RESUMEN EXÁMEN INGLÉS:

Unidad 1:

CAREERS:

Outsourcing: High externals company to offer other services. Compañías o empresas

que contratan otras empresas para entregar más servicios adicionales.
1. Universidad: educar y enseñar (coffee, seguridad, limpieza, jardinería…)
2. Hoteles: entretención y relajación (seguridad, mantenimiento, limpieza,
juegos…)
3. Aeropuerto: vuelos (comida, seguridad, tiendas extras…)

Teleworking: work from home, communicating via internet.

How long do people spend in a particular job?

- The average tenure is ¾ years. (La permanencia promedio, podría durar más
por la pandemia, no dejar a la gente sin trabajo).

What is the human resources department in charge of?

- Deal with selection procedures and recruitment. (ocuparse de los
procedimientos de selección y contratación)
1. Publish and ad (publicar/anunciar)
2. Choose CV
3. Interview
4. Psychological test
5. Choose a candidate
- Manage remuneration ($)
- Offer training and professional development (desarrollar y entrenar a los
empleados)
*recruitment: contratar personal

Companies make people redundant because of: (desempleo) *fire, sack, dismiss
*Si las empresas tienen que despedir gente outplacement services: ayudar a buscar
otro trabajo, prepararlos, no dejarlos botados (recomendaciones).

* Outplacement services: helps people to get another job, update their CV, have an
effective interview for a possible job, help them with their referees and follow their
networks.

When people are made redundant after working many years at a company, what do
they do?
- Become a portfolio worker tener una cantidad de clientes, más opciones.
- Have flexibility in the company.
 - Keeping up with latest trends (tendencias)
- Attending short courses (cursos)
- Developing their skills (desarrollar sus habilidades, las que tenga dependiendo
de mi trabajo)

make: a fortune/ progress/ a living

get: a promotion/ the sack/ a nine-to-five-job
earn: a bonus/ money/ 40 thousand
do: research/ a job/ your best
take: time off/ early retirement/ a break
work: flextime/ overtime/ an office job

Vocabulary:

1. Lay off: despedir, dejar cesante.

2. Made redundant: ser despedido de la empresa.
3. Get fired: despedir.
4. To hire: contratar personal.
5. To recruit: contratar, acordar, pactar.
6. To employ: “emplear”.
7. Self-employed: have my own business
8. Foundation: non-profit (sin ánimo de lucro)organization or charitable trust that
typically provides funding and support for other charitable organizations
(organización de caridad).
9. Production department: transform raw material into final goods/products

10. Get ahead in your career: make progress, go for more

11. Management: (administración de la empresa/ gerencia)is in charge of all

departments in a company, of making projects and developing them, setting
the aims (establecer objetivos) / goals / objectives of the company.

12. Medical leave: certificate that allow you not to work if you are sick (licencia)

13. Outsourcing: (subcontratación) is the business practice of hiring another

company to perform different services in your company, for example human
resource management (gestión de recursos humanos), accounting
(contabilidad).
14. Average tenure: tenencia media (tiempo total de empleo para todos los
empleados, número total de empleados: sirve para medir la permanencia
promedio de los empleados en un departamento o toda la empresa)
Average tenure = TOTAL EMPLOYMENT TIME FOR ALL EMPLOYEES
 15. HRD (Human resources department)
· Dealing with selection procedures and recruitment (hiring people)
· Manage remuneration: payroll= sueldo de acuerdo a su rol
(remuneraciones, compensación de pago por sus servicios, SUELDO)
· Offer training and professional development, think about benefits: bonus,
comisión.

Redundant: Fire or dismiss because:

16. Economic downturn

● Delayering: taking out layer of the company (quitar una capa de gestión, eliminar
un departamento de gestion), is when you remove a layer of management, it is a
method than can be used to reduce costs, while the company is expecting from
staff to produce the same level of output.
This method helps to reduce managerial wages (salaries gerenciales)
Also Delayering can offer a lot of advantages, because this method gives more
opportunities to have a better delegation, empowerment and motivation with the
managers that are still working with the company.
Reducing the number of managers gives more authority to the others.

