/$$3/,&$&,Ï1'(/35,1&,3,2IURA NOVIT CURIA(1
(/$5%,75$-(,17(51$&,21$/ 

'iULR0285$9,&(17(3RUWXJDO 

6XPDULR,,QWURGXFFLyQ(OSULQFLSLRiura novit curiaHQODpraxis DUELWUDO
LQWHUQDFLRQDO&XHVWLRQHVIXQGDPHQWDOHV,,(OSULQFLSLRiura novit curia HQHO
'HUHFKRFRPSDUDGR6LVWHPDVGHCivil Law6LVWHPDVGHCommon Law,,,
Iura novit arbiter?  /D SRVLFLyQ SDUWLFXODU GHO WULEXQDO DUELWUDO UHVSHFWR D OD
GHWHUPLQDFLyQ GHO GHUHFKR DSOLFDEOH  /RV LQWHUHVHV HQ SUHVHQFLD ,9 /D
GHWHUPLQDFLyQ GHO GHUHFKR DSOLFDEOH SRU ORV iUELWURV \ VXV OtPLWHV  /D
GHWHUPLQDFLyQGHOGHUHFKRDSOLFDEOHSRUORViUELWURV/RVSULQFLSLRVGHLJXDOGDG
\ FRQWUDGLFFLyQ \ OD SURKLELFLyQ GH GHFLVLRQHV VRUSUHVLYDV  /RV SULQFLSLRV
GLVSRVLWLYR\GHFRQJUXHQFLD9&RQFOXVLRQHV

,,QWURGXFFLyQ

1. El principio LXUDQRYLWFXULD en la praxis arbitral internacional

1RVRFXSDUHPRVHQODSUHVHQWHSRQHQFLDGHORVSUREOHPDVSODQWHDGRVSRUOD
DSOLFDFLyQ GHO SULQFLSLR iura novit curia HQ HO DUELWUDMH LQWHUQDFLRQDO
(PSH]DUHPRVQXHVWUDH[SRVLFLyQSRUWUHVFDVRVH[WUDtGRVGHODpraxis DUELWUDOTXH
SHUPLWHQHYDOXDUODUHOHYDQFLDDFWXDOGHOWHPDLGHQWLILFDUORVSUREOHPDVSRUpO
VXVFLWDGRVDVtFRPRFRQVWDWDUODSOXUDOLGDGGHVROXFLRQHVSRVLEOHV
D &RQVLGHUHPRV HQ SULPHU OXJDU HO FDVR Mr. Patrick Mitchell vs. The
Democratic Republic of Congo, GHFLGLGRSRUXQODXGRDUELWUDODGRSWDGRVHJ~QODV
UHJODVGHO&,$',HQGHIHEUHURGHHOFXiOIXHDVXYH]REMHWRGHXQD
SHWLFLyQ GH DQXODFLyQ GHFLGLGD HO  GH QRYLHPEUH GH  (O DUELWUDMH IXH
LQLFLDGRDODPSDURGHOWUDWDGRELODWHUDOGHLQYHUVLRQHVHQWUHORV((88GH$PpULFD
\ OD 5HS~EOLFD 'HPRFUiWLFD GH &RQJR 5'& (OGHPDQGDQWH HUD XQ DERJDGR

 $VRFLDGR GHO ,+/$', (O DXWRU DJUDGHFH DO 3URIHVRU 3HGUR GH 0LJXHO $VHQVLR 0LHPEUR GHO

,+/$',ODFXLGDGDUHYLVLyQOLQJtVWLFDGHOSUHVHQWHWH[WR

 &DWHGUiWLFRGHOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH/LVERD.
3URFQ~P$5%GLVSRQLEOHHQKWWSVLFVLGZRUOGEDQNRUJ
$18$5,2+,63$12±/862±$0(5,&$12'('(5(&+2,17(51$&,21$/±

3DWULFN 0LWFKHOO FX\R GHVSDFKR HQ .LQVKDVD KDEtD VLGR FHUUDGR SRU RUGHQ GHO
7ULEXQDO 0LOLWDU GH &RQJR HQ FX\D HMHFXFLyQ VH DSUHKHQGLHURQ GRFXPHQWRV \
RWURVELHQHVH[LVWHQWHV\GRVDERJDGRVTXHDKtHMHUFtDQVXDFWLYLGDGSURIHVLRQDO
IXHURQ GHWHQLGRV (O 7ULEXQDO $UELWUDO FRQVLGHUy TXH KDEtD RFXUULGR XQD
H[SURSLDFLyQ GHO GHVSDFKR GH 3DWULFN 0LWFKHOO SRU OD 5'& TXH FRQVWLWXtD XQD
YLRODFLyQ GHO GLFKR WUDWDGR (Q FRQVHFXHQFLD FRQGHQy DO (VWDGR GHPDQGDGR D
LQGHPQL]DUDOGHPDQGDQWH/D5'&VROLFLWyHQVHJXLGDDO&,$',ODDQXODFLyQGHO
ODXGR LQYRFDQGR HQWUH RWURV PRWLYRV TXH HO 7ULEXQDO VH KDEtD H[WUDOLPLWDGR
PDQLILHVWDPHQWHHQVXVIDFXOWDGHVDOQRDSOLFDUHODUWtFXOR;GHGLFKRWUDWDGR
TXH HVWDEOHFtD TXH QR DIHFWDED D OD DSOLFDFLyQ SRU ODV SDUWHV FRQWUDWDQWHV GH
PHGLGDVSDUDSUHVHUYDUHORUGHQS~EOLFRRODSURWHFFLyQGHVXVHJXULGDGORTXH
WHQGUtDTXHKDEHUH[FOXLGRODUHVSRQVDELOLGDGGHODGHPDQGDGD(O&RPLWpad hoc
HQFDUJDGR GH H[DPLQDU OD SHWLFLyQ GH DQXODFLyQ GHO ODXGR FRQVWDWy TXH GLFKD
GLVSRVLFLyQGHOWUDWDGRQRKDEtDVLGRLQYRFDGDSRUOD5'&HQHOSURFHGLPLHQWR
DUELWUDO(VDGLVSRVLFLyQSRGUtDVLKXELHUDVLGRFRQVLGHUDGDex moto proprio SRU
HOWULEXQDODUELWUDOMXVWLILFDUODVPHGLGDVDGRSWDGDVFRQWUDHOGHPDQGDQWHORTXH
VHFRUUHVSRQGHUtDFRQHODGDJLRiura novit curia6LQHPEDUJRDxDGLyHO&RPLWp

