INDICE

MÓDULO 1: DESCRIPTIONS ..................................................................................................2

Describing .................................................................................................................................. 2
1. PAST SIMPLE .................................................................................................................. 2
2. IRREGULAR VERBS ......................................................................................................... 8
3. COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES......................................................................................... 13
4. SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES ........................................................................................... 16
Let’s practice! .................................................................................................................. 20
1. READING: HISTORY OF A CITY ............................................................................ 20
GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................ 23
MÓDULO 2: SHORT STORIES .............................................................................................. 27
Short stories ............................................................................................................................ 27
1. PAST CONTINUOUS ..................................................................................................... 27
2. PAST SIMPLE vs PAST CONTINUOUS ........................................................................... 30
3. CONNECTORS .............................................................................................................. 34
Let’s practice! .................................................................................................................. 38
1. READING: SHORT STORIES.................................................................................. 38
GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................ 40
MÓDULO 3: FINE DINING ................................................................................................... 42
More about the past ............................................................................................................... 42
1. THE PRESENT PERFECT ................................................................................................ 42
2. EVER AND NEVER ........................................................................................................ 49
3. YET, ALREADY, JUST AND STILL ................................................................................... 51
Let’s practice! .................................................................................................................. 56
1. READING: USING AND LOSING MEMORY............................................................ 56
GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................ 59
ANSWER KEY B1.1.............................................................................................................. 62
MÓDULO 1: DESCRIPTIONS

WARMING UP
What are you going to see in this lesson?

➢ Descriptions

➢ Describing

• Past simple

• Irregular verbs

• Comparatives and Superlatives

➢ Learning words and expressions in context

• History of a city

• When I grow up

Describing

1. PAST SIMPLE

USOS

El pasado simple se usa para acciones que comenzaron en el pasado y ya están

terminadas.

• The French revolution took place in 1789. La revolución francesa tuvo

lugar en 1789.

FORMA

ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS

Para formar la oración afirmativa en pasado, debemos tener en cuenta el verbo,

que puede ser regular o irregular.

2
Verbos regulares:

Se forman añadiendo la terminación –ed al verbo. Si el verbo termina en –e

añadimos solo la –d.

• I want › I wanted (Yo quiero › Yo quería )

• She wants › She wanted (Ella quiere › Ella quería)
• I love Paul › I loved Paul (Quiero a Paul › Quería a Paul)

Pero existen otros casos:

- Los verbos monosilábicos acabados en consonante + vocal + consonante

duplican la consonante final delante de –ed.
• Rob › robbed
• Stop › stopped
• Sin › sinned
• Hug › hugged

- Los verbos de dos o más sílabas acabados en consonante + vocal + consonante

duplican la consonante final si el acento recae en la última sílaba

• Admit › admitted
• Prefer › preferred

- Los verbos acabados en consonante +y cambian la y por i y añaden –ed, pero

no los acabados en vocal.

• Occupy › occupied
• Carry › carried
• Study › studied
• Play › played
• Enjoy › enjoyed

- Muchos de los verbos acabados en –l o –p duplican la consonante final

delante de –ed aunque no cumplan la regla del acento.

• Travel › travelled
• Worship › worshipped

3
Por lo tanto, la regla es:

SUJETO + VERBO SIN TO + -ED COMO TERMINACIÓN

I wanted › Yo quería
You wanted › Tú querías
He wanted › Él quería
She wanted › Ella quería
It wanted › Eso quería
We wanted › Nosotros queríamos
You wanted › Vosotros queríais
They wanted › Ellos querían

ORACIONES NEGATIVAS

Para negar, no importa si el verbo es regular o irregular. Usamos la forma pasada de

do not (did not / didn’t) seguido del verbo en infinitivo. La regla es:

SUJETO + DID NOT (O DIDN’T) + VERBO SIN TO Y SIN –ED DEL PASADO

I did not / didn’t read › Yo no lei / leia

You did not / didn’t read › Tú no leíste / leías
He did not / didn’t read › Él no leyó / leía
She did not / didn’t read › Ella no leyó / leía
It did not / didn’t read › Eso no leyó / leia
We did not / didn’t read › Nosotros no leímos / leíamos
You did not / didn’t read › Vosotros no leísteis / leíais
They did not / didn’t read › Ellos no leyeron / leían

ORACIONES INTERROGATIVAS

Usamos también el auxiliar did o did not (didn’t), seguido del sujeto y el verbo en
infinito para formular preguntas. La regla es:

DID+SUJETO+VERBO SIN TO Y SIN –ED DEL PASADO+COMPLEMENTOS

Did I read? › ¿Yo leí / leía?

Did you read? › ¿Tú leíste / leías?
Did he read? › ¿Él leyó / leía?
Did she read? › ¿Ella leyó / leía?
Did it read? › ¿Eso leyó / leía?

4
 Did we read? › ¿Nosotros leímos / leíamos?
Did you read? › ¿Vosotros leísteis / leíais?
Did they read? › ¿Ellos leyeron / leían?

ELEMENTOS TEMPORALES COMÚNMENTE USADOS

Usualmente con las oraciones en "pasado simple" es necesario detallar cuándo se

realizó la acción (de manera explícita o por el contexto). Por ejemplo:

• I played a match last week. (Jugué un partido la semana pasada.)

Enumeramos algunos otros complementos temporales de este tiempo verbal a modo

de ejemplo:

Complemento Significado

yesterday ayer

two years ago hace dos años

in 2008 en 2008

last year el año pasado

on 01/01/2000 el 01/01/2000

in July en julio

5
EXERCISE 1

Complete the sentences with the verbs below in Past Simple.

Study like buy finish listen enjoy walk travel

1. Susan _______________ the cake I prepared for her.

2. Last Saturday I _______________ along the beach for 2 hours.

3. They _______________ the party very much.

4. Mathew _______________ to the radio every day but now he prefers reading
the newspaper.

5. The students _______________English for their final exam.

6. I _______________ to Greece last year but I don’t know where I will go this
summer.

7. My boyfriend _______________ a new computer.

8. Yesterday I _______________work at 20 hours.

EXERCISE 2

Complete the sentences with the correct irregular verb.

1. Lucy _______________ (go) to university by car yesterday.

2. Roger ______________(eat) a delicious paella last Sunday.

3. She _______________ (get) up very late last Monday.

4. I _______________ (find) a wallet in the street.

5. My son _______________ (give) me a postcard for my birthday.

6. Alice _______________ (have) a bath last Sunday.

7. They _______________ (swim) in the Mediterranean sea.

8. John _______________ (write) a letter to Grace some weeks ago.

6
EXERCISE 3

Complete the sentences. Use the negative form of the verbs that you have in the
affirmative sentence. Use the contraction.

1. Yesterday I ate fish but I ................................meat.

2. Last week she lost her bag but she .................................. her wallet.

3. He broke his leg but he…………………………….. his arm.

4. My aunt drank a lot of beer but since his child was born
he.................................anything.

5. I spoke English and Italian some years ago but I ................................... French.

EXERCISE 4

Select the correct question.

1. You did meet her last evening?

Did you meet her last evening?
Did you her meet last evening?

2. Like she did the gift?

Did she like the gift?
Did like she the gift?

3. How much you money did earn?

How much did you money earn?
How much money did you earn?

4. Did have you a shower?

Did you have a shower?
Have you did a shower?

5. What did eat he at the weekend?

What did he the eat at weekend?
What did he eat at the weekend?

6. Where you did sell your old books?

Did you where sell your old books?
Where did you sell your old books?

7
 2. IRREGULAR VERBS

Infinitive Past simple Past participle Meaning

arise arose arisen levantarse; surgir
awake awoke awoken despertarse
be was/were been ser, estar
bear bore born soportar; llevar
beat beat beaten golpear; vencer
become became become llegar a ser;convertirse
begin began begun empezar
bend bent bent doblar, flexionar
bet bet bet apostar
bind bound bound vendar; encuadernar
bite bit bitten morder
bleed bled bled sangrar
blow blew blown soplar
break broke broken romper
bring brought brought traer; llevar
broadcast broadcast broadcast emitir
build built built construir
buy bought bought comprar
cast cast cast echar, arrojar
catch caught caught coger, atrapar
choose chose chosen elegir
cling clung clung aferrarse, agarrarse
come came come venir
cost cost cost costar
creep crept crept deslizarse; trepar
cut cut cut cortar
deal dealt dealt tratar
dig dug dug cavar, excavar
do did done hacer
draw drew drawn dibujar
dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed soñar

8
drink drank drunk beber
drive drove driven conducir
dwell dwelt/dwelled dwelt/dwelled morar
eat ate eaten comer
fall fell fallen caer
feed fed fed alimentar
feel felt felt sentir
fight fought fought luchar
find found found encontrar
fit fit/fitted fit/fitted encajar, ajustar
flee fled fled huir
fling flung flung arrojar
fly flew flown volar
forbid forbade forbidden prohibir
forecast forecast forecast prever, predecir
forget forgot forgotten olvidar
freeze froze frozen congelar(se)
get got got obtener
give gave given dar
go went gone ir
grow grew grown crecer; cultivar
hang hung/hanged hung/hanged colgar
have had had tener
hear heard heard oir
hide hid hidden ocultar(se)
hit hit hit golpear
hold held held sostener, coger
hurt hurt hurt herir
keep kept kept guardar; quedarse
kneel knelt/kneeld knelt/kneeled arrodillarse
knit knit/knitted knit/knitted tejer, hacer punto
know knew known saber, conocer
lay laid laid colocar, poner
lead led led guiar, llevar

