GRADO 7°

CUARTO PERIODO

EJE:
 Interpretació n y Producció n Textual
 Expresió n oral y ética comunicativa
 Sistemas y estructuras de significació n
 Diversidad Cultural y estética del lenguaje
ESTÁNDARES BÁSICOS

El lenguaje que domino me permite tratar temas cotidianos o sobre los que tengo
conocimiento pero es normal que cometa algunos errores bá sicos
 Escucho un texto oral y si me resulta familiar, comprendo la informació n má s importante
COMPETENCIAS NACIONALES

 Expresar correctamente en Inglés y en pasado, ideas completas sobre temas cotidianos

COMPETENCIA COGNOSCITIVA – CONCEPTUAL

 Mi infancia
 Means of transportation
 Vacacations, Weekends, and holidays
 Prepositions of movement and position E.g. Around, through, across…
 Conectores ló gicos y de secuencias má s comunes
 Parts of speech (kind of words) E.g. Verb, adjective, noun, conjunction, adverb… 9 4

COMPETENCIA PROCEDIMENTAL

Composició n de textos cortos empleando las diferentes estructuras gramaticales trabajadas

durante el curso apropiá ndose del vocabulario visto.
 Realizació n de entrevistas y cuestionarios sobre la familia, infancia y entorno.
 Exposiciones orales breves de manera individual y grupal
 Participació n en diá logos y representaciones de situaciones auténticas.
COMPETENCIA ACTITUDINAL

 Valora la buena escritura como un medio para ser mejor comprendido y expresar sus
sentimientos.
 Aprecia la familia como nú cleo esencial en la formació n de principios, valores y há bitos para
desempeñ arse en sociedad.
 Muestra motivació n y gusto por expresar sus ideas en inglés
 Asume con responsabilidad los diferentes roles de la vida cotidiana
INDICADORES DE DESEMPEÑO

 Identifica los diferentes tiempos simples y construye textos cortos con coherencia y cohesió n.
 Expone a través de diferentes medios orales y escritos, temá ticas trabajadas durante el curso.
 Asume con responsabilidad cada uno de los deberes que se le asignan
MI INFANCIA
Talking about your childhood

When you talk about your childhood, you need to use past tenses and probably ‘used to’ as well.
Here are some tips to avoid some of the most common mistakes.

Past tenses
Some verbs are more difficult than others. There are the ordinary regular past tense verbs such
as ‘lived’, ‘walked’ and ‘played’, which are pretty easy to remember. However, there are also the
irregular ones such as ‘was’, ‘went’, and ‘made’, which you need to make sure you know. Try
using new irregular past-tense verbs in your diary.

Talking about past abilities

When you talk about past abilities you have to use ‘could’ and ‘could not’ not ‘can’ and ‘cannot’. If
you use ‘used to’ you can’t use ‘could’ or ‘could not’; you have to ‘I used to be able to’ or ‘I did not
use to be able to’.

Example:
When I was nine I could read music and I could play the euphonium a little. The only problem was I
didn’t use to be able to carry it to school by myself so my dad had to drive me to school but he
couldn’t give me a lift home. In the end, I gave it up because I got tired of carrying it. I took piano
lessons instead and I didn’t have to carry a piano to the teacher’s house.

Used to
We use used to + infinitive when we talk about things that happened regularly in the past but do
not happen now. In the negative we say didn’t use to + infinitive:

 I used to play in the snow every winter.

 I used to get up early to go to school.
 I didn’t use to go to bed so late.

We can use this structure with both states and actions:

 I didn’t use to have any responsibilities, but now I have a family. (STATE)

 I used to go to school every day, but now I work. (ACTION)

You might want to read this post I wrote about used to. ‘Used to’ is used only a little in
conversations otherwise you sound unnatural. After you have talked about the action that was
done often but then stopped, you can talk about it using the simple past tense or the past
continuous tense.

Example:
I used to study the piano pretty hard because it was a musical instrument that I could play pop
music on. My teacher made me study classical music like Schubert and Grieg but I was always
playing The Doors, Duran Duran and The Shamen on my keyboard at home.

Talking about your past thoughts about the future

When you were a child you probably thought that your life was going to be different, perhaps that
you would be famous. When you want to talk about such things as ambitions, dreams or
intentions (whether they came true or not) you need to use ‘would’ or ‘(was) going to’.

Example:
My school friends and I thought we would play a concert at the local youth club but we never
practised enough. I knew I was going to have to find new bandmates to succeed.

Other things to think about

When you talk about your childhood, you might want to talk about toys you played with (Barbie
dolls, He-Man action figures, board games and television programmes you liked.
I told you about my musical dreams as a child. Tell me about your childhood in the comments.

When we are telling a story or recalling a situation from a long time ago, we often prefer to
use would + infinitive to describe repeated behaviour in the past. However, both
“would and used to” are possible:

 I remember growing up in home town. My life was completely different. I would get
up early every day and go to school. In the winter, I would play in the snow with my
friends.

Note that we can only use would to describe past events and actions. It is not usually used with
states. To describe past states we can only use used to:

 I didn’t use to have any responsibilities. (NOT I wouldn’t have any responsibilities.)

COGNITIVE ACTIVITIES

1. Write: True/False.

A. We use used to when we describe a habit in the past _____________

 B. We often use used to in order to contrast a past habit with what we do now _____________

C. The past simple is also possible but used to is less common _____________
D. Used to is only used in written English _____________

2. Put a Check mark the correct sentences. Rewrite the incorrect sentences.

1) _________She used have long hair, but now it’s short.

