers ar niSnavs: saWiroa
maTi cocxali SinaarsiT avseba. SevxedoT, upirveles yovlisa, Senobis
masaTa agebis proporciebs _ isini aq sagrZnoblad sxvagvaria rogorc
Senobis tanSi, aseve gumbaTis yelsa da karvisebur gadaxurvaSi da
agreTve tanis SefardebaSi gumbaTis yelTan. es gansxvavebuli
proporciebi xazgasmulia Senobis mTel tanze garSemortymuli
horizontaluri sartylis SeqmniT da misi ganlagebis doniT.
(...) mTlianobaSi safasado saxec, masaTa proporciac,
feradovani mxarec, dekoratiuli sistema, detalebi da ornamentebi,
iseve, rogorc Sida sivrcis formebi da misi gaformeba somxuri
xelovnebis ZeglSi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba Tanadrouli qarTulisagan
(..).
(...) sasacilo iqneboda gvefiqra, TiTqos es niSnavdes
TiToeulis karCaketil Semoqmedebas; ara, yoveli maTgani kargad
icnobda sxva xalxTa yovel axal kulturul monapovars, awarmoebda
maT urTierTgacvlas, magram iyenebda mxolod imas, rac Seefereboda
mTel mis SemoqmedebiT ansamblsa da gagebas.~

rogorc vxedavT, iseT axlomezoblur da mravalferovan

kavSirTa mqone qveynebSic ki, rogoricaa saqarTvelo da somxeTi,
arqiteqturis xasiaTSi didi sxvaoba iCens Tavs _ konkretuli formebis
mxrivac da esTetikuri STabeWdilebis, saerTo emociuri ganwyobis
mxrivac. rasakvirvelia, aq religiurma sxvaobamac iCina Tavi,
obieqturma fizikurma mizezebmac (magaliTad, bunebaSi sxva saxisa da
gansxvavebuli feris qvis gavrcelebulobam da sxv.) da mxatvruli
gemovnebis erovnulma Taviseburebebmac. magram, rac Seexeba eqsterieris

97
mxatvrulad mTliani saxis Seqmnis SemoqmedebiTi amocanisadmi
interess, mkafio da mtkiced Sekruli safado sistemis Seqmnis mudmiv
survils _ am punqtSi aucileblad unda aRiniSnos swored Sua
saukuneebis qarTuli da somxuri xuroTmoZRvrebis naTesaoba, rac
orive maTgans Zlier ganasxvavebs bizantiurisagan.

98
 Tavi VI

esTetikuri gamomsaxvelobis erovnuli Taviseburebani rusul da

qarTul arqiteqturaSi

mizanSewonili iqneboda, rom Sua saukuneebis bizantiur da

somxur arqiteqturul ZeglebTan moyvanili paralelebis garda,
romlebic wina TavebSi gvqonda motanili, gangvexila isic, Tu ra
msgavseba-gansxvavebebi arsebobs saqarTvelosa da kidev erTi
marTlmadidebluri qveynis _ ruseTis religiuri xuroTmoZRvrebis
nimuSebs Soris., rac saSualebas mogvcems, ufro naTlad davinaxoT am
ori qveynis arqiteqturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi da is, Tu ra
rols asrulebs garemo am TaviseburebaTa Camoyalibebisas.
cxadia, rom erTi da igive sarwmunoeba msgavs moTxovnebs
ayenebs taZris, rogorc RvTis saxlis, RvTismsaxurebis ritualebis
Catarebisa da morwmuneTa Sekrebis adgilis winaSe. Sesabamisad, Sua
saukuneebis qarTul da rusul taZrebs bevri ram unda hqondeT Senobis
simbolikis, saerTo gegmis, arqiteqturuli tipis, formebis,
kompoziciuri gadawyvetis mxriv. magram, amave dros, aris erTi Zalze
mniSvnelovani faqtori, romelic am SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebiT
gvainteresebs da romelic, rogorc araerTgzis aRvniSneT, Zlier
gansazRvravs yoveli qveynis erovnuli arqiteqturis Taviseburebas, mis
iersaxes _ garemos xasiaTi.
saqarTvelosa da ruseTis buneba Zalze Zlier gansxvavdeba
erTmaneTisagan, gacilebiT ufro metad, vidre somxeTisa Tu
saberZneTis buneba. ZiriTadi gansxvaveba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
reliefSi aq Warbobs gaSlili Tvaluwvdeneli vake dablobebi da
Sesabamisad rusul peizaJSi wamyvan rols horizontaluri xazebi da
paraleluri gluvi sibrtyeebi asrulebs, rac, aRqmis fsiqologiis
mixedviT, mnaxvelSi statikurobisa da simSvidis SegrZnebas iwvevs, es ki
bunebrivad warmoqmnis raime kontrastuli aqcentis xilvis survils.
maSin roca saqarTveloSi, somxeTsa da saberZneTSi mTagoriani buneba

99
ufro talRovan xazebsa da safexurebriv moculobebs aCvevs Tvals,
rac adamianSi qvecnobierad dinamikis, ritmuli moZraobis
STabeWdilebas warmoqmnis. Sesabamisad, aseT garemoSi Seqmnili
xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglis gadawyveta da sivrceSi misi ganlageba unda
Seeferebodes aseT formebs, moculobebs da ritms.
garda amisa, ruseTSi farTod gaSlili horizontaluri
xiluli sivrce ar SemoisazRvreba peizaJis kompoziciis bunebrivad
Semkvreli, `momaCarCoebeli~ raime vertikalebiT, magaliTad, mTebiT.
Sesabamisad, kompoziciis kanonebis mixedviT, rusuli peizaJi
warmoadgens gaxsnil kompozicias da amis gamo rusuli peizaJi,
rogorc arqiteqturuli nawarmoebis foni, bunebrivad moiTxovs raime
mkveTr aqcents, Zlier kontrasts, rogorc Tvalis centriskenuli
mizidulobis wyaros, kompoziciis centrsa da mis Semkvrels.
bunebrivia, rom arqiteqturuli Zeglis Seqmnisa da sivrceSi misi
ganTavsebis dros garemos mier kontrastulobis es kompoziciuri
moTxovna umeteswilad asaxuli da dakmayofilebuli unda iyos
arqiteqtoris mier.
Tumca, unda mkafiod aRiniSnos, rom rodesac laparakia
peizaJis specifikasa da mis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebze, aucileblad
adgili aqvs ganzogadebas, erTgvar pirobiTobas, radganac cxadia, rom
arc erTi qveynis, miT umetes ki iseTi didi qveynis, rogorc ruseTia,
peizaJebi ver iqneba sruliad erTgvarovani. magram Cvens SemTxvevaSi es
pirobiTi xerxi saSualebas gvaZlevs, gamovavlinoT yvelaze tipiuri da
saxasiaTo niSnebi, rac aucileblad saWiroa arqiteqturuli Zeglisa da
garemos urTierTqmedebis problemis ganxilvisas.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom ruseTsa da saqarTveloSi, zemoT ukve
naxsenebi geografiuli reliefis gansxvavebulobis garda,
sxvadasxgvaria agreTve zogierTi sxva bunebrivi pirobac, romelic
moqmedebs arqiteqturis TviTmyofadi xasiaTis da SemoqmedebiTi xedvis
erovnuli Taviseburebebis Camoyalibebaze. magaliTad, aq gansxvavebulia
ganaTebis pirobebi _ ruseTSi, Crdi;our qveyanaSi, wlis umetes nawilSi
mziani dReebi naklebia, bunebrivi ganaTeba ufro sustia da dRe ufro
xanmoklea, vidre saqarTveloSi, rac ara marto nagebobaTa praqtikuli

100
mxaris gadawyvetis dros unda iqnas gaTvalisewinebuli, aramed
mniSvnelovan faqtors warmoadgens feris aRqmisa da gamosaxvis
TaviseburebaTa Camoyalibebis dros. aq Tavis rols asrulebs ruseTis
gansxvavebuli klimatic, romelic aqaur garemoSi gansxvavebuli
ferebisa da saerTo koloritis warmoqmnas ganapirobebs, vidre es,
magaliTad, saqarTveloSia. Sesabamisad, garemos bunebrivi pirobebis
erTianoba Taviseburi formebis, sivrcisa da ferebis Cvevas ayalibebs.
rusuli da qarTuli xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebis Sedarebisas
Cven SegviZlia gamovarkvioT, warmoqmnis Tu ara Zlier gansxvavebuli
peizaJi, geografiuli da klimaturi garemo erTi da imave
aRmsareblobis qveynebis sataZro xuroTmoZRvrebaSi raime safuZvlian
sxvaobas da Tu warmoqmnis, maSin rogor aisaxeba es Tvisobrivi
gansxvaveba arqiteqturul-sivrcobrivi azrovnebis TaviseburebaSi,
Zeglisa da garemos urTierTqmedebis principebSi, formisa da feris
erovnul aRqmaSi.
yovelive zemodTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, davakvirdeT, Tu
rogori damokidebuleba arsebobs rusul arqiteqturaSi Zeglis
eqsterieris gadawyvetis da TviT nagebobis garemoSi ganlagebis mimarT,
ra msgavseba-gansxvevebebi SeiniSneba am mxriv saqarTvelosTan
mimarTebaSi. rasakvirvelia, am SemTxvevaSi Cven ubralod ar gagvaCnia
adreqristianuli xanis (IV-VII saukuneebis) rusul magaliTebTan
Sedarebis saSualeba, rogorc es iyo bizantiisa da somxeTis
SemTxvevaSi, vinaidan qristianuli sarwmunoeba ruseTSi gacilebiT
ufro gvian gavrcelda, magram amjerad SegviZlia mivmarToT ufro
gviandeli epoqis Zeglebis Sedarebas, kerZod, ganvixiloT da
SevadaroT samTavisis taZari (sur. 81) da pokrovis (yovladwminda
RvTismSoblis safaris) eklesia mdinare nerlze (1165 w.) vladimiris
olqSi (sur. 82).
rasakvirvelia, imTaviTve unda aRiniSnos, rom orive eklesiis
dRevandeli mdgomareoba nawilobriv gansxvavdeba maTi pirvandeli
saxisagan, radganac samTavisis taZris dasavleTi nawili da gumbaTi
mogviano periodSia restavrirebuli da, garda amisa, Senobas amJamad
Tavdapirvelad arsebuli portikebic aklia, xolo nerlis eklesias

101
dResdReobiT aRar gaaCnia adre sami mxridan fasadebze gayolebuli
garsSemosavleli. magram msjeloba am ori nagebobis mxatvrul saxeze
da maTi Sedareba mainc savsebiT SesaZlebelia, miT umetes, rom orive
taZris gegma Zalze msgavsia: igi sakmaod martivia da warmoadgens odnav
wagrZelebul marTkuTxeds svetebze dayrdnobili erTi gumbaTiT da
aRmosavleTiT ganlagebuli sami naxevarwriuli afsidiT. gansxvaveba
praqtikulad mxolod imaSi mdgomareobs, rom samTavisis taZris
afsidebi fasadis swori xazis SigniTaa ganlagebuli, xolo gumbaTis
sayrdeni svetebidan aRmosavleTis ori sveti kedelTanaa Sezrdili(sur.
100, 101). magram, rogorc vnaxavT, gegmis msgavsebis miuxedavad, realuri
nagebobebis mier Seqmnili esTetikuri STabeWdileba kidev ufro Zlier
gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, vidre zemoT ganxiluli qarTuli da
somxuri Zeglebisa.
pirvel rigSi unda aRiniSnos, rom adgili nerlis pokrovis
eklesiisTvis aSkarad gaazrebulad da mizanmimarTuladaa SerCeuli:
igi ganlagebulia swor, gaSlil vakeze, mdinareebis nerlisa da
kliazmis SesayarTan (sur. 83, 84,). aseTi adgilmdebareoba Zalze
momgebiania, maT Soris esTetikuri TvalsazrisiTac, magram praqtikuli
TvalsazrisiT aseTi arCevani sakmaod seriozuli da rTuli problemis
winaSe ayenebda arqiteqtors _ niadagi aq Zalze nestiania da, garda
amisa, gazafxulze mdinareebis adideba did safrTxes uqmnida Senobas.
nerlis xuroTmoZRvarma es amocana gadaWra nagebobis SemaRlebul
adgilze _ xelovnur miwayrilze SedgmiT da, garda amisa,
gansakuTrebuli gulmodgineba gamoiCina saZirkvlis gadawyvetis mimarT
_ qvis didi blokebiT nagebi es saZirkveli TiTqmis eqvsi metris
siRrmeSi Cadis da didi simtkiciT gamoirCeva. garda amisa, xelovnur
borcvze Semdgari Senoba ukeT aRiqmeboda swori, gaSlili reliefis
pirobebSi.
eklesia Tovlisferi tonis TeTri qviTaa nagebi, ris gamoc
misi silueti mkveTrad gamoiyofa garemomcveli peizaJis fonze da
Zlierad izidavs mayureblis Tvals. Crdilouri, SedarebiT susti
ganaTebis pirobebSic ki aseTi qaTqaTa feri kargad aRiqmeba da naTlad,
kontrastulad gamoiyofa peizaJis fonze, risi wyalobiTac eklesia

102
Soridanac kargad Cans. aqauri Zalze xangrZlivi da uxvTovliani
zamTris pirobebSic ki nageboba vizualurad ar ikargeba: jer erTi,
zemoT aRniSnuli ganlagebis Tavisebureba (xelovnuri miwayrili)
uzrunvelyofs imas, rom nerlis pokrovis eklesias mayurebeli
umeteswilad qvemodan zemoT, anu cis fonze xedavs, da meore _ muqi
lurji gadaxurva da mkveTri Suq-Crdilebi reliefuri dekoriT
dafarul kedlebze da RiobebSi sakmarisad gamoyofs Senobas Tovliani
vakis fonzedac ki. Tanac, aseTi feradovani gadawyveta naTel da msubuq
iers aniWebs taZars (sur. 85).
rogorc nerlis pokrovis eklesiis magaliTze vxedavT, Sua
saukuneebis rusul arqiteqturaSi iseve, rogorc saqarTvelosa da
somxeTSi, arsebobs Senobis bunebaSi dayenebis amocanisadmi interesi,
magram am amocanis gadaWris konkretuli xerxebi Zalze gansxvavebulia,
radganac isini sruliad sxvagvari bunebrivi pirobebis
gaTvaliswinebiT viTardeboda da sivrcis, formisa da feris aseve
sruliad sxvagvar grZnobebzea damyarebuli.
Senobis garegnuli ieri _ marTkuTxa formis viwro,
vertikalurad gadawyvetili nageboba, maRali cilindruli yeliTa da
bolqviseburi gumbaTiT _ msubuqi proporciebiT gamoirCeva. am
STabeWdilebas kidev ufro usvams xazs fasadebis dekoratiuli TaRebis
meSveobiT sam-sam vertikalur nawilad dayofa da sarkmlebis Zalze
maRali da viwro formebi. marTalia, Senobis Sua nawilSi ganlagebuli
horizontaluri sartyeli, romelic mcire zomis TaRebisganaa Semdgari,
erTgvarad anelebs zeswrafvis SegrZnebas, magram mTlianobaSi igi
mainc SenarCunebulia.
am SegrZnebas kidev ufro aZlierebs pokrovis eklesiis
silueti, romlis ZiriTadi, yvelaze STambeWdavi elementebia
bolqviseburi gumbaTis Zlierad dazneqili moxazuloba da Senobis
tanis damasrulebeli naxevarwriuli reliefuri TaRebis _ zakomarebis
xazgasmulad mkafio ritmi.
nerlis pokrovis eklesiisagan gansxvavebiT, samTavisis taZris
garegnul saxeSi momrgvalebuli siluetebi gacilebiT naklebia:
eklesiis siluetis _ gumbaTisa da Senobis tanis moxazuloba da

