Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
GUIA 10
Objetivos.
Lea sólo el título y la fuente del texto, observe el logo que lo acompaña y
responda:
3. Teniendo en cuenta lo que Ud. sabe acerca del tema del texto, ¿qué términos
espera encontrar en el mismo?
II. Realice una primera lectura rápida y global del texto para corroborar sus
predicciones acerca del mismo.
1 Botox Injections .
2 The cosmetic form of botulinum toxin, often referred to by its product ñame Botox®, is a
3 popular non-surgical injection tliat temporarily reduces or eliminates frown lines, forehead
4 creases, crows feet near the eyes and thick bands in the neck. The toxin blocks the nerve
5 impulses, temporarily paralyzing the muscles that cause wrinkles while giving the skin a
6/ smoother, more refreshed appearance. Studies also suggest that Botox is effective in
7. relieving migraine headaches, excessive sweating and muscle spasms in the neck and eyes.
Extraído de www.plasticsurgery.org
76 Unidad 11
Inglés
1. Observe el siguiente ejemplo extraído del texto y preste atención a los términos /
frases comparativas resaltadas. .
• The toxin blocks the nerve impulses, temporarily paralyzing the muscles that
cause wrínkles while giving the skín a smoother, more refreshed appearance.
(L 4-6)
• ASPS, founded in 1931, is the largest plástic surgery organizaron in the world
and the foremost authority on cosmetic and reconstructive plástic surgery. (L. 10-
13)
Los adjetivos largos que se encuentran en grado superlativo siguen la siguiente construcción:
77 Unidad II
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Módulo de Inglés
Sin embargo hay algunos adjetivos que son irregulares, por lo tanto, no siguen la regla que
acabamos de analizar. Algunos ejemplos son:
GRADO GRADO
ADJETIVO
COMPARATIVO SUPERLATIVO
good Better (than) (the) best
bad Worse (than) (the) worst
little Less (than) (the) least
far Further / farther (than) (the) furthest / farthest
as + adjetivo + as
Por ejemplo, la oración Botox is as effective as plástic surgery se interpreta como "El Botox es tan
efectivo como la cirugía pástica".
78 Unidad II
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Population Demographics
Population studies show that a person's age, race, and gender affect the probability that he or
she will develop cáncer. Most cancers occur ¡n adults middle-aged or older. The risk of cáncer
¡ncreases as individuáis age because genetic mutations accumulate slowly over many years,
and the older a person is, the more likeiy that he or she will have. accumulafced the coliectlon of
mutations necessary to turn an otherwise healthy cell into a cancerous cell. Women aged 20 to
29, for example, account for just 0.3 percent of all cases of breast cáncer, but women over age
50 account for more than 75 percent of breast cáncer cases. Cáncer of the prostate gland
shows similar age discrimination. According to the American Cáncer Societv (ACS) and the
National Cáncer Institute of Canadá (NCIC), more than 75 percent of all prostate cancers are
diagnosed in men who are over the age of 65.
Statistics show that men are more likeiy to develop cancer"íhán women. In the United States,
half of all men will develop cáncer at some point in their lifetimes. About one-third of all
American women will develop cáncer Cáncer statistics for Canadá are similar. Stomach cáncer
is about twice as common in men thari^in women, as are certainjtypes of kidney cáncer.
However, the reasons for the discrépefñcy between the sexes are unknown.
Some cancers are more^prevalent ¡n particular races than others\n the United States, for
example, bladder canceréis twice as common in white people feRañ it is in black people. White
women are slkjhjjy more1 likely to develop breast cáncer than are black women, but black
women are more likely to die of the disease. Asian, Hispanic, and Native American women
have thefTówe¡st)breast cáncer risk. On the whqle, African Americans, especially men, are more
likely to devefóp cáncer—and more likely to dié from it—than members of any other group in
the United States. Reasons for the discrepancies between races are still not entirely clear, but
many epidemiologists trace them to differences in diet and exercise, unequal access to medical
care, and exposure to carcinogens. ¡,
l A J / A f S- \4x-is---~-
Extraído de www.encarta.com - Edición 2005
4 &. CJGS>
9)
79
'Módulo de Inglés
GUIA 11
Objetivos:
Lea las preguntas que se encuentran en el recuadro. Luego de realizar una lectura
rápida y global del texto, ubíquelas en los espacios numerados.
