Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Presentación - Ud 1 - The 18th Century
Presentación - Ud 1 - The 18th Century
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DIplIlh9ceo
1. THE OLD REGIME AND THE ENLIGHTENMENT
• Antiguo Régimen = franceses revolucionarios llamaron al
sistema existente antes de la Revolución (1789). Sus
características:
• Absolutismo político
• Economía agraria
• Sociedad estamental
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eRAWwSXL994
2.2. Relaciones internacionales
• A. Régimen = estados europeos lucharon por
hegemonía continental y colonial
• S. XVII casa Austria impuso hegemonía
hispánica
• A ½ s. XVII por ctes guerras perdió hegemonía =
a favor Francia (continente) y Provincias Unidas
e Inglaterra (colonial)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P6QhyVpfSg4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9aMTPSB47mo
• Nuevas políticas € = prosperidad € y
demográfica en s. XVIII
• A. Rég. = crecimiento poblacional fue
escaso
• T Nat. ↑ (inexistencia control nacimientos) + T
Mort ↑ (mala alimentación, mala higiene y
guerras)
• Incluso épocas crec. Negativo = hambre, guerras
o epidemias
S. XVIII
• Comercio interior = progresó mejora caminos, construcción
canales navegables y ↑ producción agraria y artesanal
• Comercio exterior = colonias proporcionaban metales
preciosos y productos plantación (algodón, café, azúcar…) y
demandaban manufacturas y esclavos africanos.
• Grandes beneficios impulsaron capitalismo comercial,
compañías comerciales, bancos y bolsas
COMERCIO TRANSOCEÁNICO EN EL SIGLO XVIII
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AxhfgckB4vc
4. SOCIETY AND DAILY LIFE
• A.Rég. = mantuvo sociedad estamental = 3 estamentos a
los que se pertenecía por nacimiento
• 2 Estamentos Privilegiados = Nobleza y Clero
• No trabajaban, no pagaban impuestos y leyes propias
• Estamento No Privilegiado / 3er Estado
• Campesinado y Grupos Urbanos = Grupo muy heterogéneo
• Pagaban impuestos y sin privilegios
Vivía mansiones
O casas urbanas de varios pisos, con taller en planta baja y
Vestían ricas telas con multitud adornos, pelucas y viviendas burgueses en pisos superiores
peinados complicados
Vestían tejidos baratos
Alimentación abundante y refinada (mucha carne y
dulces)
Comían pan moreno, sopa y verduras. Tb patatas y maíz,
Alto clero y alta burguesía vivían forma similar considerados vulgares
COMPARA LAS DIFERENTES REALIDADES
SOCIALES DEL ANTIGUO RÉGIMEN
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqM0ZKftKqg
5. THE EIGHTEEN CENTURY IN SPAIN. THE
HOUSE OF BOURBON
• 5.1. The establishment of the Bourbons and the War of Succession
• 5.2. Changes during the 18th century
• Political reforms
• Eocnomic reforms
• Social reforms
PERO ANTES…
• Realizaremos un mapa conceptual sobre la evolución de España desde el siglo XV-XVI… Ya lo
vistéis en 2º de ESO así que SEGURO que lo recordáis genial.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=J0iQZ9MXnOE&ab_channel=HistoryofSpain
5.1. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE
BOURBONS AND THE WAR OF SUCCESSION
• 18th century in Spain began with the accession of the French House of
Bourbon to the throne, following the end of the War of the Spanish
Succession (1700-1713).
• Charles II died in 1700 without heirs. In his testament he appointed
successor to Philip V, grandson of the king of France, Louis XIV. Thus
came the French house of Bourbon to Spain. The danger in Europe of a
unión between Spain and France, made the European states to support
Charles of Austria as a successor. The War of Succession to the Spanish
Crown began.
• The war had a double character: was a international war between France
and Spain against the emperor of Germany, Great Britain, United
Provinces, Savoy and Portugal; also was a civil war between Castilla
(support of Bourbon) and Aragón (support of Austria). The end of the war
came with the peace of Utrecht and Rastatt: Philip V was the king of
Spains although ceded territories to Austria, Great Britain and Savoy.
GUERRA DE SUCESIÓN ESPAÑOLA (1700-1713)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0e4438aPPgs
1713-1714
Tr de Utrecht-Rastatt
5.2. CHANGES DURING THE 18TH CENTURY
Political reforms
• The first Bourbons who reigned in Spain were Philip V, Ferdinand VI, Charles III and Charles IV. They
introduced enlightened ideas and made important reforms which consolidated the absolute monarchy and implanted
political and aministrative centralisation.
• In absolute monarchy, all the power was concentrated in the King.
To achieve this, the kings isolated the nobility from power,
intervened in the affair of the Church, and hardly ever convened the
Cortes. They ruled with the help of secretaries or ministers in charge
of government affairs.
• Political and adminstrative centralisation was imposed by Philip
V by means of the Nueva Planta Decrees (1707, 1715 and 1716).
These Decrees suppressed the laws and institutions of Aragón,
Valencia, Catalonia and Mallorca and implanted the Castilian
model. Only the Basque Country and Navarra maintained their
charters, called fueros.
• Besides, a new provincial división was imposed, ensuring
government control over the entire territory.
Economic reforms
• The Enlightenement favoured the creation of the Economic
Societies of Friends of the Country (Sociedades Económicas de
Amigos del País) who spread the innovations of this period.
• In agriculture the new American crops like maize and potatoes
spread; irrigation was promoted, while fallow land was reduced.
In addition, tracts of land were repopulated in Sierra Morena.
• Industry promote new techniques of modernisation, and
manufacturing was encouraged, as in the Royal Factories
dedicated to shipbuilding, weapons and luxury goods.
• Domestic trade was boosted because roads were widened and
paved, brigdes were built and a radial road network linking
Madrid to the main ports. Foreign trade was revitalised.
Social reforms
• During this century, as the rest of Europe, society criticized the privileged for their lack of social utility. The
Jesuits were expelled because the were contrary to the enlightened ideas. In addition, some popular customs were
reformed. For example, the wide-brimmed hat and the long cape were prohibited to facilitate the identification of
criminals. This motivated the so-called Esquilache Mutiny.
6. ART IN THE 18TH CENTURY: ROCOCO AND
NEOCLASSICAL ART
First half of the 18th century emerged a new style in France = Rococo = was an aristocratic, courtly and refined art
style that had little success in Spain.
• Rococo decoration was made of stucco and was applied in small salons and receiving rooms.
• Painting used feathering, soft colours and varied themes: courtiers, local
customs, lovers, exotic themes and portraits. The most famous painting is The
Swing of Fragonard.
Arquitectura
Rococó
ARTE ROCOCÓ Y NEOCLÁSICO
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WQS-ZMBoPLs&t=41s https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PkjdMYXtyX8
In the second half of the 18th century started in France a new
style, Neoclassical art. It had a bourgeois, austere and rational
style that consciously imitated Greek and Roman models.
• Architecture adopted pure and simple forms in churches,
palaces and public buildings (schools, prisons or hospitals).
Significant building were the Pantheon (France), Brandenburg
Gate (Germany) or Puerta de Alcalá (Madrid).
• Sculpture sought ideal beauty, simplicity and serenity. Its
favourite subjects were mythology, ancient history or
portraits. The most famous sculptor was the Italian
Antonio Canova. In Spain the Cibeles fountain (Madrid).