10

2545 - 2547

2545-2547

2547 2537

2547 4

1





1
2547

1
2










3
3

4
4

10
2545 - 2547

2545-2547

2547 2537

2547 4

1





1
2547

1
2










3
3

4
4

1.1

( 1-3)

1.1

2 ( 4-6)

1.2

1.3

1.4
6

1 ( 3, .. 2506)

(Department of Municipal Affair)

Architecture

Architect
1

1.1

( 1-3)

1.1

2 ( 4-6)

1.2

1.3

1.4
6

1 ( 3, .. 2506)

(Department of Municipal Affair)

Architecture

Architect
1

10

11

3 ( 7-)
.. 2477 (
)

Architects)

1.5 ..

1.6

(The Association of Siamese

..2479

..2483

..2508

..

( .. 2529-2539)




..

1 .. 2540

2540





.. 2543
..2508

( )


(..)

10

11

3 ( 7-)
.. 2477 (
)

Architects)

1.5 ..

1.6

(The Association of Siamese

..2479

..2483

..2508

..

( .. 2529-2539)




..

1 .. 2540

2540





.. 2543
..2508

( )


(..)

12

13

1.2

1.2.1

7
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
1)

2)

3)

(Integration Drawing)
(Shop Drawing)
(As-built Drawing)

(Design-Build)

4)

5)

12

13

1.2

1.2.1

7
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
1)

2)

3)

(Integration Drawing)
(Shop Drawing)
(As-built Drawing)

(Design-Build)

4)

5)

14

15

1.2.2

6)

7)

3)

.. 2547

3
1)


2)

1)
2)
3)

.. 2540

14

15

1.2.2

6)

7)

3)

.. 2547

3
1)


2)

1)
2)
3)

.. 2540

16

17

1.2.3
1)

2)

3)

3 ..2543

.. 2476

4
, ,

.. 2546

18

(
)

(-)

-
-

16

17

1.2.3
1)

2)

3)

3 ..2543

.. 2476

4
, ,

.. 2546

18

(
)

(-)

-
-

18

19

1.3

1.3.1

1.3.2

- (
)

(

..2532 )
-

-






- /

18

19

1.3

1.3.1

1.3.2

- (
)

(

..2532 )
-

-






- /

20

21

1.4

1.4.1

1)
2)
3)
1) ( www.thaiarchitects.org)






.. 2543
7 ..2543

..





2

2 )
( www.asa.or.th)
.. 2476



18 ..2477


28 .. 2477 .. 2484


2 ..

.. 2488

.. 2497

(..)

2 ..2543 1
3 ..2543 2

20

21

1.4

1.4.1

1)
2)
3)
1) ( www.thaiarchitects.org)






.. 2543
7 ..2543

..





2

2 )
( www.asa.or.th)
.. 2476



18 ..2477


28 .. 2477 .. 2484


2 ..

.. 2488

.. 2497

(..)

2 ..2543 1
3 ..2543 2

22

23

1.4.2

(

)
3)

-
( www.tida.or.th )
-
( www.thailandscape.net )
- ( www.tcps.or.th )
-
-
( www.eit.or.th )
-
-
( www.tca.or.th )

5 1. 2.
3. 4.
5.
- ARCASIA : Architects Regional Council Asia
( www.arcasia.org)
.. 1970
..1972





ARCASIA 16




-






- AIA : American Institute of Architects
- RIBA : The Royal Institute of British Architects
- RAIA : The Royal Australian Institute of Architects
- JIA : The Japan Institute of Architects

-
( Web Link )

- UIA : Union Internationale des Architectes / International Union of
Architects ( www.uia-architects.org)

..25084

..2543
9 ..2508

..2543)



5

..2543 4

3

22

23

1.4.2

(

)
3)

-
( www.tida.or.th )
-
( www.thailandscape.net )
- ( www.tcps.or.th )
-
-
( www.eit.or.th )
-
-
( www.tca.or.th )

5 1. 2.
3. 4.
5.
- ARCASIA : Architects Regional Council Asia
( www.arcasia.org)
.. 1970
..1972





ARCASIA 16




-






- AIA : American Institute of Architects
- RIBA : The Royal Institute of British Architects
- RAIA : The Royal Australian Institute of Architects
- JIA : The Japan Institute of Architects

-
( Web Link )

- UIA : Union Internationale des Architectes / International Union of
Architects ( www.uia-architects.org)

..25084

..2543
9 ..2508

..2543)



5

..2543 4

3

24

1.4.3

4 6
1)

2)

3)

4)

4

..2545
..2543

5





(
)

25

1.4.4

1)

2)

3)


4)

..2545

1)
2)
3)
4)
1)
..2543

2)

-
3
..2522




(2 )..2535

( 3)
..2543

..2479

3)

24

1.4.3

4 6
1)

2)

3)

4)

4

..2545
..2543

5





(
)

25

1.4.4

1)

2)

3)


4)

..2545

1)
2)
3)
4)
1)
..2543

2)

-
3
..2522




(2 )..2535

( 3)
..2543

..2479

3)

26

4)




(

)
-

..2518

- ..2543

-
..2535

- ..2535

7 (,)
8 2528

. ..
.
, 2535.
.
(.. 2475-2537).
, 2539.
(.. 24752537). 2537.

.
8
2528

.
.

3 ..2546.

27

26

4)




(

)
-

..2518

- ..2543

-
..2535

- ..2535

7 (,)
8 2528

. ..
.
, 2535.
.
(.. 2475-2537).
, 2539.
(.. 24752537). 2537.

.
8
2528

.
.

3 ..2546.

27

30

31

2.1
2.1.1

(.. 2475 - 2479)

..2500

1 ..2504


5 - 6
(Part Time)






3 - 4

..2517
- 2525




2 - 3
50

..2531 - 2533

2
1.
2.

...

1
2
3

, , (...), (...), 1 - 2.
, .
(CCS) 33. 5-7 2546 , 1.

30

31

2.1
2.1.1

(.. 2475 - 2479)

..2500

1 ..2504


5 - 6
(Part Time)






3 - 4

..2517
- 2525




2 - 3
50

..2531 - 2533

2
1.
2.

...

1
2
3

, , (...), (...), 1 - 2.
, .
(CCS) 33. 5-7 2546 , 1.

4 4
- (In-house Process)

4 , , 18 .. 46

32

-





-

(Position)
( 2.2.1
)
(Strong idea Firms)

(Strong service Firms)

(Strong delivery Firms)

33

4 4
- (In-house Process)

4 , , 18 .. 46

32

-





-

(Position)
( 2.2.1
)
(Strong idea Firms)

(Strong service Firms)

(Strong delivery Firms)

33

34

35

2.1.2

(
2.4 )

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

- (Sole proprietorship)

-
2

1)

2)

3)

4)

34

35

2.1.2

(
2.4 )

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

- (Sole proprietorship)

-
2

1)

2)

3)

4)

36

37

2.2
2.2.1

5)

6)

7)






2

-



(Mission)

(Vision)

(Information Technology)

-



2
1.

(Planning)

-
-
-
-
-

36

37

2.2
2.2.1

5)

6)

7)






2

-



(Mission)

(Vision)

(Information Technology)

-



2
1.

(Planning)

-
-
-
-
-

2.
2

(Technology)


( Team)
(Department)
( Key Designer)


-

Strong Idea Firms

Strong service Firms

Strong delivery Firms

38

:
Strong Idea Firms

2 - 3 Strong Services Firms


Strong services Firms


Strong
delivery Firms

3

(Values)






(Practice)
(Business)
(Practice)
(a way of life)
(Business)

(a means of livelihood)

a way of life a means of livelihood

- Practice-centered professionals

a way of life



- Business-centered professionals

a means oflivelihood

(Practice Values) (Business
Values)


Practice-centered
Business-centered
Practice-centered
firms

Business-centered firms

39

-



Productive
1,000,000 //
1

2.
2

(Technology)


( Team)
(Department)
( Key Designer)


-

Strong Idea Firms

Strong service Firms

Strong delivery Firms

38

:
Strong Idea Firms

2 - 3 Strong Services Firms


Strong services Firms


Strong
delivery Firms

3

(Values)






(Practice)
(Business)
(Practice)
(a way of life)
(Business)

(a means of livelihood)

a way of life a means of livelihood

- Practice-centered professionals

a way of life



- Business-centered professionals

a means oflivelihood

(Practice Values) (Business
Values)


Practice-centered
Business-centered
Practice-centered
firms

Business-centered firms

39

-



Productive
1,000,000 //
1

40

41

2.2.2

1,000,000
-

-




-


7
-

-
-
-

()
- ( 2.4)
- (
2.2.2 2.5)
- ( 2.6)

3
1. ( Organization Charts)
2. ( Job Descriptions )
3. ( Organization Manuals)

2
()

2.1

2.







1. (Outsource)

1.

2.2

.. 2538
-2540

1

40

41

2.2.2

1,000,000
-

-




-


7
-

-
-
-

()
- ( 2.4)
- (
2.2.2 2.5)
- ( 2.6)

3
1. ( Organization Charts)
2. ( Job Descriptions )
3. ( Organization Manuals)

2
()

2.1

2.