2) _________I used to eat meat but now I’m vegetarian.
3) _________Did Rachel and Eva used to play in a band when they were younger?
4) _________They used to have a dog?
5) _________Dad didn’t use to have a beard. 01
6) _________What time did you use to wake up on Sunday?
7) _________It didn’t used to snow a lot in the winter?
8) _________We didn’t use to see our friends during the week.

PROCEDURAL ACTIVITIES

A. Complete the personal details

1. I used to drink ............................................................................... but now I don’t

2. I used to live in ............................................................................... but now I don’t
3. I used to go to ............................................................................... but now I don’t
4. I used to play with ...........................................................................but now I don’t
5. I used to read ............................................................................... but now I don’t
6. I used to watch ...............................................................................but now I don’t
7. I used to listen ............................................................................... but now I don’t
8. I used to get up at ............................................................................but now I don’t
9. I used to go to bed at .......................................................................but now I don’t
10. I used to sit next to ...................................................................... but now I don’t
11. I used to love ............................................................................... but now I don’t
12. I used to hate ............................................................................... but now I don’t

B. Complete the sentences with used to, didn't use to or did...use to according to the
context.

1. We __________(live) in London years ago.

2. __________(you/go) cycling when you were five?
3. Tourists __________(not/ come) years ago.
4. When she was younger she never __________(wear) jeans because they didn't fit her.
 5. __________(you/go) to the cinema in the afternoon.
6. We never __________(eat) chocolate after lunch.
7. Last summer I always __________(meet) her at the seaside.
8. __________(he/buy) the newspaper before going to work?
9. They __________(not/spend) their holidays in Portugal.
10. She __________(spend) a lot of money on cosmetics years ago.
11. My sister __________(to be ) a brilliant student.
12. __________(he/ give/not) a birthday party to his friends in the past?
13. She never __________ (speak) loud because she suffered from her throat.
14. Years ago we __________(see) her a lot because she lived near us.
15. Last year we never __________(stay) at home in the evening.
16. __________(they/play) hockey at school.

C. Give two examples of every grammar form according to the rules below.

GRAMMAR:

 I used to be shy.
 I always used to play with dolls.
 I never used to get much pocket money.
 People didn’t use to have play stations.
 Did you use to have many friends?

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ATTITUDINAL ACTIVITIES

Write a kind of biography about your childhood. Contain information about your birth
place, school, family members, past events, friends and dreams.
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Go around your classroom and find someone Who… (Write their names)

Used to play on a Used to have long hair Used to sing in the Used to watch
soccer team shower cartoons

Used to be shy Used to go to the Used to cheat Used to love Celine

beach everyday Dion

Used to want to be a Used to live with their Used to play marbles Used to jump rope
professional soccer parents
player

Used to hate school Used to have a dog Used to have a job Used to play Nintendo

Childhood memories

Practice orally what you learned in this lesson using the questions below.

What is your earliest childhood

memory? Describe it. What are your best memories of
 when you were a child? 
Was your childhood a happy time?
Why or Why not?
Do the photos from your childhood
show? 
What do your parents tell you from
when you were a child?
Were you told off a lot? What for?
Did you ever set up any secret groups
or societies? 
What was your favorite food when
you were young? Do you still like it?
Do you ever talk about your
childhood with anybody?
If yes, what kind of things do you talk
about and who with? If no why not?

What did you enjoy doing as a child?

Why? 
MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION
COGNITIVE ACTIVITIES
PROCEDURAL ACTIVITIES
Using the words in the box below, complete the following sentences to make them true.

skateboard rockets ships tram shuttles motorcar

bicycle canoe Trains airplane bus

1. To fly from Australia to China people travel in an _________________ .

2. To travel in the city, you use a type of train called a _____________.
3. _________________can only travel on railway tracks to get from one city to another.
4. Astronauts travel in _________________ and _______________ to go to the moon.
5. Large ____________ travel the seas carrying food, cars and other large things.
6. My dad and I went on a camping holiday and used a _______________ to travel down the Murray
river.
7. A Holden is a type of _______________ made in South Australia.
8. Patrick had to pedal his __________________ to get up the hill.
9. I saw a boy fall off his ________________ trying to do a trick at the skate park.
10. This morning I came to school with all my friends on the school _____.

Exercise: Put in BY, IN, or ON.

1. Karen usually goes to work _____ bus. 2. I saw Jane this morning. She was _____ the bus. 3. How
did you get here? Did you come _____ train? 4. How did you get here? Did you come _____ the train?
5. I decided not to go _____ car. I went _____ my bike instead. 6. I didn't feel like walking home, so I
came home _____ a taxi. 7. How long does it take to cross the Atlantic _______ boat. 8. Sorry we're
late. We missed the bus, so we had to come _____ foot.

The Wheel
ATTITUDINAL ACTIVITIES

1. Put the words from the box into the correct column
air rail road

2. How many other transport words can you add?

air land water

3. Answer the following questions: Which form of transport is…

• the safest?___________________________________________________________________________
• the most expensive? ________________________________________________________________
• the most convenient? _______________________________________________________________
• the most comfortable? ______________________________________________________________
• the fastest? ___________________________________________________________________________
• the cheapest? ________________________________________________________________________

4. Which means of transport do you usually use? Which do you like the most?
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

5. How many means of transport did you use? What did you like the most?
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

VACACATIONS
COGNITIVE ACTIVITIES

A. Here are some questions that might be asked at a travel agent’s. Match the replies
a-h to the client’s questions 1-8
1. Do I have to change planes anywhere? a. Is that economy class or business
class?

