lia metreveli

irma xurcia-andriaZe

g a v l e n i s
f s i q o l o g i a

Tbilisi
2021
 redaqtori - profesori qeTevan giorgibiani

recenzentebi: profesori roza gafrindaSvili

profesori giorgi ziraqaSvili

foto: o.ciskariSvili

©Cemi gamomcemloba, 2021

yvela ufleba daculia

ISBN 978-9941-9674-2-9

Copyright © 2021 lia metreveli, irma xurcia-andriaZe

yvela ufleba daculia

©„Cemi gamomcemloba”
Tbilisi, saqarTvelo
tel: +995 555 400 662; +995 599 214 682
el-fosta: mypublishinghous@gmail.com
 winasityvaoba
saxelmZRvanelo „gavlenis fsiqologia“ studen-
tebs saSualebas miscems, daeuflon codnas social-
ur-fsiqologiuri gavlenis Sesaxeb.
am naSromis mkiTxveli gaecnoba socialuri gav-
lenis mniSvnelobas da fsiqologiuri gavlenis sfer-
oebs; Seityobs Tu ratom aris adamiani mgrZnobiare
gavlenisadmi; ra kanonzomierebiT xorcieldeba gavle-
na, ra mniSvneloba aqvs adamianis pirovnebad Camoyali-
bebaze ojaxis, komunikaciis, tradiciis, folkloris,
masmediis zemoqmedebas; Tu rogor daicva Tavi sxvisi
negatiuri zegavlenisgan da ra faqtorebi ganapirobe-
ben pozitiur gavlenas; Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs pozi-
tiur azrovnebas, emociuri inteleqtis ganviTarebas,
cxovrebis sazrisis arsebobas da rwmenas adamianis
cxovrebaSi.
saxelmZRvanelos pirvel TavSi ganxilulia sak-
iTxi - adamiani socializaciis procesSi.
socializacia individis socialur garemoSi in-
tegraciis process warmoadgens - damkvidrebuli norme-
bis, wesebis, Rirebulebebis, codnis, unarebis da ufleb-
is saSualebiT. aRniSnuli faqtorebis codna adamians
SesaZleblobas sTavazobs sazogadoebaSi warmatebuli
funqcionirebisTvis. amgvarad, socializacia individis
garemomcvel samyarosTan adaptaciis procesia. soci-
umSi adaptacia adreul asakSi iwyeba da yoveli adami-
anisTvis gansxvavebulad mimdinareobs.
 meore Tavi eZRvneba fsiqologiuri gavlenis Zir-
iTad kanonzomierebebs.
saxelmZRvaneloSi ganxiluli meqanizmebis codna
SesaZleblobas iZleva rogorc sxvisi gavlenisagan
Tavis dasacavad, aseve sxvaze efeqturi zegavlenis gan-
saxorcieleblad. yoveli adamiani maT sakuTari pirovnu-
li Tvisebebis da Rirebulebebis Sesabamisad iyenebs.
mesame TavSi zegavlenis sakiTxi axsnilia dimi-
tri uznaZis ganwyobis zogadfsiqologiuri Teoriis
TvalsazrisiT.
ganwyobaaris fsiqikuri mdgomareba, romelic war-
marTavs adamianis qcevas. is individis mTlianobis safuZ-
velia. ganwyoba yovelwamierad aerTianebs individis
yvela SegrZnebas, grZnobas, Cvevas, unars, instiqts, azrs,
mixvedras, damokidebulebas, survils, mizans. es yove-
live erTianad ganlagdeba, moTxovnilebisa da garemos
Sesabamisad iRebs mimarTulebas da aRZravs da gana-
pirobebs qcevas.
gavlenis efeqturoba damokidebulia Tavad adami-
anis ganwyobaze.
meoTxe TavSi ganmartebulia komunikaciis mniS-
vneloba.
socializaciis procesSi adamiani swored komu-
nikaciis saSualebiT erTveba. komunikacia sociumSi
mimdinareobs da adamianTa erToblivi moRvaweobis auci-
lebeli pirobaa.
sadac komunikaciaa, iq aris gavlenac. komunikacia,
rogorc gavlenis mZlavri saSualeba moqmedebs rogorc
adamianze, aseve socialur garemoze da ganapirobeb-
sarsebul sinamdviles.
4
 mexuTe TavSi aRwerilia ojaxis roli da fun-
qciebi pirovnebis ganviTarebaSi.
ojaxs uwodeben mcire saxelmwifos. saxelmwi-
fos siZlieres swored Zlieri ojaxebi ganapirobeben.
ojaxi asrulebs udides rols rogorc calkeuli
pirovnebis, aseve mTeli sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi.
ojaxi warmoadgens yvelaze mniSvnelovan social-
ur garemos. yoveli adamiani bavSvobidan anu im ojaxi-
dan modis, sadac daibada da gaizarda; sadac iswavla
azrovneba, emociebis gamoxatva da garkveuli qceviTi
strategiebi.
meeqvse TavSi asaxulia tradiciebis socialur-
fsiqologiuri gavlena.
tradicia, uZvelesi droidan dawyebuli vidre Tan-
amedrove epoqamde, uzrunvelyofs adamianis garemo
pirobebTan da sociumTan adaptacias. is, rogorc Rire-
bulebiTi orientiri, samyaros xdis „Cvenad“; gvidgens
cxovrebis garkveul wesebs, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, gan-
sazRvraven eris TviTSegnebas.
yvelaze uZvelesi da mniSvnelovani tradicia -
es aris qarTuli sufra, romelic winamdebare naSrom-
Si fsiqologiuri da religiuri TvalsazrisiT aris
warmoCenili.
meSvide TavSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia zRapris
fenomenze, rogorc gavlenis mniSvnelovan saSualeba-
ze.
zRapari, xalxis mier Seqmnili, erTdroulad indi-
vidualuri da koleqtiuri azrovnebis da Semoqmedeb-
is mxatvruli nayofia. individualuri aris imdenad,
ramdenadac mas erTi mezRapre mogviTxrobs, koleqti-
5
uri - ramdenadac is Taobidan Taobas gadaecema da
gzadagza, drodadro axal-axal siuJetur ganviTare-
bas iZens.
zRapari arasodes yofila mxolod xalxis gasar-
Tobi saSualeba, aramed sazogadoebaze yovelTvis mor-
aluri da zneobrivi zegavlenis matarebeli gaxldaT.
zRaprebze izrdebodnen da dResac izrdebian Taobebi.
merve Tavi Tanamedrove samyaros ganuyofeli
atributis- reklamis istoriis da fsiqologis aRw-
eras daeTmo.
reklama adamianis fsiqikaze da Sesabamisad qcevaze
moqmedebs aramxolod gare samyaros Sesaxeb infor-
maciiT, aramed Tavad adamianis faseulobebis, mentali-
tetis, moTxovnilebaTa Secvlis gziTac. Tanamedrove
samyaroSi, sadac reklama cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis
ganuyofel nawilad iqca, adamians marTebs, rac SiZleba
meti icodes reklamis zemoqmedebis meTodebze, raTa
Tavi daicvas misi negatiuri zegavlenisgan. aseve saWiroe-
bis SemTxvevaSi is sasargeblod gamoiyenos .
mecxre Tavi gavlenis yvelaze mZlavri saSualeb-
is- masmediis socialur-fsiqologiur gavlenas ganix-
ilavs.
mediafsiqologiuri Teoriebis: kultivaciis, so-
cialuri daswavlis, agresiuli miniSnebis da kaTarzi-
sis Teoriis safuZvelze aRwerilia, Tu rogor zemo-
qmedebs media sazogadoebaze, rogor cvlis qcevas da
axdens sazogadoebrivi azris formirebas.
masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebidan zemoqmedebis
gansakuTrebuli siZlieriT gamoirCeva televizia.

6
 meaTe TavSi gaecnobiT sakiTxs - televiziis gav-
lena adamianis fsiqo-emociur mdgomareobaze.
ganuwyveteli negatiuri informaciebiT daxunZ-
luli satelevizio axali ambebi warmoadgenen stre-
sorebs, romlebic sazogadoebaSi stresis dones maRla
sweven.
mediastresi - amgvard aris Sefasebuli fsiqol-
ogebis mier is mdgomareoba, romelic sazogadoebaSi
Seqmna televiziam da romelTanac gamklavebas garkveu-
li strategiebis codna sWirdeba.
TviTSefasebas da mis formirebas eZRvneba sax-
elmZRvanelos meTerTmete Tavi.
TviTSefaseba - es aris sakuTari „me-s“ Sesaxeb
Camoyalibebuli subieqturi SefasebiTi damokidebuleba,
romelic exeba Sinagan resursebs, pirovnul Tvisebebs
da garegnobas. TviTSefaseba gavlenas axdens adamianis
rogorc guneba-ganwyobilebaze, aseve qcevaze. is gan-
sazRvravs Cvens SesaZleblobebs, cxovrebis xarisxs da
aqedan gamomdinare, Cvens adgils -sazogadoebaSi.
adekvaturi TviTSefaseba gvicavs negatiuri ze-
gavlenisgan; aseve gvaZlevs SesaZleblobas viyoT pozi-
tiuri gavlenis gamavrceleblebi.
meTormete TavSi aRwerilia fsiqologiuri keTil-
dReobis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi.
fsiqologiuri keTildReoba adamianis ara mxolod
fsiqikuri, aramed fizikuri janmrTelobis sawindaria.
es gancda warmoadgens adamianSi fizikuri, inteleqtu-
aluri, emociuri, socialuri da sulieri ganzomilebe-
bis integracias.

7
 mecnierma kerol rifma kvlevebze dayrdnobiT
daasaxela rigi faqtorebi, romlebic gansazRvraven
fsiqologiur keTildRobas. esenia: TviTmimRebloba,
avtonomiuroba, pozitiuri pirovnuli urTierTobebi,
garemos marTvis unari, cxovrebiseuli miznebi, pirovnu-
li zrda. maTi ganviTareba aris piroba imisa, rom
adamianma xeli Suwyos imgvar cxovrebiseul movle-
nebs, romlebsac sixaruli da bedniereba moaqvT.
mecamete TavSi ganmartebulia pozitiuri gavle-
nis da pozitiuri azrovnebis mniSvneloba.
pozitiuri gavlena adamianis keTildReobas em-
saxureba. dadebiTi zemoqmedebis Sedegad pirovnebas
SeuZlia sakuTari Sinagani Zalebis mobilizeba, resurse-
bis realizeba, problemebis gadaWra da sazogadoebis
ganviTarebaSi wvlilis Setana.
mniSvnelovani sakiTxia gavlena fsiqoTrerapiaSi,
romelic axsnilia meToTxmete TavSi.
fsiqoTerapia - es aris mkurnalobis meTodi, romel-
ic Tavis samkurnalo iaraRad iyenebs pozitiur
fsiqologiur zemoqmedebas da sityvas. misi mizania
klientis azrovnebis, kogniciis ganviTareba da adekva-
turi qcevis daswavla.
sxvadasxva Terapiuli midgomebi moRvaweobis pro-
cesSi gansxvavebul meTodebs iyeneben, magram arsebobs
cnebebi da miznebi, romlebic saerToa yoveli maTgan-
isTvis.
saxelmZRvanelos ukanasknel meTxuTmete TavSi -
religia da fsiqologia - ganmartebulia, religiis,
rogorc cxovrebis sazrisis gavlena adamianis pirovnul
ganviTarebaze.
8
 religiisa da fsiqologiis daniSnulebaa, daexma-
ros adamians, i povos pasuxi kiTxvaze: - vin var me ?! -
da am gziT moi povos sulieri simSvide.
arsebobis miznis gansazRvra rogorc religiaSi,
iseve fsiqologiaSi, yovelTvis iyo da iqneba adamianis
mTavari daniSnuleba.
sazrisis Ziebisken swrafva pirovnebis Zireuli
mamoZravebeli Zalaa.
uflis rwmena, imedi, siyvaruli, locva, madliereba
- adamianis cxovrebas sazriss sZens.
rwmenas moaqvs namdvili sixaruli da yofierebis
sisavse.
rwmena, SeiZleba metaforulad ganvixiloT, rogorc
pirovnebis cxovrebis sazrisis mravalferovani CarCo,
romelSic garkveul movlenebs ganaTavsebs da axsnas
upovis.
saxelmZRvanelos - „gavlenis fsiqologia“ - kar-
gad SeswavliT studentebs SesaZlebloba eqnebaT, win
aRudgen nebismier negatiur zemoqmedebas; pozitiuri
gavlenis mimarT ki iyvnen gaxsnilebi da racionalure-
bi.

9
 I Tavi. socialuri gavlenis arsi
adamiani socializaciis procesSi

adamiani socialuri arsebaa. amis Sesaxeb jer kidev

Zveli berZeni filosofosi aristotele werda. msof-
lioSi cnobil moazrovnes miaCnda, rom Tu adamians
sociumSi yofnis moTxovnileba ar gaaCnia, is an aras-
rulfasovania an - zeadamiani. am mosazrebiT, filoso-
fosi yvelaze gonieri arsebis socialur bunebaze miu-
TiTebda.
socialuri buneba gadajaWvulia usafrTxoebis
moTxovnilebasTan, radgan sociumSi adamiani Tavs dac-
ulad, usafrTxod grZnobs; aseve aRiarebis da TviTaq-
tualizaciis moTxovnilebebTan, vinaidan individi
pirovnebad swored sociumSi socializaciis proces-
Si yalibdeba.
socializacia warmoadgens individis socialur
garemoSi integraciis process; damkvidrebuli normebis,
wesebis da Rirebulebebis, codnis, unarebis da ufleb-
is gziT, rac mas saSualebas sTavazobs sazogadoebaSi
warmatebuli funqcionirebisTvis. amgvarad, social-
izacia individis garemomcvel samyarosTan adaptaciis
procesia, romelic adreul asakSi iwyeba da yoveli
adamianisTvis gansxvavebulad mimdinareobs. adaptaciis
procesi martivi ar aris. sabolood, yoveli adamiani
egueba im socialur garemos, romelSic imyofeba.
socializacia aris socialuri procesebis er-
Toblioba, romlis saSualebiT adamiani iTvisebs cod-
nas, dawesebuli normebisa da Rirebulebebis garkveul
10
sistemas, rac mas SesaZleblobas aZlevs, imoqmedos,
rogorc sazogadoebis srulfasovanma wevrma.
socializaciis process warmarTaven sxvadasxva
socialuri sistemebi: ojaxi, jgufi, saganmanaTleblo
sfero, ekonomikuri sistema, media, samarTlebrivi sistema;
aseve ena, erovneba, religia.
socializacia gulisxmobs garemomcvel samyarosTan
urTierTqmedebisas adamianisgan viTarebis process.
ganixileba ganviTarebis 3 faza:
pirveli etapi - socialuri faseulobebis da
normebis aTvisebaa, ris Sedegad individi swavlobs,
Tu rogor moergos sazogadoebas, rom masTan, rogorc
erT mTlian organizms, ise warmoadgendes.
meore etapi - moicavs individis swrafvas saku-
Tari personis damkvidrebisTvis, TviTaqtualizacias
da sazogadoebis sxva wevrebze gavlenis moxdenas.
mesame etapi - gulisxmobs adamianis integrirebas
konkretul socialur jgufSi, sadac is avlens saku-
Tar pirovnul Tvisebebs da SesaZleblobebs.
socializaciis procesi adreuli bavSvobidan iw-
yeba, cxovrebis sxvadasxva etaps moicavs da sicocx-
lis bolomde grZeldeba.
cnobilma mecnierma erike riqsonma SemogvTavaza
fsiqo-socialuri ganviTarebis 8 stadia, romelic so-
cializaciis procesSi mimdinareobs.
pirveli stadia - ndoba an undobloba
wlamde asaki, Cvilobis periodi, rodesac gadamw-
yveti mniSvneloba eniWeba, kmayofildeba Tu ara Cvi-
lis moTxovnilebebi, saTanadod zrunaven Tu ara masze,
gamoxataven Tu ara siyvaruls moferebiT da alersiT.
11
arsebobis pirveli wlisTavze bavSvi yalibdeba samya-
rosadmi ndobis an undoblobis gancdiT, romelic Zir-
iTadad dedis gavleniTaa ganpirobebuli.
meore stadia - avtonomiuroba an sakuTar Sesa-
ZleblobebSi daeWveba, romelic mTeli meore wlis
ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba. am periodSi dauflebuli
gonebrivi da motoruli unarebis saSualebiT bavSvs
damoukidebeli moqmedebis survili uCndeba. mSoblebi
avtonomiurobis gancdas xels uwyoben, Tu Svils Tavis-
ufali, amasTan safrTxis gamomricxavi arCevanis saSu-
alebas aZleven, umizezod ar zRudaven an Zalas ar
atanen. fexis adgmasa da laparakis dawyebasTan erTad,
farTovdeba bavSvis mier Seswavlili sivrce. am sta-
diaze zedmetma SezRudvam an iseT mamoTxovnebma, rom-
lebic mis realur SesaZleblobebs aRemateba, Sesa-
Zloa bavSvi daaeWvos sakuTar unarebSi an daukargos
moqmedebis xalisi.
mesame stadia - iniciativa an danaSaulis gancda
es stadia 3-dan 6 wlamde periods moicavs. ini-
ciativa da pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba maSin viTardeba,
roca mSobeli xels uwyobs SvilSi miznis dasaxvis
axlad ganviTerebul survils. safrTxe Cndeba maSin,
roca mSobeli misgan gadaWarbebul TviTkontrols
moiTxovs da uxSobs iniciativas. aseT SemTxvevaSi,
bavSvi danaSaulis grZnobiT rCeba.
meoTxe stadia - kompetenturoba an arasrulfa-
sovnebis gancda. es safexuri skolis asakis, kerZod 6-
dan 10 wlamde periods moicavs. am dros, mSoblebTan
erTad didi mniSvneloba eniWeba maswavleblebis damok-
idebulebas, vinaidan am stadiis warmmarTveli bavSvis
12
SromasTan damokidebuleba da miRebuli SedegiT kmay-
ofilebaa, rac damokidebulia ufrosebis Sefasebaze.
mexuTe stadia - identoba an identobis aRreva
mozardobis xanis krizisi dakavSirebulia TviT-
gamorkvevasTan. cvlilebis am etapze mozardisTvis
avtoritets warmoadgens ara mSobeli, ara maswavlebe-
li, aramed Tanatoli. am periodSi mniSvnelovania swored
megobrebTan urTierToba, maTi siyvaruli da aRiareba.
sakuTari identobis Camoyalibebis procesSi Tu mSo-
beli exmareba mozards moTminebiT da siyvaruliT, rom
Camouyalibdes adekvaturi TviTSefaseba, maSin is ax-
erxeb spirovnul identifikacias;
mozardi eZebs pasuxebs kiTxvebze: vin aris da ra
adgili unda daimkvidros sazogadoebaSi? arCeul Rire-
bulebebs da profesiul miznebs pirovnuli identi-
ficireba moaqvs. am periodSi Tu ver moxerxda momav-
lis konturebis moxazva, amas Sedegad SesaZloa rolebis
aRreva mohyves.
meeqvse stadia - intimuroba an izolirebuloba
axalgazrdobis xana - rodesac adamianis mTavari
sazrunavia sxvebTan siaxlove an izolirebuloba;
umTavresi mizani ki meore adamianTan siaxlove da
misTvis grZnobebis, azrebis, moqmedebebis gaziarebaa.
amgvari urTierToba gulisxmobs zogierTi pirovnu-
li prioritetis daTmobas, pasuxismgeblobis aRebas
da meore adamianis damoukideblobis garkveuli xarisxiT
SenarCunebas.
Tu es etapi ver gadailaxa, adamiani izolaciaSi
aRmoCndeba, uWirs sxvebTan harmoniuli urTierTobebis
damyareba.
13
 meSvide stadia - qmnadoba anu Zraoba
saSualo asakis periods moicavs, romelic so-
cialuri zrdis Semdeg SesaZleblobas gulisxmobs. es
iqneba bavSvis aRzrda, sxva adamianebze zrunva, nayofi-
eri Sroma Tu pirovnuli ganviTareba.
am stadiaze warumatebloba adamians mniSvnelovan
daRs asvams; produqtulobis, sxvebisTvis sasargeblo
saqmianobis nacvlad sakuTar TavSi iketeba.
merve stadia - pirovnuli mTlianoba an sa-
sowarkveTileba, xandazmulobis xana, rodesac asako-
vani adamiani kmayofilia ganvlili cxovrebiseuli gziT
an sasowarkveTilia imis gamo, rom miznebi ver ganax-
orciela, sakuTari misia ver Seasrula, rom cxovrebam
fuWad Caiara.
amgvarad, individis fsiqoemociuri ganviTareba,
romelic cxovrebis sxvadasxva etaps moicavs, social-
izaciis kvaldakval mimdinareobs da rTuli da daus-
rulebeli procesia.

socialuri roli, rogorc gavlenis

instrumenti

individi cxovrebis nebismier etapze ganicdis so-

cialur gavlenas. miuxedavad imisa, rom adamiani mud-
mivad sakuTari Tavis Secnobis da TviTaRzrdis pro-
cesSia, is umetesad sxvebs akvirdeba da xSirad saku-
Tar qcevebs da Sexedulebebs amgvarad gamoimuSavebs.

14
 socializaciis procesis Tanamdev faqtors war-
moadgens socialuri gavlena. sociumi gavlenas axdens
sakuTar wevrebze. socialuri gavlena yvelganaa da
yvelaze mudmivad moqmedebs. zemoqmedebis uwyveti na-
kadi qmnis erTgvar energetikul vels, sadac yoveli
adamiani erTdroulad gavlenis rogorc - subieqts,
ise - obieqts warmoadgens.
socialuri gavlenis sami specifikuri sferos
ganixilaven. esenia:
interpersonaluri, - rodesac zemoqmedeba mcire
jgufSi mimdinareobs. es SeiZleba iyos ojaxi, samezo-
belo, samegobro wre, kolegebi.
specializirebuli - am dros gavlena gamiznul
konkretul auditoriaze xorcieldeba.
mediasivrce - misi zemoqmedeba xorcieldeba mTel
sazogadoebaze.
Semecnebis bazisuri moTxovnileba, adamians aiZu-
lebs Tvali adevnos samyaroSi mimdinare movlenebs;
gaecnos qveynis SigniT Tu gareT momxdar saintereso
faqtebs. masmedia, faqtobrivad, warmarTavs Cvens yoveld-
Riur cxovrebas. rac ufro izrdeba informaciis mi-
wodebis tempi da masStabebi, miT ufro metad Zlier-
deba misi gavlena adamianis fsiqikaze.
socialur fsiqologiaSi erTmaneTisgan ganasxvaveben
gavlenas da zegavlenas.
socialuri procesebis gavlenas adamianze, romelic
aramizanmimarTulad, cnobieri miznis gareSe mimdinare-
obs, aRiniSneba terminiT socialuri gavlena; xolo
interpersonalur urTierTobebs, romelic cnobieri

15
zegavlenis mizniT xorcieldeba, socialuri zegavle-
nis terminiT moixsenieben.
socialuri gavlenis yvela forma da sfero indi-
vids samyaroSi garkveul rols sTavazobs. yoveli
roli Seicavs Sesabamis valdebulebebs da uflebebs.
roli moiazrebs nimuSs, warmoadgens normaTa wyebas,
Tu rogor unda iqceodes mocemuli socialuri mdgo-
mareobis adamiani. es aris standartizebuli upirovno
rolebi, romlebic dafuZnebulia uflebebsa da mova-
leobebze, imis da miuxedavad, vin asrulebs am rolebs.
akvirdeba ra socialur rolebs, adamiani swavlobs
qcevis socialur standartebs, swavlobs sakuTari Tavis
garedan Sefasebas da TviTkontrolis ganxorcielebas.
ganasxvaveben socialuri rolebs saxeebis mixed-
viT:
- oficialuri socialuri rolebi - asocirdeba
socialur statusTan, profesiasTan an sazogadoebrivi
saqmianobis saxeobasTan (studenti, pedagogi, gamyidve-
li, mZRoli)
- interpersonaluri rolebi - Camoyalibebuli
pirovnuli urTierTobis Sedegad, romlebic regulirdeba
emociur doneze (sayvareli Svili, mteri, kerpi);
- socialur-demografiuli rolebi: qmari, coli,
deda, qaliSvili, Svili, SviliSvili
- genderuli rolebi: (qali da mamakaci) bi-
ologiurad
winaswar gansazRvrulid aqcevis specifikuri wina-
pirobebiT, romlebic daculia socialur normebsa da
wesebSi.

16
 rolebs aseve ganasxvaveben maxasiaTeblebis mixed-
viT. am niSniT maTi klasifikacia SemogvTavaza amerikelma
sociologma talkotparsonsma.
pirveli - rolis masStabs gulisxmobs - zogi-
erTi roli SeiZleba mkacrad Semoifarglos, zogi ki
maStaburia. magaliTisTvis, colisa da qmris rolebi
ufrom ravalferovan qceviT da emociur diapazons
moicavs, vidre gamyidvelis da myidvelis.
meore - miniWebuli da miRweuli rolebi. mag.
adamiani, romelic ibadeba da izrdeba garkveuli so-
cialuri statusiT anu roliT, romelic ergo da
pirovneba, romelic eufleba garkveul profesias, anu
moi povebs rols.
mesame - formalobis mixedviT - roli SeiZleba
Semoifarglos mkacrad dadgenil CarCoebSi warmarTu-
li qceviT da roli, romelic scdeba formalur urT-
ierTobas.
meoTxe - motivaciis mixedviT - motivacia damok-
idebulia adamianis saWiroebebsa da motivebze. sxva da
sxva rols gansxvavebuli motivi aqvs. erT rols Sesa-
Zloa piradi mogeba warmarTavdes, meores - sazogadoe-
brivi sikeTe.
mexuTe - emociuroba - zogierTi roli (magali-
Tad, eqTani, eqimi an policieli) moiTxovs emociebis
Sekavebas im situaciebSi, romlebsac Cveulebriv Tan
axlavs Zlieri grZnobebi (magaliTad, daavadeba, tanjva,
sikvdili, sasowarkveTileba).
cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi, adamiani mraval rols
asrulebs. is Tavisi unarebis da miswrafebebis safuZ-
velze cdilobs garkveuli socialuri rolis morge-
17
bas. sazogadoeba Tavis mxriv, maTi saqminobis mixedviT
aniWebs rolebs; rolis miRebamisadmi identifikaciaSi
gamoixateba. adamiani Tavs aigivebs miRebul rolTan.
roli adamianze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens.
axali rolis aTvisebam SeiZleba didi wvlili Seit-
anos adamianis SecvlaSi, qcevis axali modelebis Camoy-
alibebaSi. adamiani iZulebulia imoqmedos gansxvavebu-
lad, axali rolis safuZvelze.
rolis gavlena kargad aris naCvenebi cnobili
amerikeli mecnieris fili p zimbardos stenfordis
cixis eqsperimentSi. eqsperimentatorma sagangebod
improvizirebul cixeSi moxalise studentebis ganSe-
qmna e.w. tusaRebis jgufi, romelTac aseve moxalise
studentebis meore jgufi icavda. zedamxedvelTa ro-
lis Semsruleblebs Caacves specialuri forma, aR-
Wurves xelketebiT, gaumWvirvale saTvaleebiT, sas-
tvenebiT da misces instruqcia, romliTac disci pli-
na unda daecvaT. patimrebis rolis Semsrulebeli stu-
dentebi moaTavses saknebSi, Caacves uxeSi tansacmeli
da damamcirebeli samuSao daavales.
eqsperimentis mizani iyo imis garkveva, Tu ra iwvevs
cixeebSi sastik urTierTobebs: damnaSave Tu mcveli?!
Tu zedamxedvelisa da patimris rolebi ayalibebs maT
Soris araadamianur damokidebulebas?!
pirveli saxaliso dRis Semdeg, roca ukve yvelam
gaiTavisa sakuTari roli, mdgomareoba daiZaba. cdis
pirebma zedamxedvelebis rolSi daiwyes e.w. patimreb-
is damcireba. „zedamxedvelebi“ ufro da ufro sas-
tikni xdebodnen „patimrebis“ mimarT, isini igonebdnen
maTTvis autanelad damamcirebel wesebs. ris Sedega-
18
dac, „patimrebi“ ajanydnen. „dacva“ maT sastikad gaus-
worda. „tusaRebi“ sasowarkveTilebaSi Cacvivdnen. mdgo-
mareoba damZimda da umarTavi gaxda. ori kviriT dageg-
mili eqsperimenti, eqsperimentatoris gadawyvetilebiT
meeqvse dRes Sewyda.
eqsperimentis Sedegad dadginda, rom garkveuli
rolis miRebas da Sesrulebas imdenad Zlieri gavlena
gaaCnia, rom rolisadmi identifikacias iwvevs.
socialuri roli adamians cvlis, magram sazoga-
doebrivi cxovreba mravali roliTaa daxunZluli.
adamianis gadasawyvetia, ramden da romel rols moir-
gebs. pirovnebis identoba mis mier Sesrulebul rols
Seesabameba. garda amisa, rac meti rolia adamianis qce-
vis rezervuarSi, is miT ufro nayofierad moqmedebs
samyaroSi. rolebis mravalferovneba sasargeblo fun-
qcias asrulebs sociumSi warmatebuli adaptaciis pro-
cesSi.