1. (Outsource)

1.

2.2

.. 2538
-2540

1

42

2.
2.1

43

2.2

2.3

15 - 20 10
1 - 2






1

2.4

1.

Concept

2.

5 -10

3.

4.

42

2.
2.1

43

2.2

2.3

15 - 20 10
1 - 2






1

2.4

1.

Concept

2.

5 -10

3.

4.

44

3. (Hybrid)
3.1 A

45

3.2 B

2.5 A

2.6 B

25-30
10
6-8

44

3. (Hybrid)
3.1 A

45

3.2 B

2.5 A

2.6 B

25-30
10
6-8

46

47

5.

4.

Design Proposal

Design Proposal
Group

Douen
Group

eniian

Proe

2.7

anageen
Group

(Presentation)

Group

4
1. Design Proposal

2. Design Development

3. Document

4. Management

2.8

1

1
1.

2.
Concept Design Schemetic Design

3.

46

47

5.

4.

Design Proposal

Design Proposal
Group

Douen
Group

eniian

Proe

2.7

anageen
Group

(Presentation)

Group

4
1. Design Proposal

2. Design Development

3. Document

4. Management

2.8

1

1
1.

2.
Concept Design Schemetic Design

3.

6.

48

49

7.

2.9

2.10

Joint Venture
(Out sourcing)

1.
2.
3.
4.

6.

48

49

7.

2.9

2.10

Joint Venture
(Out sourcing)

1.
2.
3.
4.

50

51

2.3
2.3.1

(
)

3



3.1

3.2

3.3








3.4

3.5

1

3.6

4.1

4.2

4.3 (Image)

4.4

4.5

4.6

50

51

2.3
2.3.1

(
)

3



3.1

3.2

3.3








3.4

3.5

1

3.6

4.1

4.2

4.3 (Image)

4.4

4.5

4.6

52

53

2.3.2
4.7




5.

(Overhead)

7.

(Proposal)

9.

1 (Stipulated (lump) sum)

2
(Cost-plus-fee approaches)

2.1 (Multiple of Direct Salary Expense
(DSE))
(Factor





2.2 (Multiple of direct
personnel expense (DPE))
(fringe benefits)

(factor)
2.3 (Professional fee Plus

Expenses)
,

2.4 (Hourly or daily

billing rates)

52

53

2.3.2
4.7




5.

(Overhead)

7.

(Proposal)

9.

1 (Stipulated (lump) sum)

2
(Cost-plus-fee approaches)

2.1 (Multiple of Direct Salary Expense
(DSE))
(Factor





2.2 (Multiple of direct
personnel expense (DPE))
(fringe benefits)

(factor)
2.3 (Professional fee Plus

Expenses)
,

2.4 (Hourly or daily

billing rates)

54

2.3.3

2

(Cost-plus-fee approaches with a guaranteed
maximum price (GMP))

(Cost-plus-fee approaches with no GMP)

3 (Time charges)






2.4
4.
(Percentage of construction cost)

(
)

.. 2532
( )
5. (Unit-cost methods)
(repetitive units floor area)

5
.
(Multiple of Consultants Billing)
(factor)
overhead
(Square Footage)
(Equity Shares/Royalty)

(Betterment Fee)

(Incentive Fees)



50
(Hybrid)

2 Continuing Professional Development

55

54

2.3.3

2

(Cost-plus-fee approaches with a guaranteed
maximum price (GMP))

(Cost-plus-fee approaches with no GMP)

3 (Time charges)






2.4
4.
(Percentage of construction cost)

(
)

.. 2532
( )
5. (Unit-cost methods)
(repetitive units floor area)

5
.
(Multiple of Consultants Billing)
(factor)
overhead
(Square Footage)
(Equity Shares/Royalty)

(Betterment Fee)

(Incentive Fees)



50
(Hybrid)

2 Continuing Professional Development

55

56

57

2.4
2.4.2

2.4.1

(Professional
Service)

2.4.3

(Client)

(1)

-

(2)
-

(1)

(2)



(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

5 , , 2. (: , 2544),190-192.

56

57

2.4
2.4.2

2.4.1

(Professional
Service)

2.4.3

(Client)

(1)

-

(2)
-

(1)

(2)



(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

5 , , 2. (: , 2544),190-192.

(1)

(2)

2





(3)

(4)

(5)

58

(6)

(7)

6
(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)




(5)

James R. Franklin, Architects Professional Practice Manual, (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000), pp.

1.32-1.33.

(6)




(7)

(8)

(1)

(2)

(3)

59

(4)



-



-

-
(5)

(1)

(2)

2





(3)

(4)

(5)

58

(6)

(7)

6
(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)




(5)

James R. Franklin, Architects Professional Practice Manual, (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000), pp.

1.32-1.33.

(6)




(7)

(8)

(1)

(2)

(3)

59

(4)



-



-

-
(5)

60

2.4.4

2.4.5

1.

-
-
-
-
-

-
- (Proposal)
-
-

(3)

(4)

2.

3.

4. (Positioning)

(1)

20

(2)

(Positioning)

5.








20
3


(Facilities Management)
6.

61

60

2.4.4

2.4.5

1.

-
-
-
-
-

-
- (Proposal)
-
-

(3)

(4)

2.

3.

4. (Positioning)

(1)

20

(2)

(Positioning)

5.








20
3


(Facilities Management)
6.

61

62

63

2.4.6

-





-

(1)

(2) Profile / Brochure

Profile

(3) News Letter

(4) Web site Web site

(5) /

(6) Booth
Event Booth
Booth
(7)




(8) /

(
)

62

63

2.4.6

-





-

(1)

(2) Profile / Brochure

Profile

(3) News Letter

(4) Web site Web site

(5) /

(6) Booth
Event Booth
Booth
(7)




(8) /

(
)

64

65

2.5
2.5.1

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

8.
9.
10.
11.
12.



3

(Job
description) (Job specification)

- Cash flow 6
12

-





-

-




-

- (Overtime)

- (Contingent Workers)
Part time

- (Employee leasing)

- (Subcontracting)

Presentation
Out sourcing

- ()
-
-
-
-
-

- (Written Test)


Sketch Design

64

65

2.5
2.5.1

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

8.
9.
10.
11.
12.



3

(Job
description) (Job specification)

- Cash flow 6
12

-





-

-




-

- (Overtime)

- (Contingent Workers)
Part time

- (Employee leasing)

- (Subcontracting)

Presentation
Out sourcing

- ()
-
-
-
-
-

- (Written Test)


Sketch Design

66

67

2.5.2



Unassembled Test

- (Interviews or Oral
Test)


2

- (Performance Test)

- (Portfolio)

portfolio

portfolio Style

- ()
-
( Portfolio
)
- (
)
- (
)
- (
)

- (
)
- ()

-

-
-
-

2-3 2-3

/
/

-
(
) , e-mail,
net- work CAD
-

66

67

2.5.2



Unassembled Test

- (Interviews or Oral
Test)


2

- (Performance Test)

- (Portfolio)

portfolio

portfolio Style

- ()
-
( Portfolio
)
- (
)
- (
)
- (
)

- (
)
- ()

-

-
-
-

2-3 2-3

/
/

-
(
) , e-mail,
net- work CAD
-

2
1 (Direct Financial

Payments)



2 (Indirect Financial
Payments)

()

68

-


(Job value)
-

(: 2544), 162.

(Development)







8

3
-

69

2
(On-the-job training)
(Off-the-job training)

- (On-the-job training)





- (Off-the-job training)

Workshop

, :
(: 2541), 34.

2
1 (Direct Financial

Payments)



2 (Indirect Financial
Payments)

()

68

-


(Job value)
-

(: 2544), 162.

(Development)







8

3
-

69

2
(On-the-job training)
(Off-the-job training)

- (On-the-job training)





- (Off-the-job training)

Workshop

, :
(: 2541), 34.

70

71

2.5.3

-
-

- Promotion
Layoff

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

(Promotion)

(Transfer)

5
-

1.
2.
3.

4.
5. ()

- (Layoff)

1.

30
2.


3.

4.

- (Retirement)




55-60


60-70

1.


2.

3.

4.

5.

70

71

2.5.3

-
-

- Promotion
Layoff

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

(Promotion)

(Transfer)

5
-

1.
2.
3.

4.
5. ()

- (Layoff)

1.

30
2.


3.

4.

- (Retirement)




55-60


60-70

1.


2.

3.

4.

5.

72

73

2.6

2.6.1

(Financial System)

2.6.1.1
,
, ,
, ,
, Royalties

- (Direct expense)
2

1.1
1.2

1.3
1.4
1.5
fax.

1.6

1.7

1.8
1.9
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15 (Liability)

1.16

1.17
,

1.18
1.19

- (Overhead/ indirect expense)

2.1

2.2
2.3

2.4

2.5
2.6

2.7

2.8

2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13 proposal

2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17

1. (Money)

2. (Add value)





2 (Indirect
expense / overhead)

(Direct expense)

2.6.1.2 (Accounting system)

2
1.
,
()

2.