9
lean leant/leaned leant/leaned apoyar(se)
leap leapt/leaped leapt/leaped saltar
learn learnt/learned learnt/learned aprender
leave left left dejar; salir
lend lent lent prestar
let let let dejar, permitir
lie lay lain estar tumbado
light lit lit encender
lose lost lost perder
make made made hacer, fabricar
mean meant meant significar
meet met met encontrarse; conocer
mow mowed mown/mowed cortar, segar
pay paid paid pagar
prove proved proven/proved probar, demostrar
put put put poner
quit quit quit dejar
read read /red/ read /red/ leer
ride rode ridden montar, cabalgar
sonar/tocar
ring rang rung
timbre/teléfono
rise rose risen levantarse
run ran run correr
saw sawed sawn/sawed serrar
say said said decir
see saw seen ver
seek sought sought buscar
sell sold sold vender
send sent sent enviar
set set set poner
sew sewd sewn/sewed coser
shake shook shaken agitar
shear sheared shorn/sheared esquilar
shed shed shed verter, derramar
shine shone shone brillar

10
shoot shot shot disparar; filmar
show showed shown mostrar
shrink shrank shrunk encoger(se)
shut shut shut cerrar
sing sang sung cantar
sink sank sunk hundir(se)
sit sat sat sentarse
sleep slept slept dormir
slide slid slid resbalarse
sling slung slung tirar, arrojar
smell smelt/smelled smelt/smelled oler
sow sowed sown/sowed sembrar
speak spoke spoken hablar
conducir a mucha
speed sped/speeded sped/speeded
velocidad
spell spelt/spelled spelt/spelled deletrear
spend spent spent gastar; pasar tiempo
spin spun/span spun girar
spit spit/spat spit/spat escupir
spill spilt/spilled spilt/spilled derramar
split split split dividir
spoil spoilt spoilt estropear
spread spread spread extender; untar
spring sprang sprung brotar, nacer
stand stood stood estar de pie
steal stole stolen robar
stick stuck stuck pegar; encajarse
stink stank stunk apestar
strike struck struck golpear
sting stung stung picar (insecto)
strive strove striven esforzarse, luchar
swear swore sworn jurar
sweep swept swept barrer
swell swelled swollen/swelled hinchar(se)
swim swam swum nadar

11
swing swung swung balancear
take took taken coger
teach taught taught enseñar
tear tore torn rasgar
tell told told decir
think thought thought pensar
throw threw thrown lanzar
thrust thrust thrust empujar
tread trod trodden pisar
understand understood understood comprender
wake woke woken despertar(se)
wear wore worn llevar puesto
weave wove woven/weaved tejer
weep wept wept llorar
wet wet/wetted wet/wetted mojar
win won won ganar
wind wound wound enrollar; dar cuerda
wring wrung wrung torcer, retorcer
write wrote written escribir

EXERCISE 1

Write the Past Simple and the Past Participle of the following verbs.

1. GO
2. SAY
3. DO
4. COME
5. HAVE
6. STAND
7. MAKE
8. BUY
9. SIT
10. SWIM
11. SPEAK

12
 12. SEE
13. WRITE
14. SING
15. RUN

3. COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES

Introduction

▪ Utilizamos la forma comparativa de los adjetivos para describir y comparar

diferentes objetos o personas, necesariamente con dos elementos a comparar
como mínimo.

Explanation

Tipos de comparaciones: Inferioridad, Igualdad y Superioridad.

Algunos adjetivos tienen una forma de comparación de superioridad irregular.

INFERIORIDAD

Less than… › menos que

• A bicycle is less pollutant than a car (una bicicleta es menos contaminante

que un coche)

IGUALDAD

As…as… › tan como

• Rafael Nadal is as good as Roger Federer (Rafael Nadal es tan bueno como
Roger Federer)

SUPERIORIDAD

Se forma dependiendo de las sílabas de un adjetivo. Para hacer una oración siempre
es necesario poner than (que) detrás del adjetivo.

13
Adjetivos de una sílaba

- Añadimos –er al adjetivo:

• Cheap › cheaper Barato › Más barato

• High › higher Alto › más alto
• Rich › richer Rico › más rico

Cuando estos adejtivos acaban en consonante + vocal + consonante, se dobla la

última consontante.

• Hot › hotter Caliente › más caliente

• Fat › fatter Gordo › más gordo

Adjetivos de 2 sílabas acabados en –y

- Cambiamos la –y por –i y después se le añade –er:

• Happy › happier Feliz › más feliz

• Funny › funnier Gracioso › más gracioso

Adjetivos de 2 sílabas acabados en –e

- Añadimos –r solamente

• Gentle › gentler Apacible › más apacible

Adjetivos de 2 sílabas terminadas en una sílaba no acentuada

- Añadimos la terminación –er o usamos more delante

• Narrow › narrower Estrecho › más estrecho

Adjetivos de 2 o más sílabas (que no cumplan las reglas anteriores) o más

- Ponemos more delante del adjetivo:

• Expesive › more expensive Caro › más caro

• Interesting › more interesting Interesante › más interesante

Esto no afecta a palabras que tienen más de dos sílabas debido a un prefijo:
unhappy, untidy, etc.

14
Adjetivos terminados en –ing, -ed, -ful y –less

- Solo pueden usar more delante del adjetivo

• Stressful – more stressful -> estresante – más estresante

• Boring – more boring -> aburrido – más aburrido

Estos son los adjetivos que tienen una forma comparativa irregular:

ADJETIVO COMPARATIVO
good better
bad worse
far futher/farther
old older/elder
many/much more
little less

Much, far, etc with comparatives

No podemos usar “very” con comparativos. En su lugar, podemos usar, por ejemplo:
much, far, very much, a lot (informal), lots (informal), no, rather, a little, a bit (informal)
y even.

Ejemplos:

My boyfriend is much/far older than me. (NOT …. Very older than me)

Russian is much/far more difficult than Spanish. El ruso es mucho más difícil que el
español.

Very much nicer

A bit more sensible (informal)
A lot happier
Is your mother any better? ¿Se encuentra tu madre un poco/algo major?
Rather more quickly
She looks no older than her daughter
A little less expensive
Your cooking is even worse than Henry’s.

Quite, Much, Far, Many (More + countable noun) With comparatives

Quite no se puede usar con comparativos except en la expresión “quite better” cuando
se refiere a “recuperado de una enfermedad”. Any, no, a bit y a lot no suelen usarse
para modificar comparativos delante de sustantivos.

15
There are much/far nicer shops in the centre. (BUT NO… a bit nicer shops)

Cuando more modifica un sustantivo plural, se modifica con many en vez de much.
Atención a la diferencia:

Much/far/a lot more money

Many/far/a lot of more opportunities

EXERCISE 1

Choose the comparative form of superiority of these adjectives.

1. good: gooder/better
2. intelligent: intelligenter/more intelligent
3. old: older/old
4. bad: worse/ bader
5. large: larger/more large

EXERCISE 2

Choose correct if these sentences use a comparative form and incorrect if they don’t
use a comparative form.

1. My motorbike isn’t very fast. I’d like a faster.

2. My husband isn’t very rich. I need a rich.
3. His camera isn’t very good. He needs one better.
4. It isn’t very hot today. It was hotter yesterday.
5. I’m not very interested in football. I’m more interested in tennis.

4. SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES

Utilizamos la forma superlativa de los adjetivos para destacar la cualidad de un objeto

o persona sobre el resto; ya no es necesario mencionar dos elementos como mínimo
como en la comparación, sino que hablamos sobre un solo elemento.

La forma superlativa de un adjetivo se forma dependiendo de las sílabas que

tenga. Siempre es necesario poner el artículo definido the delante del adjetivo, ya
que hablamos de algo/alguien en concreto.

16
Adjetivos de una sílaba:

- Añadimos –est al adjetivo:

• Cheap › the cheapest Barato › el más barato

• High › the highest Alto › el más alto
• Rich › the richest Rico › el más rico

- Si acaba en –y cambiamos la –y por –i y después se le añade –est.

• Happy › the happiest Feliz › el más feliz

• Funny › the funniest Gracioso › el más gracioso

Además, utilizaremos las mismas reglas que los comparativos a la hora de decidir si
usar more o –est o para doblar la consonante final.