19
 II Tavi. fsiqologiuri gavlenis
ZiriTadi kanonzomierebani
pirdapiri da iribi gavlena

fsiqologiuri gavlena ufro farTo cnebaa, vidre

socialuri gavlena. kerZod, fsiqologiur gavlenaSi
moiazreba gacilebiT meti raodenobis faqtebi, agreTve
sagnebi da movlenebi, vidre socialur zegavlenaSi.
fsiqologiuri gavlena SeiZleba xorcieldebodes
rogorc pirdapiri direqtiuli, aseve faruli miniS-
nebis meTodebiT. pirdapiri da iribi gavlena, rogorc
aRvniSneT, erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba zemoqmedebis me-
TodebiT. pirdapiri gavlenis meqanizmebia darwmuneba
da Cagoneba. pirdapiri Ria gavlenis Sedegebi aseve
pirdapir, Riad aRiqmeba. am dros, mani pulatori
miznad isaxavs miaRwios garkveul konkretul Sedegs
zemoqmedebis obieqtisgan.
iribi gavlenis produqtia „gadadeba“ da „mibaZ-
va“. „mibaZva“ iribi gavlenis gacnobierebuli Sedegia.
gadadeba ki, es aris adamianis gaucnobierebeli, uneburi
mimbaZveloba. Tu pirdapiri zemoqmedebisas adamiani Riad
emorCileba mani pulatoris mowodebas ganaxorcielos
garkveuli qmedeba an iazrovnos Sesabamisad, iribi gav-
lenisas, is faruli zemoqmedebis msxverplia. magaliT-
isTvis SeiZleba moviyvanoT reklama, rodesac sarekla-
mo siuJetSi romelime nivTs iyenebs mayureblisTvis
sayvareli adamiani, msaxiobi, telewamyvani, sportsmeni,
es sagani uceb mayureblisTvisac saWiro xdeba. e.w.
20
gadadebis magaliTebia: modas ayola, sportSi Cabmada
a.S.
amerikeli fsiqologi robert Caldini Tavis cno-
bil wignSi „gavlenis fsiqologia“ aRwers efeqturi
zemoqmedebis meTodebs, romlebic garkveul fsiqologiur
kanonzomierebebs eqvemdebarebian.
mecnierma SemogvTavaza Semdegi meqanizmebi, rom-
lebic gavlenis process warmarTaven:
Tanmimdevruloba /stereoti puli azrovneba/ - cno-
bierebis crurwmena, romlis mixedviT Tu adamiani erTxel
ukve kargad nacad qcevas mimarTavs, warmatebas miaRw-
evs.
urTierTgacvla /migeba/ - am wesis Tanaxmad, Tu
vinme rames gikeTebT, sanacvlod Tqvenc unda gaisar-
joT misTvis.
socialuri mtkicebulebebi - rodesac adamiani
gadawyvetilebebs ukve arsebul socialur mtkicebule-
bebze dayrdnobiT iRebs.
keTilganwyobis efeqti - vinc mogvwons, isini ad-
vilad gviyolieben.
deficiti - yvelaferi gamoiyureba ufro Rirebu-
lad, risi miRebis SesaZlebloba SezRudulia.
avtoritetis gavlena - upirobo mimRebloba, sak-
uTar pasuxismgeblobaze uaris Tqma.
es meqanizmebi TavisTavd kargia da ara cudi; swored
maTi efeqturoba gvxdis gavlenisadmi mgrZnobiares.
adamianebi maT sakuTari pirovnuli Tvisebebis da
Rirebulebebis Sesabamisad iyeneben.

21
 avtoritetis gavlena

ra SeiZleba mohyves avtoritetisadmi brma da

upirobo morCilebas, amis TvalsaCino magaliTia cno-
bili amerikeli fsiqologis stenli milgremis labo-
ratoriuli eqsperimentebis seria, romelic gasuli
saukunis 60-ian wlebSi Caatara.
avtoritetisadmi damorCilebis 19 eqsperimentSi
1000-ze meti cdispiri monawileobda. milgremi eqs-
perimentSi monawileobis msur- velebs sagazeTo gancx-
adebebis saSualebiT agrovebda: mosaxleobis sxvadasx-
va fenis warmomadgenlebs, qalebs da mamakacebs, ga-
nurCevlad asakisa, saqmianobis da ganaTlebis donisa.
stenli milgremis eqsperimenti erT-erTi cen-
traluria Tavisi mniSvnelobiT ara mxolod adamianis
konformuli bunebis warmoCenis da avtoritetisadmi
damorCilebis TvalsazrisiT, aramed Tavisi zogadf-
siqologiuri mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare.
milgremis eqsperimentis arsi mdgomareobda Sem-
degSi: cdispi-rebs, saWiroebidan gamomdinare, sxva ad-
amianze zemoqmedebis mizniT, unda gamoeyenebinaT sxva-
dasxva Zabvis eleqtrodeni. cdispirebi, rom¬lebic
TavianTi surviliT monawileobdnen mocemul eqsperi-
mentSi, darwmunebulebi iyvnen, rom sakuTari wvlili
SehqondaT daswavlis procesis da mexsierebis gaum-
jobesebis samecniero kvlevaSi. eqsperimentatorma isini
daarwmuna, rom aRniSnuli kvlevis mizans warmoad¬genda
imis garkveva, Tu rogor moqmedebda sasjeli mexsiere-
baze; SesaZlebeli iyo Tu ara dasjis da Seqebis Tana-

22
fardobiT daswavlis, damaxsovrebis procesis gaum-
jobeseba.
cdispirebs, romelTac moswavlis roli mieniWaT,
sjidnen isini, visac maswavleblis roli daekisraT.
maswavleblis rolis Semsruleblebs ganemartaT eqs-
perimentis wesi, romlis mixedviTac moswavlis rolis
Semsruleblis mier daSvebuli TiToeuli Secdomis
Semdeg, Zabva ufro Zlieri unda gaexadaT iqamde, vidre
e.w. moswavleebi ar miaRwevdnen sasurvel Sedegs da
masalas uSecdomod ar gadmoscemdnen.
eqsperimentatori, soliduri garegnobiT da TeTr
xalaTSi gamowyobili, cdispirebs acnobda wesebs, awes-
rigebda rolebis ganawilebas da maswavleblis rolis
Semsruleblebs miTiTebebs aZlevda, rom saguldagu-
lod SeesrulebinaT maTze dakisrebuli davaleba;
rogorc ki isini iwyebdnen yoymans an cdilobdnen
gamoeTqvaT gansxvavebuli azri, eqsperimentatori umateb-
da Zabvis maCvenebels. eqsperimentatori moswavlis yove-
li Secdomis sapasuxod iTxovda maswavleblisgan
gaezarda eleqtroSoki 15 voltiT. es moqmedeba gr-
Zeldeboda iqamde, vidre cdispiri ar Sewyvetda
eqsperimenta¬toris anu „avtoritetis“ zemoqmedebi-
sadmi morCilebas da davale¬bis Sesrulebaze uars ar
ityoda.
eqsperimenti imgvarad iyo dagegmili, rom maswav-
leblis rolis Semsrulebeli cdispiri ijerebda, rom
igi eqsperimentatoris brZanebis SesrulebiT tkivils
ayenebda, tanjavda da SesaZloa sikvdilis pirasac ki
mihyavda udanaSaulo adamiani. eqsperimentis dawyebam-
de TiToeul cdispirs 45 voltis Zabvis eleqtroSo-
23
ki miayenes, raTa warmodgena hqonodaT, Tu ra siZli-
eris tkivils iwvevda igi. aRsaniSnavia, rom maswavle-
blis rolis Semsruleblebi iyvnen namdvili cdispirebi,
xolo moswavlis rolSi cru cdispiri iyo. is gaxl-
daT sasiamovno garegnobis, daxvewili manerebis mqone
Suaxnis asakis mamakaci, romelic gulSeRonebuli war-
moTqvamda, rom mas guli awuxebda, magram garkveuli
fuladi anazRaurebis gamo, gadawyvita monawileoba mieRo
aRniSnul proceduraSi. mamakacs, iqve, gverdiT oTaxSi
„eleqtro skamze“ abamdnen. maswavlebeli masTan Sida
sakomunikacio qselis saSualebiT urTierTobda. mas-
wavleblis rolis Semsrulebeli cdispiri ver xedav-
da moswavlis rolis Semsrulebels, amasTan sinamd-
vileSi „moswavles“, ra Tqma unda, deni ar urtyamda,
magram mis mier denis gaSvebis Semdeg, mas esmoda winaswar
Cawerili xmebi-mzardi ukmayofilo reaqcia „moswav-
lis“ mxridan.
eqsperimentis mixedviT, moswavle valdebuli iyo
daemaxsovrebina dawyvilebuli sityvebi da Semdeg dae-
saxelebina wyvilidan erTi romelime sityva. moswav-
le winaswar iyo gafrTxilebuli, rom SecdomiT war-
moeTqva sityvebi. Secdomis daSvebas „maswavlebelic“
mxridan dauyovnebliv mohyveboda eleqtroSokis gamoy-
eneba, rome¬lic yovel jerze izrdeboda. msxverplis
protesti izrdeboda Zabvis matebasTan erTad. 75
voltze „maswavlebels“ esmoda „moswavlis“ kvnesa,
150 voltze „moswavle“ uars ambobda eqsperimentSi
monawileobaze da gaTavisuflebas iTxovda, 180 voltze
moswavle yviroda, rom veRar uZlebda tkivils, 300
voltze ki ufro metad uwevda xmas da moTqvamda, rom
24
es metismeti iyo da mokvdeboda. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
„maswavlebeli“ Seyovndeboda an uars ityoda ufro
Zlieri eleqtroSokis gamoyenebaze, eqsperimentatori
iyenebda standartul frazebs: „Tu SeiZleba, gaagrZe-
leT“, „eqsperimenti moiTxovs, rom ganagrZoT“, „Zalian
mniSvnelovania, rom gaagrZeloT“, „arCevani ar gaqvT,
unda ganagrZoT“, yvela problemas sakuTar Tavze viReb,
gaagrZeleT“. am frazebis meSveobiT is qmnida Zlier
situaciur gavlenas namdvil cdispirebze anu maswav-
leblis rolis Semsruleblebze.
eqsperimentis Sedegebma molodins gadaaWarba.
stenli milgremi da misi kolegebi fiqrobdnen, rom
eqsperimentis monawileTagan mxolod 1% Tu gaimeteb-
da moswavlis rolis Semsrulebels maqsima luri
voltisTvis anu TiTqmis sikvdilisTvis, sinamdvileSi
namdvil cdispirTa 63%-ma gadawia ukanaskneli gadam-
rTvelic da misi azriT, moswavlis rolis Semsrulebels
miayena 450 voltis zomis eleqtroSoki. es eqsperi-
menti sxva da sxva qveyanaSi gaimeores da msgavsi
Sedegebi miiRes. stenli milgremis eqsperimenti Tavi-
si Sina¬arsiT da SedegebiT cxadad aCvenebs adamianis
qcevaze avtoritetze daqvemdebarebulobis da zogadad
situaciuri faqtorebis Zlier gavlenas. es Sedegebi
dResac Zalze STambeWdavi da sayuradReboa, Tumca Se-
maSfoTebeli.
avtoritetisadmi upirobo morCilebis da mimRe-
blobis faqtebi istoriaSi mravlad aris. mecnierebma,
socialuri gavlenis sfe¬roSi, gamoarCies adamianuri
resursebi, romelTa amoqmedeba iwvevs damorCilebis
tendenciis Semcirebas.
25
 pirveli, es aris sakuTari pasuxismgeblobis gac-
nobiereba - adamianma unda icodes, rom nebismier Sede-
gze pasuxs agebs Tavad da ara sxva vinme;
meore - situaciis Seswavla, informaciis gaanal-
izeba, codna imisa, ra zRvramdea morCileba da mimRe-
bloba SesaZlebeli;
mesame - avtoritetis motivebis gansazRvra.
am strategiebis codna avtoritetis zegavlenis-
agan met-naklebad dagvicavs. aRmoCnda, rom adamianebi,
romlebic ecnobian socialur-fsiqologiur kvlevebs,
ician meti maT Sedegebze, ufro mgrZnobiareni xdebian
im fenomenebis da faqtebis mimarT, romlebic aRweril-
ia kvlevebSi. am codnis gaTvaliswinebiT, isini axerx-
eben Secvalon TavianTi qceva. damorCilebis proble-
mebTan dakavSirebiT imedovneben, rom am procesis cod-
nas SeuZlia gazardos winaaRmdegobis gawevisunari.

aracnobieri gavlena

gavlena xSir SemTxvevaSi arcnobierdeba. gauc-

nobierebeli gavlena gacilebiT ufro Zlieria, vidre
gacnobierebuli.
aracnobieri - es aris fsiqikis nawili, romlis
zemoqmedebis Sedegad adgili aqvs fsiqikur aqtivobas,
ris Sesaxebac adamianma araferi icis. arsebobs eqsper-
imentuli kvlevebi, romlebic adastureben, rom infor-
macia Cvens azrebsa da qcevaze ise axdens gavlenas, rom
SeiZleba Cven verc ki gavacnobieroT. Cvens cnobiere-
26
baSi aRmocendeba azrovnebis Sedegi da ara procesi.
aqedan gamomdinare, Cven SeiZleba verc ki SevamCnioT da
gavacnobieroT is stimulebi, romlebic Cvenze zemo-
qmedeben, Sesabamisad cvlian Cvens azrebs, emociebs da
qcevas.
adamianze aracnobieri zegavlenis Sesaxeb uZvele-
si droidan, jer kidev egvi ptur da Zvel berZnul
civilizaciebSi msjelobdnen.
aracnobieri zegavlenis fenomenis Seswavla da
mecnierul CarCoSi moqceva zigmund froidis saxelTanaa
dakavSirebuli. misi Teoriis Tanaxmad, garkveuli cx-
ovrebiseuli gamocdileba - travmuli mogonebebi da
tabuirebuli survilebi - imdenad SiSis momgvrelia,
rom specifikuri mentaluri procesebi permanentulad
devnian maT cnobierebidan. rodesac miuRebeli ideebi
da motivebi gandevnilia, anu cnobierebis farglebs
miRmaa, gandevnil azrebTan asocirebuli Zlieri gancdebi
isev inarCuneben TavianT Zalas da zegavlenas axdenen
qcevaze.
zigmund froidma aRwera, rom cxovrebis mraval
aspeqtSi adamiani aracnobierad moqmedebs. is Tavad
ver acnobierebs, Tu ra motiviTaa ganpirobebuli da
warmarTuli misi qceva. mecnieri saubrobs fsiqikuri
determinizmis Sesaxeb, rac warmoadgens daSvebas, rom
yvela fsiqikuri da qceviTi reaqcia gansazRvrulia
adreuli gamocdilebebiT. froidma adamianuri fiqre-
bis, grZnobebis da moqmedebebis aracnobieri determin-
izmis cneba adamianis moRvaweobis centrSi moaTavsa.
misi azriT, qceva SesaZloa motivirdes ltolvebiT,
romelTa Sesaxebac adamianma araferi icis. arsebob-
27
sqcevisaSkaraSinaarsi - ras vambobT, ras aRviqvamT, ras-
vakeTebT, romelTa Sesaxebac Cven sruli codna gvaqvs,
magram arsebobs aseve faruli, latenturi Sinaarsic.
froidi aracnobierisaken mimaval „samefo gzad“
sizmars miiCnevda. adamiani yovel dRe ganicdis cno-
bierebis Rrma cvlilebas, magaliTad, rodesac iZinebs,
xedavs sizmars. am dros, sxeuls sZinavs, magram tvini
ganagrZobs aqtivobas.
sxva da sxva zogad fsiqologiur TeoriaSi mec-
nierebi aracnobieris fenomenis Sesaxeb sxva da sxvag-
var midgomebs gvTavazoben. aracnobiers ganmartaven
Semdegi mimdinareobebi: biheviorizmi, qcevis ganmtkice-
bis Teoria, fsiqoanalizuri Teoria, ganwyobi sTeoria.
froidis Teoriis zogierTi aspeqti damuSavda da
gaumjobesda empiriuli kvlevebis Sedegad. aracnobieriT
warmarTuli moqmedeba yovelTvis ar aris aragonivru-
li an nevrotuli.
Tuki janmrTeli, magram ubralod yoveldRiuri
rutinisagan gadaRlili adamiani daxuWavs Tvalebs da
warmoidgens misTvis sasiamovno karg suraTs, magali-
Tad mzi sCasvlas zRvaSi, foTlebis Srials, Citebis
WikWiks da a.S. - misi fsiqo-emociuri mdgomareoba
umjobesdeba. mis mier gonebaSi warmodgenili poziti-
uri suraTi yovelgvari cnobieri Zalisxmevis gareSe
moaxdens gavlenas mis emociur fonze. es gavlena ar
kontroldeba, Cven mxolod SegviZlia misi Sedegebi
ganvixiloT. rogor mimdinareobs es gavlena?! ra Tqma
unda, - gaucnobierebelad. Tu Cven gvsurs ganvixiloT
fsiqikisis sfero, sadac msgavsi gaucnobierebeli pro-
cesebi mimdinareobs, vsaubrobT aracnobierze.
28
 aracnobier sferos ganekuTvneba Cveni Cvevebi, Cveuli
SiSebi Tu gatacebebi anu is yvelaferi, rac gaucno-
biereblad xorcieldeba. aracnobieri sferos nawilia
Cveni gamocdilebebi; Cveni warmatebebis Tu warumate-
blobebis Sesaxeb Senaxuli sqemebi; swori da aras-
wori gadawyvetilebebis, sevdiani da mxiaruli movle-
nebis da gancdebis, gansxvavebuli cxovrebiseuli mo-
qmedebis suraTebi. gamocdilebebi miRwevis, swavlis,
gamarjvebis Tu problemebis gadalaxvis, romlebic jer
kidev Cveni bavSvobidan iwyeba da grovdeba mTeli cx-
ovrebis ganmavlobaSi. maTi meSveobiT ganpirobebuli
Cveni qcevebi ukve Cveul rutinaSi gadadian da gamodi-
an Cveni cnobierebis sferodan. aracnobieris am gamov-
linebas miakuTvneben aseve SemoqmedebiTi procesebis
meqanizmebs, romelTa wyalobiTac vqmniT mxatvrul nawar-
moebebs: musikas, mxatvrobas.
nebismier mocemul situaciaSi mravalgvari stim-
uliT varT garSemortymulni. maTgan Cven mxolod
nawilze vamaxvilebT yuradRebas. raze vfokusirdebiT
da romeli mniSvnelovani movlenebi gagvicocxldeba,
metwilad damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra gagvaCnia cno-
bierebaSi. Tumca xandaxan SesaZloa imgvari infor-
maciis aracnobieri reprezentacia ganxorcieldes,
romelic ar moiazreboda yuradRebis centrSi. Cven
aracnobieri informaciis arsebobas maSin vafiqsirebT,
rodesac ar Segvwevs unari avxsnaT qceva cnobieri
Zalebis moqmedebiT.
aracnobieri mniSvnelovani fsiqikuri fenomenia,
romelic gavlenas axdens Cvens azrebze, emociebze da
qcevaze.
29
 III Tavi. zegavlena ganwyobis
zogadfsiqologiuri Teoriis
TvalsazrisiT
d. uznaZe Tavis samecniero naSromSi „ganwyobis
fsiqologiis eqsperimentuli safuZvlebi“, ganixilavs
ganwyobis fenomenis aracnobier bunebas da kritiku-
lad aanalizebs froidis Teoriis aracnobieris kon-
cefcias. qarTveli mecnieri Secdomad miiCnevs, rom
cnobier da aracnobier fsiqikur procesebs Soris
gansxvaveba mxolod imaze daiyvaneba, rom pirvel maT-
gans cnobiereba axlavs Tan, meores ki ara. d. uznaZis
azriT, Secdoma iqneboda imis mtkiceba, rom amiT yve-
laferi amoiwureba. cnobieri procesebis garda adami-
anis fsiqikaSi arsebobs kidev raRac, rac cnobierebis
Sinaarsi aRaraa, magram mimarTulebas aZlevs adamianis
qcevas. es fsiqikuri realoba aris ganwyoba, romelic
yovel cocxal organizmSi realobasTan urTierTobis
procesSi yalibdeba da vlindeba. Tu adamianSi raime
aracnobieri fsiqikuri procesi mimdinareobs, is ganw-
yobad unda CaiTvalos, anu aracnobier ganwyobad aris
miCneuli.
ganwyobis TeoriaSi aracnobieris sakiTxi ar aris
mxolod negatiuri niSniT daxasiaTebuli, rogorc
mxolod cnobierebas moklebuli qceva. is pozitiur
mniSvnelobas iZens. aracnobieri fsiqikuri movlena
individis aqtivobis donis ganwyobaa, romelic Tavis
TavSi moiazrebs qcevis ganxorcielebisTvis saWiro
faqtorebs: moTxovnilebas, Sesaferis sagnobriv garem-
30
os da operatiul unarCvevebs, romelTa safuZvelzec
SesaZlebeli xdeba mizanSewonili qcevis ganxorcieleba.
ganwyobisTvis ar aris saWiro misi gancda, ganwy-
oba TavisTavad axorcielebs mizanmimarTul qcevas, radgan
Tavis TavSi aerTianebs rogorc Sinagan moTxovnilebas,
ise garemos. swored, garemos zegavleniT da mis Sesaf-
erisad iRebs ganwyoba imdenad Camoyalibebul saxes,
rom qcevis aRZvra da warmarTva SeZlos. adamiani ki
ufro xSirad verc acnobierebs, rom swored, sakuTari
ganwyobiT moqmedebs.
individis ganwyoba mis dabadebasTan erTad Cndeba
Tandayolil moTxovnilebaTa safuZvelze. igi Tanda-
Tan viTardeba, ganawevrdeba, zogjer Tvlems (Rrma Zi-
lis da msgavs mdgomareobebSi), sifxizleSi ki aqti-
uria da ganuwyvetliv qmedebaSia, iazrebs ra Tavis
SemadgenlobaSi gaRviZebul moTxovnilebas da ergeba
ra marad cvalebad garemos. ganwyoba SeiZleba iyos
rogorc situaciurad Camoyalibebuli, aseve ufro myari,
individis dispoziciuri mdgomareoba. ganvsazRvroT
orive maTgani:
situaciuri, igive aqtualuri ganwyoba, TviTon
sityvis mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, aris ganwyoba,
romelic mocemulia aq da axla, maSasadame, mocemuli
droisTvis aqtiuri, amoqmedebuli ganwyoba. Sesabamis-
ad, aqtualuri ganwyoba warmarTavs subieqtis moqmede-
bebs da ganapirobebs mis mdgomareobas mocemuli droi-
saTvis. amgvarad, igi aris yoveli qcevis win individis
fsiqikaSi Camoyalibebuli mTliani individuri mzaoba
am konkretuli qcevisTvis. am ganwyobis safuZvelze
individi axorcielebs mizanSewonil qcevas.
31
 sazogadod, ganwyoba aracnobieri fsiqikuri mov-
lenaa da axasiaTebs ara marto subieqts, aramed zogadad,
fsiqikis mqone yovelgvar individs, yvela cocxal
organizms.
situaciuri ganwyoba warmoiqmneba 3 faqtoris
safuZvelze:
1. individis moTxovnileba (Sidafaqtori)
2. am moTxovnilebis Sesaferisi viTareba, romel-
ic am moTxovnilebis Sesabamisadaa aRqmuli - situa-
cia (garefaqtori)
3. individis instrumentuli fsiqo-fiziologiuri
anu operaciuli SesaZleblobani/unar-Cvevebi/
ganwyoba SesaZloa iyos droebiTi, xanmokle, situ-
aciaze damokidebuli, romelic situaciis cvlilebasTan
erTad advilad dauTmobs adgils sxva ganwyobas da
Sesabamisad, misi gavlenac dasustdeba.
dispozicia - (dis+pozic-laT. dispositio mowy-
obili, gawyobili) - ganlageba, mowyoba, gawyoba. fsiqo-
logiaSi: individis sulis „ganlageba“ anu myarad fiq-
sirebuli, Rrma, naklebcvalebadi ganwyoba, rac am indi-
vidis maxasiaTebelia, misi xasiaTi, dispoziciebi faru-
ladaa Senaxuli fsiqikaSi da saWiroebisas gaaqtiur-
deba, CaerTvis ra mimdinare ganwyobis SemadgenlobaSi.
dispoziciuri ganwyoba situaciuri ganwyobis
mravaljer warmatebiT moqmedebisa da ganmtkicebis
Sedegad, an erTjeradad warmatebis moqmedebis Sedegad
miiReba, Tuki am warmatebas individisTvis Zalian didi
subieqturi mniSvneloba aqvs. an zogadad, Zlieri gam-
aRizianeblis zemoqmedebiT (magaliTad, erTxel xanZar-
Si moxvedrisas adamians uZlierdeba SiSi xanZris mima-
32
rT). aseve xdeba fiqsirebis aRkveTa warumatebeli
qcevebis Sedegad. yvela SemTxvevaSi, mTavari ganmamtki-
cebelia Tanmxlebi siamovnebis grZnoba, xolo aRmkve-
Ti-usiamovnebis. xangrZlivi dafiqsirebis gamo, dis-
poziciuri ganwyobam dgrad dispoziciur mdgomareo-
bad iqceva.
rogorc vxedavT, aqtualurisgan gansxvavebiT dis-
poziciuri ganwyoba ukvalod ar qreba. is ufro Rr-
mad aris warmodgenili subieqtis aracnobierSi da
imyofeba latentur mdgomareobaSi. bunebrivia, garda
im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac Sesabamisi gareviTarebis gav-
leniT xdeba misi gaaqtiureba da amoqmedeba. igi ad-
vilad aqtualizirdeba, safuZvlad edeba individis
situaciur ganwyobas da e.i. qcevas.
aqtualuri ganwyoba yovelTvis asimiliaciurad
moqmedebs - situaciurad aRmocendeba da emsgavseba
viTarebas; Tuki individi moxvdeba iseT viTarebaSi,
romelic hgavs gamocdilebaSi Senaxuls an instiq-
turad Tandayolils, maSin ganwyoba yalibdeba swored
iseve, rogorc adre, msgavs viTarebaSi, gamocdilebaSi
Senaxuli mimarTulebiT. ufro xSirad es amarTlebs
da individs axorcielebinebs swraf da amasTan mi-
zanSewonil qcevas.
warmatebis SemTxvevaSi dispoziciuri ganwyoba kidev
ufro ganmtkicdeba, xolo marcxis an Seusabamobis
SemTxvevaSi, warmoiSveba kontrastuli iluzia. magal-
iTad, roca axali viTareba mxolod zereled, ara arse-
biTad hgavs Zvels, maSin ganwyobiseuli asimilaciuri
qmedeba xdeba Secdomebis, iluziebis da mcdari mizan-
Seuwoneli qcevis mizezi.
33
 kontrastuli iluzia xels uwyobs axali situ-
aciisTvis Seuferebeli dispoziciuri ganwyobis difer-
enciacia-Sesworebas, gaucnobierebladac ki.
amgvarad, ganwyobas Tavadve aqvs saSualeba, rom
amgvari acdenis SemTxvevaSi, met-naklebad swrafad Se-
icvalos da moergos axlebur viTarebas. es ganwyobis
daxvewiT, kerZod, Sinagani diferenciaciiT miiRweva, rac
aris gamocdilebis gamdidrebis fsiqologiuri Sinaarsi.
e.i. amgvar SemTxvevebSi mcdar asimilacias mohyveba
akomodacia.
amisgan gansxvavebiT, asimilaciuri iluzia war-
moiqmneba ukve nacnob msgavs situaciaSi moxvedrisas,
Tu gansxvaveb amciredia, ganwyoba imsgavsebs situacia-
Si arsebul obieqtebs da ukve Camoyalibebul sqemebSi
aTavsebs, xolo Tu gansxvaveba didia, kontrastuli
iluzia warmoiqmneba.
SeiZleba iTqvas, asimilaciuri qmedeba da kon-
trastuli iluzia aris ganwyobis moqmedebis mTavari
kanonzomiereba, romelic warmarTavs adamianis gancdebs,
yoveldRiur cxovrebas, azrovnebas, yofas.
dispoziciuri ganwyobaTa mtevnebi, TavianTi siR-
rmiseulobidan gamomdinare, adamianis pirovnulobis
arsebiTi ganmsazRvrelia, pirovnebis dispoziciuri max-
asiaTebelia da Sesabamisad, ganmasxvavebeli niSan-Tvise-
bacaa. adamianis warmodgenebi, molodini, samyaros su-
raTi, SiSebi Tu kompleqsebi, miswrafebebi - es arasru-
li siaa im fsiqikuri realiebisa, romlebic uSua-
lodaa dakavSirebuli Sesabamis fiqsirebul ganwyobebTan
an maT mtevnebTan da ganpirobebulia maTi meSveobiT.

34
 dispoziciuri ganwyobaTa mniSvnelovani nawili
aRzrdis procesSi yalibdeba. bavSvobis da mozard-
obis periodSi xdeba ojaxisa da sazogadoebisaTvis
sasurveli dispoziciebis Camoyalibeba.
jansaRi individis qceva da gancdebi arasdros
araa garemo zemoqmedebaze ubralo reaqcia. garemo
Taviseburad gadaasxvaferebs individis ganwyobas da
garemo mxolod ganwyobis SualobiT eZleva individs.
aseve individis arcq ceva da arc gancda uSualod ar
mimdinareobs, aramed - mxolod ganwyobiseulad.
ganwyoba aris is fsiqologiuri arsi, romelic
individis mTlianobis safuZvelia. ganicdis da mo-
qmedebs mTliani cocxali individi - ganwyobiT war-
marTuli (da ara misi calkeuli Zalebi). ganwyoba
yovel wams aerTianebs individis yvela SegrZnebas,
grZnobas, Cvevas, unars, instiqts, azrs, mixvedras, damok-
idebulebas, survils, mizandasaxvas. es yovelive er-
Tianad ganlagdeba, moTxovnilebisa da garemos Sesabam-
isad iRebs gezs da qcevas aRZravs da warmarTavs.
akademikosma SoTa nadiraSvilma Tavis samecniero
naSromSi - „ganwyobis anTropuli Teoria“ - ganwyoba
axal safexurze aiyvana da amiT meti SesaZlebloba
mogvca vikvlioT adamianis buneba. adamiani ganwyobis
anTropul TeoriaSi, iseve rogorc qristianul anTrop-
ologiaSi, warmoadgens samyaros gvirgvins da gaaCnia
ganuwyveteli ganviTarebis unari. adamianis ganviTare-
ba, damokidebulia ganwyobaTa fsiqikur doneebze. S.
nadiraSvilma ganmarta ganwyobis sami fsiqikuri done:
individis, subieqtis da pirovnebis, romlebic monawi-

35
leoben fsiqikur procesSi da gansazRvraven adamianis
qcevas, Tavad adamians.
ganwyobis pirveli fsiqikuri done, rogorc aRvniS-
neT, individis donea. am ganwyobis mqone adamiani momar-
Tulia mxolod sasicocxlo moTxovnilebebis dakmay-
ofilebisken /SimSili, wyurvili, Cacma-daxurva da a.S./
da axasiaTebs impulsuri qceva. aseTi adamiani, bune-
brivia, advilad eqceva sxvisi gavlenis qveS.
ganwyobis meore anu subieqtis done aRmocendeba
maSin, roca adamianisTvis sakmarisi ar aris mxolod
vitaluri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba da fsiqikur
procesSi cnobiereba da azrovneba erTveba, anu momx-
marebeli individi Semmecnebeli subieqti xdeba. am dros,
adamiani swavlobs ara mxolod garemos, aramed saku-
Tar Tavsac da iZens mizanSewonili qcevisTvis saWiro
unar-Cvevebs. fsiqikuri aqtivobis pirvel doneze, anu
individis doneze, Tu adamianSi dominirebs impulsuri
qceva, meore doneze, is ara avtomaturad, aramed gacno-
bierebulad moqmedebs. roca adamianis fsiqikur pro-
cesSi CarTulia cnobiereba, azrovneba, Semecneba, mas
meti SesaZlebloba aqvs Tavi daaRwios nebismieri sax-
is negatiur zegavlenas.
ganwyobis mesame da yvelaze maRal safexurs war-
moadgens pirovnebis done, roca adamiani moqmedebs ma-
Rali RirebulebebiT da gamoirCeva nebelobiTi qceviT.
cocxali individi sinamdvilis momxmarebelia,
romelic Tavis sacicocxlo amocanebs emsaxureba.
subieqti sinamdvilis Semmecnebelia, igi exmareba indi-
vids sasicocxlo amocanebis gadawyvetaSi. pirovneba
ki Tavisufali da Semoqmedi sulieri arsebaa. is ar
36
iyenebs garemos saTavisod. piriqiT, amdidrebs mas ma-
terialuri da sulieri RirebulebebiT. amsxvrevs ste-
reoti pebs, icavs mxolod misTvis faseul Rirebule-
bebs, azrovnebs da moqmedebs cnebebiT.
pirovneba araTu eqceva garemos zegavlenis qveS,
aramed Tavad qmnis axal sinamdviles.