● Downsizing: making a company smaller, it's when the company feels forced to
eliminate unproductive workers or divisions.
cutting jobs is the faster way for a company to reduce cost, like downsizing an
entire store (reducir el tamaño de una tienda, etc)

19. Profile: characteristics, achievements (logros), hobbies

20. Social networking: meeting people from other jobs, making new contacts will
always be a good opportunity to have more recommendations and learn about
them and their jobs. You can have social networking in coffees, conferences,
etc.
It connects individuals with other people and business: share information,
ideas and messages. (linkedin)

21. Head hunter: the head hunters look for people that could use that kind of job,
they have to find the perfect profile for that company.

22.Sales and marketing: it’s the manager that have the responsibility of
researching and development marketing opportunities and planning and
implementing new sales plans (gerente de marketing y ventas)
23. Research and development: R & D is used to improve and search new ideas
and products that our customers need, it is a valuable tool for growing and
improving the business. R&D involves researching your market and your
customers' needs to create new products and services to fit their needs.
(investigar tu mercado y las necesidades del cliente que van cambiando a lo
largo del tiempo)

24.Customer service: it's important to have a good customer service, you have
to be patience, attentive, professional on what you do, and always put “people
first”

25. Career move: it's an action or change that you made to progress, have a
better job, change to a position with more responsibility.
26. Career break: period of time when you stop working in your job to recover
your health, and then go back. (depression, get sick, etc)
27.Career plan: things than you want to do in your future career (achievements)

28. Career opportunities: chances to start something new, or something good in

your job, improving your career with these opportunities.

29.Career path: a career path is a line of time, a sequence of jobs that make up
your career plan, you can have a vertical growth to a higher or lower position,
or you can have lateral moves changing from your industry to another industry.
(historial de vida como trabajo)

30. Career leader: the direction that your working life takes to get a promotion
(subir nivel dentro de una empresa).
31.Assets: activos (“recursos”)
32 Recruitment Process: proceso de contratación de una persona.
33. Elements of Value: elementos de valor dentro de una empresa ($, workforce,
machines)
34. Appraisal Review: evaluated the work of a person inside the company
(desempeño).

35. Teleworking: work from home, communicating via internet.

36. Fintech: pagar cosas x internet.
37. Remunerations: salarios $.
38. Portfolio workers: cantidad de clientes (“cartera”)
Unidad 2:
COMPANIES:

Family owned company:

· Work environment: they know each other well, so their private life interferes in
the work, and they have more family fights.
· Pay: they have similar salaries and high payments
· Promotion: its difficult for them to have a promotion because they fight when a
member of the family its remove to a higher position
· Job security: they stay in the company for a long time because is difficult to
fire someone of the family

Multinational:

· Work environment: they don’t know each other too well, the atmosphere is
more competitive between them, less friendly. (menos Amistad)
· Pay: the salary scales according to the market, unfair payment.
· Promotion: they compete to win the higher position, it's difficult for them
because all the employees want the same.
· Job security: they can be fired any time if the manager wants to change, or
have to downsize the company.

SMEs “small and medium sized enterprises”:

· Work environment: they are their own bosses, so they make their own
decisions.
· Pay: difficult because you have economic issues, and the owner is the last to
receive their salary.
· Promotion: they cant get promotion
· Job security: it’s a safe job for the owner, because he always makes his own
decisions, and decides about the others.
VOCABULARY:

Multinationals: companies that use internacional investors.

Sole traders: someone who has been fired, but have enough experience to make their
own business.
Public quoted companies: companies that put shares in the market, so everyone can
invest their money in the company.

Net profit: the money that company makes after taking away their cost and tax.

Turn over: amount of money that a particular company receive in a particular period

Parent company: the parent company is the company that owns another company

Work force: the employees in a particular country or business that are able to do a job
and available for work.

Market share: the percentage of sales a company has in a particular market

Head office: the main building or location of a large organization (oficina central)

Share Price: the cost of company shares (costo de acciones/ shares= acciones)

Subsidiaries: a company who is more than 50% owned by another company. (This kind
of company is called “daughter company” because it is controlled by another company
(parent company).