³>(@VWR QR VH SRGtD YHUGDGHUDPHQWH H[LJLU DO 7ULEXQDO $UELWUDO XQD YH] TXH HQ ULJRU QR VH
HQFXHQWUDYLQFXODGRDODREOLJDFLyQGHDSOLFDUXQDUHJODGHGHUHFKRTXHQRKD\DVLGRLQYRFDGD\DTXH
HVRVRODPHQWHHVXQDIDFXOWDG±\ODVSDUWHVGHEHUtDQWHQHUODRSRUWXQLGDGGHVHURtGDVDOUHVSHFWR±SRU
OR TXH QR HV SRVLEOH H[WUDHU FRQFOXVLyQ DOJXQD GHO KHFKR GH TXH HO 7ULEXQDO $UELWUDO QR OD KD\D
HMHUFLGR´

E9HiPRVDKRUDHOFDVRSociété Engel Austria GmbH c. Société Don Trade
GHFLGLGRSRUODCour d’appel de Paris HOGHGLFLHPEUH/DGHPDQGDQWH
XQD VRFLHGDG GH GHUHFKR DXVWULDFR \ OD GHPDQGDGD XQD VRFLHGDG GH GHUHFKR
VHUELRKDEtDQFRQFOXLGRXQFRQWUDWRGHYHQWDGHXQVLVWHPDLQGXVWULDOGHPROGHR
GH SUHIRUPDV SDUD OD IDEULFDFLyQ GH ERWHOODV GH SOiVWLFR 7UDV OD HQWUHJD GHO
VLVWHPD VH VXVFLWy XQ OLWLJLR HQWUH ODV SDUWHV HQ UD]yQ GH VX LQVXILFLHQWH
SURGXFWLYLGDG /D VRFLHGDG 'RQ 7UDGH GHPDQGy D OD VRFLHGDG (QJHO DQWH XQ
WULEXQDODUELWUDOFRQVWLWXLGRVHJ~QODVUHJODVGHOD&&,HQYLUWXGGHODFOiXVXOD
FRPSURPLVRULDFRQWHQLGDHQHOFRQWUDWRGHYHQWD(QXQDVHQWHQFLDSURIHULGDHQ
HOWULEXQDODUELWUDOUHFKD]yODGHPDQGDGHLQGHPQL]DFLyQGHODVRFLHGDG'RQ
7UDGHSHURDQXOyHOFRQWUDWRHQODSDUWHUHODWLYDDXQRGHORVFRPSRQHQWHVGHO
VLVWHPD GH PROGHR FRQ IXQGDPHQWR HQ OD GHVDSDULFLyQ GH OD EDVH GHO FRQWUDWR
³Wegfall der Geschäftsgrundlage´ $ FDPELR GH OD UHVWLWXFLyQ GH GLFKR


³>T]his could not truly be required of the Arbitral Tribunal, as it is not, strictly speaking, subject to

any obligation to apply a rule of law that has not been adduced; this is but an option – and the parties
should have been given the opportunity to be heard in this respect – for which reason it is not possible to
draw any conclusions from the fact that the Arbitral Tribunal did not exercise it´
3URFQ~Pin Revue de l’arbitrage SSVV
/$$3/,&$&,Ï1'(/35,1&,3,2IURA NOVIT CURIA(1(/$5%,75$-(

FRPSRQHQWHHOWULEXQDOFRQGHQyDODVRFLHGDG(QJHODSDJDUFLHUWDFDQWLGDGD'RQ
7UDGHPiVORVLQWHUHVHV/DGHPDQGDGDLQVWyODDQXODFLyQGHOODXGRDQWHODCour
d’appel GH 3DULV DOHJDQGR OD YLRODFLyQ SRU HO WULEXQDO GHO SULQFLSLR GH
FRQWUDGLFFLyQGHELGR D TXH OD QXOLGDG GHO FRQWUDWR VH KDEtD EDVDGR HQ XQ
IXQGDPHQWR MXUtGLFR QR LQYRFDGR SRU ODV SDUWHV \ QR GLVFXWLGR
FRQWUDGLFWRULDPHQWH (O WULEXQDO GH DSHODFLyQ FRQVLGHUy TXH GH KHFKR QL OD
GHPDQGDQWH QL OD GHPDQGDGD KDEtDQ LQYRFDGR QL GHEDWLGR GLFKR PRWLYR GH
QXOLGDG GHO FRQWUDWR $O EDVDU VX GHFLVLyQ VREUH XQ IXQGDPHQWR VXVFLWDGR ex
officio VLQ KDEHU LQYLWDGR ODV SDUWHV D SUHVHQWDUOH VXV REVHUYDFLRQHV VREUH HO
PLVPRHOWULEXQDODUELWUDOQRKDEtDUHVSHFWDGRHOSULQFLSLRGHFRQWUDGLFFLyQ/D
VHQWHQFLDIXHSRUFRQVLJXLHQWHDQXODGDHQHVWHSXQWR
F&DEHUHVHxDUSRU~OWLPRHOFDVRGHFLGLGRSRUOD&RUWH)HGHUDO6XL]DHO
GHDEULOGH/DGHPDQGDQWHHUDXQDHPSUHVDIUDQFHVDGHSULPHURUGHQHQHO
VHFWRUGHODVIXQGDFLRQHVHVSHFLDOHV\GHODJHRWpFQLFD/DGHPDQGDGDHUDXQD
VRFLHGDGUHJLGDSRUHOGHUHFKRGHO(VWDGRGH'HODZDUHTXHRIUHFtDVXVVHUYLFLRV
GH FRQVXOWRUtD D HPSUHVDV TXH GHVHDVHQ SDUWLFLSDU HQ JUDQGHV SUR\HFWRV GH
LQIUDHVWUXFWXUDVILQDQFLDGRVSRULQVWLWXFLRQHVHVWDEOHFLGDVHQORV((88FRPRHO
%DQFR 0XQGLDO /D HPSUHVD HVWDGRXQLGHQVH DFHSWy SUHVWDU VXV VHUYLFLRV D OD
HPSUHVD IUDQFHVD HQ YLUWXG GH XQ FRQWUDWR ILUPDGR HQ  GH MXOLR GH  TXH
WHUPLQDUtDHQGHMXQLRGHVLQSHUMXLFLRGHXQDHYHQWXDOSUyUURJDDFRUGDGD
SRUODVSDUWHV(OGHDEULOGHODHPSUHVDIUDQFHVDFRPXQLFyDODFRQVXOWRUD
HVWDGRXQLGHQVHTXHQRGHVHDEDUHQRYDUHOFRQWUDWRWUDVODIHFKDGHVXILQDOL]DFLyQ
SHURDGPLWtDUHFXUULUDVXVVHUYLFLRVGHIRUPDSXQWXDO(OGHMXOLRGHOD
HPSUHVD IUDQFHVD VHxDOy D OD HVWDGRXQLGHQVH OD H[LVWHQFLD GH XQ SUR\HFWR GH
H[WHQVLyQGHOSXHUWRGH&RWRQRXHQHO%HQtQ\OHSUHJXQWyVLSRGtDUHVXOWDUGHVX
LQWHUpV/DHPSUHVDHVWDGRXQLGHQVHFRQWHVWyHOGHOPLVPRPHVTXH\DVHJXtD
HVHSUR\HFWRHLQYLWyODIUDQFHVDDHQYLDUOHXQDOLVWDGHSUR\HFWRVORTXHHVWDKL]R
/DV SDUWHV VH PDQWXYLHURQ HQ FRQWDFWR (Q  GH DJRVWR GH  OD HPSUHVD
HVWDGRXQLGHQVH LQIRUPy D OD IUDQFHVD TXH KDEtD JDQDGR HO FRQFXUVR SDUD OD
FRQVWUXFFLyQGHXQPXHOOHHQHOSXHUWRGH&RWRQRX\OHVROLFLWyHOSDJRGHODV
FDQWLGDGHVSUHYLVWDVHQHOFRQWUDWRSRUODDVLVWHQFLDSUHVWDGDHQHVWHSUR\HFWR/D
HPSUHVD IUDQFHVD UHFKD]y OD SHWLFLyQ LQYRFDQGR TXH HO FRQWUDWR \D KDEtD
FRQFOXLGR/DHPSUHVDHVWDGRXQLGHQVHODGHPDQGyDQWHODFRUWHGHDUELWUDMHGHOD
&&, (Q XQD VHQWHQFLD GH  GH MXOLR GH  HO iUELWUR ~QLFR FRQGHQy OD
GHPDQGDGD D SDJDU D OD GHPDQGDQWH ODV FDQWLGDGHV H[LJLGDV SRU pVWD PiV ORV
LQWHUHVHVDSOLFDEOHV&RQVLGHUyHOiUELWURTXHHOGHUHFKRIUDQFpVDGPLWtDTXHORV
FRQWUDWRVGHGXUDFLyQGHWHUPLQDGDIXHVHQUHQRYDGRVWiFLWDPHQWHFXDQGRDPEDV
ODV SDUWHV KXELHUDQ FRQWLQXDGR HMHFXWiQGROR WUDV VX WpUPLQR H[WLQWLYR /RV
HOHPHQWRV FRQFUHWRV TXH VH H[WUDtDQ GHO SURFHVR UHYHODEDQ LQFRQWHVWDEOHPHQWH