37
 IV Tavi. komunikaciis mniSvneloba
komunikaciis zogadi ganmarteba

komunikacia - Tavad termimini laTinuri sityvidan

momdinareobs da dakavSirebas niSnavs. es aris kavSiri
or an met adamians Soris informaciis gacvlis mizniT.
komunikacia aseve moiazrebs urTierTobas azrebis,
emociebis, qceviTi normebis gaziarebis safuZvelze.
komunikacia warmoadgens moqmedebis rTul da uwyvet
mimdinareobas.
socializaciis procesSi adamiani swored ko-
munikaciis saSualebiT erTveba. da vinaidan komunika-
cia sociumSi mimdinareobs, adamianTa erToblivi moR-
vaweobis aucilebeli pirobaa. is xorcieldeba ori
ZiriTadi gziT: enobrivi anu verbaluri da araverbal-
uri saSualebebiT.
araverbalur saSualebebSi igulisxmeba: mimika, Jes-
tikulacia, poza, mzeriTi kontaqti /TvalebSi yureba
an Tvalis arideba/. xSirad iyeneben termins „sxeulis
ena“, rac swored araverbalur komunikacias gansazRvravs.
Jestebi xuT funqcias asruleben: ilustraciis, simbo-
los, adaptaciis, regulatoris da emociis indikatoris.
maT ZiriTadad erovnul-kulturuli specifika gana-
pirobebs.
ganasxvaveben komunikaciis formebsac, komuni-
kaciis procesSi monawile adamianebis raodenobis
mixedviT:
saubari erTi erTTan - aRniSnuli komunikaciis
gamoxatvis formaa - Setyobineba.
38
 erTi mravalTan - leqcia, mediapropaganda.
mravali erTTan - konferencia, forumi, debatebi.
komunikacia aseve SesaZlebelia mimdinareobdes
sxvadasxva garemoSi dasituaciaSi. amis mixedviT ga-
moarCeven komunikaciis Semdeg saxeeebs:
personaluri – adamianis urTierToba Tavis Sina-
gan „mesTan“. pirovnebaTaSorisi/interpersonaluri/ –
komunikacia or pirs Soris.
jgufuri - jgufebs Soris, jgufs SigniT,individsa
da jgufs Soris. masobrivi – farTo auditoriisTvis
gankuTvnili /media/.
Tavis mxriv, pirovnebebs Soris komunikacias ga-
nasxaveben damokidebulebis mixedviT: magaliTad, for-
maluri, axlobluri, konfliqturi.
komunikacia myardeba sxvadasxva miznis mixedviT
da pirdapir kavSirSia adamianis moTxovnilebebTan.
gavixsenoT „maslous piramida“.
amerikelma fsiqologma abraham masloum Tavis
samecniero naSromSi „adamianuri motivaciis Teoria“
adamianis bazisuri moTxovnilebebi xuT klasad dayo
da ierarqiulad qvevidan zeviT piramidiseburad ga-
nalaga:
fiziologiuri moTxovnilebebi /biologiuri
arsebobis¬Tvis saWiro: sakvebi, wyali, haeri, samosi, das-
veneba da a.S./
usafrTxoeba /uSfoTveloba, daculoba fizikuri
da emociuri zianisagan/;
socialuri /socializacia, mikuTvneba, megobroba,
siyvaruli/;
aRiareba / dafaseba, pativiscema, statusi/;
39
 TviTaqtualizacia /TviTrealizeba, Semoqmedeba, kari-
era/;
komunikaciis miznebic aRniSnuli moTxovnilebe-
bis Sesabamisad yalibdeba.
fizikuri: raTa viyoT janmrTelad da usafrTxod.
socialuri: imisaTvis, rom Tavi mivakuTvnoT ama
Tu im jgufs an SevZloT Cveni cxovrebis kontroli.
fsiqologiuri: komunikaciis daxmarebiT viRebT
pirovnuli zrdisTvis aucilebel codnas da unarebs.
komunikaciis mTavar saSualebas warmoadgens ver-
baluri gamoxatuleba anu metyveleba.
qarTuli fsiqologiuri tradiciis mixedviT, erT-
maneTisgan ganasxvaveben or termins: enas, rogorc obieq-
turad arsebul niSanTa sistemas da metyvelebas, rogorc
adamianis fsiqikur aqtivobas. metyveleba xorcielde-
ba enis saSualebiT. metyveleba es aris moqmedeba, romel-
ic icvleba adamianis individualuri Taviseburebebis
mixedviT/ es SeiZleba iyos rogorc warmomavloba, ise
Sinagani mdgomareoba an garemo situacia/.

metyvelebis arsi

metyvelebis saxeebi Semdegnairad diferencirdeba:

Sinagani da garegani anu weriTi da zepiri metyveleba.
weriTi metyveleba, rogorc Tavad sityva migvaniS-
nebs, ar iyenebs araverbalur saSualebebs, rogorebicaa:
intonacia, pauzebi, Sesabamisi Jestikulacia.

40
 zepiri metyveleba, bunebrivia, sargeblobs araver-
baluri saSualebebiT, rac amartivebs komunikacias. magram
garda amisa, arsebobs oTxi ZiriTadi wesi, romelTa
gamoyeneba aucilebelia imisaTvis, rom informacia war-
matebiT mivawodoT msmenels.
1.raodenoba: imden informacias vawvdiT msmenels
ramdenic sWirdeba da ara zedmets.
2.xarisxi: vsaubrobT imis Sesaxeb, raSic kompeten-
turebi varT. vavrcelebT faqtebze damyarebul gada-
mowmebul informacias.
3.mimarTeba: vsaubrobT Tanmimdevrulad da gasage-
bad.
4.stili: saubarSi viyenebT mokle da gamarTul
winadadebebs, romlebsac warmovTqvamT mSvidad da
garkveviT.
komunikaciis xelisSemSleli faqtorebia: gansja,
dadanaSauleba, moralis wakiTxva, dacinva, damuqreba, azris
Tavsmoxveva, moTxovna, „iarliyebis“ miwebeba, pirferoba.
komunikaciis xelisSemwyobi faqtorebi: zrunva
aRiareba, mosmena, ndoba, TanagrZnoba, mimRebloba, pativis-
cema.
komunikaciis efeqturad warmarTvisTvis didi mniS-
vneloba aqvs ukukavSirs. komunikatori kargad unda
aRiqvamdes adresatis reaqcias, raTa darwmundes imaSi,
rom informacia gavrcelda daniSnulebisamebr; gamoikv-
lios, ra zegavlena moaxdina mimRebze da Tu saWiro
gaxda, Secvalos komunikaciis forma.
komunikaciis procesi, rogorc vxedavT, ar gulisx-
mobs mxolod informaciis gacemas, aseve mniSvnelova-
nia misi miReba. procesSi ori mxare monawileobs: gad-
41
amcemi da mimRebi. yuradRebiT mosmena gaZlevT met
SesaZleblobas efeqturi komunikaciisTvis.
warmatebuli mosmena miiRweva maSin, roca mkafiod
ganvsazRvravT komunikaciis mizans; viciT sakuTari
resursebi, gagvaCnia Cveni RirebulebaTa sistema da
gvaqvs unari marTebulad SevafasoT sxva adamianebi.
mxolod maSin aris SesaZlebeli, imedi viqonioT, rom
vi poviT warmatebuli komunikaciis saukeTeso gzebs,
rogorc informaciis gadacemis, ise dadebiTi urTier-
Tobis damyarebis.

efeqturi komunikaciis mniSvneloba

komunikaciuri unaris xarisxi pirdapir Seesabam-

eba adamianis socializaciis, gonebrivi Tu emociuri
inteleqtisa da sxva pirovnuli Tvisebis gamovlenis
dones.
adamianma kargad unda icodes, vin aris, saidan mo-
dis da ra surs momavalSi!
komunikaciis warmatebas rogorc pirovnul urT-
ierTobebSi, aseve karieraSi ganapirobebs sakuTari
Tavisa da sxva adamianis realisturi aRqma.
aRniSnuli unaris gasaumjobeseblad gamoiyeneba
e.w. „joharis fanjara“
sityva „johari“ momdinareobs am modelis dam-
aarseblebis - amerikeli mecnierebis jozef luftisa
da hari inghemis saxelebidan. mecnierebma es modeli
1955 wels SeimuSaves.
42
 fsiqologebis azriT, yoveli adamiani SeiZleba
ganxilul iqnas, rogorc Semdegi oTxi zonis erTiano-
ba:
1. Ria zona - informacia, romelic cnobilia CvenTvis,
aseve sxvisTvis. /mag. auditoriaSi leqtoris leqciis
Sinaarsi; misi Tanamdevi aSkara emociebi/;
2.faruli zona - informacia, romelic cnobilia
CvenTvis, magram ucnobia sxvisTvis. /mag. is, Tu ras
ganicdida momxsenebeli auditoriis win sityviT ga-
mosvlisas, rac SesaZloa ar iyos TvalsaCino damkvirve-
blisTvis/
3. brma zona - informacia, romelic ucnobia CvenTvis,
magram cnobilia sxvisTvis. /mag. gamometyveleba an Jes-
tikulacia, romelic momxsenebels hqonda sityviT
gamosvlisas/;
4 .ucnobi zona - informacia, romelic arc CvenTvisaa
cnobili da arc sxvisTvis. es pirovnebis is aspeqte-
bia, romlebsac Cven, marTalia, ver vacnobierebT, magram
isini mniSvnelovnad gansazRvraven Cvens qcevas. /mag.
adreuli bavSvobis gamocdileba, romelmac SesaZloa
momxsenebels xeli SeuSalos sityviT gamosvlaSi an
piriqiT, xeli Suwyos. es zona ucnob potencialsac
moicavs/.
„joharis fanjara“ warmodgenilia oTx naw-
ilad dayofili kvadratis saxiT, romlebSic aRniSnu-
li oTxi zonaa ganTavsebuli.

43
 Ria zona brma zona

faruli ucnobi
zona zona

roca sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb met informacias

aziarebT, Tqveni Ria zona vertikalurad izrdeba (si-
maRleSi) da Tqveni faruli zona mcirdeba. roca garS-
emomyofebi ukukavSirs gaZleven imaze, Tu ras xedaven
da ra ician Tqvens Sesaxeb, Tqveni Ria zona farTovde-
ba horizontalurad da brma zona mcirdeba.
„joharis fanjara~ or sakvanZo ideas efuZneba:
1.Tqven SegiZliaT sakuTar Tavze informaciis ga-
ziarebiT, aseve efeqturi TviTprezentaciiT, Tqvens garS-
emomyofebTan ndobis atmosfero SeqmnaT da gaaZli-
eroT.
2.garSemomyofebisagan ukukavSiris miRebis Sede-
gad, SegiZliaT ukeT SeiswavloT sakuTari Tavi da
ufro efeqturi gaxadoT Tqveni pirovnuli ganviTare-
ba.
aRniSnuli faqtorebi moqmedeben komunikaciis
procesze. komunikacia ki, rogorc gavlenis mZlavri
saSualeba moqmedebs rogorc adamianze, aseve social-
ur garemoze da gansazRvravs arsebul sinamdviles.

44
 V Tavi. ojaxis gavlena
ojaxis funqciebi

ojaxi adamianTa erTobis erT-erTi uZvelesi, is-

toriuli formaa. ojaxs safuZveli qorwinebiT eyre-
ba. qorwineba da Sobadoba warmoadgens ojaxis
fsiqologiur sawyiss. is dakavSirebulia sazogadoe-
bis sxva sistemebTan, gaaCnia garkveuli fazebi da ojaxis
wevrTa mixedviT garkveuli struqtura.
ojaxs mcire saxelmwifos uwodeben. saxelmwi-
fos siZlieres Zlieri ojaxebi ganapirobeben. ojaxi
asrulebs udides rols rogorc calkeuli pirovneb-
is, aseve mTeli sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi.
cnobili amerikeli mecnieri, fsiqologi virjin-
ia satiri werda: `ojaxi samyaros miniaturuli mod-
elia. samyaro rom SevicnoT, jer ojaxi unda Seviswav-
loT! Zalauflebis, intimurobis, avtonomiis da ndobis
problemebi, komunikaciis unar-CvevebTan erTad mniS-
vnelovnad gansazRvravs imas, Tu rogor vcxovrobT am
samyaroSi. Tuki samyaros Secvla gvsurs, jer ojaxi
unda SevcvaloT”. - am sityvebiT cnobili mecnieri
ojaxis udides mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebda.
ojaxs gaaCnia garkveuli funqciebi, romlebic sa-
zogadoebaSi mimdinare sulier, materialur da so-
cialur faqtorebTan aris dakavSirebuli. ojaxisaTvis
sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania Semdegi funqciebi:
1. reproduqciuli
2. aRmzrdelobiTi
3. emociuri
45
 4. sulieri
5. materialuri (yofiTi)
6. rekreaculi (aRmdgeniTi)
7. regulaciuri
8. felicitologiuri( bednierebis momniWebeli)
9. komunikaciuri
TiToeuli maTgani ganviTarebis yovel axal isto-
riul etapze iZenda met an nakleb mniSvnelobas da
danarCen funqciebTan mWidro urTierTkavSirSi imyo-
feboda.
ojaxis upirvelesi - reproduqciuli funqcia -
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania iseT mcirericxovan qvey-
anaSi, rogoric saqarTveloa. mravalSvilianoba Cveni
samSoblosTvis istoriul mocemulobas warmoadgenda
da gansazRvravda qveynis siZlieres.
didi qarTveli mecnieri dimitri uznaZe miiCnevda,
rom ojaxis umTavresi movaleobaa aRmzrdelobiTi
funqcia, vinaidan, cxovrebis udides nawils adamiani
ojaxSi atarebs da es ZiriTadad bavSvobis periods
ukavSirdeba. ojaxSi isaxeba bavSvis qcevis ZiriTadi
forma, aqve yalibdeba da aqve sruldeba. „adamianis
Zalebis ganviTareba ki rogorc fizikuris, iseve fsi-
qikurisac, misi praqtikis, misi aqtivobis niadagze xde-
ba.“
ojaxis aRmzrdelobiTi funqcia mWidrod aris
dakavSirebuli reproduqciul funqciasTan. magram
mTavari ara mxolod Svilis gaCenaa, aramed misi aRzr-
da. rogorc dimitri uznaZe miiCnevs, ojaxma unda moix-
ados Tavisi pedagogiuri movaleoba.

46
 emociuri funqcia - ojaxma unda gauwios mis
TiToeul wevrs emociuri mxardaWera, unda SeZlos
misi fsiqologiuri dacva. yvela bazisuri emocia: six-
aruli, sevda, brazi, sircxvili, danaSauli, zizRi, SiSi,
interesi - unda iyos empaTiurad ganxiluli da dako-
reqtirebuli ojaxis mier. ojaxis emociuri mxardaW-
eris funqcia uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebis wevrTa emoci-
ur stabilurobas daa xels uwyobs maTi fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis SenarCunebas.
materialuri funqcia - mas mniSvnelovani roli
ekisreba. ojaxis ekonomiuri, yofiTi funqciebi sa-
zogadoebis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva stadiaze warmoad-
genda saSualebas socialuri, profesiuli, RirebulebiTi
da samarTlebrivi aRzrdis safuZvels momavali Taobe-
bisaTvis.
sulieri funqcia - ojaxs mcire eklesias uwode-
ben. adamians, rogorc sulier arsebas, gaaCnia ganuw-
yveteli srulyofis moTxovnileba da sulieri ganvi-
Tarebis gzaze udidesi gavlena swored ojaxs gaaCnia;
kerZod, im sulier faseulobebs, romlebsac bavSvobaSi
viZenT.
rekreaculi (aRmdgeniTi) funqcia - cnobilia, rom
Sroma da codnis miReba, is adamianuri resursebia,
romlebic did Zalisxmevas moiTxovs. pirovnuli gan-
viTarebis da sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo moRvaweobis
gzaze daxarjuli energiis da Zalebis aRdgenisTvis,
mokrebisTvis da dasvenebisTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani
adgili aris swored ojaxi. am SemTxvevaSi, misi roli
Seucvlelia.

47
 regulaciuri funqcia - warmoadgens ojaxis wevrebs
Soris, sxva adamianebsa da sazogadoebas Soris urT-
ierTobebis regualcias. es funqcia uzrunvelyofs
ojaxis wevrebis mier socialuri normebis Sesrule-
bas, gansakuTrebulad maT mier, vinc rigi garemoebebis
gamo (avdmyofoba, asaki, SezRuduli SesaZlebloba)
ver SeZlebs damoukideblad socialuri normebis Se-
sabamisad moqmedebas. vinaidaan, ojaxi ganapirobebs ad-
amianebis qcevis warmarTvis Taviseburebebs garemomcv-
el samyarosTan.
felicitologiuri funqcia - /„felicito“ laT-
inurad niSnavs bednierebas, /felicitologiuri funq-
cia gulisxmobs ojaxi s yov eli w evrisT vis
fsiqologiuri keTildReobisTvis saWiro pirobebis
Seqmnas. am funqciis Sesruleba SeuZlia mxolod me-
gobrul, moralur-fsiqologiuri kuTxiT srulfaso-
van ojaxs. komunikaciuri funqcia - yvela aRniSnuli
danarCeni funqciis Sesrulebas uzrunvelyofs. komu-
nikacia aregulirebs ojaxs, rogorc interaqtiul siste-
mas, SeWidulobisa da adaptaciis safuZvelze.
SeWiduloba da adaptacia aris is ori ZiriTadi
faqtori, romelic gansazRvravs ojaxis warmatebiT
funqcionirebas, axdens fizikuri da fsiqologiuri
siaxlovis regulirebas.
ojaxSi komunikaciis saSualebiT aviTareben, inar-
Cuneben da cvlian SeWidulobis paternebs. ojaxSi,
sadac maRalia SeWidulobis xarisxi, misi wevrebi gan-
icdian avtonomiis deficits da naklebad axdenen
pirovnuli moTxovnilebebisa da miznebis dakmayofilebas.
naklebi SeWidulobis ojaxebSi ki ojaxis wevrebi Zalian
48
mcire siaxloves da ojaxur solidarobis naklebobas
ganicdian, ris gamoc TiToeul maTgans meti damoukide-
bloba da individualoba aqvs. kvlevebis Tanaxmad,
rogorc ukiduresad gadajaWvul, ise ukiduresad da-
Sorebul ojaxebSi aris xSiri konfliqtebi.
meore mniSvnelovani faqtori, riTac SeiZleba aix-
snas ojaxuri cxovrebis SigniT mimdinare procesebi,
aris adaptacis unari. mecnieri olsoni Semdegnairad
gansazRvravs adapturobas: es aris „ojaxuri an col-
qmruli cxovrebis unari Secvalos Zalauflebis stru-
qtura, roluri urTierTobebi, arsebuli situacia da
ojaxis evoluciasTan dakavSirebuli zegavlenis sapa-
suxod, ganaviTaros axali urTierTobebis stili.“

ojaxis sistemuri Teoria

virjinia satiri saubrobs ojaxze, rogorc erT

mTlianobaze. cvlileba ojaxis erT wevrTan, iwvevs
cvlilebebs mTliani ojaxis sistemaSi. magaliTisTvis,
Cvilis dabadeba mTeli ojaxis cxovrebis wess cvlis.
xdeba ojaxis wevrebs Soris funqciebis axleburad
gadanawileba, icvleba ojaxis rogorc cxovrebis rit-
mi da aseve urTierTobebi.
sistemuri Teoriis Tanaxmad, ojaxi – Ria cocxa-
li sistemaa, romelic sxva biologiur da socialur
sistemebaTa msgavsad, mudmivad viTardeba. ojaxi aris
TviTregulirebadi sistema, sadac TiToeul wevrs Seu-
Zlia gaakontrolos sxva wevris nebismieri qmedeba,
49
aseve wvdoma ZalauflebasTan. ojaxi warmoadgens Ria
sistemas, romlis wevrebic urTierTqmedeben rogorc
erTmaneTze da aseve sxva socialur gare sistmaze
(mag. skola, mecniereba, religia da sxva). sistemuri
Teoria gvarwmunebs imaSi, rom nebismieri sistemis qce-
vas aqvs gavlena garemoze da garemo ki, Tavis mxriv,
moqmedebs am sistemaze. yvela sistemas aqvs Tavisi
sazRvrebi, romlis meSveobiTac isini gamoiyofian sxva
sistemebisagan da garemosagan. yovel ojaxs gaaCnia
privatuloba. es privatuloba SesaZlebelia iyos
rogorc fizikuri, aseve simboluri. ojaxi iseve, rogorc
sxva sistemebi eqvemdebareba transformacias. is cdi-
lobs SeinarCunos arsebuli kavSirebi, erTi mxriv da,
meore mxriv, cdilobs ganviTardes. ojaxs, rogorc erT
mTlian sistemas, aqvs Semdegi Tvisebebi:
1) sistema, rogorc mTeli ufro metia, vidre Se-
madgeneli nawilebis jami;
2) nebismieri ram, rac SeiZleba zemoqmedebdes
sistemaze, rogorc erT mTlianze, aseve zegavlenas axdens
sistemis yovel calkeul elementze;
3) sistemis erTi nawilis darRveva an cvlileba
aisaxeba sxva nawilebis da mTliani sistemis cvlile-
baze.
sistemuri ojaxuri fsiqoTerapiis fuZemdebeli
virjinia satiri ganixilavda ojaxuri koncefciis 6
ZiriTad faqtors;
1.ojaxi, romelSic vizrdebiT, umeteswilad gan-
sazRvravs Cvens qcevebs da damokidebulebebs.
2.ojaxi, rogorc socialur-biologiuri sistema,
miiswrafvis wonasworobisken; homeostazis Sesanar-
50
Cuneblad ojaxis wevrebs ekisrebaT garkveuli rolebi.
ararealuri molodinebis an akrZalvebis SemTxvevaSi
ojaxis wevrebis moTxovnilebebi ewinaaRmdegebian erT-
maneTs da warmoiqmneba konfliqti.
3.ojaxuri wonasworobis darRveva iwvevs bavSveb-
Si TviTSfasebis daqveiTebas da mis asamaRleblad, aseve
gare Tavdasxmebisagan Tavis dasaRwevad, araefeqturi
dacviTi meqanizmebis aRmocenebas.
4.yovel adamianSi aris sakmarisi resursi da Sesa-
Zlebloba pirovnuli zrdisTvis da jansaRi aqtivo-
bisTvis. maT aRmocenebas ojaxi uwyobs xels.
5.Tu individis pirovnuli ganviTareba ver xe-
rxdeba, yuradReba unda mieqces garemo procesebs da
ara „Sinaarsebs“. problema TavisTavad ar warmoadgens
sirTules. problema isaaa, Tu rogor agvarebs adamiani
mas.
6.fsiqo-socialuri cvlilebebis procesi moicavs
mTlianad adamians da garkveul krizisul etapebs. neb-
ismieri krizisi SegviZlia vaqcioT an negatiur
gamocdilebad an axal SesaZleblobad.

aRzrdis stilis gavlena

ojaxi aris pirveli socialuri samyaro, sadac

bavSvi arsebobas iwyebs. ojaxis wevrebis urTierTo-
bis magaliTze bavSvi swavlobs sxva adamianebTan urT-
ierTobas. is mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi iyenebs
ojaxSi miRebul codnasa da gamocdilebas. bavSvis
51
ganviTareba, mis fiziologiur momwifebasTan erTad, asakis
Sesabamisi socialuri unar-Cvevebis Camoyalibebas
gulisxmobs, rac jer kidev araverbaluri komunikaci-
is safexurze iwyeba. bavSvis socialur ganviTarebaze,
ra Tqma unda, gavlenas axdens ufro farTo garemoc,/
mag. sabavSvo baRi, skola/ magram umTavresi roli mainc
ojaxs ekisreba. bavSvi Tavis pirvel socialur sam-
yaroSi-ojaxSi emociuri da socialuri ganviTarebis
ramdenime fazas gadis. aqve yalibdeba pirveli urT-
ierToba dedasa da axalSobils Soris da swored am
urTierTobis konteqstSi iwyeba bavSvis emociuri gan-
viTareba. ojaxur garemoSi moiazreba mSoblebis so-
cialuri mdgomareoba, saqmianobis formebi, materialuri
da gonebrivi ganviTarebis done.
bavSvis pirovnuli ganviTarebisTvis mniSvnelovan
gavlenas axdens aRzrdis stili. cnobili mecnieri
kurt levini gvTavazobs aRzrdis 3 stils:
1) avtoritetuli
2) avtoritaruli
3) liberaluri
avtoritetuli stili aRzrdis demokratiul midg-
omas gulisxmobs. marTalia, mSoblebi akontroleben
Svilebis cxovrebas, magram inarCuneben ndobas da Tbil
urTierTobas; aRiareben mozardis mzard moTxovnile-
bas, iyos damoukidebeli da xels uwyoben am moTxov-
nilebis dakmayofilebas; maTTvis dasaSvebia dadgenil
normebze msjeloba da wesebis Secvla garkveul far-
glebSi. maTi gadawyvetilebebi ar aRiqmebian usamarT-
lod da amitomac bavSvi advilad eTanxmeba maT. amg-
vari aRzrdis stilis mSoblebi mzad arian moisminon
52
sakuTari Svilebis sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebebi da
dauTmon rodesac es mizanSewonilia.
avtoritetuli mSoblebis Svilebi gamoirCevian
pasuxismgeblobiT, damoukideblobiT; kargad swavloben
da aqvT adekvaturad Camoyalibebuli TviTSefaseba;
ganviTarebuli aqvT TviTkontroli da sxva mniSvnelo-
vani socialuri unar-Cvevebi.
aRzrdis avtoritetuli stilis mqone mSoblebis
Svilebi sxvebTan SedarebiT darwmunebulni arian sak-
uTar SesaZleblobebSi, gaaCniaT garemos marTvis unari
da arian socialurad kompetenturni. es is saukeTeso
SemTxvevaa, roca arc mSoblebi da arc Svilebi ar
gvevlinebian ojaxSi mbrZaneblis rolSi.
avtoritaruli aRzrdis stilis mqone ojaxSi
urTierTobebi mkacri kontrolis fonze xorcielde-
ba; avtoritaruli mSoblebi Svilebisagan moiTxoven
maTi miTiTebebis usityvo Sesrulebas; wesebi da normebi
TiTqos qvazea amotvifruli, xistia da gansjas ar
eqvemdebareba; isini Svilebs mxolod minimalur Tavisu-
flebas aZleven. bavSvis yovelgvari miswrafeba av-
tonomiisken am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gaxdes frustr-
irebuli.
aRzrdis am ti pis mqone mSoblebis Svilebi gam-
oirCevian SfoTvis maRali doniT, advilad emorCilebian
masze Zliers da Zalauflebis mqones; amgvari stiliT
aRzrdili bavSvebi an pasiur da uiniciativo adamiane-
bad yalibdebian, an piriqiT, gamomwvevad iqcevian, ad-
vilad brazdebian, umarTavi da agresiulebi arian.
liberaluri aRzrdis stilis mqone mSoblebi, sxva
mSoblebTan SedarebiT, sakuTar Svilebs nakleb moTx-
53
ovnebs uyeneben. isini aZleven saSualebas sakuTar
Svilebs damoukideblad daareguliron sakuTari qcevebi,
ramdenadac SesaZlebelia. isini naklebad akontrole-
ben sakuTar Svilebs da minimaluri dasjis meTodebs
iyeneben maTTan urTierTobisas. isini Tbilad eqcevian
Svilebs, magram yvelafris nebas aZleven, minimalurad
erevian maT cxovrebaSi da arc problemebis mogvareba-
Si an gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi exmarebian. xSirad ase-
Ti mSobeli im gziT, rom Svilebs aRar uyeneben auci-
lebel sazRvrebs, cdilobs Svilis mimarT upirobo
siyvarulisa da mimReblobis demonstrirebas. aseT
ojaxSi gazrdili mozardebi, susti TviTkontrolisa
da impulsurobis gamo, xSirad arRveven wesebs da
normebs.
fsiqologebi aseve saubroben aRzrdis indeferen-
tul stilze.
indeferentuli anu uyuradRebo stilis gamoy-
enebis SemTxvevaSi, mSoblebs bavSvis mimarT aqvT, rogorc
dabali moTxovnebi, aseve dabali mimRebloba.
aseT dros, mSoblebi ar aweseben bavSvis qcevis
konkretul sazRvrebs an maRal standartebs; ver ac-
nobiereben Svilebis moTxovnilebebs da sruliad ar
erTvebian maT cxovrebaSi. indeferentuli aRzrdis
stili, SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos mSoblis garkveuli
fsiqikuri problemebiT, rogoricaa, magaliTad depre-
sia; an warsulSi fizikuri ZaladobiT; negatiuri
gamocdilebiT, es SeiZleba iyos bavSvobaSi zrunvis
nakleboba.
indeferentuli aRzrdis stilis gavleniT bavS-
vebi arian:
54
 ufro impulsurebi, uWirT emociebis marTva;
aqvT sirTuleebi kanonTan an borotad iyeneben
fsiqoaqtiur nivTierebebs;
ganicdian fsiqikur problemebs – magaliTad, sui-
cidis mcdelobebi.
aRzrdis TiToeul stils udidesi gavlena gaaC-
nia bavSvis momaval cxovrebze, fizikur da fsiqikur
janmrTelobaze.
amgvard, ojaxi yvelaze mniSvnelovani socialuri
garemoa. adamianebi bavSvobidan anu im ojaxebidan movdi-
varT, sadac davibadeT da gavizardeT; sadac viswavleT
azrovneba, emociebis gamoxatva da qceviTi strategie-
bi.