IT: technology information

Co owner: a co owner is the other proprietary of the company, they are engaged and
receive part of the profits (ganancias)

Up market: it's a market for a particular segment of people who have more money,
customers with a higher income (segmento de alto ingreso). high street companies.

CEO: manager of the company

Asset (activos): capital, equipment, machinery, work force (fuerza de trabajo, número
de trabajadores funcionando)
MULTI-WORD VERBS
Put Off: to cancel
Look After: to take care/pay attention to
Turn Up/Show up: to appear
Take Out: to put away
Look Around: to visit
Look forward to: be anxious about something
Take Part: to participate
Take Up: to accept
Turn Down: to reject
Run Over: go trough, pass trough
Set back: push you back
Break down: to fail, not function
Come up: to occur, invent or create
Catch Up: ponerse a la corriente con algo
Close down: to shut
Turn off: to cut off
Turn up: put in higher/show up in a place
Clear up: aclarar (partly cloudy)
Talk over: to talk about the problem
Carry on: to continue

UNIT 3: PROPOSAL STRUCTURE

1. Introduction
- the aims of this proposal are to
- this proposal evaluates
- this proposal is intended to present the
2. Current Situation
- many students/local residents/pensioners/members of the local community have
commented that
- there is a strong feeling among all concerned that
- following a survey of residents it was found that
3. Suggestions
- it is recommended that
- there should be
- it would be advantageous to
4. Final Recommendation
- if the above suggestions are implemented there would be
- unless the recommendation are taken seriously, it is unlikely that
- implementation of the above ideas would result inS
UNIT 4: SELLING

Vocabulary:

1. Cooling-off period: the time when you can change your mind and cancel an
order.
2. After-sales service: the help you get from a company when you start to use their
product (siguen la compra).
3. Credit card details: Name, number, and expiry date on your payment card.
(tarjeta y sus datos personales).
4. Interest-free credit: when you can pay some time after you buy, but at no extra
cost (pagar x adelantado).
5. Loyalty-card scheme: method for customers to obtain a discount on future
purchases from the same organisation.
6. Method of payment: the way you pay for the goods you want, often either cash,
credit, or check.
7. Money-back guarantee: the promise to return your money if you are not happy
(devolver $).
8. Out of stock: when the goods you require are not available (no hay stock).
9. Manufacturer: another name for a person who produces something.
10. Wholesaler: suppliers often sell large quantities of goods to…, who do not usually
sell directly to consumers (mayorista)
11. Discount: we offer a discount to customers who buy in bulk (compran al x mayor).
12. Return: we ask customers who are not fully satisfied to return back in 7 days.
13. Refund: in order to get the full customers most send back goods in the original
packaging (reembolso).
14. Dispatched: goods will be within 24 hours of your order (despachos).
15. Warehouse: goods are kept in our until ready for delivery.
16. Bargain: product and services offered at a large discount are generally (negociar)
17. Click and mortar: this type of selling are the companies where you can buy
online and in the local store, so for the customers it is a better service than other
companies because they have 2 options to access shopping.
18. Pure e-tailing: wide range of products, its a e-fulfilment system where you can
order and have delivery. (AMAZON)
UNIT 5: GREAT IDEAS

Vocabulary:
1. Enter the market: start selling goods or services in new areas.
2. Meet a need: to do or provide something that is necessary (abastecer las
necesidades)
3. Make a breakthrough: make an important discovery or change.
4. To extend the product range: to offer a large variety of goods.
5. Raise somebody status: to make somebody look or feel more important.
6. To take advantage of an opportunity: to do something when you get the chance
to do it.

UNIT STRESS

WHITE collar workers: are the one that have the higher position in a company.

BLUE collar workers: are the one that have a lower position

STRESSFUL experience for WCW: They have to made decisions on investments and they
may be afraid about the politicals uncertaintment (tomar decisiones sobre inversiones= miedo a
la incertidumbre política)

STRESSFUL experience for BCW: long schedules, afraid of losing their jobs (ex: for the
pandemic), low salaries, more difficulties finding a job.