Adjetivos de 2 o más sílabas:

- Ponemos most delante del adjetivo:

• Expensive › the most expensive Caro › el más caro

• Interesting › the most interesting Interesante › el más interesante

Adjetivos de 2 acabados en –e

- Añadimos –st solamente

• Simple > the simplest - Simple > el más simple

Adjetivos de 2 sílabas terminadas en una sílaba no acentuada

- Añadimos la terminación –est o usamos most delante

• Clever > the celevest – listo > el más listo

Adjetivos terminados en –ing, -ed, -ful y –less

- Solo pueden usar the most delante del adjetivo

• stressful > the most stressful -- estresante > el más estresante

• boring > the most boring -- aburrido > el más aburrido

17
Estos son los adjetivos que tienen una forma superlativa irregular:

ADJETIVO SUPERLATIVO
good the best
bad the worst
far the furthest/the farthest
old the oldest/the eldest
many/much the most
little the least

Much / by far / quite with superlatives

Los superlativos pueden modificarse con much y by far y con otros adverbios de grado
como quite (es decir, “absolutamente”, “totalmente”), almost, practically, nearly y
easily.

• He’s much the most imaginative of them all.

• She’s by far the oldest.
• We’re walking by far the slowest.
• He’s quite the most stupid man I’ve ever met.
• I’m nearly the oldest in the company.
• This is easily the wors party I have been to this year.

EXERCISE 1

Choose the superlative form of these adjectives.

1. She’s a clever girl. She’s THE CLEVERER/ THE CLEVEREST girl in my class.
2. There are many exciting cities in North America, but I think New York is THE
MOST EXCITING/ THE EXCITEST.
3. August is a hot month in Spain. It’s usually THE HOT/ THE HOTTEST month of
the year.
4. I was so happy when I got married. My wedding day was THE HAPPIER/ THE
HAPPIEST day of my life.
5. It’s such an expensive restaurant. I think it’s THE MOST EXPENSIVE/ THE MORE
EXPENSIVE restaurant in Madrid.
6. It’s a very interesting book. It’s one of THE MORE INTERESTING/THE MOST
INTERESTING books I’ve ever read.

18
EXERCISE 2

Now, compare the following people.

Harry Garfield Sponge Bob

32 years old 10 years old 6 years old
75 kilos 60 kilos 3 kilos
1.90 mt 0.57 mt 0.20 mt

1. Garfield is ___________than Harry. (SHORT-TALL)

2. Garfield is _________than Harry. (FUNNY-BORING)
3. Sponge Bob's eyes is___________than Harry's. (SMALL-BIG)
4. Harry is________than Garfield. (STRONG-WEAK)
5. Garfield is ________than Harry. (BEAUTIFUL-HORRIBLE)
6. Bob Sponge is _________at sports than Garfield. (GOOD-BAD)

19
Let’s practice!
1. READING: HISTORY OF A CITY

Read the following text about a brief History of the famous city of London.

A Brief History of London up to Medieval Times.

It is thought that London in prehistoric times was merely a collection of scattered rural
settlements. Spear heads and weapons from the Bronze and Iron Ages have been found around
the Thames, and a recent archaeological dig near Vauxhall discovered evidence of a possible
wooden bridge across the Thames around 3,000 years ago!

It was the Romans who were responsible for the city we know today as London. They invaded
Britain in AD43, and soon afterwards founded the city of Londinium. It is thought that the
original city was small - about the size of Hyde Park!

In AD60 Queen Boudica (also known as Boadicia) of the Iceni tribe rose up against the Romans,
who fled. The city was burned to the ground. However, the Romans eventually regained control
and rebuilt London, this time adding a Forum (market) and Basilica (a business centre), and
slowly building a wall around the city to protect it from further invasion.

The Square Mile

The area inside the defensive wall is now known as The Square Mile, or The City, and is the
financial centre of the UK. There is much evidence remaining in the City of the Roman city of
Londinium, and often when new buildings are built and excavations are made, exciting
archaeological finds are made!

Anglo-Saxons

The Romans left at the beginning of the 5th Century as the Roman Empire crumbled, leaving
London largely deserted. Britain was invaded by the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes (who came
from Holland, Germany and Denmark). These Anglo-Saxons were farmers and tended to live
outside big towns. We know very little about what happened to London in this period.

By the beginning of the 7th Century the city had become important enough to justify the building
of a cathedral, St Paul’s. There is still a cathedral (but not the same one!) on the same spot.

Once again we know very little about London for a few hundred years, although during the 9th
and 10th Centuries there were many attacks by the Vikings.

20
"London Bridge is falling down, Falling down, falling down, London Bridge is falling down, My
fair lady."

It is thought that this nursery rhyme probably records an attack against London by the Viking,
Olaf, at the beginning of the 11th Century.

Medieval London (1066 – 1485)

Soon afterwards, the Normans invaded from France and William I (William the Conqueror) took
control. He quickly began to build a stronghold to guard London - the Tower of London. The
Tower has been used as a castle and a palace, a zoo and a weapons store, a mint (where coins
are made) and a prison.

A crowded and smelly city!

The city grew up within the original Roman walls, which were repaired and built up. Houses were
made of wood and plaster and crowded together very tightly, with the upper floors leaning out
over the streets, which were either cobbled or dirt. Rubbish was thrown out of the windows
onto the streets below!

Lord Mayor of London

In the early 13th Century, King John showed how important London had become by granting the
city the right to elect a Lord Mayor every year. The most famous of the early mayors is Dick
Whittington, who was Lord Mayor four times between 1397 and 1420.

If you go to the Square Mile today, you will find lots of evidence of Medieval London in the street
names, which tell of the trades and shops which were established in those times. Pudding Lane,
Bread Street and Milk Street are obvious examples! The tailor shops were based in Threadneedle
Street, and you can find Ropemakers Square, Silk Street, and Poultry too.

There are a number of streets with ‘gate’ in their name, such as Bishopsgate, Moorgate, etc.
These were the original gates in the defensive wall, where people could enter or leave the city.

21
EXERCISE

READING COMPREHENSION. Choose the correct answer to the following questions,

according to the text.

1.- Who definitely defeated the Romans in London?

a) The Vikings.
b) Queen Boudica (also known as Boadicia) of the Iceni.
c) The Anglo-Saxons.
d) The Romans themselves took the decision to leave.

2.- What can we find in the same place where the ancient St. Paul’s cathedral was built?

a) We can find this same cathedral, which was built in the 7th century.
b) Another different cathedral can be found in the same place.
c) We can find some ruins from the Roman Empire.
d) There is nothing at all in that area of London.

3.- What is the Square Mile?

a) This is the name given to a defensive wall.

b) It’s the name given to a decisive battle.
c) Nowadays it refers to the area inside the defensive wall.
d) Square Mile is the ancient financial Roman city.

4.- What right was given to the inhabitants by King John in order to show how important
London was becoming?

a) They could take part in the decision making regarding public issues.
b) They acquired the right to elect a Lord Mayor every year.
c) They weren’t given any right.
d) They could name their houses with their family names.

5.- Which one of the following names can be found today in the Square Mile?

a) Threadneedle Street, Silk Street, and Milk Street.

b) Ropemakers Square, Bishopsgate, and Wallgate.
c) Poultry, Moorgate, and Craftsmangate.
d) Threadneedle Street, Wallgate, and Craftsmangate.

22
GLOSSARY

ENGLISH SPANISH EXAMPLE

lugar donde vivir, The first thing we have to do is to find

Accommodation
hospedaje accommodation

Ago hace John met his wife 20 years ago

Baseball cap gorra de béisbol He is wearing a baseball cap

Brief breve His explanation was very brief

Bronze Age Edad de Bronce During the Bronze Age many tools were made

Cobbled adoquinado The old streets of London were cobbled

Cramped apretado, estrecho They were so cramped in that little house

Crowded abarrotado The shopping mall is crowded on Saturdays

Crumbled (from ‘to

desmoronarse Tthe skyscraper began to crumble
crumble’)

Defensive wall muralla The defensive wall was used to protect the city

recesión, desaceleración
Downturn This is clearly the beginning of a downturn
económica
acceso/entrada a una
Driveway The van entered the driveway
casa

Evidence evidencia / pruebas The evidence shows he did it

Farmer granjero Farmers complained about their working conditions

Flatshare piso compartido I'm moving to a flatshare

Fled (pasado de ‘to

huir The prisoners fled from prison
flee’)

Found / founded fundar The city was founded in the seventeenth century

Further (or farther) más lejano, remoto, más For further information, please click here

Gairly bastante I am fairly sure of what I heard

Gentle amable Joe is a very gentle and loving boy

23
Grow up crecer / madurar When he grows up he wants to be an astronaut

Harmful perjudicial Smoking is extremely harmful for your health

Indeed ciertamente Yes, indeed, I'm planning to go out tonight

Iron Age Edad de Hierro Many weapons were made during the Iron Age

Dick Whittington was elected Lord Mayor four

Lord Mayor alcalde
times

Merely simplemente The city was merely a collection of old ruins

Minivan monovolumen The robbers escaped in a minivan

Mint menta / ceca Coins are made in a mint

Narrow estrecho A narrow passage make passing people difficult

His mother sings him a nursery rhyme every night

Nursery rhyme canción infantil
before bed

Plaster yeso The walls are covered with plaster

Prison escape huida de la carcel He is worried about the prison escape

Remain permanecer The money remains in our account

Rose up (pasado de levantarse contra, The people could rise up against the autocratic
‘to rise up’) alzarse contra government