55
 VI Tavi. tradiciebis
socialur-fsiqologiuri gavlena
tradiciebi da adamiani

tradicia ganimarteba, rogorc istoriulad Camoy-

alibebuli da Taobidan Taobaze gadacemuli Sexed-
ulebebi, wes-Cveulebebi, yofaqcevis normebi, romlebsac
safuZvlad udevT garkveuli Rirebulebebi. tradici-
is magaliTia, rogorc adamianTan misalmebis gansxvave-
buli formebi sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi, ise ojaxuri
urTierTobebi, dResaswaulTa aRniSvnebi da a.S.
tradicia SeiZleba SevadaroT erTi mTliani jaWvis
rgols, rogorc codnis uwyvetobis simbolos. is gar-
emomcveli samyaros Sesaxeb Taobidan Taobaze infor-
maciis gadacemis garkveuli saSualebaa; erTgvari xid-
ia warsulsa da awmyos Soris gadebuli.
tradicia, uZvelesi droidan dRemde, adamianisTvis
uzrunvelyofs garemo pirobebTan da sociumTan adap-
tacias. is, rogorc RirebulebiTi orientiri, samyaros
xdis „Cvenad“; gvisazRvravs cxovrebis wesebs, rom-
lebic Tavis mxriv gansazRvraven eris TviTSegnebas;
maTzea damokidebuli eris sicocxlisunarianoba.
pirovnebis msgavsad, ersac aqvs sakuTari miswrafe-
bebi, moTxovnilebebi, sasicocxlo interesebi, gamocdileba
{istoriuli mexsiereba}, sazogadoebrivi Rirebuleba-
faseulobebi, romlebic Senaxulia tradiciebSi.
tradiciis mTavari funqciaa xalxis cxovrebis
wesis regulireba garkveuli TviTSegnebis CarCoSi.
56
 tradicias Seswevs adamianis yoveldRiur cxovrebas
SesZinos mniSvneloba, sazrisi.
nebismieri eris tradiciaTa sistema warmoadgens
xangrZlivi istoriuli ganviTarebis Sedegs. am siste-
mis gavleniT moiazrebs nebismieri xalxi sakuTar Tavs
erad; inarCunebs materialur da sulier kulturas.
eris „TviToba“ aris gamoxatuli tradiciaSi.
temperamenti, niWi, SesaZleblobebi, ganwyobebi, Rire-
bulebebi, gemovneba, wes-Cveulebebi - es yvelaferi
warmodgenilia tradiciebSi. TiToeuli maTgani er-
Tad aRebuli, qmnis eris unikalur maxasiaTebels da
mentalitets.
tradiciaTa sistema gansazRvravs eris samoqmedo
motivacias.
dRes, bevri adamiani iyenebs sityvaTa SeTanxmebas:
mankieri tradicia, rac arasworia. SesaZloa zogierTi
tradiciidan mxolod saxeli iyos SemorCenili, Si-
naarsi ki sruliad saxeSecvlili, damaxinjebuli da
amitomac gamoiyurebodes mankierad. tradicia gulisx-
mobs maradiul Rirebulebebze dafuZnebul wesebs da
kanonebs, romlebic adamianis keTilSobiluri bunebis
Sesabamisad yalibdeba da mas ufro sulieri daniS-
nuleba aqvs, vidre materialuri. misi saSualebiT ad-
amiani sazogadoebis da eris sulier procesebSi erTveba
da Tavad xdeba sulieri arseba.
suliereba, rogorc akademikosi SoTa nadiraSvili
aRniSnavs, „adamians saSualebas aZlevs ganaxorcielos
TanamSromlobis, momsaxurebis, gagebis, daxmarebis da
sxva msgavsi Sinaarsis mqone saqmianobaani. misi pirovnebis
warmatebis saSualebebia sagnobriv sinamdvilesTan
57
urTierToba da adamianebTan Sroma, maTi siyvaruli.
maT safuZvelze xdeba pirovnebis zrda da ganviTare-
ba“.

qarTuli sufris religiuri aspeqtebi

„gangebam Rvinis siyvaruli gviboZa, rom Cveni

azrisaTvis mSveniereba da sikeTe mieniWebina. fiqrisa
da saubris sarbielad sufra mogviCina, sufrave dagviTqva
adgilad, sadac erTmaneTisaTvis mxolod keTili sur-
vili iTqmis da sagnisaTvis - mxolod piruTvneli
Sexeduleba. qarTuli sufra qarTul simReras hgavs -
sxvadasxva xmaze vmReriT da kontrapunqtSi verTian-
debiT. ar arsebobs Tanxmoba im Tanxmobaze didi, romelic
azrTa sxvadasxvaobiT miiRweva“ - amonaridi romanidan
„daTa TuTaSxia.“
qarTuli tradiciebidan yvelaze mniSvnelovani Cveni
erisTvis, rogorc qveynis savizito baraTi, aris uni-
kaluri qarTuli sufra.
qarTuli sufra erovnuli tradiciis mniSvnelo-
vani monapovaria. is qarTvelobis erT-erTi Zlier said-
entifikacio niSanad miiCneva da droTa cvlilebis
miuxedavad mudam inarCunebs Tavis sazriss.
„kulturuli memkvidreobis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos
kanonis me-18 muxlis pirveli punqtis Sesabamisad -
qarTuli tradiciuli sufris/purobis kulturas
(qarTul sufras) aramaterialuri kulturuli Zeg-
lis kategoria ganesazRvra.
58
 qarTuli sufris umTavresi komponentebia: puri,
Rvino, sadRegrZelo da simRera. swored, maTi urT-
ierTmonacvleoba da harmoniuli Sexameba qmnis qarTul
sufras.
qarTuli sufra diferencirdeba daniSnulebis
mixedviT: lxinis da Wiris, sagangebo mravalricxovani
oficialuri sufra, megobruli Sinauruli, sponta-
nuri sufra. yovel maTgans Tavisi wesi aqvs aqvs, ma-
gram yvelasTvis aris erTi saerTo kanoni, romelic
yovelTvis ucvleli rCeba.
qarTvelebi sufris garSemo sxdebian garkveuli
mizniT. isini sixaruliT ikribebian ara imisaTvis, rom
sufraze Zvirfasi Rvino da sakvebi egulebaT, aramed
maTi sixaruli umTavresad imiT aris ganpirobebuli,
rom sufraze adamianTa Soris keTilganwyobili urT-
ierTobebis damyareba da ganmtkicebaa SesaZlebeli. aq
warmoiqmneba sulieri kavSiri erTmaneTTan awmyoSi da
winaprebTan - warsulSi.
qarTuli sufris umTavresi Semadgeneli nawili -
sadRegrZeloebi qristianobiT unda iyos ganpirobebu-
li.
qarTuli sadRegrZeloebis sistema gansxvavdeba
sxva kulturebSi arsebuli sadRegrZeloebisagan da
rac mTavaria, garkveul kanonzomierebebs eqvemdebareba.
Tanamedrove qarTul yofaSi arsebuli sadRegrZe-
loebis sistema garkveulwilad damaxinjebuli da
saxeSecvlilia, magram miuxedavad amisa, mTlianobaSi
mainc gamoxatavs im Sinaarss da princi ps, rac masSi
Tavidanve iyo Cadebuli. aRniSnuli saxecvlileba, sa-

59
varaudod, moxda me-20 saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi, rode-
sac saqarTveloSi komunisturi reJimi damyarda.
qarTuli sufris pirvandel saxeze cnobebs vx-
vdebiT vaxuSti batoniSvilis wyaroebSi; agreTve aka-
ki wereTlis poemaSi „Tornike erisTavi.“ aRniSnuli
cnobebi mowmoben, rom sadRgrZeloebs mwyobri sistema
hqondaT. kerZod, pirvel sadRegrZelos uflis sadide-
beli warmoadgenda;
meore sasmisiT idideboda eklesia;
mesame sasmisiT adRegrZelebdnen mefes;
meoTxiT - samSoblos locavdnen.
es oTxi sadRegrZelo savaldebulo iyo yvelanairi
sufrisaTvis; Semdgom SeiZleboda sadRegrZeloebis Sesma
sufris Sinaarsidan gamomdinare.
sadRegrZeloebis tradiciul sistemas kidev ori
aucilebeli wesi hqonda: es iyo nebismieri sufris
dros micvalebulTa mosaxseniebeli sadRegrZeloebis
Sesma da sufris damTavreba yovlawminda RvTismSob-
lis savedrebeli sadRegrZeloTi.
ra princi piT unda Seedgina Cvens winapars sa-
dRegrZeloebis es sistema?!
pasuxi calsaxaa: tradiciuli qarTuli sufris
Sinaarsi qristianuli suliskveTebiT da msoflmxed-
velobiT aris nasazrdoebi.
qarTul sadRgrZeloTa sistema saocar msgavsebas
amJRavnebs saeklesio RvTismsaxurebis dros/mwuxri, Jamni,
ciskari, liturgia/ Sesrulebuli kvereqsebis Sinaarssa
da TanmimdevrobasTan.
kvereqsebic analogiuri TanmimdevrobiT warmoiTq-
mis:
60
 locva uflisadmi, patriarqis da eklesiis moxs-
enieba, vedreba RvTivdaculi erisaTvis, gardacvale-
bulTa moxsenieba, vedreba yovladwminda RvTismSobli-
sadmi.
msaxurebasTan msgavsebaa agreTve sufraze sadRgr-
Zelos Sesmis da simReris monacvleobisas; saeklesio
msaxurebis dros mRvdelmsaxuris mier locvis /kvereq-
sis/ wakiTxvis Semdeg galobs gundi. es analogia SemTx-
veviTi ar unda iyos, aramed sisxl-xorceulad unda
ukavSirdebodes erTmaneTs. amis dasadastureblad sak-
marisia gavixsenoT kvereqsebisa da sadRegrZloebis
Sinaarsi da Tanmimdevroba.
Tanxvedraa rogorc SinaarsiT, ise Tanmimdevrobi-
Tac; erT sufraze, erTmaneTis gverdiT, cocxlebisa
da micvalebulebis moxsenieba calsaxad qristianuli
movlenaa da mis Zireul swavlebas ukavSirdeba - mi-
wieri /mebrZoli/ eklesiisa da zeciuri/mozeime/ ek-
lesiis erTobis Sesaxeb.

qarTuli sufris fsiqologiuri mniSvneloba

„qarTuli sufra fsiqoTerapiulia“ - ase Seafasa

Cveni erovnuli RirSesaniSnaoba, saqarTveloSi stum-
robisas amerikelma mecnierma fsiqologma karl rojers-
ma. cnobili mecnieri TbilisSi qarTveli kolegis ak-
ademikos SoTa nadiraSvilis mowveviT imyofebda.
karl rojersi gaxlavT avtori „klientze cen-
trirebuli Terapiis“, romlis arsic klientisaTvis
61
pozitiuri, harmoniuli, mimRebluri garemos Seqmnaa;
vinaidan adamianis ganviTarebis gza iwyeba misi upiro-
bo mimReblobiT, keTilganwyobiT.
adamiani aris arseba, romelsac Seswevs unari gaizar-
dos, ganviTardes da Seicvalos ukeTesobisken.
pirovnebis fsiqologiuri keTildReobisTvis mniS-
vnelovania, adamiani grZnobdes upirobo dadebiT damok-
idebulebas, pirvel rigSi, sakuTari Tavis mimarT. es
gulisxmobs TviTpativiscemas, sakuTari Tavis srul
mimReblobas, miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra sisusteebi gag-
vaCnia. iqidan gamomdinare, rom xSirad adamianebi sak-
uTari Tavis Sefasebisas, did mniSvnelobas aniWeben, Tu
ramdenad moswonT isini sxvebs - es tendencia adamians
xels uSlis TviTaqtualizaciis procesSi. swored,
amitom rojersi miiCnevda, rom mozrdil adamians auci-
leblad sWirdeba upirobo dadebiTi ganwyobis rogorc
gacema, aseve miReba sxva adamianebisgan, gansakuTrebiT
ki maTgan, romlebTanac axlos grZnobs Tavs. yovelive
es xels uwyobs individis reintegraciis process da
ufro Rias xdis mas gamocdilebisadmi, rac, Tavis mxriv,
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani winapirobaa TviTaqtualizaciisa
da srulyofilad funqcionirebisaTvis.
rodesac adamians pozitiuri warmodgena aqvs sak-
uTar Tavze, maSin misi aqtivobebic pozitiuria, samya-
rosac dadebiTad aRiqvams da sxva adamiansac.
qarTul sufraze, sadac yovel adamians saTiTaod
adRegrZeleben da uxvad ajildoeben saqebari sityve-
biT, ixseneben TiToeuli maTganis saukeTeso saqmeebs
da Tvisebebs da madlobas uxdian arsebobisTvis, cno-
bilma mecnierma dainaxa swored is nayofieri garemo,
62
romelzec werda : „adamianebi xels uwyoben Cvens zr-
das Cvendami keTilganwyobili damokidebulebiT“.
rojersi werda: roca samyaros vuyureb, pesimisti
var, roca adamians - optimisti.
tradiciuli qarTuli sufra optimisturad ga-
nawyobs mis wevrebs, rogorc samyaros, ise adamianis
mimarT.
optimizmi aris is mniSvnelovani fsiqologiuri
resursi, romelic xels uwyobs rogorc erTi adami-
anis pirovnul ganviTarebas, ise mTeli eris TviTSgneb-
is amaRlebas.

63
 VII Tavi. zRapris fenomeni
zRapris ganmarteba

cnobili filosofosi seneka ambobda: adamianis

ganviTareba folkloriT unda daiwyos da mecnierebiT
unda gagrZeldeso.
zRapari - gamonagoni ambavia, romelic dakavSire-
bulia sinamdvilesTan ideiT, TematikiT, motiviT, siu-
JetiT.
„igi mxatvrul gamonagonsa da fantastikur am-
bavzea dafuZnebuli“ (Wilaias. 1984).
msoflios sxvadasxva xalxur zRaprebs bevri
ram aqvT saerTo: idea, Tematika, Sinaarsi, gmirTaxasi-
aTebi, ambis gadmocemis stili, kompozicia, dasawyisi
Tu dasasruli. zRaprebSi, amave dros, aisaxeba imeris
tradiciebi, wes-Cveulebebi, Taviseburebani, romlis
wiaRSic aRmocendnen; ikveTeba zRapris Semqmneli xalxis
istoriisa da yofisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Temebi, Rire-
bulebebi da motivebi.
zRapari, xalxis mier Seqmnili erTdroulad in-
dividualuri da koleqtiuri azrovnebis mxatvruli
nayofia. individualuria imdenad, ramdenadac mas erTi
mezRapre mogviTxrobs, koleqtiuri - ramdenadac igi
Taobidan Taobas gadaecema da gza da gza, dro da dro
axal-axal siuJetur ganviTarebas iZens.
mecxramete saukunis „mezRapreebis“ azriT, „zRa-
pari arasdros yofila mxolod gasarTobi saSualeba,
aramed misi meSveobiT adamianis cnobierebis ganviTare-

64
bis etapebi da tradiciebi inaxeboda“ (gelovani 1986:
10-11).
zRapari yovelTvis Zlier moralur da zneobriv
zegavlenas axdenda sazogadoebaze.
zRapris gmirebi, maTi qmedebebi, jildoebi da sasje-
li ganaviTarebda Temebs, romlebic dakavSirebulia
adamianis moraluri da materialuri miRwevebis yve-
laze maRal warmodgenebTan: keTilis Zlevs borots,
gonebamaxviloba - fizikur Zalas; samarTali zeimobs;
uangaro siyvaruli imarjvebs.
saqarTveloSi dafiqsirebulia zRapris 135 siu-
Jeturi ti pi. maT Soris: 100 ti pologiuri siuJetia,
xolo 35-originaluri. yvelaze metad gavrcelebulia
zRaprebi, romlebSic gadmocemulia gmiris saswaulebrivi
brZola uZlevel mowinaaRmdegesTan (gveleSapi, eSmaki,
devi).
zRapris dasawyisisa da dasasrulis formulebi
nebismieri xalxis zRaparSi erovnuli koloritis
SemZeni ZiriTadi saSualebebia. dasawyisis daniSnule-
baa msmenelTa yuradRebis mi pyroba. es aris pirveli
informacia, romelic aRZravs zRaprul samyaroSi Ses-
vlis interess da gvamcnobs, rom mosasmeni ambavi ar
aris namdvili, xolo dasasrulis formula msmenels
atyobinebs ambis bednier dasasruls, Semdgom ki yoveld-
Riur realobaSi abrunebs.
qarTul xalxur zRaparsac, ra Tqma unda, Tavisi
gansakuTrebuli dasawyisisa da dasasrulis formulebi
aqvs, romelTac mniSvnelovani funqciebi akisriaT da
misgan ganuyofeli arian.

65
 „zRapris dasawyisi erTgvari kari iyo, romelsac
mezRapre uRebda msmenelebs da Sehyavda raRac Tval-
ismomWreli SuqiT ganaTebul samyaroSi xanmokle sa-
mogzaurod“, xolo dasasruli „mosmeniliT mojadoe-
buli adamianisaTvis xiblis moxsna, ucxo samyarodan
yoveldRiur realobaSi dabrunebaa“ (wibaxaSvili 2000).
ilia WavWavaZe werda: „Cveni zRapari tyuilad ki
ar iwyeba „iyo da ara iyoraTi“. „iyo“ - Sig Casaxuli
azria da azri xom yovelTvis yofila, aris da iqneba.
„ara iyo ra“ ki ekuTvnis TviT ambavsa, romelic arc
yofila da arc aris. amitomac araki, romelSiac cocx-
lad, cxovlad aris Casaxuli azri, izidavs adamianis
gulisyurs imdenad, rom TviT arakis sicruec ki mar-
Tali ggonia da sul gaviwydebaT, rom yurs ugdebT
mogonil ambavsa..
diax, eseTia igi saidumloeba erTgvaris madlisa,
romelsac zegardmo STagoneba hqvian da romelic TviT
codvils sicruesac ki madlsa qmnevinebsxolme da
yurmoWril msaxurad uxdis sibrZnesa.“
zRapari, eris msoflmxedvelobis rogorc Camomy-
alibebeli, ise gamomxatvelia; is xalxuri sibrZnis
uZvelesi saxea da Seicavs maradiul da ukvdav faseu-
lobebs da udidesi wvlili miuZRvis kacobriobis
ganviTarebaSi.

zRapris ti pologia

cnobili mecnieri zinkeviCi gamoyofs zRaprebis

ramdenime ti ps: mxatvruli, xalxuri, didaqtikuri, gan-
maviTarebeli da fsiqoTerapiuli zRaprebi.
66
 mxatvrulizRaprebi
saavtoro literaturuli zRaprebi - zogjer ey-
rdnoba mravalsaukonovan sibrZneze dafuZnebul zRa-
prebs, zogjer ki originaluria. SeiZleba Seiqmnas
rogorc bavSvebisTvis, ise - ufrosebisTvis. xalxuri
zRaprisgan gansxvavebiT, mxatvrul zRapars hyavs konkre-
tuli avtori da misi teqsti cvalebadi araa; ar
misdevs klasikur sqemas; xSirad aRwers konkretul
epoqas, dros; bunebis suraTebs meti adgili eTmoba;
igrZnoba avtoris damokidebuleba personaJebisadmi.
msoflioSi mxatvruli zRapris fuZemdeblad mi-
iCneva Sarl pero - „wiTelqudas“ avtori. udidesi
popularobiT sargebloben Zmebi grimebi, anderseni, eg-
ziuperi. saqarTveloSi vaJa fSavelas da Tedo razikaS-
vilis saavtoro zRaprebia cnobili. udidesi popu-
larobiT sargeblobdnen Tavis droze arCil sulakau-
ris „salamuras Tavgadasavali“ da otia ioselianis
„daCis zRaprebi“.

xalxuri zRaprebi

xalxuri zRapri dasawyisidan dasasrulamde

metaforaa. es aris sibrZne, romelic gvaswavlis da
gvaCvevs cxovrebas; gvixsnis samyaros kanonzomierebas,
rom yvelaferi bumerangiviT ukan gvibrundeba; gvanax-
ebs adamianis SesaZleblobebis usazRvroebas; gangvima-
rtavs moyvasisadmi Tavganwirvis saswauls; gviCvenebs
rwmenis, imedis, siyvarulis Zalas.
67
 didaqtikuri zRaprebi
es aris zRaprebi, romlebic gvTavazoben axal codnas,
unarebs da SesaZleblobebs. aseT zRaprebs pedagogebi
xSirad iyeneben saganmanaTleblo masalis „SesafuTad“.
amavdroulad, animaciuri abstraqtuli simboloebi
(ricxvebi, asoebi, notebi, ariTmetikuli moqmedebebi),
qmnian im samyaros zRaprul suraTs, romelSic isini
cxovroben.
fsiqologebi am ti pis zRaprebs iyeneben, rodesac
skolamdeli da dawyebiTi skolis asakis bavSvebTan
muSaoben socialuri qcevebis daswavlis mizniT. ma-
galiTad, SesaZlebelia vaCvenoT bavSvebs garkveuli
codnis, unarebisa da aqtivobebis saWiroeba da mniS-
vneloba: Tavazianoba,saTamaSoebis alageba da a.S.
zinkeviCi gvTavazobs Semdeg algoriTms didaqtikuri
zRapris Sesaqmnelad:
1. zRapruli qveynis gacnoba, sadac simboluri
personaJebi cxovroben; cxovrebis istoria da wes-
Cveulebebi am qveyanaSi.
2. qveyanaSi keTildReobis moulodneli ganad-
gureba. gamanadgureblebi SeiZleba iyvnen zRapris boro-
ti personaJebi, bunebrivi katastrofebi, negatiuri
emociebi.
3. mimarTva bavSvisadmi informaciiT, rom mas
mxolod garkveuli davalebis SesrulebiT SeuZlia
samyaros gadarCena.

68
 ganmaviTarebeli zRaprebi

es aris ambavi, romelic xels uwyobs pirovnebis

bunebrivi realuri ganviTarebis process; Seicavs in-
formacias, metaforuli formiT, adamianis Sinagani sam-
yaros Sesaxeb. misi mizania aCvenos adamians Tavisi
Sinagani samyaros simdidre, daexmaros mas gaacnobi-
eros sakuTari resursebi.
es zRaprebi Seicavs Sinagani mdgomareobebis dadebiT
modelebs, romlebic egzavneba aracnobiers.
ganmaviTarebeli zRapari efuZneba Semdeg sqemas:
1) gmirTan dakavSirebuli movlenebi unda iyos
adamianis cxovrebaSi arsebuli realuri situaciebis
msgavsi;
2) bavSvi an mozrdili, zRapris saSualebiT, iZens
sakuTari gamocdilebis, individualuri fsiqikuri
resursebis realizebis SesaZleblobas;
3) qcevis alternatiuli modelebi, romlebic
zRapris saSualebiT aris gaazrebuli, exmareba adami-
ans dainaxos ganviTarebuli situaciebis sxvadasxva
mxare da i povos axali mniSvneloba.

fsiqoTerapiuli zRaprebi

ambebi gvexmareba davinaxoT movlenebi sxva sulieri

cxovrebis aspeqtebidan. isini, mecnieruli Teoriebis
msgavsad, cdiloben aRweron, axsnan da iwinaswarmetyve-
lon qceva.
69
 fsiqoTerapoiuli zrapris mizania:
1) adamianis yuradRebis mimarTva cxovrebis sazri-
sisken.
2) survili, daexmaros individs ufro Segnebuli
damokidebulebis Camoyalibebisadmi rogorc sakuTari
Tavis, ise samyaros da sxva adamianebis mimarT; saWiroe-
bis SemTxvevaSi am damokidebulebis SecvlaSi;
3) fsiqologiuri daxmarebis gaweva SfoTvis da
negatiuri gamocdilebisgan ganTavisuflebaSi, romel-
ic dakavSirebulia cxovrebiseul problemur situa-
ciasTan an travmasTan.

zRapris fabula

zRapris dasawyisSi saxlidan wasuli gmiri tovebs

Tavis gansazRvrul sivrces da gadadis sxva, ufro
saintereso samyaroSi, sadac fantastikuri gardaqm-
nebiT aRsavse cxovreba elis; borot da keTil ZalTa
mZafri dapirispirebis fonze sikeTe imarjvebs, magram
am gamarjvebamde „keTili sawyisebis matarebelma gmirebma
grZeli da faTerakebiT savse gza unda gaiaron, ramden-
imejer Sexvdnen sikvdils pirispir, gamoscadon saSinele-
baTa mTeli wyeba, ganicadon marcxic, gawbilebac, mego-
brobis Zalac da Ralatis simwarec. bolos keTilma,
sikeTem unda izeimos“ (wibaxaSvli 2000: 137). zRapari
gmiris magaliTze gvaswavlis, rom Tu raimes miRweva
gsurs, unda moi povo igi, zogjer Tavganwirvis fasa-
dac.
70
 zRapari da „koleqtiuri aracnobieri“

zRapris fsiqologiuri gavlena umeteswilad ar

cnobierdeba.
piradi aracnobieri warmoadgens fsiqikuri arac-
nobieris zeda fenas, romelic cnobieridan Semosuli
Sinaarsebisgan Sedgeba - esenia gandevnili survilebi
da tendeciebi, daviwyebuli azrebi.
adamianze aracnobieri zegavlenis Sesaxeb uZvele-
si droidan, jer kidev egvi ptur da Zvel berZnul
civilizaciebSi msjelobdnen.
aracnobier sferos ganekuTvneba Cveni Cvevebi, Cveuli
SiSebi Tu gatacebebi anu is yvelaferi, rac gaucno-
biereblad xorcieldeba. aracnobieri sferos nawilia
Cveni gamocdilebebi; Cveni warmatebebis Tu warumate-
blobebis Sesaxeb Senaxuli sqemebi; swori da aras-
wori gadawyvetilebebis, sevdiani da mxiaruli movle-
nebis da gancdebis, gansxvavebuli cxovrebiseuli mo-
qmedebis suraTebi. gamocdilebebi miRwevis, swavlis,
gamarjvebis Tu problemebis gadalaxvis, romlebic jer
kidev Cveni bavSvobidan iwyeba da grovdeba mTeli cx-
ovrebis ganmavlobaSi. maTi meSveobiT ganpirobebuli
Cveni qcevebi ukve Cveul rutinaSi gadadian da gamodi-
an Cveni cnobierebis sferodan.
fsiqikuri aracnobieris mecnierul CarCoSi Casma
zigmund froidis saxels ukavSirdeba. misma mowafem
karl iungma aracnobieris fenomenis gageba kidev ufro
gaafarTova.
iungi aracnobierSi ori sistemas moiazrebs. ese-
nia: piradi da koleqtiuri.
71
 piradi aracnobieri adamianis individualuri
gamocdilebis Sedegia da amdenad, aris „me“-s kuTv-
nileba, misi organuli nawili.
mecnieri miiCnevda, rom aracnobieri ar aris
SezRuduli individis unikaluri cxovrebiseuli
gamocdilebiT, aramed is aseve aRsavsea Zireuli
fsiqologiuri cnebebiT, romelTac iziarebs mTeli
kacobrioba.
amgvarad, iungma Semoitana koleqtiuri aracnobi-
eris gansazRvreba, romelic universaluri sayovelTao
adamianuri mogonebebis da emociuri suraT-xatebis
sacavs warmoadgens. is am debulebaze dayrdnobiT xs-
nida adamianebis mier zRaprebisa Tu legendebis, xe-
lovnebis formebis da simboloebis aRqmas da miaCnda,
rom swored koleqtiuri aracnobieri iyo xelovnebis,
literaturis Semoqmedebis wyaro.
koleqtiuri aracnobieri fsiqikis siRrmiseuli
fenaa. iungi werda; „koleqtiuri aracnobieri Sedgeba
adamianis evoluciis yvela sulieri nakvalevisgan,
romelic warmoiqmneba TiToeuli individis tvinis-
struqturaSi.”
koleqtiuri aracnobieri Tandayolilia da saer-
Toa yvela adamianisTvis. igi kacobriobis warsulisa
da mexsierebis gamovlinebas warmoadgens.
koleqtiuri aracnobieri Sedgeba arqeti pebisgan,
romlebic kargad ikiTxeba zRaprebSi.
arqeti pi berZnuli sityvaa da „pirvelad warmod-
genas“ niSnavs. esaa Cveni winaprebis codna da xerxi,
romliTac isini fiqrobdnen da moqmedeb¬dnen; saSu-
aleba, romliTac grZnobdnen RmerTs da Seimecnebdnen
72
samyaros, akvirdebodnen sakuTar Tavs da sxva adami-
anebs. Cvens fsiqikur memkvidreobaSi Canergilia Sesa-
Zlebloba, midrekileba garkveuli gancdebisa da reaqcie-
bisadmi. arqeti pi Zalian bevria. iungi ganmartavs ram-
denimes, romlebsac misi azriT, umTavresi mniSvneloba
aqvT pirovnebis formirebisa da funqcionirebis Tvl-
sazrisiT. esenia: persona, Crdili, TviToba.
persona (niRabi) - persona niRabia, romelsac yoveli
adamiani atarebs sxvebTan urTierTobisas. misi saSu-
alebiT adamiani Tavs iseTad warmoaCens, rogoric surs
da es niRabi SeiZleba adamianis realur bunebas faravdes.
persona iZerweba socialuri moTxovnebis, dadgenili
wesebis da misaRebi pirovnuli Tvisebebis zemoqmedeb-
iT. igi moicavs am pirovnebisTvis ti piur rolebs,
qcevis stils, urTierTobebis maneras da a. S.
Crdilis arqeti pi - socialurad miuRebel azrebs,
grZnobebs da moqmedebebs warmoaCens. is adamianSi
mocemul biologiur midrekilebas, velur instiqts
warmoadgens. Tumca misi mimarTvac SeiZleba sasike-
Tod.
yvelaze mniSvnelovani arqeti pia - „TviToba“. misi
funqcia cxovrebis yvela aspeqtisa da nawilis gaer-
Tianeba-mowesrigebaa. is akavSirebs cnobiersa da arac-
nobiers. adamiani unda eswrafvodes TviTobis ganvi-
Tarebisaken, radgan TviToba pirovnebis mTlianobaa, misi
yvela mxaris integrirebas da harmonizacias ganapirobebs.
aracnobieri mniSvnelovani fsiqikuri fenomenia,
romelic gavlenas axdens Cvens azrebze, emociebze da
qcevaze da romelic fsiqikis umetes nawils moicavs.

73
 zRapari koleqtiuri aracnobieris saukeTeso gam-
ovlenaa; rogorc sulieri sazrdo sazogadod mTeli
kacobriobisTvis, ise unikaluri cxovrebiseuli sag-
zali TiToeuli adamianisTvis.