103
gadaxurvebi swor xazebzea agebuli. mTel Senobaze Semosaltuli
TaRebi warmoadgens wminda dekoratiul motivs; maTi plastika
minimumamdea dayvanili, Suq-Crdilis TamaSi ufro msubuqi da rbilia da
amis Sedegad TaRi aRiqmeba, rogorc gluv kedelze ganlagebuli denadi
ornamentul-xazovani elementi, romelic ar arRvevs am kedlis
mTlianobas, da ara Zlierad skulpturuli, arqiteqturul-plastikuri
motivi. gumbaTis, misi yelis da aRmosavleT fasadis ori CaRrmavebuli
niSis formaTa simrgvale mniSvnelovnad aris Sesustebuli pokrovis
nerlis eklesiis Sesabamis formebTan SedarebiT: gumbaTis konusis
mkafio profili zeviT iswrafis, Tavad es konusi danawevrebulia
vertikalebis meSveobiT, romlebic aqcevs mas mravalwaxnaga piramidad,
xolo gumbaTis waxnagovani yeli warmoadgens prizmas, da ara
cilindrs, rogorc pokrovis eklesiaSi. interieris mrgvali TaRebisa
da kamarebis konstruqciuli karkasi, romelic pokrovis eklesiaSi
mkafiod da pirdapiraa gamovlenili gare fasadebze, samTavisis taZarSi
saxuravebisa da kedlebis swori sibrtyeebis miRma rCeba; da Tumca
samTavisis interieri savsebiT Seesabameba eqsteriers, igi ar aisaxeba
masSi meqanikuri sizustiT, eqsterieri aq damoukidebel, mxatvrulad
srulyofil saxes iZens. yovelive amis Sedegad, rogorc werda a.
ciresi, Cven `miviReT gasaocrad erTiani kompozicia, romelic
urTierTSezrdil prizmatul kristalTa jgufs mogvagonebs. magram
miuxedavad imisa, rom es kompozicia ZiriTad swori xazebiT igeba da
geometriulad idealurad gamoiyureba, igi mTlianadaa gamTbari
Sinagani mxatvruli siTboTi, magram sruliad sxvagvari siTboTi, vidre
pokrovis Crdilouri eklesia. ~ (62, gv. 101-108).
am STabeWdilebis Seqmnas xels uwyobs samTavisis taZris qvis
perangis Tbili feric, proporciaTa absoluturad zustad gaTvlili
Sesabamisobac, zemoT ukve aRniSnuli aRmosavleTis fasadis
saxelganTqmuli dekoratiuli kompoziciac _ yvelaferi es swored im
mSvidi, cocxali srulyofilebisa da siTbos STabeWdilebas qmnis,
romelzec zemoT gvqonda saubari. magram aqve gansakuTrebiT unda
aRiniSnos is umniSvnelovanesi momentic, rom samTavisis taZarSi ar
aris Senobis vertikaluri blokis gancalkevebuloba, mkveTri

104
kontrasti niadagis horizontalur sibrtyesTan, rogorc es gvaqvs
nerlis pokrovis eklesiaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom aseTi gadawyveta gvxvdeba
ara marto nerlis eklesiaSi _ igi sakmaod tipuria Sua saukuneebis
mTeli rusuli sataZro arqiteqturisTvis. magaliTisTvis Cven
SegviZlia gadavxedoT sxva nagebobebsac, rogoricaa Tundac
fericvalebis eklesia (spaso-preobraJenski) pereslavl-zaleskiSi
(XIIs.), wm. giorgis eklesia staraia ladogaSi (XII s.) (sur. 110), miZinebis
taZari (uspenski) zvenigorodSi (XIV s.) da a.S. yvela am taZris tani
mkafio geometriul sworkuTxa bloks warmoadgens, romelzec gumbaTis
moculoba TiTqos calkea Sedgmuli da Tanac am blokis vertikali
mkveTrad kontrastirebs horizontalurad farTod gaSlil dablob
peizaJebTan.
gaSlili, swori landSaftis horizontalebisa da SenobaTa
vertikalebis mkveTr kontrastze agebuli rusuli taZrebis
gadawyvetisagan gansxvavebiT, samTavisis Senobis moculobebi zeviTken
adis ramdenime safexurad da misi mTavari arqiteqturuli masebis es
safexurebrioba qmnis TandaTanobiT gadasvlas qvevidan zeviT da
zevidan qveviT, ris gamoc Senoba TiTqos mTebis msgavsad,
Tanmomdevrulad amoizrdeba miwidan da cisken iswrafis. esqterieris
aseTi gadawyveta ki ar kontrastirebs bunebriv garemoSi gabatonebul
formebTan, rogorc amas rusuli arqiteqturis nimuSebSi vxedavdiT,
aramed harmoniul erTianobas qmnis peizaJTan.
aq aucileblad gansakuTrebiT unda gaesvas xazi imas, rom Sua
saukuneebis qarTuli arqiteqturis TiTqmis yvela mkvlevarTan,
rodesac laparakia Cveni taZrebis garegnul saxeze, Zalze xSirad
meordeba xolme iseTi terminebi, rogoricaa `safexurebrioba”,
`geometriuloba~, `xazobrioba~, `prizma~, da gansakuTrebiT xSirad _
sityva `kristali~. da marTlac, qarTuli taZris safexurebrivad
ganlagebuli masebis mkafio, mwyobri silueti saocrad mogvagonebs,
Tundac, mTis brolis mkvidrad Sezrdil kristalebs.
bunebrivi iqneba, vivaraudoT, rom formaTa aseTi safexurebrivi
gadazrdis gamoxatvisken qarTvel arqiteqtorTa mudmivi swrafvis erT-
erTi mTavari mizezi unda iyos swored garemodan ganuwyvetlad

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miRebuli sivrcobrivi STabeWdilebebi. logikuri iqneba, vivaraudoT,
rom am vizualur STabeWdilebaTa specifikis ganmsazRvreli erT-erTi
mTavari mizezi saqarTvelos bunebaSi Warbad arsebuli mTiani
peizaJebis formebia, romlebic aCvevs Tvals swored safexurebriv,
erTmaneTSi gardamaval moculobebs.

rogorc vxedavT, yovelive zemodTqmulis safuZvelze naTlad

Cans, rom Sedarebis procesSi ara marto gamoiyo qarTul ZeglTa
eqsterierebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli saerTo zogadi Tvisebebi, aramed,
rac Cvens SemTxvevaSi kidev ufro sainteresoa, paralelurad
gamovlinda sxvadasxva qveynebis arqiteqturaSi eqsterierTa gadawyvetis
sakiTxisadmi Taviseburi midgomebi, da aseve am eqsterierTa garemosTan
kavSiris gansxvavebuli principebi da gansxvavebuli mxatvruli
xerxebi.. magaliTad, pokrovis eklesiaSi Senobis vertikalisa da
niadagis horizontalis mkveTri dapirispireba kontrastulobis efeqts
qmnis, samTavisis qarTul taZarSi ki formaTa safexurebrivoba garemos
Taviseburebebs asaxavs da harmoniulad eTviseba mas.
aramarto Senobis safasado sistemis gadawyvetaSi, aramed misi
ganlagebis arCevanSic mJRavndeba xolme Zeglis bunebasTan kavSiris
erT-erTi am ZiriTad principTagani _ an kontrasti, an, piriqiT,
harmonia, imisda mixedviT, bunebrivad erwymis nageboba garemos Tu
mkveTrad gamoiyofa mis fonze.
garemosTan damokidebulebis es sxvadasxvagvari principebi _
mxatvruli gamomsaxvelobis Seqmna ZiriTadad kontrastis an, piriqiT,
harmoniis principze dayrdnobiT _ saerTod tipuria ruseTisa da
saqarTvelos Tav-Tavisi erovnuli arqiteqturisaTvis, (kontrasti,
mkveTri dapirispireba feris, formisa da sivrcis gadawyvetisas rusul
arqiteqturaSi da harmonia _ qarTulSi), rac mravali Zeglis Sesabamisi
gadawyvetiT mtkicdeba. am principebis xorcSesxma kargad eTanxmeba
qveyanaTa bunebis Taviseburebebs, maTi peizaJebis specifikas, razedac
zemoT ukve gvqonda saubari.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, savsebiT bunebrivad
warmogvidgeba, rom am ori qveynis _ saqarTvelosa da ruseTis

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xelovnebaTa zogadi xasiaTisTvis damaxasiaTebeli mxatvruli
principebis gamoxatulebas vxedavT rogorc arqiteqturuli formis,
aseve Zeglis garemosTan urTierTobis TaviseburebebSic.
rasakvirvelia, laparaki am sakiTxze SeiZleba mxolod maSin,
rodesac arqiteqtori Senobis agebisas savsebiT Segnebulad
iTvaliswinebs garemos pirobaTa Taviseburebebs da Zeglis ganlageba
arsebiT, damoukidebel mxatvrul amocanad miaCnia.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom aseTi gansxvavebuli midgomebis
arseboba rusul da qarTul arqiteqturaSi savsebiT mosalodneli da
bunebrivia. wina TavebSi Cven ukve gvqonda saubari imis Sesaxeb, rom
bunebrivi garemos Taviseburebani Zlierad moqmedebs imaze, Tu romeli
stilisturi sawyisi _ ferweruli Tu plastikuri _ Warbobs ama Tu im
qveynis xelovnebaSi. imaves Tqma SeiZleba agreTve ama Tu im qveynis
xelovnebaSi kontrastisa Tu harmoniis prioritetis arsebobis
Sesaxebac: am SemTxvevaSic naTelia, rom garemo pirobebi, romlebic
Tavis rols asrulebs erovnuli feris, formisa da sivrcis grZnobis
Camoyalibebisas, aseve mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs mxatvruli
gamomsaxvelobis xerxebis Taviseburebebsac. rogorc aRiniSna, savsebiT
bunebrivia, rom sxvadasxva pirobebSi xelovanis Tvali eCveva droTa
ganmavlobaSi garemodan miRebul gansxvavebul vizualur
STabeWdilebebs _ formebs, ferebs, sivrces _ da SemdgomSi am
STabeWdilebebis safuZvelze warmoqmnili gemovneba Tavis asaxvas
hpovebs xelovanTa mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi.
rac Seexeba rusul da qarTul xelovnebaSi arsebuli
mxatvruli gamomsaxvelobis xerxebis, kerZod, kontrastisa Tu
harmoniis primats, es Tvisebebi axasiaTebs ara marto arqiteqturuli
Zeglebis iersaxis gadawyvetas da garemosTan maTi urTierTobis
princips, aramed igi umeteswilad igrZnoba zogadad orive qveynis
rogorc saxviT, aseve dekoratiul xelovnebaSi: gavixsenoT Tundac
rusuli xatebis koloriti, romelic kontrastuli mJReri laqebis:
wiTlis, yviTlis, mwvanis, TeTris, oqrosferis Zlieri akordebiT
iqmneba da SevadaroT igi qarTuli xatebis feris TavSekavebul
niuansebze agebul kolorits, an gavixsenoT moskovis netari basilis

107
taZris Wreli fasadebi, an SevadaroT qarTuli da rusuli xalxuri
samosi, sadac aseve kargad igrZnoba feris grZnobis erovnuli
Taviseburebani da a.S.

rogorc vnaxeT Sua saukuneobis qarTuli da rusuli

taZrebis Sedarebisas, miuxedavad im saerTo Tvisebebis arsebobisa,
romlebic erTi da igive marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis
moTxovnebiTaa ganpirobebuli, maTi garegnuli iersaxe, mxatvruli da
esTetikuri Tvisebebi da arqiteqturul-sivrcobrivi gadawyveta sakmaod
Zlierad gansxvavdeba, rac mniSvnelovnad ganpirobebulia swored
gansxvavebuli garemos gavleniT.

108
 Tavi VII

arqteqturul-sivrcobrivi koncefciebis saxeebi

arqiteqtura Tavisi bunebiT moculobiT-sivrcobriv xelovnebas

warmoadgens. misi ori ZiriTadi Semadgenelia: arqiteqturuli sivrce da
arqiteqturuli formebi da moculobebi, romlebic Siga da gare
sivrcis zRvars da misi formirebis saSualebas warmoadgenen. am
naSromis meore TavSi Cven ukve gvqonda saubari imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras
warmoadgens arqiteqturuli formis kategoria, ra kavSirSia
arqiteqturuli formebi garemosTan, ramdenad gansazRvravs
arqiteqturuli formis erovnul Taviseburebebs qveynis landSaftis
xasiaTi da a.S. amjerad upriani iqneboda imis ganxilva, Tu ra saxis
arqiteqturul-sivrcobrivi koncefciebi arsebobs, rogoria maTi
ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi, rogori urTierTkavSirebi arsebobs bunebriv
garemosa da sivrcobrivi arqiteqturuli azrovnebis erovnul
Taviseburebebis Camoyalibebas Soris da rogor aisaxeba landSaftis
TaviseburebaTa gavlena xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglis masebis sivrceSi
ganlagebisas.
wina TavebSi Sua saukuneebis qarTuli sataZro arqiteqturis
mniSvnelovani da tipuri nimuSebis da bunebaSi maTi ganlagebis
aRweris, analizisa da sxva qveynebis xuroTmoZRvrul ZeglebTan maTi
Sedareba-Sepirispirebis safuZvelze naTlad gamoCnda, rom
saqarTveloSi Zeglis garemosTan urTierTkavSiris sakiTxs odiTganve
didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda. nagebobisaTvis Sesaferisi
adgilmdebareobis SerCeva, Senobis eqsterieris garemosTan SeTavseba
da misi masebis sivrceSi ganlageba Sua saukuneebis qarTuli
arqiteqturuli azrovnebis ganuyofel da mniSvnelovan nawils
warmoadgens.

109
 unda aRiniSnos isic, rom warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad
mniSvnelovani iyo qarTul Suasaukuneobriv arqiteqturaSi Zeglisa da
garemos esTetikuri urTierTkavSiris problema, SeiZleba Segveqmnas ara
marto konkretuli xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebis reliefze ganlagebis da
sivrceSi misi dayenebis Taviseburebebis analizisas, aramed am sakiTxis
mniSvnelovnebisa da misdami gansakuTrebuli interesis
damadasturebeli cnobebi SegviZlia agreTve vixiloT Zveli qarTuli
literaturis ZeglebSic.
marTlac, Tuki sadme, romelime ZvelqarTul literaturul
nawarmoebSi, laparakia ama Tu im taZris (an saerTod romelime
nagebobis) daarsebis, Senebisa Tu kurTxevis Sesaxeb, umeteswilad igi
iwyeba Senobis adgilmdebareobisa da garemos aRweriT, misi dadebiTi
Tu uaryofiTi mxareebis aRniSvniT. amis konkretuli magaliTebi
SegviZlia vnaxoT Tundac iq, sadac mematiane wers daviT aRmaSeneblis
mier gelaTis monastris daarsebis Sesaxeb, rom daviTma `moigona
aRSeneba monastrisa da daamtkica adgilsa yovlad Sueniersa da
yovliTurT unaklulosa~ da aaSena taZari RvTismSoblisa `aRmatebuli
yovelTa winandelTa qmnulTa~.
msgavsi magaliTebi moipoveba agreTve giorgi merCules `grigol
xanZTelis cxovrebaSi~ _ xanZTis monastris dafuZnebis scenis
aRwerisas, magaliTad, avtori sagangebod exeba samonastrod
gankuTvnili adgilis Tvisebebs da nawilobriv aRwers kidec `adgilsa
mas RmrTisa mier Cinebulsa samonastred~. magaliTad, igi wers:
`da erTobiT jvari dasweres adgilsa mas da iwyes saqmed
senakebisTvis qveyanisa davakebad, rameTu kldei igi xanZTisai uficxles
ars ufrois yovelTa maT klarjeTisa udabnoTa~.
amave nawarmoebSi mocemulia agreTve vrceli da mWermetyveluri
aRwera `klarjeTisa udabnoTa~ adgilsamyofelisa:
`da ars igi ugzo da miuval, raiTurTiT soflisa wesiTa
mcxorebelTagan, rameTu RadoTa mTaTa Sina maRalTa ars mkvidrobai
maTi da mortymul ars erT kerZo mTai igi da erT kerZo SavSeTisa
didTa wyalTa Sekrebisa gamoslvai garemoadges zRudis saxed uZravisa.

