International i lCi Civil ilAviation i i O Organization i i

DiseodePavimentosdeAeropuertos MtododelaFAA FAARFIELD

SeminarioInfraestructuraAeroportuaria Lima,Per,30Junioal1Julio2011

FAARFIELD
FAARFIELDesun programaparadiseo di deespesorde pavimentosde aeropuerto. p Los procedimientos implementadosenel programasonlos estndaresdediseo delaFAAcomolo estableceelAdvisory Circular(AC) 150/5320 / 6E.

FAARigid andFlexible Iterative Elastic Layered Design (DiseoporIteracin delasCapasElsticas paraPavimentos RgidosyFlexiblesde laFAA).

FAARFIELDIncorpora elcalculodelesfuerzo utilizandoelementos finitosentres dimensiones(3DFE) parapavimentos rgidosnuevosy recapeos rgidos.

FAArfield continua utilizandoel programaLEAF (layered elastic analysis for flexible pavement)analisis de capaselsticaspara pavimentosflexibles nuevosyrecapeo flexible

FAARFIELD(Cont (Cont) )
Elmodelodefallaha sidorevisadototalmente parapavimentosrgidos utilizandolosdatos recolectados l t d enel l2004 delaspruebas aceleradasCC2enel CentroNacionalde Pruebaspara Pavimentosde AeropuertosdelaFAA (NAPTF).

Elalgoritmo g dediseo pararecapeos rgidos tambinhasido completamente cambiado.

Parapavimentos fl ibl un flexibles, procedimientode diseno automatico dela capadebasehasido implementadoa

ModelodeTrafico

Serequierela inclusinde todalaflota deaeronaves enelmodelo detrafico

Elconceptode aeronave yano criticay esusado

ElFactor Acumulativo d Dao(CDF) de ( ) reemplazael procedimiento di i t paraaeronave critica

ModelodeTrafico ElFactor AcumulativodeDao(CDF)

Eldaoporcada aeronave esaadido

Basadoensuscaractersticas nicasdecargaalpavimentoy Ubicacindeltrendeaterrizaje principaldesdeelejecentralde lapista

NOSEUTILIZAelmtodo delaaeronavecriticade condensartodaslas aeronavesenunsolo modelo d l de d diseoEl d l dao d porcada aeronavees aadido
Basadoensuscaractersticas nicasdecargaalpavimentoy Ubicacindeltrendeaterrizaje principaldesdeelejecentralde lapista

NOSEUTILIZAelmtodo delaaeronavecriticade condensartodaslas aeronavesenunsolo modelodediseo

ModelodeTrafico ElFactorAcumulativode Dao(CDF)

TrafficModel CumulativeDamageFactor
SumsDamageFromEach Aircraft NotFromDesign
Aircraft

CDF =

number of applied load repetitions number b of f allowable ll bl repetition i i s to failure f il

WhenCDF=1,DesignLifeisExhausted

ModelodeTrafico ElFactorAcumulativode Dao(CDF) ElCDFes Calculado C l l d para cada d 10pulgadas l d en820 pulgadas deancho. Ubicacion Ubi i el ltren de d aterrizaje i j ywander d es considerado por aeronave Se S utiliza ili la l regla l de d Miners Mi para sumar el ldano d por cada franja

Sedebe incluir laMezcla deTrafico,NO la Aeronave Critica

7

ModelodeTrafico ElFactorAcumulativode Dao(CDF)

10inch
Eje Central dePista

MaximumDamagein any10inches A+B+C

Ubicacion Critica

CDF F

B747-200B B777 200 ER B777-200 DC8-63/73 Cumulative

CDF C
0

-500 -400 -300 -200 -100

100 200 300 400 500

[inch] ] Lateral Distance [

Ejemplo ContribucindelaMezcladeTraficoalCDF
Aircraft Name Sngl Whl-30 Dual Whl-30 Dual Whl-45 RegionalJet-200 RegionalJet-700 Dual Whl-100 DC-9-51 MD-83 B-737-400 B-727 B-757 A300-B2 B-767-200 A330 B-747-400 B-777-200 Annual CDF CDF Max g Departures p Contribution For Aircraft Gross Weight 30,000 1,200 0.00 0.00 30,000 1,200 0.00 0.00 , 1,200 , 0.00 0.00 45,000 47,450 1,200 0.00 0.00 72,500 1,200 0.00 0.00 100,000 1,200 0.00 0.00 122,000 1,200 0.01 0.01 161,000 1,200 0.39 0.39 150,500 1,200 0.09 0.09 172,000 1,200 0.23 0.24 250,000 1,200 0.02 0.03 304,000 1,200 0.01 0.16 335,000 1,200 0.02 0.15 469,000 100 0.01 0.23 873,000 100 0.23 0.28 537,000 500 0.00 0.13
9

Conditionspecificandnotageneralrepresentationofnotedaircraft

Ejemplo ContribucindelaMezcladeTraficoalCDF
0 45 0.45 0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25 0 20 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00

Contribution to Total CDF Max CDF for Aircraft

RegionalJe et200

RegionalJe et700

DC-9-5 51

MD-8 83

B-737-40 00

B-72 27

B-75 57

A300-B B2

B-767-20 00

A33 30

B-747-40 00

Sngl Whl-3 30

Dual Whl-3 30

Dual Whl-4 45

Condition specific and not a general representation of noted aircraft

10

Dual Whl-10 D 00

B-777-20 00

UbicacinTrendeAterrizajePrincipal MezcladeTrafico AeronavesdeFuselajeAncho

B-777-200 B 747 400 B-747-400 A-330 B-767-200 A 300 B2 A-300-B2 B-757 B-727 B-737-400 MD-83 MD-90-30 DC-9-50 DW 100,000 100 000 Regional Jet 700 Regional Jet 200 DW 45,000 DW 30,000 SW 30,000

Run nway Centerline .