3URFQ~P$BGLVSRQLEOHHQhttp://www.bger.ch
$18$5,2+,63$12±/862±$0(5,&$12'('(5(&+2,17(51$&,21$/±

VHJ~QHOiUELWURODH[LVWHQFLDGHXQDYROXQWDGFRP~QGHODVSDUWHVGHSURVHJXLU
VXVUHODFLRQHVQHJRFLDOHVHQODVFRQGLFLRQHVILMDGDVHQHOFRQWUDWRH[WLQWRSRUOR
PHQRV HQ OR TXH UHVSHFWD D OD DVLVWHQFLD SUHVWDGD SDUD FDGD SUR\HFWR /D
GHPDQGDGD UHFXUULy DO 7ULEXQDO )HGHUDO LQVWDQGR OD DQXODFLyQ GHO ODXGR \
UHSURFKDQGR DO iUELWUR HO KDEHU YLRODGR VX GHUHFKR GH DXGLHQFLD (O 7ULEXQDO
UHFKD]yODGHPDQGDIXQGiQGRVHHQHOSULQFLSLRiura novit curia. 6HGHFODUDDHVWH
UHVSHFWRHQODVHQWHQFLD

³(Q 6XL]D HO GHUHFKR GH DXGLHQFLD VH UHILHUH VREUH WRGR D OD GHWHUPLQDFLyQ GH ORV KHFKRV (O
GHUHFKRGHODVSDUWHVGHVHULQWHUSHODGDVVREUHFXHVWLRQHVMXUtGLFDVQRHVUHFRQRFLGRVLQRGHPDQHUD
UHVWULFWLYD&RPRUHJODJHQHUDOVHJ~QHODGDJLRjura novit curiaORVWULEXQDOHVHVWDWDOHVRDUELWUDOHV
DSUHFLDQOLEUHPHQWHODVFRQVHFXHQFLDVMXUtGLFDVGHORVKHFKRV\SXHGHQWDPELpQGHFLGLUVREUHODEDVH
GH UHJODV GH GHUHFKR GLIHUHQWHV GH ODV LQYRFDGDV SRU ODV SDUWHV (Q FRQVHFXHQFLD VLHPSUH TXH HO
FRQYHQLRDUELWUDOQRUHVWULQMDODPLVLyQGHOWULEXQDODUELWUDODORVIXQGDPHQWRVMXUtGLFRVLQYRFDGRVSRU
ODVSDUWHVpVWDVQRWLHQHQTXHVHURtGDVHVSHFtILFDPHQWHVREUHODVFRQVHFXHQFLDVGHULYDGDVGHODVUHJODV
GH GHUHFKR $ WtWXOR H[FHSFLRQDO HV FRQYHQLHQWH LQWHUSHODUODV FXDQGR HO MXH] R HO WULEXQDO DUELWUDO
DGPLWDIXQGDUVXGHFLVLyQVREUHXQDQRUPDRFRQVLGHUDFLyQMXUtGLFDTXHQRKD\DVLGRLQYRFDGDGXUDQWH
HOSURFHVR\FX\DSHUWLQHQFLDODVSDUWHVQRSXGLHUDQDQWLFLSDU´

2. Cuestiones fundamentales

/RV FDVRV TXH DFDEDPRV GH GHVFULELU QRV SHUPLWHQ LGHQWLILFDU ODV FXHVWLRQHV
IXQGDPHQWDOHV TXH SODQWHD OD DSOLFDFLyQ GHO SULQFLSLR iura novit curia HQ HO
DUELWUDMHLQWHUQDFLRQDO(QVtQWHVLVSRGHPRVHQXQFLDUODVGHODVLJXLHQWHPDQHUD
D ¢3XHGH R GHEH XQ WULEXQDOā DUELWUDO DSOLFDU DO IRQGR GHO OLWLJLR UHJODV GH
GHUHFKRTXHODVSDUWHVQRKD\DQLQYRFDGRHQHOSURFHVRSDUWLFXODUPHQWHFXDQGR
VHWUDWHGHUHJODVLPSHUDWLYDVGHOGHUHFKRDSOLFDEOHRGHRWURVVLVWHPDVMXUtGLFRV
FRQH[RVFRQODVLWXDFLyQOLWLJLRVD"
E¢3XHGHRGHEHHOWULEXQDODYHULJXDUex officio HOWHQRUGHOGHUHFKRDSOLFDEOH
DOIRQGRGHOOLWLJLRHQHODUELWUDMHLQWHUQDFLRQDOVLQOLPLWDUVHDODSUXHEDKHFKDSRU
ODVSDUWHVDVXUHVSHFWR"
F¢(QODPHGLGDHQTXHSXHGDRGHEDDSOLFDU motu proprio GLFKDVUHJODVR
DYHULJXDUGHRILFLRVXFRQWHQLGRTXpOtPLWHVVHLPSRQHQDVXDFWLYLGDGFRQEDVH
HQORVSULQFLSLRVIXQGDPHQWDOHVTXHULJHQHODUELWUDMHHQSDUWLFXODUORVGHLJXDOGDG
\FRQWUDGLFFLyQSRUXQODGR\GLVSRVLWLYR\GHFRQJUXHQFLDSRURWUR"