110
da esreT yovelTa kerZo SezRudvil arian mTaTa da xevnebisa da
wyalTa maTgan saSinel ZnelovanTa mavalTaisa~ (42, gv. 140-142)
amisTana da msgavsi magaliTebi sakmaod xSirad gvxvdeba Zvel
qarTul literaturaSi. rasakvirvelia, aseTi teqstebi ukiduresad
lakonur xasiaTs atarebs da umeteswilad mxolod mokle aRwerilobis
saxiTaa mocemuli, magram es momenti savsebiT bunebrivad mogveCveneba,
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Tavad am literaturul nawarmoebTa Seqmnis
epoqas, maT specifikas, agreTve, umetes SemTxvevaSi, _ hagiografiul
Janrs, romelic gansazRvravs maT daniSnulebas, mizans, ideas da aqedan
gamomdinare _ stilis Taviseburebebsac. amitom cxadia, rom aq arc
SeiZleba movelodeT taZris mdebareobis da garemomcveli bunebis iseT
aRwerasa da ganxilvas, rogorc es, magaliTad, Tanamedrove specialur
literaturaSi gvxvdeba.
mTavari, rac CvenTvis am SemTxvevaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovania, aris
is, rom aseTi saxis cnobebis gadmocema literaturul nawarmoebebSi
sakmaod sistematur xasiaTs atarebs, es ki TavisTavad mowmobs ara
marto xuroTmoZRvarTa, aramed aseve literaturul nawarmoebTa
avtorebis Seunelebel interess arqiteqturuli Zeglebis ganlagebisa
da garemosTan maTi urTierTobis problemisadmi. rasakvirvelia,
mweralTa aseTi erTsulovani yuradReba ar SeiZleba SemTxveviTi iyos,
igi unda asaxavdes da Seesabamebodes Tavad arqiteqtorTa, damkveTTa da
sazogadoebis damokidebulebas, anu maT interess Zeglis
ganlagebisadmi. ese igi, literaturuli cnobebi am SemTxvevaSi iribad
mowmobs konkretul arqiteqturul masalaze damyarebul im daskvnas,
rom qarTveli ostatebi saukuneTa manZilze Segnebulad isaxavdnen da
did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen SenobisaTvis Sesaferisi adgilis
SerCevisa da misi moxdenilad ganlagebis amocanas.

es faqtori gansakuTrebiT imitom aris aRsaniSnavi, rom

arqiteqturuli Zeglis gaazreba, rogorc garemos (bunebis) aqtiurad
maorganizebeli birTvisa, romelic Tavisi formebisa da ganlagebis
wyalobiT ansamblad aqcevs am garemos da Seesabameba mis xasiaTs,
srulebiTac ar aris TavisTavad da erTnairad sagulisxmo sxvadasxva

111
epoqebisa da qveynebis arqiteqturaSi. xuroTmoZRvarTa damokidebuleba
am faqtorisadmi Zlier gansxvavdeboda. zogjer am sakiTxs udidesi
mniSvneloba eniWeboda. gavixsenoT, Tundac, garemos Taviseburebebs
idealurad morgebuli aTenis akropolisis ansambli, romlis yvela
nagebobis forma da zoma srulyofilad Seesabameba akropolisis
borcvis sakmaod rTul reliefs da romelTa ganlageba asimetriul,
magram absoluturad gawonasworebul da mravalferovan kompozicias
warmoqmnis (sur. 87). magram msoflio arqiteqturis istoriaSi arsebobs
iseTi magaliTebic, romlebic, piriqiT, am sakiTxis srul
ugulvebelyofaze migviTiTebs: zogjer arqiteqturuli Zeglis
garemosTan harmoniuli kavSiri TiTqmis ar aRiqmeboda damoukidebel
mxatvrul amocanad.
aseTi gansxvavebuli midgomebis magaliTebi sakmaod mravlad
arsebobs. Tundac, SeiZleba gavixsenoT, rom mravali cnobili
mkvlevaris azriT, barokos xanis arqiteqturuli Zeglebi uaRresad
guldasmiTaa Cawerili garemo landSaftSi da iTvaliswineben bunebis
Taviseburebebs. amis naTel dadasturebas vxedavT, magaliTad, barokos
xanis cnobili italiuri vilebis gadawyvetaSi, rogorebicaa vila
d’este (tivoli, XVI s., arq. piro ligorio), vila kipresi (varena,
XVIIIs.), vila la suvera (toskana, XVI s., arq. baldasare peruci), vila
garzoni (luka, XVII - XVIII s., arq. otavio diodati da sxv.) (sur, 88, 89)..
zogierTi sxva periodis arqiteqtorebi, magaliTad, renesansisa da
klasicizmis epoqaTa ostatebi ki piriqiT, cdilobdnen, sakuTari
Sexedulebebisamebr xelovnurad `moewesrigebinaT~ is garemo, sadac
unda ganlagebuliyo maTi nagebobebi, ufro srulqmnili, unaklo ieri
mieniWebinaT bunebisTvis, SeetanaT masSi gaazrebuloba, harmonia da
simetria, moeSorebinaT yvelaferi zedmeti, rac daarRvevda peizaJis
klasikur, unaklo srulyofilebas.
bunebis idealurad srulyofil geometriul kompiziciad
gadaqcevis klasikur magaliTs vxedavT, magaliTad, versalis parkebSi,
sadac landSaftur arqiteqturaSi iseve, rogorc mTel am
xuroTmoZRvrul kompleqsSi (landSaftis arqiteqtori andre lenotri,
arqiteqtorebi lui levo da Jiul arduen-mansari) xorcSesxmulia

112
klasicizmis idea racionaluri, gonivruli da mowesrigebuli samyaros
Sesaxeb (sur. 90). aqedan gamomdinare, naTelia, rom klasicizmis epoqis
xelovanebi ki ar cdiloben, rom gaiTavison franguli peizaJis
TviTmyofadi, naturaluri ieri da Sesabamisad bunebrivad `Caweron~
masSi arqiteqturuli Zegli, aramed piriqiT _ sakuTari idealisa da
warmodgenebis Sesabamisad qmnian xelovnur bunebas. aseTi midgoma
savsebiT Seesabameba klasicizmis mTeli epoqis xelovnebas, mis stilsa
da Sexedulebebs.
msgavsi azria gamoTqmuli b. viperis `xelovnebis istoruli
Seswavlis SesavalSic~ (16, gv. 76), oRond am SemTxvevaSi saubaria
goTikisa da renesansis arqiteqtorTa gansxvavebul midgomebze:
`am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa, rom SevadaroT goTikis xanisa da
renesansis arqiteqtura. sazogadod miRebulia renesansis arqiteqtorTa
simetriis mkacri alRos dapirispireba TiTqosda uwesrigo,
cxovelxatulad Tavisufal kompoziciur gadawyvetasTan Sua
saukuneebis arqiteqturaSi. magram xom ar iqneboda upriani mogveZebna
am kontrastis sxva axsna? renesansis arqiteqtori xom Tavisi
kompoziciis Seqmnisas gamomdinareobs winaswar dasaxuli geometriuli
sqemidan da cdilobs, rom masve dauqvemdebaros bunebrivi pirobebi.
goTikis xanis arqiteqtori ki, piriqiT, Tavis kompozicias uqvemdebarebs
bunebrivi pirobebis karnaxs (amitom, rodesac mas swor niadagTan
hqonda saqme, mas mkacrad simetriuli kompoziciis Seqmnac SeeZlo)~.
rasakvirvelia, verc erTi arqiteqturuli mimdinareoba Tu stili
savsebiT ver ugulvebelyofda verc Senobis eqsterieris gadawyvetisa
da verc garemoSi misi ganlagebis sakiTxebs, Tundac mxolod
praqtikuli mizezebis gamo, magram, rogorc vxedavT, damokidebuleba
xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglisa da garemos urTierTkavSiris problemis
maRalmxatvrul doneze ganxilvisadmi sxvadasxva drosa da sxvadasxva
qveynebSi aSkarad gansxvavebuli iyo.
es movlena SeiZleba bevri sxvadasxvagvari mizezis moqmedebiT
aixsnas, magaliTad, igi damokidebuli iyo kulturul da yofiT
pirobebze, arsebuli religiis ritualTa xasiaTsa da kultis
moTxovnaTa specifikaze, socialur da politikur pirobebze, teqnikis

113
ganviTarebis doneze, msoflmxedvelobisa da gabatonebuli ideologiis
Taviseburebebze, da, rac ukve araerTgzis aRiniSna, bunebriv pirobebsa
da garemos xasiaTze.
Znelia imis zustad gamoyofa, Tu am mizezTa kompleqsidan romeli
sad da ra dros iZenda gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas da amjerad amis
garkveva arc Sedis Cveni ZiriTadi interesis sferoSi. am SemTxvevaSi
Cven umetesad gvainteresebda mxolod im faqtis garkveviT fiqsacia,
rom, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, xuroTmoZRvris mier yuradRebis
gamaxvileba Senobis reliefze ganlagebis sakiTxebisadmi da am Senobis
aRqma, rogorc garemos, bunebis Tavis garSemo maorganizebeli
elementisa da misi Taviseburebebis gamomsaxvelisa, ar warmoadgens
yvela droisa da qveynis arqiteqturisaTvis erTnairad organulad
damaxasiaTebel Tvisebas da rom Sexeduleba am problemaze, rogorc
damoukidebeli mxatvruli mniSvnelobis mqone amocanaze, yvelgan da
yovelTvis erTnairad ar gvxvdeba.

yovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, naTeli xdeba, rom

sxvadasxva epoqebi da sxvadasxva kulturebi warmoSobs sxvadasxvagvar
arqiteqturul azrovnebas, rac, kerZod, arqiteqturuli formebisa da
moculobebis garemo sivrcesTan urTiedmokidebulebis gansxvavebuli
koncefciebis SeqmnaSi gamoixateba.
samwuxarod, es sakiTxi naklebadaa ganxiluli da damuSavebuli
specialur saxelovnebaTmcodneo literaturaSi, Tumca zogierTi
momijnave dargis, magaliTad, esTetikis da arqiteqturis Teoriis
zogierTi mkvlevari mas nawilobriv mainc exeba. magaliTad, am
namuSevris meore TavSi Cven ukve moyvanili gvqonda hegelis esTetikis
zogierTi postulati, romlebic ukavSirdeba mis Sexedulebebs
arqiteqturis sxvadasxvagvari koncefciebis arsebobis Sesaxeb
kacobriobis kulturis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze:
1) pirveli etapia Zveli aRmosavleTis arqiteqtura, romelsac
hegeli `simbolurs~ uwodebs, radganac imdroindeli Zeglebi
warmoadgens ara eqsterierisa da interieris erTianobas, aramed
mxolod sivrceSi ganTavsebul formebs _ religiuri simboloebis

114
gansaxierebas. am Zeglebis SemoqmedTa arqiteqturuli azrovneba
aSkarad sivrcobriv-plastikur xasiaTs atarebs.
2) meore etaps warmoadgens klasikuri antikuri arqiteqtura,
romelic, Zveli aRmosavleTis xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebisagan
gansxvavebiT, aris ara damoukidebeli forma-simbolo, aramed RvTaebis
qandakebis an adamianis samyofeli, sadgomi da
3) mesame etapi _ goTikis xanis arqiteqtura, sadac es orive
Tvisebaa gaerTianebuli, anu goTikis xanis qristianuli taZari forma-
simboloc aris, rogorc samyaros Taviseburi modeli, mikrokosmi, da
amave dros `RvTis saxlicaa~.

rasakvirvelia, hegeli ganixilavs sivrcobrivi koncefciebis

sakiTxs ara imdenad xelovnebis istoriis, aramed filosofiis kuTxiT,
magram is, rom igi naTlad gamoTqvams azrs arqiteqturuli Zeglis
sivrceSi ganTavsebis mniSvnelovnebis Sesaxeb, Cvens SemTxvevaSi
gansakuTrebiT yuradsaRebi da sainteresoa.
rogorc vxedavT, jerjerobiT ZiriTadad filosofiasa da
kulturologiaSi gvxvdeba idea ama Tu im eris mier sivrcis aRqmis da
arqiteqturaSi misi xorcSesxmis nacionalur TaviseburebaTa Sesaxeb,
aqve ganixileba agreTve bunebrivi garemos rolis mniSvnelovnebac ara
marto arqiteqturuli azrovnebis, aramed mTeli kulturis Taviseburi,
TviTmyofadi sulisa da iersaxis CamoyalibebaSi. am azrs iziarebs
mravali mniSvnelovani mkvlevari, rogoricaa, magaliTad, osvald
Spengleri, leo frobeniusi, georgi gaCevi da sxvebi.
am da sxva mkvlevarTa azriT, yoveli kultura xasiaTdeba
sivrcis Taviseburi, mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli aRqmiTa da
SegrZnebiT. nebismieri maTganis zogadi arsis gamoxatva SeiZleba
erTgvari sivrcobrivi arqetipis, pirveladi simbolos saxiT, romelic,
amave dros, mTel mis sulsa da mxatvrul Sinaarss udevs safuZvlad.
`arqetipis~ cneba, rogorc samecniero termini, xmarebaSi pirvelad
Semoitana da kulturologiuri dasabuTeba miuyena k. iungma (68). misi
azriT, arqetipi, rogorc koleqtiuri aracnobieris gamoxatuleba,
instinqturi da iracionaluri xasiaTisaa. iungs miaCnia, rom yoveli

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adamianis gonebaSi, misi sakuTari mogonebebis garda, arsebobs agreTve
`diadi pirveladi saxeebi~ _ uZvelesi warmodgenebi, romlebic iseTive
saxiT gadadis Taobidan Taobaze, rogoric isini odiTganve iyo. igi
xazs usvamda, rom adamianebs memkvidreobiT gadaecemaT mxolod
arqetipebis warmosaxvis unari da mxolod mcirericxovan nawils
gaaCnia am informaciis gamocalkevebis da translirebis SesaZlebloba.
Cvens SemTxvevaSi sivrcobrivi arqetipebis gamocalkevebis es unari
gaaCniaT arqiteqtorebs, romlebic TavianTi profesiuli saqmianobis
procesSi qmnian da translireben axal sivrcobriv formebs.
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa, rom iungis azriT, mxolod
sivrcobrivi arqetipuri saxeebia ucvleli da mkafiod fiqsirebuli, da
maTi dakvirveba SesaZlebelia arqiteqturuli obieqtebis magaliTze,
xolo sxva arqetipebi ase TvalnaTliv araa gamokveTili.
sxvadasxva qveynebisa da kulturebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
sivrcobrivi arqetipebis Tema farTodaa ganxiluli o. SpenglerTan da
l. frobeniusTanac. maT mier Camoyalibebuli morfologiis mixedviT,
SesaZlebelia gamoiyos sivrcobrivi aRqmis Semdegi arqetipebi:

1. labirinTi _ egviptur kulturaSi,

2. gamoqvabuli da TaRi _ arabul kulturaSi,
3. izolirebuli sxeuli _ antikur kulturaSi,
4. mindorSi mimavali gza _ Cinur kulturaSi,
5. usasrulo samganzomiereba _ dasavlur kulturaSi,
6. usasrulo veli _ rusul kulturaSi da a.S.

sivrcobrivi arqetipebi, anu adamianTa qvecnobieri memkvidreobiTi

sivrcobrivi SegrZnebebi, romelTa safuZvels saxeebi, xatovani
warmodgenebi qmnis, racionalur sibrtyeSi uSualod da sworxazovnad
ver gadaiyvaneba, rac sivrcobriv gadawyvetaTa mravalferovnebis,
variaciulobis SesaZleblobas qmnis. arqiteqturuli Zeglebi am
SemTxvevaSi aseTi arqetipis gansxeulebas, anu mis `SefuTvas~
warmoadgens. droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleba xuroTmoZRvruli stilebi,
iqmneba axali arqiteqturuli formebi, magram sivrcobrivi arqetipebi

116
ucvlelad rCeba da didad gansazRvravs ama Tu im qveynisa Tu
civilizaciisaTvis damaxasiaTebel esTetikur Rirebulebebs, misi
xelovnebisa da kerZod arqiteqturis mxatvrul Taviseburebebs da
agreTve zogad arqiteqturul-sivrcobriv koncefcias. sivrcobrivi
arqetipebi ki, Tavis mxriv, adgilobrivi bunebis zegavleniT da misi
Tvisebebis Sesabamisad yalibdeba, rac naTlad miuTiTebs garemosa da
arqiteqturis xasiaTis mtkice urTierTkavSirze.
msgavs azrs sxvadasxva kulturebisTvis da qveynebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli gansxvavebuli arqiteqturul-sivrcobrivi
koncefciebis arsebobis Sesaxeb Zalze mkafiod da vrclad ganaviTarebs
Tavis wignSi `sivrce, dro, arqiteqtura~ xelovnebaTmcodne da
istorikosi zigfrid gidioni. saubrobs ra sxvadasxva epoqebsa da
civilizaciebSi arsebuli arqiteqturuli azrovnebis arsebiT
gansxvavebebze, gidioni maTi Sedarebis safuZvelze avlens eqsterierisa
Tu interieris gadawyvetis problemaTa primats sxvadasxva periodebSi
da moculobriv formaTa sivrceSi ganlagebis amocanasTan
damokidebulebis gansxvavebas. ai, magaliTad, ras wers igi am sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT:
`xandaxan Cven vafasebT Tanamedrove mimdinareobebs CvenTvis Cveul
im STagonebul warmodgenaTa safuZvelze, romlebic dabadebidanve
mogvdgams. erT-erTi maTgani mdgomareobs ukanaskneli ori aTasi wlis
gamocdilebaze damyarebul dajerebulobaSi, rom arqiteqturuli
sivrce udris Siga sivrcis organizacias. romis imperiis droidan es
iyo arqiteqturis yvelaze mniSvnelovani problema (amocana).
(....) magram arsebobs sivrcis sxva koncefciac, romelsac aRiarebis
aranaklebi ufleba gaaCnia. igi moicavs pirvel did civilizaciebs _
egviptes, Sumersa da saberZneTs.
(....) uZveles did civilizaciebs hqondaT sakuTari sivrcobrivi
koncefciebi, romelTa safuZvelze aRmocenda iseTi srulyofili
qmnilebani, rogoricaa piramidaTa triada gizehSi da taZarTa kompleqsi
aTenis akropolisSi. isini gamoixateba moculobaTa TiTqosda
usazRvro sivrceSi ganlagebaSi.