How common are primary headaches? What are the symptoms of migraine headaches?
.0)
2 Headache is defined as pain in the head that ¡s located above the eyes or the ears, behind the head
3 (occipital), or in the back of the upper neck. Headache, like chest pain or dizziness, has many causes.
(2)
5 There are two types of headaches: primary headaches and secondary headaches. Primary headaches
6 are not associated with (caused by) other diseases. Examples of primary headaches are migraine
7 headaches, tensión headaches, and cluster headaches. Secondary headaches are caused by associated
8 disease. The associated disease may be minor or serious and life threatening. Secondary headaches
9 have diverse causes, ranging from serious and ¡fe threatening conditions such as brain tumors, strokes,
10 meningitis, and subarachnoid hemorrhages to less serious but common conditions such as withdrawal
11 from caffeine and discontinuaron of analgesics.
12 (3)
13 Tensión headaches are the most common type of primary headache; as many as 90% of adults have
14 had or will have tensión headaches. Tensión headaches are more common among women than men,
15 Migraine headaches are the second most common type of primary headache. An estimated 28 million
16 people in the United States (about 12% of the population) will experience migraine headaches. Migraine
17 headaches affect children as well as adults. Before puberty, boys and girls are affected equally by
18 migraine headaches, but after puberty, more women than men are affected. An estimated 6% of men and
19 up to 18% of women will experience a migraine headache.
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20 In the United States, migraine headaches often go undiagnosed or are misdiagnosed as tensión or sinus
21 headaches. As a result, many migraine sufferers do not receive effective treatment. :
22 Cluster headaches are a rare type primary headache, affecting 0.1% of the population. An estimated
23 85% of cluster headache sufferers are men. The average age of cluster headache sufferers is 28-30
24 years, although headaches may begin in childhood.
25 .(4)
26 Tensión headaches often begin in the back of the head and upper neck as a band-like tightness or
27 pressure. Tensión headaches also are described as a band of pressure encircling the head with the most
28 intense pain over the eyebrows. The pain of tensión headaches usually is mild (not disabling) and
29 bilateral (affecting both sides of the head). Tensión headaches are not associated with an aura (see
30 below) and are seldom associated with nausea, vomiting, or sensitivity to light and sound, Tensión
31 headaches usually occur sporadically (infrequently and without a pattern) but can occur frequently and
32 even daily in some people. Most people are able to function despite their tensión headaches.
33 .(5)
34 Migraine is a chronic condition of recurrent attacks. Most (but not all) migraine attacks are associated with
35 headaches. Migraine headaches usually are described as an intense, throbbing or pounding pain that
36 involves (íñe^emple. (Sometimes the pain can be located in the forehead, around the eye, or the back of
37 the head). The pain usually is unilateral (that ¡s, on one side of the head), although about a third of the
38 ,-time the pain is bilateral. The unilateral headaches typically change sides from one attack to the next. (In
39 fact, unilateral headaches that always occur on the same side should alert the doctor to consider a
40 secondary headache, for example, one caused by a brain tumor). A migraine headache usually is
41 aggravated by daily activities like walking upstairs. Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, facial pallor, cold hands,
42 cold feet, and sensitivity to light and sound commonly accompany migraine headaches. As a result of this
43 sensitivity to light and sound, migraine sufferers usually prefer to lie in a quiet, dark room during an attack.
