PRACTICA 12

INTEGRANTES:
* Guevara Peralta Ariadne
* Samanez Bautista Ana Andrea
*Norabuena Marcos Jennifer
*Garcia Arroyo Angel Jeremy
*
*Zavala Ortega Ximena Lizeth
NAUSEAS Y VOMITOS
El acto del vómito se coordina desde el centro del vómito,
dentro del tronco del encéfalo. Este centro recibe las
aferencias neuronales
Estos síntomas pueden tener diversas causas:

Infecciones estomacales o intestinales si bien las fibras desde la zona gatillo de

los quimiorreceptores
Intoxicación alimentaria

migraña del cuarto ventrículo parecen ser

fundamentales para
Efectos secundarios de medicamentos producir la emesis

(ZGQ)
 Fármacos eméticos
En ocasiones, es una ventaja inducir la emesis (el vómito) para
vaciar el estómago de una sustancia tóxica ingerida
Efectos adversos: sedación, hipotensión
postural, aumento de las
concentraciones de prolactina y efectos
extrapiramidales
La ipecacuana se administra
en forma de líquido y causa
irritación gástrica, provocando
el vómito.
FARMACOS ANTIEMETICOS
Antihistamínicos H Fenotiazinas

La proclorperazina es el fármaco antiemético

La ciclizina y la cinarizina
más utilizado de esta clase, aunque las
fenotiazinas también se utilizan por sus
Mecanismo de acción: estos antihistamínicos
propiedades antipsicóticas
tienen poco efecto sobre las náuseas y vómitos
inducidos por sustancias que actúan directamente
en la ZGQ, aunque parecen ser antieméticos Mecanismo de acción: tienen muchos efectos.
eficaces en la cinetosis y en la enfermedad Bloquean los receptores de dopamina e histamina,
vestibulococlear. así como los muscarínicos.
Vía de administración: la ciclizina se administra Vía de administración: oral, rectal e intramuscular.
por vía oral, intramuscular e intravenosa. La
cinarizina se administra por vía oral.
 INTESTINO

Reflejo gastrocólico
1 ● Después de ingerir alimentos, se activa el reflejo gastrocólico, donde la
presencia de comida en el estómago indica al colon que debe abrirse para
permitir el paso de la comida.

2 Control hormonal
● Hormonas como la gastrina, secretina y colecistoquinina (CCK) desempeñan un
papel crucial en la regulación del tracto gastrointestinal cuando hay alimentos
presentes.
● La gastrina estimula la liberación de ácido y pepsina en el estómago, mientras
que la secretina y la CCK regulan la liberación de enzimas pancreáticas y la
contracción de la vesícula biliar.
 INTESTINO

Funciones específicas de hormonas:

3 ● La secretina se libera en respuesta al quimo ácido y estimula la
liberación de bicarbonato para neutralizar la acidez.
● La colecistoquinina (CCK) se libera en presencia de lípidos en
el quimo, estimulando la liberación de enzimas pancreáticas y
la contracción de la vesícula biliar.
 Farmacos que modifican la motilidad
intestinal Laxantes

Estimulantes de la motilidad Estimulantes Antiespasmodicos

dd
Purgantes
- Motilidad del tubo Propiedades relajantes del
digestivo músculo liso
- Sin efecto laxante

● ERGE
● Estasis gastrica
● Ecografia duodenal
● Dispepsia no ulcerosa
● Síndrome de intestino
irritable
● Enfermedad diverticular

Farmacos: You can enter a subtitle

- Domperidona Farmacos que actuan
here if you need it
Antimuscarinicos
- Metoclopramida directamente sobre el
músculo liso
 Farmacos que actuan directamente
Antimuscarinicos
sobre el músculo liso
Inhiben la actividad
parasimpática Relajantes directos del
músculo liso

● Atropina
● Mebeverina
● Propantelina
● Alverina
● Dicicloverina
● Aceite de menta

- Via de administracion: Oral

- Via de administracion: Oral
- Indicaciones: Dispepsia no ulcerosa, S.
- Indicaciones: Síndrome de intestino
de intestino irritable, enfermedad
irritable y enfermedad diverticular
diverticular
Contraindicaciones: Ileo paralitico
- Contraindicacion: ERGE
- Efectos adversos: Nauseas, cefalea,
- Efectos adversos:
pirosis
 LAXANTES
¿Para que se utilizan? para acelerar el tiempo de tránsito intestinal y favorecer la defecación

SE EMPLEA
La mejor forma de regular la frecuencia y el volumen de
las heces es mediante la dieta.
Aliviar Defecación
estreñimiento infrecuente
El tránsito del alimento por el intestino
Defecación se puede acelerar utilizando:
dificil
Laxantes formadores de masa
LIMPIAR EL INTESTINO
Laxantes osmóticos
Procedimientos
médicos Laxantes estimulantes

Procedimientos Laxantes emolientes

quirúrgicos
 LAXANTES FORMADORES DE MASA
Tambien conocidos como el volumen del residuo
sólido no absorbible del
Mecanismo de acción intestino, distendiendo el
colon y estimulando la
suplementos de fibra Vía de ORAL actividad peristáltica
administración

Indicaciones Heces duras y pequeñas

son los más suaves para el
Disfagia Impacto
cuerpo y los más seguros
fecal
de usar a largo plazo Contraindicaciones
Obstrucción
Atonía colónica
intestinal
El salvado
flatulencia, distensión abdominal y
La metilcelulosa Efectos Adversos
obstrucción digestiva

