Grammar reference

STARTER

El present simple y el Past simple y past continuous

present continuous
present simple present continuous
I study English three times I’m studying English at the
a week. moment.
He starts his job in June. He is staying in Italy now.
We don’t usually go to the We aren’t lying on the
beach in summer. beach at the moment.
Do you go abroad Is the sun shining today?
every year?
Yes, we do. / No, we don’t. Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t.
• el present simple expresa hábitos y rutinas;
por eso se usa con adverbios de frecuencia
(never, sometimes, always, etc.) y expresiones
temporales (every day, twice a week, etc.)
• el present continuous describe una acción que
está ocurriendo en el momento de hablar (at the
moment, now) o situaciones que están ocurriendo
en un presente más amplio (today, etc.)
El gerundio y el infinitivo
• el gerundio se usa:
a) como sujeto o complemento de la oración
Running is really good for you.
Correr es realmente bueno para ti.
b) detrás de verbos como avoid, dislike,
don’t mind, enjoy, finish, hate, like, love,
recommend y stop
I love running!
¡Me encanta correr!
c) detrás de las preposiciones
He’s good at running.
Él es bueno corriendo.
• el gerundio es la forma -ing de verbo; las reglas
ortográficas para añadir -ing al infinitivo son las
mismas que para el present continuous
• el infinitivo se usa
a) detrás de verbos como afford, decide, help,
hope, need, remember y want
I need to read that book before the lesson.
Necesito leer ese libro antes de la clase.
b) para expresar la finalidad de una acción
We went into town to buy dinner.
Fuimos al centro a/para comprar la cena.
c) detrás de algunos adjetivos: easy, happy, etc.
It’s difficult to learn a new language.
Es difícil aprender un idioma nuevo.
past simple past continuous
I studied French last year. I was studying in Paris.
He went to Rome on holiday. He was visiting his aunt.
We didn’t go to the beach We weren’t lying on the
last summer. beach.
Did you visit an ancient Was it raining?
site last month?
Yes, we did. / No, we didn’t. Yes, it was. / No, it wasn’t.
• el past simple expresa acciones pasadas
I listened to the radio this morning.
Esta mañana escuché la radio.
• en negativa, interrogativa y respuestas breves
necesita el verbo auxiliar do en pasado (did)
• el past continuous describe acciones que estaban
ocurriendo en el pasado
• se forma con was / were + verbo + -ing
• las preguntas se forman con was / were + sujeto
+ verbo acabado en -ing, y las respuestas breves,
solo con el sujeto + was / were
• es muy habitual usar el past continuous y el past
simple juntos en una misma oración
• con el past continuous describimos una acción
larga que estaba en proceso, y con el past simple,
una acción corta que interrumpió la anterior
• entonces usamos when con el past simple o while
con el past continuous
I was walking on the beach when I saw my friend.
Iba andando por la playa cuando vi a mi amigo.
While I was walking on the beach, I saw my friend.
Mientras caminaba por la playa, vi a mi amigo.
used to
used to
I used to love ice cream when I was a child.
He didn’t use to like walking to school.
Did you use to use computers at school?
Yes, we did. / No, we didn’t.
• used to + un verbo expresa hábitos y situaciones
del pasado que ya no ocurren en el presente
They used to live in London, but now they live
in Glasgow. Antes vivían en Londres, pero ahora
viven en Glasgow.
• la forma negativa es didn’t use to + verbo
• la interrogativa es did + sujeto + use to + verbo y
en las respuestas breves solo usamos el sujeto
y did o didn’t

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 Grammar exercises
STARTER

Present simple and Past simple and

present continuous past continuous
1 Circle the correct words. 5 Complete the sentences with the correct form of
the verbs in brackets. Use the past simple or the
We visit / ’re visiting York today.
past continuous.
1 I don’t speak / ’m not speaking English now.
2 When I go / am going on holiday, Where were you going (you / go) when
I want / am wanting to relax. I saw (see) you?
3 The sun doesn’t shine / isn’t shining today. 1 Yesterday I (visit) some
4 Helen usually works / is working in an office. monuments and then I (have)
lunch in a famous restaurant.
2 Write questions. Use the present simple or the 2 John (swim) in the sea when he
present continuous. (see) a dolphin.
3 While I (lie) on the beach,
what / you / do / at the moment / ?
I (fall) asleep.
What are you doing at the moment ?
1 where / you / usually / go on holiday
in summer / ? used to
6 Complete the text with used to and the verbs
2 you / wear / school uniform / today / your / ? in brackets.
When I was younger, my family didn’t use to go
3 what languages / you / learn / this year / ?
(not go) abroad. We (1) (visit)
my grandparents in Scotland every summer.
4 what time / your mum / usually / go to bed / ? We (2) (spend) a lot of time
outside. We (3) (have) picnics
5 how often / you / study English / ? on the beach, but we (4) (not
go) swimming because it was too cold!

7 Complete the second sentence so that it has a

Gerunds and infinitives similar meaning to the first sentence, using the
3 Complete the table with the verbs in the box. word given. Do not change the word given. You
must use between two and five words, including
afford  ​arrange  ​decide  ​enjoy  ​finish  ​ the word given.
learn  ​look forward to  ​remember  ​
spend time  ​want  ​would like Tim only goes to the gym once a month. OFTEN
Tim doesn’t of ten go to the gym.
verb + gerund verb + infinitive 1 We don’t have enough money to go on holiday
this year. AFFORD
af ford
We
on holiday this year
2 When we were younger we used to worry less.
USE TO
We
so much when we were younger.
3 Walking to school is OK as long as it isn’t
raining. MIND
4 Complete the sentences with the gerund or the
infinitive form of the verbs in brackets. As long as it is isn’t raining,
I
1 I can’t afford (go) on holiday. to school.
2 My friends often spend time 4 He talks to his friends online for a long time
(mend) their mountain bikes. every day. SPEND
3 When you’ve finished (try on) He
your new shoes, can you help me? to his friends online every day.
4 I don’t want (argue) about it.
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 Grammar reference
1
UNIT