- , , General
Leader transactions

2.6.1.3

Accrual
1. Cash method

2. Accrual method

supplier

2.6.1.4
1. (Income Statement and balance sheet)

,
,
3 6
1
2. (Management report)
- ,



3.

72

73

2.6

2.6.1

(Financial System)

2.6.1.1
,
, ,
, ,
, Royalties

- (Direct expense)
2

1.1
1.2

1.3
1.4
1.5
fax.

1.6

1.7

1.8
1.9
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15 (Liability)

1.16

1.17
,

1.18
1.19

- (Overhead/ indirect expense)

2.1

2.2
2.3

2.4

2.5
2.6

2.7

2.8

2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13 proposal

2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17

1. (Money)

2. (Add value)





2 (Indirect
expense / overhead)

(Direct expense)

2.6.1.2 (Accounting system)

2
1.
,
()

2.

- , , General
Leader transactions

2.6.1.3

Accrual
1. Cash method

2. Accrual method

supplier

2.6.1.4
1. (Income Statement and balance sheet)

,
,
3 6
1
2. (Management report)
- ,



3.

2.6.2

(Financial Planning)

2.6.2.1 (Business Planning)



Credit
Line
4
1) (Revenue projection)
, Project
2) (Staff plan)

3) (Overhead expense
budget)

4) (Profit plan)

2.6.2.2 (Revenue Projection)

(Optimistic) (Pessimistic)
12

2.6.3

74

75

(Financial Health)

1. (Profitability)


2. (Liquidity) (Cash)
(Current asset)
1

3. (Solvency)


2.6.3.1


Cash Flow (cash budgeting)

(Cash budget)
1. Forecast billing
2. Forecast billing
3. Forecast ,

4. Forecast , ,

5. Schedule /

(Cash flow control)

1. Project
2.

3. monitor
4. disbursements
5.

- 3 2544-2545
..
..

..

2.6.2

(Financial Planning)

2.6.2.1 (Business Planning)



Credit
Line
4
1) (Revenue projection)
, Project
2) (Staff plan)

3) (Overhead expense
budget)

4) (Profit plan)

2.6.2.2 (Revenue Projection)

(Optimistic) (Pessimistic)
12

2.6.3

74

75

(Financial Health)

1. (Profitability)


2. (Liquidity) (Cash)
(Current asset)
1

3. (Solvency)


2.6.3.1


Cash Flow (cash budgeting)

(Cash budget)
1. Forecast billing
2. Forecast billing
3. Forecast ,

4. Forecast , ,

5. Schedule /

(Cash flow control)

1. Project
2.

3. monitor
4. disbursements
5.

- 3 2544-2545
..
..

..

2.6.4
2.6.3.2 (Financial Strength)

(Income Statement , Balance Sheet)
1) (Working capital)
= -



2) (Receivables)
() = /

30

3) (Revenue per employee)

CAD system

(Forecast)
4) (Managing Overhead)
30 -40 %
100 - 200 % (Direct salary express)



5) (Managing project expense)
(Project expense)
,
, ,

Staff
(Utilization - keep the staff engaged on project)
Productivity
Net multiplier = Net revenu / DSE
Net multiplier productivity Net revenue / DSE
reimbursable exp.
pass through exp.

76

(Acquiring Capital)

2.6.4.1

-
-
- ,


-
-
-
-
2.6.4.2



()

3
( 1 4 )
400,000 1/4 100,000

( 1 )

( 1 )
(
)
2.6.4.3

(value)

1

, ,
,
2 (Employee
stock ownership plan: ESOP)

3.
(Merging with or being acquired by another firm)

77

2.6.4
2.6.3.2 (Financial Strength)

(Income Statement , Balance Sheet)
1) (Working capital)
= -



2) (Receivables)
() = /

30

3) (Revenue per employee)

CAD system

(Forecast)
4) (Managing Overhead)
30 -40 %
100 - 200 % (Direct salary express)



5) (Managing project expense)
(Project expense)
,
, ,

Staff
(Utilization - keep the staff engaged on project)
Productivity
Net multiplier = Net revenu / DSE
Net multiplier productivity Net revenue / DSE
reimbursable exp.
pass through exp.

76

(Acquiring Capital)

2.6.4.1

-
-
- ,


-
-
-
-
2.6.4.2



()

3
( 1 4 )
400,000 1/4 100,000

( 1 )

( 1 )
(
)
2.6.4.3

(value)

1

, ,
,
2 (Employee
stock ownership plan: ESOP)

3.
(Merging with or being acquired by another firm)

77

78

79

2.7

CAD9 (Computer-aided design)
(Word processing)

Project management, Desktop publishing,
Slide production, Graphic arts, Spread- sheet, Database,

Visualization and animation

.. 1985

20

Hardware
Software
(Drafting) (Presentation)

2.7.1

-
-
Web Site
- (Drafting)

, (Template)

MicroStation PowerDraft, AutoSketch, Visio Technical

Scan
Raster Vector,

- (Analysis and Data Query)

CAD COMPUTER AID DESIGN

CAAD COMPUTER AID ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
CADD COMPUTER AID DRAFTING AND DESIGN

,
,
OTTV, (Simulation)

Microsoft Excel, AutoDesk LightScape

Fax on-Demand
Fax , Data Mining

- (Presentation)


, ,
(Animation)
AutoDesk Viz, 3D Studio, Lightwave 3D,

Maya, Piranesi, PowerPoint, Corel Draw, Illustrator, PhotoShop,

CNC Machine

- (Design)


3

- Sketch

Sketch
2 3
-




Freehand, HTML Editor

Sketchup, AutoDesk Architectural Studio, 3D Home Architect

Pen Tablet
,
- (Collaborative)

, ,

Microsoft NetMeeting,

(Mobile Computer)

Microsoft outlook, Internet Explorer, Netscape, ICQ

78

79

2.7

CAD9 (Computer-aided design)
(Word processing)

Project management, Desktop publishing,
Slide production, Graphic arts, Spread- sheet, Database,

Visualization and animation

.. 1985

20

Hardware
Software
(Drafting) (Presentation)

2.7.1

-
-
Web Site
- (Drafting)

, (Template)

MicroStation PowerDraft, AutoSketch, Visio Technical

Scan
Raster Vector,

- (Analysis and Data Query)

CAD COMPUTER AID DESIGN

CAAD COMPUTER AID ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
CADD COMPUTER AID DRAFTING AND DESIGN

,
,
OTTV, (Simulation)

Microsoft Excel, AutoDesk LightScape

Fax on-Demand
Fax , Data Mining

- (Presentation)


, ,
(Animation)
AutoDesk Viz, 3D Studio, Lightwave 3D,

Maya, Piranesi, PowerPoint, Corel Draw, Illustrator, PhotoShop,

CNC Machine

- (Design)


3

- Sketch

Sketch
2 3
-




Freehand, HTML Editor

Sketchup, AutoDesk Architectural Studio, 3D Home Architect

Pen Tablet
,
- (Collaborative)

, ,

Microsoft NetMeeting,

(Mobile Computer)

Microsoft outlook, Internet Explorer, Netscape, ICQ

80

2.7.2

:
- 1 : ()
DWG
DOC TXT XLS

- 2 :

P001
P001

:

-



Hyperlink
INTRANET
-
(Multi-Media)

CAD

XREF

-

Quotation

P001- PRELIM01-QUOTATION

Drawing File Layer

Block Attribute Spec
Text

81

2.7.3

2.7.4

-



CAD
CAD 2

-









-

(Profession
skill and management)
(Project manager)

-


CD-ROM
- (File Sharing)

-

- 2

CD-ROM

- Diskette

80

2.7.2

:
- 1 : ()
DWG
DOC TXT XLS

- 2 :

P001
P001

:

-



Hyperlink
INTRANET
-
(Multi-Media)

CAD

XREF

-

Quotation

P001- PRELIM01-QUOTATION

Drawing File Layer

Block Attribute Spec
Text

81

2.7.3

2.7.4

-



CAD
CAD 2

-









-

(Profession
skill and management)
(Project manager)

-


CD-ROM
- (File Sharing)

-

- 2

CD-ROM

- Diskette

82

83

2.8

(automation)

1 (Production standard) Typical
detail, Component libraries, and Standard contracts, Forms and

2 (Precision)
3 (Communication)
CAD Drawings
Presentation, Budgets and Schedule

4 (Design opportunities)

Correspondence templates

Scan Drawing
File Library

2.8.1

(1)






-

-



WTO

-



-

-




( 2.4.3
)
(2) ( )




( 2.1.1
)

-



-

82

83

2.8

(automation)

1 (Production standard) Typical
detail, Component libraries, and Standard contracts, Forms and

2 (Precision)
3 (Communication)
CAD Drawings
Presentation, Budgets and Schedule

4 (Design opportunities)

Correspondence templates

Scan Drawing
File Library

2.8.1

(1)






-

-



WTO

-



-

-




( 2.4.3
)
(2) ( )




( 2.1.1
)

-



-

84

85

2.8.2

(1)

-



-

(2)




-

-






(3)


-

(4)

84

85

2.8.2

(1)

-



-

(2)




-

-






(3)


-

(4)

86

, "
" .
: , 2545.
.
:
. .
, 2541.
. Human
Resource Management. : , 2545.
. .
3. : ,
2543.
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ISO 9000" . ,
2540.
.
.