2. Can I get an APEX ('Advanced

Purchase Excursion.') ticket? b. No. It’s a direct flight.

3. Is it best to fly from Paris to Lyon? c. No, it’s a non-stop flight.

4. I’m booked on a flight to New York d. No, you have to change trains in
tomorrow, but I can’t travel then. What Bologna. Is that OK.?
should I do?

e. Not really. It’s better to take a train.

5. What time do I have to be at the
airport?
f. Would you like me to cancel your
reservation?
6. Dos the flight stop anywhere en route?

g. Yes, but only if you stay over Saturday

7. Does the train go all the way to night. Is that all right?
Venice?

h. Your check-in time is 5:30 and your

8. How much is a round trip to Tokyo? departure time is 6:30. Do you want me
to book you a taxi?
Go alone and find yourself

After two days in Florence, Italy, I had already met some fascinating people. When you are with a
companion it’s easy to focus on that person and forget about meeting Europeans and other
travellers. Without the comfortable crutch of a friend, you are more likely to know the joys of
self-discovery and the pleasures found in the kindness of strangers. You will be exploring
yourself as well as a new country and culture. Solo travel gives you complete freedom and
independence. You can decide where to go, how far to travel, how much to spend and when to
call it a day.

Of course, there are downsides to travelling alone. Accommodation typically costs more because
you are not splitting the bill and you may be more vulnerable to theft, but the biggest struggle is
loneliness. If you don’t feel comfortable travelling alone, consider joining a tour. With a tour, all of
your hotel rooms are reserved, a guide plans most of your activities and other tour members
keep you company. I have talked to too many people who put off their travel dreams because
they don’t want to do it alone: don’t delay – just go!

B. According to the reading called “Go alone and find yourself” Write true or false

1. Many people are afraid to travel alone but it can be a rewarding experience. True/False

2. People do not learn things about themselves when they travel. True/False

3. The author thinks it is better to stay home than to travel without friends. True/False

C. According to the reading above answer the following questions

a) What did the author do in Florence?

1. he ate lots of gelato
2. he met fascinating people
3. he rode in a taxi

b) According to the author, which of the following can you enjoy when you travel alone:
1. self-discovery
2. self-confidence
3. self-reliance

c) Which of the following best describes the decisions you can make when you travel alone:
1. where to go, how much to spend, when to rest
2. where to go, how much to sleep, when to rest
3. where to go, how much to spend, when to eat

d) Which of the following is something negative about traveling solo:

1. more expensive food
 2. more expensive hotel rooms
3. more expensive airfare

e) Which of the following is an advantage of joining a tour:

1. not being alone
2. not being hungry
3. not being tired

PROCEDURAL ACTIVITIES

ATTITUDINAL ACTIVITIES
Choose one topic or two to create a conversation. Then practice it with a partner

1A: At the bus station: (Passenger)

You want to go to the Museum but you don’t know which bus goes to the Museum. You notice
that bus no. 19 which was boarding a minute ago is now moving. Ask anyone around you if
he/she knows which bus number goes to the Museum.

1B: At the bus station: (Passenger)

You are going downtown. You are waiting for bus no. 17 which goes downtown. You are familiar
with the buses schedules because you use them every day. Someone will talk to you now. You
know the following information:

Bus no. 8 goes to City Hall & it is every 30 minutes – Bus no. 6 goes to the airport & it is every 20
minutes – Bus no. 19 goes to the Museum & it is every 20 minutes.
2A: At the train station: (Passenger)

You are traveling to Alex. You read track 3 on your ticket instead of 8 by mistake. You boarded
the train on track 3 but you feel that something is wrong. You are worried, so ask the passenger
sitting next to you if this is the train going to Alex, just to make sure.

2B: At the train station: (Passenger)

You are a passenger on the train going to Aswan on track 3. The passenger sitting next to you will
ask you a question.

3A: At the airport: (Passenger)

You are traveling to New York on a business trip. You look at the departures board but you
cannot see your flight no. on the board. On your ticket, the departure time is 3 pm & now it is 2
pm. Go to the information desk & ask about your flight’s status & gate no. Your flight no. is N63.

3B: At the airport: (Information desk clerk)

Your manager just informed you that flight no. N63 to New York was going to be delayed due to
bad weather & he didn’t say for how long. He also asked you to update the departure board &
make an announcement & offer the passengers free lunch at the airport’s restaurant. A passenger
is walking towards your desk now, talk to him & be polite.

4A: At the airport:

You are picking up your wife at the airport. She is coming from New York. You forgot your
eyeglasses at home & you find it difficult to read the arrivals board. You want to know the status
of her flight & the gate no. to meet her there. Someone is walking towards you, talk to him/her.