³En Suisse, le droit d'être entendu se rapporte surtout à la constatation des faits. Le droit des parties

d'être interpellées sur des questions juridiques n'est reconnu que de manière restreinte. En règle générale,
selon l'adage MXUDQRYLWFXULD, les tribunaux étatiques ou arbitraux apprécient librement la portée juridique
des faits et ils peuvent statuer aussi sur la base de règles de droit autres que celles invoquées par les
parties. En conséquence, pour autant que la convention d'arbitrage ne restreigne pas la mission du
tribunal arbitral aux seuls moyens juridiques soulevés par les parties, celles–ci n'ont pas à être entendues
de façon spécifique sur la portée à reconnaître aux règles de droit. A titre exceptionnel, il convient de les
interpeller lorsque le juge ou le tribunal arbitral envisage de fonder sa décision sur une norme ou une
considération juridique qui n'a pas été évoquée au cours de la procédure et dont les parties ne pouvaient
pas supputer la pertinence´
/$$3/,&$&,Ï1'(/35,1&,3,2IURA NOVIT CURIA(1(/$5%,75$-(

(VWDVVRQSXHVODVFXHVWLRQHVTXHH[DPLQDUHPRVHQHVWHHVWXGLR$WDOHIHFWR
KD\TXHGHWHUPLQDUHQSULPHUOXJDUTXHDFRJLGDUHVHUYDQODVSULQFLSDOHVIDPLOLDV
MXUtGLFDV FRQWHPSRUiQHDV DO SULQFLSLR iura novit curia (V OR TXH KDUHPRV D
FRQWLQXDFLyQ

,,(OSULQFLSLRiura novit curia HQHO'HUHFKRFRPSDUDGR

1. Sistemas de FLYLOODZ

(VXQGDGRSHUIHFWDPHQWHFRQRFLGRGHORVMXULVWDVGHIRUPDFLyQURPDQLVWDTXH
HQ PDWHULD FLYLO HO MXH] VROR SXHGH EDVDU OD GHFLVLyQ GHO SOHLWR HQ ORV KHFKRV
DOHJDGRVSRUODVSDUWHVFRQH[FHSFLyQGHORVTXHVHDQQRWRULRVRGHFRQRFLPLHQWR
RILFLDOjudicata secundum allegata partium(QFDPELR SRUORTXHUHVSHFWDDOD
GHWHUPLQDFLyQLQWHUSUHWDFLyQ\DSOLFDFLyQGHOGHUHFKRDVtFRPRDODFDOLILFDFLyQ
MXUtGLFDGHORVKHFKRVHOMXH]QRHVWiVXMHWRDODVDOHJDFLRQHVGHODVSDUWHV\SXHGH
GHFLGLUFRQDUUHJOR DQRUPDVRSULQFLSLRVQRLQYRFDGRVSRUODVSDUWHV da mihi
factum, dabo tibi ius; la cour sait le droit.
$Vt SRU HMHPSOR VL HO GHPDQGDQWH DOHJD TXH FLHUWR KHFKR FRQVWLWX\H
LQFXPSOLPLHQWR GH XQD REOLJDFLyQ FRQWUDFWXDO \ UHFODPD FRQ EDVH HQ HOOR XQD
LQGHPQL]DFLyQ HO WULEXQDO SXHGH FDOLILFDU HVH KHFKR FRPR FXPSOLPLHQWR
GHIHFWXRVR GH OD REOLJDFLyQ \ H[WUDHU GH HVD FDOLILFDFLyQ ODV FRQVHFXHQFLDV
OHJDOHV
(VWRHVORTXHHVWDEOHFHSRUHMHPSORHO DUWGHO&yGLJR3URFHVDO&LYLO
SRUWXJXpVTXHGLVSRQH

³(OMXH]QRHVWiVXMHWRDODVDOHJDFLRQHVGHODVSDUWHVSRUORTXHUHVSHFWDDODGHWHUPLQDFLyQ
LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ\DSOLFDFLyQGHODVUHJODVGHGHUHFKR´

/DPLVPDUHJODIXQGDPHQWDOVHHQFXHQWUDIRUPXODGDHQHODUWGHOD/H\
GH(QMXLFLDPLHQWR&LYLOHVSDxRODVHJ~QORFXDO

³(O WULEXQDO VLQ DSDUWDUVH GH OD FDXVD GH SHGLU DFXGLHQGR D IXQGDPHQWRV GH KHFKR R GH
'HUHFKR GLVWLQWRV GH ORV TXH ODV SDUWHV KD\DQ TXHULGR KDFHU YDOHU UHVROYHUi FRQIRUPH D ODV
QRUPDV DSOLFDEOHV DO FDVR DXQTXH QR KD\DQ VLGR DFHUWDGDPHQWH FLWDGDV R DOHJDGDV SRU ORV
OLWLJDQWHV´

<HQ)UDQFLDGLVSRQHHODUWGHO&yGLJR3URFHVDO&LYLO


³O juiz não está sujeito às alegações das partes no tocante à indagação, interpretação e aplicação

das regras de direito´

$18$5,2+,63$12±/862±$0(5,&$12'('(5(&+2,17(51$&,21$/±

³(OMXH]GHFLGHHOOLWLJLRVHJ~QODVUHJODVGHGHUHFKRTXHOHVRQDSOLFDEOHV'HEHGDURUHVWLWXLU
VXH[DFWRVLJQLILFDGRDORVKHFKRVRDFWRVOLWLJLRVRVVLQTXHGDUYLQFXODGRSRUODGHQRPLQDFLyQ
TXHODVSDUWHVKD\DQSURSXHVWR>«@´