, 2528.
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.
. 11. :
, 2544.

.
.

, 2546.

87

86

, "
" .
: , 2545.
.
:
. .
, 2541.
. Human
Resource Management. : , 2545.
. .
3. : ,
2543.
. .
: .. , 2545.
. . 2.
: , 2534.
. . :
, 2535.
. . 10. :
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. .
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( 2530): 88-93.

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. .
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(.. 2475-2537) 1-2. :
, 2539.

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. :
,
2541: 102-109.
.
.
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( 2542)

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.
.

, 2546.

87

88

AIA. Handbook of Architectural Practice. Volume 1.

Mondy, R. Wayne and Noe, Robert M. Human Resource

New York: AIA, 1997.

Management. 4th edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon,

1990.

American Marketing Association. Marketing Definition.

Chicago: American Marketing Association, 1960.

McCarthy, E. Jerome. Basic Marketing: A Managerial

Approach. 5th Ed. Homewood, III: Richard D. Irwin, 1978.

Cox, Reavis, and others.

Theory in Marketing.

Homewood, Illinoids: Richard D. Irwin, 1964.

Peter F. Drucker. Management: Task, Responsibilities,

Practice. New York: Harper & Row, 1973.

Coxe, Weld. Marketing Architectural and Engineering

Service. 2nd Ed. New York: Van Nostrand reinhold, 1983.

Pressman, Andy. Professional Practice 101:

A Compendium of Business and management Strategies

Cook, Curtis W., Hunsaker, Phillip L., Management and

in Architecture. New York: John Wiley&Sons, 1997.

Organization Behavior, 3rdEdition, Mc.Graw-Hill, 2001.

Stanton, William J. Fundamental of Marketing. New York:
Denkin, Joseph A. Architect's Handbook of Professional

McGraw-Hill, 1981.

Practice. 13th Ed. New York: John Wiley & Son, 2001.
Stephen Emmitt. Architectural Management in Practice.
Emmitt, Stephen. Architectural Management in practice

London: Wesley Longman , 1999.

a competitive approach. Malaysia: Longman, 1999.

The Architect's Handbook of Professional Practice. Edited
Franklin, James R. Architectect's Professional Practice

by David Haviland, Hon. AIA , 1997.

Manual. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000.

Theodore Leavitt. Marketing Myopia. Harvard Business
Hansen, Harry L.

Marketing: Text and Cases.

Review (July-August 1960): 45-46.

Homewood, III: Richard D. Irwin, 1977.

Ulrich,David, Losey, Michael and Lake, Geraldine S.
Harrigan, John E.,and Neel, Pual R. The executive

Tomorrow's HR Management: 48 Thought leaders call

architect: transforming designers into leaders. New York:

for change. New York: John Wiley&Sons, Inc, 1997.

John Wiley & Son, 1996.

Kenneth N. Wexley and Gary P. Latham, Developing and
Training Human Resources in Organizations. 2nd edition.
New York: Harper Collins, 1991.
Kotler, Philip. Principles of Marketing. Englewood Cliffs,
New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1980.
Kotler, Philip. Marketing Professional Service. 2nd Ed.
New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2002.

89

88

AIA. Handbook of Architectural Practice. Volume 1.

Mondy, R. Wayne and Noe, Robert M. Human Resource

New York: AIA, 1997.

Management. 4th edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon,

1990.

American Marketing Association. Marketing Definition.

Chicago: American Marketing Association, 1960.

McCarthy, E. Jerome. Basic Marketing: A Managerial

Approach. 5th Ed. Homewood, III: Richard D. Irwin, 1978.

Cox, Reavis, and others.

Theory in Marketing.

Homewood, Illinoids: Richard D. Irwin, 1964.

Peter F. Drucker. Management: Task, Responsibilities,

Practice. New York: Harper & Row, 1973.

Coxe, Weld. Marketing Architectural and Engineering

Service. 2nd Ed. New York: Van Nostrand reinhold, 1983.

Pressman, Andy. Professional Practice 101:

A Compendium of Business and management Strategies

Cook, Curtis W., Hunsaker, Phillip L., Management and

in Architecture. New York: John Wiley&Sons, 1997.

Organization Behavior, 3rdEdition, Mc.Graw-Hill, 2001.

Stanton, William J. Fundamental of Marketing. New York:
Denkin, Joseph A. Architect's Handbook of Professional

McGraw-Hill, 1981.

Practice. 13th Ed. New York: John Wiley & Son, 2001.
Stephen Emmitt. Architectural Management in Practice.
Emmitt, Stephen. Architectural Management in practice

London: Wesley Longman , 1999.

a competitive approach. Malaysia: Longman, 1999.

The Architect's Handbook of Professional Practice. Edited
Franklin, James R. Architectect's Professional Practice

by David Haviland, Hon. AIA , 1997.

Manual. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000.

Theodore Leavitt. Marketing Myopia. Harvard Business
Hansen, Harry L.

Marketing: Text and Cases.

Review (July-August 1960): 45-46.

Homewood, III: Richard D. Irwin, 1977.

Ulrich,David, Losey, Michael and Lake, Geraldine S.
Harrigan, John E.,and Neel, Pual R. The executive

Tomorrow's HR Management: 48 Thought leaders call

architect: transforming designers into leaders. New York:

for change. New York: John Wiley&Sons, Inc, 1997.

John Wiley & Son, 1996.

Kenneth N. Wexley and Gary P. Latham, Developing and
Training Human Resources in Organizations. 2nd edition.
New York: Harper Collins, 1991.
Kotler, Philip. Principles of Marketing. Englewood Cliffs,
New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1980.
Kotler, Philip. Marketing Professional Service. 2nd Ed.
New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2002.

89

92

93

3.1
3.1.1

3.1

3.5 3.6

3.1



1. Pre-Design Stage

1.1 (Project
Programming)

Project Inception

1. Project Programming or Program requirement

2. Briefing Stage

-
(
3.6)
1.2
(Feasibility Study)

1. Feasibility Study

- (Objective)

3.1

-

-

-


2. Design Program


(Outline
Proposals)

1.3 (Conceptual Design)

Conceptual Design

92

93

3.1
3.1.1

3.1

3.5 3.6

3.1



1. Pre-Design Stage

1.1 (Project
Programming)

Project Inception

1. Project Programming or Program requirement

2. Briefing Stage

-
(
3.6)
1.2
(Feasibility Study)

1. Feasibility Study

- (Objective)

3.1

-

-

-


2. Design Program


(Outline
Proposals)

1.3 (Conceptual Design)

Conceptual Design

(
3.6.3)

2. Design Stage

2.1 (Schematic Design)

1) Schematic Design
Selection
-

-
2-3
/



(study model)
3
(Sketch Design)
3

94

2)
Evaluation and Design Selection

2.2 (Preliminary Design)

-

-

-
-

2.3 (Detail Design)

1)
-

-
-



-
2)

-


-

-
-

2.4 (Design Development)

1) Construction Documents

-
- 4
- 2
-

-

-
- (Bills of Quantities:
B.O.Q.)


2) Schedule


3)

95

4)

3. Pre-Construction Stage

3.1 (Bidding)

3.2 (Contracting)

4. Construction Stage

(
3.6.3)

2. Design Stage

2.1 (Schematic Design)

1) Schematic Design
Selection
-

-
2-3
/



(study model)
3
(Sketch Design)
3

94

2)
Evaluation and Design Selection

2.2 (Preliminary Design)

-

-

-
-

2.3 (Detail Design)

1)
-

-
-



-
2)

-


-

-
-

2.4 (Design Development)

1) Construction Documents

-
- 4
- 2
-

-

-
- (Bills of Quantities:
B.O.Q.)


2) Schedule


3)

95

4)

3. Pre-Construction Stage

3.1 (Bidding)

3.2 (Contracting)

4. Construction Stage

4.1

(Construction
Management)

-

CPM (Critical Path Method)

-


4.2
(Construction Supervisor)

-
(Shop Drawing)

(
3.6.2)

96

Completion Construction



-

-

-
(As Built Drawing)
-


-

5. Post Construction Stage

5.1 (Occupancy)

AIA Edition13
(Move
Management)





(
)

5.2 (Post - Occupancy Evaluation:

POE)

-

-

6.

Facility

Management

97

-
-
-

7. Facility Planning


Key Long Plan

4.1

(Construction
Management)

-

CPM (Critical Path Method)

-


4.2
(Construction Supervisor)

-
(Shop Drawing)

(
3.6.2)

96

Completion Construction



-

-

-
(As Built Drawing)
-


-

5. Post Construction Stage

5.1 (Occupancy)

AIA Edition13
(Move
Management)





(
)

5.2 (Post - Occupancy Evaluation:

POE)

-

-

6.