WEEKENDS AND HOLIDAYS

COGNITIVE ACTIVITIES
 I always enjoy summer. Do you? In summer, I like to relax and forget about school. I don't
have to get up early and I can see my friends any time I want.
       My holidays are usually with my parents. We go to different places in Britain and sometimes
abroad. In Britain, I like going to Devon, Somerset and Scotland – but my favourite place of all is
Yorkshire. It has lovely countryside and fantastic old buildings. The only problem is the weather!
       Last summer, I had two holidays. One was in Somerset, in a little village by the sea, and
another was in Naples, in Italy. I went with my mother to Italy – by train! The journey took
twenty-eight hours.
                                                                                                               Patrick, 12, Britain
     
It's hot in the United States in summer. In Washington State, it doesn't rain much, but it
still stays very green.
       During summer we love to swim, lie in the sun, go camping, and spend nights at our friends'
houses. We usually go somewhere with our parents. Last year we went to California for the first
part of summer and then to Disneyland. We also looked at international stars in Los Angeles. We
met Nelly Furtado! After a rest, we went to Maine and Massachusetts with our mom, sister, and a
friend. We stayed with our grandfather in Massachusetts, and then we went camping in Maine.
We played on the beaches, and went sailing.
                                                                                                  Kate, 12 and Jane, 14, USA
 
1. Mark true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones.
 
1. During summer Kate and Jane do different activities._________
2. Patrick has a relaxing timetable in summer. _________
3. Last summer Kate and Jane travelled with their family and with a friend. _________
4. Patrick hates summer. _________

2. Answer these questions about Patrick. Write complete answers.

 
1. Why does Patrick like summer?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Who does he spend his holiday with?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________

3. What does he like and dislike about his favourite place?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

PROCEDURAL ACTIVITIES

Answer about yourself:

Last week…

a) … did you watch TV?_________________________________________________________________________

b) … did you walk in the park?_________________________________________________________________

c) … did you visit your grandmother?_________________________________________________________

d) … did you phone your friends?______________________________________________________________

e) … did you arrive late at school ? ____________________________________________________________

f) … did you cook dinner?______________________________________________________________________

Complete the following Reading called “My summer holidays”.

 This summer I had great holidays! I hardly spent a day at home. In June I ________________

and ____________ with my friends. It was rather hard but exciting! In July my

family and I went to the seaside. We _________ in the sea and

___________ on the beach. In August I visited my grandparents in the country.

I ______ _ _______ and ________ ___________ with my friends. Once we ______

____ _ ___________ . We put a tent, made fire and told funny stories at night. I

enjoyed my summer holidays very much!

ATTITUDINAL ACTIVITIES

A. Practice the following questions about the weekend with a partner.

1. What do you usually like to do on the weekend?

2. What did you do last weekend?
3. What is the most interesting thing you did or saw last weekend?
4. Did you meet any friends or family?
5. Do you have more free time now than when you were a child?
6. What would you do if you had more free time?
7. Is there such a thing as too much free time?
8. Do you like meeting new people? Why or why not?
9. What are some things that you usually talk about when you meet a new person?
10. Where is the best place to meet people here in Perth / Australia?

B. Watch the video called “the weekend” by Ariana grande and complete the following
activities. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g5qU7p7yOY8

1. Complete the sentences:

Tell me something ____________________________________________________
Then take my breath _________________________________________________
If you just let me _____________________________________________________
I'll take the pleasure, ________________________________________________

2. Match:

1. And if in the moment ____ a .you'll know this is

2. Baby, in that moment ____ b. to believe it

3. Something bigger ____ c. than us and beyond bliss

4. Give me a reason ____ d. I bite my lip

3. Unscramble the words:

(CHORUS)
'Cause if you _____ TWNA to ____ EEKP me, you gotta, gotta, gotta, gotta, got to __________
EOVL me __________ RREADH And if you really _____________ DNEE me,
you gotta, gotta, gotta, gotta, got to _________ EOLV me __________ RREAH

Baby, love me harder 4. Cross out the extra words:

Ooh, ooh, ooh, oooh,
Love me, love me, love me, So tell me what to do I do if I can't not figure it out today?
Ooh, ooh, ooh, oooh, You got to try, try, try hard again, oh yeah.
Harder, harder, harder Say so what to do I do if I can't figure this it out?
(CHORUS) I'm gonna leave, leave, leave you again here

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE AND POSITION

COGNITIVE ACTIVITIES
Part 2 - Underline the correct preposition.

a) She walked up to / past the door and rang the door bell.
b) It took 20 minutes to walk around / from her house to / under the cinema.
c) Oh no! That policeman is walking towards / around us.
d) The athletes ran around / through the track three times.
e) We drove past / round for ages looking for her house.
f) He walked up to / away from me and gave me a flower.
g) We gave him a lift through / from the airport to / towards the hotel.
h) The mouse ran under / through the chair to get away from / around the car.
i) The kids walked around / onto the back of the house.
j) Don’t walk away from / up to me when I’m talking to you!
 k) Don’t walk across / through the street so slowly.
l) I looked along / around the room and finally saw him standing there.