Scattered disperso, desperdigado The landscape was gorgeous, with scattered trees

Settlement asientamiento A colonial settlement was established in the town

Some spear heads from the prehistory times was

Spear heads puntas de lanza
found in the place

Spot lugar, sitio That's the spot where the robbery took place

Stronghold fuerte, fortificación They built a stronghold in the middle of the desert

Tailor shop sastrería Tailor shops sold suits

To discuss discutir/ debatir Experts are discussing this new outbreak

24
 Very little people inhabited the village when they
To inhabit habitar
arrived

To regain recuperar The army regained the control of the town

To run correr, dirigir, operar The museum is run by a private company

To take place tener lugar The discovery of America took place in 1492

Trade comercio / gremio International trade is growing all the time

Truck camión My uncle drives a truck

Weapon arma That's a lethal weapon

tienda de armas / The Tower of London has been used as a weapons

Weapons store
arsenal store

Wooden de madera I have a wooden table in my living room

Worship Adorar, venerar I worship my daughter

EXPRESSIONS SPANISH
To burn to the ground Reducir a cenizas, quemar por completo
There is much Quedan muchas pruebas
evidence remaining
By the beginning Al comienzo
To make a deal Hacer un trato, llegar a un acuerdo
I am joined today Se me une hoy ...
by...
To be grown up Ser mayor, adulto
To get hitched Expresión informal para casarse (= to get married)
All this comes to a Todo tiene un precio
price
Property ladder Escalera (escalada) inmobiliaria (proceso por el que se pasa de tener una
propiedad más pequeña y barata a una más grande y "lujosa")
In a mess! hecho un desastre, desordenado/a
To drive somebody Volverse loco
mad
Virtues and faults Virtudes y defectos
What do they look ¿Qué aspecto tiene?
like?

25
They're just Están simplemente mirando a su alrededor
looking around
In his late forties En los cuarenta largos (edad)
What on earth are ¿Qué narices haces aquí?
you doing here?
We were passing Pasábamos por el pueblo
through town
Dave will be right Dave volverá enseguida
back
Grant a right Otorgar un derecho
The right to elect Derecho a voto

26
MÓDULO 2: SHORT STORIES

WARMING UP

What are you going to see in this lesson?

➢ A short story

➢ About the past

• Past continuous

• Past simple vs past continuos

• Connectors

➢ Learning words and expressions in context

• Fairy tales

• Dreams

Short stories

1. PAST CONTINUOUS

Introduction
▪ sujeto + was/were + gerundio (verbo + ing):

Ejemplos:

• Afirmativo →I was watching TV. Estaba viendo la televisión.

• Negativo →I was not/wasn’t watching TV. No estaba viendo la televisión.
• Interrogativo → Were you watching TV? ¿Estabas viendo la televisión?

27
Explanation

Recordamos que pasado continuo se usa en inglés para:

- Para hablar de acciones en progreso en el pasado. Ejemplo:

• I was playing tennis at 7 o’clock yesterday evening. Estaba
jugando al tenis a las 7 de la tarde ayer.

- Para describir una actividad durante un periodo en el pasado. Ejemplo:

• On Tuesday morning I was working in the office. El Martes por la

mañana estaba trabajando en la oficina.

- Para describir situaciones en el pasado. Ejemplo:

• It was raining. Estaba lloviendo.

- Para hablar de una actividad no terminada en el pasado. Ejemplo:

• He was mending the car last night. Anoche estaba arreglando el

coche.

Otros usos del Past Continuous:

- El pasado continuo lo utilizamos para una acción larga que ya en el pasado fue
interrumpida. La acción que se interrumpe está en pasado continuo y la
acción que provoca la interrupción está en pasado simple. "When" y "while"
señalan el uso del pasado simple y continuo. En general, usamos el pasado
simple directamente después de "when" y el pasado continuo después de
"while."

Ejemplos:

• Jose called while I was watching the news. (Jose llamó mientras
estaba mirando las noticias.)
• He was walking to work when he fell. (Estaba caminando hacia su
trabajo cuando se cayó.)

- Se usa el pasado continuo para hablar sobre acciones en un tiempo

específico en el pasado.

Ejemplos:

• Paula wasn't living in Spain in 2005. (Paula no estaba viviendo en

28
 España en el 2005.)
• We were still working at 10 o'clock last night. (Todavía estábamos
trabajando a las 10 de la noche. )

- Se usa el pasado continuo para dos acciones que estaban ocurriendo al

mismo tiempo en el pasado.
Ejemplos:

• My son was reading while I was cooking. (Mi hijo estaba leyendo
mientras que yo estaba cocinando.)
• They were talking very loudly while we were trying to watch the
movie. (Estaban hablando muy alto mientras nosotros
estábamos intentando mirar la película.)

EXERCISE 1

Choose the correct question using the Past Continuous.

1. When you arrived at the party... (Alan / dance?)

a) Was Alan dancing?

b) Has Alan danced?
c) Would Alan be dancing?

2. When you arrived at the party... (Susie / drink?)

a) Was Susie been drinking?

b) Was Susie drinking?
c) Was Susie drunk?

3. When you arrived at the party... (John and Ann / sing?)

a) Were John and Ann singing?

b) Had John and Ann been singing?
c) Were John and Ann singers?

4. When you arrived at the party... (Luke / talk to the girls?)

a) Was Luke talked to the girls?

b) Was Luke been talking to the girls?
c) Was Luke talking to the girls?

29
EXERCISE 2

Fill in the blanks using the correct words.

played tennis while while we were trying was talking while

were still running Was it raining

1. My Mum _______________ I was reading a book. She was bothering me!

2. We _______________ at 9 o'clock last night.

3. Steve _______________ I was watching him play. He´s not a very good tennis
player!

4. ________________ when you left the house?

5. They were eating popcorn _______________ to watch the film.

2. PAST SIMPLE vs PAST CONTINUOUS

Past simple

Para formar el pasado simple debemos tener en cuenta si el verbo es regular o

irregular. El pasado simple lo usamos en las siguientes situaciones:

- Acciones acabadas en el pasado.

Se usa para hablar de acciones acabadas en un periodo de tiempo en el pasado.

Puede ir acompañado de algunos marcadores como: yesterday, last night, last week,
last month, last year, three years ago, in 1971…

• I called you yesterday Te llamé ayer.

• Did she come last night? ¿Vino ella anoche?
• They didn’t work last year. Ellos no trabajaron el año pasado.

30
 - Narrar o describir hechos del pasado.

• When I was a child I was really shy, I liked playing the guitar but I didn’t study too
much. How were you? - Cuando yo era pequeña era muy tímida, Me gustaba tocar la
guitarra pero no estudiaba demasiado. ¿Tu cómo eras?

- Condiciones de segundo tipo

• If you were busy I would do it for you. – Si tú estuvieras ocupado, yo lo haría por ti.
• If we had a car we could go to the beach. Si tuviéramos un coche podríamos ir a la
playa.

Past continuous

El pasado continuo se forma con el verbo to be en pasado simple + verbo en –ing.

• I was watching a film – estaba viendo una película.

• Were you waiting for me? - ¿Me estabas esperando?
• She wasn’t working in this company - No estaba trabajando en esta empresa.

Se usa para:
- Hablar de acciones en proceso que ocurrieron en un momento específico del
pasado.

• At 10 o’clock she was waiting for the bus - A las 10 ella estaba esperando el autobús.

- Describir el contexto en el que se desarrolla una acción en el pasado.

• It was raining: I was watching a film and thinking about the problem - Estaba
lloviendo: yo estaba viendo una película y pensando en el problema.

- Una acción que se estaba desarrollando en el pasado y es interrumpida por otra

acción también en el pasado.

• I was reading the newspaper when she called me - Yo estaba leyendo el periódico
cuando ella me llamó.

- Para describir dos acciones que ocurren al mismo tiempo.

• They were drinking and talking while I was cooking alone - Ellas estaban bebiendo y
hablando mientras yo estaba cocinando sola.

31
 - Para hablar de acciones habituales en el pasado que son molestas para el
hablante.
Normalmente usamos el adverbio always.

• She was always talking in class - Ella siempre estaba hablando en clase.

Reglas –ing

Existen algunas reglas ortográficas para añadir la –ing.

• Normalmente añadimos la –ing al verbo sin que se produzca ningún cambio:

también a los verbos que acaban en –y.
- Listen →Listening
- Try →Trying
- Go →Going
- Lay →Laying
- Read →Reading
- Fly →Flying

• Los verbos acabados en consonante + -e, omiten la –e para añadir –ing.

- Live →Living
- Write → Writing
- Behave → Behaving

• Los verbos monosilábicos acabados en una sola consonante precedida de una sola
vocal duplican la consonante final delante de –ing.
- Stop → Stropping
- Swim → Swimming
- Run → Running

• Los verbos de dos o más sílabas que acaban en una sola consonante precedida de
una sola vocal duplican la consonante final si el acento recae en la última sílaba.
- Refer →Referring
- Occur → Ocurring

• Los verbos acabados en –ie cambian la –ie por –y delante de –ing.