Facility

Management

97

-
-
-

7. Facility Planning


Key Long Plan

98

99

3.1.2
-

(
3.2)

-






1) (Type of Project)

6
( )
1

2

( )
3

3
1

4



5

2) (Scale of Project)



1000
2000
15

2000

10000 23
10000

3
45

98

99

3.1.2
-

(
3.2)

-






1) (Type of Project)

6
( )
1

2

( )
3

3
1

4



5

2) (Scale of Project)



1000
2000
15

2000

10000 23
10000

3
45

100

101

3.2

3.2.1


5
1.
2.
3.

4.
5.
1.

2



2
-

-

2.

3.

-
-
-

-
-

-
- (


)
-
-

-

4.

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-


-

-
-
-

5.

-

-

100

101

3.2

3.2.1


5
1.
2.
3.

4.
5.
1.

2



2
-

-

2.

3.

-
-
-

-
-

-
- (


)
-
-

-

4.

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-


-

-
-
-

5.

-

-

102

103

3.2.2







(Professional Insurance: PI)

- (exposure)


- (capability)

- (responsibility)

- (power)

1.

RISK 1

, 2546

-
-
-

-
-
-
-

-
-
-
2.
2
1.
2.

2.1
2.1.1
-

2.1.2
-

2.1.3
-

2.1.4

,2546

-






2.1.5
-

2.1.6
-

2.2
-







2.3
2.3.1
-

102

103

3.2.2







(Professional Insurance: PI)

- (exposure)


- (capability)

- (responsibility)

- (power)

1.

RISK 1

, 2546

-
-
-

-
-
-
-

-
-
-
2.
2
1.
2.

2.1
2.1.1
-

2.1.2
-

2.1.3
-

2.1.4

,2546

-






2.1.5
-

2.1.6
-

2.2
-







2.3
2.3.1
-

2.3.2
-
-
-
-

2.3.3
-

- /

2.3.4
-

2.3.5
-

-

-

5

-

(Project Manager )

2.3.6
-
-
-

104

-




2

3.


AIA EDITION 13th
5
-

1.
-

-
-
2.
-

-
-
-
-
3.

-
-
-
-
-
4.



-
-
-
-
-
5.

- (Cash flow)

4.

4.1

-

-

-

105

4.2

-
-
-

-
- /
4
4.3
-

4.4
(Quality management)

2.3.2
-
-
-
-

2.3.3
-

- /

2.3.4
-

2.3.5
-

-

-

5

-

(Project Manager )

2.3.6
-
-
-

104

-




2

3.


AIA EDITION 13th
5
-

1.
-

-
-
2.
-

-
-
-
-
3.

-
-
-
-
-
4.



-
-
-
-
-
5.

- (Cash flow)

4.

4.1

-

-

-

105

4.2

-
-
-

-
- /
4
4.3
-

4.4
(Quality management)

106

107

3.3
3.3.1
-

3.3.2
-

3.3.3
-

Multicomplex

3.3.4
-

(DESIGNER)

1. (ARCHITECT)
2. (STRUCTURAL ENGINEER)
3. (ELECTRICAL ENGINEER)
4. (SANITARY ENGINEER)
5. (DECORATOR
OR INTERIOR ARCHITECT)

6. (LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT)
7. (ESTIMATOR OR QUANTITY
SURVEYOR)

106

107

3.3
3.3.1
-

3.3.2
-

3.3.3
-

Multicomplex

3.3.4
-

(DESIGNER)

1. (ARCHITECT)
2. (STRUCTURAL ENGINEER)
3. (ELECTRICAL ENGINEER)
4. (SANITARY ENGINEER)
5. (DECORATOR
OR INTERIOR ARCHITECT)

6. (LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT)
7. (ESTIMATOR OR QUANTITY
SURVEYOR)

108

109

3.4
3.4.1

(Negotiating Agreement)

1.

-
-
-
-

-
-





3
1.
2.
3.
3

(
2 )
.-

-






-

-


-

(Power of Convince)

-
-
-

-
-

-
-
-

1.


(demand) (supply)



2. (


)

3.

108

109

3.4
3.4.1

(Negotiating Agreement)

1.

-
-
-
-

-
-





3
1.
2.
3.
3

(
2 )
.-

-






-

-


-

(Power of Convince)

-
-
-

-
-

-
-
-

1.


(demand) (supply)



2. (


)

3.

110

111

3.4.2 /
(contract/ agreement)

2
1. (one of whole)

2.

- (Lump sum)




-

(

)




(Creativity)
( 2 )

(contract)
12
2545 2

?
-
-
- who what when where how?
?
(Agreement)
(Reference)

1. (MOU)
2. (Letter of Intention, LOI)
3. (Agreement)/ (Contract)
/
1.
2.
3.
4.

1.
2.

3.

4.

. (Letter of Intention)

()
.

.
-

.
-

-

- 4
-

110

111

3.4.2 /
(contract/ agreement)

2
1. (one of whole)

2.

- (Lump sum)




-

(

)




(Creativity)
( 2 )

(contract)
12
2545 2

?
-
-
- who what when where how?
?
(Agreement)
(Reference)

1. (MOU)
2. (Letter of Intention, LOI)
3. (Agreement)/ (Contract)
/
1.
2.
3.
4.

1.
2.

3.

4.

. (Letter of Intention)

()
.

.
-

.
-

-

- 4
-

(Copyright)
.. 2537

.. 2537

- *
- *
- *
-
-

(*
)
(Ownership)

2
1.
2.
.. 2537

(Protection of Design

Works of Architect / Author)

/

.. 2537

(Concept)

112

(Original Drawing)



(Perspective) (Model)
(Computer
generated 3D model & animation)

(Building Renovation & Restoration)

(/
)
3

(Protection of the Architect / Authors)

(Right of Communication to the Public)

(Recognition of Authorship)

( Violations )

( )

(Term of Protection)
/
/
50
/

.
.
5

1.

2.

3.

4.
5.

. /
.

113

/
/
/
/
/

( )

(Copyright)
.. 2537

.. 2537

- *
- *
- *
-
-

(*
)
(Ownership)

2
1.
2.
.. 2537

(Protection of Design

Works of Architect / Author)

/

.. 2537

(Concept)

112

(Original Drawing)



(Perspective) (Model)
(Computer
generated 3D model & animation)

(Building Renovation & Restoration)

(/
)
3

(Protection of the Architect / Authors)

(Right of Communication to the Public)

(Recognition of Authorship)

( Violations )

( )

(Term of Protection)
/
/
50
/

.
.
5

1.

2.

3.

4.
5.

. /
.

113

/
/
/
/
/

( )

3.5

2
- (Internal Management)

- (External Management)

115

(Project Administration)

3.5.1

114

(Internal Management)

(
2)

1.

2.


/

3.

4.

3.5

2
- (Internal Management)

- (External Management)

115

(Project Administration)

3.5.1

114

(Internal Management)

(
2)

1.

2.


/

3.

4.

116

117

3.6
3.5.2

(External Management)

(Shop Drawing)

3.6.1
(Facilities Planning and
Programming)

(Facilities Management)

(Asset Management)

, ,
, , ,

(Capital Resources)
, ,
,

(Facilities Management Activities)

(Space)

(Space
Utilization)

(Facilities Cost Containment)

)


Resizing


(Sublease)

116

117

3.6
3.5.2

(External Management)

(Shop Drawing)

3.6.1
(Facilities Planning and
Programming)

(Facilities Management)

(Asset Management)

, ,
, , ,

(Capital Resources)
, ,
,

(Facilities Management Activities)

(Space)

(Space
Utilization)

(Facilities Cost Containment)

)


Resizing


(Sublease)

Brochure

Delivery approach

118

(Opportunities for services)

(

(Facilities Planning)

Space Schematics Flow

diagram

(Flow Pattern)



(Project Delivery)

(Project Programming)

2

1. (Pragmatic Level)
2.

(Aspiration level)

(Gross area)

(The Program Statement)

(Performance)


3
Performance Statement
(
)
(Measure)

200
Test
(
)

119

Bubble Drawings, Matrixes

(Program idea)
(Design concept)

(Program statement)

Concept
Concept

(
)
4

Brochure

Delivery approach

118

(Opportunities for services)

(

(Facilities Planning)

Space Schematics Flow

diagram

(Flow Pattern)



(Project Delivery)

(Project Programming)

2

1. (Pragmatic Level)
2.

(Aspiration level)

(Gross area)

(The Program Statement)

(Performance)


3
Performance Statement
(
)
(Measure)

200
Test
(
)

119

Bubble Drawings, Matrixes

(Program idea)
(Design concept)

(Program statement)

Concept
Concept

(
)
4

(value)

Developer



2

(Behavioral Scientist)

(Program

Outline)

1. (Executive summary)
2. (Project and design
goals)

3. (Space Program)
4. (Planning &
design criteria)

- ,

-
- Space planning module
- Dimensional criteria
-

120

-
-
-
5. (Building performance criteria)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
6. Site requirement
7.
8.
-
-
-
-
(Securing Commitment)



, , ,

(Committee clients)


,

(Programming and budgeting)

(Space schematics and flow diagram)

(Existing facilities surveys)

()

1.

, ,

(Program Outline)

(Program Outline)

2.

121

3. (SPACE

REQUIERMENT)

4.

5.
Zoning


6.

Diagram

7.