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

200

225

250

275

300

325

350

375
11

400

Distance From Centerline (in)

ModelodeTrafico ElFactorAcumulativode Dao(CDF)

Recuerden

Utilizar todas las aeronaves delamezcla detrafico Ya noexiste Aeronave Critica

12

ModelodeTrafico Passto Coverage (P/C)Ratio Elmovimientolateralesconocidocomowander delaaeronaveyesmodeladaporunadistribucion normalestadistica.

StandardDeviation =30.435inches (773mm)

(P/C) Eslarelacion delnumerodeviajes(o pases)alolargodelpavimentoparaunpunto especificoenelpavimentoquerecibeunacarga completa.

13

ModelodeTrafico Passto Coverage (P/C)Ratio

Pavimento Rigido Una cobertura =Unesfuerzo completo aplicado alabasedelalosa deconcreto Pavimento Flexible Una cobertura =Una repeticion delmaximo desplazamiento enlapartesuperiordela capa defundacion
14

Chapter3 PavementDesign

Traffic ffi Model d l PasstoCoverage(P/C) ( / )Ratio i

6E(FAARFIELD)usestheconceptofEffectiveTire Width RigidPavement Effectivewidthisdefinedatthe surfaceofthepavement(equaltotirecontact patch)
( (same aspreviousP/C / procedures) )

Flexible Fl ibl P Pavement Effective Eff i width id hi isd defined fi dat thesurfaceofthesubgradelayer
15

Chapter3 PavementDesign
TrafficModel PasstoCoverage(P/C)Ratio
FlexiblepavementP/Cratiovarywithdepthof pavement

16

Chapter3 PavementDesign FrostDesign

FROSTDESIGN 3options
CompleteFrostProtection
Removefrostsusceptiblematerialstobelowfrostdepth

LimitedFrostProtection
Removefrostsusceptiblematerialto65%frostdepth Limitsfrostheavetotolerablelevel

ReducedSubgradeStrength
Reducesubgradesupportvalue Designadequateloadcarryingcapacityforweakened condition

17

Chapter3 PavementDesign TypicalSections

Ai Airport tpavements t aregenerally ll constructed t t din i uniform,fullwidthsections

Variablesectionsarepermittedonrunwaypavements Designershouldconsider: Practicalfeasibility complexconstructionoperations Economicalfeasibility costofcomplexconstruction

18

Chapter3 PavementDesign TypicalSections

Variablesectionspermittedonrunwaypavements

Fullpavementthickness Outeredgethickness(basedon1%ofnormaltraffic) Pavementthicknesstaperstoouteredgethickness Transitions Designusingarrivaltrafficonly

19

Chapter3 PavementDesign TypicalSections

Variablesectionspermittedonrunwaypavements
1. 2. 3 3. Minimum12upto36 Forrunwayswiderthan150,this dimensionwillincrease. Widthoftapersandtransitionson rigidpavementsmustbeaneven multipleofslabs,minimumone slabwidth.

1 2 2 3

Fullpavementthickness Outeredgethickness(1%traffic) Pavementthicknesstapers toouteredgethickness

20

Chapter3Section2 FlexiblePavementDesign

TypicalFlexiblePavement
Hot-Mix Asphalt p Surface
Progressivelys strongerlayers
(May Require Stabilization)

Base Course (Minimum CBR=80) Subbase (Minimum CBR=20) Frost Protection (As Appropriate) Subgrade

(May Require Stabilization)

21

Chapter3Section2 FlexiblePavement Design g

Surface P401 P403 BASE P209 P208 P211 P304* P306* P401* P403* RubblizedPCC SUBBASE P154 P210 P212 P213 P301* SUBGRADE P152 P155* P157* P158*

*ChemicallyStabilizedMaterials

22

Chapter3Section2 FlexiblePavementDesign

FlexiblePavementDesignbasedon y ElasticDesign g ( (LED) ) Layered

SameaspreviouslypermittedinChp7of6D
Predictorsofpavementlife(FAARFIELD)
Maximumverticalstrainatthetopofsubgradeand Maximumhorizontalstrainatbottomofasphaltsurfacelayer **Bydefault,FAARFIELDdoesnotautomaticallycheck h i t lstain horizontal t i in i asphalt h ltsurface f layer. l Users U canselect l t thismanually

23

Chapter3Section2 FlexiblePavementDesign
Wheel Load Area of Tire Contact Wearing Surface
Must also guard against potential failure in base layers Horizontal Strain and Stress at the bottom of the asphalt

Base Course Subbase Subgrade

Approximate Line of Wheel-Load Distribution

Vertical Subgrade Strain

Subgrade Support

24

Chapter3Section2 FlexiblePavementDesign
Wheel Load Area of Tire Contact Wearing Surface
Must also guard against potential failure in base layers Horizontal Strain and Stress at the bottom of the asphalt

Base Course Subbase Subgrade

Approximate Line of Wheel-Load Distribution

Vertical Subgrade Strain

Subgrade Support

25

Chapter3Section2 FlexiblePavementDesign
FlexiblePavementLayerParameters LEDvsCBR
Wheel Load