/DFXHVWLyQHVPiVGHOLFDGDFXDQGRVHDDSOLFDEOHDOIRQGRGHOOLWLJLRXQGHUHFKR
H[WUDQMHURKDELGDFXHQWDGHTXHQRHVUD]RQDEOHHVSHUDUTXHHOMXH]ORFRQR]FD
FRPRVXGHUHFKRQDFLRQDO\WDPELpQGHELGRDTXHODHFRQRPtDSURFHVDOSXHGH
MXVWLILFDUHQHVWHFDVRRWUDVVROXFLRQHV
(Q DOJXQRV VLVWHPDV URPDQLVWDV ORV WULEXQDOHV GHEHQ DSOLFDU HO GHUHFKR
H[WUDQMHURGHVLJQDGRSRUODVUHJODVGHFRQIOLFWRYLJHQWHVDXQTXHQLQJXQDGHODV
SDUWHVORKD\DLQYRFDGRHQMXLFLR(VGHFLUHQHVRVVLVWHPDVODVUHJODVGHFRQIOLFWR
QR VRQ facultativas FRPR GHIHQGLy DOJXQD GRFWULQDHXURSHD (O SULQFLSLR iura
novit curia YDOHSRUFRQVLJXLHQWHWDPELpQFRQUHVSHFWRDHVDVUHJODV\DOGHUHFKR
SRUHOODVGHVLJQDGR
(ODUWGHO&yGLJR&LYLOSRUWXJXpVDFRJHHVWDGRFWULQDDOGLVSRQHU

³$OTXHLQYRTXHGHUHFKRFRQVXHWXGLQDULRORFDORH[WUDQMHUROHFRUUHVSRQGHKDFHUODSUXHED
GHVXH[LVWHQFLD\FRQWHQLGRSHURHOWULEXQDOGHEHSURFXUDUGHRILFLRREWHQHUVXFRQRFLPLHQWR
 (O FRQRFLPLHQWR GH RILFLR FRUUHVSRQGH DVLPLVPR DO WULEXQDO VLHPSUH TXH pVWH KD\D GH
GHFLGLUFRQDUUHJORDGHUHFKRFRQVXHWXGLQDULRORFDORH[WUDQMHUR\QLQJXQDGHODVSDUWHVORKD\D
LQYRFDGRR OD SDUWH FRQWUDULD KD\D UHFRQRFLGR VX H[LVWHQFLD \FRQWHQLGRR QR KD\D GHGXFLGR
RSRVLFLyQ
6LHQGRLPSRVLEOHGHWHUPLQDUHOFRQWHQLGRGHOGHUHFKRDSOLFDEOHHOWULEXQDOUHFXUULUiDODV
UHJODVGHGHUHFKRFRP~QSRUWXJXpV´



³/HMXJHWUDQFKHOHOLWLJHFRQIRUPpPHQWDX[UqJOHVGHGURLWTXLOXLVRQWDSSOLFDEOHV,OGRLWGRQQHURX

UHVWLWXHUOHXUH[DFWHTXDOLILFDWLRQDX[IDLWVHWDFWHVOLWLJLHX[VDQVV
DUUrWHUjODGpQRPLQDWLRQTXHOHVSDUWLHV
HQDXUDLHQWSURSRVpH>«@´
9HDQVHVREUHHOWHPDHQXQDSHUVSHFWLYDGHFRPSDUDFLyQGHGHUHFKRV7UHYRU+DUWOH\³3OHDGLQJ

DQG3URRIRI)RUHLJQ/DZ7KH0DMRU(XURSHDQ6\VWHPV&RPSDUHG´The International and Comparative

Law Quarterly,  SS  VV 5DLQHU +DXVPDQQ ³3OHDGLQJ DQG 3URRI RI )RUHLJQ /DZ ± $
&RPSDUDWLYH $QDO\VLVª The European Legal Forum,  SS  VV &DUORV (VSOXJXHV-RVp /XLV
,JOHVLDV*XLOOHUPR3DODRHGVApplication of Foreign Law, 0XQLFK
 9pDQVH SRU HMHPSOR $[HO )OHVVQHU Interessenjurisprudenz im internationalen Privatrecht,

7ELQJHQSSVV\7K0GH%RHU³)DFXOWDWLYH&KRLFHRI/DZ7KH3URFHGXUDO6WDWXVRI
&KRLFH±RI±/DZ5XOHVDQG)RUHLJQ/DZ´Rec. coursWSSVV
³1. Àquele que invocar direito consuetudinário, local, ou estrangeiro compete fazer a prova da sua

existência e conteúdo; mas o tribunal deve procurar, oficiosamente, obter o respectivo conhecimento. 2.
O conhecimento oficioso incumbe também ao tribunal, sempre que este tenha de decidir com base no
direito consuetudinário, local, ou estrangeiro e nenhuma das partes o tenha invocado, ou a parte
contrária tenha reconhecido a sua existência e conteúdo ou não haja deduzido oposição. 3. Na
impossibilidade de determinar o conteúdo do direito aplicável, o tribunal recorrerá às regras do direito
comum português´
/$$3/,&$&,Ï1'(/35,1&,3,2IURA NOVIT CURIA(1(/$5%,75$-(

(OWULEXQDOFRPRHVWDEOHFHHVWDGLVSRVLFLyQGHEHDYHULJXDUex officioHOWHQRU
GHOGHUHFKRH[WUDQMHURDSOLFDEOHDXQTXHQLQJXQDGHODVSDUWHVORKD\DLQYRFDGR\
SUREDGR OR TXH VLJQLILFD TXH OH FRPSHWH WDPELpQ DSOLFDUOR HQ HVDV
FLUFXQVWDQFLDV
([LVWHVLQHPEDUJRXQGHEHUGHFRODERUDFLyQGHODVSDUWHVFRQHOWULEXQDOHQ
ODGHWHUPLQDFLyQGHODH[LVWHQFLD\FRQWHQLGRGHOGHUHFKRH[WUDQMHURDSOLFDEOHTXH
VHIXQGDHQHOSULQFLSLRGHFRRSHUDFLyQFRQVDJUDGRHQDUWGHO&yGLJR3URFHVDO
&LYLO
1RHVIXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHGLYHUVDGHHVWDODVROXFLyQDGRSWDGDSRUODOH\VXL]D
GH'HUHFKRLQWHUQDFLRQDOSULYDGRTXHGLVSRQHHQVXDUW

³(OFRQWHQLGRGHOGHUHFKRH[WUDQMHURVHGHWHUPLQDGHRILFLR$pVWHHIHFWRSXHGHVHUVROLFLWDGD
ODFRODERUDFLyQGHODVSDUWHV(QPDWHULDSDWULPRQLDOODSUXHEDSXHGHVHUSXHVWDDFDUJRGHODVSDUWHV
(OGHUHFKRVXL]RVHDSOLFDVLHOFRQWHQLGRGHOGHUHFKRH[WUDQMHURQRSXHGHVHUHVWDEOHFLGR´