TIGHT DEADLINE: (plazos ajustados) ex: writing a report with a tight deadline.

Lifestyle: Way that people use to organized their life

Workaholic: people who can not stop working

Workload: the amount of work a person is expected to do

Deadline: time or day to finished something (fecha limite)

Flexitime: a system where employees choose the time when they start and finish work

Work-life balance: the ability to give the necessary amount of time to their work and life time
outsided doing their own interest things.
Quality of life: how satisfied are people in their personal life doing their job and living out their
life (calidad de vida)

Working environment: the atmosphere in which you work, the environment and group of people
you have to deal with, the energy, is important to manage your stress with a good environment.
Causes of stress for managers at work → work under pressure (deal with stress and
cope with stress)
Cosas que estresan en el trabajo:
- too much to do
- not good relation with people
- not feeling in control
*Resilience: sobrellevar el estrés
How to deal with stress → help people to respond differently to stressful situations, and
feel calmer when they are put in stressful situations.

What examples are given of companies being flexible in how they expect staff to
work?
Come early and leave early to avoid rush hour. They don't have to stay late if the boss is
still there.
Women report higher levels of stress than men because:
- they have more responsibilities at the house with children
- open about their feelings and they report it
People like work that stretches them out because it is challenging and stimulating.
And at the end there is a feeling of achievement.
Pressure build up over work when:
- Feel Overwhelmed: a person that has too much to do, no time to do it and feels
anxiety and does not feel in control.
- Person Burns Out: mentally exhausted, don't see any positive change for the do
el día
*Rat Race: when people run doing their things, they have too much to do for their work
How to stop with stress:
- quality of life situation
- a healthier work
- life work balance
- quality of time with their families
- downshifting → choose the option to change your job if you are unsatisfied, is the
option to have a healthy life than more money (cambiar tu trabajo para mejorar tu
calidad de vida)
- rebalancing → reequilibrio

Stress Industry → counselors (consejeros) y therapist (terapia)

Company do things to reduce levels of stress like: have rooms without stress, gardens to
take some breaks, do activities for all the employers.
High-Level Stress:
China, Vietnam, México, India and Turkey → high growth is expected
Ireland, Spain and Greece → their economy was shrinking so they need to grow
What are the 4 major causes of workplace stress?
- economic climate
- pressure of cash flow
- competitor activities
- heavy workload (sobrecarga de trabajo)

ENTERTAINMENT:

Corporate entertainment: activities that make companies for their employees

Corporate hospitality: entertainment events for customers
High markets: for people who have more money, important stakeholders(inversionistas)
ex: vip events, elegants parties)

How to return customers/ make loyalty:

● BUCKUPS: have plans if something goes wrong (ex: a raining day, have
umbrellas)
● HIGH STANDARS: the catering need to have high standars
(catering= abastecimiento) ex: a good staff of food and drinks
● STAFF: the group of staff have to be prepared and well trained, people who have
the ability to service people.
● ALWAYS FOLLOW UP AFTERWARDS: seguimientos

ESTRUCTURAS:
Present simple: Describe yourself, facts, habitual actions, things that don't/ won't change.
palabras claves: Often, usually, sometimes, never.

+ I, he, she, it + verb+S

+ we, you, they + verb in infinitive

- I, we, you, they + don`t + verb in infinitive

- he, she, it + doesn't + verb in infinitive

- (¿) Do + we, you, they, I + verb in infinitive (?)

- (¿) Does + he, she, it + verb in infinitive (?)

Present continuous: Things that we made definite arrangements to do.

palabras claves: at the moment, right now, currently.
+ I + am + ing
+ he, she, it + is + ing
+ we, you, they + are + ing

→ I am reading a book
→ he/ she/ it is watching TV
 → they/ we/ you are playing tennis

- I + am not + ing
- he, she, it + isn’t + ing
- we, you, they + aren’t + ing

→ I am not reading a book

→ he/ she/ it isn't watching TV
→ they/ we/ you aren't playing tennis

- (¿) am + I + ing (?)