LAYEREDELASTICMETHOD SURFACE BASE SUBBASE SUBGRADE ES,S,h EB,B,hB ESB,SB hSB ESG,SG hSG

CBRMethod NotDefined CBR CBR CBR

E=ElasticModulus h=thickness =PoissonsRatio

Subgrade Support

CBR=CaliforniaBearingRatio

26

Chapter3Section2 FlexiblePavementDesign
FAARFIELD Default Values
LAYER AC Surface PCC Surface Aggregate Base Aggregate Subbase AC Base AC Base (min) AC Base (max) CTB (min) CTB CTB (max) Undefined (min) Undefined (max) Rubblized PCC (min) Rubblized PCC (max) ITEM E (psi) P401/403 200,000 P501 4 000 000 4,000,000 P209 MODULUS P154 MODULUS P401/403 400,000 Variable 150,000 Variable 400,000 P301 250,000 P304 500 000 500,000 P306 700,000 1,000 4,000,000 EB66 200,000* EB66 400,000* POISSONS 0.35 0 15 0.15 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.20 0 20 0.20 0.20 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 FAA EQUIV NA NA NA NA 1.6 1.2 1.6 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

**Stillsubjecttochange

Chapter3Section2 FlexiblePavementDesign
PavementStructuralDesignLife

Default D f lt d design i life lif is i for f 20 years Structural design life indicates pavement performance in terms of allowable load repetitions before subgrade failure is expected. Structural life is determined based upon annual departures multiplied by 20 (yrs). This value may or may not correlate with calendar years depending upon p actual pavement p use. Pavement performance in terms of surface condition and other distresses which might affect the use of the pavement by airplanes is not directly reflected in the structural design life.

28

Chapter3Section2 FlexiblePavementDesign
SUBGRADE VERTICAL STRAIN & NUMBER OF COVERAGES ONLY SUBGRADE FAILURE CONSIDERED, FAARFIELD Coverages 0.01

Vert tical Subgr rade Strai in, inch/in nch

0.001

Full Scale Pavement Test

Stockton - 8 MWHGL - 7 Structural Layers Study - 6 Boeing-Russia-Clay - 2 NAPTF - 10

FAARFIELD Failure Model

y = 0.0049x -0.1177 R2 = 0.5003

0.0001 1 10 100 1 000 1,000 10 000 10,000 100 000 100,000 1 000 000 1,000,000

No. of Coverages to Failure

29

Chapter3Section2 FlexiblePavementDesign
V ti lStrain Vertical St i at ttop t of fsubgrade b d

0.004 C = v

8.1

When C < 12,100

0.002428 C = v

14.21

When W e C > 12,100 , 00

HorizontalStrainatBottomofSurfaceLayer

Log10 (C ) = 2.68 5 Log10 ( h ) 2.665 Log10 ( E A )

30

Chapter3Section2 FlexiblePavementDesign

REQUIRED Q INPUTVARIABLES
Subgradesupportconditions
CBRorModulus

Materialpropertiesofeachlayer
Modulus Thicknessformostlayers PoissonsRatio fixedinFAARFIELD

Traffic T ffi
Frequencyofloadapplication Airplanecharacteristics
Wheelload,wheellocations,&tirepressure

31

Chapter3Section2 FlexiblePavementDesign Subgrade Characteristics

Subgrade assumed to have infinite thickness FAARFIELD will accept Elastic Modulus E (psi) or CBR values CBR is widely accepted and used by the industry

Relationship between E and CBR E = 1500 X CBR (E in psi)

32

Chapter3Section2 FlexiblePavementDesign Subgrade Characteristics

E = 1500 X CBR
60,000 50,000

NATIONAL AIRPORT PAVEMENT TEST FACILITY E-CBR Equation

E= 1500CBR

40,000

TypicalCBRrange
0 6863 E = 3363.2(CBR) 3363 2(CBR)0.6863 R2 = 0.9727

E (psi)

30,000

20,000

10 000 10,000

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0

CBR

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

33

Chapter3Section2 FlexiblePavementDesign
Subgrade Compaction Requirements Table 3-4

Determined by airplane (in the traffic mix) with greatest demand

GEAR TYPE GROSS WEIGHT Lb. NON-COHESIVE SOILS Depth of Compaction, inch 100% 95% 90% 85% COHESIVE SOILS Depth of Compaction, inch 95% 90% 85% 80%

Indicates depth of compaction below subgrade

D (incls. 2S)

30,000 50,000 75,000 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 600,000

8 10 12 12 17 19 21 14 17 20 23 23 23 24 20 22 24 24 25

8-18 10-24 12-30 12-28 17-30 19-32 21-37 14-26 17-30

18-32 24-36 30-40 28-38 30-42 32-46 37-53 26-38 30-43

32-44 36-48 40-52 38-50 42-55 46-60 53-69 38-49 43-56

6 6 6 6 6 7 9 5 5 7 9 9 9 10 6 7 8 9 10

6-9 6-9 6-12 6-10 6-12 7-14 8-16 6-10 6-12 7-14 9-18 9-18 9-18 10-20 6-14 7-16 8-17 9-18 10-20

9-12 9-16 12-19 10-17 12-19 14-21 16-24 10-17 12-18 14-22 18-27 18-27 18-27 20-28 14-21 16-22 17-23 18-27 20-29

12-17 16-20 19-25 17-22 19-25 21-28 24-32 17-22 18-26 22-29 27-36 27-36 27-36 28-37 21-29 22-30 23-30 27-36 29-38

2D (incls. B757, B767, A-300, DC 10 10 L1011) DC-10-10,

20-34 34-48 48-63 23-41 41-59 59-76 23-41 23-41 24-44 20-36 22-39 24-42 24-42 25-44 41-59 41-59 44-62 36-52 39-56 42-57 42-61 44-64 59-76 59-76 62-78 52-67 56-70 57-71 61-78 64-81

2D/D1, 2D/2D1 (MD11, A340, 500,000 800,000 DC10-30/40) DC10 30/40) 2D/2D2 (incls. B747 series) 3D (incls. B777 series)