El present perfect con just, yet, • con since decimos el momento en que empezó la
already, for y since acción
We’ve known Paul since 2010.
present perfect Conocemos a Paul desde 2010.
She’s made a video blog.
We’ve created a website. El present perfect y el
I haven’t checked my email today. past simple
Have you received my text? • el present perfect se usa para expresar:
Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t. a) situaciones que continúan en el presente
You’ve had my CD for two weeks.
• el present perfect lo usamos para:
Hace dos semanas que tienes mi CD.
a) expresar una acción que empezó en el pasado
b) acciones pasadas sin referencia temporal
y continua en el presente; por eso en castellano
I’ve walked on a tightrope.
usamos el presente y no el pretérito perfecto
Yo he caminado por una cuerda floja.
Fiona has known Sam for ages. They’re friends.
Hace siglos que Fiona conoce a Sam. Son amigos. c) preguntas sobre acciones o experiencias
pasadas sin referencia temporal
b) expresar una acción pasada sin decir cuándo
Have you ever watched the sun rise?
ocurrió
¿Has visto alguna vez salir el sol?
I’ve been to the circus.
He estado en el circo. • con el present perfect usamos expresiones
temporales que no se refieren a un momento
c) expresar hechos pasados que tienen efectos o
concreto, como in the last year, never, recently,
consecuencias en el presente
aparte de already, for, just, since, yet.
They’ve learned to juggle. Now they can perform.
I’ve never baked a cake.
Han aprendido a hacer juegos malabares.
Nunca he hecho una tarta.
Ahora pueden actuar.
We’ve already started the course.
• con el present perfect + just decimos que algo Ya hemos empezado el curso.
acaba de suceder
• el past simple se usa para:
Mark has just arrived. He got here a minute ago.
Mark acaba de llegar. Llegó hace un minuto. a) expresar acciones que ocurrieron en un
momento concreto del pasado
• con el present perfect + yet decimos que aún
We went to the cinema yesterday.
no ha ocurrido algo que esperábamos pero que
Ayer fuimos al cine.
sucederá pronto
He hasn’t designed his website yet. He’s going to b) preguntar si algo ocurrió en un momento
start tomorrow. determinado
Todavía no ha diseñado su página web. Va a Did you watch the sun rise yesterday?
empezar mañana. ¿Viste salir el sol ayer?
• con el present perfect + already decimos que algo • las expresiones temporales que usamos con el
ha ocurrido antes de lo esperado past simple mencionan un momento exacto en el
We’ve already baked the cake. tiempo, como a week ago, last week o yesterday
Ya hemos hecho la tarta. I rode my bike on Monday.
El lunes monté en bici.
• con el present perfect + for o since expresamos la
Tim wrote that poem three days ago.
duración de una acción hasta el momento actual
Tim escribió ese poema hace tres días.
• en interrogativa, usamos How long … ?
How long have you known Paul?
¿Cuánto hace que conocéis a Paul? / ¿Desde
cuándo conocéis a Paul?
• con for indicamos un periodo de tiempo
We’ve known Paul for five years.
Conocemos a Paul desde hace cinco años.

84
 Grammar exercises
Present perfect with just, yet,
already, for and since
1 Complete the sentences with the present perfect
form of the verbs in the box.
juggle live not make
1 My grandad near the beach
for years.
2 We with three balls.
3 He any new friends since he
changed schools.
2 Write answers using the present perfect. Use just
and the words in brackets.
Why are they laughing? (Rob / tell a joke)
Because Rob’s just told a joke.
1 Why does Tim look pale? (he / go on a big
roller coaster)
2 Why are they happy? (they / perform on stage)
3 Why are you tired? (I / ride a long way on
a unicycle)
3 Write sentences with the word in brackets.
I’ve done this exercise. (already)
I’ve already done this exercise.
1 I’ve bought Sue’s birthday present. (already)
2 It’s 1pm and you haven’t made a video blog. (yet)
3 Has Sarah learned to write code? (yet)
4 Complete the table with the time expressions in
the box.
10th March  ​2005  ​a very long time  ​
five years  ​nine o’clock  ​
several days  six hours  ​two weeks  ​
we performed on stage  ​yesterday
for since
1
UNIT
5 Write questions with How long …?
the juggler / work / in the circus / ?
How long has the juggler worked in the circus?
1 you / study / English / ?
2 she / be / your English teacher / ?
3 they / live / in France / ?
4 he / have / his guitar / ?
Present perfect and past simple
6 Complete the second sentence so that it has a
similar meaning to the first sentence, using the
word given. Do not change the word given. You
must use between two and five words, including
the word given.
Sara went home about five minutes ago. JUST
Sara’s just gone home.
1 He’s still asleep. YET
He hasn’t .
2 I’m 16 now and I moved to this town when
I was 12. FOR
I have
four years.
3 She loved dancing when she was a child and
she still loves it now. SINCE
She
she was a child.
4 The children are still eating their breakfast. FINISH
The children yet.
5 I’ve met that girl before. ALREADY
I’ve .
7 Circle the correct words.
1 Mel has performed / performed on stage
last week.
2 They haven’t walked / didn’t walk on a
tightrope since last year.
3 Sally has learned / learned to ride a unicycle
ten years ago.
4 I haven’t read / didn’t read that book yet.
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 Grammar reference
2
UNIT

El past perfect y el past simple • by the time suele ir al principio de la oración, con
una coma entre las dos partes
past perfect past simple By the time I got on deck, the fire had destroyed
He’d put out the fire by the time the firefighters half the ship.
arrived. Cuando subí a cubierta, el fuego había destruido
He hadn’t put out the fire before the firefighters medio barco.
arrived. • si by the time va en medio, no ponemos coma
Had he put out the fire before the firefighters The fire had destroyed half the ship by the time
arrived? I got on deck.
El fuego había destruido medio barco antes de
• al narrar hechos pasados, a veces usamos el past subir yo a cubierta.
perfect y el past simple en una oración
• el past perfect se refiere a la acción que ocurrió
antes y el past simple a la que ocurrió después
Preguntas sujeto y objeto
We’d learned first aid before the • las partículas interrogativas pueden ser el sujeto o
accident happened. el complemento de la oración
Habíamos aprendido primeros auxilios antes de • las preguntas sujeto se forman con la partícula
que ocurriera el accidente. que hace de sujeto + verbo
I’d helped the survivors by the time the What happened? ¿Qué pasó?
ambulance arrived.
• las preguntas objeto se forman con la partícula
Yo había ayudado a los supervivientes antes de
que hace de complemento + un verbo auxiliar + el
que llegara la ambulancia.
sujeto + verbo
• el past perfect en afirmativa e interrogativa se What did you do? ¿Qué hiciste?
forma con had + un verbo en participio
• cuando la partícula interrogativa hace de sujeto,
• la negativa se forma con hadn’t + participio no usamos ningún verbo auxiliar
• en las respuestas breves solo se usa had / hadn’t, Who supported the anti-bullying campaign?
sin el verbo principal ¿Quiénes apoyaron la campaña contra el acoso?
Had they sent help? ¿Habían enviado ayuda? Many young people supported it.
Yes, they had. / No, they hadn’t. Sí. / No. La apoyaron muchos jóvenes.
• con el past perfect usamos expresiones temporales • cuando la partícula interrogativa hace de
como after, already, before, by the time y yet complemento, tenemos que usar un verbo auxiliar
Who did they give the money to?
• también solemos usar esas expresiones en las
¿A quién le dieron el dinero?
oraciones formadas por un verbo en past simple
They gave it to the disaster survivors.
y otro en past perfect
Se lo dieron a los supervivientes del desastre.
She had put on a lifejacket before the
Where do you live? ¿Dónde vives?
boat capsized.
I live in London. Vivo en Londres.
Ella se había puesto un chaleco salvavidas antes
de que volcara el barco.
The rescue ship arrived after our ship had sunk.
El barco de rescate llegó después de hundirse
nuestro barco.
We were worried, but the captain hadn’t given the
order to abandon ship yet.
Estábamos preocupados, pero el capitán aún no
había dado la orden de abandonar el barco.
• already se coloca entre had y el participio
Someone had already called the emergency
services, so I didn’t have to phone.
Alguien había llamado ya a los servicios de
emergencia, por eso no tuve que llamarlos yo.