44 A typical attack lasts between 4 and 72 hours.
45 An estimated 40%-60% of migraine attacks are preceded by premonitory (warning) symptoms lasting
46 hours to days. The symptoms may include sleepiness, irritability, fatigue, depression or euphoria,
47 yawning, and cravings for sweet or salty foods. Patients and their family members usually know that when
48 they observe these warning symptoms that a migraine attack is beginning.
49 An estimated 20% of migraine headaches are associated with an aura. Usually, the aura precedes the
50 headache, although occasionally it may occur simultaneously with the headache. The most common
51 auras are^flashing, brightly colored lights ¡n a zigzag pattern (i.e., fortification spectra), usually starting
52 ¡n the middle of the visual field and progressing outward and 2) a hole (i.e., scotoma) in the visual field,
53 also known as a blind spot. Some elderly migraine sufferers may experience only the visual aura without
54 the.headache. A léss common aura consists of pins-and-needles sensations in the hand and the arm on
55 one side or pins-and-needles sensations around the mouth and the nose on the same side. Other auras
56 include auditory (hearing) hallucinations and abnormal tastes and smells.
57 For approximately 24 hours after a migraine attack, the migraine sufferer may feel drained of energy and
58 may experience a low-grade headache along with sensitivity to light and sound. Unfortunately, some
59 sufferers may have recurrences of the headache during this period.
60 .(6)
61 Cluster headaches are headaches that come in groups (clusters) lasting weeks or months, separated by
81 Unidad III
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62 pain-free periods of months or years. During the period in which the cluster headaches occur, pain
63 typically occurs once or twice daily, bul some patients may experience pain more than twice daily. Each
64 episode of pain lasts from 30 minutes to one and one-half hours. Attacks tend to occur at about the same
65 time every day and often awaken the patient at night from a sound sleep. The pain typically is
66 excruciating and located unilaterally around or behind one eye. Some patients describe the pain as
67 feeling like a hot poker in the eye. the affected eye may become red, ¡nflamed, and watery. The nose on
68 the affected side may become congested and runny. Unlike patients with migraine headaches, patients
69 with cluster headaches tend to be restless. They often pace the floor, bang their heads against a wall, and
70 can be driven to desperate measures. Cluster headaches are much more common ¡n males than females.
Extraído de www.aleve.com
ENUNCIADOS NC C + líneas
4. Si bien las cefaleas en racimo son un tipo poco común, los que más
sufren de estos dolores de cabeza son los hombres.
El texto que estamos analizando en esta guía es sólo una parte de un texto más
extenso. Teniendo en cuenta la información contenida del texto de esta guía, marque
con una cruz los subtemas que Ud. cree podrían estar contenidos en el texto
completo.
82 Unidad
: Módulo de Inglés
1. Observe los siguientes ejemplos de frases sustantivas extraídas del texto. Preste
atención a las palabras subrayadas. ¿Qué función están cumpliendo esas palabras
en las frases: adjetivo o sustantivo?
^F% Las palabras^ compuestas (dos términos separados por guión o bien dos términos que
forman una sola palabra y se escriben juntos) son muy comunes en inglés.
Es importante reconocer que una palabra es compuesta para poder determinar el significado
específico de esa palabra.
Por ejemplo:
cefalea leve
2. Teniendo en cuenta lo que acaba de leer, interprete las frases sustantivas del punto
1.
UUüu.
U-
[ V.\O AUXILIAR
1. Observe las siguientes oraciones extraídas del texto y preste atención al verbo
resaltado.
,
An- estimated 28 million peop/e in the United States (about 12% of the population) will
experíence migraine headaches. (L. 15-16)
An estimated 6% of men and up to 18% of women will experíence a migraine headache. (L.
18-19)
83 Unidad III
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2. Interprete las oraciones del punto 1 en castellano, teniendo en cuenta lo que acaba de
leer.
The average age of cluster headache sufferers is 28-30 years,atthough]headaches may begin ¡n childhood.