(value)

Developer



2

(Behavioral Scientist)

(Program

Outline)

1. (Executive summary)
2. (Project and design
goals)

3. (Space Program)
4. (Planning &
design criteria)

- ,

-
- Space planning module
- Dimensional criteria
-

120

-
-
-
5. (Building performance criteria)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
6. Site requirement
7.
8.
-
-
-
-
(Securing Commitment)



, , ,

(Committee clients)


,

(Programming and budgeting)

(Space schematics and flow diagram)

(Existing facilities surveys)

()

1.

, ,

(Program Outline)

(Program Outline)

2.

121

3. (SPACE

REQUIERMENT)

4.

5.
Zoning


6.

Diagram

7.

8.

9.

(Climate Microclimate)



(Discount rate)
10.

11.

()

12.

122

1. (Performance)




2. (Value)




3. (Image)




4. (Flexibility)

/
5. (Time)
,
(Time line strategy and
milestones)

- ,
- ,
-

Conceptual
design,

(Hour billing)
(Cost-plus)
1
1

123

8.

9.

(Climate Microclimate)



(Discount rate)
10.

11.

()

12.

122

1. (Performance)




2. (Value)




3. (Image)




4. (Flexibility)

/
5. (Time)
,
(Time line strategy and
milestones)

- ,
- ,
-

Conceptual
design,

(Hour billing)
(Cost-plus)
1
1

123

3.6.2

124

125

(Site Analysis)

Zoning

(Program Evaluation)



(Site design process)

(Building footprint)
3
(Gross area)

(Net area) 6095 %

(Parking requirement)

(Circulation and space

requirement)

Fault lines ()



()

(Special constraints and

requirement)

(rights-of-way)
, ,
, (floodplain area),

(Site Evaluation)





(Climate)

(Topography legal description and utility survey)

1.
2.
3. (march)
4.

(Geo technical / Soils)

()
()

(Utilities and services)

(Environment contamination)
2
1

2
1
(Site character)

3.6.2

124

125

(Site Analysis)

Zoning

(Program Evaluation)



(Site design process)

(Building footprint)
3
(Gross area)

(Net area) 6095 %

(Parking requirement)

(Circulation and space

requirement)

Fault lines ()



()

(Special constraints and

requirement)

(rights-of-way)
, ,
, (floodplain area),

(Site Evaluation)





(Climate)

(Topography legal description and utility survey)

1.
2.
3. (march)
4.

(Geo technical / Soils)

()
()

(Utilities and services)

(Environment contamination)
2
1

2
1
(Site character)

(Cultural factors)

(Site history)


(Surrounding land uses)

(Economic value)

(Site accommodation)

(Special site studies)

(The construction of
cogeneration) (Solid-waste
disposal system)

(Historic resources inventories)

(Planning & Zoning

assistance)

(Site analysis services)

(Site design)

(Regulatory factors)

126

(Developers)

(Zoning)



(
)
(Scheduling and budgeting)

( )

Site evaluation checklist

1.

,

2.

127

3. ,
,

4. ,

1. (right of way)

2.

-, ,
, , ,
, ,


,

3.

4.


5.
6.




: -

7. :

Alignment

8. (Existing waterway)


9.
,

(Cultural factors)

(Site history)


(Surrounding land uses)

(Economic value)

(Site accommodation)

(Special site studies)

(The construction of
cogeneration) (Solid-waste
disposal system)

(Historic resources inventories)

(Planning & Zoning

assistance)

(Site analysis services)

(Site design)

(Regulatory factors)

126

(Developers)

(Zoning)



(
)
(Scheduling and budgeting)

( )

Site evaluation checklist

1.

,

2.

127

3. ,
,

4. ,

1. (right of way)

2.

-, ,
, , ,
, ,


,

3.

4.


5.
6.




: -

7. :

Alignment

8. (Existing waterway)


9.
,

-
-
, ,



10.

Geo technical / Soils

1. :
(++)
2. :



3.


4.
5.

128

1.




2.

1.

2.
3.
4.
5.

,
1. (Zoning)

2.



3.
4.


5.

1.
2.
3.

1.
2.
3.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

(Utilities)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5. (Lot coverage)
FAR
OSR
BCO
6.
7.
8.

1.



2.

:







3.




4.



5.

129

6.





-
-
-

-
-
, ,



10.

Geo technical / Soils

1. :
(++)
2. :



3.


4.
5.

128

1.




2.

1.

2.
3.
4.
5.

,
1. (Zoning)

2.



3.
4.


5.

1.
2.
3.

1.
2.
3.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

(Utilities)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5. (Lot coverage)
FAR
OSR
BCO
6.
7.
8.

1.



2.

:







3.




4.



5.

129

6.





-
-
-

3.6.3

130

131

(Design Phase)

1.

2.

3.


4.

5.

6.

7. (Sustainability)


8.
9.
10.

(Mass)

(Base drawing)

(Concept Design)







(Concept)

Design concept

concept


element concept image

(design vocabulary)
(formal and aesthetic ideas)

concept

2

concept design
concept

3.6.3

130

131

(Design Phase)

1.

2.

3.


4.

5.

6.

7. (Sustainability)


8.
9.
10.

(Mass)

(Base drawing)

(Concept Design)







(Concept)

Design concept

concept


element concept image

(design vocabulary)
(formal and aesthetic ideas)

concept

2

concept design
concept

132

3.6.4

1.

-
-
-
-
-

-

-
- /
-

-
2.

-
-
-

-

-

-

-
-

3.

-
-

-

-

-
-

-

-

-

4.

-
-
-
-

-

3.6

133

132

3.6.4

1.

-
-
-
-
-

-

-
- /
-

-
2.

-
-
-

-

-

-

-
-

3.

-
-

-

-

-
-

-

-

-

4.

-
-
-
-

-

3.6

133

134

135

().
(). .
1-4 2546.
. 10
,
2530: 88-93.
. 10
,
2537: 47-54.
. .
3. :
, 2541.
. :
(.. 2475-2537) 1-2. :
, 2539.

. : 2544.
. :
,
2541: 102-109.
.

.
: , 2544.

.
2543
.

AIA. Handbook of Architectural Practice. Volume 1. New

York: AIA, 1997.
AIA. The AIA Documents: An Introduction. [online]. (n.d.).
Available from: http: //www.aia.org/documents/
introduction.asp.[2001, October 02]

.
.

, 2545.

Denkin, Joseph A. Architects Handbook of Professional

Practice. 13th Ed. New York: John Wiley & Son, 2001.
Emmit Stephen. Architectural Management in Practice.

. .
( 2542): 58-63.
, .

. : ., 2521

Construction Contract Administration:

2544
.

London: Wesley Longman, 1999.

Guidelines for Procurement Under JBIC ODA Loans.

Fisk, R. Edward. Construction project Administration. 6th

ed. Upper Saddle river, NJ : Prentic Hall, 2000.
Franklin, James R. Architectects Professional Practice
Manual. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000.

, . .
: ., 2533

Japan bank for international cooperation. Guidelines for

procurement under JBIC ODA loans. n.p. n.d. 1999.

.
AIA
.
2543
.
.
(Arxhitectue Fesign and
Consteruction process).
2544
.
.
. ( 2541):
36-43.
.
.
(CCS) 33. 5-7
2546 .
, .

, .
2537. :
, 2537.

Kwakye A.A. Msc and ect. Construction Project

Administration in Practice. London: Wesley Longman,
1999.

, .
. 2.


. : , 2539.
, .
. 5 . :
, 2539
. Design /
Builder .
2544
.
. .
2 . :
, 2544.

134

135

().
(). .
1-4 2546.
. 10
,
2530: 88-93.
. 10
,
2537: 47-54.
. .
3. :
, 2541.
. :
(.. 2475-2537) 1-2. :
, 2539.

. : 2544.
. :
,
2541: 102-109.
.

.
: , 2544.

.
2543
.

AIA. Handbook of Architectural Practice. Volume 1. New

York: AIA, 1997.
AIA. The AIA Documents: An Introduction. [online]. (n.d.).
Available from: http: //www.aia.org/documents/
introduction.asp.[2001, October 02]

.
.

, 2545.

Denkin, Joseph A. Architects Handbook of Professional

Practice. 13th Ed. New York: John Wiley & Son, 2001.
Emmit Stephen. Architectural Management in Practice.

. .
( 2542): 58-63.
, .

. : ., 2521

Construction Contract Administration:

2544
.

London: Wesley Longman, 1999.

Guidelines for Procurement Under JBIC ODA Loans.

Fisk, R. Edward. Construction project Administration. 6th

ed. Upper Saddle river, NJ : Prentic Hall, 2000.
Franklin, James R. Architectects Professional Practice
Manual. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000.

, . .
: ., 2533

Japan bank for international cooperation. Guidelines for

procurement under JBIC ODA loans. n.p. n.d. 1999.

.
AIA
.
2543
.
.
(Arxhitectue Fesign and
Consteruction process).
2544
.
.
. ( 2541):
36-43.
.
.
(CCS) 33. 5-7
2546 .
, .

, .
2537. :
, 2537.