(QHOPLVPRVHQWLGRGLVSRQHHODUWGHOD/H\GHUHIRUPDGHOVLVWHPDLWDOLDQRGH
'HUHFKRLQWHUQDFLRQDOSULYDGRVHJ~QORFXDO

³/DGHWHUPLQDFLyQGHODOH\H[WUDQMHUDHVUHDOL]DGDGHRILFLRSRUHOMXH]$WDOILQpVWHSXHGH
UHFXUULUDGHPiVGHDORVLQVWUXPHQWRVLQGLFDGRVSRUODVFRQYHQFLRQHVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHVDLQIRUPDFLRQHV
REWHQLGDV D WUDYpV GHO 0LQLVWHULR GH -XVWLFLD SXHGH DGHPiV LQWHUSHODU D H[SHUWRV R LQVWLWXFLRQHV
HVSHFLDOL]DGDV
&XDQGRHOMXH]QRSXHGDGHWHUPLQDUODOH\H[WUDQMHUDLQGLFDGDQLVLTXLHUDFRQODD\XGDGHODV
SDUWHVDSOLFDUiODOH\GHVLJQDGDPHGLDQWHRWURVFULWHULRVGHFRQH[LyQHYHQWXDOPHQWHSUHYLVWRVSDUDOD
PLVPDKLSyWHVLVQRUPDWLYD$IDOWDGHHVWRVVHDSOLFDODOH\LWDOLDQD´

/DOH\DOHPDQDHVPHQRVFODUDDHVWHUHVSHFWR(VWDEOHFHVREUHHOWHPDHO†
GHODZivilprozessordnung

³(OGHUHFKRYLJHQWHHQRWUR(VWDGRORVGHUHFKRVFRQVXHWXGLQDULRV\ORVHVWDWXWRVVRORQHFHVLWDQVHU
SUREDGRVFXDQGRVHDQGHVFRQRFLGRVGHOWULEXQDO(QODGHWHUPLQDFLyQGHHVWDVQRUPDVMXULGLFDVHO


Cf.SDUDPiVGHWDOOHV'iULR0RXUD9LFHQWH0+HOHQD%ULWR³3RUWXJDOªin &DUORV(VSOXJXHV-RVp

/XLV,JOHVLDV*XLOOHUPR3DODRop. cit., SSVV\ODELEOLRJUDItDDKtFLWDGD

³. Le contenu du droit étranger est établi d'office. A cet effet, la collaboration des parties peut être

requise. En matière patrimoniale, la preuve peut être mise à la charge des parties. 2. Le droit suisse
s'applique si le contenu du droit étranger ne peut pas être établi´.
13 “1. L'accertamento della legge straniera è compiuto d'ufficio dal giudice. A tal fine questi può

avvalersi, oltre che degli strumenti indicati dalle convenzioni internazionali, di informazioni acquisite per
il tramite del Ministero di grazia e giustizia; può altresì interpellare esperti o istituzioni specializzate. 2.
Qualora il giudice non riesca ad accertare la legge straniera indicata, neanche con l'aiuto delle parti,
applica la legge richiamata mediante altri criteri di collegamento eventualmente previsti per la medesima
ipotesi normativa. In mancanza si applica la legge italiana´
$18$5,2+,63$12±/862±$0(5,&$12'('(5(&+2,17(51$&,21$/±

WULEXQDOQRHVWiOLPLWDGRDODVSUXHEDVSURGXFLGDVSRUODVSDUWHVHVWDIDFXOWDGRDXWLOL]DUWDPELpQRWUDV
IXHQWHVGHFRQRFLPLHQWR\DRUGHQDUORTXHVHDQHFHVDULRSDUDWDOXWLOL]DFLyQ´

$OGDUDOMXH]VLPSOHPHQWHODfacultad³Befugnis´GHUHFXUULUDRWUDVIXHQWHV
GHLQIRUPDFLyQVREUHHOGHUHFKRH[WUDQMHURDGHPiVGHODVDSRUWDGDVSRUODVSDUWHV
DOSURFHVRHVWDGLVSRVLFLyQSDUHFHKDFHUUHFDHUVREUHHOODVODFDUJDGHODSUXHED
GH VX WHQRU 3HUR VHJ~Q VX LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ GRPLQDQWH HV XQ deber GHO MXH] GH
LQVWDQFLDLQYHVWLJDUex officio HOFRQWHQLGRGHOGHUHFKRH[WUDQMHURDSOLFDEOHVLQ
OLPLWDFLyQDODVUHJODVGHSUXHEDDSOLFDEOHVDORVKHFKRV
(QVXPDHQHVWRVVLVWHPDVMXUtGLFRVHOMXH]GHEHDSOLFDUODUHJODGHFRQIOLFWRV
\ODOH\H[WUDQMHUDSRUHOODGHVLJQDGDDXQTXHODVSDUWHVQRORVROLFLWHQQLKDJDQ
VXSUXHED
6HHQFXHQWUDXQDH[SUHVLyQGHODPLVPDLGHDHQOD&RQYHQFLyQ,QWHUDPHULFDQD
VREUH 1RUPDV *HQHUDOHV GH 'HUHFKR ,QWHUQDFLRQDO 3ULYDGR UDWLILFDGD SRU GLH]
(VWDGRVGH$PpULFD/DWLQDFX\RDUWHVWDEOHFH

³/RV MXHFHV \ DXWRULGDGHV GH ORV (VWDGRV 3DUWHV HVWDUiQ REOLJDGRV D DSOLFDU HO GHUHFKR
H[WUDQMHURWDOFRPRORKDUtDQORVMXHFHVGHO(VWDGRFX\RGHUHFKRUHVXOWDUHDSOLFDEOHVLQSHUMXLFLR
GHTXHODVSDUWHVSXHGDQDOHJDU\SUREDUODH[LVWHQFLD\FRQWHQLGRGHODOH\H[WUDQMHUDLQYRFDGD´