74
 VIII Tavi. reklamis fsiqologia
reklamis istoria

maradcvalebad samyaroSi mudmivad icvleba ad-

amianis roli da adgili; icvleba Sexedulebebi da
gavlenebi.
adamiani Tavisi bunebiT mgrZnobiarea gavlenisad-
mi. reklama ki is iaraRia, romeliTac gavlena xor-
cieldeba. swored, amitom aris reklamis fsiqologia
iseTive xandazmuli, rogorc kacobriobis istoria.
reklama - laTinuri sityvaa da niSnavs wamoyvire-
bas; xmamaRla Setyobinebas, yuradRebis mi pyrobas.
reklama exmareba momxmarebels produqtTan da
momsaxurebasTan mimarTebaSi sakuTari azris Seqmnasa
da mis safuZvelze arCevanis ganxorcielebaSi.
reklamam ganviTarebis grZeli gza ganvlo: Tixis
firfitaze amokveTili ubralo gancxadebidan dawye-
buli, damTavrebuli – giganturi sareklamo korpora-
ciebiT.
zepiri reklama anu xmamaRali SeZaxilebi - ase
iwyeba reklamis istoria, Zvel romsa Tu antikur sa-
berZneTSi.
sayovelTaod cnobilia Zveli romaeli filoso-
fosis senekas Civili, rom abanos Tavze cxovrobs da
mravalferovani yvirilis xmebis gamo, mas sakuTari
yurebi SesZulda.
zepiri reklamis wyalobiT gaxda msoflioSi cno-
bili Cinuri abreSumi, fazisuri xoxobi Tu xaliburi
foladi. zepiri reklamis gavleniT daiZra iazoni sa-
75
berZneTidan kolxeTisken oqros sawmisis xelSi Casagde-
bad. zepir reklamas mohyva werilobiTi reklama. is
pirvelad gamoCnda kedlebze traqtirebTan Tu aban-
oebTan; Semdeg papirussa da pergamentze; iyo Zleva-
mosili brZolebis aRwera TaRebze; faraonis Tu keis-
ris gamosaxulebebi oqros monetebze.
reklamis oficialuri warmoSoba dakavSirebu-
lia venecieli wigniT movaWris, manucis saxelTan. man
daiwyo wignebis saTaurebis beWdva da Tavfurclebis
gamoqveyneba maRaziebis SesasvlelebSi.
pirveli sareklamo biuro 1611 w-s londonSi
Seiqmna.
me-17 s-Si beWduri mediis ganviTarebasTan erTad,
Cndeba sareklamo gancxadebebi.
droTa ganmavlobaSi, reklama momgebian biznesad
iqca da masSi Cadebuli Tanxac gaizarda.
saqarTveloSi, pirveli sagazeTo reklma „iveria-
Si“ gamoqveynda da guTnis Sesaxeb iuwyeboda.
pirveli qarTuli satelevizio reklama ki jemis
Sesaxeb amcnobda da eTerSi diqtorma waikiTxa.
msoflioSi pirveli satelevizio reklama 1941
wlis ivlisSi beisbolis matCis translaciisas gamoCnda.
es iyo saaTis reklama - amerika bulovas drozea.
reklamaSi kompaniam 4 dolari gadaixada.
reklamis istoriaSi yvelaze Semzaravi Sinaarsis
matareblad rCeba - cnoba adamianis /monis/ fizikuri
gayidvis Sesaxeb.

76
 reklamis gavrcelebis
arxebi da Taviseburebebi

reklamis mizania - konkretuli pirisgan (damkveTis-

gan) mowodebuli informaciis gavrceleba xalxis masebSi,
sazogadoebis yuradRebis mi pyroba da interesis gaRvive-
ba.
reklama – esaa informireba vinmesi, raimes Sesaxeb!
sareklamo miznebis miRweva uSualod ukavSirdeba
reklamis gavrcelebis arxebis SerCevas. reklamis gavr-
celebis ZiriTadi arxebia:
1) presa 2) bukletebi 3) televizia; 4) radio;
5) stendebi, plakatebi, maRaziisabrebi, satransporto
saSualebebi; 6) interneti.
1. reklama presaSi: sareklamo gancxadeba, statia,
mimoxilva.
2. beWdviTi reklama: sareklamo katalogi; pros-
peqti; bukleti; broSura, plakati; afiSa; kalendari;
misaloci baraTi da sxva.
3. satelevizio reklama: sareklamo kinofilmebi,
rgolebi, teletixari, telereportaJebi.
4. radioreklama: sareklamo radio gancxadebebi;
rgolebi, gadacemebi.
5. sareklamo gamofenebi: saerTaSoriso, naciona-
luri, mudmivmoqmedi.
6. gare reklama: sareklamo abra, baneri (plakati),
transparanti, maniSnebeli, manaTobeli firniSebi, sxva-
dasxva saxis eleqtro tabloebi da ekranebi, vitrinis
reklamebi, saxuravis konstruqciebi, reklama satrans-
porto saSualebebze.
77
 7. internet reklama: kompiuteruli sareklamo
informacia;
CamoTvlil arxebs Soris televizia daarsebidan
dRemde inarCunebs privilegias da rCeba unikalur
sareklamo saSualebad, vinaidan masSi Serwymulia xmis,
gamosaxulebis, ferebis, moZraobis gamoyenebiT saqon-
lis demonstrirebis farTo SesaZleblobebi.
reklama iyofa or ZiriTad saxeobad: produqtis
reklama da prestiJuli reklama.
produqtis reklama sazogadoebisTvis saqonlisa
da momsaxurebis Sesaxeb informaciis miwodebis for-
maa, romlis mizanicaa momxmareblis mier saqonlis yidva.
prestiJuli reklama miznad isaxavs sawarmos, dargis
imijis Camoyalibebas mTel sazogadoebaSi, rac, Tavis
mxriv, ganapirobebs produqtis gayidvas da momgebianad
muSaobas.
orive saxis reklmis mizani produqtis realiza-
cia da mogebis miRebaa.
prestiJuli anu korporaciuli reklama emyareba
rogorc imave saSualebebs da xerxebs, rasac produq-
tis reklama, ise specifikur saSualebebsa da xerxebs.
maT miekuTvneba sawarmos saqvelmoqmedo aqciebSi monaw-
ileoba da mis mier sxva da sxva saxis daxmarebebis
aRmoCena socialur-kulturuli dawesebulebebisTvis.
sareklamo mimarTvis xasiaTisa da Taviseburebeb-
is mixedviT ansxvaveben sainformacio, damarwmunebel
da Semaxsenebel reklamas.
sainformacio reklamis ZiriTad amocanas warmoad-
gens saqonlis daxasiaTebebis da potenciur momxmare-
blamde misi Rirsebebis Sesaxeb informaciis mitana.
78
 sainformacio reklama gamoiyeneba produqtis sa-
sicocxlo ciklis danergvis etapze. misi gamoyenebiT
xorcieldeba Tavdapirveli moTxovnis Camoyalibeba
saqonelze, momsaxurebaze, ideaze, organizaciasa da sam-
uSao Zalaze. am saxis reklamiT sazogadoebas miewodeba
informacia saqonelsa da mis fasze, saqonlis gamoy-
enebis wesze, damatebiTi momsaxurebis formebze da a.S.
aseTi informaciis miwodebiT momxmarebels uyalibde-
ba dadebiTi Sexeduleba produqtsa da mis mwarmoebel
sawarmoze. informacia, ZiriTadad, macdunebeli xasia-
Tisaa da momxmarebls saqonlis yidvisken ubiZgebs.
damarwmunebeli reklama - reklamis yvelaze agre-
siuli saxea, romlis ZiriTadi amocanaa reklamirebu-
li saqonlisadmi upiratesobis miniWeba, potenciur
momxmarebelTa Tanmimdevruli darwmuneba.
damarwmunebeli an rCevis mimcemi reklamis miza-
nia produqtze moTxovnis amaRleba da bazarze produ-
qtisTvis konkurentuli upiratesobis uzrunvelyofa.
am saxis reklama gamoiyeneba, upiratesad, produqtis
sasicocxlo ciklis zrdis da simwifis etapebze.
damarwmunebeli reklamis saxe sxvaobaa Sedarebi-
Ti reklama.
SedarebiTi reklamis gamoyenebis dros, kompania
Tavis saqonels udarebs sxva sawarmos saqonels pirda-
pir da arapirdapir. am saxis reklamis gamoyenebis
Sedegia kompaniaTa urTierTdadanaSauleba momxmarebelTa
dabnevaSi.
Semaxsenebeli reklama - gamoiyeneba gansakuTre-
bul bazarze gansazRvruli produqtis (firmis) arse-

79
bobisa da misi maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb klientTa in-
formirebulobis SesanarCuneblad.
Semaxsenebeli reklamis gamoyeneba gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania produqtis sasicocxlo ciklis dasas-
rul etapze. Semxsenebeli reklamis mizania produq-
tis bazarze arsebobis Sexseneba momxmareblisTvis da
aramomxmareblis informireba an misi darwmuneba SeiZinos
esa Tu is saqoneli. Semxsenebeli reklama did rols
asrulebs sezonuri warmoebisa da moxmarebis saqon-
lis realizaciis procesSi. sezonTa Soris periodSi
am saxis reklamiT SesaZlebelia momxmareblis cno-
bierebaSi saqonelze informaciis SenarCuneba.
specialistebis SexedulebiT sainformacio rek-
lama yvelaze karg Sedegs iZleva produqtis sasic-
ocxlo ciklis sawyis etapebze, xolo Semxsenebeli
reklama bolo etapze. damawmunebeli reklamis gamoy-
eneba erTnairi warmatebiT SeiZleba mTeli sasicocx-
lo ciklis ganmavlobaSi.
miznobriv auditoriaze zemoqmedebis saSualebis
mixedviT unda ganvasxvavoT racionaluri da emociuri
reklama.
racionaluri reklama axdens potenciuri klien-
tis informirebas, mimarTavs mis gonivrulobas, mohyavs
dasabuTebebi mis dasarwmuneblad.
emociuri reklama mimarTavs grZnobebs, emociebs,
mogonebebs, zemoqmedebs asociaciebze.
Tanamedrove sainformacio teqnikis epoqaSi rek-
lama gabatonebulia sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela
sferoSi da warmoadgens samomxmareblo auditoriis
faruli marTvis erT-erT yvelaze mZlavr saSualebas.
80
Tanamedrove reklama ukve zemoqmedebas axdens sazoga-
doebrivi sistemis faseulobebze da, kerZod, TiToeu-
li individis msoflmxedvelobaze. is qvecnobierad
moqmedebs adamianis fsiqikaze, wamebSi SeuZlia gamowvios
masSi garkveuli ganwyoba, emociuri mdgomareoba da
aRZras moqmedebis survili (iqneba es reklama komer-
ciuli, socialuri, politikuri Tu sxva). masStabu-
robis da Tanxebis brunvis TvalsazrisiT reklamas
ukve aTanabreben Sou-biznesTan (yovelwliurad rek-
lamaze msoflioSi daaxloebiT 400 miliard dola-
rze meti ixarjeba), zemoqmedebis Zalidan gamomdinare
ki reklamas hi pnozs adareben.
mecnierebi dRemde kamaToben: reklama aRZravs moTx-
ovnilebas Tu piriqiT, akmayofilebs moTxovnilebas.
erTi calsaxad cxadia, rom am sakiTxSi gadamwyveti
swored, moTxovnilebaa.
ganixilaven reklamis 2 tradicias: germanuls da
amerikuls.
pirveli midgomis mixedviT, reklama ganixileba,
rogorc fsiqologiuri zemoqmedebis meTodi - aRZras
moTxovnileba.
meore midgoma gulisxmobs - reklamis gamoyenebiT
moTxovnilebis gamokveTis procesi da am moTxovnilebis
aqtualizacia - gaZliereba. amgvari reklama ki ar
„andomebs“, aramed gavlenas axdens arCevis procesze,
gadawyvetilebis miRebaze, qmnis „arCevanis iluzias“.
gamoiyofa reklamis ramdenime ZiriTadi funqcia:
informaciuli funqcia - momxmareblis informireba
produqtis, firmis Tu momsaxureobis Sesaxeb.

81
 ekonomikuri funqcia - produqciis, momsaxurebis
popularizacia da - gayidvebis stimulireba.
socialuri funqcia - mizanmimarTulia sazogado
cnobierebis formirebaze, komunikaciuri kavSirebis
gaZlierebasa da cxovrebis donis gaumjobesebaze.
saganmanaTleblo funqcia - iTvaliswinebs siax-
leebis an garkveuli ideebis propagandas cxovrebis
sxvadasxva sferoSi.
esTetikuri funqcia - mizanmimarTulia adamianis
gemovnebis da - silamazis aRqmis unaris ganviTarebaze.

reklama Sinaarsis mixedviT

Sinaarsis mixedviT ZiriTadad ganasxvaveben poli-

tikur, sayofacxovrebo da socialur reklamas.
politikur ireklama saarCevno kampaniis erT-erTi
gadamwyveti elementia. esaa tradiciuli satelevizio
sareklamo rgolebi, plakatebi, transfarantebi, fur-
clebi. amgvar reklamas eqspertebi ganmartaven, rogorc
bazris konkurenciis instruments, romlis ZiriTadi
amocanebia: - garkveuli politikuri Zalebis poli-
tikuri platformis arsi gadmosces misawvdomi emoci-
uri, lakonuri, originaluri da advilad dasamaxsovre-
beli formiT; ganawyos amomrCeveli mis mxardasaWerad,
Seqmnas fsiqologiuri ganwyoba, rac ganapirobebs
grZnobebis simpaTiebis mimarTulebas da Semdeg adami-
anis moqmedebasac.

82
 socialuri reklama

socialuri reklamis mizania sazogadoebaSi hu-

manizmis Camoyalibeba; sazogadoebrivi azris poziti-
uri cvlilebebi da cnobierebis amaRleba. socialuri
reklamis daxmarebiT Tqven SegiZliaT miaRwioT miznebs,
romlebic gaaumjobesebs sazogadoebis cxovrebas. am
ti pis reklama asrulebs garkveul SexedulebaTa, mis-
wrafebaTa formirebaze zemoqmedebis funqcias, cvlis
adamianTa qceviT ti pebs raime obieqtTan mimarTebaSi,
qmnis axal Rirebulebebs.
reklamis emociuroba iwvevs yuradRebis gamax-
vilebas sazogadoebaSi arsebul problemebze da mou-
wodebs sazogadoebas maTTan brZolisken. socialuri
reklama SeiZleba waaxalisebdes jansaRi cxovrebis
wess. am ti pis reklamis kidev erTi mizania, sazoga-
doebis damokidebuleba iseTi negatiuri faqtorebis
aRmosafxvrelad, rogoricaa alkoholze damokidebuleba,
narkomania, moweva; socialuri reklama mimarTulia qvel-
moqmedebisada mowyalebisken; kanonebis Secvlisken/mag.
sikvdilis dasjis gauqmeba, mravalSvilianebisTvis
statusis miniWeba;

komerciuli reklama

komerciuli reklama axorcielebs safasuris an

sxva ekonomikuri sargeblis sanacvlod, komerciuli
ideisa da wamowyebis realizaciis xelSewyobas; romelic
83
emsaxureba mewarmis, saqonlis, momsaxurebis, axali ide-
isa da saqmianobisadmi interesis formirebasa da Se-
narCunebas.
amerikelma publicistma vens pakardma reklamas
ase uwoda „xelovneba da umizno TavSi da moartya
safuleSi“.
piarteqnologia da reklama, iseve rogorc so-
cializaciis sxva institutebi, moqmedebs adamianis fsi-
qikasa da qcevaze ara marto gare samyaros Sesaxeb
informaciiT, aramed Tavad adamianis - misi mentalite-
tis, faseulobebis, interesebisa da moTxovnilebebis
Secvlis gziTac. amasTan, is did gavlenas axdens sa-
zogadoebriv azrsa da moralze. ase rom, reklama Cveni
cxovrebis ganuyofeli da ganuyreli nawilia, romel-
sac Tavisuflad SeuZlia gvmarTos, gansakuTrebiT ma-
Sin, Tu reklamis spcialistTa da fsiqologTa Zlieri
jgufis erToblivi ZalisxmeviTaa Seqmnili. amitom
aucilebelia yuradReba, raTa ar aRmovCndeT vinmes
mier marTuli.

84
 IX Tavi. masmediis
socialur-fsiqologiuri gavlena
mediis gavlena fsiqologiuri Teoriebis Tval-
sazrisiT Tanamedrove samyaroSi yvelaze didi gavlena
rogorc sazogadoebaze, ise TiToeul adamianze, gaaCnia
masmedias, gansakuTrebiT ki televizias.
Tavdapirvelad Sor manZilze informaciis gasavr-
celeblad Seqmnili mediasaSualeba Zalian male erTg-
var fsiqologiur saTvaled iqca, romlis saSualebiT
vuyurebT da aRviqvamT garemomcvel samyaros da mis
mimarT garkveuli damokidebulebebi gviCndeba, gviyal-
ibdeba qceviTi paternebi.
araerTi adamianisTvis fsiqikaSi sinamdvilis asaxva
televiziis saSualebiT xdeba. aRqmis efeqturi ganx-
orcielebisTvis televizias efeqturi meTodebic gaaCnia.
man ena audga aramxolod „did munjs“/kinematografs,
aramed xiluli gaxada „didi uxilavi“/radio / da
amiT samyaroSi mimdinare movlenebis asaxvis procesSi
SegrZnebis araerTi modalobaCarTo./kerZod, mxedvelo-
bisa da smenis modalobebi/. aseve gamoiyena xelovnebis
sxvadasxva dargi: saxviTi xelovneba, musika, Teatri da
warmatebiT gaikvlia gza adamianis fsiqikisken.
televizia, rogorc daupatiJebeli, magram sasur-
veli stumris saxiT Sedis uamravi adamianis ojaxSi
da i pyrobs maT yuradRebas. Sesabamisad, zegavlenas
axdens maT azrebze, emociebsa da qcevebze. televizia
aris ara mxolod fanjara, saidanac garesamyaros

85
vuyurebT, aramed karic, romlidanac Cvens gonebaSi Se-
modian azrebi da Sexedulebebi.
ratom uyureben adamianebi televizors?! amerike-
li mecnierebis mier Catarebuli am Sinaarsis gamok-
iTxvis Sedegad gamoikveTa Semdegi damokidebulebebi:
gasarTobad
sakuTari identobis gasaZliereblad
gantvirTvisTvis /relaqsisTvis/
sulieri sicarielis Sesavsebad
Tu ratom uyureben konkretulad satelevizio
axal ambebs, pasuxi, ra Tqma unda, calsaxad erTgvaro-
vani iyo: mimdinare movlenebze informaciis misaRebad.
Sesabamisad ganisazRvara telemayurebelTa motive-
bic: daswavla, Cveva, socialuri mxardaWera, agzneba,
relaqsacia, realobidan mowyveta, Tavisufali drois
Sevseba, martoobisgan Tavis daRweva.
samwuxarod, motivebi da Sedegebi xSirad gansx-
vavdebian erTmaneTisgan da mayureblebi xdebian televizi-
is negatiuri gavlenis msxverplni. Tumca arsebobs
iluzia, rom adamianma televizoris daxmarebiT i pova
misTvis raRac Zvirfasi, SesaZloa cxovrebis sazrisic
ki. visTvis es super adamiania satelevizio serial-
idan, visTvis - mamaci jariskaci „axali ambebidan“,
zogisTvis - modeli, msaxiobi, sportsmeni, politikosi.
sakuTar ideals adamiani upirobod endoba da cdi-
lobs mas daemsagavsos, misdios mis princi pebs , cx-
ovrebis wess da swored am mdgomarebas mihyavs adami-
ani Sinagan konfliqtamde. imisTvis, rom harmoniaSi
iyos Sinagan da gare samyarosTan, adamianma unda i pov-
os sakuTari unikaluri „me“ da araTu daemsgavsos
86
sxvas. xSirad televiziis mier SemoTavazebuli av-
toritetebi mayurebelTa azrovnebis da qcevis mode-
lirebisTvis aris gankuTvnili da ara maTi pirovnuli
zrdisTvis. adamianis bazisuri moTxovnileba ki pirovnu-
li zrdaa.
„Tu adamianis ganwyoba stereoti puli da aras-
wori Sexedulebebisagan Seqmnili barierebiT aris
SezRuduli, misTvis nayofieri da cvlilebebisTvis
aucilebeli impulsis gza Caxergilia“ - werda didi
mecnieri dimitri uznaZe.
araerTi samecniero kvleva Tu eqsperimenti cxa-
dyofs, rom, dRes uamravi adamiani televiziis mier
damkvidrebuli SexedulebebiT da stereoti pebiT
azrovnebs. televizia - e.w. „fanjara garesamyaroSi“,
gvaCvenebs imas, saiTac kameraa mimarTuli anu virtu-
alur subieqtur realobas da ara - obieqtur sinamd-
viles.
realurad, televizias SeuZlia Seqmnas produq-
cia, romelic miscems mayureblebs codnasCvens saocar
samyaroze; gaacnos saintereso adamianebi, Camouyali-
bos sazogadoebas empaTiis grZnoba, ganuviTaros azrovneba,
Secvalos Cveni cxovreba ukeTesobisken. aRniSnuli
mimarTulebiT masmedias udidesi potenciali gaaCnia,
magram amis nacvlad televizia gvevlineba, rogorc
barieri pirovnuli ganviTarebis gzaze.
mecnierebi gamudmebiT ikvleven televiziis gav-
lenas sazogadoebaze. socialur-fsiqologiuri Tval-
sazrisiT arsebobs ramdenime wamyvani mecnieruli Teo-
riuli midgoma. mokled mimovixiloT TiToeuli
maTgani.
87
 kultivaciis Teoria. es Teoriuli midgoma Sei-
muSaves gasuli saukunis 60-ian wlebSi amerikelma
mecnierma jorj gerbnerma da misma kolegebma. am midg-
omis Tanaxmad, televizia axdens sazogadoebis unifika-
cias, awvdis ra mas erTgvarovnad struqturirebul
informacias, es gansakuTrebiT exeba satelevizio axal
ambebs, romelsac hyavs yvelaze meti mayurebeli. televi-
zia saerTo CarCoSi svams gansxvavebuli erebis Sexed-
ulebebs, Rirebulebebs Tu tradiciebs. ucxo ideebi,
Cvens daukiTxavad, rogorc kontrabanda Semodian Cvens
cnobierebaSi. yoveli filmi Tu gadacema Tavis TavSi
atarebs stereoti pebad dafasoebul Rirebulebebs da
msoflmxedvelobas, romlebic cvlian mayureblis war-
modgenas realur samyaroze.
gerbneri miiCnevda, rom adamianebi, romlebic ufro
meti intensiurobiT uyureben televizors, realobas
imgvarad aRiqvamen, rogoradac amas televizia sTava-
zobs.
Tavisi hi poTezis dasamtkiceblad mecnierma kvl-
eva Caatara: gamohkiTxa mayurebelTa 3 kategoria: msub-
uqi mayureblebi, saSualo mayureblebi da mZime mayure-
blebi. aRmoCnda, rom am ukanasknelTa warmodgenebi
samyaroze da sakuTar cxovrebazec ki, emTxveoda
satelevizio personaJebis Sexedulebebs da xSir SemTx-
vevaSi ar Seesabameboda sinamdviles.
gerbners ekuTvnis aseve „sastiki samyaros“ kon-
cefciac. Tu adamiani teleekranze gamudmebiT sisas-
tikes uyurebs, mas samyaro sastiki da daundobeli
hgonia. gerbneris am mosazrebas dResac iziarebs bevri
mecnieri. am varauds emateba is azric, rom pozituri
88
telesiuJetebis mayurebels realobaze pozitiuri
warmodgena aqvs. am Sexedulebis sademonstraciod
amerikelma mecnierebma Caatares Semdegi eqsperimenti.
cdis pirebi 3 jgufad (sxvadasxva asakis, sqesis,
profesiis sul 45 adamiani) gaanawiles. TiToeulSi
15 adamiani iyo. pirvel jgufs aCvenes negatiuri Si-
naarsis satelevizio niusebis10 wuTianikolaJi, meores
- pozitiuri Sinaarsis da mesame jgufs - Sereuli
saxis. niusebis naxvis Semdeg TiToeul cdispirs in-
terviu CamoarTves. maT piradi cxovrebis Sesaxeb ekiTx-
ebodnen. vinc pozitiuri Sinaarsis axal ambebs uyura,
sakuTari cxovreba dadebiT WrilSi warmoadgina, nega-
tiuri satelevizio siuJetebis mayureblebma TavianTi
cxovreba erT did tragediad miiCnies, isini xSirad
imeorebdnen frazas, rom cxovreba ar Rirs, rom sam-
yaroSi adamiani sruliad martoa da daucveli. verc
erTi maTgani xvdeboda, rom maT mier amgvari aRqma
sakuTari cxovrebis, Tavsmoxveuli iyo. mesame jgufis
wevrebi, romlebmac Sereuli ti pis niusebs uyures,
sxvadasxvagvarad gamoxatavdnen TavianT damokidebule-
bebs.
eqsperimentis Sedegad gamarTlda eqsperimentator-
Ta varaudi, rom Tu adamiani mudmivad uyurebs teleekran-
ze sisastikes, mas garesamyaro sastiki da daundobeli
hgonia da Tu - pozitiuri Sinaarsis gadacemebs, real-
obis miseuli aRqmac pozitiuria.
Tuki amgvari Sedegi mohyva 10 wuTian sateleviz-
io axal ambebs, warmoidgineT Cvens cxovrebaSi ramdeni
aseTi 10 wuTia.

89
 Tu adamiani realobas arasworad, am SemTxvevaSi
televiziis mier Seqmnili suraT-xatebis safuZvelze
aRiqvams, bunebrivia, misi qceva ver iqneba mizanSewoni-
li.
socialuri daswavlis Teoria. am midgomis av-
tori gaxlavT socialuri fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli
albert bandura. mis mTavar debulebas warmoadgens,
rom adamiani qcevis gzebsa da formebs sxvebze dakvirve-
biT swavlobs. rogorc sxva socialur Cvevebs, sasur-
vel Tu arasasurvel qmedebebs adamiani sxvaTa dakvirve-
bis safuZvelze, garSemo myofi pirebisda maTi qceve-
bidan gamomdinare Sedegebis dakvirvebiT Tu gaTval-
iswinebiT iTvisebs.
televiziis rols socialuri daswavlis mima-
rTulebiT didi mniSvneloba eniWeba. satelevizio si-
uJetebi Tu gadacemebi uxvad gvTavazoben magaliTebs
anu modelebs ,romelTa qcevis dakvirvebas da mode-
lirebas mayurebeli efeqturad axorcielebs.
ra pirobebs unda akmayofilebdes sanimuSo piri,
rom misabaZi gaxdes? mibaZvis albaToba izrdeba, Tu
piris qceva dajildovdeba, magaliTad is warmatebuli
xdeba. aseve mibaZvis obieqtebi xdebian maRali so-
cialuri statusis da Zalauflebis mqone pirebi.
televizia garkveuli qcevis modelirebas sazoga-
doebaSi axdens yuradRebis miqcevis, SenarCunebis, game-
orebis da motivaciis amaRlebis gziT.
socialuri daswavla televiziiT nanax Zaladobis
da agresiis Semcvel gadacemebsac exeba. yurebiT da
daswavliT SeiZleba agresiuli qcevis modelirebac.
bevri mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom teleekranze Zaladobis
90
faqtis yurebis Semdeg mayurebeli gareT ki ar gamo-
dis da axdens imave qcevis demonstrirebas, aramed mis
aracnobierSi xdeba informaciis dagroveba, gadamuSave-
ba da Sesabamis situaciaSi amoqmedeba.
aseve arsebobs mosazreba, rom teleekraniT Seqmni-
li suraT- xatebi aZlierebs adamianSi arsebul mi-
drekilebas da SeiZleba televizorSi nanaxma sisas-
tikem agresiisadmi mowyvladebs ZaladobiskenubiZ-
gos.
albert banduras „socialuri daswavlis“ Teoriis
mixedviT, adamianebi iTviseben qcevis modelebs, rom-
lebsac maT garemo da sazogadoeba sTavazobs. am Teoriis
safuZvelze Seiqmna Terapiuli midgoma, romelic daa-
vadebul pirebs problemur qcevaTa paternebis modi-
ficirebisTvis imgvar pirobebs sTavazobs, sadac adami-
ani xedavs, Tu rogor waxalisdeba sasurveli qce-
visTvis ganxorcielebuli modeli. am dros xdeba
modelis mibaZva da socialuri unar-Cvevebis SemuSave-
ba.
samwuxarod, mediasivrceSi arajansaRi qcevis mod-
elebia waxali¬sebuli.
kaTarzisis Teoria. mecnierebi, romlebic iziareben
soci-aluri daswavlis Teorias, ewinaaRmdegebian uZve-
les da sayovelTaod cnobil kaTarzisis cnebas. ka-
Tarzisis Teooriis mimdevrebi, miiCneven, rom agresiu-
li qcevis yureba an warmosaxva momavalSi SesaZloa
iyos agresiis Semcirebis safuZveli, swored, am dros,
gancdili kaTarzisis wyalobiT.

91
 kaTarzisis Teoriis ramdenime sxvadasxvagvari
versia mogvepoveba. erT-erTi filosofos aristote-
les saxels ukavSirdeba.
„tragedia aRwevs mayurebelTa ganwmendas, sibra-
lulisa da SiSis aRZvris meSveobiT“. emociuri gan-
wmenda, emociuri gamoZaxili SeiZleba mohyves scenaze
nawarmoebis yurebas. es mosazreba satelevizio gada-
cemebis misamarTiTac SeiZleba ganvixiloT.
berZnuli tragediis analizSi aristotele amt-
kicebs, rom scenaze gadmocemul emocias mayurebeli
gmirTan erTad ganicdis. imis yureba, Tu rogor gad-
moscems sxva adamiani am emocias, ganmwmend, damamSvidebel
gavlenas axdens mayurebelze. gamodis, rom sxva adami-
anebis, Tundac msaxiobebis mtruli da agresiuli qce-
vis yurebam mayurebelze dadebiTad unda imoqmedos da
Seamciros masSi sakuTari mtruli da agresiuli
grZnobebi. Tumca emociuri gamoZaxili yovelTvis rodia,
aramed maSin, Tu nawarmoebi asaxavs adamianis xasiaTs
da miswrafebebs, aseve gavlenas axdens masze sinamd-
vilesTan siaxloviT.
filosofosi platonic fiqrobda, rom agresiul
qcevas kaTarzisis efeqti mosdevs da momavalSi agre-
siulad moqcevis moTxovnileba mcirdeba.
kaTarzisis Teorias iziarebs froidic - kaTarziss
adgili aqvs, rodesac adamians SeuZlia verbalurad
gamoxatos an warmoisaxos Tavisi mtruli grZnobebi.
froidi miiCnevda, Tu am mtrul grZnobebs warmoisax-
avs adamiani, es agresiuli qcevis moTxovnilebas sagrZno-
blad amcirebs.