PROCEDURAL ACTIVITIES

Choose the best option

1. Max is standing _____ Rita and Helen. (among \ between)

2. You can find your photo _____ the pages of this book. (among \ between)
3. Our house is _____ the supermarket and the bank. (among \ opposite \ between)
4. I can’t see my mother _____ the visitor. (between \ among)
5. There are a lot of good sportsmen _____ the pupils of our class. (between \ among)
6. Granny’s parrot likes to sit _____ the mirror. (in front of \ opposite)
7. I can’t see the film. You are _____ the TV-set! (in front of \ opposite)
8. Max likes to sit _____ Granny at the table. (in front of \ opposite)
9. There is a cozy armchair _____ my room. (in front of \ in the middle of \ in the corner of)
10. There is a beautiful forest _____ the river. (beyond \ in the middle of)
11. There is a table _____ the room. (beyond \ in the middle)
12. There is river _____ the mountains. (in the corner of \ beyond)
13. We often go _____ the library after classes. (in \ to)
14. Rita always comes _____ school in time. (to \ at)
15. Tom! Grandpa is _____ the garden. He is very tired. Please go _____ the garden and help him to
water the flowers. (in \ into \ to)
16. Max! We have a lot of guests! Could you bring a few chairs _____ the living room? (to \ into)
17. Go _____ the blackboard and write the date, please! (to \ at)
18. Look! There is a black stain _____ your trousers. Take the pen _____ your pocket! (on \ out of \
from)
19. Look at this cat! He always comes _____ the aquarium and watches the goldfish. (to \ into)
20. It’s very hot in here. Please bring me a bottle of cold water _____ the fridge. (from \ out of)
21. Take these clothes _____ the chair and put them _____ the wardrobe. (into \ in \ off \ out of)
22. Take these books _____ the floor and put them _____ the bookcase. (into \ in \ from \ out of)
23. Please put the apples _____ the bowl and wash them. (in \ into)
24. Put the vase _____ the table, please. (on \ in)
25. The children are _____ the yard. (in \ on)
Which preposition is missing here? Choose from the ones given in the box

up 2x towards 2x in 5x at 2x on 4x
of downstairs before in the middle of over
with to by from about

A scary story
This Summer I spent a couple of days (1) ……..my friend Alice’s village. We stayed (2)

………her cottage, which had 2 floors. It was a remote village, (3) …………………………

nowhere, let’s say (4) ………. 2 hours far from the next village.

Alice and I were sharing a room (5) ………the 1st floor; then one night just (6)…………..

4.30, a scream woke me (7) ……

“Oh no, Alice!” I thought.

Immediately I looked (8) …………her bed, but it was empty. I got out (9)….....bed to

the room where Alice used to sleep, but it was empty, too.

I went(10) …………………trying not to make any noise; I had decided to be courageous,

but (11)……that moment I saw a terrifying shadow (12)………..the kitchen and I thought

that it would be a good idea to phone the police. I crept (13)……………….…. the

dinning-room because that was where the phone was. However, I was looking (14)

……….…

my shoulder to keep an eye(15) ……….the shadow, when I cut my hand (16)……….a glass.

“I’m not going (17)………… shout, “ I thought. But when I saw my hand covered (18)

…………. blood and discovered some more glass and more blood, I decided “I’m going

to shout!”. So I shouted so loudly that the shadow started to move, and it was

moving (19) ……………… me! I picked (20)………. a piece of glass (21)…………the floor to

die (22)………dignity but when the owner of the shadow appeared (23)…………….the

corridor she asked me:

“What’s the matter?”

“Alice!!?? “ I said, “but you are dead!”

“Oh, thanks.”

“No. The blood. The scream and…the glass.”

“The blood is ketchup, the pieces of glass were the ketchup bottle and my scream

was caused (24)…………the bottle when it fell (25) ……………my foot.”

ATTITUDINAL ACTIVITIES

Look at or think of your bedroom and describe the way your furniture is located.

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Talk to your partner about the location of different places around your school. Write some
of them in your notebook.

Go to the link below and practice more the prepositions.

http://www.powershow.com/view/3c5aaa-YjI4M/
Prepositions_of_Movement_powerpoint_ppt_presentation

CONECTORES LÓGICOS Y DE SECUENCIAS MÁS COMUNES

Using Connectors

LINKING USE EXAMPLE

WORD

AND To add ideas, My favorite subjects are math and english.

information

BUT To contrast ideas He never studies, but he gets very good grades.

OR To give options I like watching tv or listening to music in my free

time.
BECAUSE To give reasons or The soccer match was cancelled because it was
explanations raining.

SO To give a result or Last week mary broke her arm, so she can’t play
consequence tennis for a few months.

ALSO/TOO To add ideas, Last weekend i went to the mall with my mother
information and we watched a movie at the cinema. Also, we
went to a very nice restaurant to have something
To link sentences to eat.

Last weekend i went to the mall with my mother

and we watched a movie at the cinema too.

BESIDES To add information Besides playing the piano, mark also plays the
violin.

ALTHOUGH To contrast ideas Although i speak english very well, i don’t know
how to write it.

HOWEVER To contrast ideas Yesterday it was raining very hard. However; we

still went to the country to walk.

THEREFORE To give a result or Last night i was very sick; therefore, i was absent
consequence to school today.

AS (because) To give reasons or As it was raining, the soccer match was cancelled.
explanations

SINCE To give reasons or The soccer match was cancelled since it was
(because) explanations raining.

PURPOSE LINKING EXAMPLE

WORD

RESULT So It was late, so I decided to take a taxi home.

Consequently His wife left him. As a result, he became very depressed.

/ As a result /
The storm was so terrible that the roofs were ripped off.
Therefore
He was such a handsome man that she fell in love
So / Such
immediately.
(a) ........... that

CAUSE AND Because / Since we arrived late, all the best seats had been taken.
REASON Since / As
We were unable to go by train because of the rail strike.
Because of /
Due to
CONTRAST Although / Although the car is old, it is still reliable.
Even though /
Despite / In spite of the rain, I went for a walk.
But
Buying a house is expensive. However, it is a good
Despite / In
investment.
spite of

TIME When / While I was driving home, I saw a terrible accident.