- Die → Dying
- Lie → Lying

32
 • Muchos verbos acabados en una sola vocal + l o p duplican la consonante final
delante de –ing, aunque no cumplan la regla del acento.
- Travel → Travelling
- Worship → Worshipping

EXERCISE 1

A group of people were staying in a hotel. One evening the fire alarm went off. Choose the
sentences saying what each person was doing at the time.

1. Rachel was writing a letter to her sister.

1. Rachel were writing a letter to her sister.

2. Peter were getting ready to go out.

2. Peter was getting ready to go out.

3. Charles and Dennis were having a drink.

3. Charles and Dennis was having a drink.

4. Tom was making a phone call.

4. Tom were making a phone call.

EXERCISE 2

Choose the correct simple past or continuous sentences.

1. (it be) easy to do the exercise?

2. Sam (take) another cake while his mum was not looking.
3. George (walk) his dog when he hear a strange noise.
4. He (get) lots of presents for his birthday.
5. (He, work) on his computer at 5 o’clock?
6. (You, buy) a blue skirt yesterday?
7. I (eat) and my brother was watching TV.
8. He (have) a shower when the phone rang.

33
EXERCISE 3

Put the verbs into the correct tense (Simple Past or Past Progressive).

1. While Tom (read) __________ Amely (watch) _______ a documentary on TV.

2. Marvin (come)_________ home, (switch)_________ on the computer and
(check)_________ his emails.
3. The thief (sneak)__________ into the house, (steal)_________ the jewels and
(leave)___________without a trace.
4. Nobody (listen)___________ while the teacher (explain)_________ the tenses.
5. While we (do)__________ a sight-seeing tour, our friends (lie)___________ on the
beach.
6. He (wake)_________ up and (look)___________ at his watch.
7. The receptionist (welcome)________ the guests and (ask)________ them to fill in
the form.
8. The car (break)_________ down and we (have)__________ to walk home.
9. The boys (swim)_________ while the girls (sunbathe)_________.

3. CONNECTORS

Introduction

▪ Los conectores o conjunciones son palabras que usamos para unir dos o más frases
o dos palabras dentro de la misma oración. A continuación, veremos los conectores
de Adición (addition) y los de Contraste (contrast) y sus usos.
Explanation

When, as, while, whereas, just as Mientras

As soon as En cuanto

Before Antes

After Después

Until, Till Hasta

Although, Even though, though Aunque

In spite of, despite…(+ the fact that) A pesar de…que

However Sin embargo

34
Because of Debido

And so Así que

As a result Como resultado

Therefore Por lo tanto

So…that, such that Tan…que

To, in order (not) to, So as (not) to,
Para
For

So that Para que

In case En caso
Where, wherever Donde
As if, as though Como si
Like Similar
Besides, Furthermore, In addition,
Además
Moreover, Similarly, Else
As well as Así como
Also, too También
For example, For instance Por ejemplo
Such as, Like, including Como
Either Tampoco
Neither Ningún
Whether Si
Otherwise Si no
Likewise De la misma manera
To begin with Para empezar
Then, Next Entonces
Once Una vez
In the end, Finally, At last Finalmente
Eventually Eventualmente
First of all Ante todo
First, Firstly (lugar) Primero
At the beginning En el principio

35
 Not only…but also No solo…pero también
Both Ambos

Actually En realidad

Consequently Consecuentemente

In some respects En algunos casos

In the same way De la misma forma

Instead En lugar de

Yet Todavía / ya

Nonetheless No obstante / sin embargo

What is more Es más

CONNECTORS OF ADDITION CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST

In addition However

Furthermore Nevertheless

Moreover On the one hand /on the other hand

As well as In spite of /despite

Also Although /even though

and but

Some examples:

• English is an important language: moreover, it is very easy to learn.

• They study very hard: furthermore, they have a lot of discipline-

• She spoke clearly, however I didn’t understand her.

• I really liked the job. Nevertheless, I didn’t accept it because it wasn’t a permanenet
job.

36
Despite and in spite of

Some connectors have got similar meanings but are followed by different structures.
• Despite and in spite of are followed by a noun phrase or a gerund. We did not wear
coats despite the cold weather.
• I tried to look happy in spite of feeling terrible.

Even though and although

Even though and although are followed by a clause.

• My car constantly needs repairs even though it’s new.

• My cousin and I aren’t very close, although we’re the same age.

EXERCISE 1

Read the pairs of sentences below. Which pair expresses similar ideas? Which
pair expresses contrasting ideas?

1. Their team has got the best players. Moreover, their coach is fantastic.

similar ideas or contrasting ideas

2. Their team has got the best players. Nevertheless, they lost the last game.

similar ideas or contrasting ideas

37
Let’s practice!
1. READING: SHORT STORIES

It is a crime that is getting to be common in Los Angeles. Customers are enjoying their
meals at a restaurant. Two or more criminals stroll in and start waving their guns at everyone.
They demand that everyone put their wallets or empty their purses into a bag, and then the
gunmen stroll out. They usually wear hoodies or baseball caps with sunglasses to thwart
identification.

At 9:30 p.m. Wednesday, the business establishment was a Starbucks. Three young
men walked in, emptied the cash register, robbed the employees and the customers, and
walked out to their stolen van. The police were able to respond quickly. A chase ended with
one police car ramming the van from behind on the Third Street overpass. The van came to a
stop, but, as usually happens, the three criminals were unhurt. They immediately hopped out
of the van and started running in three different directions. It took about 10 minutes to catch
two of them; one had hidden in a dumpster, and the other had broken a car window and
hidden in the car.

The third one, instead of running, had decided it was quicker to jump off the overpass
onto the freeway 20 feet below. He landed in an emergency lane, but did not get up and run.
He did not get up at all. When police got to him, he was dead. "Too bad he wasn't holding
hands with the other two when he jumped," said one officer, who asked to remain nameless.

To stroll in- entrar en algún sitio despacio, sin prisa

Hoodie – sudadera con capucha
To thwart– frustar, impedir
Chase - persecución
To ram – golpear con fuerza, embestir
To hop out – salir de un salto
Dumpster – contenedor
Overpass – paso elevado
Freeway - autopista

38
EXERCISE

Reading comprehension. Choose the correct answer.

1. What is latest usual crime in Los Angeles?

a. A rob in a jewelry shop.

b. A criminal attack old ladies while they are having dinner.
c. A group of criminals roll in a restaurant to steal.

2. What did the criminals steal?

a. They emptied the cash register.

b. They emptied the cash register, robbed the employees and the customers.
c. They robbed the employees and the customers but they didn´t touch the cash
register.

3. How did they escape?

a. They had a stolen car parked in front the door and they took the nearest
freeway.
b. They left the restaurant in a stolen van.
c. They rolled out and took the underground.

4. How was the chase with the police?

a. The van was hit by a police car and the criminals were injured.
b. The van was damaged and the criminals were seriously injured.
c. The police car hit the van and the criminals left the car running.

5. How was the ending of the story?

a. The police arrested them after the chase.

b. Two of them escaped and the third one died when the police rammed the van.
c. The police caught two criminals and the third one was dead.

39
GLOSSARY

ENGLISH SPANISH EXAMPLE

Already ya I have already sent them
My father used to tell me a bedtime story every
Bedtime story cuento para dormir
night
It was a hard chase until the police captured
Chase persecuación
him
Christening bautizo The Christening was very early in the morning
dumpster contenedor Please, put the litter into the dumpster
Elderly anciano/a Do we do enough for the elderly in our society?
Fairy Hada Fairies are very nice and helpful
In Germany some freeways doesn´t have a
Freeway autopista
speed limit
She likes wearing a hoodie when he is on
Hoodie sudadera con capucha
holiday
Issue asunto We have to discuss that issue
Just acabo de She's just had a shower
Kingdom reino A king lost his kingdom
Lane carril He stopped in an emergency lane
Memory recuerdo, memoria I have lovely memories from my childhood
Odd raro It was certainly an odd conversation
Overpass paso elevado The train stopped in front of the overpass
Purse cartera, billetera (de mujer) My husband gave me a wallet for my birthday
Still aún, todavía Are you still there?
To dislike no gustar I really dislike walking in the rain

The boy hopped out the bed when he heard a

To hop out salir de un salto
strange noise

To ram golpear, embertir The thief rammed the police´s car

Entrar en algún sitio, sin
To stroll in She always strolls in the shop after having a nap
prisa
To thwart impedir, frustrar Fortunately, the police thwarted the robbery
Van furgoneta, camioneta I would like to buy a van, it's useful for my job
Wallet cartera, billetera Someone stole my wallet yesterday
ya, todavía, aún dependiendo
Yet I haven't said it yet
de la frase

40
EXPRESSIONS SPANISH

She felt left out Se sintió dada de lado

To get to be common Estar siendo habitual (se está volviendo habitual)

sleep disorder Trastorno del sueño

To fall asleep Quedarse dormido

You make me sick Me das/dais asco

41
MÓDULO 3: FINE DINING

WARMING UP

What are you going to see in this lesson?