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 Grammar exercises
2

UNIT
Past perfect and past simple
1 Circle the correct words. 4 Circle the correct words.
1 The survivors had been in the water for 1 The party had started before / after we arrived.
hours when the rescue workers found / 2 I celebrated with my friends before / after I’d
had found them. won the prize.
2 I didn’t hear / hadn’t heard about the accident 3 By the time she was 20, she’d already / before
before I saw it on the news. finished university.
3 The rescue workers had left before we arrived / 4 We ran to the square, but by the time / after we
had arrived. got there, Sue had left.
4 Did the victims receive / Had the victims received
compensation when you spoke to them?
Subject and object questions
5 What did you do when the paramedics
arrived / had arrived? 5 Match the questions 1–6 with the answers a–f.
6 We sent / had sent aid the year before this 1 Who does the Red Cross help?
disaster happened.
2 Who set up the Red Cross?
2 Complete the sentences with the past perfect 3 What happened in 1859?
form of the verbs in brackets. 4 What did Dunant see in Italy?
5 Who suffered after the battle?
1 She didn’t know how to give first aid because 6 Who did Dunant decide to help when he
she (not do) the course yet. returned home?
2 After the ship caught fire, we had to jump into
a) Thousands of wounded soldiers suffered.
the water because they
(not put) the lifeboats in the water yet. b) Jean-Henry Dunant set it up.
3 Before I worked on that cruise ship, c) He saw a terrible battle.
I (never travel) by ship. d) He decided to help people who were injured
4 The captain (not call) the in wars.
emergency services yet. e) It helps the victims of war.
5 The search and rescue workers f) Dunant travelled to Italy to meet Napoleon.
(look) in the area before,
but then they decided to look again. 6 Complete the second sentence so that it has a
6 I read about the accident in the paper after similar meaning to the first sentence, using the
I (hear) about it on word given. Do not change the word given. You
the radio. must use between two and five words, including
the word given.
3 Complete the dialogue with the correct form of
We didn’t know if any of the passengers were
the verbs in brackets. still alive after the accident. SURVIVED
A: What’s the matter? We didn’t know if anyone had survived the accident.
B: My brother (1) (have) an 1 He was very tired in class because he couldn't
accident yesterday. He (2) sleep the night before. EXHAUSTED
(text) me from the hospital to tell me. I went He hadn't been able to sleep the night before
to the hospital, but when I got there he so .
(3) (leave)! 2 Which of those people suffered in the
A: Why? earthquake? VICTIMS
B: I (4) (leave) a message on Who ?
his phone to tell him I’d come and collect him, 3 The lifeguards saved him when his boat
but he (5) (not listen) to crashed and sunk. CAPSIZED
the message before I (6)
He was saved by the lifeguards after
(arrive).
.
A: So he (7) (not know) that
you were coming!
B: No!

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 Grammar reference
3
UNIT
Los tiempos de futuro
will / won’t
You’ll feel better if you relax.
She won’t go to university if she fails her exams.
Will your parents buy you a car?
Yes, they will. / No, they won’t.
• will se usa para hacer predicciones
I think Dan will pass his exams. He’s studied hard.
Creo que Dan aprobará los exámenes. Ha
estudiado mucho.
• y al expresar decisiones espontáneas (tomadas en
el momento de hablar), ofrecimientos y promesas
‘Are you going to phone Jane now?’ ‘No, I’ll phone
her tomorrow.’
“¿Vas a llamar a Jane ahora?” “No, mañana la
llamaré / la llamo.”
‘I don’t understand my homework.’ ‘I’ll help you.’
“No entiendo los deberes.” “Yo te ayudaré.”
‘Can I borrow your tablet? I’ll be very careful with
it, I promise.’
“¿Me prestas tu tableta? Tendré mucho cuidado,
lo prometo.”
• la forma negativa de will es won’t y ambas van
seguidas por un infinitivo sin to. En las respuestas
breves usamos will o won’t sin el verbo
be going to
I’m going to go on an exchange – it’s all organized.
You’re going to go to university with those grades.
Maria is going to buy a new car. She’s already chosen
the one she wants.
He isn’t going to go on holiday this year – he’s saving
up to buy a house.
Is he going to earn enough money?
Yes, he is. / No, he isn’t.
• con be going to expresamos planes o intenciones
I’m going to get a holiday job.
Voy a buscarme un trabajo para las vacaciones.
• se forma con be + (not) going to + infinitivo sin to,
pero en las respuestas breves solo usamos be
might
I might visit my sister at the weekend.
She might be busy.
He might not have enough money for a new car.
We might not move house until next year.
• might expresa posibilidad en el futuro, no certeza
88
We’re going to go backpacking. We might go to
Italy, we’re not sure yet.
Nos vamos a ir de mochileros. Puede que vayamos
a Italia, aún no lo sabemos seguro.
• detrás de might / might not va un infinitivo sin to
• en interrogativa no se suele usar might
present simple
The course starts at 9am.
The train doesn’t depart until 11.06.
Does the next bus to Liverpool leave soon?
Yes, it does. / No, it doesn’t.
• el present simple se refiere al futuro cuando
hablamos de programas y horarios
Sam’s plane arrives at 4pm tomorrow.
El avión de Sam llega mañana a las 4 de la tarde.
present continuous
We’re visiting my aunt tomorrow.
They aren’t doing an English course next summer.
Is he leaving tomorrow?
Yes, he is. / No, he isn’t.
• el present continuous con valor de futuro expresa
compromisos personales fijados con antelación
I’m starting my new summer job next week.
La próxima semana empiezo en mi nuevo trabajo
de verano.
El future continuous
future continuous
I will be working in a shop next summer.
Jess will be arriving tomorrow afternoon.
I won’t be living at home next year.
We won’t be studying at midnight tonight.
What will you be doing at this time next week?
Will Tom be studying at ten o’clock tonight?
Yes, he will. / No, he won’t.
• el future continuous indica que una acción estará
ocurriendo en un tiempo concreto del futuro
They will be doing the exam at ten o’clock
tomorrow morning.
Mañana a las diez de la mañana estarán haciendo
el examen.
• se forma con will be / won’t be + un verbo acabado
en -ing, pero en las respuestas breves solo
usamos el sujeto y will / won’t
 Grammar exercises
3