While / After /
He went out after he had finished work.
Before / As
soon as /
Until / By the
time

ADDITION Furthermore / I don´t feel like going out tonight. Besides, there is a good
Moreover / film on.
Besides
She writes novels. In addition, she also writes poetry.
In addition to /
They robbed a bank as well as a post office.
As well as
They adore Indian food. I like Indian food, too.
Also / Too

PURPOSE In order (not) Anita phoned me in order to recommend a film she had just
to / So as seen.

In this lesson, we would like to introduce connectors and words that are commonly used in
writing.  Although the words have different grammatical names, they share one thing in common:
they all continue or add to ideas that were written in the preceding sentence.   

These words are not interchangeable.  In other words, you cannot remove one of these words
and add any other.  The best way to explain how to use these words is to simply give you
examples.  One thing they all have in common is that they are usually attached to clauses.  That
means they are attached to a group of words that contains a subject and a verb. The positions of
the words are the most common but not necessarily the only positions.

COGNITIVE ACTIVITIES

1. What do connectors share in common?

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2. Can you remove one connector and add any other? Why, why not?

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3. What about the position in a sentence, are connectors movable? Explain your
answer and give some examples.

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PROCEDURAL ACTIVITIES

A. Insert the right connector in each of these blanks:

with because also through about near

in spite of both but firstly however

Studying in an English village

I recently visited England to try to improve my English ; (1)…………………………………………, all in all,

I dare say, it certainly wasn’t what I had expected. (2) ……………………………, I wanted to go
somewhere(3) …………………………… to Oxford(4) ……………………………..I had heard that the best
English is spoken there. Besides, someone told me that the best academies are (5)……………………..
there. The other possibility was London, but it was (6)………………………very expensive and it
offered too many temptations for my spare time.

I chose to go to a village. I found it (7)…………………………….the Internet and kept in touch (8)

………………….. the agency by e-mail. I received information (9)………………………. my tutor, a short
explanation about my future house, pictures of the house, the village, etc…

(10)………………………. I could never have imagined what it meant to live in an English village! (11)
……………….. the “culture shock”, I consider that this experience was a good investment.

B. Choose the correct connector to complete the sentences:

1. Mark bough a book _______ didn´t read it. ( but / or)

2. I opened the window _______ it was very hot in the room. ( so / because)
3. In the evening Mary stays at home _______ studies. ( and / also)
4. Tim likes skateboarding _______ he often does it. ( or / so)
5. Do you prefer playing tennis _______ watching TV? ( too / or)
6. Philip makes pizzas and serves them _______ . ( because / too)
7. _______ the rain Mary didn´t go to school. ( but / because of)
8. Jim is extremely clever. He is _______ very efficient. (and/ also)

ATTITUDINAL ACTIVITIES

A. Rewrite the following sentences starting them as suggested below. Don’t forget to
make the necessary changes.

1. In spite of breeding ignorance and feeding radiation, television continues to be watched

by many people.

Although_________________________________________________________________________________________________
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2. It is difficult to predict the effects of new technological inventions. They’re actually being
developed very rapidly.
As_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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3. Information technology and the widespread use of computers may affect employment
prospects and working conditions.

Both______________________________________________________________________________________________________
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4. Telecommunication technologies cannot be used by developing countries unless they

become much cheaper.

Because__________________________________________________________________________________________________
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5. For some, technological transformation is a liberating experience, for others, it is a

disconcerting break with comfortable routine.

Technological transformation is either

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6. The use of new technologies will make exchange of experiences easier.

The exchange of experiences will be made easier due to

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 B. Write a paragraph using the connectors provided.

And but
while or
because when
so since

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PARTS OF SPEECH (KIND OF WORDS)

Part of Speech Overview

In the English language, words can be considered as the smallest elements that have distinctive
meanings. Based on their use and functions, words are categorized into several types or parts of
speech. This article will offer definitions and examples for the eight major parts of speech in
English grammar: noun, pronoun, verb, adverb, adjective, conjunction, preposition, and
interjection.

1. Noun
This part of a speech refers to words that are used to name persons, things, animals, places, ideas,
or events. Nouns are the simplest among the eight parts of speech, which is why they are the first
ones taught to students in primary school.

Examples:

 Tom Hanks is very versatile.

 The italicized noun refers to a name of a person.
 Dogs can be extremely cute.
 In this example, the italicized word is considered a noun because it names an animal.