92
 z. froids miaCnda, rom „sanam adamians Tavisi agresi-
is gamoxatvis saSualeba ar miecema, agresiuli energia
gubdeba da gamoxatvis gzase Zebs. daZabuloba matu-
lobs da Tavs ukidures ZaladobaSi iCens an Tavis
manifestacias axdens, rogorc sulieri daavadebis sim-
ptomi.“
aristoteles da misi mimdevrebis mosazreba, rom
agresiis yureba kaTarzisis efeqts iZleva, mecnierebma
eWvqveS daayenes da mis gasaqarwyleblad ara erTi
kvleva Caatares.
froidis idea, rom agresiis gamoxatvas uSualod
mosdevs kaTarzisis efeqti, eqsperimentuli Semowme-
biT met-naklebad dadasturda: agresiis warmosaxva an
misi gamoxatva amcirebs momdevno agresias, Tumca ara
yovelTvis. platonis ideis kvlevam, rom sxvisi agre-
siuli qcevis yureba amcirebs agresias, aCvena, rom mapro-
vocirebeli piris mimarT agresiulma qcevam, marTlac
SeiZleba Seamciros Semdgomi agresia, magram agresia,
gadanacvlebuli udanaSaulo msxverplze, xSirad mom-
devno agresias badebs.
kaTarzisis Teorias araerTi mecnieri gamoexmaura
kritikulad. e. eriqsonma Seajama ra sakuTari mo-
sazrebebi, daaskvna: Zaladoba badebs Zaladobas. igive
SegviZl ia vTqvaT medi aZaladobaze. sietlis
fsiqologiuri klinikis fsiqiatrma b.sentervilma, ki
pirdapir dasdo brali medias agresiis provocirebaSi
da kategoriulad ganacxada, rom ara aseTi televizia,
aSS-Si weliwadSi 10 000 mkvlelobiT naklebi iqne-
bodao.

93
 televiziis fsiqologiuri
zemoqmedebis meTodebi

amerikeli mecnieri noam homski Tavis wignSi „mS-

vidi iaraRi wynari omebisTvis“ TvalsaCinod aRwers
masmediis sazogadoebaze mani pulaciis strategiebs.
mecnieri ganixilavs 10 meTods.
1. yuradRebis gadarTva - „sazogadoebis yuradRe-
ba ganuwyvetliv unda gadavitanoT aqtualuri so-
cialuri problemebidan iseT Temebze, romelsac si-
namdvileSi mniSvneloba ar gaaCniaT. unda mivaR¬wioT
imas, rom moqalaqeebi mudmivad raRaciT iyvnen
dasaqme¬bulni da ar rCebodeT dro gansjisTvis; unda
SegveZlos maTi yuradRebis gadatana „mindvridan –
vagonSi“.
2. problemis Seqmna, Semdeg ki misi gadawyvetis
meTodebis SeTavazeba - aRniSnuli strategia sxvag-
varad asec iwodeba: „prob¬lema- reaqcia-gadawyvetileba”.
am meTodis mixedviT, Tavdapirvelad, xelovnurad qm-
nian problemas, anu erTgvar situacias, raTa mosaxle-
obaSi gamoiwvion winaswar gaTvlili reaqcia imisTvis,
rom Tavad moiTxovon im zomebis miReba, romelic mmarTve-
li wreebisTvis aris aucilebeli.
3. TandaTanobiT mimarTvis procesi - sazogadoeb-
isTvis ara¬popu- laruli ideebis mimRebloba rom
uzrunvelyon, mas ara erTbaSad, aramed TandaTanobiT,
yoveldRiurad, wlidan - wlamde nergaven.
4. Sesasruleblis gadavadeba - arapopularuli
gadawyveti-lebis gatarebis momdevno meTodia; roca
sazogadoebas misTvis miuRebel RonisZiebasSesTavaze-
94
ben, rogorc “mtkivneulad aucilebel” viTarebas, romel-
ic samomavlod ganxorcieldeba, magram ara dRes.bevrad
iolia miaRwio moqalaqeTa Tanxmobas mis ganxorciele-
baze momavalSi. advilia daeTanxmo msxverplis gaRebas
samomavlod, vidre arsebuli momentisaTvis. vinaidan,
jer erTi, es uecrad ar moxdeba. meorec - imitom rom,
xalxs gulubryvilod sjera rom „xval yvelaferi
ukeTesobisken Seicvleba” da, rom msxverpli, romelsac
axla misgan iTxoven, momavalSi SesaZloa saWiro aRar
iyos. magram, rodesac amisi dro dgeba, maTi miRebis
problema aRar iqmneba, adamianebi ukve rogorc wesi,
morCilad iReben SemoTavazebul pirobebs.
5. mimarTva sazogadoebasTan patara bavSvTan mima-
rTvis meTodiT - rodesac sazogadoebas ise mimarTav,
imgvar SeTavazebebs awvdi, rogorc amas patara bavS-
vTan axorcieleb, roca mas Sen mier SeTavazebuli wi-
nadadebebiT arCevanis iluzias uqmni. aseT viTarebaSi
sazogadoebis reaqciac Sesabamisia da mis pasuxSi kri-
tikuli Sefaseba ufro naklebia.
6. ufro meti gavlena emociaze, vidre miRebuli
informaciis gansjaze - adamianTa emociaze zemoqmedeba
aris kargad aprobirebuli klasikuri meTodi, xriki,
romelic iqiTken aris mimarTuli, rom daiblokos ad-
amianTa racionaluri gansjis, analizis unari, Sedegad
ki zogadad, mimdinare movlenis kritikuli gaazrebis
SesaZ¬lebloba. meore mxriv, emociuri zemoqmedebi gamoy-
eneba gzas ik¬vlevs aracnobierisken, raTa Cainergos iq
sasurveli azrebi, moTxovnilebebi, SiSebi, negatiuri
vnebebi da qcevis garkveuli modelebi…

95
 7. sazogadoebaSi ganaTlebis garkveuli donis Se-
narCuneba - es strategia emsaxureba imas, rom adamiane-
bi ver Cawvdnen maTze zemoqmedebis meTodebs; ar hqon-
deT codna im xrikebis Sesaxeb, romelTac maT samarTa-
vad iyeneben da romelTa meSveobiTac sakuTar nebaze
atareben.
8. moqalaqeTa aRfrTovaneba arsebuli mdgomareo-
biT - moqalaqeebs unergaven azrs, rom dRes moduria
iyo zedmetad Tamami. skan¬da¬lebi, „yviTeli Temebi“,
jadoqroba da magia, populisturi aqciebi - es yve-
laferi emsaxureba erT mizans, ar dauSvan, rom adami-
anebma gaiRrmavon inteleqti, sakuTari Tavis da sam-
yaros Semecnebis unari.
9. sakuTari danaSaulis grZnobis gaZliereba - es
meTodi gulisxmobs, aiZulo sazogadoeba daijeros, rom
saaakuTar ubedureba¬Si damnaSave Tavad aris. yvelaferi,
rac garSemo xdeba, misi ara¬sak¬marisi gonebrivi Sesa-
Zleblobebis an arasakmarisi Zalisxmevis gamo xdeba.
amis Sedegia is, rom sazogadoeba, nacvlad imisa, rom
win aRud¬ges mCagvrel sistemas, iwyebs sakuTari Tavis
dadanaSaulebas, damcirebas da sakuTari yofis da ufle-
bebis dasacavad uunaro xdeba.
10. adamianebze imaze meti codnis mopoveba, vidre
maT uwyian sakuTar Tavze - ukanaskneli 50 wlis
ganmavlobaSi, mecnierebis swrafma ganviTarebam da miR-
weulma warmatebebma adamianis bunebis Seswavlis sf-
eroSi gazardes ufskruli ubralo adamianebis cod-
nasa da im mopovebul informaciebs Soris, romelTac
mmarTveli wreebi floben. gamoyenebiTi fsiqologiis,
neirobiologiis Tu biologiis meSveobiT „mmarTvelma
96
sistemam“ udidesi codna SeiZina adamianis Sesaxeb - es
iqneba fiziologiis Tu fsiqikis sferoSi. amitom, maT
ufro meti ician adamianis da misi bunebis Sesaxeb,
vidre Tavad adamianma sakuTar Tvze. „sistemas“ gac-
ilebiT ukeTesad SeuZlia adamianis marTva, vidre Ta-
vad adamians - sakuTari Tavis floba.
adamianebi ganicdian diskomforts, rodesac isini
sazogadoebis danarCeni wevrebisagan Zalian gamoirCe-
vian, magram amasTan diskomforti eqmnebaT maSinac, Tu
ise gamoiyurebian, rogorc yvelani. televizia kargad
iyenebs adamianis bunebis am Taviseburebas da amitomac
sazogadoebas sTavazobs fsevdounikalurobas,
fsevdoaz¬rov¬nebas, fsevdoTavisulebas. adamiani ara-
sodes yofila aseTi Tavisufali sakuTar arCevanSi,
magram amasTan arasodes yofila misi arCevani aseTi
determinirebuli sxvaTagan. televiziis mier Tavsmox-
veuli azrovneba mayurebels xSirad sakuTari hgonia,
is darwmunebulia sakuTari azris sisworeSi, romel-
ic xSirad misi arc aris.
noam homski masmediis mani pulaciisagan Tavis dasa-
cavad gvTavazobs gzebs, esenia: ganaTleba, individu-
aluroba, Tavisufali azrov¬neba.
mecnierebi aseve miiCneven, rom adamianze televizi-
is zemoqmedebis xarisxs gansazRvravs misi socialuri
garemocva, pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebi da fsiqologiuri
Taviseburebebi.

97
 X Tavi. televiziis gavlena adamianis
fsiqo-emociur mdgomareobaze
mediastresi

Tanamedrove samyaro, romelSic vcxovrobT mraval-

ferovani da dinamiuria, magram amasTan rTuli da winaaRm-
degobebiT aRsavse.
masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebis mudmivi da
xangrZlivi zemoqmedebis Sedegad permanentulad icv-
leba codna samyaroze da masSi Cveni rolis Sesaxeb.
amJamad, bevrs saubroben imaze, rom Tanamedrove
sazogadoebis mudmiv Tanamgzavradstresi gadaiqca.stresi,
romelic, bunebrivia, yovelTvis arsebobda, dRes ki me-
diis saSualebiT gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemi gaxda.
stresi - es aris avtomaturi reaqcia stresore-
bisa im situaciebis mimarT, romlebic organizms cv-
lilebebTan Seguebas aiZuleben. yoveli potenciuri an
realuri safrTxe adamianSi iwvevs stresis hormoneb-
is gamomuSavebas, rac warmoqmnis urTierdamokidebul
fiziologiur cvlilebebs. es SegrZnebebi yvelas gamouc-
dia: guliscemis aCqareba, kunTebis daWimva, sunTqvis
gaxSireba, oflisgamoyofa.
harvardis universitetis fiziologi uolter
bredford kenoni, stresis bioqimiis erT-erTi pirve-
li mkvlevari, TiTqmis erTi saukunis win darwmunda,
rom SiSs, rogorc stresors, organizmi ara marto
gonebis, aramed fizikuri reaqciis saxiTac pasuxobs.

98
 mecnieri cdebs cxovelebze, kerZod, katebze da
ZaRlebze atarebda. man gamoyo eqsperimentebis Sedegad
SeSinebuli katebis Tirkmelzeda jirkvlebis mier
gamomuSavebuli hormoni da is normalur mdgomare-
obaSi myof katas ineqciis saxiT Seuyvana, riTac mas
SiSiSis somaturi reaqcia gamoiwvia. cxovelSi SiSi-
sagan aCqarebuli guliscemis, arteriuli wnevis da
kunTebSi sisxlis nakadis matebis gamo, am movlenas,
„SiSis, brZolisagan gaqcevis“ reaqcia uwoda. swored
amitom, am fenomens brZolis an gaqcevis an stresul
reaqciasuwodeben.
e.w. brZolis an gaqcevis reaqcia, romelic sasic-
ocxlod mniSvnelovania, qronikuli stresis dros
sagangaSo xdeba.
mecnierebi ganixilaven moklevadian da qronikul
stress. pirvel maTgans adamianisTvis dadebiTi Sede-
gebis motana SeuZlia.
cnobilma mecnierma hans seliem moklevadian stress
„kargi stresi“ uwoda, radgan is organizms xels uw-
yobs resursebis mobilizacia moaxdinos winaaRmdego-
bis dasaZlevad. am dros, adrenalinis didi raodeno-
biT gamomuSaveba xdeba da adamiani mzadaa nebismieri
gmirobisTvis Tu gamowvevisTvis.
grZelvadiani, qronikuli anu igive „cudi“ stresi
/disstresi/ ki asustebs adaptaciis da sirTuleebTan
gamklavebis unars.
seliem stresis sami stadia ganixila:
pirveli, es aris gangaSis stadia. am dros orga-
nizmSi xdeba fsiqofizikuri Zalebis sabrZolvelad
momarTva .
99
 meore - winaaRmdegobis stadia, dgeba maSin, roca
organizmi kvlav brZolis mdgomareobaSia droSi gax-
angrZlivebuli stresis gamo.
mesame - gamofitvis stadia saxezea maSin, roca
adami¬ani ver umklavdeba stress, ver aRwevs Tavs stre-
sul faqtorebs.
stresi - aris organizmis reaqcia garegamaReziane-
belze anu im movlenis mimarT, romelic adamians ur-
Rvevs fsiqikur wonasworobas. mastimulirebeli mov-
lenebi moicaven mravalgvar garegan Tu Sinagan faq-
torebs, romelTa saerTo saxelwodebaa stresorebi.
stresori organizmisgan moiTxovs adaptaciur reaq-
cias. adamiani sxvadasxva safrTxeze gansxvavebul do-
neebze reagirebs - fiziologiuri, qceviTi da kogni-
turi. zogierTi reaqcia Semguebluri bunebisaa, zogi-
erTi maTgani ki araadaptaciuria da SeiZleba savala-
lo SedegiTac dasruldes.
stresi, rogorc aRvniSneT, SeiZleba iyos mwvave
da qronikuli.
mwvave stresi - warmoadgens emociuri agznebis
gardamavali mdgomareobas da mimdinareobs dawyebisa
da dasrulebis mkafio gamoxatulebiT.
qronikuli stresi - es aris emociuri agznebis
droSi gaxangrZlivebuli mdgomareoba, rodesac adami-
ani aRiqvams, rom mas gamoelia is Sinagani da garegani
resursebi, romlebic arsebul movlenasTan dasapiri-
spireblad aris saWiro.
Tanamedrove adamianis cxovreba savsea fizikuri
da fsiqolo- giuri movlenebiT, xan jansaRi stresiT
da xanac distresiT.
100
 qronikuli stresis Zlier da Tanac mudmiv wyarod
mecnierebi dRes satelevizio niusebs asaxeleben. maT-
Si aRwerili yvela negatiuri faqtis Tu movlenis
Tanamonawile mayurebels dakarguli aqvs am movle-
nebze gavlenis da kontrolis unari anu stresis mar-
Tvis strategiebi. safrTxis momaswavebeli, ZiriTadad
negatiuri Sinaarsis, mozRvavebuli informacia Tavis
tvinSi agzavnis gangaSis signals, rac iwvevs stresis
reaqcias, romelsac, Tavis mxriv, organizmis adapturi
da dacviTi funqcia gaaCnia; magram xangrZlivi droiT
am mdgomareobaSi yofna, roca Tavis tvinSi CarTulia
safrTxis Semcveli, stresis maprovocirebeli trigeri,
iwvevs energetikuli resursebis gamofitvas da imu-
nuri Zalebis daqveiTebas; adamiani xdeba disfunqci-
uri.
televizias Seswevs unari daexmaros sazogadoe-
bas cxovrebis ukeTesad warmarTvaSi.
saWiroa televiziam ar Seuqmnas safrTxemayureb-
lis mentalur janmrTelobas; danergos moraluri
Rirebulebebi da antisocialuri qcevisadmi mkveTrad
uaryofiTiSexedulebebi.
masmedias SeuZlia daexmaros adamians am samyaro-
Si daimkvidros Rirseuli adgili da sazogadoebriv
cxovrebaSi Seitanos sakuTari wvlili.
satelevizio magaliTebiT SesaZlebelia viswav-
loT, Tu rogor moviqceT sxvadasxva kritikul situ-
aciaSi.
sxvadasxva qveynis da eris tradiciebis gacnobiT
, televizias SeuZlia kulturaTaSorisi mediatoris
funqcia ikisros; daamkvid- ros sazogadoebaSi tol-
101
erantobis da solidarobis gancda, izrunos usafrTxo
garemoze mayureblebisadmi gulwrfeli, empaTiuri da
profesionaluri damokidebulebebiT, xeli Seuwyos
sazogadoebaSi ganaTlebis, Tavisuflebis, samarTliano-
bis, keTilgonierebis, optimizmis ganviTarebas.
adamians safrTxes uqmnis negatiuri emociebi da
azrebi, romlebic, televiziis wyalobiT, misi yoveld-
Riuri cxovrebis Tanmdevad iqca.
adamianis moTxovnilebaa, Tavi igrZnos usafrTxod,
daculad, sociumis Rirseul wevrad, realizebulad;
acnobierebdes sakuTar pasuxismgeblobas da xarobdes
TavisuflebiT; hqondes sakuTari unikaluri cxovreb-
is sazrisi. dRes, ki adamiani mTlianad determinirebu-
lia mediisagan.
adamianis fsiqika imgvarad aris mowyobili, rom
mudmivad miiswrafis fsiqologiuri balansisken. fsi-
qikuri wonasworobis Sesana¬Cuneblad saWiroa may-
urebels miewodis dabalansebuli informacia.
teleJurnalists aqvs ufleba, ise gaaSuqos faq-
ti da movlena, rogorc amas sakuTari profesional-
izmi ukarnaxebs, magram mayurebelsac aqvs ufleba, icodes,
ra procesebi viTardeba mis fsiqikaSi, rodesac ganuw-
yvetliv negatiur axal ambebs awvdian.

koronavirusi satelevizio axal ambebSi

dRes, mTeli msoflios sazogadoeba misTvis uCveu-

lo, axali safrTxis anu krizisis winaSe aRmoCnda.
102
kacobrioba yofis gansxvavebul, amasTan kritikul fa-
zaSi Sevida. axali gamowvevis winaSe dadga masmediac.
msoflio jandacvis organizaciam pandemiis gavr-
celebidan ramdenime kviraSi mimarTa sazogadoebas, im-
isaTvis, rom gaufrTxil- dnen sakuTar fsiqikur jan-
mrTelobas, Seamciron informaciis miReba covid -19
Sesaxeb. sasurvelia axal informacias gavecnoT dReSi
orjer: diliT da saRamos /an mxolod diliT/ da isic
kompetenturi piris- gan. es SeiZleba iyos jandacvis
organizacia an daavadebaTa kontro- lis palata, samed-
icino sferos warmomadgeneli. saWiroa SevarCioT san-
do wyaro, rom amgvarad Tavi davicvaT gaufiltravi
informaciis negatiuri zemoqmedebisgan. ar unda gavavr-
celoT gadaumowmebeli informacia socialur qselSi.
vimoqmedoT jansaRi rekomendaciebis dacviT. distan-
cireba saWiroa ara mxolod socialuri anu fizikuri,
aramed igive unda ganxorcieldes satelevizio niuse-
bis mimarT, raTa adamianma SeZlos marTos informaciu-
li nakadi.
koronavirusi televizoridan aranakleb savala-
lod moqme debs adamianebze, vidre cocxal realobaSi.
amis Sesaxeb saubroben amerikis fsiqoTerapevtTa aso-
ciaciis wevri mecnierebi.
mediis mier koronavirusis mimdinareobis perma-
nentuli gaSuqeba SesaZloa savalalo aRmoCndes Cveni
janmrTelobisTvis.
amerikis fsiqoTerapevtTa asociaciis JurnalSi
„janmrTelo- bis fsiqologia“ gamoqveynda statia,
romelSic fsiqologebi saubroben disstresze, romelsac
telemayureblebSi iwvevs ganuwyve- teli, droSi gax-
103
angrZlivebuli negatiuri satelevizio niusebi, gan-
sakuTrebiT pandemiis dros.
miuxedavad imisa, rom sazogadoebisTvis gadamwyve-
ti mniSvneloba aqvs COVID-19–is gavrcelebis Sesax-
eb zusti da ganaxlebuli informaciis miRebas, maTi
dausrulebeli mimdinareoba safrTxes uqmnis sazoga-
doebis fsiqologiur da fiziologiur janmrTelo-
bas.
mediis zemoqmedebis Sedegad SesaZloa gaizardos
safrTxis aRqma, aRmocendes panika, rac, Tavis mxriv
aaqtiurebs „brZolisan gaqcevis „e.w. stresis reaq-
cias, romelic Tu gaxangrZlivda, iwyeba adamianis rogorc
fsiqologiuri, ise - fizikurigamofitva.
samecniero kvlevebi adastureben, rom sateleviz-
io niusebSi msgavsi Temebis gaSuqebisas /romelic ukav-
Sirdeba sayovelTao ubedur SemTxvevebs/gancdili dis-
tresis Sedegebi grZelvadiania da SesaZloa, ramdenime
welic ki gagrZeldes.
magaliTad, 11 seqtembris teraqtis Semdeg, yoveld-
Riurad ramdenime saaTis ganmavlobaSi, satelevizio
mimoxilva pirdapir proporciuli iyo posttravmuli
stresis gazrdasTanda janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebul
axal problemebTan 2-3 wlis Semdeg. am periodSi, aq-
tiur telemayurebelTa Soris imata gulsisxlZarRv-
Ta daavadebebis ricxvma, imaTTan SedarebiT, vinc nakle-
bad adevnebda Tvals medias.
bostonis maraTonis dabombvis Semdeg, mwvave stresis
simptomebi gacilebiT maRali iyo im adamianebSi, rom-
lebic teraqts televiziiT adevnebdnen Tvals, vidre
maTSi, vinc dabombvis adgilas imyofeboda.
104
 globaluri pandemiis konteqstSi, mediis mier
gamowveulma distresma SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos iseT
aramizanSewonil qcevas, romelic saqmes gaurTulebs
jandacvis sistemas da waarTmevs mas mniSvnelovan
resursebs. magaliTad, SeiZleba gaizardos panikuri
Setevis gamo gamowveuli saswrafo daxmarebis gamoZa-
xebis ricxvi, an SesaZloa imatos medikamentebis an
sayofacxovrebo sagnebis, produqtebis moxmarebam im
adamianTa mxridan, visac es sruliad ar sWirdeba da
daazaralos is, visTvisac es yvelaferi sasicocxlod
mniSvnelovania.
SiSi bunebrivi reaqciaa mosalodnel safrTxeze,
mas damcavi sasignalo funqcia akisria. is an adekva-
turi moqmedebisken gvibiZgebs an sruliad umoqmedos
gvxdis.
SiSi gansxvavdeba SfoTvisgan. SfoTva adamianis
anTologiur bunebas miekuTvneba da fesvebi mis siR-
rmeSi imaleba, egzistencialur kriziss ukavSirdeba.
SiSi aris garemocemuloba, SfoTva ki adamianis
Sinagani mdgomareobaa da iwyeba maSin, roca individi
grZnobs saSiSroebas ara fizikuri dasasrulis, /rogorc
es SiSis SemTxvevaSia/ aramed sakuTari Tavis, sakuTari
samyaros dakargvis; roca ver egueba awmyos, ekargeba
warsuli da erTmevamomavali.
televizia dRes mayureblebSi SfoTvis mdgomare-
obas qmnis. koronas mimarT SiSi misi dasrulebisTanave
gaqreba; magram SfoTva, romelmac Searyia adamianis
fsiqika da pirovnulad CamoSala, mas didxans gayveba.
mecnierebi SfoTviTi mdgomareobis 4 formas aR-
weren: Sizoiduri, depresiuli, obsesiuri, isteriuli.
105
 1. sakuTari, pirovnuli „me-s“ dakargvis gancda;
2. daucvelobis da simartovis SegrZneba;
3. cvlilebebis SiSi, rwmenis dakargvis gancda;
4. gardauvalobis, mosaxdenis moxdenis SiSi;
swored, am sxvadasxva SfoTviT mdgomareobas iwvevs
sazogadoebaSi SemaSfoTebeli satelevizio axali am-
bebi.
realurad, adamians aqvs resursi nebismier movle-
naSi i povos, dainaxos misTvis raRac sasargeblo. media,
sazogadoebaSi panikis da TesviT, aferxebs resursebis
moZiebis da maTi praqtikulad gamoyenebis SesaZle-
blobas da amyofebs adamianebs uunaro mdgomareobaSi,
arsebul viTarebaSi saWiroa satelevizio niuseb-
Si mimdinare faqti Tu movlena iyos gadmocemuli
zedmeti dramatizmis da SemaS foTebeli gamosaxule-
bebis gareSe. saWiroa fokusireba ara problemaze, aramed
misgan gamosavlis Ziebaze. aucilebelia adekvaturi
jansaRi qcevis modelebis Cveneba da wesebis danergva,
rom Tavi vigrZnoT ara mxolod informirebulad, aramed
- usafrTxod, daculad.
televizias Seswevs unari, xeli Seuwyos mayureb-
lis pirovnul zrdas, Tuki mniSvnelovan gzavnilebs
gaavrcelebs da im postulatebs daeyrdnoba, romleb-
sac adamiani Cveulebrivi individidan ganviTarebis ma-
Ral safexurze ahyavs. esenia: piradi pasuxismgebloba
da arCevanis Tavisufleba, racionaluri azrovneba, sak-
uTari Rirsebis SegrZneba, pozitiuri urTierTobebis
damyareba, cxovrebis sakuTari unikaluri sazrisis povna,
eTikuri cxovrebis wesis mimdevroba.

106
 XI Tavi. TviTSefaseba
TviTSefasebis formireba

TviTSefaseba - es aris sakuTari „me-s“ Sesaxeb

Camoyalibebuli subieqturi SefasebiTi damokidebuleba,
romelic exeba Sinagan resursebs, pirovnul Tvisebebs
da garegnobas. TviTSefaseba gavlenas axdens adamianis
rogorc guneba-ganwyobilebaze, aseve qcevaze. is gan-
sazRvravs Cvens SesaZleblobebs, cxovrebis xarisxs da
aqedan gamomdinare, Cvens adgils - sazogadoebaSi.
TviTSefaseba daaxloebiT igivea adamianisTvis, rac
xerxemali - sxeulisTvis.
TviTSefasebis formireba adreuli bavSvobidan xdeba
da mis Camoyalibebaze mravali faqtori axdens gavle-
nas.
fsiqologiaSi ganixilaven adekvatur da araadek-
vatur TviTSefasebas.
araadekvaturi TviTSefaseba, Tavis mxriv SeiZleba
iyos dabali an maRali. Tuki adamiani gadametebulad
afasebs sakuTar SesaZleblobebs, moRvaweobis Sedegebs,
pirovnul maxasiaTeblebs - misi TviTSefaseba aris
maRali da ar uwyobs xels adamianis normalur ganvi-
Tarebas. aseve aferxebs pirovnebis TviTaqtulizaciis
process dabali TviTSefaseba, radgan es niSnavs, rom
adamianma bevri araferi icis sakuTari „me“-s Sesaxeb.
adekvatur TviTSefasebas gaaCnia ramdenime funq-
cia. esenia: maregulirebeli, dacviTi da ganviTarebis.
es funqciebi gansazRvraven adamianis stabilurobis,

107
usafrTxoebis da ganviTarebisken swrafvis moTxov-
nilebas.
TviTSefaseba ganixileba , rogorc pirovnuli gan-
viTarebis mTavari faqtori da „me“-koncefciis cen-
traluri komponenti.
„me“- koncefcia aris humanisturi fsiqologiis
TvalsaCino warmomadgenlis - karl rojersis Teori-
is centraluri cneba. esaa qcevisa da cnobierebis
TviTrealizaciis Zireuli meqanizmi. „me“- koncefcia
Sedgeba „me”-s Sexedulebebisagn sakuTar Tavze /TviT-
Sefaseba/ da imaze, Tu rogori surs, rom iyos /ide-
aluri me/. rodesac xdeba gansvla idealur „me“-sa da
TviTSefasebas Soris, maSin iqmneba dezintegraciis sa-
SiSroeba.
imisaTvis, rom miviRoT adekvaturi warmodgena
sakuTar realurdaunikalur„me“-ze, aucilebelia gav-
igoT organizmis SefasebiTi procesis koncefciis arsi.
es procesi moiazrebs gamocdilebebis uwyvet ganxil-
vas da mis CarCoSi Sefasebebis Casmas gansazRvruli
rigiT aqtualizaciis tendenciis moTxovnilebasTan
kavSirSi. rodesac adamiani izrdeba, TviTSefaseba ex-
mareba mas miaRwios TviTrealizebis imgvar zRvars,
rodesac SeuZlia SeigrZnos da Seimecnos Sinagani Zalebi
daresursebi.
„me“ - koncefcia es aris warmodgena sakuTar
„me“-ze da is adreul asakSi yalibdeba. mag. Cvils
Tavis „me“ - koncefciaSi Seaqvs is faqti, rom SimSils
ganicdis negatiurad. mozrdils asakSi „me“ - koncef-
cia yalibdeba sxva adamianebTan urTierTobiT, rom-
lebic gavlenas axdenen mis pirovnebaze. aRniSnulidan
108
gamomdinare, rojersma SefasebiTa sistema 2 nawilad
dayo:
pirveli - organuli procesi, romelic gamoixate-
ba aqtualizaciis tendenciaSi anu piradi Sefaseba;
meore - es procesi damokidebulia SefasebaTa
pirobebTan, romlebic emyareba „introeqcias“ anu sxva
adamianTa Sefasebas.
rojersi miiCnevda, rom SeiZleba adamianTa dax-
mareba adekvaturi „me“-s gasaviTareblad. maTi umete-
soba ver aqtualizirdeba sakmarisad imitom, rom
datvirTulni arian SefasebaTa pirobebiT.
mecnieri asaxelebs ramdenime mniSvnelovan faq-
tors, romlebic gvexmarebian SeviqmnaT srulfasovani
warmodgena sakuTar Tavze:
gaxsniloba gamocdilebisadmi, racionaluroba,
pirovnuli pasuxismgebloba, sakuTari Rirsebis Seg-
rZneba, pozitiuri pirovnuli urTierTobebis damyareba,
eTikuri cxovrebis wesis mimdevroba.
„me“ - koncefciaze da Sesabamisad TviTSefasebaze,
aseve gavlenas axdens RirebulebaTa sistema. adamiane-
bi gansxvavdebian cxovrebis miznebis arCevis, Tavisi
codnis da im strategiebis mixedviT, romlebsac Ta-
vianTi miznebis misaRwevad iyeneben.
Cven TviTSefaseba ganvixileT k. rojersis „me“-
koncefciasTan kavSirSi. am sakiTxs aseve mniSvnelo-
vani adgili uWiravs kognitur- biheviorul Terapia-
Si.
kognitur - bihevioruli Terapiis fuZemdebelia
amerikeli mecnieri aaron beki. misi midgoma efuZneba
emociuri reagirebis kognitur models, kerZod: Cvens
109
grZnobebs da qcevas ara garegani faqtorebi, aramed
Cveni azrebi ganapirobeben. am Teoriis mixedviT, adami-
ani Tu ganikurneba, imitom rom swavlobs axlebur
azrovnebas, iZens axal jansaR xedvas da swored, amis
safuZvelze, iwyebs adekvatur moqmedebas; swavlobs da
daswavlils axorcielebs cxovrebaSi, icvleba misi TviT-
Sefasebac.
sakuTari Tavis xati, warmodgena sakuTar Tavze,
sakuTari Tavis aRqma/TviT-aRqma/ - samive asaxavs erT
mTlian suraTs, romelic sakuTar Tavze aqvs pirovnebas
Seqmnili. es terminebi ar gulisxmobs gansjas an Se-
fasebas, aramed ubralod erTianad aRwers adamianis
Taviseburebebis suraTs.
TviTdajerebuloba da rwmena sakuTar ZalebSi,
qmediToba asaxavs im saqmianobebs, rac, pirovnebis azriT,
mas warmatebulad gamosdis.
kompetenturoba - garkveul sagnebTan mimarTebaSi
da socialur urTierTobebSi zogadad, problemebis
gadaWris, problemebTan gamklavebis unaria.
cnebebs - sakuTari Tavis mimRebloba, sakuTari
Rirsebis grZnoba, sakuTari Tavis fasi, Tavmoyvareoba -
sakuTari Tavisadmi pativiscema SemoaqvT.
isini, ubralod ki ar aRweren ama Tu im Tvisebebs,
kargsa Tu cuds, an unarebs, romelTac pirovneba saku-
Tar Tavs miawers, aramed asaxaven pirovnebis saerTo
Sexedulebas sakuTar Tavze da pirovnul Rirsebebze.
amas SeiZleba hqondes dadebiTi („me kargi adamiani
var“, „me Rirebuli adamiani var“) an uaryofiTi („cudi
adamiani var“, „usargeblo adamiani var“) Sefaseba. roca

110
uaryofiTia Sefaseba, maSin vlaparakobT dabal TviTSe-
fasebaze.
dabal TviTSefasebas safuZvlad udevs pirovnebis
centraluri rwmena-Sexeduleba sakuTar Tavze da birT-
vuli azri, imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra kategoriis adamianad
miaCnia Tavi. Cveulebriv, am rwmunebulebebs aqvT faq-
tis konstataciis saxe. miuxedavad imisa, rom TviTSe-
faseba warmoadgens pirad Sexedulebas da ara faqts,
subieqtur daskvnebsa da mosazrebebs, romelic cx-
ovrebiseul gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT, gamoitana ad-
amianma, is pirovnebis mier absolutur WeSmaritebadaa
miCneuli.
Tuki cxovrebis gamocdileba upiratesad dadebi-
Tia, Sesabamisad dadebiTia rwmena-Sexedulebebic saku-
Tar Tavze; TukiSereuli xasiaTisaa (rac umetes ad-
amianebSi gxvdeba), meryeobs garkveul sazRvrebSi da
moqnilad miesadageba im garemoebebs, romelSic aRmoCn-
deba adamiani. Sesabamisad, Tuki adamians ZiriTadad aqvs
cxovrebis cudi gamocdileba, aseTivea misi birTvuli
rwmena-Sexedulebebic. es negatiuri Sexedulebebi ki
ganapirobeben dabali, daqveiTebuli TviTSefasebis arss.
am ukanasknelma SeiZleba Sealama¬zos an, piriqiT, daamax-
injos adamianis cxovrebis mravali aspeqti.
sakuTar Tavze uaryofiTi rwmena-Sexedulebebi, rac
dabali TviTSefasebis safuZvels warmoadgens, sxva-
dasxva gziT iCens Tavs. kerZod ki vlindeba imiT, Tu
ras da rogor laparakobs, rogor warmoaCens an grZnobs
adamiani sakuTar Tavs, ra emociebi da sxeulebrivi
SegrZnebebi aReniSneba.