UNIT
Future tenses
1 Match sentences 1–6 with the uses a–f. 4 Circle the correct words.
1 I’m meeting Joe at 7pm. 1 We’re going to have / ’ll have a party tonight.
2 He’s going to study maths at university. 2 I’ve got a headache. I think I’ll lie down /
3 In 2030, we’ll live on the moon. ’m lying down.
4 I’m bored. I’ll phone a friend. 3 Let’s go to the job office. They’ll give /
5 The course starts next month. ’re giving a talk about voluntary work.
6 We might go to India next year. 4 In the future, I think more people will study /
are studying abroad.
a) a prediction about the future
5 The exam is starting / starts at 9am tomorrow.
b) a spontaneous decision about the future
c) a future plan 5 Complete the sentences with the correct future
d) a future possibility form of the verbs in brackets.
e) a future arrangement
f) a future timetable 1 Don’t worry, Jason! I (help) you
with your algebra homework.
2 Choose the correct answers. 2 When we’re in Paris, we (go up)
the Eiffel Tower.
A: The phone is ringing. 3 I’m busy later. I (go) for a
B: OK. it. job interview.
a) I’ll answer b) I’m going to answer 4 I’m not sure, but I think it (rain)
c) I might answer at the weekend.
1 A: What are your plans for the summer?
B: I don’t know. a course, but I’m not sure.
Future continuous
a) I’ll do b) I’m going to do
c) I might do 6 Complete the sentences with the future
2 A: What are you doing in the summer? continuous form of the verbs in brackets.
B: go backpacking for a month. I’m looking 1 Liam (not go) backpacking this
forward to it! summer, he (study) in France.
a) We’ll b) We’re going to 2 At 10am tomorrow morning, I
c) We might (take) my driving test.
3 A: Can I borrow your tablet? 3 This time next week, we (fly) to
B: OK, but please look after it. Mexico. We (not work)!
A: be very careful. 4 On Monday, Sarah (have) her
a) I’ll b) I’m going to job interview, she (not relax)
c) I might at home.

3 Write sentences. Use the present simple or the 7 Complete questions using the future continuous.
present continuous. Then answer the questions. Use full sentences.

1 Simon’s train / arrive / at 12.40 / tomorrow What will you be doing (you / do) at 4am
tomorrow morning?
2 Paula / meet / Simon / at the station I'll be sleeping at 4am tomorrow morning.
1 (you / live) at home this
time next year?
3 then / they / have lunch / with us

2 (you / work) in ten

4 in the evening / we / go / to a concert
years’ time?

5 the concert / start / at 7.30pm

3 (you / meet) your friends
on Friday night?

89
 Grammar reference
UNIT
4
Cero, primero, segundo tercer condicional
y tercer condicional situación consecuencia
• las oraciones condicionales expresan una situación If they had settled they would have been
(con if) y una consecuencia. Da igual el orden en down, happier.
que vayan las dos partes; el significado no cambia consecuencia situación
• si la situación va primero, ponemos una coma detrás We wouldn’t have met if we hadn’t taken part in
• si primero va la consecuencia, no la ponemos the show.

cero condicional • el tercer condicional habla de las consecuencias

que habrían podido tener situaciones pasadas
situación consecuencia
If it is sunny, he walks to school
• se forma con el past perfect en la situación
y would / wouldn’t have + participio en la
consecuencia situación consecuencia
We don’t go to school, if we are sick If you had told me about the problem, I would
have helped you.
• el cero condicional expresa hechos que, si se da (= you didn’t tell me, so I didn’t help you)
la condición, se suelen cumplir Si me hubieras contado el problema, te habría
• se forma con el present simple en las dos partes ayudado. (= no me lo dijiste, por eso no te ayudé)
de la oración • normalmente usamos las formas contraídas de los
primer condicional verbos en las dos partes de la oración
If they had already seen the film, they would
situación consecuencia have said.
If they follow the rules, they won’t have any problems. If they’d already seen the film, they’d have said.
consecuencia situación Si hubiesen visto la película, lo habrían dicho.
They’ll be in trouble if they don’t get home on time

• el primer condicional expresa situaciones posibles

y las consecuencias que pueden tener en el futuro
• se forma con el present simple en la situación o
condición y will / won’t en la consecuencia
• en negativa, en lugar de if podemos usar unless
con el verbo en afirmativa; es decir, unless + verbo
en afirmativa = if + verbo en negativa
If we don’t leave now, we'll be late.
Unless we leave now, we'll be late.
Si no nos marchamos ya, llegaremos tarde.
segundo condicional
situación consecuencia
If we had more time, I would tell you all my news.
consecuencia situación
They would split up if they didn’t get on.
• el segundo condicional habla de situaciones
hipotéticas o improbables, y de sus consecuencias
They wouldn’t go out together if they didn’t get on.
(= they do get on so they do go out together)
No saldrían juntos si no se llevaran bien.
(= se llevan bien, por eso salen)
• se forma con el past simple en la situación o
condición y would / wouldn’t en la consecuencia
Adverbios de posibilidad
y probabilidad
• para expresar posibilidad y probabilidad usamos
maybe, perhaps, definitely y probably (quizá, tal
vez, desde luego que/sin duda, probablemente)
• maybe y perhaps van al principio de la oración,
sea la principal o la subordinada
Maybe the world would be a better place if
everyone listened more actively.
After learning about active listening, perhaps
they will try the techniques.
• definitely y probably van detrás del auxiliar (will,
would, etc.) y de be en las oraciones afirmativas
If I were you, I’d definitely talk to Sam about
the problem.
We’re probably going to learn more
about communication.
• pero en las oraciones negativas van delante de be
y de won’t, wouldn’t, shouldn’t, etc.
We definitely aren’t going to learn if we don’t
listen carefully.
There probably wouldn’t be any wars if people
really listened to each other.

90
 Grammar exercises
4

The zero, first, second and
third conditional
1 Write first conditional sentences.
if / I / go / abroad / I / make / new friends
If I go abroad, I’ll make new friends.
1 if / I / see Jackie / I / give / her / your message
2 we / be / tired / tomorrow / if / not go /
to bed / soon
3 if / you / not listen / you / not understand
UNIT
5 Rewrite the sentences in the third conditional.
He didn’t run so he missed the train.
If he’d run, he wouldn’t have missed the train.
1 She didn’t fill in the application form correctly
so she didn’t get the job.
2 They didn’t see the concert because they didn’t
buy tickets.
3 I didn’t have my mobile so I didn’t phone you.

2 Correct the second conditional sentences.

We’d save a lot of water if we don’t have a
shower every day. ✗
We’d save a lot of water if we didn’t have a
shower every day.
1 If he doesn’t frown so often, people would like
him more. ✗
2 I would work in a shop if I won’t be so shy. ✗
Adverbs of possibility
and probability
6 Rewrite the sentences with the adverbs in
brackets in the correct place.
You shouldn’t hold hands in public. (maybe)
Maybe you shouldn’t hold hands in public.
1 You should shake hands. (perhaps)

3 If I’d see a job advertisement for the perfect 2 In Japan you shouldn’t kiss people you don’t
job, I’d apply for it. ✗ know on the cheek. (probably)

3 If I were you, I wouldn’t shout. (definitely)

3 Complete the first and second conditional
sentences with the correct form of the verbs
in brackets.
1 If I (get) good marks in the
exams, my parents will buy me a new bike.
2 We’ll go to the beach if it
hot tomorrow.
3 I’d phone my mum if I (get) lost
in a big city.
4 I (go) to the cinema if it
rains tomorrow.
4 Match the sentence beginnings with the endings.
1 If he had listened in class,
2 If I had studied more,
3 He wouldn’t have fallen out with Jake
4 You’d have met my cousins
a) if he had taken his advice.
b) he would have understood the exercise.
c) if you’d come to the cinema with us.
d) I’d have got a higher mark.
7 Complete the second sentence so that it has
a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the
word given. Do not change the word given. You
(be) must use between two and five words, including
the word given.
It’s not a good idea to do that. WERE
If I were you, I wouldn’t do that.
1 I’m sure you’ll get on with my cousin if you
meet her. DEFINITELY
If you meet my cousin,
with her.
2 He hopes we never have an argument – that
would upset him a lot. FELL OUT
He would be very upset
.
3 The reason she was so angry is that you didn’t
remember her name. WOULDN’T
If you hadn’t forgotten her name,
so angry.