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 (....) amJamad, winaparTa kvaldakval, magram axal doneze, isev
gasagebi gaxda, rom formebi, gare zedapirebi da sibrtyeebi
amodelirebs ara mxolod maT mier SemosazRvrul sivrces. rogorc
Tavisuflad mdgom moculobaTa maorganizebeli elementi, isini did
gavlenas axdens maTi fizikuri zomebis mier Semofarglul sazRvrebs
gareTac. piramidaTa mniSvneloba xom mxolod maT zomebSi ar
mdgomareobs, parTenonisa ki _ mis sworupovar srulyofilebaSi.
mTavaria moculobaTa urTierTgavlena, romelic gansazRvravs pirveli
arqiteqturul-sivrcobrivi koncefciis polifoniur `orkestrirebas~.
amJamad Cvens kvlav aRviqvavT im maformirebel Zalas, romelsac
asxiveben moculobani maT mier dakavebuli sivrcis farglebs gareT,
rac gvanaTesavebs arqiteqturis arsebobis adreul periodTan. dRes Cven
isev viciT, rom moculobaTa gavlena iseve scildeba maT mier
dakavebuli sivrcis farglebs, rogorc is, rom Siga sivrcis
SemomsazRvreli `garekani~ mas formas aniWebs~ (20, gv. 18, 19).
rogorc vxedavT, gidioni emxroba im azrs, rom msoflio
arqiteqturis istoriaSi arsebobda ori ZiriTadi arqiteqturul-
sivrcobrivi koncefcia, romlebic dominirebda sxvadasxva epoqebSi.
es koncefciebia:

a) arqiteqtura warmoadgens SenobaTa masebis garemo sivrceSi

ganTavsebis da am aqcentis garSemo misi organizebis xelovnebas, an
b) arqiteqtura Tavisi arsiT aris nagebobis interieris
organizacia, xolo eqsterieri mxolod Senobis Siga sivrcis
garegnulad maformirebel saSualebas warmoadgens.

rogorc vxedavT, gidioni iseve, rogorc mravali sxva

zemoxsenebuli mkvlevari, did mniSvnelobas aniWebs ama Tu im epoqisa
da kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebel specifikur sivrcobriv azrovnebas,
romelic pirvel rigSi arqiteqturaSi vlindeba.
zigfrid gidionis SexedulebaTa es sistema nawilobriv eTanxmeba
hegelis esTetikis wina TavebSi moyvanil postulatebs. igi aseve
iziarebs im azrsac, rom Zveli aRmosavleTis xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebi

118
Tavisi arsiT garemo sivrceSi ganlagebul simbolur formebs
warmoadgenen, Tumca gidioni Tavis naSromSi aqcents akeTebs ara am
nagebobaTa simbolur-religiur mniSvnelobaze, aramed maT
arqiteqturul-sivrcobriv gadawyvetaze. magram gidionis momdevno
msjeloba diametralurad gansxvavdeba hegelis Sexedulebisagan,
romelsac miaCnda, rom Sua saukuneebis goTur taZrebs aseve gaaCniaT es
umniSvnelovanesi damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba _ sivrceSi forma-simbolos
saxiT ganlageba. amis sawinaaRmdegod, gidioni miiCnevs, rom romis
imperiis droidan moyolebuli evropuli arqiteqturuli azrovneba
mTlianad ignorirebas ukeTebda Zeglisa da garemo sivrcis
urTierTobis problemas da Senobis eqsteriers ganixilavda pirvel
rigSi rogorc interieris `SemosazRvris~, garedan misi organizebisa da
modelirebis saSualebas, anu mis `naWuWs~ da rom mxolod Tanamedrove
arqiteqturam SeZlo, gaerRvia es mdgradad `Cakiruli~ Sexeduleba da
dabruneboda nagebobis, rogorc sivrceSi ganlagebuli moculobebis
erTianobis da am garemos maorganizebeli elementis koncefcias.
magram aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom aseTi tipis `sakuTari
arqiteqturul=sivrcobrivi koncefciebi~, sadac arqiteqturis arss
sivrceSi ganlagebuli formebi da maTi simboluri mniSvneloba
warmoadgens, romlebic, rogorc miaCnda zigfrid gidions, axasiaTebs
mxolod `uZveles did civilizaciebs~ _ egviptes, Sumers, eladas _ da
Tanamedrove arqiteqturul azrovnebas, aSkarad vlindeba agreTve Sua
saukunis xuroTmoZRvrul Zeglebze dakvirvebisas. gansakuTrebiT es
momenti igrZnoboda mas Semdeg, rac qristianul arqiteqturaSi Seiqmna
taZris, rogorc samyaros modelisa da misi simbolos koncefcia,
mkafiod Camoyalibda arqiteqturuli tipebi da kanonebi, dadginda
arqiteqturuli elementebisa da formebis simboluri mniSvnelobebi.
Tanac, yovelive es exeba ara marto hegelis mier aRniSnul goTur
arqiteqturas, aramed sxvebsac – magaliTad, romanul an, rac CvenTvis
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, marTlmadideblur arqiteqturas.
magaliTisTvis SeiZleba gavixsenoT Tundac iseTi udavo momentebi,
rogoricaa jvris formis masebis sivrceSi ganlageba, gumbaTis, rogorc
zecis simbolos, umniSvnelovanesi roli, Senobis kanonikuri ganTavseba

119
qveynis mxareebis mixedviT da a.S. _ yovelive es naTlad metyvelebs
imaze, rom marTlmadidebluri qveynebis da kerZod qarTul
arqiteqturaSi orive sivrcobrivi koncefciis erTianoba arsebobs.
`qristianuli kultis sawyisi principia simbolizmi, romlis
wyalobiT realuri sagnebi zebunebriv datvirTvas iZens. kultis yvela
elementi simboloebad, alegoriebad iqceoda, amJRavnebda sxva, Sinagan,
saidumlo mniSvnelobas. TviT taZari kosmosis simbolos warmoadgenda
da mTeli misi arqiteqtura, mozaikaTa da moxatulobaTa sistema
imisTvis iyo gankuTvnili, rom xilul saxeebSi gamoevlina miwierisa da
zeciuris kavSiris qristianuli idea.
qristianuli taZari Tavis TavSi Seicavda mTel samyaros: ca _
gumbaTia, samoTxe _ sakurTxevlis afsida (Tumca, simboloebi
yovelTvis erTmniSnelovani ar iyo da afsida agreTve moiazreboda
beTlemis gamoqvabulad, qristes Sobis adgilad), iyo jojoxeTic ki,
Senobis dasavleT nawilSi, sadac Tavdapirvelad RvTismsaxurebis dros
idgnen xolme isini, visac jer ar mieRo naTloba da mxolod surda,
qristiani gamxdariyo. aq, taZris dasavleT nawilSi, zogjer
gamoisaxeboda gankiTxvis dRe.~ (33, gv. 140)
rasakvirvelia, msjeloba qristianuli taZris simbolur-
sivrcobrivi xasiaTis Sesaxeb ergvarad zogad xasiaTs atarebs:
praqtikulad xom yovel qveyanaSi da yovel periodSi arsebobs
sakuTari arqiteqturuli stilebi, romlebic umeteswilad Taviseburi
xasiaTiT gamoirCeva, magram es ganzogadeba iZleva saSualebas,
gamovavlinoT yvelaze tipuri da mniSvnelovani niSan-Tvisebebi.
wina TavebSi Cvens mier ganxilul magaliTebze, romlebic
moyvanili iyo saqarTvelos, bizantiis, somxeTisa da ruseTis
arqiteqturis sferodan, naTlad davinaxeT, rom Sua saukuneebis
marTlmadidebluri qveynebis arqiteqturis umetesi nimuSebi mowmobs
aSkara interesis arsebobas Zeglis garemoSi, sivrceSi ganTavsebis
sakiTxis mimarT, rac imaze metyvelebs, rom am qveynebis
Suasaukuneobriv sataZro xuroTmoZRvrebaSi aSkarad Camoyalibebul
arqiteqturul-sivrcobriv koncefciasTan gvaqvs saqme. Tumca naTelia
isic, rom igi sxvadasxvagvarad aris ganviTarebuli, zog qveyanaSi _

120
metad, zogan _ naklebad, zogan igi ufro adreul periodebSi
mJRavndeba, zogan ki _ gacilebiT ufro gvian. magaliTad, Cven vnaxeT,
rom adreqristianuli periodis bizantiur ZeglebSi ZiriTadi
yuradReba eqceoda interieris gadawyvetas, xolo SenobaTa fasadebis
mxatvruli damuSaveba da gare masebis sivrceSi ganlageba faqtobrivad
ar warmoadgenda damoukidebel mxatvrul amocanas XI saukunemde, maSin
rodesac amave adreqristianuli periodis qarTul da somxur sataZro
arqiteqturaSi am problemisadmi friad seriozuli damokidebuleba
arsebobda.
garda amisa, sxvadasxva qristianuli qveynebis sataZro
arqiteqturis nimuSTa Soris paralelebis gavlebisa da maTi Sedareba-
Sepirispirebis procesSi aSkarad gamoikveTa garemos TaviseburebaTa
mniSvnelovani roli ara marto nagebobis bunebaSi ganTavsebis mxriv,
aramed agreTve misi gavlena Zeglebis mxatvrul-esTetikuri saxis
Camoyalibebaze da TviT erovnuli arqiteqturis zogad saxeze, da
agreTve esTetikuri aRqmis erovnul Taviseburebebze, anu sivrcis,
formisa da feris grZnobebis erovnuli Taviseburebebis Seqmnaze,
romlebic, cxadia, aucileblad aisaxeba nebismieri qveynis xelovnebaSi.

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 Tavi VIII

Zeglisa da garemos urTierTkavSiris principebi qarTuli

arqiteqturis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze

rogorc ukve aRiniSna wina TavebSi, msoflio arqiteqturis

ganviTarebis manZilze xuroTmoZRvrebis yvela dargi: qalaqgegmareba,
sacxovrebeli arqiteqtura, religiuri arqiteqtura, samoqalaqo
arqiteqtura da a.S., verasgziT ver auvlida gverds bunebrivi garemos
mocemulobebs. magram miuxedvad amisa, moyvanili magaliTebis analizis
safuZvelze naTelad gamoCnda, rom mainc sxvadasxva qveynebsa da
sxvadasxva epoqebSi damokidebuleba Zeglisa da garemos urTierTobis
problemis mimarT da misi, rogorc mniSvnelovani mxatvruli amocanis
gaazreba, sakmaod gansxvavebuli iyo. amave dros, sxvadasxva kulturaTa
warmomadgenlebis azrovnebis, msoflmxedvelobisa da gemovnebis
Taviseburebani gansxvavebul arqiteqturul-sivrcobriv koncefciaTa
Casaxvas ganapirobebda.
rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, zemoT ukve araerTgzis vaxseneT, rom aq
am mxriv Zalze Zveli da fesvgamdgari tradicia arsebobs _
nagebobisTvis Sesaferisi, moxerxebuli da gamosaCeni adgilis arCeva
(iqneboda es cixe-simagre, koSki Tu taZari) yovelTvis erT-erT
umniSvnelovanes faqtorad miaCndaT qarTvel xuroTmoZRvrebs. Tumca
sxvadasxva epoqebSi Zeglisa da garemos kavSiris konkretuli formebi
da xasiaTi, rasakvirvelia, cvlilebas ganicdida, magram Tavad
damokidebuleba am problemisadmi, misdami gansakuTrebuli interesi
mudmivad ucvleli rCeboda. amjerad ganvixilavT swored sxvadasxva
istoriul periodebSi ZeglTa garemosTan konkretuli damokidebulebis
sakiTxs gansakuTrebiT tipuri magaliTebis analizis safuZvelze.
rogorc vnaxeT, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli sataZro arqiteqturis
ganviTarebis mTel manZilze Zeglis garemosTan urTierTkavSiris
problema Zalze mniSvnelovani da arsobrivi iyo. amave dros, wina
TavebSi araerTgzis aRiniSna isic, rom miuxedavad qarTul

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xuroTmoZRvrebaSi arsebuli im zogadi damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis
arsebobisa, romelic TviTmyofadi erovnuli xedvisa da agreTve
formis, sivrcisa da feris aRqmis nacionalur TaviseburebaTa
mdgradobaze metyvelebs da xelovnebis ganumeorebeli erovnuli saxis
arsebobaze migviTiTebs, mainc ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze yoveli
periodis arqiteqturul stils TvalsaCinod gansxvavebuli niSan-
Tvisebebi axasiaTebs. Sesabamisad, aucilebelia imis ganxilvac, icvleba
Tu ara am gansxvavebul istoriul etapebze Zeglisa da garemos
urTierTkavSiris principebi da Tu icvleba, rogor da ranairad.
swored am sakiTxze gveqneba msjeloba amjerad.
upriani iqneba, magaliTebis saxiT gansaxilvelad SevarCioT iseTi
xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebi, romlebic ara marto yvelaze mniSvnelovania
Tavisi epoqisaTvis da tipuria am periodis stilisaTvis, aramed agreTve
gansakuTrebiT saintereso masalas gvawvdis masaTa sivrceSi
ganlagebisa da arqiteqturul-sivrcobrivi koncefciis mkafio
gamovlenis TvasazrisiT. ese igi, am SemTxvevaSi Cven gvainteresebs ara
iseTi Zeglebi, romlebic naklebadaa cnobili da gamokvleuli da
swored masalis siaxlis mxriv warmoadgens interess, aramed iseTebi,
romelTa adgili arqiteqturis istoriaSi yvelaze TvalsaCinoa, maTi
stilisturi Tvisebebi ki savsebiT naTeli da udavoa.
rogorc ukve aRiniSna mesame TavSi, droTa ganmavlobaSi
aucileblad icvleboda istoriuli, politikuri da socialuri
mocemulobebi, teqnikuri done, kulturuli garemos pirobebi da sxv.,
Cndeboda, Zlierdeboda an sustdeboda politikuri da kulturuli
kavSirebi mezobel qveynebTan. yovelive amas ar SeiZleboda, erTgvari
zegavlena ar moexdina rogorc xuroTmoZRvarTa msoflmxedvelobasa da
azrovnebis Taviseburebebze, aramed agreTve xelovnebis Sinaarsze, mis
formasa da stilze. es cvlilebebi naTlad aisaxeba kidevac qarTuli
xelovnebis ganviTarebis mTeli gzis ganmavlobaSi, da Sesabamisad
yovel axal epoqas da mis xelovnebas Tavisi ganumeorebeli xedva,
sakuTari stili da manera axasiaTebs. magaliTad, SemTxveviTi ar aris,
rom giorgi CubinaSvili mkafiod gamoyofda e.w. `qarTul klasikas~ _
adrefeodaluri periodis xelovnebas.