111
 adamianis negatiuri rwmena-Sexedulebebi sakuTar
Tavze gamoxatulebas hpovebs mis naazrevsa da saubar-
Si, rogoricaa TviTkritikuloba, dadanaSauleba an daeWve-
ba sakuTr TavSi. am dros, radgan ar xdeba adamianis
mier sakuTari Rirsebebis saTanado Sefaseba, ufasurd-
eba misi pozitiuri Sexedulebebic da fokusireba xdeba
mxolod sisusteebsa danaklovanebebze.
daqveiTebuli TviTSefaseba aseve aisaxeba adami-
anis yoveldRiur qcevaze. yuradsaRebia dabali TviT-
Sefasebis signalebi, rogoricaa sirTuleebi sakuTari
simarTlis damtkicebisas an xmamaRla gamoTqmisas;
mobodiSebis tendencia, problemuri situaciebisa da
xelsayreli momentebisgan Tavis arideba. aseve sagulisx-
moa e.w. mcire signalebic: moxrili da TavCaRunuli
poza, mzeriTi kontaqtisgan Tavis arideba, xmadabali
da dayovnebuli saubari.
dabali TviTSefaseba aisaxeba emociur mdgomare-
obazec. am dros SeiniSneba sevdis, SfoTvis, danaSau-
lis gancdis, sircxvilis, frustraciisa (imedgacrueb-
is, daukmayofileblobis) da sibrazis gamoxatulebebi.
sxeulidan wamosuli sxvadasxva saxis usiamovno
SegrZnebebi xSirad emociur mdgomareobaze aisaxeba.
saxezea daRlilobis, energiis daqveiTebis da daZabu-
lobis niSnebi.
SesaZloa, permanentuli xasiaTi hqondes davale-
bebis Seusruleblobasa da rTuli situaciebisgan Tavis
aridebas, an kidev skurpulozurperfeqcionizms, gan-
sakuTrebul gulmodginebas da muyaiTobas, rac waru-
mateblobis SiSiTaa nakarnaxevi. dabali TviSefasebis
mqone adamianebs uWirT TavianTi miRwevebis dajereba,
112
an TavianTi kargi Sedegebis miwera sakuTar unarebsa
da Zlier mxareebze.
dabali TviSefasebis mqone adamianebi sxva adami-
anebTan urTierTobaSi Zlier itanjebian (moralur
dauZlurebamdec ki), gamoirCevian morcxvobiT, kamaTisa
da kritikisadmi zedmeti mgrZnobelobiT, metismeti
mowadinebiT rom asiamovnon sxvebs.
zogierTi maTgani wveulebebze iTavisebs „sazoga-
doebis sulis Camdgmelis“, mudam dasayrdeni adamianisa
da situaciebis momrigeb-lis rols; amjobinebs
yovelTvis sxvebisaTvis daTmobas, miuxedavad imisa, Tu
ra fasad ujdeba es. maTi birTvuli rwmena mdgomare-
obs imaSi, rom Tuki ase ar moiqcevian, sxva adamianebi
ubralod ar moisurveben maTTan urTierTobas.
dabalma TviTSefasebam aseve SeiZleba gavlena iqo-
nios adamianis mier Tavisufali drois gatarebaze. man
SeiZleba Tavi aaridos nebismier saqmianobas, romelSic
aris riski imisa, rom pirovneba gaxdes sxvaTa gansjis
sagani.
dabali TviTSefaseba SeiZleba mimdinare proble-
mebis erT-erT aspeqts warmoadgendes.
zogjer negatiuri Sexeduleba sakuTari Tavze
mTlianad adamianis amJamindeli guneb-ganwyobilebis
Sedegia.
xandaxan ki dabali TviTSefaseba sxva probleme-
bidan gamomdinareobs, romlebic ganapirobeben pirovnebis
distressa da damangrevel zegavlenas axdenen mis cx-
ovrebaze.
xSirad dabali TviTSefaseba mimdinare probleme-
bis Sedegs ki ar warmoadgens, aramed Tavad qmnis noyi-
113
er niadags maTi ganviTarebisaTvis. am dros igi adreu-
li bavSvobidan an mozardobidan modis. kvlevebi adas-
tureben, rom xangrZlivi negatiuri rwmena- Sexedule-
ba sakuTar Tavze seriozul safuZvels qmnis momaval-
Si ganviTarebuli mTeli rigi sirTuleebisa, rogori-
caa depresia, suiciduri azrovneba, kvebiTi aSlilobebi,
socialuri SfoTva - fobia (ukiduresi simorcxve).
saWiroa regularuli, sistematiuri muSaoba birT-
vul rwmena-Sexedulebebze, romelTac safuZvlad ude-
vs Zveli negatiuri gamocdilebebi da sakuTari Tavis
Sesaxeb axali racionaluri da pozitiuri rwmenis-
SemuSaveba.
adekvaturi TviTSefaseba aris sakuTari Tavis
gagebis da Sefasebis, arsebuli SesaZleblobebisa da
SezRudvebis, Zlieri da susti mxareebis danaxva da
siZlieresa da sisusteebTan erTad sakuTari Tavis
miReba.

114
 XII Tavi. fsiqologiuri
keTildReobis ganmsazRvreli
faqtorebi
fsiqologiuri keTildReoba adamianis ara mxolod
fsiqikuri, aramed fizikuri janmrTelobis sawindaria.
es gancda warmoadgens adamianSi fizikuri, inteleqtu-
aluri, emociuri, socialuri da sulieri ganzomilebe-
bis integracias. fsiqologiuri keTildReoba ganix-
ileba, rogorc cxovrebiT kmayofileba, bedniereba, kom-
forti da pirovnuli ganviTareba.
erTmaneTisgan ganasxvaveben fsiqologiur keTil-
dReobas da subieqtur keTildReobas. am ukanasknelis
sinonimad sityva bedniereba gamoiyeneba. adamiani Tavs
grZnobs bednierad, rodesac mis cxovrebaSi poziti-
uri emociebi sWarboben negatiurs da adamians aqvs
gancda, rom SeuZlia sakuTari unikaluri resursebis
realizeba da dasaxuli mniSvnelovanimiznebis miRwe-
va.
fsiqologiur keTildReobas mecnierebi ganix-
ilaven ori mimarTulebiT: evdemonisturi mimarTuleb-
is mixedviT, fsiqologiuri keTildReobis cneba ganix-
ileba, rogorc pirovnebis mier sakuTari potencialis
realizacia, sazogadoebisTvis sasargeblo saqmianobis
ganviTareba unikaluri pirovnuli resursebis safuZ-
velze.
hedonisturi Sexedulebis gadmosaxedidan
fsiqologiuri keTildReoba ganisazRvreba, rogorc
subieqturi keTildReoba. am mimdinareobis warmomad-
115
genelTa naSromebis umetesobaSi fsiqologiuri keTil-
dReobis gansazRvra ukavSirdeba cnebebs „bedniereba“,
„cxovrebiT kmayofileba“, „pozitiuri emociebi“ da a.S.
fsiqologiur keTildReobaze, iseve rogorc fiz-
ikur janmrTelobaze zrunva, warmoadgens prevenciis
saSualebascudad yofnis, avadmyofobis, sxvadasxva fsi-
qikuri darRvevebis Tavidan asacileblad. is warmoad-
gens pirovnebis Sinagani wonasworobis safuZvels, har-
moniis SegrZnebas sakuTar TavTan da gare samyarosTan.
bedniereba gulisxmobs awmyoSi pozitiur ganwy-
obas da momavlis optimistur xedvas.
adamianis fsiqologiuri keTildReobis ganviTare-
baze gavlenas axdens Sinagani (pirovnebis Rirebulebi,
socialur-fsiqologiuri damokidebulebebi, qceviTi
strategiebi) da garegani (garemo pirobebi, sociumi)
faqtorebi.
mecnierma martin seligmanma, bedniereba dayo 3
komponentad: siamovneba, sazogadoebaSi CarTuloba da
piradi mniSvnelovnebis gancda.
bedniereba gulisxmobs adamianis iseT mdgomare-
obas, romelSic moiazreba sakuTari cxovrebiT kmay-
ofileba, sociumSi integracia da arsebobis misia.
cnobilma mecnierma kerol rifma gamoavlina
fsiqologiuri keTildReobis ganmsazRvreli eqvsi
ZiriTadi komponenti:
TviTmimRebloba, avtonomiuroba, pozitiuri pirovnu-
li urTierTobebi, garemos marTvis unari, cxovrebi-
seuli miznebi, pirovnuli zrda.
TviTmimRebloba - sakuTari identobis gansazRvraa
- Tu vin var me da ra msurs?!
116
 TviTmimRebloba, aseve pirovnebis adekvatur TviT-
Sefasebas gulisxmobs, roca adamianma icis rogorc
sakuTari dadebiTi maxareebi, aseve - naklovanebebi da
zrunavs maT ganviTarebaze; aseT dros adamiani harmo-
niaSia sakuTar TavTan.
sakuTari Tavis miuRebloba iwvevs sakuTar Sesa-
ZleblobebSi daeWvebas, gadametebul TviTkritikas, uk-
mayofilebas warsulisadmi da Sesabamisad, umoqmedobas
awmyoSi.
avtonomiuroba - ar gulisxmobs mxolod qcevas,
aramed azrovnebasac niSnavs. mxolod Tavisuflad
moazrovne adamiani aRwevs srul damoukideblobas.
damoukidebeli adamiani advilad ar eqceva sxvi-
si gavlenis qveS; mas SeuZlia umravlesobis mosazre-
bas sakuTari jansaRi azri daupirispiros.
avtonomia niSnavs sakuTari saqmianobis warmarT-
vas rogorc individualuri survilebis, ise - pirovnuli
Rirebulebebis Sesabamisad.
avtonomiurobis dabali done konformizmis safuZ-
veli xdeba; roca adamiani sxvis mosazrebebze gadame-
tebul damokidebulebas amJRavnebs da sakuTar cx-
ovrebas adekvaturad ver warmarTavs.
pozitiuri pirovnuli urTierTobebi - moiaz-
rebs qceviT paternebs, romlebic ganpirobebulia ko-
munikaciisadmi RiaobiT da individs aZlevs SesaZle-
blobas daamyaros da SeinarCunos kontaqtebi sxva
adamianebTan, TanagrZnobis, mzrunvelobis da TanamSrom-
lobis safuZvelze.

117
 pozitiuri pirovnuli urTierTobebis deficiti
iwvevs adamianebisadmi ndobis dakargavs, martoobis
gancdas, Caketilobas da apaTias.
garemos marTva - niSnavs sinamdvilis obieqtur
Sefasebas, rac xels uwyobs rogorc jansaR social-
ur adaptacias, ise problemebis daZlevis unars; gaxs-
nilobas axali cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebisadmi da
Sesrulebadi miznebis dasaxvas.
dRes, rTulia vmarToT Cveni cxovreba, radgan hi p-
erstimulizaciis, mudmivi stresis da daZabulobis
reJimSi vcxovrobT.
garemoze kontrolis dakargvis SemTxvevaSi ad-
amians eufleba ususurobis gancda; ar Seswevs Zala
cxovreba ukeTesobisken Secvalos.
adamianebi erTmaneTisgan cxovrebiseuli miznebiT
gansxvavdebian. miznebi ki maSin iwveven pirovnebaSi
bednierebis SegrZnebas, rodesac moicaven im kulturu-
li garemos Rirebulebebs, romelSic adamiani imyofeba.
fsiqologiuri keTildReobis gancdaze cxovre-
bis sazrisis da miznebis gavlenis Seswavla jer
kidev aristoteles epoqidan iRebs saTaves da gr-
Zeldeba humanistur fsiqologiaSi. rojersi adamianis
mniSvnelovan moTxovnilebad miiCnevs, iyos realizebu-
li. imave Sexedulebas iziarebs maslou, TviTaqtual-
izaciis bazisuri moTxovnilebis ganmartebisas. am
cnebebs mniSvnelovani wvlili SeaqvT adamianis bed-
nierebis gancdaSi.
miznebis arseboba exmareba adamianebs pirovnulad
gaizardon da SeZlon TavianTi unikaluri potencia-
lis realizeba. miznebis dasaxviT gviCndeba cxovre-
118
bis sazrisisa da mimarTulebis ufro naTeli xedva,
romelTa irgvlivac Semdeg ukve yalibdeba konkretu-
li ganwyobebi da qcevebi.
miznebis arseboba Zalian mniSvnelovania aseve
fizikuri janmrTelobisTvis; xolo cxovrebiseuli
sazrisis arqona warmoadgens depresiis, qceviTi dar-
Rvevebis, somaturi Civilebisa da socialuri urTer-
Tobebis naklebobis risk faqtors.
pirovnuli zrda - damokidebulia adamianis
pirovnul Tvisebebze, ramdenad aqtiuri an pasiuria,
rogor Seswevs stresTan gamklavebis unari, ra resursebs
flobs ganviTarebisTvis.
pirovnuli zrda gulisxmobs pirovnebis swraf-
vas srulyofisken; moTxovnilebas, mudmivad viTarde-
bodes; yoveldRiurad Seicnobdes sakuTar Tavs; Se-
imecnebdes garesamyaros; swavlobdes axals.
pirovnuli zrdis Seferxebis SemTxvevaSi adami-
ani ganicdis stagnacias, sakuTari Tavisa da samyaro-
sadmi rwmenis dakargvas, siaxlis SiSs da sabolood
cxovrebisadmi interesis dakargvas.
amgvarad, TviTmimRebloba, avtonomiuroba, poziti-
uri pirovnuli urTierTobebi, garemos marTvis unari,
cxovrebiseuli miznebi, pirovnuli zrda - es is faq-
torebia, romlebic gvexmarebian warvmarToT yoveld-
Riuri cxovrebiseuli movlenebi, romlebsac sixaruli
da bedniereba moaqvT.

119
 XIII Tavi. pozitiuri gavlenis
mniSvneloba
pozitiuri azrovneba

pozitiuri gavlena adamianis keTildReobas em-

saxureba. dadebiTi zemoqmedebis Sedegad pirovnebas
SeuZlia sakuTari resursebis realizeba, problemebis
gadaWra da sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi wvlilis Set-
ana.
pozitiuri gavlena pozitiuri azrovnebis Sede-
gia da dafuZnebulia optimizmze.
amerikeli mecnieri martin seligmani Tavis cno-
bil wignSi „rogor viswavloT optimizmi“, pozitiuri
gavlenis da azrovnebis mniSvnelobas ganixilavs.
„marTeT Tqveni mdgomareoba, ise rom araviTar SemTx-
vevaSi ar dakargoT cxovrebisadmi Tqveni optimis-
turi damokidebuleba. mciredi bedniereba da janm-
rTeloba, bevrad meti optimizmis bonusebia. magram
rac Seexeba maT, vinc cxovrebas pesimisturad aRiqvams,
movuwodeb, gaiaron axali pozitiuri midgomebis
SesaTvisebeli gza. negatiuri azrebi depresiis Tanamg-
zavria. marTalia, dinamiurad ganviTarebadi samyaro Zlier
gonebasac ki urTulebs yoveldRiuri amocanebisa da
problemebis gadaWris SesaZleblobas, magram Tu vis-
wavleT optimizmi, Cven veuflebiT aRqmis moqnilobas
da moqmedebis Tavisuflebas. daexmareT Tqvens Svilebs
iswavlon pozitiuri azrovneba, romelic xels uwyobs

120
optimizms, ukeTesi momavlis rwmenas!“ - aRniSnavs se-
ligmani.
martin seligmani gaxlavT cocxal klasikosad
aRiarebuli amerikeli fsiqologi da pozitiuri
fsiqologiis fuZemdebeli - pensilvaniis universite-
tis pozitiuri fsiqologiis centris direqtori.
man prinstonis universitetSi - jer filosofia
Seiswavla, Semdeg ki fsiqologiiT dainteresda. 1973
wels miiRo fsiqologiis xarisxi pensilvaniis uni-
versitetSi. mecnieri 13 wlis ganmavlobaSi xelmZRv-
anelobda klinikuri kvlevis programas am univer-
sitetis fsiqologiis departamentSi.
seligmani mecnierulad Seiswavlida pozitiur
gamocdilebebs. cnobilia misi „daswavlili umweobis
Teoria“. am koncefciis Tanaxmad, daswavlili umweoba
aris mdgomareoba, roca individi darwmunebulia, rom
situacia, romelSic is aRmoCnda, ar aris damokidebu-
li mis qcevaze; amitom ar eZebs gamosavals ara rome-
lime erTi rTuli situaciidan, aramed - nebismieri
mdgomareobidan.
martin seligmani ganixilavs 3 ziriTad mizezs,
romlebic am mdgomareobis Camoyalibebas uwyoben xels:
1. ganmeorebadi marcxis gancda (Recurrent Failure)
- rodesac ver vuwevT kontrols garkveul movlenebs
Cvens cxovrebaSi, vmarcxdebiT da es uaryofiTi
gamocdileba gadagvaqvs im sxva situaciebzec, sadac
kontroli sruliad SesaZlebelia. (magaliTad, wyena,
romelic SesaZloa gamoewvia mSoblebis, aRmzrdelebis,
pedagogis garkveul qmedebebs, sayvareli adamianis an

121
cxovelis, samsaxuris dakargviT gamowveul sevdas, avad-
myofobas, mSoblebisgayras, ojaxur skandalebs, da a.S.)
2. umweo adamianebze dakvirvebis uSualo
gamocdileba, aseve satelevizio siuJetebi, sadac daucve-
li msxverplis istoriebia gadmocemuli;
3. bavSvobaSi damoukideblobis SezRudva, roca
bavSvis nacvlad yvelafers mSobeli akeTebs.
umweoba - ar aris adamianis Tandayolili maxasi-
aTebeli - es mas daaswavles.
ganasxvaveben situaciur da pirovnul umweobas.
situaciuri umweoba es aris adamianis mier mov-
lenis gakontrolebis SeuZleblobis pirobebSi gamov-
lenili droebiTi reaqcia.
pirovnuli umweoba - adamianis sakmaod myari mo-
tivaciuri maxasiaTebelia, romelic viTardeba arakon-
trolirebad da araprognozirebad garemosTan xangr-
Zlivi urTierTdamokidebulebis procesSi da vlinde-
ba CaketilobaSi, emociur aramdgradobaSi, agznebulo-
baSi, SiSSi, pesimistur ganwyobebSi, braleulobis ganc-
daSi, dabal TviTSefasebaSi, uambiciurobasa da uinicia-
tivobaSi, gulgrilobaSi, pasiurobaSi, arakreatiulo-
baSi.
am fenomens xSirad reaqtiul depresias adareben.
aRniSnuli fenomenis mzakvroba is gaxlavT, rom masax-
asiaTebs gafarToebis tendencia da vrceldeba im qmede-
bebzec, romelic saerTod arafriT ukavSirdeba „das-
wavlil“ qcevas. magaliTad: adamiani, romelic samsax-
urSi problemebs awydeba, aRmoaCens, rom mas arc say-
ofacxovrebo problemis gadaWris unari Seswevs.

122
 daswavlili umweobis ZiriTadi ganmsazRvrelia
is, Tu ras miawer warumateblebas - garegan Tu Sinagan
mizezs, es aris daswavlili umweobis mTavari faq-
tori. adamians SeiZleba miaCndes, rom warumateblobas
ganicdis mxolod „aq“ da „amJamad“. SeiZleba piriqi-
Tac fiqrobdes, rom warumatebloba misi cxovrebis
mudmivi Tanamdevia, Tanac nebismier saqmianobaSi.
daswavlili umweobisgan gasaTavisufleblad
saWiroa sawinaaRmdego moqmedeba - optimizmis daswav-
la.
optimizmi aris imedis SenarCunebisa da poziti-
uri guneba- ganwyobilebis Seqmnis unari rTul vi-
TarebaSic ki.
martin seligmani optimizmis misaRwevad, ramdenime
meTods gvTavazobs:
vi povoT pozitiuri aspeqtebi nebismier, Tundac
yvelaze savalalo situaciaSi - es gvaswavlis axali
SesaZleblobebis danaxvas iq, sadac sxvebi uimedobas
ganicdian.
detalurad aRvweroT erTi srulyofili, idealuri
dRe da SevecadoT vixelmZRvaneloT amiT realur
cxovrebaSi.
„davamyaroT mSvidoba warsulTan“ - adamiani,
romelic ganuwyvetliv warsuliT cxovrobs, iZireba
masSi, kargavs awmyos da verafers akeTebs momavlisTvis.
warsuli gvWirdeba saswavleblad, awmyoSi gasarkve-
vad da momavlis orientirad.
Tu Secdomis, sirTuleebis, imedgacruebis gamo
gviCndeba negatiuri fiqrebi, maSin verasdros mivaRw-
evT warmatebas.
123
 pozitiuri azrovnebis Camoyalibeba gulisxmobs,
rom SegviZlia vaRiaroT sakuTari Secdomebi da Sem-
deg konstruqciulad vupasuxoT maT. amitom, poziti-
uri azrovnebis kompetencia unda hqondes yvelas, vinc
zrunavs sakuTar ganviTarebasa da warmatebaze.
arsebobs kiTxvebi, romlebic gvexmarebian winsv-
lasa da ganviTarebaSi:
ra gamocdileba miviRe rTuli situaciidan?
ra maswavla man?
ra axali Tvisebebi SeviZine?
rogor gavZlierdi?
ras gavakeTeb sxvanairad SemdegSi?
mniSvnelovania Zlieri mxareebis danaxva da ganvi-
Tarebis zonebis Sefaseba.
ras vafaseb CemSi yvelaze metad?
ra mexmareba Cemi miznis miRwevaSi - anu romelia
Cemi Zlieri mxareebi?!
ra unarebis ganviTareba mWirdeba?
ra Sedegebs mivaRwev Cemi unarebis ganviTarebiT?
gonebis pozitiuri Sevseba - es gulisxmobs, vi-
fiqroT miznebze, SemoqmedebiT gamowvevebze, axal
proeqtebze, axal SesaZleblobebze, romlebmac SeiZle-
ba axali perspeqtivebi gagviCinos.
mniSvnelovania, SegveZlos patieba!
vicodeT madlobis gadaxda!
gadavuxadoT madloba sakuTar Tavs, mSoblebs da
garSemo myofebs!
mivulocoT miRwevebi sxvebs da sakuTar Tavsac!
yvela aRniSnuli rekomendaciis ganxilvis, aseve
am sakiTxTan sxvadasxva erebis damokidebulebebis Seswav-
124
lis Sedegad, gamoikveTa ramdenime Rirseba, romlebic
sWirdeba adamians imisTvis, rom iazrovnos poziti-
urad. esenia:
1. ganaTleba da keTilgoniereba;
2. gambedaoba;
3. siyvaruli da humanuroba;
4. samarTlianoba;
5. zomiereba;
6. suliereba.
pozitiurad fiqri ar niSnavs, rom unda gavikeToT
„vardisferi saTvale“ da ase SevxedoT samyaros. yura-
dRebidan ar unda gamogrCes safrTxis Semcveli re-
aluri situaciebi, rom SevZloT sinamdvlis adekvaturad
Sefaseba da gadawyvetilebebis gaazrebulad miReba.
pozitiurad fiqri arc daudevrobas niSnavs.
pozitiuri azrovneba gulisxmobs sicocxlisuna-
rianobas, yvelafris mSvidad miRebas da ganviTarebis
yvela SesaZlo gzis danaxvas.

emociuri inteleqti

pozitiuri azrovneba ar aris mxolod is gancda,

rom cxovrebaSi yvelaferi kargad aris. aseT dros
advilia optimisturad grZnobde Tavs. aRniSnuli damok-
idebuleba gulisxmobs imedisa da rwmenis Senar-
Cunebas nebismier situaciaSi,rac ar unda moxdes.
pozitiuri azrovneba emociuri inteleqtis Ziri-
Tadi nawilia. emociuri inteleqti / EQ / exeba emocie-
125
bisa da situaciebis pozitiurad marTvas, agreTve neb-
ismieri emociis pozitiuri mniSvnelobis gaazrebas.
emociuri inteleqti aris sakuTari da sxvisi
emociebis amocnobisa da marTvis unari. Tu inteleq-
tis koeficienti zomavs adamianis zogad logikur da
analitikur SesaZleblobebs, emociuri inteleqtis
koeficienti aris individis piradi da socialuri
unarebi.
emocia aris Sinagani mdgomareoba, romelic Sida
da gare procesebisadmi adamianis subieqtur damokide-
bulebas gamoxatavs.
emociebi, Tavisi SinaarsiT, or nawilad iyofa. es-
enia: sasiamovno da usiamovno emociebi.
sasiamovno: sixaruli, aRfrTovaneba, kmayofileba,
mxiaruleba, darwmunebuloba, simSvide.
usiamovno: dardi, sevda, naRvlianoba, SiSi, uxal-
isoba, nostalgia, umweoba, wuxili, Zrwola, Suri, brazi,
eWvi, mowyena, sicariele.
emocia roca eufleba adamians, is moicavs mTel
pirovnebas; xSirad ganagebs azrovnebas da Sesabamisad
warmarTavs qcevas.
gonebrivi inteleqtis (IQ) koncefcia as welze
metia arsebobs.
EQ–ze saubari mxolod 1990 wels daiwyes,
rodesac samecniero JurnalSi gamoCnda statia, romel-
sac „emociuri inteleqti“ erqva. avtorebi iyvnen mkv-
levarebi jonmaiermi da piter salovei, romlebmac
warmoadgines mosazreba, rom emociuri inteleqti Sei-
Zleba ganvixiloT rogorc inteleqtis calkeuli ti pi,
romelsac emociebis mimdinareobis Sedegad viRebT.
126
 statias, Tavis droze, ar daeTmo saTanado yura-
dReba. amitom mTeli dideba miiRo „niu iork Taimsis“
Jurnalistma daniel golmenma, romelmac 1995 wels
gadaxeda statias da dawera wigni: „emociuri inteleq-
ti“ - ratom SeiZleba meti mniSvneloba hqondes emociuri
inteleqtis koeficients?!
golmenma aRwera EQ-is oTxi ZiriTadi komponen-
ti, romlebic gansazRvraven emociuri inteleqtis koe-
ficients.
esenia:
TviTSemecneba - sakuTari emociebis amocnobisa da
analizis unari, aseve sakuTari Zlieri da susti
mxareebis codna. xSirad negatiuri emociebi gvawvdian
qcevis pozitiur modelebs.
TviTmarTva - emociebis marTvisa da emociuri bal-
ansis SenarCunebis unari kritikul situaciebSic ki.
empaTia - sxvisi emociebis gageba da sxvebTan ko-
munikaciis damyareba maTi Sinagani mdgomareobis gaTval-
iswinebiT.
komunikaciis unari - gulwrfeli saubriT da guli-
syuriT mosmeniT - xalxTan urTierTobis, maTi emocie-
bis amocnobis da gaazrebis, konfliqtebis mogvarebis,
gundurad muSaobis an xelmZRvanelobis unari.
rogor gavzomoT EQ ?!
emociuri inteleqtis donis dasadgenad saWiroa
gavanalizoT qceva. dabali EQ niSnavs, rom:
mudmivad negatiuri emociebi geuflebaT da xSirad
wuwunebT;
mudmivad ganawyenebuli xarT da ar iciT sxvebis
patieba;
127
 xSirad fiqroben, rom sxvas arasworad gaugeT;
ver umklavdebT stress;
sxvebs ar esmiT, rogor grZnobT Tavs da ratom;
mudmivad akritikebT sxvebs;
Tqven geSiniaT cvlilebebis da didi dro gWird-
ebaT SeeguoT siaxles da axal nivTebs.
es zogadi niSnebia da maTSi sakuTari Tavis amoc-
noba TiTqmis nebismier adamians SeuZlia, amitom fsiqol-
ogebi cdiloben, Seqmnan emociuri inteleqtis gasa-
zomi zusti testi.
emociuri inteleqtis gasaviTareblad saWiroa,
emociebs azri SevZinoT.
fsiqologebi gvTavazoben meTodebs emociuri in-
teleqtis ganviTarebisTvis:
emociebis gaazreba - emociis gaCenis mizezis dad-
genis unari, azrTa da emociebs Soris kavSiris amoc-
noba; erTi emociidan meoreze gadasvlis dadgena, dro-
Ta ganmavlobaSi emociis ganviTarebis prognozireba
rom SevZloT.
emociis menejmenti - sakuTari da sxvisi emocie-
bis Serbilebis da gaRvivebis unari. es aseve moicavs
emociebis gaTvaliswinebis SesaZleblobas - logikuri
jaWvebis agebis, sxvadasxva problemebis gadaWris, gada-
wyvetilebebis miRebisas.
emociebi zogadad warmoadgenen energiis wyaros.
emociebis gamoyeneba azrovnebis stimulirebisTvis
aris SesaZlebebli. es aris adamianis SesaZlebloba
(ZiriTadad aracnobierad) gaaaqtiuros Tavisi azrovnebis
procesi, gaaRviZos sakuTar TavSi SemoqmedebiTi unari;
gamoiyenos emociebi, rogorc motivaciis faqtori.
128
 emociuri energiis mobilizebis unari adamians sZens
Tavdajerebulobas - saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi grZnobeb-
isa da azrebis mkafiod da konstruqciulad gamox-
atvis SesaZleblobas.
emociebis efeqturad marTvis unari ganapirobebs
stresisadmi mdgradobas da rTuli situaciidan gamo-
savlis swrafad moZebnis gzas.
problemasTan dakavSirebuli emociebis identi-
ficirebiT daformulirebiT SesaZlebelia problemis
efeqturi gadaWra.
adamianebi xasiaTdebian garkveuli emociuri toniT.
emociur tons qmnis is emocia, romelsac ufro xSirad
ganvicdiT. negatiuri emociuri tonis aRmoCenis SemTx-
vevaSi, misi Secvla SesaZlebelia etapobrivad, nel-
nela da ara erTbaSad.
sevdianobidan enTuziazmamde miRweva SeiZleba ime-
dis daxmarebiT.
wminda mRvdelmTavari gabriel qiqoZe Tavis wignSi
„cdiseuli fsiqologiis safuZvlebi“ - imeds TviT-
Senaxvis grZnobas uwodebs, romelic yovelTvis
aZlierebs adamians, aRZravs unikalur Sinagan Zalebs
da warmatebebis Tavmdebia.
pozitiuri azrovneba da maRali emociuri inteleq-
ti pozitiur gavlenas aZlierebs da asustebs negati-
ur zemoqmedebas.

