Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Sepsis Peritoneal. PPD
Sepsis Peritoneal. PPD
PERITONEAL
Cátedra de Medicina intensiva!
Prof. Dr. Alberto Biestro!
!
admiAdos en la UCI
Tratamiento
Control de foco
• Eliminar el foco infeccioso.
• Reducir el inóculo bacteriano.
• Corregir y controlar las alteraciones anatómicas y
restaurar las funciones fisiológicas.
• Drenaje de absceso o colecciones de fluido
infectado.
• Debridamiento de la necrosis y/o tejidos
infectados.
• Control definiAvo del foco de contaminación.
CONTROL DE FOCO
• Estrategia va a depender:
• SiAo anatómico responsable del proceso
infeccioso.
• Grado de inflamación peritoneal.
• SDOM.
• Terreno del paciente.
Cirugía de control de daño
• Laparotomía vs laparoscopia
• Cierre primario vs abdomen abierto
• Presión negaAva acAva vs mecanismos pasivos
November-December 2017
“The prevention of open abdomen is better than any techniques for temporary closure”
Controversias
S. Shah
“Although in surgery the art and science are balanced, the management of open abdomen is more art than science”
T. Fabian
Brief overview
The open abdomen (OA) is not a new idea. In 1897 Andrew McCosh describe its use in
®
years TAC evolved from a passive dressing to active approach with negative pressure. In
• Carga bacteriana
management are still lacking (2). This is may be due to the inherent difficulties to perform
randomized controlled trial in emergency setting. The following advantages in comparison to
passive dressings has been claimed: increased primary fascial closure, lower rate of adhesions,
diminished bacterial count, better qualitative and quantitative analysis of the fluid, increased
• Costos económicos
survival and significantly easier nursing. The critical analysis, however, revealed significantly
more complicated situation. Recent systematic review and meta-analysis of only comparative
G Chir Vol. 38 - n. 6 - pp. 267-272
November-December 2017
1Capt. Assit. Prof. PhD, Clinic of Endoscopic, Endocrine Surgery and Coloproctology,
Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
Abdomen abierto
• Indicaciones:
– Sepsis y shock
– Comorbilidades del paciente
– HIA/SCA
– Imposibilidad de reintroducir el contenido
abdominal
• Complicaciones
– Fistula entero atmosférica
– Retracción de la pared abdominal
Abdomen abierto: cierre abdominal
temporal convencional
• Bolsa Bogotá.
• Campos sintéAcos suturados a la fascia.
• Cierre del plano cutáneo.
• Mallas de Vycril
Sistema de abdomen abierto con cierre
temporal a presión negaAva World J Surg (2013) 37:2018–2030
DOI 10.1007/s00268-013-2080-z
• Vaccum assiste closure (VAC) system: Michael L. Cheatham • Demetrios Demetriades • Timothy C. Fabian •
Mark J. Kaplan • William S. Miles • Martin A. Schreiber • John B. Holcomb •
Grant Bochicchio • Babak Sarani • Michael F. Rotondo
• Sistemas comerciales.
! The Author(s) 2013. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com
Desventajas
Different VAC techniques may be used to achieve controlled diversion of the
! Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) produces toxic lymph, which causes organ dysfunc-
tion. Early release of the effluent, depending
IAH and effective removal of theon the
toxic nature
lymph improveof enteric contents. In thin, liquid contents, the
outcomes.
! Damage control should VAC technique
be considered early, includes (1) a reaches
before the patient singlethelayer of petroleum-based fine mesh gauze placed
extremis
stage.
over the wound bed, leaving the fistula uncovered. (2) The VAC WhiteFoam is cut to
! Although the open abdomen is a strong weapon in the surgeon’s armamentarium, it is also
Infecciones
ICU days
these cases improves outcomes. 25.7 8.8
! Numerous techniques may be used for temporary abdominal closure. They include the
Hospital days 82.5 20.0 ABThera <.01
Bogota bag, the Wittmann patch, absorbable synthetic meshes, and various negative
Thirty-six patients with fistulas matched to 36 controls (matched for age, gender, mechanism,
hospital stay by 4-fold, and the hospital charges by 4.5-fold. The most effective way to
KEYWORDS
Surg Clin N Am 94 (2014) 131–153
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.suc.2013.10.010
! Damage control ! Intra-abdominal hypertension ! Peritoneal sepsis surgical.theclinics.com
0039-6109/14/$
! Open abdomen– see front matter
! Temporary ! 2014 Elsevier
! Inc. All rights reserved.
abdominal closure Enteroatmospheric fistula
REVIEW Open Access
ustulas entéricas.
and acute care surgeons, infectious disease specialists,
cation of management principles to the individual pa- and intensivists. The expert panel reviewed the scientific
tient is crucial to optimize outcome. In order to clarify evidence and composed statements which addressed a
these major controversies in the management of IAI, set of predefined questions.
many of the world’s leading experts met in Dublin, The statements were formulated and graded according
Ireland, on July 23, 2016, for a specialist multidisciplinary to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Develop-
consensus conference under the auspices of the World ment and Evaluation (GRADE) hierarchy of evidence from
Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) and with the sup- Guyatt and colleagues [1], summarized in Table 1.