2D/3D2 (incls. A380 series)

800,000 975,000 550,000 650,000 750,000 1,250,000 1,350,000

34

Chapter3Section2 FlexiblePavementDesign
Subgrade Compaction Requirements Example Cohesive soil soil,
Given the following traffic mixture

Airplane
Sngl Whl-45 A318-100 std B737-400 B747-400 B777-300 B777 300 Baseline A330-300 opt

Gross Weight (lbs)

50,000 122,000 150,500 877,000 662,000 515.661

Annual Departures
1000 2000 3000 1600 1750 1500

35

Chapter3Section2 FlexiblePavementDesign
Subgrade Compaction Requirements Example Cohesive soil soil,
RequireddepthofcompactionfromTable34
Airplane Sngl Whl-45 Gross Weight (lbs) 50,000 122,000 150,500 877 000 877,000 662,000 515.661 Annual Departures 1000 2000 3000 1600 1750 1500

95% 6 6 7 10 7 9

90% 6-9 6-12 7-14 10 20 10-20 7-16 9-18

85% 9-16 12-19 14-21 20 28 20-28 16-22 18-27

80% 12-17 19-25 21-28 28 37 28-37 22-30 27-36

A318-100 std
B737-400 B747 400 B747-400 B777-300 Baseline A330-300 opt

36

Chapter3Section2 FlexiblePavementDesign Asphalt Surface Layer Characteristics

Minimum material requirements

P-401 P 401 or P-403 P 403

Modulus fixed at 200,000 psi in FAARFIELD

Conservatively chosen to correspond to pavement surface temperature of 90 F

4 inch minimum thickness Asphalt as overlay has the same properties except for minimum thickness

37

Chapter3Section2 FlexiblePavementDesign

BaseLayerCharacteristics
Minimummaterialrequirements
P209, 209 P208, 208 P211, 211 P304, 304 P306, 306 P401, 401 P403, 403 &rubblized PCC

Design g assumesminimumstrength g CBR> 80 Aggregatelayermodulusdependentonthickness

Moduluscalculatedby yFAARFIELDisdependent p onthickness

Stabilizationrequired airplanegrossweight> 100,000lbs Minimumthicknessrequirements byairplane

38

Chapter3Section2 FlexiblePavementDesign
MinimumAggregate BaseLayerThicknessRequirements

Determinedbytheairplaneinthetrafficmixwithgreatestdemand
TABLE39.MinimumAggregateBaseCourseThickness
Minimum Base Course (P-209) (P 209) Thickness in.

Determinationofminimum baselayerthicknessis automatedinFAARFIELD

Gear Type S D 2D 2D (B757, B767) 2D/D1 (DC10, L1011) 2D/2D2 (B747) ( ) 2D/2D1 (A340)

Design Load Range lbs 30,000 - 50,000 50,000 - 75,000 50 000 - 100,000 50,000 100 000 100,000 - 200,000* 100,000 - 250,000* 250,000 - 400,000* 200,000 - 400,000* 400,000 - 600,000* 400,000 - 600,000* 600 000 - 850,000 600,000 850 000* 568,000 840,400 75,000 - 125,000 125,000 - 175,000* 537,000 777,000* 1,239,000 1,305,125*

*Valuesarelistedforreference.When trafficmixturecontainsairplanesexceeding 100 000lbsgrossweight 100,000 weight,astabilizedbase isrequired.

2S (C130) 3D (B777) 3D (A380)

4 6 6 8 6 8 6 8 6 8 10 4 6 10 9
39

Chapter3Section2 FlexiblePavementDesign

BaseLayer B L Characteristics Ch t i ti When Wh stabilization t bili ti is i required

FAARFIELDautomatesthisprocess
Changes h section i toP401onP209overCBR=20 DeterminesP209thicknessrequirement ConvertsP209tostabilizedmaterialusing1 1.6 6conversionfactor Reconstructssectionwithminimumbaseandfinishesdesign UsercandisablethisfeatureofFAARFIELDanddothisprocessmanuallyif desired.

40

Chapter3Section2 FlexiblePavementDesign

S bb L Subbase LayerCharacteristics Ch t i ti
Minimummaterialrequirements
P154,P210,P212,P213,P301,

Design g assumesminimumstrength g CBR>20 Aggregatelayermodulusdependentonthickness

ModuluscalculatedbyFAARFIELDisdependenton thickness

Thicknessrequirementdeterminedasdesign solution

41

Chapter3Section2 FlexiblePavementDesign

Subbase S bb L LayerCharacteristics Ch t i ti When Wh Stabilizationisrequired

Minimummaterialrequirements
P208orP209, ,orany ystabilizedbasematerial

Thicknessrequirementdeterminedasdesign solution

42

Chapter3Section2 FlexiblePavementDesign

Traffic ffi Inputf forFlexible l ibl PavementDesign i

Airplanecharacteristics
198AirplanemodelscurrentlyavailableinFAARFIELD Wheelload determinedautomaticallybasedongross weight i h wheellocations InternaltoFAARFIELDaircraftlibrary tirepressure InternaltoFAARFIELDaircraftlibrary

Frequencyofloadapplication
Enteredasannualdepartures
Arrivaltrafficignored

43

RIGIDPAVEMENTDESIGN

AC150/53206E,AirportPavementDesignandEvaluation CHAPTER3, 3 S Section ti 3 Rigid Ri idP Pavement tD Design i