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 mizanSewonili iqneboda, Tavdapirvelad gagveanalizebina is
ZiriTadi stilisturi niSan-Tvisebebi, romlebic safuZvlad daedo am
terminis SemoRebas, xolo Semdgom ukve SesaZlebeli iqneba ganvixiloT,
aisaxeba Tu ara aseTi stilistika im periodis Zeglisa da garemos
urTierTdamokidebulebaSi da konkretulad raSi mdgomareobs es
Tvisebebi.

rogorc ambobda leon batista alberti, klasikuri xelovnebis

nimuSebs axasiaTebs iseTi silamaze, romelsac gaaCnia `yvela nawilis
mkacri harmoniuli proporciuloba, iseTi, rom arafris mimateba,
mokleba an Secvla ar SeiZleba ise, rom mTlianobis silamaze ar
dairRves~ (31). es ganmarteba gansakuTrebiT naTlad axasiaTebs am
periodis xelovnebis erT-erT yvelaze Zireul, ganmsazRvrel, arsobriv
Tvisebas.
swored albertiseuli principis srulyofil xorcSesxmas vxedavT
mcxeTis jvris didi taZris gadawyvetaSi _ aq namdvilad SeuZlebelia
raimes mokleba an damateba. garda amisa, aSkarad ikveTeba klasikisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli kidev erTi umTavresi niSani: taZris kompozicia
harmoniulad Serwymul, gawonasworebul, erTian mTlianobas
warmoadgens, da amave dros, mis Semadgenel yovel elements mkafiod
gamovlenili damoukidebeli mniSvneloba, forma da funqcia aqvs, rac
naTlad Cans rogorc gare masebis da fasadebis, ise Siga sivrcis
gadawyvetaSi. gansxvavebiT, magaliTad, barokos xanis arqiteqturisagan,
sadac Senobis elementebi imdenadaa erTmaneTTan Serwymuli da
gadaWdobili, rom maTi gamocalkevebis mcdelobac ki sruliad
SeuZlebelia, jvris, rogorc tipuri klasikuri stilis nagebobis,
yovel elements mkafiod gamovlenili da SemosazRvruli kompozicia
axasiaTebs da amave dros yoveli maTgani erTiani Canafiqris ganuyofel
nawils warmoadgens.
klasikuri stilis kidev erTi damaxasiaTebeli niSania is mSvidi
sidiade da monumenturoba, romelsac, miuxedavad misi arcTu
gansakuTrebiT didi zomebisa, asxivebs jvris taZari. Senobis
kristaliseburi forma, romelic sazogadod damaxasiaTebelia qarTuli

124
jvar-gumbaTovani taZrebisaTvis, gamoirCeva mZlavri, energiuli
proporciebiT. am STabeWdilebas umeteswilad ganapirobebs gumbaTis
forma _ farTo da SedarebiT dabali rvawaxnagovani gumbaTis yeliTa
da damreci talRiseburi gadaxurviT.
zemoxsenebuli Tvisebebis garda, klasikuri arqiteqturisTvis
damaxasiaTebel srulyofilebisa da harmoniulobis SegrZnebas
gansazRvravs isic, rom jvris taZris saerTo formac da calkeuli
nawilebis zomebic umeteswilad daaxloebiT emTxveva oqros kveTis
proporciebs, rac, rogorc cnobilia, mayurebelSi qvecnobierad swored
am emociebs warmoSobs.
taZris monumenturobis STabeWdilebas kidev ufro aZlierebs
TavSekavebuli dekori, romelic gamoyofs da xazs usvams yvelaze
mniSvnelovan arqiteqturul elementebs da amave dros ar Crdilavs
SesaniSnavad gaTlili kvadrebiT nagebi kedlis sibrtyis Zalasa da
silamazes, qvis fersa da faqturas. aqve SegviZlia gavixsenoT, rom
swored dekoris TavSekavebulobas miiCnevs klasikuri arqiteqturis
damaxasiaTebel mniSvnelovan Tvisebad hainrix velflini Tavis
naSromSi `klasikuri xelovneba~ (13).
mSvid da monumentur STabeWdilebas stovebs ara marto eqsterieri,
aramed agreTve jvris didi taZris Siga sivrcis gadawyvetac.
mayurebeli erTbaSad, mTlianobaSi aRiqvams am Tavisufal, didebul
sivrces, gubaTidan iatakamde, magram, amave dros, es sivrce calkeuli
nawilebisagan Sedgeba da yovel saTavsos sakuTari, gamoyofili
sivrcobrivi monaxazic gaaCnia. isini araerTgvarovania da yoveli
maTganis mniSvneloba erTgvari delikaturi aqcentebiTaa miniSnebuli
da gamovlenili: magaliTad, sakurTxevlis absidis mniSvnelovneba
xazgasmulia aRmosavleT-dasavleTis RerZis gazrdiT, risTvisac bemebia
damatebuli. amasve uwyobs xels ganaTebis uaRresad gaazrebuli
sistemac, rodesac sarkmlebis raodenobisa da maTi ganlagebis
wyalobiT yvelaze Zlieradaa ganaTebuli Senobis yvelaze
mniSvnelovani elementebi: gumbaTi da absida, da rac naklebi
mniSvneloba aqvs saTavsos, miT naklebia misi ganaTebulobis xarisxi..

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 rogorc vxedavT, jvris didi taZris zemoxsenebuli stilisturi
niSnebi marTlac aSkarad emTxveva klasikuri arqiteqturisaTvis
damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebs.
amave dros, adreqristianuli periodis, anu `qarTuli klasikis~
xanis ZeglTagan mcxeTis jvris didi taZari garemoSi ganTavsebis
TvalsazrisiTac idealur magaliTs warmoadgens: Senobis sivrceSi
ganlageba isea SerCeuli, rom igi maqsimalurad naTlad aRiqmeba xedvis
Zalze mravali wertilidan da Tanac uzarmazari bunebrivi arealis
vizualur centrs, Tvalis `mizidulobis wertils~ warmoadgens (sur.
91, 92, 93, 94).
rasakvirvelia, jvris monastris didi eklesiisTvis adgilis
SerCeva mxolod mxatvrul-esTetikuri mizezebiT ar iyo ganpirobebuli
_ aq did rols asrulebda religiuri da istoriuli faqtorebi: igi
aigo iq, sadac idga wminda ninos ninos mier aRmarTuli xis didi
jvari, anu religiuri TvasazrisiT umniSvnelovanes, wminda da mistikur
adgilas.
garda amisa, jvari gadmohyurebda dedaqalaqs _ mcxeTas, qveynis
guls, ase rom saxelmwifoebrivi da ideologiuri TvalsazrisiTac es
uaRresad mniSvnelovani adgili iyo. Sesabamisad, adgilis SerCeva ara
marto logikurad moxda _ faqtobrivad, es arCevani
winaswarganpirobebuli da, SeiZleba iTqvas, ualternativo iyo.
magram is, Tu rogor ganalaga taZari am adgilze xuroTmoZRvarma,
ara marto mis maRal profesionalizmsa da utyuar alRoze, aramed mis
genialurobazec metyvelebs.
Tavdapirvelad unda aRiniSnos, rom nebismieri arqiteqturuli
Zeglis aRqma aucileblad aris dakavSirebuli imasTan, Tu saidan,
saiTken da rogor moZraobs mayurebeli, ra manZilidan da ra kuTxidan
xedavs igi nagebobas, rogoria misasvleli gza _ geometriulad
sworxazovani Tu Tavisufali da bunebrivi moxazulobis, mxolod
frontalurad xedavs igi Senobas Tu Tanmimdevrulad aRiqvams xedvis
sxvadasxva wertilebidan, moZraobs mnaxveli sibrtyeze Tu qvemodan
zemoT, ra fonze xedavs igi nagebobas da icvleba Tu ara es foni da
sxv. yvela es piroba Zlier gansazRvravs im esTetikur da emociur

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STabeWdilebas, romelsac Zegli axdens mayurebelze. idealur
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac nagebobis ganlageba da misi aRqmis pirobebi
sworadaa SerCeuli, misi mxatvruli da stilisturi Taviseburebebi
gacilebiT ufro Rrmad da Zlierad vlindeba. magaliTisTvis, am azris
naTelsayofad, Cven SegviZlia droebiT gadavuxvioT saubris Temas da
gavixsenoT iseTi kontrastuli nimuSebi msoflio arqiteqturis
memkvidreobidan, rogoricaa Tundac tipuri egvipturi taZrebis
ganlageba karnakSi an luqsorSi da aTenis akropolisis kompleqsis
sivrceSi ganlageba (sur.). rasakvirvelia, TavisTavad es magaliTi
araxalia _ am nawarmoebTa aRwera da analizi Zalze xSirad gvxvdeba,
magram am SemTxvevaSi sainteresoa sxva ram, kerZod, am Zeglebis
gansaxvavebuli arqiteqturul-sivrcobrivi koncefcia, maTi
urTierTkavSiri garemos TaviseburebebTan da is, Tu ramdenad
emsaxureba ama Tu im Zeglis ganlageba misi mxatvruli Taviseburebebis
gamovlenas, am sakiTxis ganxilva ki specialur literatutaSi naklebad
gvxvdeba.
magaliTad, egvipturi taZari mdebareobs swor, gaSlil
Tvaluwvdenel sibrtyeze, mas ar uWiravs SemaRlebuli, garemoze
gabatonebuli mdgomareoba, magram miuxedavad amisa, igi ar ikargeba am
uzarmazar sivrceSi _ jer erTi, Tavisi giganturi zomebis wyalobiT,
taZari Zalze Soridan aRiqmeba da meorec, misken mimavali idealurad
swori gza Soridanve ganapirobebs mnaxvelis swor orientirebas
nagebobis mimarTulebiT. amas kidev ufro uwyobs xels sfinqsebis
qandakebaTa mkafio ritmi, romlebiTac es gza ori mxridan aris
flankirebuli. garda amisa, `sfinqsebis xeivanSi~ moZraobis procesSi
taZarTan miaxlovebisas misi frontaluri xedi TandaTanobiT
vizualurad sul ufro izrdeba, rac nel-nela amzadebs mayurebels im
zebunebrivad mZlavri, uzarmazari masis aRqmisTvis, romelic egvipturi
arqiteqturis arss warmoadgens.
mkafio, mwyobri Tanmimdevruli ritmi, romelsac grZnobs taZrisken
mimavali mnaxveli, grZeldeba maSinac, rodesac igi nagebobas miadgeba,
radganac igi zustad Seesabameba TviT taZris gadawyvetas. Senobis
kompozicia sworxazovan grZiv RerZzea Tanmimdevrulad `akinZuli~:

127
pilonebiani Sesasvleli, hipostiluri ezo da Semdeg hipostiluri
darbazi. Sesabamisad, rogorc vxedavT, moculobebis sivrceSi
ganlagebis principi da garemosTan nagebobis kavSiri aSkarad
Seesabameba taZris stilistikas da emsaxureba misi grandiozulobis,
Zalisa da monumenturobis naTel gamovlinebas.
sruliad gansxvavebul arqiteqturul-sivrcobriv gadawyvetas
vxedavT aTenis akropolisis kompleqsSi, rac savsebiT mosalodneli da
bunebrivia: elinTa fsiqologia da msoflSegrZneba, religiuri,
socialuri da politikuri pirobebi, da rac CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT
sainteresoa, bunebrivi garemoc Zireulad gansxvavebulia, Sesabamisad,
gansxvavdeba arqiteqturis saxe da xasiaTic.
upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom aTenis akropolisis
Senobebi SemaRlebazea agebuli, Sesabamisad, is xazovan-frontaluri
sivrcobrivi ganlageba, romelic esoden organuli iyo egvipteSi, aq
araTu saWiro ar iqneboda, aramed ubralod SeuZlebelic. garda amisa,
borcvis forma uswormasworoa da amitom masze mdebare nagebobebi
ganlagebulia gansxvavebul doneebze, asimetriulad, rac, egviptis
mkacrad geometrizirebuli gadawyvetisagan gansxvavebiT, ufro
Tavisufal da cocxal STabeWdilebas qmnis. amave dros, es erTi
SexedviT uSualo da bunebrivi ganlageba aranakleb zustadaa
gaazrebuli da gawonasworebuli, vidre es iyo egvipteSi, magram aq es
racionaluri gaazrebuloba SeniRbulia. garemos Tavisebureba sruliad
gamoricxavs agreTve im gigantomanias, romelic axasiaTebda egviptur
arqiteqturas da sruliad ucxoa berZnuli xelovnebisaTvis _
uswormasworo borcvis zedapirze egvipturis msgavsi erTiani
grandiozuli masis ganTavseba ubralod SeuZlebelic iyo. Sesabamisad,
sivrceSi sxvadasxva zomisa da formis SedarebiT mcire, adamianuri
masStabis SenobaTa ageba, rac gacilebiT ufro axlosaa berZnul
mentalitetTan, bunebrivi pirobebiTac iyo nakarnaxevi. amave dros,
aseTi gadawyvetiT ganpirobebuli cocxali mravalferovnebis
SegrZnebas kidev ufro aZlierebs im gzis Tavisebureba, romelic unda
gaiaros aTenis akropolisis kompleqsisaken mimavalma mgzavrma:
reliefis Sesabamisad, qvemodan zemoTken, arasworxazovani, klaknili

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moxazulobis gza saSualebas iZleva arqiteqturuli kompleqsis ara
frontaluri, aramed xedvis sxvadasxva wertilebidan da sxvadasxva
perspeqtiul mdgomareobaSi aRqmisa. propileis gavlis Semdegac mTavari
nagebobisken _ parTenonisken mimarTuli moZraoba viTareba ise, rom
akropolisze ganlagebuli taZrebisagan miRebuli vizualuri
STabeWdilebebi ganuwyvetliv icvleba.
rogorc vxedavT, antikuri berZnuli arqiteqturisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli rogorc kompoziciuri, ise emociuri Tvisebebi _
cocxali silaRe, Tavisufali mravalferovneba, Sesabamisoba adamianur
masStabebTan da a.S. _ didad aris ganpirobebuli imiTac, rom
xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglis gadawyveta, misi ganlageba sivrceSi da
agreTve mnaxvelis mier misi aRqma moZraobis procesSi Seesabameba
garemos Taviseburebebs da pasuxobs mis moTxovnebs.

ganxiluli magaliTebis safuZvelze SegviZlia gamovitanoT

daskvna, rom sivrcobrivi azrovnebis Taviseburebebi Zlier aris
ganpirobebuli garemos TaviseburebebiT. amave dros, naTelia, rom esa
Tu is arqiteqturul-sivrcobrivi koncefciebi, romelTa xasiaTs didad
gansazRvravs garemo, sruliad eTanxmeba Seesabamisi arqiteqturuli
stilisa Tu mimarTulebis ZiriTad damaxasiaTebel niSan-Tvisebebs,
xolo Zeglis ganlagebis mxatvrulad srulyofili gadawyveta
aucileblad uwyobs xels misi esTetikuri Taviseburebebis ufro
naTlad da Rrmad gamovlenas. am daskvnis gaTvaliswinebiT da mis
safuZvelze Cven SegviZlia ganvixiloT, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba jvris
didi taZris arqiteqturul-sivrcobrivi koncefcia misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli `qarTuli klasikis~ stilistur Taviseburebebs.
rogorc ukve zemoT aRvniSneT, jvris ganlageba gansakuTrebulia
rogorc esTetikuri, aseve religiuri da saxelmwifoebrivi
TvalsazrisiT, da miuxedavad misi arcTu gansakuTrebuli zomebisa, igi
Zalze didi arealis vizualur dominantas warmoadgens.
swored garemoSi ganlagebis TaviseburebaTa wyalobiT misi aRqmis
saSualebebi uaRresad mravalferovania: mtkvris xeobis gayolebiT
mcxeTa _ Tbilisis monakveTze moZraobisas mgzavri sxvadasxva mxridan