Kwakye A.A. Msc and ect. Construction Project

Administration in Practice. London: Wesley Longman,
1999.

, .
. 2.


. : , 2539.
, .
. 5 . :
, 2539
. Design /
Builder .
2544
.
. .
2 . :
, 2544.

136

137

..2476

18 ..2477

7
1.
2.
3.
4. ..
5. ..
6. ..
7.

33

.. 2484

2
..

2 .. 2488

..2497
.. 2497
46/1-2
..2512
..2532
248/1
9

.. 2490-2508

1.

2.

3.

4.


2


-
..

..2499
..
, .. ,
.. .

136

137

..2476

18 ..2477

7
1.
2.
3.
4. ..
5. ..
6. ..
7.

33

.. 2484

2
..

2 .. 2488

..2497
.. 2497
46/1-2
..2512
..2532
248/1
9

.. 2490-2508

1.

2.

3.

4.


2


-
..

..2499
..
, .. ,
.. .

2
14 ..2508

..2502-2508

..2506

..2510

.. 2512

.. 2508 - 2527

.. 2508






19

.. 2508 - 2527

138

.. 2528-2536

.. 2537-2544
-




, . , ,
,

370
9


.. 2531
4,000

2543 ..2543
-












-

7
13

139

-
. 363-367

-





www.asa-web.com
www.asa.co.th

-
-
-
281 (.281)
-

2
14 ..2508

..2502-2508

..2506

..2510

.. 2512

.. 2508 - 2527

.. 2508






19

.. 2508 - 2527

138

.. 2528-2536

.. 2537-2544
-




, . , ,
,

370
9


.. 2531
4,000

2543 ..2543
-












-

7
13

139

-
. 363-367

-





www.asa-web.com
www.asa.co.th

-
-
-
281 (.281)
-

140

141

..

2477
2489
2490
2491
2492
2493
2494
2495-2497
2498-2499
2500
2501
2502
2503-2504
2505
2506
2507
2508
2509
2510
2511-2513
2514-2515
2516-2517
2518-2519
2520-2521
2522-2523
2524-2525
2526-2527
2528-2529
2530-2535
2535-2537
2537-2539
2539-2541
2541-2543
2543-2545
2545-2547
2547-2549

..

..
..
..


...







..














..

10
..2543



IMF, WTO, APEC


.. 2543



7 2543
4

1.

..2508
..2543
2.
3.

4.

5.

10

5

5
3 2

6. 3



7.
18

8.

9.

10.
500

140

141

..

2477
2489
2490
2491
2492
2493
2494
2495-2497
2498-2499
2500
2501
2502
2503-2504
2505
2506
2507
2508
2509
2510
2511-2513
2514-2515
2516-2517
2518-2519
2520-2521
2522-2523
2524-2525
2526-2527
2528-2529
2530-2535
2535-2537
2537-2539
2539-2541
2541-2543
2543-2545
2545-2547
2547-2549

..

..
..
..


...







..














..

10
..2543



IMF, WTO, APEC


.. 2543



7 2543
4

1.

..2508
..2543
2.
3.

4.

5.

10

5

5
3 2

6. 3



7.
18

8.

9.

10.
500

142

143

- 2
- 500
- 300
- ( ) 3,000
- 5
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- () 600
- () 6,000

11.

12. ..2543 - 2545

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

1)
1.1

()
()

1.2

()

1.3

1.4

1.5
()
()
1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

1.10
()
4
1.11
6

()

()

()

2)
2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5
()
- -

()

142

143

- 2
- 500
- 300
- ( ) 3,000
- 5
- 1,000
- () 600
- () 6,000

11.

12. ..2543 - 2545

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

1)
1.1

()
()

1.2

()

1.3

1.4

1.5
()
()
1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

1.10
()
4
1.11
6

()

()

()

2)
2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5
()
- -

()

.. 2532

144

145

.. 2532

.. 2532

2.1 (FEASIBILITY
STUDY)

2.2 (PROJECT DESIGN)

2.3 (CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT)
(CONSTRUCTION

1.

2.
(MANAGEMENT
/ CO-ORDINATION FEE) (DIRECT

EXPENSE)



3.

+ +

SUPERVISION)

2.4 (REHABILITATION)
(ALTERATION)

2.5 (SPECIAL MISSION)

2.6 (SPECIAL SERVICES)
2.6.1
2.6.2
2.6.3
2.6.4
2.6.5

3
1

3.1

3.2 (BILLING RATE)

(DIRECT COST)
(LUMP SUM)
3.3 (PERSONAL SERVICE
CHARGE)

3.2 3.3

4


3
4.1

4.2

(FEE)


4.3

5.1

5.2

5.3




(MANAGEMENT / CO-ORDINATION FEE)
(DIRECT EXPENSE)

5.3.1 10
5.3.2 15

5.4

65
20
5
10
100

60
20
5
10
5
100

55
22
6
11
6
100

50
26
6
12
6
100

.. 2532

144

145

.. 2532

.. 2532

2.1 (FEASIBILITY
STUDY)

2.2 (PROJECT DESIGN)

2.3 (CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT)
(CONSTRUCTION

1.

2.
(MANAGEMENT
/ CO-ORDINATION FEE) (DIRECT

EXPENSE)



3.

+ +

SUPERVISION)

2.4 (REHABILITATION)
(ALTERATION)

2.5 (SPECIAL MISSION)

2.6 (SPECIAL SERVICES)
2.6.1
2.6.2
2.6.3
2.6.4
2.6.5

3
1

3.1

3.2 (BILLING RATE)

(DIRECT COST)
(LUMP SUM)
3.3 (PERSONAL SERVICE
CHARGE)

3.2 3.3

4


3
4.1

4.2

(FEE)


4.3

5.1

5.2

5.3




(MANAGEMENT / CO-ORDINATION FEE)
(DIRECT EXPENSE)

5.3.1 10
5.3.2 15

5.4

65
20
5
10
100

60
20
5
10
5
100

55
22
6
11
6
100

50
26
6
12
6
100

.. 2532

1
2

3

4




5.5 (
)
1 5

1





1
2 20


1

3 20

20


4 20

146

40

40

20

20

.. 2532

-
()
-

5 20

25

25

45

45
6 15

6.1 (MANAGEMENT / CO-ORDINATION FEE)

-
-

6.2 (DIRECT EXPENSE)

- ()

- ()
-

-

-
-

-
-
-

-
-
-

-
-
-
-
- (OUT-LINED
SPECIFICATION)

-
-

147

-
-
-
-
-
-
-

-
-
-

-
-
-
-

-
-
-

-
-

-
-
-

.. 2532

1
2

3

4




5.5 (
)
1 5

1





1
2 20


1

3 20

20


4 20

146

40

40

20

20

.. 2532

-
()
-

5 20

25

25

45

45
6 15

6.1 (MANAGEMENT / CO-ORDINATION FEE)

-
-

6.2 (DIRECT EXPENSE)

- ()

- ()
-

-

-
-

-
-
-

-
-
-

-
-
-
-
- (OUT-LINED
SPECIFICATION)

-
-

147

-
-
-
-
-
-
-

-
-
-

-
-
-
-

-
-
-

-
-

-
-
-

.. 2532

148

149

-
-
1
-
1
-
- (SHOP DRAWINGS)

-
-

- (SHOP DRAWINGS)

1

1.


THE ASSOCIATION OF SIAMESE ARCHITECTS UNDER

ASA

2.

9


2477
ROYAL PATRONAGE

3.
248 / 1
9

2

4.

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

5.
3
(1)

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

(2)

2.1

2.2

2
2.3 2
2.4
(3)

.. 2532

148

149

-
-
1
-
1
-
- (SHOP DRAWINGS)

-
-

- (SHOP DRAWINGS)

1

1.


THE ASSOCIATION OF SIAMESE ARCHITECTS UNDER

ASA

2.

9


2477
ROYAL PATRONAGE

3.
248 / 1
9

2

4.

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

5.
3
(1)

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

(2)

2.1

2.2

2
2.3 2
2.4
(3)

6.

2




12

7.

8.

(1)
(2) 5
(3)

(4)
3 4

(5)

9.

(1)
(2)
(3)

150

10.
(1)
1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

(2)
2.1
2.2
2.3

2.4

2.5




(3)
3.1
11.
(1)

1.1
1.2

1.3
1.4

1.5

(2)

2.1

(3)

12.
(1) 100
()
400 ()
(2) 100
()
400 ()
3,000 ()
(3)

13.

14.
4

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

151

15.
(1)
1.1
1.2 2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8 3 6

2
(2)
4.2 4.3 4.4
(3)
3

(4)

12

3
3
3

4.1
120

30
4.2 2

30

4.3

4.4

6.

2




12

7.

8.

(1)
(2) 5
(3)

(4)
3 4

(5)

9.

(1)
(2)
(3)

150

10.
(1)
1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

(2)
2.1
2.2
2.3

2.4

2.5




(3)
3.1
11.
(1)

1.1
1.2

1.3
1.4

1.5

(2)

2.1

(3)

12.
(1) 100
()
400 ()
(2) 100
()
400 ()
3,000 ()
(3)

13.