44

Chapter p 3Section3 Rigid g PavementDesign g

TypicalRigidPavement
PortlandCementConcrete(PCC) SubbaseCourse** Subgrade

**Stabilizationrequiredwhenairplanesexceeding100,000lbsareinthetrafficmixture.

45

Chapter p 3Section3 Rigid g PavementDesign g

Surface P501 SUBBASE P154 P208 P209 P211 P301 P304* P306* P401 401* P403* RubblizedPCC SUBGRADE P152 P155* P157 157*

*ChemicallyStabilizedMaterials

46

Chapter3Section3 RigidPavementDesign 3 Di 3-Dimensional i l Finite Fi it Element El t Design D i

NEW procedure Ri Rigid id design d i uses 3-D 3 D fi finite it element l t method th d (3D-FEM) (3D FEM) f for di direct t calculation l l ti of stress at the edge of a concrete slab. Predictor of pavement life

Maximum Stress at pavement edge Assumed position bottom at slab edge

47

Chapter3Section3 RigidPavementDesign
CRITICAL LOAD CONDITION ASSUMPTIONS Maximum stress at pavement edge 25% Load Transfer to adjacent slab

LOAD

Maximum Stress Bottom of Slab

Subgrade Support

48

Chapter3Section3 RigidPavementDesign
CRITICAL LOAD CONDITION ASSUMPTIONS Maximum stress at pavement edge 25% Load Transfer to adjacent slab

LOAD

Maximum Stress Bottom of Slab

Subgrade Support

49

Chapter3Section3 RigidPavementDesign
TOP DOWN CRACKING DUE TO EDGE OR CORNER LOADING NOT INCLUDED IN DESIGN

Maximum stress due to corner or edge loading condition Ri k increases Risk i with ith large l multi-wheel lti h l gear configurations fi ti These conditions may need to be addressed in future procedures
Maximum Stress Top of Slab

LOAD

50

Chapter3Section3 RigidPavementDesign
PavementStructuralDesignLife

Default D f lt d design i life lif is i for f 20 years Structural design life indicates pavement performance in terms of allowable load repetitions before First Crack i.e. SCI = 80. Structural life is determined based upon annual departures multiplied by 20 (yrs). This value may or may not correlate with calendar years depending upon p actual pavement p use. Pavement performance in terms of surface condition and other distresses which might affect the use of the pavement by airplanes is not directly reflected in the structural design life.

51

Chapter3Section3 RigidPavementDesign
Rigid pavement failure model in FAARFIELD

SCI (ad bc ) + Fs bc 1 F bd DF s log C + 100 = SCI SCI Fc (d b ) + Fsb (d b ) + Fsb 1 1 100 100
DF =designfactor,definedastheratioofconcretestrengthR tocomputedstress C =coverages SCI =structuralconditionindex,definedasasubsetofthepavementconditionindex (PCI)excludingallnonloadrelateddistressesfromthecomputation a,b,c,d =parameters Fs =compensationfactorforhighqualityandstabilizedbase Fc =calibrationfactor

52

Chapter3Section3 RigidPavementDesign
Rigid pavement failure model in FAARFIELD

Structural Co ondition Index (SCI)

Initial cracking occurs at the same time f aggregate and for d stabilized bili d subbase bb Stabilized section performs better (longer life) after initial cracking

CONCRETESTRUCTURALMODEL FAARFIELD
100

80

STBS AGBS

60

40

20

0 0

Log Coverages (n)

53

Chapter3Section3 RigidPavementDesign

REQUIRED Q INPUTVARIABLES
Subgradesupportconditions
kvalueorModulus

Materialpropertiesofeachlayer
Modulusforalllayers(flexuralstrengthforPCC) ThicknessforalllayersexceptsurfacePCC PoissonsRatio fixedinFAARFIELD

Traffic T ffi
Frequencyofloadapplication Airplanecharacteristics
Wheelload,wheellocations,&tirepressure

54

Chapter3Section3 RigidPavementDesign Subgrade Characteristics

Subgrade assumed to have infinite thickness FAARFIELD accepts Resilient Modulus ESG or k-value (only necessary to enter one value)

Converts k-value to modulus

E SG = 26 k

1.284

ESG = Resilient R ili modulus d l of f subgrade, b d in i psi i k = Foundation modulus of the subgrade, in pci
AASHTOT222 222,NonrepetitiveStaticPlateLoadTestofSoilsandFlexiblePavementComponents Components,for UseinEvaluationandDesignofAirportandHighwayPavements

55

Chapter3Section3 RigidPavementDesign Subgrade Characteristics

k-value can be estimated from CBR value

k = Foundation modulus of the subgrade, in pci

1500 CBR k= 26

0.7788

56

Chapter3Section3 RigidPavementDesign

SubbaseLayerCharacteristics
Minimummaterialrequirements
P154, 154 P208, 208 P209, 209 P211, 211 P301, 301 P304, 304 P306, 306 P401, 401 P403,&rubblizedPCC

UptothreesubbaselayersallowedinFAARFIELD Aggregatelayermodulusdependentonthickness
ModuluscalculatedbyFAARFIELDbasedonthickness

4inchminimumthicknessrequirement

57

Chapter3Section3 RigidPavementDesign

PortlandCementConcreteLayerCharacteristics
Minimummaterialrequirements
P501

Flexural Fl lS Strength hasd design i variable i bl

FAArecommends600 700psifordesignpurposes FAARFIELDwillallow500 800psi ASTMC78FlexuralStrengthofConcrete(UsingSimple BeamwithThirdPointLoading) Modulusfixedat4,000,000psi