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uvlis gars jvris monasters da mis Tvalwin Tanmimdevrulad
gadaiSleba taZris gansxvavebuli xedebi.
moZraobis procesSi xedvis wertilebis cvlis kvaldakval peizaJis
xiluli formebi da Zeglis maTTan kavSiri sagrZnoblad icvleba:
taZari xan aRiqmeba ZiriTadad im erTi mTis masasTan erTad,
romelzedac is aris agebuli, garSemo mTagrexelis moculobebi ki
ufro Soreul fonad moCans, xan ki, perspeqtiul cvlilebaTa
Sesabamisad, nagebobis masebi aRiqmeba mTebis grZeli talRovani
grexilis moxazulobasTan erTad. imis mixedviT, Tu romeli mxridan
vakvirdebiT taZars, icvleba agreTve misi siluetis Sexameba
garemosTan: aRmosavleTis mxridan dakvirvebisas frialo kldis
qarafze aRmarTuli nagebobis profili mkveTrad da uecrad iWreba
qveviTken, rac moZrav, dinamikur STabeWdilebas qmnis, xolo
samxreTidan da samxreT-dasavleTidan aRqmisas ki Senobis SedarebiT
ufro ganieri silueti rbilad da wynarad uerTdeba mTis damrec
kalTebs.
xedvis wertilis cvlilebis Sesabamisad icvleba Senobis fonic:
mtkvris marjvena sanapirodan, aRmosavleTidan, samxreTidan da
dasavleTidan igi aRiqmeba qvemodan zeviT da dRis nebismier monakveTSi
mkafiod ikiTxeba cis fonze. marcxena sanapiroze, ZeglTan
miaxloebisas ki igi nel-nela mnaxvelis xedvis paralelur sibrtyeSi
inacvlebs da ukve mTebis fonze aRiqmeba.
rogorc vxedavT, jvris didi eklesiis bunebriv garemoSi
ganlageba uaRresad metyveli da mravalferovania. magram igrZnoba Tu
ara mis arqiteqturul-sivrcobriv gadawyvetaSi klasikuri stilis is
konkretuli niSnebi, romlebic, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, axasiaTebs
jvris saerTo gadawyvetas? am mxriv upirveles yovlisa unda aRiniSnos
is, rom aRqmis nebismieri wertilidan, miuxedavad arsebuli xedebis
mravalferovnebisa, yovel maTgans axasiaTebs saerTo ucilobeli
Tviseba: jvris silueti yvela mxridan absoluturad zustad
Seesabameba mTis formas, imdenad, rom igi TiTqos masTan erTian
mTlianobas warmoadgens da misi odnav Secvlac ki sruliad
daarRvevda am idealur, klasikur harmonias. A

130
 imaze, rom jvris siluetis sruli Serwyma mTis konturTan
SemTxveviTi momenti ar aris, metyvelebs Semdegi faqtic: Senoba imdenad
axlosaa ganlagebuli kldis frialo kalTasTan, rom aucilebeli
gaxda mis sayrdenad xelovnuri substruqciis Seqmna. savaraudod,
nagebobis mciredi gadaadgilebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda
am momentis Tavidan acileba, rac sagrZnoblad Seamcirebda
mSeneblobis xarjebsac da sirTuleebsac, magram aseT SemTxvevaSi
sruliad daikargeboda is idealuri talRovani konturis xazi,
romelic taZars da garemos urRvev, erTian mTlianobaSi kravs.
amave dros, xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom garemosTan es Serwyma
ar gulisxmobs arqiteqturuli formis `gaqrobas~, bunebaSi
`gaTqvefvas~, misi aRqmis garTulebas _ piriqiT, taZris kristaliseburi
forma da misi ZiriTadi moculobebi xedvis nebismieri wertilidan
metad mkafiod Cans da garemos, peizaJis mniSvnelovan da ganuyofel
nawils warmoadgens. Sesabamisad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom jvris didi
eklesiis kavSirs garemosTan axasiaTebs swored is kompoziciuri
erTianoba da masTan erTad _ nawilTa damoukidebeli mniSvnelovneba,
romelic, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, klasikuri xelovnebisTvis aris
saxasiaTo.
zemoaRniSnulis safuZvelze SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom jvris didi
taZris ganlagebis Taviseburebani da garemosTan kavSiris xasiaTi
savsebiT Seesabameba mis stils _ `qarTuli klasikis~ periodis
arqiteqturis esTetikas _ da xels uwyobs misi mxatvruli arsis
gamovlenas.

magram Cndeba kiTxva: xom ar aris es erTeuli SemTxveva, ramdenadaa

SesaZlebeli am Sedegebis ganzogadeba, aris Tu ara mizanSewonili maTi
ganvrcoba sxva periodebis qarTul arqiteqturaze? imisaTvis, rom
gavarkvioT, SeimCneva Tu ara sxva istoriul etapebzec aseTive
Sesabamisoba Zeglis garemoSi ganlagebis principebsa da amave epoqebis
zogad arqiteqturul stilistikas Soris, saWiroa ganvixiliT es
problema kidev ramdenime iseTi Zeglis magaliTze, romlebic aramarto

131
metad mniSvnelovania TavisTavad, aramed agreTve sakmarisad
damaxasiaTebelia TavianTi epoqebisaTvis.
Zalze mniSvnelovania, magaliTad, Tu rogori xasiaTi aqvs Zeglis
garemosTan kavSirs meaTe-meTerTmete saukuneTa mijnaze, rodesac
qarTul arqiteqturaSi yalibdeba Zalze mkafio stilisturi niSnebis
mqone axali mimarTuleba, e.w. `qarTuli baroko~ (giorgi CubinaSvilis
terminologiiT). pirvel rigSi, upriani iqneboda, gagverkvia, Tu ras
gulisxmobda am cnebaSi misi avtori da ra niSnebiT ukavSirebda igi
Sua saukuneebis qarTuli arqiteqturis am periodis Zeglebis mxatvrul
mxares iseT termins, romelic sruliad sxva epoqaSi da sxva regionSi
Seiqmna, ra Zireuli saerTo Tvisebebi arsebobs iseTi, romlebic
saSualebas aZlevda mas, aRmoeCina stilisturi naTesaoba drosa da
sivrceSi esoden daSorebul nawarmoebebs Soris.
barokos stilis xelovnebisTvis yvelaze saxasiaTo, Zireuli
niSnebi gansakuTrebiT mkafiod aqvs Camoyalibebuli hainrix velflins
Tavis wignSi `xelovnebis istoriis ZiriTadi cnebebi. stilis
evoluciis problema axal xelovnebaSi~ (14, gv. 17-19). klasikuri
(amjerad igulisxmeba renesansuli) xelovnebisa da barokos Sedarebis
safuZvelze velflini ayalibebs am stilebis mTavari maxasiaTeblebis
xuT ZiriTad wyvils:

1. klasikuri stili grafikulia, formis sazRvrebi mkafiodaa

xazgasmuli, ris gamoc sagani gamoiyofa sivrcisgan., baroko
ki ferwerulia, sagani ukavSirdeba da erwymis garemos.
2. klasikas axasiaTebs sibrtyis mniSvnelovneba, barokos
axsiaTebs sivrcobrioba.
3. klasikuri nawarmoebis forma Sekruli, Caketilia, barokosi
ki _ Ria, gaxsnili.
4. klasikuri stilis nawarmoebSi kompoziciuri mTlianoba
miRweulia mkafiod gamoyofili, damoukidebeli
mniSvnelobis mqone elementebis kavSiriT, barokul
nawarmoebSi ki kompozicia sruliad Serwymuli da
`SeduRabebulia~.

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 5. klasika iswrafis naTeli, mkafiod struqturirebuli
gadawyvetisken, maSin roca barokos stils axasiaTebs
`vualireba~ da miniSnebebi.

rogorc vxedavT, is zogadi niSan-Tvisebebi, romlebic, velflinis

Tanaxmad, axasiaTebs klasikur xelovnebas, aSkarad ikveTeboda rogorc
jvris didi taZris gadawyvetaSi, aseve garemo sivrcesTan mis kavSirSi,
rac kidev erTxel adasturebs mis udavo kuTvnilebas am stilisadmi.
Sesabamisad, Cven SegviZlia agreTve davakvirdeT, Tu ramdenad esadageba
barokos xelovnebis ZiriTadi, zogadi maxasiaTeblebi X-XI saukuneTa
qarTuli xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebis stils da garemoSi maTi
ganlagebis princips.
am periodSi, gansxvavebiT adreqristianuli xanis an gardamavali
epoqis arqiteqturuli nawarmoebebisagan, xuroTmoZRvarTa ZiriTadi
interesis sferos warmoadgenda ara imdenad nagebobaTa axali tipebis
da axali konstruqciuli gadawyvetilebebis SemuSaveba, aramed ukve
arsebuli miRwevebisa da mignebebis safuZvelze taZris gansxvavebuli
mxatvrul-esTetikuri saxis mqone modelis Seqmna.
X - XI saukuneTa mijnaze Seqmnil mravalricxovan xuroTmoZRvrul
ZeglTa stilisturi Taviseburebebi Zalze naTladaa xorcSesxmuli
sami udidesi kaTedralis _ bagratis, alaverdisa da sveticxovlis
taZrebSi. am ZeglebTa gadawyvetaSi mkafiod gamovlinda epoqis axali
xedva da msoflSegrZneba: klasikis xanis mkacri monumenturoba da
mSvidi siZliere Seicvala swrafviT didebuli da grandiozuli da
amavdroulad dinamikuri stilisadmi. yvelaferSi igrZnoba axleburi
gadawyvetisken swrafva: gaizarda SenobaTa zomebi, amaRlda
proporciebi _ amaRlebuli gumbaTis yeli da konusuri gadaxurva
ufro zemswraf da dinamiur iers aniWebs maT, SenobaTa Semadgeneli
nawilebi kargavs damoukidebel xasiaTs da urRvev mTlianobaSi
erTiandeba. kolosaluri Siga sivrcec erTiani da Tavisufalia.
gacilebiT meti yuradReba eqceva morTulobas _ Semkuloba ara marto
ufro uxvi gaxda, aramed agreTve Seiqmna dekoris erTiani sistema,
romelic mTlianobaSi kravs eqsteriers (unda aRiniSnos, rom dekoris

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sakiTxTan damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT gamonakliss warmoadgens
alaverdi _ rogorc tipur kaxur Zegls, masac Semkulobis minimaluri
odenoba hqonda).
rac Seexeba ZeglTa garemoSi ganlagebis sakiTxs, aSkaraa, rom
samive saepiskoposo taZari sruliad gansxvavebul, magram uaRresad
saintereso gadawyvetas gvTavazobs: bagrati rionis marcxena napirze,
maRla, mTazea ganlagebuli, sveticxoveli qalaqSi, mtkvrisa da aragvis
SesayarTan (sveticxovelis ganlagebis Sesaxeb ukve gvqonda saubari
mexuTe TavSi), xolo alaverdi _ dablobze, alaznis vrceli velis
SuagulSi. magram miuxedavad aseTi gansxvavebuli mdebareobisa,
arsebobs saerTo midgoma, romelic samive kaTedralis garemosTan
kavSiris umTavres princips gamoxatavs: yoveli maTgani sruliad
batonobs garemoze (sur. 95, 96).
gansxvavebiT jvris didi taZris sivrceSi ganlagebisagan, sadac
Zegli TiTqos peizaJTan Serwymul, mis bunebriv nawils, mis
gagrZelebas warmoadgenda, meaTe-meTerTmete saukunis kaTedralebi
mkveTrad, kontrastulad gamoiyofian garemos fonze da peizaJis
absolutur dominantebs, kompoziciur centrebs warmoadgenen.
magaliTad, bagratis taZari gvirgviniviT aris aRmarTuli uqimerionis
goraze da simaRlidan amayad gadahyurebs Zvel qalaqs, xolo
alaverdis zecad aziduli silueti Soreuli kavkasionis mTebiT
garSemortymuli uzarmazari velis fonze iseve izidavs mayureblis
Tvals, rogorc beWedSi Casmuli Zvirfasi Tvali. arqiteqturul-
sivrcobrivi koncefciis aseTi xasiaTi sruliad Seesabameba im
didebul, erTian da STambeWdav stils, romelic meaTe-meTerTmete
saukuneebis qarTul sataZro arqiteqturaSi Camoyalibda.

zemoT moyvanil magaliTebSi aSkarad Cans, Tu rogor vlindeba

epoqis mxatvruli stilis Tavisebureba Sesabamisi arqiteqturuli
Zeglis bunebriv garemoSi ganTavsebisas. upriani iqneba, davakvirdeT
agreTve imasac, Tu ra saxe miiRo sivrcobrivma koncefciam XII - XIII
saukuneebSi, rodesac qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi yalibdeba sruliad
gansxvavebuli xasiaTis mqone axali stili, ufro kameruli, intimuri

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da dekoratiuli _ giorgi CubinaSvilis terminologiiT, e.w. `gviani
baroko~. am periodis xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebis zomebi gacilebiT
mcirea, vidre meaTe-meTerTmete saukuneTa kaTedralebisa, Secvlilia
nagebobaTa proporciebic: gumbaTis yeli Zalze amaRlda, xandaxan misi
simaRle TiTqmis Senobis tanis simaRlis tolia, rac maT siluets
moZrav, dinamikur, daZabul iers aniWebs. aseTi tipis Zeglebi sakmaod
mravalricxovania, magaliTad, ikorTa, beTania, qvaTaxevi, fitareTi,
wuRruRaSeni da sxv. (sur. 97, 98, 99).
am periodis ZeglTa gadawyvetaSi ukve sruliad Camoyalibebulia
qarTuli jvar-gumbaTovani eklesiisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
konstruqciuli `formula~, misi kanonikuri saxe. igi gamoirCeva
maqsimalurad kompaqturi da ubralo gegmiT, sadac marTlac mxolod
sruliad aucilebeli elementebia darCenili. bunebrivia, rom am tipis
ZeglebSi xuroTmoZRvris mTeli yuradReba eTmoba dekoratiul mxares,
uxv da Zalze rafinirebul ornaments, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba
masalis fersa da faqturas, xSiria poliqromuli efeqtebis gamoyeneba.
am periodis ZeglebSi xazgasmulia dekoratiuloba, sinatife,
eleganturoba, ferweruli da cxovelxatuli efeqtebi.
bunebrivia, rom arqiteqturuli stilis esoden Zlieri cvlileba
unda mJRavndebodes nagebobaTa garemoSi ganTavsebis mxrivac (sur. ).
marTlac, am periods axasiaTebs sakuTari, sruliad gansxvavebuli
sivrcobrivi koncefcia – igi ar warmoadgens arc Senobis, rogorc
bunebis ganuyofeli nawilis da amave dros misi maorganizebeli
elementis gamoxatulebas, rogorc es klasikis xanaSi iyo, da arc,
meaTe-meTerTmete saukunis saepiskoposo taZrebis msgavsad, bunebaze
gabatonebul didebul maxvils. `gviani barokos~, anu meTormete-
mecamete saukuneTa taZrebi umeteswilad agebulia ara yvelaze maRal
da gamosaCen adgilas an raime vrceli arealis centrSi, rogorc es
aqamde iyo miRebuli, aramed piriqiT, am drois xuroRmoZRvrebi myudro,
mofarebul adgilebs arCeven TavianTi qmnilebebis ganlagebisaTvis. am
periodis taZrebi TiTqos imalebian bunebis wiaRSi, xSirad isini mTebs
Soris moTavsebul an mTebiT garSemortymul mcire dablobebze
Sendeba, rogorc, vTqvaT, fitareTi, xolo maTken mimavali mgzavri

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xSirad mxolod maSin xedavs taZars, rodesac ukve sakmaod
miuaxlovdeba mas, rogorc es, magaliTad, beTaniis SemTxvevaSi xdeba.
aSkaraa, rom aseTi midgoma zustad Seesabameba am epoqis stilsa da
xasiaTs, mis swrafvas intimurobisa da kamerulobisaken.
ganxiluli magaliTebis safuZvelze SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom
`Tamaris epoqis~ xuroTmoZRvarTa sivrcobrivi azrovneba, romelic
arqiteqturuli ZeglisTvis Sesaferisi garemos SerCevaSi gamoixateba,
iseve srulad Seesabameba am periodis xelovnebis saerTo stils da mis
moTxovnebs pasuxobs., rogorc zemoT ganxiluli adreqristianuli
xanisa da meaTe-meTerTmete saukuneTa mijnis Zeglebi.