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 Grammar reference
5
UNIT
La voz pasiva
el present simple en pasiva
+ Science competitions are held every year.
- Projects from abroad aren’t accepted.
? When is the winner announced?
el past simple en pasiva
+ The machine was designed by Edison.
- Batteries weren’t used for power.
? When was it invented?
el futuro con will en pasiva
+ Cars will be driven by remote control.
- Roads won’t be used so often.
? Will pollution be reduced in the future?
• usamos la voz pasiva:
a) para resaltar la acción del verbo
b) cuando no sabemos quién es el sujeto
c) para describir lo que le está ocurriendo al
sujeto
d) para describir una serie de procesos
e) más en la escritura que en la lengua oral
• el present simple en pasiva se forma con el
presente de be + el participio de un verbo
New discoveries are made every year.
Cada año se realizan nuevos descubrimientos.
• si usamos algún adverbio de frecuencia, lo
ponemos entre be y el participio
Girls aren’t often encouraged to study science.
A menudo no se anima a las niñas a que estudien
ciencias.
• el past simple en pasiva se forma con el pasado
de be + el participio del verbo
The radio was invented in the 19th century.
La radio se inventó en el siglo XIX.
We weren’t asked to do a science project.
No se nos pidió / No nos pidieron que hiciéramos
un trabajo de ciencias.
• el futuro en pasiva se forma con will be / won’t be
+ el participio del verbo
I hope a cure will be discovered soon.
Espero que descubran una cura pronto.
The prizes won’t be given to the winners until
next week.
No se entregarán los premios a los ganadores
hasta la semana que viene.
92
• para hacer preguntas con el present simple y
el past simple en pasiva usamos: (partícula
interrogativa) + be + sujeto + participio
How are the experiments designed?
¿Cómo se diseñan los experimentos?
Was the first robot invented many years ago?
¿Hace muchos años que se inventó el primer robot?
• para decir quién o qué realiza la acción, usamos
by
Planes were invented by the Wright brothers.
Los aviones fueron inventados por los hermanos
Wright.
The prize was awarded by the judges.
El premio fue entregado por los jueces.
La voz activa y la voz pasiva
activa A celebrity presented the prizes.
pasiva The prizes were presented by a celebrity.
• en la voz activa, el sujeto de la frase es la persona
o cosa que realiza la acción
Hassan invented a new app.
Hassan inventó una nueva aplicación.
• en la voz pasiva, el sujeto es la persona o cosa
que recibe la acción del verbo (sujeto paciente)
A new app was invented by Hassan.
Una nueva aplicación fue inventada por Hassan.
• también usamos la pasiva cuando no sabemos
quién realiza la acción
en lugar de: People produce new apps all the time.
decimos: New apps are produced all the time.
Se producen nuevas aplicaciones cada día.
• se utiliza más en la escritura que en la lengua oral
• se suele emplear en textos que describen
procesos
First a prototype is produced and then it is tested.
Primero se fabrica un prototipo y luego se realizan
las pruebas.
• en la voz pasiva, para decir quién o qué realiza la
acción (sujeto agente) usamos by
The Kodak camera was produced by
George Eastman.
La cámara Kodak fue fabricada por George
Eastman.
 Grammar exercises
5

UNIT
The passive
1 Write sentences in the present simple passive. 5 Correct the sentences.
1 the science fair / hold / every four years 1 The 2028 Olympics will hold in Los Angeles. ✗

2 students / not allow / in the laboratory without 2 London visits millions of tourists every year. ✗
a teacher
3 Your application form didn’t fill in correctly. ✗
3 animals / not use / in the experiments
4 Be careful! That bottle make of glass. ✗
4 new discoveries / write about / in magazines

5 new research / do / every year 6 Write passive questions for these answers.
Where is gold found ?
Gold is found in South Africa.
2 Complete the sentences with the past simple
1 When ?
passive form of the verbs in brackets.
The telephone was invented in 1876.
1 My camera (steal) from my bag. 2 What ?
2 Bottles (not recycle) Her ring is made of gold.
30 years ago. 3 Where ?
3 My mum (give) a promotion The airplane was invented in France.
last week. 4 When ?
4 Text messages (not send) A cure for most diseases will be discovered soon.
20 years ago.
5 The best projects (design) by
two teenagers. Active and passive voice
6 The competition (not televise). 7 Complete the second sentence so that it has a
similar meaning to the first sentence, using the
3 Write sentences in the future passive. word given. Do not change the word given. You
1 pollution / will / reduce / by the government must use between two and five words, including
the word given.
2 the prize / will / win / by the French students I left my bag on the beach while I was
swimming and someone took it. STOLEN
3 our car / will not / repair / until next week My bag was stolen from the beach while
I was swimming.
4 many shoplifters / will / never / catch
1 Which city will host the science fair next year?
HELD
5 our team / will not / beat / in this competition In which city will the science fair
next year?
2 The police came and took the man away.
4 Complete the sentences with was, is or will be.
ARRESTED
1 English spoken all over The man the police.
the world. 3 Unfortunately, there’s no more milk in the shop
2 The town centre closed today. SOLD
next week. Unfortunately, all the milk
3 A suspect arrested last night. today.
4 He questioned by the police 4 The cleaners had put the papers in the rubbish
tomorrow morning. before class. THROWN
5 The 2010 World Cup won The papers 
by Spain. in the rubbish before class by the cleaners.