6Inchminimumthicknessrequirements Thicknessroundedtothenearest0.5inch

58

Chapter3Section3 RigidPavementDesign

Design g FlexuralStrength g versusP501 Specification

DesignStrengthcanbe5%greaterthanP50128 daystrength e.g.P501=650psi ith thend design i at t680psi i FactorstoConsider:
Capabilityoftheindustryinaparticularareatoproducedesiredstrength Flexuralstrengthvs.cementcontentdatafrompriorprojectsattheairport Needtoavoidhighcementcontents,whichcanaffectconcretedurability Whetherearlyopeningrequirementsnecessitateusingalowerstrengththan28day

59

Chapter3Section3 RigidPavementDesign

TrafficInputforRigidPavementDesign
Airplanecharacteristics
198AirplanemodelscurrentlyavailableinFAARFIELD Wheelload determinedautomaticallybasedongross weight wheellocations InternaltoFAARFIELDaircraftlibrary tirepressure InternaltoFAARFIELDaircraftlibrary

Frequencyofloadapplication
Enteredasannualdepartures
Arrivaltrafficignored Userdeterminespercentoftotal airportvolume

60

Chapter3Section3 RigidPavementDesign
FAArfield Gear Alignment g on slab edge g
FAARFIELD either places the gear perpendicular or parallel to the edge of a slab. FAARFIELD makes this determination determination.

61

Chapter3Section3 RigidPavementDesign

K Advantages Key Ad t of f3DModel M d l

Correctlymodelsrigidpavement f t features slab l bedges d and dj joints. i t Providesthecompletestressand displacementfieldsfortheanalyzeddomain domain. Handlescomplexloadconfigurationseasily. Noinherentlimitationonnumberofstructural layersormaterialtypes. Notlimited l dtolinear l elastic l analysis. l

62

Chapter3Section3 RigidPavementDesign

Disadvantagesof3DFEM
Mayrequirelongcomputationtimes. Pre P processing i and dpostprocessing i requirements. i Solutionaremeshdependent.
I Intheory, th the th solution l ti canalways l be b i improved d b byrefining fi i th the3D mesh. Improvement p comesattheexpense p oftime.

63

Chapter3Section3 RigidPavementDesign 3DFEMSolution

Stressxx

Deflection

Stressyy

64

Chapter3Section3 RigidPavementDesign

3DFiniteElementis:
Amethodofstructuralanalysis. Applicabletoawiderangeofphysicalstructures, boundaryandloadingconditions.

3DFiniteElementisnot:
Adesignmethodorprocedure. procedure Anexactmathematicalsolution. Alwayspreferabletootheranalysismodels.

65

Chapter3Section3 RigidPavementDesign
StructuresandModels

In finite element analysis analysis, it is important to distinguish:

Thephysicalstructure

Theidealizedmodel

Thediscretized( (approximate) pp ) model

66

Chapter3Section3 RigidPavementDesign
Di Discretized ti d Model M d l of f Rigid Ri id Airport Ai t Pavement P t
SLAB

S SUBBASE AS

SUBGRADE (Infinite Elements)

67

Chapter3Section3 RigidPavementDesign
Discretized Model of Rigid Airport Pavement

68

Chapter3Section3 RigidPavementDesign
Types of 3D Elements
Linear(8Node)Brick Axial(1D)

Quadratic(20Node) Brick

FocalPoint

Nonconforming (IncompatibleModes)
Equalto68layersof ordinary8nodeelement

InfiniteElement

69

Chapter p 3Section3 Rigid g PavementDesign g 8nodeIncompatiblesolidelement

Horizontal Mesh Size 6 X 6 6 6 mesh size selected for FAARFIELD 96-99% accuracy 3 - 6 time faster solution than 4X4 (multiple wheel gear analysis) 20 55 times faster solution the 2X2 ( (multiple p wheel gear g analysis) y ) Vertical Mesh Size Single element selected for FAARFIELD (slab thickness) Produced similar results when compared to 6 element (3) mesh

70

Chapter3Section3 RigidPavementDesign
Effect of Mesh Size on Run Time (Using Windows XP, P i Pentium-4, 4 512MB)
0:35:00 0:30:00 0 30 00 Run Time, h: :mm:ss 0:25:00 0:20:00 0:15:00 0:10:00 0:05:00 0:00:00 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Fine Mesh Size, in. Single Wheel DC-10-10 B-777

71

Chapter3Section3 RigidPavementDesign
Discretized Model Slab Size 30f X 30f 30ft 30ft slab l b size i selected l df for FAARFIELD

SLAB Size for model

72

Chapter3Section3 RigidPavementDesign
Discretized Model Subbase Extension
d

To provide id a more realistic model of the edge-loaded slab response, all pavement layers below the slab are extended some distance d

SUBBASE Extended

cliff model no

extension NOT used in FAARFIELD

73

Chapter3Section3 RigidPavementDesign
Discretized Model Subbase Extension Deflection along the Slab Edge
Low Strength subgrade High Strength subgrade

74

Chapter3Section3 RigidPavementDesign
Discretized Model Subbase Extension St Stress at t the th Slab Sl b Bottom B tt
Low Strength subgrade High Strength subgrade

75

Chapter3Section3 RigidPavementDesign
Discretized Model Subbase Extension The width idth d of the extended e tended step foundation fo ndation used sed in FAArfield is 24 inches The Stress difference using 24 inches or longer is negligible

Step width, d
Responses Critical Stress at the Bottom, lS = 58.3 inches (psi) Critical Stress at the Bottom, lS = 23.6 inches (psi) Maximum Deflection, Deflection lS = 58.3 58 3 inches (inches) Maximum Deflection, lS = 23.6 inches (inches) d = 24 inches 736.2 415.6 94 8 94.8 15.6 d = 108 inches 741.8 417.0 91 8 91.8 15.3

Diff. in % 0.8 0.3 32 3.2 2.0

76

Chapter3Section3 RigidPavementDesign Handling Mixed Aircraft Traffic in FAARFIELD

FAARFIELDgroupsairplanesinto4categories:
Singlewheel, heel dual d alwheel heel(e.g., (e g B737). 737) Dualtandem(e.g.,B767,B747). Triple p dualtandem(e.g., ( g ,B777). ) Complexgearconfiguration(C5,C17A).