- (¿) is + he, she, it + ing (?)
- (¿) are + we, you, they + ing

→ am I reading a book?
→ is he/ she/ it watching TV?
→ are they/ you/ we playing tennis?

Past simple: Se usa para describir simples hechos cuando hablamos en pasado.

+ sujeto + verbo pasado + complemento

- sujeto + didn't + verbo normal + complemento
- (¿) did + sujeto + verbo normal + complemento (?)

→ I lived there for 6 years

→ I only found out a few moments ago
→ I asked her but she didn't know anything

Past continuous: Para expresar la continuidad de hechos

(you/ we/ they→ were) ( I/ he/ she/ it → was)
+ sujeto + was/ were + verbo - ing + complemento
- sujeto wasn't/ weren't + verbo - ing + complemento
- (¿) was/ were + sujeto + verbo - ing + complemento

→ Everybody was talking about it all evening

→ They were really trying hard but couldn't do it
→ Were you expecting that to happen?
*Podemos usar ambos juntos o dos veces el mismo cuando:
- Interrumpir una acción (when, while) generalmente la primera es con past
continuous y la segunda past simple.
- Dos acciones pasan al mismo tiempo, en este caso ambas son con past
continuous
- describo atmosphera (past continuous)
Simple past: Verb+ ed or irregular verbs
→ You called Debbie.
→ Did you call Debbie?
→ You did not call Debbie.

USE 1 Completed Action in the Past

Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific
time in the past.
Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have
one specific time in mind.
Examples:
→ I saw a movie yesterday
→ I didn't see a play yesterday.
→ Last year, I traveled to Japan.
→ Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.
→ Did you have dinner last night?
→ She washed her car.
→ He didn't wash his car.

USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions

We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past, These actions
happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.
Examples:

→ I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.
→ He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00.
→ Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?

USE 3 Duration in Past

The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration
is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes,
all day, all year, etc.
Examples:

→ I lived in Brazil for two years.

→ Shauna studied Japanese for five years.
→ They sat at the beach all day.
→ They did not stay at the party the entire time.
→ We talked on the phone for thirty minutes.

USE 4 Habits in the Past

The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the
same meaning as "used to."
To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as:
always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc.
Examples:

→ I studied French when I was a child.

→ He played the violin.
→ He didn't play the piano.
→ Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid?

USE 5: When Clauses Happen First

Examples:

→ When I paid her one dollar, she answered my question.

→ She answered my question when I paid her one dollar.

Present perfect: Has/ have + past participle

Examples:

→ You have seen that movie many times.

→ Have you seen that movie many times?
→ You have not seen that movie many times.
→ I have seen that movie twenty times.
→ I think I have met him once before.
→ There have been many earthquakes in California.
→ People have traveled to the Moon.
→ People have not traveled to Mars.
→ Have you read the book yet?
→ Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.

Simple present:
Infinitive
(3rd person singular: infinitive + “S”)
→ I speak
→ you speak
→ he/ she/ it speaks
→ we speak
→ they speak
after sh, ch, o, s, add “es”
- washes
- does
For can, may, might, must, do not add “s”
- he can
- she may
note: usually only for simple present:
-be, have,hear, know, like, love, see, smell, think, want

*in general (regularly, often, never, always, normally, usually, first, then)
→ colins plays football every day.
*present action happening one after another
→ first Colin plays football, then he watches TV.
*action set by a timetable or schedule
→ the film starts at 8 pm.
*daily routine
→ Bob works in a restaurant.

Present proggresive:
Form of “be” and verb + ing
→ I am speaking
→ you are speaking
→ he/ she/ it is speaking
→ we are speaking
→ they are speaking
Exceptions when adding “ing”:
- silent e is dropped (but: does not apply for -ee)
example: come → coming but: agree → agreeing
- after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled
example: sit → sitting
- final ie becomes “y”
example: lie → lying
*right now
→ look! Colin is playing football now
*also for several actions happening at the same time
→ Colin is playing football and Anne is watching
Signal Words:
- at the moment
- at this moment
- today
- now
- right now
- listen!
- look!
*only for a limited period of time (does not have to happen directly at the moment of speaking)
→ Jenny is working in a restaurant this week