Sua saukuneebis qarTul arqiteqturaSi mravladaa iseTi Zeglebi,

romelTa garemoSi ganlageba uCveulo silamaziTa da romantikulobiT
xasiaTdeba, magaliTad, gergetis sameba, martvili, lagurka, martyofi
da sxv. (sur. 100). magram amjerad SevCerdebiT arqiteqturul Zeglze,
romelic aramarto gamoirCeva peizaJTan harmoniuli kavSiriT, aramed
gansakuTrebiT mkafio stilisturi niSnebiT xasiaTdeba. gremis
mTavarangelozTa eklesia XVI saukunis kaxeTis arqiteqturisaTvis
damaxasiaTebel yvela mxatvrul da konstruqciul niSan-Tvisebas
atarebs (sur. 127).
Senobis gegma sakmaod ubraloa da uwinve SemuSavebul tradiciul
sqemas imeorebs: TiTqmis kvadratuli sworkuTxedi, Sig Caxazuli
absidiT da sami sworkuTxa mklaviT, or Tavisuflad mdgom svetsa da
kedlis Sverilebze dayrdnobili gumbaTiT. aSkaraa, rom aqac iseve,
rogorc es xdeboda meTermete saukunidan moyolebuli, xuroTmoZRvris
interesis sferos ar warmoadgens axali konstruqciuli gadawyvetis
Zieba. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom meTormete-mecamete saukuneTa ZeglTagan
gansxvavebiT, aq gacilebiT naklebia interesi ornamentaciis mimarTac,
rac yovelTvis axasiaTebda kaxeTis mxaris Zeglebs. Tanac taZari
aguriTaa nagebi da Sesabamisad ornamentirebulia ara CuqurTmiT,
aramed mxolod aguris wyobiT amoyvanili isruli TaRebiTa da
jvrebiT. mTavari, rac gansazRvravs gremis mxatvrul saxes, misi
proporciebia: maRali, msubuqi, ukiduresad aziduli nagebobis silueti

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Tavisi dinamikiTa da haerovnebiT goTikis xanis arqiteqturas
mogvagonebs. am STabeWdilebas gansakuTrebiT aZlierebs is, rom
gumbaTis yelis simaRle, iseve, rogorc karviseburi gadaxurvis konusi,
Zalze gaizarda nagebobis tanTan SefardebiT, TviT Senoba ki
sagrZnoblad Seviwrovda. Sesabamisad, gumbaTi aRiqmeba, rogorc taZris
siluetis mTavari, ganmsazRvreli nawili. rasakvirvelia, gremis
taZarSi SenarCunebulia qarTuli jvar-gumbaTovani eklesiebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli masaTa safexurebrivi ganlageba, magram vertikalebi
aq imdenad xazgasmulia, rom mayureblis Tvali SeuCerelad iswrafis
zeviT, misi mzera daubrkoleblad gadadis Senobis formebis gavliT
pirdapir zecisken.
rac Seexeba gremis kompleqsis ganlagebas, igi aSkarad Zalze
gaazrebuli da amave dros STambeWdavia. mTaze agebuli
mTavarangelozTa eklesiisa da mis gverdiT moTavsebuli samefo koSkis
ormagi vertikalebi kaxeTis imdroindeli dedaqalaqis, gremis mTavar
vizualur aqcents warmoadgenda.
amave dros, unda aRiniSnos erTi Taviseburi, specifikuri momentic,
romelic gremis garemosTan kavSirs axlavs Tan. Tu jvris taZari
idealurad iyo Cawerili mTis siluetSi da mTel mTagrexilTan
ganuyofel mTlianobad aRiqmeboda, bagrati mTis damagvirgvinebel
dominantas warmoadgenda, xolo gviani barokos taZrebi garemomcveli
mTebis SigniT iyo mimaluli, gremi, romelic ufro mcire zomis da
viwro mTazea ganlagebuli, TiTqos masTan erTad iswrafis zeviT. garda
amisa, rogorc gremis gumbaTis yeli moCans ufro mniSvnelovnad
proporciulad SedarebiT mcire Senobis tanTan, aseve mTeli misi
silueti TiTqos ufro met Zalasa da mniSvnelovnebas iZens SedarebiT
momcro mTis formasTan SedarebiT.

am TavSi Cven ganvixileT qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis

ganviTarebis zogierT etapze arsebuli arqitqturul-sivrcobrivi
koncefciebi da maTi Taviseburebebis kavSiri im periodebSi arsebul
mxatvrul stilebTan. rasakvirvelia, moyvanili iyo mxolod yvelaze
mniSvnelovani, saxasiaTo da tipuri magaliTebi, radganac masala,

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romelsac iZleva am TvalsazrisiT qarTuli arqiteqtura,
mravalferovani da SeiZleba iTqvas, amouwuravia. magram mxolod
moyvanili magaliTebic sakmarisia imisTvis, rom naTlad davinaxoT, Tu
ramdenad zustad Seesabameba yoveli epoqis xelovnebis stils im
periodis xuroTmoZRvarTa sivrcobrivi azrovneba da ramdenad pasuxobs
yoveli Zeglis ganlageba mis arssa da xasiaTs, da ramdenad exmareba
garemos swori SerCeva TiToeuli nagebobis umniSvnelovanesi Tvisebebis
gamovlenas.

138
 daskvna

arqiteqturis ganviTarebis mTel manZilze, nebismier qveynebsa

da epoqebSi, xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebis bunebriv garemosTan kavSiris
mxatvruli da teqnikuri principebi metad gansxvavebuli da
mravalferovania. amitom am urTierTkavSirebis kanonzomierebebis, maTi
principebis da ganviTarebis xasiaTis dakvirveba, agreTve im momentebis
dadgena, romlebic konkretuli qveynisa da epoqis xelovnebis
stilistikidan gamomdinareobs, udavod did interess warmoadgens.
mocemul sadisertacio naSromSi swored zogierT aseT principTa da
kanonzomierebaTa gamovlenis mcdelobaa mocemuli.
aRsaniSnavia, rom garemosa da arqiteqturis kavSiris, misi
TviTmyofadi saxisa da xasiaTis Camoyalibebaze gavlenisa da ufro
farTod ki _ erovnuli fsiqologiis, kulturisa da xelovnebis
Camoyalibebaze gavlenis sakiTxi naklebadaa ganxiluli specialur
saxelovnebaTmcodneo literaturaSi, gansakuTrebiT es exeba
arqiteqturas.
arqiteqtura, rogorc adamianis esTetikur miswrafebaTa da
amave dros praqtikuli aucileblobis erTianoba, xelovnebis yvela
sxva dargTan SedarebiT, gansakuTrebiT mtkicedaa dakavSirebuli
garemos mocemulobebTan _ bunebrivi pirobebi da peizaJis
Taviseburebani xom Zlier gansazRvravs ara marto nagebobis teqnikur
mxares, aramed mxatvrulsac.
mniSvnelovania, rom es gavlena mdgomareobs ara marto
geografiuli reliefis, klimaturi pirobebis, havis, niadagis, ganaTebis
Taviseburebebisa da sxva mocemulobebis gaTvaliswinebis
aucileblobaSi. arsebobs meore momentic, romelic aranakleb
mniSvnelovania: garemos roli da misi mniSvneloba rogorc formis,
ferisa da sivrcis erovnuli aRqmis, aseve arqiteqturuli azrovnebisa
da SemoqmedebiTi praqtikis specifikis Camoyalibebaze.
mocemul namuSevarSi arqiteqturisa da garemos urTierTobis
Sesaxeb msjeloba da daskvnebis gamotana xdeba arqiteqturuli

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Zeglebis sakmaod farTo speqtris ganxilvis safuZvelze, magaliTebi
moyvanilia da gaanalizebulia ara erTi konkretuli qveynisa da epoqis
xuroTmoZRvrebis sferodan, aramed mravali sxvadasxva regionisa da
xanis kulturuli memkvidreobis saganZuridan, maT Soris rogorc
sacxovrebeli, aseve religiuri arqiteqturisa. aseTi meTodi
saSualebas gvaZlevs ufro naTlad davinaxoT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens
sxvadasxvagvari garemo da bunebrivi pirobebi arqiteqturuli formebis
TaviseburebaTa Camoyalibebaze, xelovanis aRqmisa da xedvis
TviTmyofadobasa da mxatvruli azrovnebis erovnuli maxasiaTeblebis
gamovlinebaze.
magram amave dros xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom ZiriTad
gansaxilvel masalad, safuZvlad, romelsac umTavresad eyrdnoba
msjeloba, am namuSevarSi gamoyenebulia Sua saukuneebis qarTuli
sataZro arqiteqturis nawarmoebebi, rac, sxva qveynebis saTanado
ZeglebTan paralelebis gavlebis safuZvelze, gvexmareba swored
qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebisa da bunebrivi garemos urTierTobaze
dakvirvebaSi, rac mocemuli namuSevris umTavres mizans warmoadgens.

warmodgenili sadisertacio naSromi Sedgeba Sesavlisa da rva

Tavisagan. SesavalSi saubaria arCeuli Temis aqtualurobisa da misi
mniSvnelobis sakiTxze, ganxilulia gamoyenebuli literatura,
masalebi da wyaroebi, aRwerilia kvlevis meTodebi, Camoyalibebulia
naSromis miznebi da amocanebi.

I Tavi, `garemos gavlena sacxovrebeli arqiteqturis

Taviseburebebze: awmyo da warsuli~, moicavs Semdeg sakiTxebs:

• bunebrivi pirobebi, romlebic moqmedebs

sxvadasxva qveynebis tradiciuli sacxovrebeli
arqiteqturis tipebis Camoyalibebze: reliefi, hava,
klimaturi pirobebi, ganaTebis Taviseburebani, samSeneblo
masalis tipebi da a.S.,

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 • `mwvane~ arqiteqtura da garemo: ekologiuri da
esTetikuri sakiTxebi,
• peizaJi da arqiteqturuli forma axali da
uaxlesi epoqis xuroTmoZRvrebaSi;
• arqiteqturis Teoria da garemosa da
arqiteqturis kavSiris sakiTxi.

am TavSi qarTuli da msoflio sacxovrebeli arqiteqturis

nimuSebis analizis safuZvelze vaskvniT, rom garemos, landSaftis,
bunebrivi pirobebis gavlena uaRresad seriozuli faqtoria, romelic
arqiteqturis ganviTarebis mTel manZilze mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs
ama Tu im qveynis xuroTmoZRvrebis TviTmyofad saxes. erTis mxriv,
garemo ganapirobebs praqtikuli aucileblobidan momdinare Tvisebebs _
nagebobaTa Sesatyvisobas klimatur pirobebTan da bunebriv reliefTan,
samSeneblo masalebis SerCevas, teqnikuri xerxebisa da konstruqciebis
arCevans, qalaqgegmarebis principebs da sxv. meores mxriv, igi axdens
zemoqmedebas SenobaTa esTetikur mxareze _ maT dagegmvasa da
kompoziciur gadawyvetaze, arqiteqturuli formebis saxeze,
sivrcobrivi gadawyvetis Taviseburebebze, ferisa da faqturis arCevanze
da sxv. amaze naTlad metyvelebs is magaliTebi, romlebic moyvanili
iyo sxvadasxva qveynebisa da epoqebis rogorc tradiciuli, xalxuri,
aseve saavtoro, klasikuri da Tanamedrove sacxovrebeli arqiteqturis
saganZuridan.

II TavSi, `erovnuli formis sakiTxi arqiteqturaSi~, saubaria

imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor aisaxeba garemos gavlena xelovnebis, da kerZod
arqiteqturis TviTmyofadi erovnuli saxis Camoyalibebaze, erovnuli
xedvisa da aRqmis, sivrcis, formisa da feris SegrZnebaze.
am TavSi ganxilulia Semdegi sakiTxebi:

• arqiteqturuli forma, rogorc esTetikuri

kategoria da misi ganxilva `erTa fsiqologiis” konteqstSi.;

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 • garemos gavlena formis, sivrcisa da feris
erovnuli aRqmis TaviseburebaTa Camoyalibebaze;
• xelovnebis xasiaTis ganmsazRvreli ori
ZiriTadi sawyisi (plastikuri da ferweruli) da maTi
kavSiri garemos xasiaTTan (magaliTebi: italia,
niderlandebi, Zveli saberZneTi, saqarTvelo),

am TavSi ganxiluli monacemebis safuZvelze gamotanilia

Semdegi daskvna: adamianis aRqma, maT Soris mxedvelobiTi aRqma, ar aris
raRac absoluturi, obieqturi, ucvleli, yvelasaTvis da yovelTvis
erTnairi Tviseba. adamianis Tvali aRizrdeba garemos, bunebrivi
pirobebis safuZvelze, eCveva mas. am Cvevis safuZvelze droTa
ganmavlobaSi yalibdeba gemovneba. Taobidan Taobaze, TandaTan, igi
mtkicdeba da sabolood mTeli erisaTvis organuli, sisxlxorceuli
xdeba, rac mis xelovnebaSi formis, ferisa da sivrcis grZnobis
TaviseburebaSi mJRavndeba. es niSnavs, rom garkveuli erovnebis
xelovanis Tvali da gemovneba xelovnebis nawarmoebebSi, kerZod ki
arqiteqturaSi, umeteswilad xorcs Seasxams im formebs, ferebsa da
proporciebs, romlebic masSi da mis erSi droTa ganmavlobaSi garemos
gavlenam STanerga. marTalia, geografiuli garemo ar warmoadgens
xelovnebis erovnuli xasiaTis ganmsazRvrel erTaderT ganmsazRvrel
faqtors, magram yvela ganxiluli momenti mis seriozul gavlenaze
metyvelebs.

III TavSi, `garemos gavlenasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi niSani

Zvel qarTul arqiteqturaSi~, saubaria Semdeg sakiTxebze:

• Sua saukuneebis qarTuli sataZro

xuroTmoZRvrebis ZiriTadi, tipiuri niSnebi, romlebic
ucvlelia misi ganviTarebis mTeli gzis manZilze da maTi
ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi, kerZod, bunebrivi garemos
faqtori da misi gavlena;

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 • am faqtoris specifikuri moqmedebis
gamosavlenad gavlebulia paralelebi Zveli saberZneTisa
da saqarTvelos arqiteqturasa da garemos da maTi
urTierkavSiris Sedegebs Soris.

am TavSi gamoyofilia qarTuli jvar-gumbaTovani sataZro

arqiteqturis zogadi niSnebi: funqciuroba, konstruqciuloba,
struqturis asaxva eqsterierSi, adamianuri masStabebi, masaTa
safexurebrivi ganawileba sivrceSi, dekoris TavSekavebuloba da
Zeglebis gansakuTrebiT gaazrebuli da momgebiani ganlageba. am
TvisebaTa Camoyalibebis ganmsazRvrel sxva faqtorebTan erTad,
aRniSnulia da gansakuTrebiT xazgasmulia garemos roli. paralelebi,
romlebic gavlebulia sruliad sxva periodis da sxva sarwmunoebis
qveynis arqiteqturasTan (Zvel saberZneTTan), romelsac saqarTvelosTan
saerTo mxolod bunebrivi pirobebis met-naklebi msgavseba gaaCnia
(xmelTaSua zRvis regioni, saSualod kontinenturi klimati,
mTagoriani buneba, zRva, bunebrivi sazRvrebiT gamoyofili provinciebi
da sxv.), saSualebas iZleva, gamovricxoT sxva faqtorebi da
koncentrireba movaxdinoT swored garemos gavlenaze da mis rolze.