Allairplanesinacategoryareanalyzedwithonecalltocalculation subroutine(NIKE3D),usingthesamemesh. Resultsinsignificantsavingsincomputationtime.

77

Chapter3Section3 RigidPavementDesign 3D FEM Mesh Optimization

Single/Dual: S or D Dual-Tandem: 2D

Triple Dual Tandem: 3D

78

Chapter3Section3 RigidPavementDesign Improvement in Solution Time

ApproximatetimeforB777stresssolution:
July2000:4 5hours July2001:30minutes ( i l slab (single l bwith ithinfinite i fi it element l tfoundation) f d ti ) May2002:2 3minutes (implementnewincompatiblemodeselements) CurrentversionimplementedinFAARFIELD: 10secondsorless

79

Chapter3Section3 RigidPavementDesign

Rigid g PavementJointTypes yp andDetails 5jointtypesprovidedin53206E

IsolationJoints
TypeA ThickenedEdge

ContractionJoints
TypeB Hinged TypeC Doweled TypeD Dummy

ConstructionJoints
TypeE Doweled

80

Chapter3Section3 RigidPavementDesign

RigidPavementJointTypesandDetails IsolationJoints
TypeA ThickenedEdge

81

Chapter3Section3 RigidPavementDesign

RigidPavementJointTypesandDetails ContractionJoints
TypeB Hinged

82

Chapter3Section3 RigidPavementDesign

RigidPavementJointTypesandDetails ContractionJoints
TypeC Doweled

83

Chapter3Section3 RigidPavementDesign

RigidPavementJointTypesandDetails ContractionJoints
TypeD Dummy

84

Chapter3Section3 RigidPavementDesign

RigidPavementJointTypesandDetails ConstructionJoints
TypeE Doweled

85

Chapter3Section3 RigidPavementDesign

RigidPavementJointTypesandDetails DowelBarSpacingatSlabCorner

86

Chapter3Section3 RigidPavementDesign

RigidPavementJointSpacing
TABLE316.RECOMMENDEDMAXIMUMJOINTSPACINGS RIGIDPAVEMENTWITHORWITHOUTSTABILIZEDSUBBASE
Part I, without Stabilized Subbase Slab Thickness Inches 6 7-9 7 9 >9 Millimeters 150 175-230 175 230 >230 Joint Spacing p g1 Feet 12.5 15 20 Meters 3.8 4.6 6.1 Part II, with Stabilized Subbase Slab Thickness Inches 810 11-13 14-16 >16 Millimeters 203-254 279-330 356-406 >406 Joint Spacing1 Feet 12.5 15 17.52 20 Meters 3.8 4.6 5.32 6.1

87

CHAPTER4 AIRPORTPAVEMENTOVERLAYSAND RECONSTRUCTION

88

Chapter4 AirportPavementOverlays. Overlays

OVERLAYTYPES Flexible
HotMixAsphaltoverexistingflexiblepavement HotMixAsphaltoverexistingrigidpavement

Rigid
PCCoverexistingflexiblepavement(whitetopping) PCCbondedtoexistingPCC PCCunbonded b d d toexisting i i PCC

Deletedpartiallybonded PCC

89

Chapter4 AirportPavementOverlays. Overlays

OverlaydesignrequirestheFAARFIELD program I Input tvariables i bl i include: l d

Existingpavementstructure
Includingmaterialpropertiesandtrafficrequirements

Existing gp pavementcondition
Flexible requiresengineeringjudgment Rigid useStructuralConditionIndex(SCI)

90

Chapter4 AirportPavementOverlays. Overlays

StructuralConditionIndex(SCI)
DerivedfromthePavementConditionIndexas determinedbyASTMD5340AirportPavement ConditionIndexSurveys SCIis i computed t dusing i only l structural t t l componentsfromthePCIsurvey(6of15distresstypes)
SCIwillalwaysbegreaterthanorequaltothePCI

SCI= 80 FAAdefinitionofstructuralfailure
50%ofslabswithstructuralcrack

91

Chapter4 AirportPavementOverlays. Overlays

StructuralConditionIndex(SCI)
TABLE41.RIGIDPAVEMENTDISTRESSTYPESUSEDTOCALCULATETHE STRUCTURALCONDITIONINDEX,(SCI)

Distress Corner Break Longitudinal/Transverse/Diagonal Cracking Shattered Slab Shrinkage hi k Cracks k (cracking ( ki partial i l width id h of f slab)* l b)* SpallingJoint Spalling Corner SpallingCorner

Severity Level Low, Medium, High Low, Medium, High Low, Medium, High Low Low, Medium, High Low Medium, Low, Medium High

92

Chapter4 AirportPavementOverlays. Overlays

CumulativeDamageFactorUsed(CDFU)
SCI=100whenthereisnovisibledistress contributingtoreductioninSCI(nostructural distresstypes) Condition C diti of fexisting i ti pavement tdescribed d ib dby b CDFU

93

Chapter4 AirportPavementOverlays. Overlays

CumulativeDamageFactorUsed(CDFU)
CDFUdefines d fi amountof fstructural llife lif used d
Forstructureswithaggregatebase

LU = LD =

numberofyearsofoperationoftheexistingpavementuntiloverlay designlifeoftheexistingpavementinyears

FAARFIELDmodifiesthisrelationshipforstabilizedsubbaseto reflectimpro improved edperformance

