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ATENCIÓN AL CLIENTE

Guía Práctica de Técnicas y Estrategias

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ATENCIÓN AL CLIENTE

La atención al cliente engloba todas las acciones que realiza la empresa


para aumentar el nivel de satisfacción de sus clientes. Además no debe
verse tan sólo como una herramienta de marketing, orientada a
minimizar los errores y perder el menor número de clientes posible,
sino que representa un sistema de mejora continua en la empresa.
El objetivo de este material didáctico es conseguir que el alumno
adquiera unas habilidades y actitudes concretas para mejorar la
atención al cliente y conseguir así un mayor beneficio en su empresa.
En este manual se abordan temas referentes a aspectos generales de la
comunicación, tanto oral como escrita, y de la atención al público; así
como aspectos relativos al consumidor, que nos permiten establecer
unas pautas de actuación en la atención al cliente, orientadas a mejorar
la calidad de servicio.

ISBN 10: 84-96578-38-0


ISBN 13: 978-84-96578-38-8

9 788496 578388
EDITORIAL

www.ideaspropiaseditorial.com

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