IV TavSi, `eqsterieris gadawyvetisa da aRqmis Taviseburebani

marTlmadidebluri samyaros qveynebSi: saqarTvelo da bizantia~,
ganxilulia Semdegi sakiTxebi:

• gansxvavebani, romlebic ikveTeba saerTo

religiis _ marTlmadideblobis aRmsarebeli ori eris
arqiteqturaSi erTsa da imave istoriul epoqaSi;
• eqsterieris gadawyvetis Taviseburebani
umniSvnelovanes adreqristianul qarTul da bizantiur
ZeglebSi.

am TavSi bizantriuri da qarTuli arqiteqturis

memkvidreobidan moyvanili magaliTebis analizisa da Sedareba-

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Sepirispirebis safuZvelze gamotanilia Semdegi daskvna: miuxedavad
imisa, rom Sua saukuneebis qarTul xelovnebas mravali ram aqvs
saerTo bizantiurTan, rac ZiriTadad gamowveuli iyo saerTo
sarwmunoebiTa da am qveynebs Soris mWidro mravalmxrivi
urTierTobebis arsebobiT, mainc naTlad ikveTeba mniSvnelovani
gansxvavebani, romlebic Tavs iCens qarTulsa da bizantiur religiur
arqiteqturas Soris. konretuli Zeglebis analizisas naTlad Cans is
didi sxvaoba, romelic arsebobs rogorc samSeneblo masalebisa da
konstruqciebis, aseve mxatvruli gadawyvetis, gemovnebis, formis,
ferisa da faqturis SegrZnebis mxriv.
garda amisa, bizantiur xuroTmoZRvrebaSi, gansakuTrebiT
adreqristianuli xanidan meTerTmete saukunemde, eqsterieris problemi-
sadmi interesis ararseboba da taZris garegnuli saxis gadawyvetis
mxatvruli amocanis ugulvebelyofa, riTac igi esoden gansxvavdeba
qarTuli arqiteqturisagan, simbolur-Teologiuri xasiaTis Teoriul
safuZvelsac poulobs. Tumca savaraudod aseTi Teoriebi albaT
arsebuli realuri movlenis mizezebis post factum Ziebas ufro
warmoadgens, vidre mis realur safuZvels, radganac sxva SemTxvevaSi
igive movlena saerTo iqneboda yvela marTlmadidebluri qveynisaTvis.
magram am SemTxvevaSi CvenTvis gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovania TviT am
faqtis konstatacia, vidre misi gamomwvevi mizezebis garkveva.

V TavSi, `esTetikuri gamomsaxvelobis erovnuli

Taviseburebani somxur da qarTul arqiteqturaSi~, gavlebulia
paralelebi ori qristianuli qveynis – saqarTvelosa da somxeTis Sua
saukuneebis arqiteqturas Soris.
am TavSi ganxilulia Semdegi sakiTxebi:

• somxuri da qarTuli arqiteqturisaTvis

damaxasiaTiaTebeli zogadi msgavseba-gansxvavebani
adreqristianuli Zeglebis magaliTebze;

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 • esTetikuri gamomsaxvelobis TaviseburebaTa
ganxilva XII-XIII saukuneTa Zeglebis dekoris Sedarebis
safuZvelze.

bizantiisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac, rogorc vnaxeT,

adreqristianuli epoqidan moyolebuli XI saukunemde xuroTmoZRvarTa
interesis ZiriTad sferos warmoadgenda mxolod interieris
gadawyvetisa da gaformebis sakiTxebi, xolo nagebobis garegnuli
mxaris problema praqtikuad ugulvebelyofili iyo, Sua saukuneebis
somxur sataZro arqiteqturaSi swored eqsterierisadmi, rogorc
mniSvnelovani mxatvruli amocanisadmi yuradReba da am problemis
mniSvnelovnebis gaazreba naTlad ikveTeba ukve adreqristianuli
periodis xuroTmoZRvrul ZeglebSi, es ki SedarebiT ufro aaxlovebs
mas qarTul arqiteqturul SemoqmedebasTan.
Tumca unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom somxuri
arqiteqturuli Zeglebis eqsterierTa sistema, maTi taZrebis fasadebis
gadawyvetis konkretuli xasiaTi da forma, nagebobaTa proporciebi da
siluetebi mainc sakmaod gansxvavdeba qarTulisagan. anu, erTi
SexedviT, mezobeli xalxebis _ qarTvelebisa da somxebis mier Seqmnili
Tanadrouli nagebobebi gacilebiT naklebad kontrastulad
gamoiyureba, vidre qarTuli da bizantiuri arqiteqturuli Zeglebi,
magram aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom, miuxedavad amisa, mainc yovel maTgans
Taviseburi, TviTmyofadi saxe aqvs. arqiteqturis xasiaTSi didi sxvaoba
iCens Tavs _ konkretuli formebis mxrivac da esTetikuri
STabeWdilebis, saerTo emociuri ganwyobis mxrivac. rasakvirvelia, aq
religiurma sxvaobamac iCina Tavi, obieqturma fizikurma mizezebmac
(magaliTad, bunebaSi sxva saxisa da gansxvavebuli feris qvis
gavrcelebulobam da sxv.) da mxatvruli gemovnebis erovnulma
Taviseburebebmac. magram, rac Seexeba eqsterieris mxatvrulad mTliani
saxis Seqmnis SemoqmedebiTi amocanisadmi interess, mkafio da mtkiced
Sekruli safado sistemis Seqmnis mudmiv survils _ am punqtSi
aucileblad unda aRiniSnos swored Sua saukuneebis qarTuli da

145
somxuri xuroTmoZRvrebis naTesaoba, rac orive maTgans Zlier
ganasxvavebs bizantiurisagan.

VI TavSi, `esTetikuri gamomsaxvelobis erovnuli

Taviseburebani rusul da qarTul arqiteqturaSi”, moyvanilia
paralelebi saqarTvelosa da kidev erTi marTlmadidebluri qveynis _
ruseTis arqiteqturul Zeglebs Soris.
am TavSi ganxilulia Semdegi sakiTxebi:

• rusuli da qarTuli arqiteqturisaTvis

damaxasiaTiaTebeli zogadi msgavseba-gansxvavebani nerlis
pokrovis eklesiisa da samTavisis magaliTebze;
• garemosTan damokidebulebis sxvadasxvagvari
principebi da maTi damokidebuleba landSaftis gansxvavebul
xasiaTze.

Sua saukuneobis qarTuli da rusuli taZrebis Sedarebisas,

naTlad Cans, rom miuxedavad im saerTo Tvisebebis arsebobisa,
romlebic erTi da igive marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis
moTxovnebiTaa ganpirobebuli, mainc maTi garegnuli iersaxe, mxatvruli
da esTetikuri Tvisebebi da arqiteqturul-sivrcobrivi gadawyveta
sakmaod Zlierad gansxvavdeba, rac mniSvnelovnad ganpirobebulia
swored gansxvavebuli garemos gavleniT.

VII TavSi, `arqiteqturul-sivrcobrivi koncefciebis saxeebi~

eZRvneba imis ganxilvas, Tu rogori kavSirebi arsebobs bunebriv
garemos xasiaTsa da arqiteqturis mxatvrul saxes Soris, rogor
aisaxeba landSaftis konkretul TaviseburebaTa gavlena
xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglis masebis sivrceSi ganlagebisas, ra saxis
arqiteqturul-sivrcobrivi koncefciebi arsebobs da ramdenad
gansazRvravs qveynis garemo sivrcobrivi arqiteqturuli azrovnebis
erovnuli Taviseburebebis specifikas..
am TavSi gaanalizebulia Semdegi sakiTxebi:

146
 • garemos rolis mniSvnelovneba da misi mimaniSnebeli
magaliTebi Zvel qarTul literaturaSi
• arqiteqturul-sivrcobrivi koncefciebis saxeTa
mimoxilva.

sadisertacio naSromis am TavSi saubaria Zeglis garemoSi

ganlagebis, rogorc gaazrebuli mxatvruli amocanisadmi gansxvavebuli
damokidebulebis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva qveynebsa da epoqebSi, Sedarebuli
da gaanalizebulia is midgomebi, romlebic arsebobda barokosa da
klasicizmis epoqis arqiteqturaSi, aseve renesansisa da goTikis
periodebSi.
VII TavSi agreTve gaanalizebulia esTetikis, filosofiis,
kulturologiisa da arqiteqturis Teoriis dargebSi moRvawe cnobil
mkvlevarTa Sexedulebebi ama Tu im eris mier sivrcis aRqmis da
arqiteqturaSi misi xorcSesxmis nacionalur TaviseburebaTa Sesaxeb,
aqve ganxilulia bunebrivi garemos rolis mniSvnelovnebac ara marto
arqiteqturuli azrovnebis, aramed mTeli kulturis Taviseburi,
TviTmyofadi sulisa da iersaxis CamoyalibebaSi, moyvanilia sxvadasxva
qveynisa da kulturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli sivrcobrivi arqetipebis
magaliTebi.

VIII TavSi, `Zeglisa da garemos urTierTkavSiris principebi

qarTuli arqiteqturis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze~, saubaria imis
Sesaxeb, Tu rogor icvleba gansxvavebul istoriul etapebze
xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglisa da garemos urTierTkavSiris xasiaTi Sua
saukuneebis qarTul sataZro arqiteqturaSi. am TavSi ganxilulia
Semdegi sakiTxebi:

• Zeglisa da garemos kavSiri adreqristianuli xanis

qarTul arqiteqturaSi;
• Zeglisa da garemos kavSiri X-XI saukuneTa mijnis
arqiteqturaSi;

147
 • Zeglisa da garemos kavSiri XII-XIII saukuneTa
arqiteqturaSi;
• Zeglisa da garemos kavSiri XVI saukunis
arqiteqturaSi.

sadisertacio naSromis am nawilSi ganxilulia epoqis

arqiteqturuli stilisa da imave periodSi Camoyalibebuli
arqiteqturul-sivrcobrivi koncefciis Sesabamisobis problema.
amisaTvis gaanalizebulia adreqristianuli xanis, X-XI saukuneebis, XII-
XIII saukuneebisa da XVI saukuneTa qarTuli arqiteqturis yvelaze
TvalsaCino nimuSebi, daxasiaTebulia am epoqebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
stilis niSnebi da dakavSirebulia Zeglis garemoSi ganlagebis
TaviseburebebTan.
VIII TavSi moyvanilia agreTve ramdenime paraleli msoflio
arqiteqturis memkvidreobidan, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs, ufro mkafiod
warmovaCinoT arqiteqturul-sivrcobrivi koncefciebis sxvadasxva
saxeebi da maTi organuli kavSiri epoqisa da qveynis xelovnebis
Tavisebur xasiaTTan, vaCvenoT, Tu ramdenad uwyobs xels nagebobis
masaTa sivrceSi ganlagebis principi arqiteqturuli Zeglis stilisa
da xasiaTis TaviseburebaTa gamovlenas.

rogorc zemoT ukve aRiniSna, bunebrivi garemosa da

arqiteqturis urTierTgavlenis sakiTxebi da agreTve garemos roli
xuroTmoZRvrebis erovnuli saxisa da arqiteqturuli azrovnebis
CamoyalbebaSi da aseve arqteqturuli formisa da sivrcis aRqmis
erovnuli Taviseburebis SeqmnaSi, miuxedavad Tavisi mniSvnelovnebisa
da aqtualurobisa, praqtikulad ar aris damuSavebuli specialur
saxelovnebaTmcodneo literaturaSi. amitom warmodgenili naSromis
amocanas warmoadgens swored am sakiTxis SeZlebisdagvarad yovelmxriv,
guldasmiT da detalurad damuSaveba da gaanalizeba. unda aRvniSnoT,
rom sakiTxi sakmaod farTo da mravalplaniania, miT umetes, rom
zogierTi momentis ganxilvisas aucilebeli xdeboda ara marto
msoflio xelovnebis nimuSebis, aramed agreTve momijnave mecnierebebis

148
_ arqiteqturis Teoriis, filosofiis, esTetikis, kulturologiis,
fsiqologiis arsenalidan nasesxebi faqtebis, xerxebisa da meTodebis
moSvelieba. yovelive amis safuZvelze Cven SevecadeT, gamogvevlina is
umTavresi Tvisebebi, romlebic axasiaTebs Sua saukuneebis qarTuli
sataZro xuroTmoZRvrebis kavSirs bunebasTan, gagverkvia am
ukanasknelis roli arqiteqturis TviTmyofadi saxisa da xasiaTis
CamoyalibebaSi, specifikuri arqiteqturul-sivrcobrivi koncefciebis
SeqmnaSi xelovnebis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze da erovnuli
esTetikuri xedvis TaviseburebaTa ganviTarebaSi.
rogorc ukve iTqva, mocemuli sakiTxi metad mravalmxrivia da
iZleva imis saSualebas, rom momavalSi kvleva gagrZeldes axali
mimarTulebiT da axali aqcentebiT: ganxilul iqnas arqiteqturis sxva
dargebic, magaliTad, ufro Rrmad damuSavdes sacxovrebeli
arqiteqturis bunebasTan kavSiris momentebi, rac amjerad nawilobriv
ukve iyo gaanalizebuli, aseve Seswavlil iqnas saTavdacvo
arqiteqturis kavSiri bunebasTan. garda amisa, saintereso da aqtualur
mimarTulebas warmoadgens agreTve Tanamedrove epoqaSi arsebuli
mdgomareobis gamokvleva arqiteqturisa da garemos kavSiris
TvalsazrisiT da sxv.

149
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 sailustracio masala

1.centraluri afrika, tradiciuli sacxovrebeliafrikuli qoxi

2. tradiciuli arabuli saxli

3. tropikuli zonis saxli

4. tradiciuli rusuli saxli `izba

5.TaRovani galereebi, bolonia 6.domusis tipis saxli

7.jakobsis saxli 2 , f.l. raiti

8.tradiciuli saxli, islandia

9. Satili

10. `vila savoi~, le korbuzie

11.tradiciuli saxli, indonezia

12. tradiciuli saxli, CineTi

13.oda saxli
14.svaneTi

15.darbazi

16.gvirgvini
17. dedaboZi 18. proeqti , `fasadebis krebuli~

19. `miwieri xomaldi~, m.reinoldsi

20. `nautilusi~, miwieri xomaldi

 21. miwieri xomaldi-interieri 22. miwieri xomaldi-interieri

23. nautilusi~, meqsika h. senosiani

24. iglu
25. `saxli tyeSi”, k. sejima

26. sent-meri-eqsi”, An. fosteri 27. dinamikuri Senobebi, d. fiSeri

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30. xelovnebis saxli venaSi. f. hundertvaseri

31. abukiris oazisi, p. blani 33. `kasaBbatlo.~, a. gaudi

32. `sarkeebiani saxli~ 34. guelis parki, a. gaudi

35. kaufmanis saxli. f.l.raiti

36. preriis stilis saxli. f.l. raiti

37. `dumfarebis kunZuli~ , v.kalebo

38. sacxovrebeli saxli, elzasi

39.zulusebis sofeli
40. italiis xedi 41. `wm. avgustine~ b.-gocoli, (fragm)

42. italiis xedi 43. `mogvTa Tayvaniscema”, girlandaio (fragm)

44. holandiis xedi 45. peizaJi, art van der neeri

46. holandiis xedi

47. peizaJi, ian van goieni

48. holandiis xedi 49. zRvis xedi. ian van goieni

50. santa kroCe, florencia 51. kiolnis taZari, germania

52. jvris didi eklesia 53. gremi

54. sveticxoveli
55. sveticxoveli (interieri)

56. sveticxovlis xedi )dm. ermakovi)

57. saberZneTis peizaJi 58. saberZneTis peizaJi

59. aTenis akropolisi

60. gala placidias mavzoleumi

61. gala placidias mavzoleumi, interieri

62. santa konstancas eklesia

63. santa konstancas eklesia, interieri

64. wm. irines eklesia

65. wm. sergisa da baqos eklesia

66. wm. sergisa da baqos eklesia. interieri

67. aia sofia

68. aia sofia.interieri

69. wm. rifsimes taZari 70. wm. rifsimes taZari gegma

71. wm. rifsimes taZari gumbaTi 72. jvris didi eklesia.

 73 jvris monasteri 74. harij avanqi

75. harij avanqi

76. keCaris katogike

77. ovhanavanqi 78. gndevanqi

79. goSavanqi 80. vagramaSeni

81. samTavisi
82. pokrovis eklesia nerlze 83. pokrovis eklesia nerlze

84. pokrovis eklesia nerlze

85. pokrovis eklesia nerlze

86. wm. giorgis taZari, staraia ladoga

87. aTenis akropolisi 88. vila d’este

89. kipresis vila 90. versalis baRebi

91. jvris ganlageba sivrceSi

92. jvris ganlageba sivrceSi 93. jvris ganlageba sivrceSi

94. jvris ganlageba sivrceSi 96. bagratis taZari

95. alaverdi
97. beTania

98. pitareTi

99. qvaRaxevi
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101. gremi