➢ Fine dining

➢ More about the past

• Present perfect

• Ever and Never

• Yet, already, still and last

➢ Learning words and expressions in context

• Expressing what you like

• Food

More about the past

1. THE PRESENT PERFECT

Introduction

El “present perfect” es un tiempo que sirve para crear una relación entre el pasado y el
presente. Ya sea porque:

- La acción continúa en el presente.

o I have lived in London all my life. --> He vivido en Londres toda mi vida.
o She has worked here since she was twenty. --> Ella ha trabajado aquí desde
que tenía veinte años.
- El periodo de tiempo en el que se ha realizado la acción no ha concluido.
o I have gone to the theatre twice this year. --> He ido al teatro dos veces este
año.
o My brother has already done the shopping this week. --> Mi hermano ya ha
hecho la compra esta semana.
- Queremos enfatizar el resultado o repetición de una acción del pasado sin
determinar cuándo.

42
 o I have been to Paris many times. --> He estado en Paris muchas veces.
o Have you read that book? --> ¿Te has leído ese libro?
- La acción se ha realizado muy recientemente.
o At last, I’ve finished my homework! --> ¡Por fin, he terminado mis deberes!
o I have just called him. --> Acabo de llamarle.

Explanation

¿Cómo estructuramos el tiempo de Presente Perfecto?

La estructura es:

Sujeto Verbo Auxiliar “Have” Participio Pasado Del Verbo Principal

Formaremos el participio de los verbos según su clasificación entre regular o irregular

Ejemplos:

- Verbo regular: añadimos –ed al final del verbo

I have talked to them / Les he hablado.

- Verbo irregular: usamos la forma de la 3ª columna de las listas de verbos irregulares*

I have made a cake / He hecho un pastel.

*Lista de verbos irregulares

Remember!

A la hora de añadir –ed para formar el pasado o participio de un verbo regular, debemos
tener en cuenta unos casos especiales:

- Los verbos acabados en –e, solo añaden –d:

▪ like --> liked
▪ decide --> decided

- Los verbos acabado en consonante + -y, cambiarán esta por “i”:

43
 ▪ marry --> married
▪ cry --> cried
- Los verbos acabados en vocal + -y, conservarán la “y”:
▪ play --> played
▪ stay --> stayed
- Los verbos acabados en consonante + vocal + consonante, doblarán la consonante
final:
▪ stop --> stopped
▪ prefer --> preferred
o Excepto:
▪ Si el verbo termina en “w” o “y”:
• show --> showed
• stay --> stayed
▪ Si el acento no recae sobre la última sílaba:
• open --> opened
• listen --> listened
▪ Este último caso no se cumple en inglés británico si el verbo termina
en “L”:
• cancel --> cancelled (BrE); canceled (AmE)
• travel --> travelled (BrE); traveled (AmE)

Aquí tienes varios ejemplos del tiempo de Present Perfect:

subject auxiliary verb main verb

+ I have seen ET.

+ You have eaten mine.

- She has not been to Rome.

- We have not played football.

? Have you finished?

? Have they done it?

Contracciones:

- En el Inglés hablado prácticamente todo el mundo utiliza las contracciones del

sujeto con el verbo auxiliar:

Ex-“He’s” NOT He is Ex- “It’s” NOT It is

44
 - En el Inglés escrito cuando se trata de escritos de carácter informal también se
utilizan SIEMPRE las contracciones.

Ojo: En los escritos de carácter formal, cartas de presentación, artículos,

crítica de cine, libros, ensayos etc. ¡NUNCA se contrae nada!

Ejemplos de contracciones:

I have I’ve
You have You’ve
He is He’s

• “I’ve finished my homework”- He terminado mis deberes

• “John’s seen E.T.”- John ha visto E.T.

Ojo: La contracción ‘s a veces puede ser tanto el verbo auxiliar “have” o “be”,
aunque el contexto siempre te dirá cuál de los dos es.

Ejemplo:

• It’s eaten an Apple- Ello (ese mono por ejemplo)se ha comido una manzana
• It’s eaten by everybody- Todo el mundo lo come (por ejemplo
arroz)

USOS

- El tiempo de Presente Perfecto se utiliza siempre que hay una conexión entre el
pasado y el presente. Esta conexión puede ser de tres tipos diferentes:

A. Hablar de experiencias pasadas

B. Hablar de cambios o nueva información

C. Hablar de situaciones del pasado con continuidad o relevancia en el
presente.

A. Hablar de experiencias pasadas

A menudo hablamos de experiencias pasadas donde no importa CUÁNDO ocurrió

la acción sino el hecho de que OCURRIÓ.

45
 Ejemplos:

• I’ve eaten Sushi- No es importante cuándo lo hice solo que LO hice, es

decir que comí Sushi.
• He’s lived in Bangkok- Sabemos que vivió allí y ESO es lo importante

• We have never eaten caviar- Lo importante aquí es destacar que NUNCA

hemos probado el caviar.

B. Hablar de cambios o nueva información

Utilizamos el tiempo de Presente Perfecto para hablar de cómo las cosas

cambian u ofrecer información sobre algo nuevo.

Ejemplos:

• “I have bought a car”- La semana pasada no tenía un coche ahora

SÍ.
• “John has broken his leg”- Hace unos días John estaba en
perfectas condiciones y AHORA tiene una pierna rota.
• “Has the Price gone up”- Yo recuerdo que el precio del kilo de
tomates ERA de 1.50 Euros sin embargo AHORA es de 1.70 Euros de
ahí que me haga esta pregunta

C. Hablar de situaciones del pasado con continuidad o relevancia en el presente.

Ejemplos:

• Ex -“He has been ill for two days”-

Esta situación empezó en el pasado pero CONTINÚA en el presente y

probablemente continuará en el futuro. Con esta estructura se utilizan
típicamente las preposiciones “for” y “since”.

- FOR-Utilizamos “for” para hablar de un período de tiempo-5 minutes, two

months, six years

- SINCE-Utilizamos “since” para un punto específico en el pasado o el

principio de un período de tiempo- 9 o’clock, 1st of January, Monday.

46
 for since
a period of time a point in past time
20 minutes 6.15pm
three days Monday
6 months January
4 years 1994
2 centuries 1800
a long time I left school
Ever the beginning of time
etc etc

Algunos ejemplos:

• I have been here for 20 minutes.

• I have been here since 9 o'clock.
• John hasn't called for 6 months.
• John hasn't called since February.He has worked in New York for a long
time.
• He has worked in New York since he left school.

For se puede usar con TODOS los tiempos verbales mientras que since se utiliza
más para los tiempos perfectos

EXERCISE 1

1. Mark the affirmative sentences.

a. She’s lived in Scotland for six years.
b. I haven’t seen him in a while.
c. Have you finished your report?
d. Hasn’t he read this book?
e. Roger and his parents have not moved since the 1980s.
f. I have always loved you.

2. Mark the negative sentences.

a. Has he come yet?
b. All my friends have been to Madrid at some point in their lives.
c. She’s scored three goals.
d. We’ve not travelled so far for this.
e. I haven’t been more scared in my life.
f. I’ve never thought about it.

47
 3. Mark the affirmative interrogative sentences.
a. Who has come to the party?
b. Have they not realised its importance?
c. Some of our plans have come to nought.
d. Has your mother arrived?
e. Haven’t we talked already?
f. I have been quiet since you started.
4. Mark the negative interrogative sentences.
a. Haven’t you finished?
b. Has she not found it out yet?
c. I have waited too long now.
d. I have never spent the night on the beach.
e. Have they decided to give up?
f. Who has arrived already?

EXERCISE 2

1. Mark the two sentences that are grammatically correct.

a. I have meet so many people in my life.
b. Have you find your wallet yet?
c. Haven’t you told your mother about it?
d. I haven’t felt anything so far.
2. Mark the two sentences that are grammatically correct.
a. Has he hitted the spot?
b. What have you done?
c. He has became a monster.
d. Who’s finished?
3. Mark the two sentences that are grammatically correct.
a. Have you learned the lesson by heart?
b. Have you ever wore a cape?
c. Has he not brought anything?
d. My sister have made a fantastic cake.

EXERCISE 3

Put these sentences in the correct order.

1. London / to / has / wanted / always / my / visit / boyfriend

2. children / eaten / the / those / have / all / candy
3. she / your / ? / has / received / letter
4. not / anyone / life / he / kissed / his / has / in
5. not / I / right / ? / it / have / done

48
 2. EVER AND NEVER

Introduction

Tanto Ever como Never son adverbios que podremos encontrar típicamente con los tiempos
perfectos (present perfect, past perfect, present perfect continuous, past perfect continuous)
auqnue esto no significa que no los vayamos a encontrar con otros (I never go to the beach).

Explanation

Never significa ‘nunca’ y lo usamos en oraciones donde el verbo va en forma afirmativa para
que no haya doble negación. Es decir, ni el verbo ni el auxiliar se niegan con la partícula
not, sino que con never la oración ya es negativa.

• My friends never go to the cinema. (Mis amigos nunca van al cine).

- En el caso de una oración en presente simple, la tercera persona singular ‘he’,

‘she’, ‘it’, mantiene la –s del verbo, puesto que el verbo no va en forma negativa.

• She never travels alone. (Ella nunca viaja sola).