port of the World Society of Abdominal Compartment During the WSES annual conference which was held
in Dublin, the statements were debated and approved by
* Correspondence: massimo.sartelli@gmail.com
1
Department of Surgery, Macerata Hospital, Macerata, Italy the committee jury panel. This document represents the
Full list of author information is available at the end of the article executive summary of the final recommendations
© The Author(s). 2017 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to
the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver
(http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Fig. 7. Application of -125 mm Hg. Distribution of negative pressures in vacuum pack, VAC
Abdominal Dressing and ABThera techniques. Note the even distribution of pressures in AB-
• La presión negaAva terapéuAca ópAma que
esAmula la reproducción celular y maximiza el
efecto de expansión del tejido es de
aproximadamente 125 mm Hg. Sin embargo,
esta presión debe ser individualizada.
• Con abdomen abierto y presión negaAva
puede haber hipertensión intraabdominal se
recomienda su medición
REVIEW Open Access
• La relaparotomía planificada no se
Ari Leppaniemi20, Ronald V. Maier21, Addison K. May22, Mark Malangoni23, Ignacio Martin-Loeches24,
John Mazuski25, Philippe Montravers26, Andrew Peitzman27, Bruno M. Pereira11, Tarcisio Reis28, Boris Sakakushev29,
Gabriele Sganga30, Kjetil Soreide31, Michael Sugrue32, Jan Ulrych33, Jean-Louis Vincent34, Pierluigi Viale12
and Ernest E. Moore35
Methodology
appropriate antimicrobial therapy dictated by patient
Ari Leppaniemi20, Ronald V. Maier21, Addison K. May22, Mark Malangoni23, Ignacio Martin-Loeches24,
John Mazuski25, Philippe Montravers26, Andrew Peitzman27, Bruno M. Pereira11, Tarcisio Reis28, Boris Sakakushev29,
Gabriele Sganga30, Kjetil Soreide31, Michael Sugrue32, Jan Ulrych33, Jean-Louis Vincent34, Pierluigi Viale12
• Los pacientes altamente seleccionados con diverAculiAs perforada
and Ernest E. Moore35
(incluidos los que Aenen un absceso <4 cm de diámetro), una masa peri-
Abstract
gastroduodenograma), el manejo no
invited many of the world’s leading experts in the man-
critically ill patients are the cornerstones in the manage- agement of IAIs. It was a multidisciplinary expert panel
ment of IAIs. However, several critical controversies can including general and specialist surgeons, emergency
be debated in the management of these patients. Appli- and acute care surgeons, infectious disease specialists,
cation of management principles to the individual pa- and intensivists. The expert panel reviewed the scientific
tratamiento quirúrgico.
the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver
(http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Clínica Imagen
Estudios
microbiológicos
Valoración de las
Biomarcadores
disfunciones
IIA comunitaria
IIA nosocomial
postoperatoria
Clinical and TherapeuAc Features of NonpostoperaAve Nosocomial Intra abdominal InfecAons. Ann
Surg 2004;239: 409–41
PCT y PCR como marcadores de infección post operatoria
Sensibilidad
88,9%
Especificidad
93,1% 96,5%
VPP
71,4%
VPP
96% 91,7% 97,7% 93,1% 93,2%
PCT
Valor de PCT
Sin FS 0.20 ng/ml
Con FS 4.23 ng/ml
P: 0.003
D1 D2 D3 D4
Gabriela Wagner and et al. Cir. Urug. 2018. Vol. 2, No. 2 nov. 2018
PCT y PCR como marcador de falla de sutura
PCR
Con FS
Sin FS
D1 D2 D3 D4
Gabriela Wagner and et al. Cir. Urug. 2018. Vol. 2, No. 2 nov. 2018
Fiebre
DOM +
Nueva
imagen
RFA
PCT / PCR
Estudios microbiológicos en infecciones abdominales
HemoculAvos
Líquido peritoneal
UroculAvos
(2 ml)
BiliculAvos
Tinción de Gram
CulAvo aeróbico y anaeróbico
Pruebas de sensibilidad a los anAbióAcos
(Recomendación 1 C).
Deben recogerse en cada reoperación
(Recomendación 1 C).