There are different types of nouns namely:

 Proper– proper nouns always start with a capital letter and refers to specific names of
persons, places, or things.
 Examples: Volkswagen Beetle, Shakey’s Pizza, Game of Thrones
 Common– common nouns are the opposite of proper nouns. These are just generic names of
persons, things, or places.
 Examples: car, pizza parlor, TV series
 Concrete– this kind refers to nouns which you can perceive through your five senses.
 Examples: folder, sand, board
 Abstract- unlike concrete nouns, abstract nouns are those which you can’t perceive through
your five senses.
 Examples: happiness, grudge, bravery
 Count– it refers to anything that is countable, and has a singular and plural form.
 Examples:  kitten, video, ball
 Mass– this is the opposite of count nouns. Mass nouns are also called non-countable nouns,
and they need to have “counters” to quantify them.
 Examples of Counters: kilo, cup, meter
 Examples of Mass Nouns: rice, flour, garter
  Collective– refers to a group of persons, animals, or things.
 Example: faculty (group of teachers), class (group of students), pride (group of lions)

2. Pronoun
A pronoun is a part of a speech which functions as a replacement for a noun. Some examples of
pronouns are: I, it, he, she, mine, his, hers, we, they, theirs, and ours.
Sample Sentences:

 Janice is a very stubborn child. She just stared at me and when I told her to stop.
 The largest slice is mine.
 We are number one.
The italicized words in the sentences above are the pronouns in the sentence.

3.  Adjective
This part of a speech is used to describe a noun or a pronoun. Adjectives can specify the quality,
the size, and the number of nouns or pronouns.

Sample Sentences:

 The carvings are intricate.

 The italicized word describes the appearance of the noun “carvings.”
 I have two hamsters.
 The italicized word “two,” is an adjective which describes the number of the noun
“hamsters.”

4. Verb
This is the most important part of a speech, for without a verb, a sentence would not exist. Simply
put, this is a word that shows an action (physical or mental) or state of being of the subject in a
sentence.

Examples of “State of Being Verbs” : am, is, was, are, and were

Sample Sentences:

 As usual, the Stormtroopers missed their shot.

 The italicized word expresses the action of the subject “Stormtroopers.”
 They are always prepared in emergencies.
 The verb “are” refers to the state of being of the pronoun “they,” which is the subject in the
sentence.
5. Adverb
Just like adjectives, adverbs are also used to describe words, but the difference is that adverbs
describe adjectives, verbs, or another adverb.

The different types of adverbs are:

 Adverb of Manner– this refers to how something happens or how an action is done.
 Example: Annie danced gracefully.
 The word “gracefully” tells how Annie danced.
 Adverb of Time- this states “when” something happens or “when” it is done.
 Example: She came yesterday.
 The italicized word tells when she “came.”
 Adverb of Place– this tells something about “where” something happens or ”where”
something is done.
 Example:  Of course, I looked everywhere!
 The adverb “everywhere” tells where I “looked.”
 Adverb of Degree– this states the intensity or the degree to which a specific thing happens
or is done.
 Example: The child is very talented.
 The italicized adverb answers the question, “To what degree is the child talented?”

6. Preposition
This part of a speech basically refers to words that specify location or a location in time.

Examples of Prepositions: above, below, throughout, outside, before, near, and since

Sample Sentences:

 Micah is hiding under the bed.

 The italicized preposition introduces the prepositional phrase “under the bed,” and
tells where Micah is hiding.
 During the game, the audience never stopped cheering for their team.
 The italicized preposition introduces the prepositional phrase “during the game,” and
tells when the audience cheered.

7. Conjunction
The conjunction is a part of a speech which joins words, phrases, or clauses together.

Examples of Conjunctions:  and, yet, but, for, nor, or, and so

Sample Sentences:
  This cup of tea is delicious and very soothing.
 Kiyoko has to start all over again because she didn’t follow the professor’s instructions.
 Homer always wanted to join the play, but he didn’t have the guts to audition.
The italicized words in the sentences above are some examples of conjunctions.

8. Interjection
This part of a speech refers to words which express emotions. Since interjections are commonly
used to convey strong emotions, they are usually followed by an exclamation point.

Examples of Interjections:

Sample Sentences:

 Ouch! That must have hurt.

 Hurray, we won!
 Hey! I said enough!

COGNITIVE ACTIVITIES

1. What are the eight major parts of speech in English grammar?

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2. Name the different types of nouns and give two more examples of every case
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 3. In each of the following pairs, indicate whether the underline word is an adverb or
an adjective:

1a. My train arrived late, as usual Adverb/ Adjective

1b. I'm watching the late film Adverb/ Adjective

2a. My brother loves fast cars Adverb/ Adjective

2b. He drives too fast Adverb/ Adjective

3a. This exercise is harder than I thought Adverb/ Adjective

3b. I hope you'll try harder in future Adverb/ Adjective

4a. The Times is published daily Adverb/ Adjective

4b. The Times is a daily newspaper Adverb/ Adjective

5a. You've just ruined my best shirt Adverb/ Adjective

5b. Computers work best if you kick them Adverb/ Adjective

PROCEDURAL ACTIVITIES

Classify all words in the correct category

dependable rainy organize usually visible federalist productive typical certificate efficient

reliance effortless sympathetic manly communist casual reaction typically beggar kingly

eligible communism excessive navigate resourceful citizenship noisy nominee fantastic

federalism womanly stressful significance excellent classification daily refugee clarify

original symbolize valuable characterize chemist cheery basically persistent cowardly

helpless facial manu

NOUN VERB ADJECTIVE ADVERB

What's the best word to complete the sentence?