93
 Grammar reference
6
UNIT

Modales: habilidad, posibilidad, • don’t have to indica que no hay obligación o

obligación y prohibición necesidad de hacer algo en el presente; significa
“no tener que” o “no tener por qué”
presente pasado I don’t have to do my homework tonight. I can do
habilidad y posibilidad it tomorrow.
No tengo que hacer los deberes esta noche,
+ You can open a bank + I could get a credit card
puedo hacerlos mañana.
account when you’re when I was 18.
a child. • didn’t have to lo usamos para expresar ausencia
- You can’t take out - I couldn’t use a social de obligación en el pasado
a bank loan until networking site when They didn’t have to go to prison – they had to do
you’re 18. I was 12. community service instead.
obligación y prohibición No tuvieron que ir a la cárcel – en lugar de eso
tuvieron que hacer trabajos comunitarios.
+ You must / have to + Kate had to go to the
be careful online. police when her identity
card was stolen. Modales de deducción
- You mustn’t give
your personal certeza
details online. They must be away, the car isn’t there.
ausencia de obligación (= I am sure this is true)
They can’t be in Greece, they don’t like hot weather!
- I don’t have to - They didn’t have to pay (= I am certain this is not true)
change my password – back the stolen money.
it’s safe. posibilidad
They could / might be in Scotland, they often go there.
• para expresar habilidad y posibilidad en el (= I think this is possible, but I’m not sure)
presente usamos can y can’t They might not phone us.
John can log onto the site, but he can’t change his (= I’m not sure if it’s possible or not)
password – he’s forgotten how to do it.
John puede entrar en el sitio pero no puede cambiar • must, can’t, could y might (not) expresan la
su contraseña – se le ha olvidado cómo hacerlo. seguridad o probabilidad de una situación
Where can I buy some stamps? • must se usa para expresar una deducción lógica
¿Dónde puedo comprar sellos? Her shoes are wet, it must be raining.
• para expresar habilidad y posibilidad en el Sus zapatos están mojados, debe de estar
pasado usamos could y couldn’t lloviendo.
The police couldn’t find the criminals. • might (not) y could se emplean para decir que algo
La policía no pudo encontrar a los delincuentes. es probable, no seguro
The fraudster could design websites that Mario might be Spanish or he could be Italian;
looked authentic. I’m not sure.
El estafador sabía diseñar páginas web que Mario podría ser español o podría ser italiano, no
parecían auténticas. estoy seguro.
• la obligación en presente se expresa con must y • can’t se refiere a algo que es imposible
have to; mustn’t expresa prohibición He can’t be the thief – he was away on holiday
You mustn’t put letters from the bank in the bin. when the crime happened.
No debes tirar / No tires las cartas del banco al Él no puede ser el ladrón: se había ido de
cubo de la basura. vacaciones cuando se cometió el robo.
You have to shred them first.
Primero tienes que / hay que romperlas en trozos.
You must protect yourself from online fraud.
Debes protegerte del fraude electrónico.
• la obligación en pasado solo se expresa con had
to, pues must no tiene forma de pasado
I had to change my password after my account
was hacked.
Después de que me hackearan la cuenta tuve que
cambiar mi contraseña.
94
 Grammar exercises
6

UNIT
Modals of ability and possibility, Modals of deduction
obligation and prohibition 4 Look at the information in the table and complete
1 Circle the correct words. the conversation with must, might or can’t.

1 We mustn’t / don’t have to wear a uniform at Larry Rick Steve

our school. height 1.92m 1.95m 1.60m
2 Sara has to / can cycle to school because there weight 90 kilos 75 kilos 110 kilos
isn’t a bus.
eyes brown blue blue
3 They have to / can leave by 6pm or they’ll miss
the train. Police officer: We have three suspects. Can you
4 I mustn’t / can’t read your writing. What does describe the man you saw?
it say? Victim: He was short.
5 You don’t have to / mustn’t walk in the park at Police officer: It (1) be Larry or
night. It’s dangerous. Rick because they're tall.
6 Sally can / must play the guitar very well. Victim: The man had blue eyes.
Police officer: That (2) be Rick
2 Complete the text with can, can’t, must, mustn’t,
or Steve. It (3)
have to or don’t have to. be Larry.
Victim: The man weighed over 100 kilos.
Staying safe ONLINE Police officer: So the criminal (4)
be Larry or Rick. The criminal
You (1) post personal information
(5) be Steve.
such as your mobile number or email address.
5 Circle the correct words.
Choose photos carefully – many people
(2) see or download them
1 A: What’s that noise?
after you’ve posted them. B: I’m not sure, but it could / must be the dog.
2 It can’t / mustn’t be 11pm. It’s light outside.
You (3) keep your privacy
settings high.
3 My friends aren’t here. They could / can be at
a football match.
Don’t befriend people you don’t know – you 4 There are lots of people with umbrellas. It
(4) be sure they aren’t must / can’t be raining.
fraudsters or people who want your information.
5 Ruth isn’t at school. She can / might be at
You (5) change your password
the dentist.
every week, that’s not necessary – but it’s a good
idea to change it regularly. 6 Complete the second sentence so that it has
a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the
Respect other people’s opinions! You word given. Do not change the word given. You
(6) agree with everyone’s posts
but you (7) be rude.
must use between two and five words, including
the word given.
1 I’m sure Ben isn’t guilty because he was with
3 Complete the sentences with could, couldn’t, had me all day. CAN’T
to or didn’t have to. Ben 
because he was with me all day.
1 We do the shopping because
2 I’m sure the criminals speak Russian – they live
the supermarket was closed.
in Moscow. MUST
2 Jane saw the criminal’s face, so she
The criminals live in Moscow so they
identify him.
.
3 We get up early yesterday
3 It’s obligatory to change your password every
because it was Sunday, so we got up late.
week. HAS
4 John go to the hospital when he
Everybody 
broke his arm.
every week.

95
 Grammar reference
7
UNIT

El estilo indirecto
estilo directo estilo indirecto estilo directo estilo indirecto
am / is /are ➜ was / were expresiones temporales
‘We are on location in He said that they were on today ➜ that day
Chester.’ location in Chester. the following day / the day after
tomorrow ➜
present simple ➜ past simple the following week / the week after
next week ➜
‘The cast work on the She said that the cast worked
yesterday ➜ the previous day / the day before
film every day.’ on the film every day.
➜ past continuous last week ➜ the previous week / the week before
present continuous
‘The designer is making She said that the ten years ago ➜ ten years before
the new costumes.’ designer was making the this year ➜ that year
new costumes.
otros cambios
past simple ➜ past perfect there
here ➜
‘They translated the She said that they had
this ➜ that
subtitles.’ translated the subtitles.
present perfect ➜ past perfect these ➜ those

‘They have recorded She said that they had ‘My parents bought me rollerblades for my
the soundtrack.’ recorded the soundtrack. birthday last week,’ said Sally. ➜
futuro: will ➜ would Sally said that her parents had bought her
‘The crew will arrive in He said that the crew would rollerblades for her birthday the week before.
five minutes.’ arrive in five minutes. “Mis padres me compraron unos patines para mi
must / have to ➜ had to cumpleaños la semana pasada”, dijo Sally. ➜
Sally dijo que sus padres le habían comprado unos
‘You must be quiet on She said that we had to be
patines para su cumpleaños la semana anterior.
the set.’ quiet on the set.
can ➜ could
‘I can’t find the He said that he couldn’t find
Preguntas en estilo indirecto
director.’ the director. • al pasar una pregunta al estilo indirecto,
cambiamos el tiempo verbal igual que en las
• utilizamos el estilo indirecto para expresar lo que oraciones enunciativas (sección anterior)
han dicho otras personas
• el orden de las palabras es como en las frases
• en el estilo indirecto, cambiamos el tiempo verbal afirmativas y no usamos do, does o did
‘The storyboards are ready,’ she said. ➜
• tampoco ponemos el signo de interrogación al final
She said that the storyboards were ready.
‘What did Naomi say?’ ➜
“Los storyboards están preparados”, dijo ella. ➜
He asked me what Naomi had said.
Ella dijo que los storyboards estaban preparados.
“¿Qué dijo Naomi?” ➜
• para introducir este tipo de oraciones empleamos Me preguntó qué había dicho Naomi.
verbos como say o tell
• en las preguntas con partícula interrogativa el
‘We started filming at 6am.’ ➜
orden es: partícula + sujeto + verbo
He said that they had started filming at 6am.
‘Where do you live?’ ➜
“Empezamos el rodaje a las 6 de la mañana.” ➜
He asked me where I lived.
Dijo que habían empezado a rodar a las 6 de la
“¿Dónde vives?” ➜ Me preguntó dónde vivía.
mañana.
• las preguntas que no llevan partícula interrogativa
• también cambiamos los pronombres personales,
las pasamos a estilo indirecto usando if o whether
los adjetivos posesivos y las expresiones de
+ sujeto + verbo
tiempo y lugar
‘Do you use social networking sites?’ ➜
He asked me if I used social networking sites.
“¿Utilizas las redes sociales?” ➜
Me preguntó si utilizaba las redes sociales.