Manejo de infecciones intraabdominales: recomendaciones de la conferencia de consenso WSES 2016
Cambios dinámicos de la flora microbiana en la
peritoniAs persistente
Philippe Montravers and et al. CriAcal Care (2015) 19:70 DOI 10.1186/s13054-015-0789-9
Sin peritoniAs Con peritoniAs p
persistente persistente
Philippe Montravers and et al. CriAcal Care (2015) 19:70 DOI 10.1186/s13054-015-0789-9
Porcentaje de bacterias resistentes
120
100
Bacterias gram
80
posiAvas
60
40
20
0
C. índice C2 C3 C4
Philippe Montravers and et al. CriAcal Care (2015) 19:70 DOI 10.1186/s13054-015-0789-9
Porcentaje de bacterias resistentes
Bacterias
70 Gram negaAvas
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
C. índice C2 C3 C4
Philippe Montravers and et al. CriAcal Care (2015) 19:70 DOI 10.1186/s13054-015-0789-9
Tratamiento
AnAbioAcoterapia
IIA comunitaria IIA hospitalaria o postoperatoria
Sin FR para MO resistentes Con FR para MO resistentes
Ecología de la unidad
FR para MO resistentes
Ce{azidime/
avibactam KPC
Metronidazol
Ce{olozane/
tazobactam PsAs MR
Recomendaciones de la conferencia de consenso WSES 2016
Presión selec/va
Cefalosporinas BLEE
FQ BLEE
Carbapenems KPC
Recomendaciones de la conferencia de consenso WSES 2016
Monomicroniana Linezolid
Polimicrobiana Tigeciclina
Recomendación 1C
Infecciones por hongos
(pacientes no neutropénicos)
CulAvos +
Colecciones abdominales
líquido peritoneal
Tratar siempre
Drenajes recién colocados
Sin culAvos
PreemAve therapy
Tratamiento anAcipado
Considerar los dos puntos de discusión ……......
H. Dupont et al. Factores predicAvos de mortalidad por peritoniAs polimicrobiana con aislamiento de Candida en líquido
peritoneal en pacientes críAcamente enfermos. JAMA 2002.
Mortalidad relacionada con el inicio del tratamiento
Demora definida como el Aempo entre la toma del hemoculAvo y el inicio del tratamiento
con fluconazol.
ü Día 0: 15%
ü Día 1: 24%
ü Día 2: 37%
ü Día 3: 41%%
Tracto superior
Relaparotomía
Falla de sutura
Perforación
POCC CEC> 120 min
IIA hospitalaria y/o
postoperatoria
Score + / FR
PeritoniAs persistente
Gravedad
Score de Pi}et
Score De León Lavado gástrico con
candida
IIA comunitaria
Sin FR de resistencia
Foco ATB
HepáAco Ampicilina/sulbactam 3 gr IV c/6 h
Biliar Si presenta criterios de alto riesgo agregar
Gastro-duodenal Gentamicina 5 mg/Kg c/24 h (una vez/día)
Delgado Ampicilina/sulbactam 3 gr IV c/6 h +
Colon Gentamicina 5 mg/Kg c/24 hs (una vez/ día)
Apendicular
Recto
Cefalosporina de 3ra G
+ Metronidazol PROA. Hospital de Clínicas 2019.
Criterios de alto riesgo
Sepsis o disfunciones orgánicas
Quick-SOFA ≥2 o en aumento
Asociada a cuidados de salud
Retraso a la cirugía > 24 horas
Imposibilidad control del foco
Edad > 70 años
Comorbilidad (HepáAca, Renal, Cardiaca)
Inmunosupresión
Enfermedad maligna
Índice PronósAco Mannheim alto
PeritoniAs difusa o generalizada
Embarazo
Foco ATB
HepáAco Piperacilina/Tazobactam 4,5 g IV c/6 h
Biliar Si presenta criterio de gravedad agregar
Gastro-duodenal Amikacina 20 mg/Kg c/24 h (una vez/día)
En shock sépAco, susAtuir PTZ por
Carbapenémico
Delgado Piperacilina/Tazobactam 4,5 g IV c/6 h +
Colon Amikacina 20 mg/Kg c/24 h (una vez/día)
Apendicular En shock sépAco o acumulación de FR,
Recto susAtuir PTZ por Imipinem 0,5 gr IV c/6h
Foco ATB
HepáAco
No anAbióAcos previos Piperacilina/Tazobactam 4,5 g IV c/6 h
Biliar Si presenta criterio de gravedad agregar
Intervalo entre cirugía índice y reoperación menor de 5 días
Gastro-duodenal Amikacina 20 mg/Kg c/24 h (una vez/día)
AnAbióAcos 24 horas o menos En shock sépAco, susAtuir PTZ por
Carbapenémico
No procedimientos invasivos previos
Delgado Piperacilina/Tazobactam 4,5 g IV c/6 h +
Colon Amikacina 20 mg/Kg c/24 h (una vez/día)
Apendicular En shock sépAco o acumulación de FR,
Recto susAtuir PTZ por Imipinem 0,5 gr IV c/6h
AlternaAva:
Tigeciclina + Colisln + Fluconazol
Tigeciclina + Fosfomicina + Fluconazol
Si uso previo de Azoles, susAtuir Fluconazol por Equinocandina
ü Trasplante HepáAco
Puntaje ≥ de 26
Mortalidad entre 55 y 69%
Sensibilidad 80%
Especificidad de 70%
Fallas orgánicas:
Renal: creaAnina sérica > 2 mg/dL o urea > 1 gr/L u oliguria (diuresis < 20 ml/h)
Respiratoria: PaO2 < 50 mm Hg al aire o equivalente o PaCO2 > 50 mm Hg
Shock: hipotensión o hiperfusión que no revierten con aporte parenteral
IntesAnal: parálisis > 24 horas o íleo intesAnal completo
Bruch HP, Woltmann A, Eckmann C. Surgical management of peritoniAs and sepsis. Zentralbl Chir 1999;124(3):176-180
Gracias