6H FRPSUHQGH ELHQ HVWD RULHQWDFLyQ En primer lugar SRUTXH OD OLEUH
GLVSRVLFLyQSRUODVSDUWHVGHOGHUHFKRH[WUDQMHURDSOLFDEOHDODVVLWXDFLRQHVGHOD
YLGDSULYDGDLQWHUQDFLRQDOSRGUtDUHGXQGDUHQGHWULPHQWRGHORVYDORUHVVRFLDOHV
TXHHO'HUHFKR,QWHUQDFLRQDO3ULYDGRSURVLJXHHQSDUWLFXODUODSURWHFFLyQGHOD
SDUWH PiV GpELO QR HV LPSUREDEOH TXH HVWD VH DEVWHQJD GH LQYRFDU HO GHUHFKR
DSOLFDEOH HQ MXLFLR DXQTXH OH VHD PiV IDYRUDEOH ELHQ SRU ORV FRVWHV TXH VX
GHWHUPLQDFLyQLQHYLWDEOHPHQWHLPSOLFDELHQSRULJQRUDQFLDGHVXDSOLFDELOLGDGDO
FDVREn segundo lugarSRUTXHVXERUGLQDUODDSOLFDFLyQGHOGHUHFKRH[WUDQMHUR
FRPSHWHQWHDVXDOHJDFLyQ\SUXHEDSRUODSDUWHLQWHUHVDGDPHQRVFDEDODVHJXULGDG
GHOWUiILFRMXUtGLFRXQDYH]TXHVRORVHFRQRFHUiHQGHILQLWLYDHOGHUHFKRDSOLFDEOH
DFXDOTXLHUVLWXDFLyQMXUtGLFDLQWHUQDFLRQDOGHVSXpVGHTXHHOWULEXQDOFRPSHWHQWH
VHKD\DSURQXQFLDGRVREUHHOWHPDEn tercer lugarSRUTXHVLODUHJODGHFRQIOLFWR
DSOLFDEOH HV GH IXHQWH LQWHUQDFLRQDO R VXSUDQDFLRQDO HO VLVWHPD TXH OH DWULEX\H
FDUiFWHU PHUDPHQWH IDFXOWDWLYR R TXH VRPHWH OD DSOLFDFLyQ GH OD OH\ SRU HOOD
GHVLJQDGDDVXDOHJDFLyQ\SUXHEDSRUODSDUWHLQWHUHVDGDSHUMXGLFDSRWHQFLDOPHQWH


³Das in einem anderen Staat geltende Recht, die Gewohnheitsrechte und Statuten bedürfen des

Beweises nur insofern, als sie dem Gericht unbekannt sind. Bei Ermittlung dieser Rechtsnormen ist das
Gericht auf die von den Parteien beigebrachten Nachweise nicht beschränkt; es ist befugt, auch andere
Erkenntnisquellen zu benutzen und zum Zwecke einer solchen Benutzung das Erforderliche anzuordnen´
 &I .HJHO6FKXULJ Internationales Privatrecht,  HG 0XQLFK  S  -DQ .URSKROOHU

Internationales Privatrecht, HG7ELQJHQS

/$$3/,&$&,Ï1'(/35,1&,3,2IURA NOVIT CURIA(1(/$5%,75$-( 

ODDUPRQtDGHVROXFLRQHVSUHWHQGLGDSRUODXQLILFDFLyQGHO'HUHFKR,QWHUQDFLRQDO
3ULYDGR\IDYRUHFHHOforum shopping
6LQ HPEDUJR XQD VROXFLyQ GLYHUVD SUHYDOHFLy KDVWD KDFH SRFR HQ OD
MXULVSUXGHQFLD IUDQFHVD (Q HO arrêt Amerford GHO  GH QRYLHPEUH GH 
DILUPyODCour de cassation

³«HQODVPDWHULDVHQODVTXHODVSDUWHVWLHQHQODOLEUHGLVSRVLFLyQGHVXVGHUHFKRVFRUUHVSRQGH
D OD SDUWH TXH SUHWHQGD TXH OD DSOLFDFLyQ GHO GHUHFKR H[WUDQMHUR GHVLJQDGR SRU OD UHJOD GH
FRQIOLFWRGHOH\HVFRQGXFHDXQUHVXOWDGRGLIHUHQWHGHOTXHGHULYDGHODDSOLFDFLyQGHOGHUHFKR
IUDQFpV GHPRQVWUDU HVWD GLIHUHQFLD PHGLDQWH OD SUXHED GHO FRQWHQLGRGH OD OH\ H[WUDQMHUD TXH
LQYRFDHQGHIHFWRGHORFXDOHOGHUHFKRIUDQFpVVHDSOLFDUDHQUD]yQGHVXYRFDFLyQVXEVLGLDULD´

(QHOarrêt Driss AbdouGHOGHMXOLRGHOD&RUWHGH&DVDFLyQDGPLWLy

H[SUHVDPHQWHTXHSRUORTXHUHVSHFWDDORVGHUHFKRVLQGLVSRQLEOHVHOMXH]GHEH
SURFHGHU ex officio D OD GHWHUPLQDFLyQ GHO FRQWHQLGR GH OD OH\ DSOLFDEOH 0iV
UHFLHQWHPHQWHHQHOarrêt AubinGHOGHMXQLRGHODPLVPDFRUWHLPSXVR
DOMXH]ODREOLJDFLyQGHSURFHGHUDHVDGHWHUPLQDFLyQFRQLQGHSHQGHQFLDGHOD
QDWXUDOH]DGLVSRQLEOHRQRGHORVGHUHFKRV³cuando reconozca como aplicable un
derecho extranjero´

³«FRUUHVSRQGHDOMXH]IUDQFpVTXHFRQVLGHUHDSOLFDEOHXQGHUHFKRH[WUDQMHURGHWHUPLQDUVX
FRQWHQLGRVHDGHRILFLRRDSHWLFLyQGHXQDSDUWHTXHORLQYRTXHFRQODFRODERUDFLyQGHODVSDUWHV
\ SHUVRQDOPHQWH VL QHFHVDULR \ GDU D OD FXHVWLyQ OLWLJLRVD XQD VROXFLyQ FRQIRUPH DO GHUHFKR
SRVLWLYRH[WUDQMHUR´

/D&RUWHGH&DVDFLyQUHDILUPyHVWDMXULVSUXGHQFLDSRU~OWLPRHQXQDVHQWHQFLD
GHGHMXQLRGH/RVMXHFHVIUDQFHVHVWLHQHQDFWXDOPHQWHSRUORWDQWR\
FRQ LQGHSHQGHQFLD GHO FDUiFWHU GLVSRQLEOH R QR GH ORV GHUHFKRV OLWLJLRVRV OD
obligación de buscar el contenidoGHOGHUHFKRH[WUDQMHURFRQVLGHUDGRDSOLFDEOH
VROLFLWDQGRHQVXFDVRODFRQWULEXFLyQGHODVSDUWHV