Ever tiene varios significados según el uso:

- Nunca > en oraciones negativas e interrogativas en las que aparece una

partícula negativa.

• I don’t ever eat meat. (Yo nunca como carne).

• Don’t you ever eat meat? (¿Nunca comes carne?).

- Alguna vez > en presente perfecto con oraciones interrogativas para preguntar por
lo que se ha hecho.

• Have you ever been to Italy? (¿Has estado en Italia alguna vez?).

- en presente perfecto en afirmativa.

• If I have ever seen magic, it has been in Africa.
- en oraciones afirmativas e interrogativas en otros tiempos verbales.
• If you ever have questions, don’t hesitate in contacting me. / Si alguna vez
tienes preguntas, no dudes en contactar conmigo.
• Are you ever going to finish it? / ¿Lo vas a terminar alguna vez?
• Will you ever do it? / ¿Lo harás alguna vez?

49
 - Siempre > en algunas expresiones.
• for ever (para siempre)

EXERCISE 1

Complete with ever or never.

1. I haven’t___________ travelled to India.

2. Have you______ met my business partner?

3. We have_______ worked before, we are only seventeen.

4. He hasn’t_________spoken to me.

5. If you ________want to learn German, call me and I will teach you.

6. We don’t_______deliver goods abroad.

7. I know this situation will go on for__________.

EXERCISE 2

Complete with ever or never.

1. Have you __________been to New York?

2. No, I've _________been to New York.

3. If you __________have questions, please contact me by private messages!

4. Have you ___________lost your glasses?

5. I am _________missing school!

6. You've _______seen the three little pigs!!!

7. Have you __________seen koalas in Australia?

8. Yes, I've already seen koalas, but I've ____________seen kangaroos.

9. Oh, really! Have you ___________ been touring in Australia?

10. No, ___________, so it's logical if I haven't seen any kangaroos!

50
 3. YET, ALREADY, JUST AND STILL

YET

Yet se utiliza en oraciones negativas e interrogativas con el Present Perfect.

Nota: en ocasiones se pregunta con ‘already’ en Present Perfect y otros tiempos

verbales para expresar sorpresa.

• Have you already started? That was fast. ¿Has empezado ya? Eso ha sido rápido.
• Have they come yet? ¿Han venido ya?
• No, they haven’t come yet. No, no han venido todavía.
• Has she bought the tickets yet? ¿Ha comprado las entradas ya?
• No, she hasn’t bought them yet. No, no las ha comprador todavía.

Significado

Yet se puede traducir al español como ya, todavía o aún, dependiendo del sentido de la
frase.

Colocación

Yet se coloca al final de la oración.

Estructura para negar

Subject + Haven’t or Hasn’t + Past participle + Yet

• I haven’t said it yet. No lo he dicho aún.

Estructura para preguntar

Have or Has + subject + past participle + yet + ?

• Have they said it yet? ¿Lo han dicho ya?

51
ALREADY

Uso

En afirmativa, usamos already para expresar que la acción ya ha sido realizada.

En oraciones interrogativas lo podemos utilizar para expresar sorpresa acerca de alguna

acción que se ha realizado antes de lo esperado.

• Have you called her? Yes, I´ve already called her.

• ¿La has llamado? Si, la he llamado.

• Has she done it? Yes, she’s already done it.

• ¿Lo ha hecho ya? Sí, ya lo ha hecho.

• Have you seen that film? Yes, I’ve already seen it.

• ¿Has visto ya esa película? Sí, ya la he visto.

Significado

Already se traduce como ya.

Colocación

Already se coloca generalmente delante del verbo principal en participio o, en caso de

expresar énfasis o sorpresa, al final de la oración.

• I have already said it. Ya lo he dicho.

Estructura

Subject + have/has + already + Past Participle.

• I have already sent them. Ya las he enviado.

52
STILL

Uso y significado

La palabra Still presenta cierta confusión porque en español también se traduce como
todavía o aún, pero a diferencia de yet (para preguntar y negar) y already (para decir que
algo ha ocurrido antes de lo esperado) still se utiliza para indicar que una acción continúa.
• Are you still there? ¿Estás todavía allí?
• It’s midnight and she is still studying. Es medianoche y todavía está estudiando.
• Are you still working? ¿Están aún trabajando?

ANYMORE

Se usa en oraciones negativas para expresar lo contrario still, es decir, que una acción ha
dejado de realizarse, usaremos la expresión anymore.

Esta se coloca al final de la oración y se traduce como ya no o nunca más según el caso.

• He doesn’t love me anymore. --> Él ya no me ama.

• That’s why I haven’t done it anymore. --> Por eso no lo he hecho nunca más.

Anymore no funciona en tiempos perfectos.

JUST

Uso

Just se utiliza para indicar que acabamos de realizar una acción. ¡OJO! En español no
utilizamos el pretérito perfecto en este caso, sino la expresión “acabar de + verbo en
infinitivo”
• I’ve just seen her. ¿Estás todavía allí?
• They’ve just come. Ellos/as acaban de venir.
• We’ve just bought it. Nosotros/as acabamos de comprarlo/ la.

Significado

Just se traduce al español como “acabo de + verbo principla en infinitivo”.

53
Colocación

Just se coloca entre el verbo auxiliar have / has y el past participle.

• I have just said it. Lo acabo de decir.

Estructura

Subject + Have/ Has + Just+ Past participle.

• She has just told me. Me lo acaba de contar.

EXERCISE 1

Match these sentences.

1. She has already eaten. A. Ella ya ha comido

2. Has Mary written yet? B. ¿Han contestado ya?

3. Have they answered yet? C. Ya he estado aquí.

4. I have already been there. D. ¿Ha escrito Mary ya?

5. Mary hasn’t written yet. E. Ya lo ha copiado.

6. She has already copied it. F. Mary aún no lo ha escrito.

7. She hasn’t copied yet. G. Ellos ya han respondido.

8. They have already answered. H. No lo ha copiado todavía.

9. They have already seen them. I. Ya los han visto.

54
EXERCISE 2

Choose the correct answer.

1. I _____ heard on the radio that a big snow storm is coming our way.
a) ago
b) just
c) anymore
2. I hired someone today, so I’m not accepting applications _____.
a) anymore
b) already
c) still
3. This book is so easy to read that I’m _____ in chapter 10.
a) ago
b) still
c) already
4. I bought a house, so I don’t live in an apartment _____.
a) anymore
b) already
c) just
5. I don't know my way around _____, but I’m learning.
a) yet
b) just
c) already
6. I'm _____ at the college. I’ve been there three years.
a) ago
b) anymore
c) still
7. I’ve only worked two hours and I’m _____ tired.
a) yet
b) already
c) anymore
8. I moved to Chicago about five years_____.
a) anymore
b) ago
c) already
9. I haven’t finished my essay _____.
a) just
b) already
c) yet
10. I _____ arrived ten minutes ago.
a) just
b) yet
c) still

55
Let’s practice!
1. READING: USING AND LOSING MEMORY

Everyone forgets things at some time but there's a difference between normal changes in
memory and the type of memory loss associated with some diseases such as Alzheimer's.

Here there are some tricks to improve your memory. They are very easy to follow and
inexpensive. Take note:

1. Eat Right
The foods you eat – and don't eat – play a crucial role in your memory. The intake of fresh
vegetables is essential, and also of healthy fats. For instance, curry, celery, broccoli,
cauliflower, and walnuts contain antioxidants and other compounds that protect your
brain health and may even stimulate the production of new brain cells.

2. Exercise
Exercise encourages your brain to work at optimum capacity by stimulating nerve cells to
multiply, and protecting them from damage.

Some studies revealed that regular exercise improves blood flow to the brain, and also
helps to learn new tasks more quickly.

3. Stop Multitasking

Research shows that if you're talking on your phone and carrying in groceries when you
put down your car keys, you probably won’t remember where you left them. Try
mindfulness to focus on present time.

4. Get a Good Night's Sleep

A good sleep enhances your memory and helps you to improve your performance. In fact,
a single night of sleeping only four to six hours can impact your ability to think clearly the
next day.

5. Play Brain Games

Brain games help to minimize the deterioration of your brain cells. You should try brain
games at least 20 minutes a day, but no more than five to seven minutes on a specific task
because when you spend longer amounts of time on a task, the benefits weaken.

56
 Memory loss- pérdida de memoria
Tricks- trucos
Inexpensive- barato
Intake- ingesta
Compounds- compuesto
Cells- células
Encourage- animar
Nerve- nervio
Flow - circulación
Research- investigación
Put down- poner
Enhance- mejorar
Ability- habilidad
Weaken- debilitar

EXERCISE 1

Reading Comprehension. After reading answer the following questions.