(L 23-24)
mi
Ideal:
Idea 2:
Ideal:
Idea 2:
3. En el siguiente fragmento del texto hay un nexo que indica resultado / efecto.
Identifíquelo e indique las dos ideas relacionadas por el mismo.
In the United States, migraine headaches oñen go undiagnosed or are misdiagnosed as tensión or sinus
-^ heddaches,Á$ a result, many migraine sufferers do not rece/Ve effective treatment. (L 20-21)
Causa:
Efecto:
84 Unidad !
' Módulo de Inglés
4. En la siguiente oración el nexo de adición as well as indica adición. Interprete las dos
ideas relacionadas por el mismo.
Idea 1:
Idea 2:
En los siguientes extractos del texto encontrará los nexos that is y le. Los mismos
introducen una clarificación. Determine en cada caso qué se está clarificando.
The most common auras are (...) and 2) a hole (¡.e., scotoma) ¡n the visual field ... (L. 50-52)
^ El nexo despite indica contraste, por lo tanto las ideas relacionadas por el mismo
serán opuestas.
W El nexo as a result, indica resultado, efecto. Por lo tanto la idea anterior a ese
nexo será la causa de ese efecto.
1. En el segundo párrafo del texto de esta guia la función comunicativa que predomina
es la clasificación. ¿Qué se está clasificando en ese párrafo?
85 Unidad III
~~ ' Módulo de inglés
I I
VIII. A modo de cierre, complete el siguiente cuadro en castellano con ideas extraídas
del texto.
1
L fml ^^ ^m ^m ^^ L1> —— ^m wmm ¡^ ^m ^m >1M ^m <1M -ta ^^
SÍNTOMAS
^ ^ ^ ^^ >>_ ^^ ^ ^ ^ ^^ ^ ^m ^— Mfn ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^^ ^J
'
L __ _CEFALEAS POR TENSIÓN_ L CEFALEAS MIGRAÑOSAS _CEFALEAS Ejsl RACIMO j.
86 Unidad III
. _ __ ...... ........ Módulo de Inglés
ACTIVIDADES EXTRAS
1. Tensión headaches are the most common type ofprímary headache ... (L. 1 3)
2. Tensión headaches are more common among women than men. (L 14)
3. Tensión headaches a/so are descríbed as a band ofpressure encircling the head wíth the most
intense pain over the eyebrows. (L. 27-28)
4. Mosf (but not a//) migraine attacks are associated with headaches. (L. 34-35)
5. ... some patients may experíence pain more than twice daily. (L 63)
6. Cluster headaches are much more common ¡n males than females. (L 70)
7. The associated disease may be minor or ser/bus and Ufe threatening. (L. 8)
8. The symptoms may include sleepiness, ¡rrítability, fatigue, depression or euphoría, yawning, and
cravings forsweet orsalty foods. (L. 46-47)
9. íne afíected eye may become red, inflamed, and watery. (L. 67)
10. The nose on the affected side may become congested and runny. (L 67-68)
2. En la línea 42 encontrará otro ejemplo con el nexo as a result. Determine cuáles son las
¡deas relacionadas por este nexo.
• Secondary headaches have diverse causes, ranging from ser/bus and Ufe threatening conditions 1
such as brain tumors, strokes, meningitis, and subarachnoid hemorrhages to less ser/bus but
common conditions2 such as withdrawal from caffeine and discontinuatíon of analgesics. (L. 8-11)
Se ejemplifica:
Ejemplo:
87 Unidad III
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Se ejemplifica:
Ejemplo:
Duríng the períod ¡n which the duster headaches occur, pa/'n typically occurs once or twíce daíly,
but some patients may experíence pa/'n more íhan twice daily. (L. 62-63)
Ideal:
Idea 2:
Una vez realizadas las actividades extras, Ud. puede consultar las respuestas en el Anexo IV.
88 Unidad III