1. Ann walks ________. 8. The women work ________.

a. heavy b. heavily a. hard b. hardly

2. Betty is ________. 9. Mei Li dresses ________.

a. beautiful b. beautifully a. beautiful b. beautifully

3. Jin speaks Chinese ________. 10. I like to live in a ________ house.

a. fluent b, fluently a. clean b. cleanly

4. David arrived ________. 11. The soup tastes ________.

a.late b.lately a. good b. well

5. Sue learned Japanese ________. 12. The orchestra sounds ________.

a. quick b. quickly a. bad b. badly

6. Sharon usually sings ________. 13. Eric likes to sing ________ songs.
a. sad b. sadly a. sad b. sadly

7. Bill understands Spanish ________. 14. The eagle sees ________.

a. good b. well a. good b. well
15. Adriana ran ________. a. fast b. fastly

Choose the correct item from the choices in the parentheses:

1. He (correct, correctly) defined the terms. The answer sounded (correctly, correct).

2. She (quickly, quick) adjusted the fees. She adapted (quick, quickly) to any situation.

3. He measured the floor (exact, exactly). They proved to be (perfectly, perfect) (exact, exactly)
measurements.

4. The stillness of the tomb was (awfully, awful). The tomb was (awfully, awful) still.

5. It was a (dangerously, dangerous) lake to swim in. The man was (dangerous, dangerously)
drunk. The gas smelled (dangerously, dangerous).

6. She performed (magnificent, magnificently). It was a (magnificent, magnificently) beautiful

performance.

7. Her voice sounds (beautifully, beautiful). She sang the song (exact, exactly) as it was written.
We heard it (perfectly, perfect).

8. He was a very (sensibly, sensible) person. He acted very (sensible, sensibly).

9. Mike wrote too (slow, slowly) on the exam. He always writes (slow, slowly).

ATTITUDINAL ACTIVITIES

Cinderella

Complete this fairy tale by forming the correct words from the words in brackets! If there
is no word in brackets, you need to add a causative!

Once upon a time, there was a _______________ (BEAUTY) girl named Cinderella. She lived with her
wicked stepmother and two stepsisters. They ______________ (TREATMENT) Cinderella very
____________ (BAD). One day, they were _____________ (INVITATION) for a grand ball in the king’s
palace. But Cinderella’s stepmother would not let her go. The wicket stepmother made Cinderella
sew new party gowns for her stepmother and stepsisters, and curl their hair. They then went to
the ball, leaving Cinderella ____________(LONELY) at home.
Cinderella felt very sad and _____________ (BEGINNING) to cry. Suddenly, a fairy godmother
_______________ (APPEARANCE) and said, “Don’t cry, Cinderella! I will send you to the ball!” But
Cinderella was sad. She said, “I don’t have a gown to wear for the ball!” The fairy godmother
waved her magic wand and changed Cinderella’s old clothes into a beautiful new gown! The fairy
godmother then ________(TOUCH) Cinderella’s feet with the magic wand. And lo! She had beautiful
glass slippers! “How will I go to the grand ball?” Asked Cinderella. The fairy godmother
_____________ (FINDING) six mice playing near a pumpkin, in the kitchen. She touched them with
her magic wand and the mice became four ___________(SHINE) black horses and two coachmen and
the pumpkin turned into a ____________ (GOLD) coach. Cinderella was overjoyed and _______________
(DEPARTURE) for the ball in the coach drawn by the six black horses. Before leaving the fairy
godmother said, “Cinderella, this magic will only last until midnight! You must
____________(REACHABLE) home by then!”

When Cinderella ____________(ENTRANCE) the palace, everybody was struck by her

____________(BEAUTIFUL). Nobody, not even Cinderella’s stepmother or stepsisters, knew who she
really was in her _____________ (PLEASURE) clothes and shoes. The handsome prince also saw her
and fell in love with Cinderella. He went to her and asked, “Do you want to dance?” And
Cinderella said, “Yes!” The prince danced with her all night and nobody
_______________(RECOGNITION) the beautiful dancer. Cinderella was so happy dancing with the
prince that she almost _______________ (FORGETFUL) what the fairy godmother had said. At the last
moment, Cinderella ___________________ (REMEMBRANCE) her fairy godmother’s words and she
rushed to go home. “Oh! I must go!” She ______________ (OUTCRY) and ran out of the palace. One of
her glass __________ (SLIP) came off but Cinderella did not turn back for it. She reached home just
as the clock struck twelve. Her coach turned back into a pumpkin, the horses into __________
(MOUSE) and her fine ball gown into rags. Her stepmother and stepsisters reached home
_____________ (SHORT) after that. They were talking about the beautiful lady who had been dancing
with the ____________(PRINCIPAL).

The prince had ______________________(LOVE) Cinderella and wanted to find out who the beautiful
girl was, but he did not even know her name. He found the glass slipper that had come off
Cinderella’s foot as she ran home. The prince said, “I will find ___________(SHE). The lady
__________(WHO) foot fits this slipper will be the one I marry!” The next day, the prince and his
_____________(SERVE) took the glass slipper and went to all the houses in the _____________(KING).
They wanted to find the lady whose feet would fit in the slipper. All the women in the kingdom
tried the slipper but it would not fit any of them. Cinderella’s stepsisters also tried on the little
glass slipper. They tried to squeeze their feet and push hard into the slipper, but the servant was
afraid the slipper would break. Cinderella’s stepmother would not let her try the slipper on, but
the prince saw her and said, “Let her also try on the slipper!” The slipper fit her
______________(PERFECT). The prince recognized her from the ball. He married Cinderella and
together they lived ___________(HAPPINESS) ever after.

Read the fairy tale “Ciderella” again. Then mark above each word according to its function:
noun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, interjection, conjunction, or pronoun.
Remember to underline or circle every word with a different color.