1. Why do people forget things?

A. Because it is normal to have changes in memory.

B. Because it is associated with Alzheimer's and other types of diseases.

C. Because they don’t eat fresh food.

2. What type of food protects your brain health ?

A. Organic red meat and fish

B. Frozen food

C. Fresh vegetables

3. What benefits do the practice of regular excercise have?

A. It enhances the circulation of blood
B. It stimulates the flow of fats to your brain
C. It helps you to learn better English
4. Multitasking means…
A. To focus your attention on the present time

B. To do several tasks at the same time

C. To be in many places at the same time

57
5. When you spend more than 10 minutes doing a task
A. Your attention increases
B. It is benefitial for your brain
C. Benefits for your brain decrease

58
GLOSSARY

ENGLISH SPANISH EXAMPLE

A slice of una porción de tarta de

I ate a slice of cheesecake after my meal
cheesecake queso

Ability habilidad To not sleep can impact your ability to think

Already ya I have already sent them

Baked potato patata cocida Baked potatoes are healthier than fried chips

Bottom fondo/ profundo Put the sauce at the bottom

Casually esporádicamente Henry works casually as a waiter

Fresh fruit have compounds that help your brain
Cells células
cells
Chance oportunidad Give me a chance

Cheese queso I love macaroni and cheese

Fresh fruit have compounds that help your brain
Compounds componente
cells
Creamy sauce salsa cremosa I hate creamy sauces
If you go to London, you should taste the apple
Crumble desmigajarse
crumble
Decrease disminuir My company decreased its budget

Egg huevo Vegetarian people do eat eggs

Flow circulacion/ flujo Exercise improves blood flow to the brain

Gorgonzola gorgonzola Gorgonzola is a type of cheese

Mi attention increases when the topic is
Increase aumentar
interesting
Inexpensive barato Second hand mobiles are inexpensive

Intake ingesta/consumo The intake of fats can be dangerous

Just acabar de She's just had a shower

Macaroni Macarrón I love macaroni and cheese

Mascarpone
queso mascarpone You need mascarpone to prepare tiramisu
cheese
Mashed My daughter loves mashed potatoes and
puré de patatas
potatoes sausages
Meal comida My husband and I usually have three meals a day

Meat carne I am trying to reduce meat from my diet

59
Memory loss perdida de memoria Memory loss is a problem in our society

Menu carta That restaurant has an extended menu

Milk leche I drink milk every day

Nerve nervio Excercise stimulates nerve cells

Nutmeg nuez moscada Nutmeg gives a lot of flavour

On top encima I love pizza with a lot of cheese on top

Oven horno How long do we put the pasta in the oven for?

Pan olla We need a pan to cook

Parmesan parmesano Italian people love parmesan

Pepper pimienta Add some salt and pepper

Put down poner You will forget where you put down your keys

Recipe receta I know a very good recipe

Research proves that a good night's sleep is
Research investigación
healthy
Shot disparo A shot in the dark

Still aún, todavía Are you still there?

Switch up cambiar switch up the battery

To beat latir My heart beats

To burn quemar Don't burn yourself

To encourage animar/alentar Doctors encourage to eat less

To enhance mejorar Mindfulness enhances your attention

To grate rallar Grate some cheese for the pasta

To order pedir I ordered salad and fish in the restaurant

I have paid back most of my money, but I still
To owe deber
owe you 70 euros.
To stroll pasear/ dar una vuelta She is strolling around the museums

Tomato sauce salsa de tomate Put some tomato sauce with the pasta

Topping guarnición /cobertura The dish comes with some toppings

Tricks trucos Here there are some tricks to help you

Tuna atún Japanese people eat a lot of tuna

Turn up encender Turn up the radio

60
 The benefits weaken when you spend too much
Weaken debilitar
time in a task

Well-done muy hecho I don't like the meat very well-done

Wine vino I prefer red wine

Yet ya, todavía, aún I haven't said it yet

EXPRESSIONS SPANISH

Crispy roasted lamb Cordero asado crujiente

Fine dining Restaurante de comida gourmet

My side orders Mi guarnición

I would rather be Preferiría ser/estar

I prefer to travel Prefiero viajar

As long as you are with me Mientras tú estés conmigo

Memory loss Pérdida de memoria

61
 ANSWER KEY B1.1

BLOQUE 1
MÓDULO 1: DESCRIPTIONS
1. PAST SIMPLE

EXERCISE 1

1. liked
2. walked
3. enjoyed
4. listened
5. studied
6. travelled
7. bought
8. finished

EXERCISE 2

1. went
2. ate
3. got
4. found
5. gave
6. had
7. swam
8. wrote

EXERCISE 3

1. didn’t eat
2. didn’t lose
3. didn’t break
4. didn’t drink
5. didn’t speak

EXERCISE 4

1. Did you meet her last evening?

2. Did she like the gift?
3. How much money did you earn?
4. Did you have a shower?
5. What did he eat at the weekend?
6. Where did you sell your old books?

62
 2. IRREGULAR VERBS

EXERCISE 1

1. GO WENT GONE
2. SAY SAID SAID
3. DO DID DONE
4. COME CAME COME
5. HAVE HAD HAD
6. STAND STOOD STOOD
7. MAKE MADE MADE
8. BUY BOUGHT BOUGHT
9. SIT SAT SAT
10. SWIM SWAM SWUM
11. SPEAK SPOKE SPOKEN
12. SEE SAW SEEN
13. WRITE WROTE WRITTEN
14. SING SANG SUNG
15. RUN RAN RUN

3. COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES

EXERCISE 1

1. Better
2. More intelligent
3. Older
4. Worse
5. Larger

EXERCISE 2

1. Correct
2. Incorrect
3. correct
4. correct
5. correct

63
 4. SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES

EXERCISE 3

1. The cleverest
2. The most exciting
3. The hottest
4. The happiest
5. The most expensive
6. The most interesting

EXERCISE 4

1. Shorter
2. Funnier
3. Bigger
4. Stronger
5. More beautiful
6. Better

READING COMPREHENSION
EXERCISE 1

1. D
2. B
3. C
4. B
5. A

MÓDULO 2: SHORT STORIES

1. PAST CONTINUOUS

EXERCISE 1

1. a) Was Alan dancing?

2. b) Was Susie drinking?
3. a) Were John and Ann singing?
4. c) Was Luke talking to the girls?

64
 EXERCISE 2

1. was talking while

2. were still running
3. played tennis while
4. Was it raining
5. while we were trying

2. PAST SIMPLE VS PAST CONTINUOUS

EXERCISE 1

1. Rachel was writing a letter to her sister.

2. Peter was getting ready to go out.
3. Charles and Dennis were having a drink.
4. Tom was making a phone call.

EXERCISE 2

1. Was it
2. Took
3. Was walking
4. Got

1. Was he working
2. Did you buy
3. Was eating
4. Was having

EXERCISE 3

1. While Tom was reading, Amely was watching a documentary on TV.

2. Marvin came home, switched on the computer and checked his emails.
3. The thief sneaked into the house, stole the jewels and left without a trace.
4. Nobody was listening while the teacher was explaining the tenses.
5. While we were doing a sight-seeing tour, our friends were lying on the beach.
6. He woke up and looked at his watch.
7. The receptionist welcomed the guests and asked them to fill in the form.
8. The car broke down and we had to walk home.
9. The boys were swimming while the girls were sunbathing.

65
 3. CONNECTORS

EXERCISE 1

1. similar ideas
2. contrasting ideas

READING
EXERCISE 1

1. c
2. b
3. b
4. c
5. c

MÓDULO 3: FINE DINING

1. PRESENT PERFECT

EXERCISE 1
1. Mark the affirmative sentences.
She’s lived in Scotland for six years.
I have always loved you.
2. Mark the negative sentences..
We’ve not travelled so far for this.
I haven’t been more scared in my life.
3. Mark the affirmative interrogative sentences.
Who has come to the party?
Has your mother arrived?
4. Mark the negative interrogative sentences.
Haven’t you finished?
Has she not found it out yet?

66
 EXERCISE 2

1. Mark the two sentences that are grammatically correct.

Haven’t you told your mother about it?
I haven’t felt anything so far.
2. Mark the two sentences that are grammatically correct.
What have you done?
Who’s finished?
3. Mark the two sentences that are grammatically correct.
Have you learned the lesson by heart?
Has he not brought anything?
EXERCISE 3

1. My boyfriend has always wanted to visit London.

2. Those children have eaten all the candy.
3. Has she received your letter?
4. He has not kissed anyone in his life.
5. Have I not done it right?

2. EVER AND NEVER

EXERCISE 1

1. Ever
2. Ever
3. Never
4. Ever
5. Ever
6. Ever
7. Ever

EXERCISE 2
1. Ever
2. Never
3. Ever
4. Ever
5. Never
6. Never
7. Ever
8. Never
9. Ever
10. Never

67
 3. YET, ALREADY, JUST AND STILL

EXERCISE 1

1. A
2. D
3. B
4. C
5. F
6. E
7. H
8. G
9. I

EXERCISE 2

1. Just
2. Anymore
3. Already
4. Anymore
5. Yet
6. Still
7. Already
8. Ago
9. Yet
10. Just

READING
EXERCISE 1

1. Because it is normal to have changes in memory.

2. Fresh vegetables.
3. It enhances the circulation of blood.
4. To do several tasks at the same time.
5. Benefits for your brain decrease.

Los ejercicios recogidos en este manual son los mismos que en el contenido
online, aunque algunos pueden variar su tipología debido al formato.

68