96
 Grammar exercises
7

UNIT
Reported speech
1 Rewrite the direct speech as reported speech. 4 Rewrite the phone message using
reported speech.
1 ‘I live in a big house.’
Mark said he in a big house.
2 ‘They’re watching TV.’ ‘Hi Joanne! It’s Julian. I forgot to tell you the news
I said they TV. yesterday. Ben’s got a part in a film and they’re filming
3 ‘I didn’t see him at the beach.’ next month! Mark’s going to have a surprise party for
I said I him at the beach. Ben this weekend at his house. We organized it two
4 ‘We’ve never been to New York.’ days ago. I’ll tell you all about it tomorrow.’
They said they to New York.’
5 ‘Jack will help you.’ That was Julian. He’d forgotten to tell
I said Jack her.
6 ‘You’re going to have a great time.’
She said I a great time.
7 ‘I can’t swim.’
Kate said she .
8 ‘You must tidy your room.’
My mum said I my room.
Reported questions
2 Rewrite the sentences using reported speech. 5 Rewrite the questions using reported speech.
‘I can’t hear you.’ 1 What are your friends doing?
Hannah said she couldn’t hear him. . He asked me .
1 ‘We have written the subtitles.’ 2 Did you see the crew last night?
Matt said . The director asked me .
2 ‘George didn’t enjoy the soundtrack.’ 3 Have you ever helped with the lighting before?
Alex said . Dan asked Mike .
3 ‘You’re doing the storyboard too slowly, you 4 What languages can you speak?
have to do it faster.’ The teacher asked me .
The director said . 5 Where do we have to go tomorrow?
4 ‘We’ll put on your make-up in five minutes.’ I asked the director .
The make-up artist said .
6 Complete the second sentence so that it has a
3 Look at the time expressions. How do they similar meaning to the first sentence, using the
change in reported speech? word given. Do not change the word given. You
must use between two and five words, including
1 today
the word given.
2 tomorrow
3 yesterday ‘Leave quietly and shut the door.’ TOLD
4 next week He told me to leave quietly and shut the door.
5 last week 1 ‘Did you go to see that film I told you about?’
6 two years ago ASKED
7 this year My friend
8 here to see that film she’d told me about.
2 ‘We’ll organize another course next week, if
you want.’ OFFERED
They another
course the following week if we wanted.
3 ‘I’d come back another time if I were you.’
ADVISED
She another time.

97
 Grammar reference
8
UNIT
Los pronombres relativos
personas lugares cosas
who where which
that that
whose
• usamos los pronombres relativos para dar
información sobre personas, lugares y cosas.
Pueden emplearse para unir dos oraciones
That’s the man. He lives on my street.
Ese es el hombre. Vive en mi calle.
That’s the man who lives on my street.
Ese es el hombre que vive en mi calle.
• el pronombre relativo sustituye al sujeto de la
oración, de manera que no hace falta repetirlo
That’s the girl. She’s in my class.
That’s the girl who she is in my class. ✗
• el pronombre relativo va detrás del sustantivo al
que se refiere
• para referirnos a personas usamos who
That’s the footballer who scored the goal.
Ese es el futbolista que marcó el gol.
• empleamos whose para hablar de posesión
There’s the athlete whose autograph I’ve got.
Allí está el atleta cuyo autógrafo tengo.
• where se utiliza para hablar de lugares
Brazil is a country where football is
really popular.
Brasil es un país en que el futbol es muy popular.
• para referirnos a cosas, empleamos which
That’s the advert which makes me laugh.
Ese es el anuncio que me hace reír.
• para hablar de personas y cosas también
podemos usar that
She’s the girl that I saw yesterday in the park.
Es la chica que vi ayer en el parque.
Here’s the book that I told you about.
Aquí está el libro del que te hablé.
Los pronombres indefinidos
palabras compuestas por some-, any- y no-
personas lugares cosas
+ someone somewhere something
- no one nowhere nothing
- / ? anyone anywhere anything
• usamos -one para referirnos a personas, -where a
lugares y -thing a cosas
98
• en oraciones afirmativas, utilizamos el prefijo some-
I want to live somewhere with no adverts in
the streets.
Quiero vivir en un sitio sin anuncios en las calles.
• en negativa e interrogativa usamos el prefijo any-
I haven’t bought anything this week.
No he comprado nada esta semana.
Has anyone seen that new advert?
¿Alguien ha visto ese anuncio nuevo?
• en las oraciones afirmativas empleamos el prefijo
no- para darles un significado negativo
No one I know watches adverts online.
(= I don’t know anyone who watches
adverts online)
No conozco a nadie que vea anuncios por Internet.
There’s nowhere in the UK without internet now.
(= There isn’t anywhere without internet)
No hay ningún lugar del Reino Unido que no tenga
internet.
There’s nothing I want to watch on TV.
(= There isn’t anything I want to watch on TV)
No hay nada en la tele que yo quiera ver.
Los pronombres reflexivos
singular
I myself
you yourself
he himself
she herself
it itself
plural
we ourselves
you yourselves
they themselves
• los pronombres reflexivos acompañan a verbos
como assert, behave, buy, convince, cut, earn,
enjoy, express, help, hurt, look after, look at,
respect, talk to, teach, turn off
I enjoyed myself at the festival.
Me lo pasé muy bien en el festival.
He looked at himself in the mirror.
Se miró en el espejo.
 Grammar exercises
8