129
 XIV Tavi. gavlena fsiqoTerapiaSi
cxovrebis oTxi sferos modeli pozitiur
fsiqoTerapiaSi

fsiqoTerapia mkurnalobis meTodia, romelic Tavis

samkurnalo iaraRad iyenebs pozitiur fsiqologiur
zemoqmedebas da informacias, sityvas. misi mizania
klientis azrovnebis, kogniciis Secvla da adekvaturi
qcevis daswavla.
sxvadasxva Terapiuli midgomebi moRvaweobis pro-
cesSi gansxvavebul meTodebs iyeneben, magram arsebobs
cnebebi da miznebi, romlebic saerToa yoveli maTgan-
isTvis.
fsiqoTerapiaSi mniSvnelovania jansaRi pirovnebaTa-
Sorisi urTierTobebi, romelic empaTiasa da gulwr-
felobazea dafuZnebuli; mniSvnelovania usafrTxoebis,
daculobis da sandoobis gancdaTa Seqmna.
gansazRvrulia miznebi:
mxolod pozitiuri zegavlena; klientis negati-
uri emociebisgan da stresisgan gaTavisufleba, cx-
ovrebis xarisxis gaumjobeseba, pirovnul zrdaSi xe-
lisSemSleli azrovnebis da qceviTi modelebis Secv-
la.
rodesac adamianis pirovnuli ganviTareba fer-
xdeba, misi fsiqo-emociuri mdgomareba gajerebulia
sxvadasxva saxis konfliqtebiT. pozitiuri fsiqoT-
erapiis mixedviT arsebobs 4 saxis konfliqti: aqtu-
aluri, Sinagani, sabaziso da sakvanZo.

130
 rogor Cndeba aqtualuri konfliqtebi? ganix-
ilaven aqtualur konfliqtTa gamomwvevimizezebis or
ZiriTad kategorias: makrotravmebi da mikrotravmebi.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi Sedegebisa da mizezebis kavSiris
dadgena SedarebiT iolia, meoreSi ki – gacilebiT rTuli.
makrotravmebi SesaZloa iyos iseTi cxovrebiseu-
li movlenebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, samsaxuridan gaT-
avisufleba, gakotreba, sacxovreblis Secvla, axlob-
lis gardacvaleba da sxva. es sakmaod mniSvnelovani
movlenebia, romlebic nebismier adamians wonasworobas
droebiT akargvinebs. mniSvnelovania is, rom saubaria
ara mxolod uaryofiT, aramed dadebiT movlenebzec.
rogorc wesi, adamians SeuZlia, SedarebiT iolad aRw-
eros am movlenis gavlena mis cxovrebiseul situa-
ciaze da misi dadgomis zusti dro daasaxelos. roca
fsiqiatrebi pacients ekiTxebian daavadebamde cxovre-
bis Sesaxeb, isini swored am makrotravmebis povnas
cdiloben. aseTebis povnis SemTxvevaSi, aSliloba kval-
ificirdeba, rogorc egzogenuri.
meore kategoriaa – mikrotravmebi. pirvelis sa-
pirispirod, es is dagrovili SemTxvevebia, romlebsac
yoveldRiurad vawydebiT da romlebsac SesaZloa, verc
vacnobierebdeT. es cxovrebis iseTi wvrilmanebia, rom-
lebic moqmedeben princi piT - „wveT-wveTobiT denam
qva gaxeTqa“.
makrotravmebisgan gansxvavebiT, adamians ar Seu-
Zlia, zustad aRweros am movlenebis dadgomis dro da
sakmaod vrceli drois kategoriebiT msjelobs. mik-
rotravmebi aaqtiureben situacias, romlebic mas qron-
ikuls xdian. aqtualuri konfliqti SesaZloa war-
131
moiqmnas, rogorc garegnuli stresebisa da gadatvirTvis
Sewyoba-SeTavseba an Sinaganad determinirebuliunare-
bi.
aqtualuri konfliqti gadamuSavdeba adamianis
cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi.
pozitiuri fsiqoTerapiis koncefciis Tanaxmad,
gvaqvs sul oTxisfero, romlebiTac adamianis mTeli
cxovrebis aRweraa SesaZlebeli. TiToeuli am sfer-
oTagani Cveni cxovrebis sakmaod did nawils ikavebs,
Tumca sruliad sxvadasxvanairad. am sferoebs gansx-
vavebul mniSvnelobebs vaniWebT da aqedan gamomdinare
maT aseve sxva da sxvagvarad ganvkargavT.
imas, Tu rogor gankargavs adamiani cxovrebis am
oTx sferos, balansis modelis daxmarebiT vikvlevT.
cxovrebis oTx sferoze mTeli arsebuli cxovrebi-
seuli Zalebisa da energiebis 100 %-iT gadanawilebiT,
SesaZlebelia adamianis cxovrebis subieqturi suraT-
is grafikuli gamosaxulebis miReba, raTa ufro sru-
lad gavigoT konfliqtebis kavSiri maTze reaqciis
saSualebebTan. magaliTad, adamians SeuZlia bevri muSaoba,
radgan amas misi profesiuli mdgomareoba moiTxovs,
magram SeuZlia agreTve „Tavi Seafaros“ samuSaos,
rogorc sxva sferoebSi konfliqtebis Tavis aridebis
saSualebas. garda amisa, es modeli saSualebas gva-
Zlevs SevafasoT, rogor nawildeba prioritetebi, sa-
baziso koncefciebis moqmed paternebze miTiTebiT. bal-
ansis modelis Seswavla saSualebas gvaZlevs, Sevafa-
soT ara mxolod mimdinare cxovrebiseuli situacia,
aramed isic, Tu rogor Seicvala es modeli ama Tu im

132
cxovrebiseuli garemoebebis pasuxad, da amrigad, davi-
naxoT dinamika.
TiToeuli adamianis kulturuli, socialuri gan-
sxvavebisa da Taviseburebis miuxedavad, Tavisi prob-
lemebis gadasalaxad yoveli maTgani konfliqtze reaqci-
is erTsa da imave ti pur formas mimarTavs. Tu prob-
lemebi gvaqvs (vbrazobT, Tavs daTrgunulad vgrZnobT
an ver gagviges, gamudmebul daZabulobaSi vcxovrobT
an cxovrebis azrs ver vxedavT), yvela es siZneleSeg-
viZlia oTx sferoSi gamovxatoT. isini warmodgenas
gviqmnian imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor iRebs adamiani saku-
Tar Tavsa da garesamyaros da ra gzas miuyveba real-
obis aRiareba da kontroli. sxva sityvebiT rom vTq-
vaT, cxovrebis es oTxi sfero, Sesabamisad, Cveni kon-
fliqtebis gadamuSavebas emsaxureba. amrigad, gviCndeba
konfliqtis gadamuSavebis oTxigza:
1). „gaqceva sneulebaSi“ anu „gaqceva sxeulSi“.
simptomebi gulisxmoben, rom klients konfliq-
tis pasuxad raime saxis uZlureba ewyeba, ufro metad
zrunavs sxeulsa da janmrTelobaze, gadametebulad
iklebs wonaSi, sports misdevs an Tavs iwesrigebs.
konfliqtze fizikuri reaqciebi aseTi SeiZleba iyos:
fizikuri aqtivobis Secvla (sportis midevna - Zili
(„gamoiZino“ konfliqtebisas, an Zilis darRveva), kveba
(Rormuceloba _ „mwuxarebisgan Wamde“, an sakvebze
uaris Tqma - „gaxdomis mania“). esenia funqciuri dar-
Rvevebi da fsiqosomaturi reaqciebi. garda amisa,
„sneulebaSi gaqcevas“ SeiZleba miekuTvnos sneulebi-
sgan meoradi gamorCenisepizodebic.

133
 2). „gaqceva saqmianobaSi“- varaudobs situacias,
sadac konfliqtis pasuxad adamiani aqtiurobasa da
saqmianobas umatebs, meti Sedegis miRwevisken iswrafis,
mTlianad samuSaoTi itvirTeba, mag. binas alagebs, sam-
saxurSi gadametebul valdebulebebs tvirTulobs da
a.S.
3). „gaqceva kontaqtebSi“ - vlindeba urTierTo-
bis ZiebaSi; adamiani rom konfliqts gaumklavdes, umatebs
megobrebTan Sexvedrebs, aqtiurad iyenebs socialuri
qselebs da a.S.
4) „gaqceva fantaziebSi“ - esaa gadasvla ocnebeb-
Si da sxva, naklebad mtkivneul an ufro mimzidvel
realobaSi. SesaZloa, es iyos wignebis kiTxva, filmebis
yureba, kompiuteruli TamaSebi. garda amisa, amaSi Se-
dis alkoholis an narkotikebis gamoyeneba, agreTve
suiciduri, TviTdamazianebeli qcevebi.
rodesac adamiani romelime sferodan energias aT-
avisuflebs, magaliTad, urTierTobaze uars ambobs da
gancalkevdeba, am dros energia am sferodan sxva mima-
rTulebiT gadairTveba, magaliTad, fantaziaSi.
Tavis tkivili, kuW-nawlavis problemebi, Zilis
darRveva, revmatuli sneulebebi, tkivilebi, asTma, gu-
lis paTologia, damokidebulebebi, fobiebi, depresia,
akviatebuli mdgomareobebi da a.S. dRes fsiqikuri Tu
fsiqosocialuri konfliqtebis gancdebisa da gada-
muSavebis kuTxidan ganixileba. amasTan dakavSirebiT
fsiqikuri da fsiqosomaturi darRvevebis yvela kat-
egoria SeiZleba am modelze gadanawildes.
normis farglebSi yvela saSualeba CvenTvis mis-
awvdomia, rogorc konfliqtis gadamuSavebis resursi.
134
magaliTad, problemuri situaciis pasuxad SegviZlia
davnaRvliandeT an gavbrazdeT (sxeuli/SegrZneba). am-
rigad, vaRiaroT kidec da gamovxatoT kidec sakuTari
SegrZnebebi. SegviZlia, raime zoma miviRoT, raime sasarge-
blo gavakeToT (saqmianoba/miRwevebi). SegviZlia, vi-
fiqroT Sedegebze, movifiqroT axali gegma an vi povoT
axali azri (momavali/fantazia). anu roca SegviZlia,
cxovrebis oTxive sfero gamoviyenoT, rogorc resur-
si, SevZlebT bevrad ufro iolad gadavitanoT mim-
dinare siZneleebi.
aqtualuri konfliqtis adeqvaturi gadamuSaveba
saSualebas gvaZlevs, droulad movagvaroT proble-
muri situaciebi da cxovrebis balansi da xarisxi
SevinarCunoT. magaliTad, Tu janmrTelobis mdgomare-
oba gagiuaresdaT, gonivruli iqneba, mas meti yuradRe-
ba miaqcioT, aucilebeli gamokvleva da mkurnaloba
CaitaroT. Tundac movlenas aRiqvamdeT, rogorc usix-
arulos, konfliqtur sferoSi energiis mizanmimarTu-
li dabandeba saSualebas gvaZlevs, mas minimaluri sa-
ziano SedegebiT davaRwioT Tavi.
gavlena fsiqoTerapiaSi - nebismier im midgomaSi,
romelsac klienti airCevs - xSirad imdenad efeq-
turia, rom iklebs vizitebi sxva eqimebTan, umjobesde-
ba interpersonaluri urTierTobebi, matulobs war-
matebebi profesiul saqmianobaSi, izrdeba sakuTari TaviT
da cxovrebiT kmayofilebis SegZneba.

135
 XV Tavi. religia da fsiqologia
cxovrebis sazrisis gavlena adamianis
pirovnul ganviTarebaze

mRvdelmTavari gabriel qiqoZe Tavis wignSi „cd-

iseuli fsiqologiis safuZvlebi“ wers, rom maRali
azri, romelsac religia Cagvagonebs, saocrad Seesi-
tyveba im Sedegebs, romelsac fsiqologia sulis bunebasa
da Tvisebebze dakvirvebisa da Seswavlis gziT aRwevs.
religiisa da fsiqologiis daniSnulebaa, daexma-
ros adamiansi povos pasuxi kiTxvaze: - vin var me da am
gziT moi povos sulieri simSvide.
arsebobis miznis gansazRvra yovelTvis iyo da
iqneba adamianis mTavari daniSnuleba.
sazrisis Ziebisken swrafva pirovnebis fundamen-
turi mamoZravebeli Zalaa.
cnobili avstrieli mecnieri viqtor frankli,
adamians ganixilavs, rogorc samyaros umaRles egzis-
tencialur centrs. yoveli adamiani unikaluria da
aqvs sakuTari unikaluri cxovrebis sazrisi. cxovre-
bis sazrisis ararsebobas adamiani mihyavs frustra-
ciamde, rasac frankli egzistencialur vakuums uwodebs
da ganixilavs, rogorc fsiqikur problemas.
cxovrebis sazrisi konkretuli azrovnebis da
konkretuli viTarebis gadakveTaze warmoiqmneba. sazrisi
garkveul Rirebulebebs ukavSirdeba. frankli am Rire-
bulebebs 3 jgufad yofs:
1. Semoqmedeba,
2. gancdebi /umTavresi siyvarulia/,
136
 3. damoukidebloba.
es gaxlavT is mimarTulebebi, romelTa saSualebiT
adamians SeuZlia miagnos sakuTar unikalur cxovreb-
is sazriss.
frankli adamianis arsebaSi 3 Sres moiazrebs: suls,
sxeuls da samSvinvels. mecnieri sulier fenas sxvag-
varad gonebiTs uwodebs da miiCnevs, rom swored mas-
Sia moqceuli sazrisebi da Rirebulebebi.
adamiani, romelic ganicdis egzistencialur vak-
uums, cdilobs es sicariele rogorme Seivsos.
viqtor frankli termins „egzistencialuri“ iy-
enebs 3 SemTxvevaSi:
1. egzistencia, romelic warmoadgens yofnis speci-
fikur adamianur unars.
2. egzistencialuri - gulisxmobs arsebobis
sazriss.
3. egzistencialuri - gulisxmobs adamianis swraf-
vas i povos cxovrebis sazrisi.
sazrisi unikaluri da specifikuria yoveli ad-
amianisTvis. franklim sakoncentracio banakSi yofni-
sas aRmoaCina, rom adamians sWirdeba is raRac, risTvisac
cxovreba Rirs. sazrisi-cxovrebis erTgvari plat-
formaa.
sazrisisken swrafva - ar aris instiqturi swrafvis
racionaluri ganmarteba. is ar aris kavSirSi daZabu-
lobis SemcirebasTan da homeostazis, wonasworobis
aRdgenasTan. sazrisisken swrafva gansxvavdeba TviTaq-
tualizaciisagan. frankli TviTaqtualizacias ganix-
ilavs, rogorc sazrisisken swrafvis Tanmdev efeqts.

137
adamians SeuZlia TviTaqtualizacia im doziT, ramdena-
dac sazriss axorcielebs.
sazrisis Zieba gulisxmobs rogorc gacnobiere-
bul moqmedebas, aseve kontaqts „me“-s aracnobier SreebT-
an. yovel adamians aqvs egzistencialuri, piradi sulieri
birTvi. koncentrirdeba ra sakuTari sulieri birTvis
garSemo, adamiani aramxolod individulizirdeba, aramed
Tavisi fizikuri, fsiqikuri da sulieri aspeqtebis
integrirebas axdens.
adamianis fsiqikis siRrmiseuli centri warmoad-
gens aracnobiers. frankli ganasxvavebs instiqtur da
sulier aracnobiers.
froidi aracnobiers ganixilavda, rogorc gan-
devnili seqsualuri da agresiuli instiqtebis rezer-
vuars. siRrmiseuli fsiqologia eswrafvis Caswvdes
adamianis sulis siRrmeebs da ara instiqtebis ganx-
ilvas. Tumca „me“ ar eqvemdebareba srul TviTanalizs
da garkveulwilad es xdis adamianis egzistencias
ararefleqsirebads. frankli werda: „egzistencia ar-
sebobs metadre moqmedebaSi, vidre gansjaSi“.
cnobierebis wyaroebi ganlagebulia sulier arac-
nobierSi. logosi ufro Rrmaa, vidre logika. egzis-
tencialuri gadawyvetileba miiReba xSirad gauazre-
blad da gaucnobiereblad. frankli werda: „cnobiere-
bis amocanaa, gauxsnas adamians is erTaderTi ram, rac
sWirdeba“.
cnobierebis daxmarebiT SeiZleba intuiciurad gam-
ovavlinoT sazrisis unikaluri SesaZleblobebi, romel-
ic SiZleba realizdes garkveul situaciebSi. cno-

138
biereba, anu eTikuri instiqti, warmoadgens calsaxad
individualurs sxva instiqtebisagan gansxvavebiT.
iyo adamiani, niSnavs, iyo erTdroulad „gansxvave-
buli“, Tavisuflad moazrovne da pasuxismgeblobis
grZnobis mqone.
pasuxismgeblobis koncefcia - es aris adamianis
arsebobis safuZveli.
Tavisufleba - es is ar aris, rac gagvaCnia da
SeiZleba davkargoT. ar arsebobs cxovrebis arc erTi
aspeqti, rodesac adamians SeuZlia gaeqces sakuTar
Tavisufal arCevans . adamians cxovrebis nebismier
momentSi SeuZlia gadawyvitos, rad iqces momavalSi.
mas gaaCnia mravali potenciuri SesaZlebloba, rom-
lebic ar aris determinirebuli srulad. adamiani
Tavad irCevs, romeli maTgani iqnes realizebuli. ad-
amians aqvs Tavisufali neba da is pasuxismgebelia
Tavis arCevanze.
adamiani, skulptoris msgavsad, romelsac uformo
qva mohyavs formaSi, ayalibebs sakuTar Tavs, is mudmiv
qmnadobaSia.
pasuxismgebloba gulisxmobs, rogor akeTeb da
ara ras akeTeb. adamiani xSirad izRudeba biologiuri,
socialuri Tu fsiqologiuri aspeqtebiT, Tumca mas
SeuZlia win aRudges am SezRudvebs da misces maT
garkveuli forma an gaazrebulad daeqvemdebaros maT.
cxovrebis sazrisis mopoveba SesaZlebelia Semde-
gi gzebiT:
1. akeTo saqme - rame SesZino cxovrebas
2. rame miiRo cxovrebidan/faseulobebis gancda/

139
 3. daikavo gansazRvruli pozicia bediswerasTan
dakavSirebiT, romlis Secvlac SeuZlebelia./mag. uku-
rnebeli senis dros/.
„me Cemi cxovrebis sazrisi vi pove imaSi, rom dav-
exmaro sxvebs, i povon TavianTi cxovrebis sazrisi“-
werda viqtor frankli - logoTerapiis fuZemdebeli.
cxovrebis sazrisis dakargva xSirad xdeba adami-
anSi uimedobis da guneba-ganwyobilebis daqveiTebis
mizezi.

rwmena, rogorc cxovrebis sazrisi

uflisrwmena, misisiyvaruli, locva, madliereba yve-

lafrisTvis, rasac gvigzavnis - Cvens cxovrebas sZens
sazriss. rwmena gvaniWebs namdvil sixaruls da yofi-
erebis sisavses.
rwmena warmoadgens adamianis cxovrebis sazrisis
mravalferovan CarCos, romliTac garkveul movlenebs
axsnas uZebnis.
mecnierebi ganixilaven samZiriTad garemoebas, rode-
sac adamianebi religiur rwmenas iyeneben cxovrebi-
seuli movlenebis asaxsnelad.
pirvel garemoebas - warmoadgens axali da mou-
lodneli movlenebi, romlebic individSi ukve arse-
bul sazrisTan dakavSirebul sistemebs TiTqos gamowve-
vas sTavazoben, rac religiuri atribuciis inicirebas
uwyobs xels.

140
 meore garemoeba - imgvari movlenebia, romlebic
kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayeneben adamianis mier situaciis
kontrolis da winaswar ganWvretis gancdas;
mesame garemoeba - exeba adamianis TviTSefasebis
daqveiTebis SemTxvevaSi „me“-s rekonstruqciis mcde-
lobebs.
rwmena gavlenas axdens iseT globalur Sexed-
ulebebze, rogoricaa, magaliTad, samarTlianoba, kon-
troli, samyaros da adamianebis mimarT keTilmosur-
neoba.
rwmena xSirad mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli ad-
amianebis cxovrebiseul miznebTan. es miznebi xSirad
moicavs sikeTiT cxovrebas, patiebas, altruizms, xsnis
gzis povnas, RmerTTan miaxloebas, maradisobisTvis mza-
debas.
rwmena cxovrebis sazrisis safuZvels warmoad-
gens.
cxovrebis sazrisis arseboba gansakuTrebiT did
rols TamaSobs stresis daZlevis procesSi. es pro-
cesi moicavs rogorc ama Tu im movlenis Sefasebas,
aseve distresis SemcirebisTvis saWiro resursebis
moZiebas. umZimes cxovrebiseul movlenebSi, rogorebi-
caa mZime daavadeba an sikvdili, romelic ver „gamos-
wordeba“, sazrisis Ziebis mcdelobebi ufro aqtu-
aluri xdeba. azri, rom RmerTi imaze met gansacdels
ar gvigzavnis, rasac ver gavumklavdebiT, exmareba ad-
amians dasZlios stresuli situacia.
kvlevebma, romlebic mimarTuli iyo rwmenisa da
stresuli situaciis Sefasebas Soris urTierTmima-
rTebis aRmoCenaze, saintereso Sedegebi aCvena. aRmoCn-
141
da, rom religiuroba dadebiT kavSirSia stresoris,
rogorc gamowvevi sSefasebasTan (midgoma, rom stre-
suli situaaciidan SesaZloa rame dadebiTic gamov-
ides) da uaryofiT kavSirSi stresoris, rogorc sa-
frTxis SefasebasTan (mosazreba, rom stresuli situ-
acia zians moitans).
rwmena stresuli situaciis pozitiuri Sefaseb-
is mravalgvar saSualebas iZleva. magaliTad, individe-
bi ganixilaven arsebul movlenas rogorc adamianuri
codvebis Sedegs da aqedan sulieri gamocdilebis miRe-
bas cdiloben.
rwmenisa da fsiqologiuri keTildReobis urT-
ierTmimarTebas bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi, mravali
statia Tu wigni mieZRvna. Catarda uamravi kvleva.
mecnierebma koenigma da larsonma gaanalizes 850 kvl-
eva, romelic miznad isaxavda religiasa da janmrTe-
lobas Soris urTierTkavSiris Seswavlas. ZiriTadi
dadebiTi korelaciebi, romlebic avtorebma am kvleve-
bis safuZvelze aRmoaCines, exeboda religiis da fsi-
qikuri janmrTelobis urTierTkavSirs. religiurobis
maRali done mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs adamianis fsi-
qikur janmrTelobas.
religiuri sazrisi aseve kavSirSi aRmoCnda cx-
ovrebiT kmayofilebas, pozitiur azrovnebasTan da
TviTSefasebasTan.
rwmena warmoadgens stresis daZlevis warmate-
bul strategias, romelic gvicavs stresuli movle-
nebis damazianebeli Sedegebisgan. aseve, religiuroba
kavSirSia cxovrebisadmi pozitiur midgomasTan da miznis

142
arsebobasTan, pirovnebis posttravmul zrdasTan, kon-
trolTan, bednierebasTan da cxovrebiT kmayofilebasTan.
cnobili mecnieri jeimzi ambobs, rom uflis rwme-
nis arsi uxilavis arsebobaa. „arsebobs uxilavi wes-
rigi, romelic unda virwmunoT, raTa xilul sinamd-
viles azri mieces.“

143
 gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. uznaZe d. zogadi fsiqologia. Tb.: „saqarTve-

los macne“. 2006, 636 gv.
2. nadiraSvili S. ganwyobis anTropuli Teo-
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483 gv.
3. imedaZe i. fsiqologiis istoria. gamomcem-
loba „mwignobari’, 2008, 711 gv.
4. frankl V.E. – man’s search for meaning. 2010.
230 p.
5. Х. Пезешкиан; М. Воронов - ВВЕДЕНИЕ В
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6. imedaZe i. - fsiqologiis safuZvlebi. ga-
momcemloba „mwignobari“, Tbilisi, 2011w. 420 gv.
7. Роджерс К. Клиенто-центрированная терапия.
2010. 325ст.

8. George G. – Violence and terror in the masme-

dia.2001. 325p.
9. Бандура А. -Теория социального научения.
2000. 210ст.
10. froidi z. fsiqoanalizi, gamomc. „siaxle“
(germanu¬lidan Targmani), Tb., 2014, 135 gv.
11. nadiraSvili d. - socialur-fsiqologiuri
gavlena . gamomcemloba „nekeri“, Tbilisi , 2009w. 195gv.
12. nadiraSvili d. avtoritetis fsiqologiuri
zegavlenis efeqtebi. Sr. kr. fsiqologia, t.19. 245gv.

144
 13. tardi g. mibaZvis Teoria sociologiaSi,
sociologia, rogorc instrumentaluri fsiqologia.
2011, 114 gv.
14. homski n. - wynari iaraRi mSvidi omebi-
sTvis. 2018w. 137gv.
15. uznaZe d. - ganwyobis fsiqologia. gamom-
cemloba „saqarTvelos macne“, Tbilisi, meoTxe gamoce-
ma, 2006w. 256gv.
16. Маслоу А. Новые рубежи человеческой природ.
2010. 340ст.
17. Юнг К.Г. Критика психоанализа. 2005. 389 ст.
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20. Селье Г. Стресс без дистресса. 2010. 337ст.
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2017 .349ст.
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25. uznaZe d. - Sromebi. t. IX, Tbilisi, 1986.255
gv.
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33. axrona. - fsiqoanalitikis Teoriebi, 2001,
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35. naTaZe r., fsiqologiis mokle kursi, 1989w.
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 sarCevi

I Tavi. socialuri gavlenis arsi adamianis social-

izaciis procesSi 10
II Tavi. fsiqologiuri gavlenis ZiriTadi kanonzomiere-
bani 20
III Tavi. zegavlena ganwyobis zogadfsiqologiuri Teoriis
TvalsazrisiT 30
IV Tavi. komunikaciis mniSvneloba 38
V Tavi. ojaxis gavlena 36
VI Tavi. tradiciebis soc.-fsiqologiuri gavlena 56
VII Tavi. zRapris fenomeni 64
VIII Tavi. reklamis fsiqologia 75
IX Tavi. masmediis socialur-fsiqologiuri gavlena 85
X Tavi. televiziis gavlena adamianis fsiqo-emociur
mdgomareobaze 98
XI Tavi. TviTSefaseba 107
XII Tavi. fsiqologiuri keTildReobis ganmsazRvreli
faqtorebi 115
XIII Tavi. pozitiuri gavlenis mniSvneloba 120
XIV Tavi. gavlena fsiqoTerapiaSi 130
XV Tavi. religia da fsiqologia 136
gamoyenebuli literatura 144

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