94

Chapter4 AirportPavementOverlays. Overlays

OverlayonRubblizedConcretePavement
DesignprocessissimilartoHMAoverexisting flexible RubblizedPCClayerisavailableinFAARFIELD
Recommendedmodulusvalues200,000to400,000 psi Thinner Thi PCCl layerswarrant tlower l modulus d l values l FinalvaluesmaychangewithAAPTPreport

95

Chapter5 PavementsforLightAircraft

96

Chapter5Pavements PavementsForLightAircraft
Pavementdesignforairplanesweighinglessthan30,000lbs

Flexiblepavementdesignprocedurerequires FAARFIELD Rigidpavementdesignprocedure fixed thickness AggregateTurfpavement

97

Chapter5Pavements PavementsForLightAircraft

98

Chapter5Pavements PavementsForLightAircraft
FlexiblePavement airplanesweighinglessthan30,000lbs

HotMixAsphaltsurfacecourserequirements
P401orP403 StateStandardspermittedfor<12,500lbs

Minimumthickness=2inchesoveraggregate base

99

Chapter5Pavements PavementsForLightAircraft
FlexiblePavement airplanesweighinglessthan30,000lbs BaseLayerRequirements

Minimummaterialrequirements
P208,P209,P210,P211,P212,P213,P301,P 304,P306,P401,&P403(somelocalmaterials)

Design D i assumesminimum i i strength h CBR> 80 Minimumthicknessofaggregate=3inches Aggregatelayermodulusdependentonthickness

ModuluscalculatedbyFAARFIELDisdependenton thickness hi k

100

Chapter5Pavements PavementsForLightAircraft
FlexiblePavement airplanesweighinglessthan30,000lbs SubbaseLayerRequirements

Suitablematerialrequirements
P154,P208,P209,P210,P211,P212,P213,P301,P 304,P306,P401,&P403(somelocalmaterials)

Designassumesminimumstrength CBR> 20 Nominimumthickness Aggregatelayermodulusdependentonthickness

ModuluscalculatedbyFAARFIELDisdependenton thickness

101

Chapter5Pavements PavementsForLightAircraft
FlexiblePavement airplanesweighinglessthan30,000lbs SubgradeCompactionRequirements
TABLE51.SUBGRADECOMPACTIONREQUIREMENTSFORLIGHTLOAD FLEXIBLEPAVEMENTS
Design Aircraft Gross Weight lbs 12,500 or less 12 501 or more 12,501 Noncohesive Soils Depth of Compaction (in.) 100% 6 8 95% 6-9 8 12 8-12 90% 9-18 12 24 12-24 85% 18-24 24 36 24-36 Cohesive Soils Depth of Compaction (in.) 95% 4 6 90% 4-8 69 6-9 85% 8-12 9 12 9-12 80% 12-15 12 15 12-15

102

Chapter5Pavements PavementsForLightAircraft
RigidPavement airplanesweighinglessthan30,000lbs

PortlandCementConcretesurfacecourse requirements q
P501 StateStandardspermittedfor<30,000lbs

Minimumthickness= 5inches<12,500lb 6inches12,501 12 501to30,000 30 000 lbs

103

Chapter5Pavements PavementsForLightAircraft
AggregateTurf NonJetairplanesweighinglessthan12,500 lbs

Materialrequirements P217 Procedurein53206EtouseFAARFIELDto determinethicknessrequirementofP217layer.

104

CHAPTER7 PAVEMENTDESIGNFOR AIRFIELDSHOULDERS

105

Chapter 7 Pavement Design For Airfield Shoulders

Shouldersareprimarilyintendedtoprovide
Protectionfromerosionandgenerationofdebrisfromjetblast Support pp forairplanes p running goffthep primary y p pavement Enhanceddrainage

106

Chapter 7 Pavement Design For Airfield Shoulders

Shouldermustprovidesufficientsupportforunintentionalor emergencyoperationofanyairplaneinthetrafficmix mix. Mustalsoprovidesupportforemergencyandmaintenance vehicle hi l operations i

107

Chapter 7 Pavement Design For Airfield Shoulders

MinimumsectionprovidedbyChapter7willnotperformin thesamefashionasfullstrengthpavement

Expectconsiderablemovementandpossible ruttingwithsingleoperations Shoulderpavementshouldbeinspectedafter everyoperation.

108

Chapter 7 Pavement Design For Airfield Shoulders

ShoulderDesignProcedure

UsesFAARFIELDtodeterminemostdemanding airplane airplane Evaluateproposedshouldersectionforeach airplanebasedon10operations Doesnotusecompositetrafficmixture

109

Chapter 7 Pavement Design For Airfield Shoulders

ShoulderDesignProcedure MaterialRequirements

Asphalt
P401/403orsimilarlocalmaterialspecifications Minimumcompactiontargetdensity 93%maxtheo. density Minimumthickness=3inches

PortlandCementConcrete
P501orsimilarlocalmaterialspecifications Minimumflexuralstrength=600psi Minimumthickness=6inches

110

Chapter 7 Pavement Design For Airfield Shoulders

ShoulderDesignProcedure MaterialRequirements BaseMaterial

FAAspecificationsorsimilarlocalmaterialspecifications ExpectCBR> 80 Minimumthickness=6inches

Maybereducedto4inchminimumifasphaltsurfaceincreasedby1inch

SubbaseMaterial

FAAspecificationsorsimilarlocalmaterialspecifications ExpectCBR> 20 Minimumthickness=4inches(practicalconstructionlimit)

111

GRACIAS!
lricalde@lima.icao.int
7/1/2011 OACIySistemasdeGestindeSeguridadOperacionalparaAerdromos 112