La cutícula de ispágula alentar la ingesta adecuada

de líquidos, y los efectos clínicos Notas terapéuticas
pueden tardar varios días en aparecer.
 LACTULOSA LAXANTES OSMÓTICOS PURGANTES SALINOS

Incorporan agua a las heces Mecanismo de acción Contenido de agua por ósmosis

Disacárido semisintético que no se

LACTULOSA
absorbe en el tubo digestivo.
Heces más blandas

encefalopatía hepática Indicaciones Estreñimientos

HECES INTESTINALES
Obstrucción
Contraindicaciones
Más Más intestinal
fáciles frecuentes
flatulencia, calambres y molestias
Efectos Adversos
Vía de abdominales.
administración

ORAL
Alcoholism treatment goals
Mercury
It’s the closest planet to the Sun and
the smallest in the Solar System

Venus
Venus has a beautiful name and is
the second planet from the Sun

Saturn
Despite being red, Mars is actually a
cold place. It’s full of iron oxide dust
Methods
Mercury is small Venus is a hot planet Earth has life

Observation Sampling Data collect

1 2 3

6 5 4
Report Experimentation Hypothesis
Saturn has rings Jupiter is a huge planet Mars is a cold planet
Research and publications

“Neptune is the “Mercury is the closest

fourth-largest planet planet to the Sun and
by diameter” the smallest one”
Jane Doe John James

“Saturn is the ringed

“Despite being red,
planet. It’s a gas giant
Mars is a very cold
composed of helium”
planet full of iron”
Helena Smith Paul Brown
Research resources

● You can list your reference

websites or publications here
● You can list your reference
websites or publications here
● You can list your reference
websites or publications here
● You can list your reference
websites or publications here
Factors to consider

Mercury
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and
the smallest one in the Solar System—it’s
only a bit larger than the Moon

Venus
Venus has a beautiful name and is the
second planet from the Sun. It’s hot and has
a poisonous atmosphere
Success rate
It’s the closest planet to the Sun and
50% Mercury the smallest in the Solar System

Venus has a beautiful name and is

75% Venus the second planet from the Sun

Despite being red, Mars is actually a

95% Mars cold place. It’s full of iron oxide dust
A picture is worth
a thousand words
Clinical trial

Preclinical Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3

● Mercury is the ● Venus has a ● Despite being ● Jupiter is a gas
smallest planet beautiful name, red, Mars is giant and the
but it’s hot actually cold biggest planet in
● Mercury is a the Solar System
rocky planet ● Venus is hotter ● Mars is full of
than Mercury iron oxide dust, ● Jupiter doesn’t
which gives the have a surface
● Venus has a toxic planet its color
atmosphere
 “This is a quote, words full of
wisdom that someone
important said and can make
the reader get inspired.”

—Someone Famous
Trial timeline
Mercury is the smallest Despite being red, Mars is Neptune is very far from
planet of them all a cold place the Sun

Research Experimentation Conclusions

A B C D E
Preclinical Results
Jupiter is the biggest planet Saturn is a gas giant with
of them all several rings
Phase 1

Young healthy people 80% Success

20-80 participants
Mainly female
Secondary Venus ha extremely
Effects high temperatures

Results Goal 6 months

Venus has a beautiful name and is the Study the safety of Experimentation
second planet from the Sun medication time
Alcoholism treatment tendency
Mercury
60% Mercury is a
small planet

Venus
60% Venus has a
beautiful name

Mars
60% Mars is actually a
cold place

Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here
Results

Experiment A Experiment B
Outcome Outcome

Groups Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 1 Test 2 Test 3

Group 1 315 584 328 357 249 365

Group 2 587 459 569 459 957 398

Group 3 124 684 398 589 245 358

 LAXANTE
ESTIMULANTE
 ● SEN
● DANTRON El dantrón es un
carcinógeno potencial,
● BISOCODILO lo que limita su uso.
ENFERMEDADES
● PICOSULFATO SODICO TERMINALES

● Mecanismo de acción: *peristaltismo gastrointestinal

*secreción de agua y electrolitos desde la mucosa(por estimulación de
los nervios entéricos).
● Vía de administración: oral.
● Indicaciones: *estreñimiento
*evacuación del intestino antes de procedimientos médicos y quirúrgicos.
● Contraindicaciones: obstrucción intestinal.
● Efectos adversos: *Corto plazo: dolor abdominal intermitente.
*Largo plazo:puede deteriorar la función intestinal y provocando atonía del colon.
● Notas terapéuticas: Deben administrarse sólo durante períodos cortos de tiempo.
 LAXANTE
EMOLIENTES
Results analysis
Mars Jupiter Mars
Mars is Jupiter is a 01 Mars is
actually cold gas giant actually cold

987,345 Jupiter
Jupiter is a gas giant
02 Jupiter is a
gas giant

Mars 60% Mercury

03 Mercury is
Jupiter 40% very small
Conclusions
Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet
from the Sun. It’s terribly hot—even hotter than
Mercury—and its atmosphere is extremely poisonous
This is a map

Mercury Mars
Mercury is the Despite being
closest planet red, Mars is
to the Sun very cold

Venus Jupiter
Venus is the Jupiter is the
second planet biggest planet
from the Sun of them all
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