14.
4

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

151

15.
(1)
1.1
1.2 2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8 3 6

2
(2)
4.2 4.3 4.4
(3)
3

(4)

12

3
3
3

4.1
120

30
4.2 2

30

4.3

4.4

4.5

5

4.6

15 (1)


(5)

(6)

6.1
2
6.2
-
-
-

-
6.3



2 3

6.4

30

6.5 6.2

152

(7)

(8)

16.

17.
(1)

(2)

(3)

18.
(1)
1.1 10,000
1.2 20,000

1.3 20,000

1.4

1.5

1.6

5,000
1.7
(2)

2.1

19.
(1)
10
30

(2) 5

5
(3)

(4)

(5) 15

(6)

20.
(1)

(2)

21.

2.2

2
3 23 (1)

153

(1)
(2)

(3)

()
(4)
(5)
(6)
22.

10

23.
(1)
10

1

1 3
(2)

(3)

24.

(1)
(2)
(3)

(4)

(5)

4.5

5

4.6

15 (1)


(5)

(6)

6.1
2
6.2
-
-
-

-
6.3



2 3

6.4

30

6.5 6.2

152

(7)

(8)

16.

17.
(1)

(2)

(3)

18.
(1)
1.1 10,000
1.2 20,000

1.3 20,000

1.4

1.5

1.6

5,000
1.7
(2)

2.1

19.
(1)
10
30

(2) 5

5
(3)

(4)

(5) 15

(6)

20.
(1)

(2)

21.

2.2

2
3 23 (1)

153

(1)
(2)

(3)

()
(4)
(5)
(6)
22.

10

23.
(1)
10

1

1 3
(2)

(3)

24.

(1)
(2)
(3)

(4)

(5)

154

.. 2532

155

.. 2532
25. 5
(1)
(2)
(3) 1
(4)
(5)

4
(5)

(6)

10

26.

27.
(1)
(2)
(3)
28.
(1) 7

5


(2)
30

(3)
2
1
(4)

30
29.
(1)
(2)
(3)

(4) 2

30.
(1)

2 3
23(1)
(2)

1 5
2 3
(1)

11

31.

3 4

32.

0.1

0.2

0.3

1

1.1.
1.1.1

1.1.2


1.1.3

1.1.4

1.2.
1.2.1




1.2.2

1.2.3

1.2.4

154

.. 2532

155

.. 2532
25. 5
(1)
(2)
(3) 1
(4)
(5)

4
(5)

(6)

10

26.

27.
(1)
(2)
(3)
28.
(1) 7

5


(2)
30

(3)
2
1
(4)

30
29.
(1)
(2)
(3)

(4) 2

30.
(1)

2 3
23(1)
(2)

1 5
2 3
(1)

11

31.

3 4

32.

0.1

0.2

0.3

1

1.1.
1.1.1

1.1.2


1.1.3

1.1.4

1.2.
1.2.1




1.2.2

1.2.3

1.2.4


.. 2532

1.3.
1.3.1

1.3.2


1.3.3

1.3.4

1.4.

1.5.
1.5.1

1.5.2

156

1.5.3

5
2.1





2.1.1

2.1.2

2.1.3
2.1.4
2.2

2.1

2.2.1

2.2.2

2.2.3

2.2.4

2.2.5
2.2.6

.. 2532

2.3

2.3.1

4
2


2.3.2

2.3.3

2.3.4
2.3.5
2.4

2.4.1
2.4.2
2.4.3

2.4.4
2.4.5
2.5

2.5.1

2.5.2

2.5.3

2.5.4
2.5.5

157

2.6
2.1 2.2 5
2.3 10

3.1

3.1.1

1

4 35

10
6.50
650,000
20
5.50
1,100,000
5
4.75
237,500
1,987,500
3.1.2 *
1.2
3.1.1
*

3.1.3 **
1.4
3.1.1
**


.. 2532

1.3.
1.3.1

1.3.2


1.3.3

1.3.4

1.4.

1.5.
1.5.1

1.5.2

156

1.5.3

5
2.1





2.1.1

2.1.2

2.1.3
2.1.4
2.2

2.1

2.2.1

2.2.2

2.2.3

2.2.4

2.2.5
2.2.6

.. 2532

2.3

2.3.1

4
2


2.3.2

2.3.3

2.3.4
2.3.5
2.4

2.4.1
2.4.2
2.4.3

2.4.4
2.4.5
2.5

2.5.1

2.5.2

2.5.3

2.5.4
2.5.5

157

2.6
2.1 2.2 5
2.3 10

3.1

3.1.1

1

4 35

10
6.50
650,000
20
5.50
1,100,000
5
4.75
237,500
1,987,500
3.1.2 *
1.2
3.1.1
*

3.1.3 **
1.4
3.1.1
**


.. 2532

3.1.4

1 100
3.1.1
2 50
3.1.1
3 5 25
3.1.1
6 10
20 3.1.1
11
15
3.1.1
3.2

3.1

3.2.1



2.145 - 2.5
(
35 - 40
60 - 90
10 )
3.2.2


3.2.1

158

3.3

1 5

2 20

2.1
3 20

22
4 40


5 15

.. 2532

3.4.3

3.2
3.4.4

3.4.5
2
3.2

2

( )

159

3

1
4

5


6

1
1

2 4

2.1.4 4

3.4

3.4.1
1

25
3.4.2

30

1
2
3
4
5
6

10

30

30

50

50

100

100

200

200

500

500

10.00
8.50
7.50
6.50
5.50
4.50

7.75
6.75
6.00
5.50
4.75
4.25

6.50
5.75
5.25
4.75
4.50
4.00

6.00
5.50
5.00
4.50
4.25
3.75

5.25
4.75
4.50
4.25
4.00
3.50

4.50
4.25
4.00
3.75
3.50
3.25

3.70
3.60
3.50
3.40
3.30
3.20


.. 2532

3.1.4

1 100
3.1.1
2 50
3.1.1
3 5 25
3.1.1
6 10
20 3.1.1
11
15
3.1.1
3.2

3.1

3.2.1



2.145 - 2.5
(
35 - 40
60 - 90
10 )
3.2.2


3.2.1

158

3.3

1 5

2 20

2.1
3 20

22
4 40


5 15

.. 2532

3.4.3

3.2
3.4.4

3.4.5
2
3.2

2

( )

159

3

1
4

5


6

1
1

2 4

2.1.4 4

3.4

3.4.1
1

25
3.4.2

30

1
2
3
4
5
6

10

30

30

50

50

100

100

200

200

500

500

10.00
8.50
7.50
6.50
5.50
4.50

7.75
6.75
6.00
5.50
4.75
4.25

6.50
5.75
5.25
4.75
4.50
4.00

6.00
5.50
5.00
4.50
4.25
3.75

5.25
4.75
4.50
4.25
4.00
3.50

4.50
4.25
4.00
3.75
3.50
3.25

3.70
3.60
3.50
3.40
3.30
3.20


.. 2532

160

161

2 3

5.1

4.1

5.2
4.1.1

4.1.2

4.1.3
4.1.4

4.1.5
4.1.6

4.2

4.3

4.4


2.5

1. ( )
-
-
-
-
-
2.
-
-

3
1)

2)




2
(1)

(2)

3)
2
(1)

(2)

1)
(1)


4


1

(2)


14

(3) 6

1 12
(4)

(5)

2)



5

1.
-

..2535


.. 2532

160

161

2 3

5.1

4.1

5.2
4.1.1

4.1.2

4.1.3
4.1.4

4.1.5
4.1.6

4.2

4.3

4.4


2.5

1. ( )
-
-
-
-
-
2.
-
-

3
1)

2)




2
(1)

(2)

3)
2
(1)

(2)

1)
(1)


4


1

(2)


14

(3) 6

1 12
(4)

(5)

2)



5

1.
-

..2535

162

163

-



2.
1)
- 7

-

-
7

-
25 (
5 )
-
3

2)
- 2

-


(

)
3.
-

.. 2541

.. 2541 19
2541

1
6

13

1
6

1.

2.

3.
( 4)

8
48

7
42

- 30
- 45

1
5

1.5

()
2 20

162

163

-



2.
1)
- 7

-

-
7

-
25 (
5 )
-
3

2)
- 2

-


(

)
3.
-

.. 2541

.. 2541 19
2541

1
6

13

1
6

1.

2.

3.
( 4)

8
48

7
42

- 30
- 45

1
5

1.5

()
2 20

164

-
10

1
3



7

60

1
200,000

120 1
30 (1 )
1 3
90 ( 3 )
3 6
180 ( 6 )
6 10
240 (8 )
10
300 ( 118) ( 10 )


( 1)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9. ...
10. ...
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.


1. 49
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

1. .
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

1.

2.

3.

2547 ( 1)
2547
()
2541-2543 ()
1. ()
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
2543 - 2545
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.


1. 49
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

1. .
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

1.

2.

3.

2547 ( 1)
2547
()
2541-2543 ()
1. ()
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
2543 - 2545
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

 2545 - 2547
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. ...
8.
2545 - 2547
()
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12. .

13.

14.

15.

16.

2545 - 2547
2547


2547" 70

3