UNIT
Relative pronouns
1 Match the sentence beginnings with the endings. 4 Complete the dialogue with the correct
indefinite pronouns.
1 That’s the student
2 It was about midnight Ben: Hi Dave, are you going (1)
3 These are the boots this weekend?
4 My bedroom is the only place Dave: No, I’ve been really busy. I just want to relax
5 I’ve just seen the tennis player and do (2) ! What about
you? Are you doing (3) ?
a) where I can be on my own.
Ben: I’m not sure. I’d like to do
b) whose shoes are famous.
(4) special. It’s my
c) who dropped out of university. girlfriend’s birthday. I’d like to take her
d) which my dad gave me for my birthday. (5) nice for a meal.
e) when I left the party. Dave: What about Marco’s? It’s a really great
Italian restaurant.
2 Complete the sentences with who, which, when, Ben: That’s a good idea, but I haven’t got
whose or where. (6) smart to wear.
1 The first day of primary school was Dave: Don’t worry. I can lend you
I met my best friend. (7) to wear.
2 Those are the bins we recycle Ben: Thanks, Dave!
our rubbish.
3 That’s my brother’s friend got Reflexive pronouns
into trouble with the police.
4 A myth is a story includes 5 Complete the sentences with the correct
heroes and magic. reflexive pronouns.
5 Sally is the girl brother is in 1 Have you ever cut while you
my class. were cooking something?
6 Brick Lane is a fantastic place in London 2 Do your parents enjoy when
you can find clothes by young they go out?
British designers. 3 Has your mother ever taught to
7 Alice Walker is a blogger writes do anything?
about social problems.
6 Complete the second sentence so that it has a
Indefinite pronouns similar meaning to the first sentence, using the
word given. Do not change the word given. You
3 Complete the sentences with the words in must use between two and five words, including
the box. the word given.

anything  ​anywhere  ​no one   We have only just started at this school so we

​nowhere  someone  ​ something don’t have any friends yet. ANYONE
We’re new here so we’re not friends with anyone
1 I can’t find my keys . yet.
2 Nathan was upset because 1 Anya is the kindest person I know. ANYONE
tried his cake. I don’t know than Anya.
3 I need to wear for a wedding. 2 You see that girl over there – I’m using her
4 While I was having a shower, computer. WHOSE
phoned me. That’s the girl  .
5 My favourite place is my home. There’s 3 He looked everywhere, but he couldn’t find his
better. phone. ANYWHERE
6 I’m hungry. Have you got to eat? He searched all over the place for his phone,
but he  .

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 Grammar reference
9
UNIT
El presente y el pasado
present simple
I study English twice a week.
Kathy doesn’t study French.
Do you study Spanish?
present continuous
Mark is revising for his exams now.
They aren’t doing the test today.
Are you studying French this year?
present perfect
I have just finished all my exams.
Sam hasn’t started his exams yet.
Have you ever asked a question in class?
past simple
I studied for this exam last week.
Kathy didn’t study much.
Did you study Spanish last year?
past continuous
Mark was doing an exam at this time yesterday.
They weren’t answering the questions.
Were they working at home yesterday?
past perfect
The exam had already started when I arrived.
I hadn’t finished the last question when we had to stop.
Had you already answered that question before?
used to
I used to go to a different school before I moved here.
I didn’t use to wear a uniform, but now I have one.
Did you use to go to school by bus?
El futuro
will / won’t
I’ll go to university in September.
Sam won’t pass the exam.
Will you work harder next year?
be going to
I’m going to train to be a teacher.
They aren’t going to learn another language.
Is he going to go to university?
present continuous
We aren’t leaving until Tuesday.
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present simple
The train leaves at 9am.
might
I might not have a gap year, I might get a job.
future continuous
The class will be finishing in ten minutes.
We won’t be taking the test tomorrow.
Will you be taking a gap year?
El condicional
primer condicional
If you study hard, you’ll pass the exam.
segundo condicional
If we asked the teacher, she would explain it again.
tercer condicional
If he had wanted the job, he would have applied.
El estilo indirecto
• utilizamos el estilo indirecto para expresar lo que
han dicho otras personas
• para introducir este tipo de oraciones siempre
empleamos verbos como say o tell
• en el estilo indirecto, cambiamos el tiempo verbal
• también cambian las expresiones temporales y
otras palabras
‘I bought these shoes here yesterday,’ said the
customer. ➜The customer said that she had
bought those shoes there the day before/the
previous day.
“Compré estos zapatos aquí ayer”, dijo la clienta.
➜ La clienta dijo que había comprado aquellos
zapatos allí el día anterior.
La voz pasiva
la pasiva en present simple
GCSE exams are taken by all students in Year 11.
la pasiva en past simple
Uniforms were introduced in our school two years ago.
la pasiva en futuro: will
The film will be released next year.
• en la voz activa, el sujeto es la persona o cosa que
realiza la acción
• en pasiva, el sujeto es la persona o cosa que
recibe la acción del verbo (sujeto paciente)
 Grammar exercises
9

UNIT
Present and past tenses Reported speech
1 Complete the sentences with the correct form of 4 Rewrite the direct speech as reported speech
the verbs.
1 ‘Jason will wait for you at the station.’
1 Some of my friends Kate told me that .
abroad every summer. (go) 2 ‘By the time I finished the marathon I was
2 I a new pair of sandals at exhausted.’
the moment. (wear) Matt said that .
3 I never non-fiction. I prefer 3 ‘I’m going to take my driving test next week.’
fantasy and science fiction. (read) Amanda said that .
4 It (be) a beautiful day. The 4 ‘Do you want to visit New York this summer?’
sun (shine). Emily asked me .
5 While the students (do)
the exercise, the teacher
(draw) a table on the board. The passive
5 Complete the text with the correct passive form
Future tenses of the verbs in brackets.
2 Circle the correct words.
Intelligence (1)
1 He ’ll probably be / ’s probably being / (study) by many psychologists. Years ago,
’s probably been an engineer when he it (2) (believe) that
leaves university. people only had one type of intelligence. Then
2 I visited / have visited / had visited Madrid in 1983, the theory of multiple intelligences
but I didn’t go / haven’t been / hadn’t been to (3) (develop) by Howard
Bilbao yet. Gardner. In this theory, nine different types
3 The train leaves/ ’s leaving / ’ll leave at of intelligence (4)
9am tomorrow. (identify) – linguistic, logical–mathematical
4 We had / have had / had had to walk home last and so on. A mix of all the intelligences
night because the last bus already left / has (5) (possess) by each
already left / had already left.
person, but some are stronger than others. Schools
5 I ’ll start / ’m going to start / start university
try to develop all the intelligences, but perhaps in
next year. At least, that’s my plan!
the future other skills (6)
6 At this time tomorrow, we ’ll sit / ’re sitting/ ’ll
(teach) to develop them more fully. Then all the
be sitting on the beach.
intelligences (7) (use)
7 When I’m older, I think I ’ll travel / ’m travelling /
equally by everyone.
travel around the world.
8 He didn’t ride / hasn’t ridden / hadn’t ridden
his bike since he had / has had / had had 6 Complete the second sentence so that it has a
an accident. similar meaning to the first sentence, using the
word given. Do not change the word given. You
Conditionals must use between two and five words, including
the word given.
3 Complete the conditional sentences with the
correct form of the verbs in brackets. 1 When we lived in Africa I had mango for
breakfast every day. USED
1 What (you / buy) if you I for breakfast
had more money? every day when we lived in Africa.
2 If you (not go) to 2 Their aeroplane landed two seconds ago. JUST
university, what will you do? Their flight arrived.
3 You wouldn’t have problems remembering 3 We met when we were children. KNOWN
things if you (learn) these
I I was a child.
memory techniques.
4 I’m pretty sure you will like my sister. GET ON
4 I (do) better at school if we
had had continual assessment instead of exams. You will probably .
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