 3URFQ~P ±GLVSRQLEOHHQhttps://www.legifrance.gouv.fr

³Dans les matières où les parties ont la libre disposition de leurs droits, il incombe à la partie qui
prétend que la mise en oeuvre du droit étranger, désigné par la règle de conflit de lois, conduirait à un
résultat différent de celui obtenu par l'application du droit français, de démontrer l'existence de cette
différence par la preuve du contenu de la loi étrangère qu'elle invoque, à défaut de quoi le droit français
s'applique en raison de sa vocation subsidiaire´
18 Proc. núm. 95–17.925, disponible en Ibid..
19 Proc. núm. 02–14.686, disponible en Ibid..
20 “Il incombe au juge français, qui reconnaît applicable un droit étranger, d'en rechercher la teneur,

soit d'office, soit à la demande d'une partie qui l'invoque, avec le concours des parties et personnellement
s'il y a lieu, et de donner à la question litigieuse une solution conforme au droit positif étranger´
21 Proc. núm. 15–13.221, disponible en Ibid..
22 Cf. Dominique Bureau/Horatia Muit–Watt, Droit international privé, Paris, 2007, t. I, p. 439.
$18$5,2+,63$12±/862±$0(5,&$12'('(5(&+2,17(51$&,21$/±

(Q(VSDxDVHDGRSWDHQHVWDPDWHULDXQDVROXFLyQPiVPDWL]DGD(QHIHFWRHO
&yGLJR &LYLO GHWHUPLQD HQ HO DUW   TXH ³>O@RV 7ULEXQDOHV \ DXWRULGDGHV
DSOLFDUiQGHRILFLRODVQRUPDVGHFRQIOLFWRGHOGHUHFKRHVSDxRO´1RKD\SRUOR
WDQWRXQDVLPSOHIDFXOWDGVLQRPiVELHQXQverdadero deberGHDSOLFDUODUHJOD
GHFRQIOLFWRV3HURHODUWGHOD/H\GH(QMXLFLDPLHQWR&LYLOHVWDEOHFHTXH
ODSDUWHTXHLQYRFDGHUHFKRH[WUDQMHURWLHQHODFDUJDGHSUREDUORDXQTXHHOMXH]
SXHGD LQYHVWLJDUOR ex officio FRPR FRPSOHPHQWR GH OD DFWLYLGDG GH ODV SDUWHV
'LVSRQHHIHFWLYDPHQWHHVHSUHFHSWR

³7DPELpQ VHUiQ REMHWR GH SUXHED OD FRVWXPEUH \ HO GHUHFKR H[WUDQMHUR /D SUXHED GH OD
FRVWXPEUHQRVHUiQHFHVDULDVLODVSDUWHVHVWXYLHVHQFRQIRUPHVHQVXH[LVWHQFLD\FRQWHQLGR\VXV
QRUPDVQRDIHFWDVHQDORUGHQS~EOLFR(OGHUHFKRH[WUDQMHURGHEHUiVHUSUREDGRHQORTXHUHVSHFWD
DVXFRQWHQLGR\YLJHQFLDSXGLHQGRYDOHUVHHOWULEXQDOGHFXDQWRVPHGLRVGHDYHULJXDFLyQHVWLPH
QHFHVDULRVSDUDVXDSOLFDFLyQ´

(OSULQFLSLRiura novit curia QRSDUHFHDVtDSOLFDUVHSOHQDPHQWHHQ(VSDxDSRU

ORTXHUHVSHFWDDOGHUHFKRH[WUDQMHUR(VWHWLHQHHQUHDOLGDGXQHVWDWXWRKtEULGR
3RUHVRDILUPDQDOJXQRVDXWRUHVTXH³no es derecho, pero se acepta que es más
que un puro hecho´
(VHHVWDWXWRIXHFRQILUPDGRSRUHODUWGHOD/H\GHMXOLRGH
FRRSHUDFLyQMXUtGLFDLQWHUQDFLRQDOHQPDWHULDFLYLOTXHHVWDEOHFH

 /DSUXHEDGHOFRQWHQLGR\YLJHQFLDGHO'HUHFKRH[WUDQMHURVHVRPHWHUiDODVQRUPDVGHOD
/H\GH(QMXLFLDPLHQWR&LYLO\GHPiVGLVSRVLFLRQHVDSOLFDEOHVHQODPDWHULD
 /RV yUJDQRV MXULVGLFFLRQDOHV HVSDxROHV GHWHUPLQDUiQ HO YDORU SUREDWRULR GH OD SUXHED
SUDFWLFDGDSDUDDFUHGLWDUHOFRQWHQLGR\YLJHQFLDGHO'HUHFKRH[WUDQMHURGHDFXHUGRFRQODVUHJODV
GHODVDQDFUtWLFD
&RQFDUiFWHUH[FHSFLRQDOHQDTXHOORVVXSXHVWRVHQORVTXHQRKD\DSRGLGRDFUHGLWDUVHSRU
ODVSDUWHVHOFRQWHQLGR\YLJHQFLDGHO'HUHFKRH[WUDQMHURSRGUiDSOLFDUVHHO'HUHFKRHVSDxRO
 1LQJ~QLQIRUPHRGLFWDPHQQDFLRQDORLQWHUQDFLRQDOVREUH'HUHFKRH[WUDQMHUR
WHQGUiFDUiFWHUYLQFXODQWHSDUDORVyUJDQRVMXULVGLFFLRQDOHVHVSDxROHV´

2. Sistemas de &RPPRQ/DZ

³Quizás la característica más espectacular del derecho procesal inglés es que

la regla curia novit legem nunca fue, y no es, parte del derecho inglés´$VtVH
H[SUHVDEDKDFHFDVLFXDUHQWDDxRVHOLQWHUQDFLRQDOLVWDLQJOpVGHRULJHQDOHPDQ

&I-RVp&DUORV)HUQiQGH]5R]DV6L[WR6iQFKH]/RUHQ]RDerecho internacional privado, HG

0DGULGS
 Sic, -RVp /XLV ,JOHVLDV&DUORV (VSOXJXHV*XLOOHUPR 3DODR5RVDULR (VSLQRVD&DUPHQ $]FiUUDJD

³6SDLQ´in &DUORV(VSOXJXHV-RVp/XLV,JOHVLDV*XLOOHUPR3DODRHGVop. cit., SSVVS

/$$3/,&$&,Ï1'(/35,1&,3,2IURA NOVIT CURIA(1(/$5%,75$-(

)ULHGULFK$OH[DQGHU0DQQ³En Inglaterra”, DxDGtD0DQQ “el abogado somete

el derecho al tribunal, que se supone que no sabe casi nada sobre el mismo. Al
hacerlo actúa, claro, en el interés de su cliente, pero cumple también un deber
para con el tribunal, al que no puede confundir´6HJ~QHODXWRUFLWDGRHVWHGHEHU
LQH[LVWHQWHHQORVVLVWHPDVGHCivil LawVXSRQHXQFRQRFLPLHQWRHVSHFLDOL]DGR
\XQJUDGRGHSUHSDUDFLyQGHOTXHSRFRVVRQFDSDFHV\SHUPLWHTXHODSURIHVLyQ
IRUHQVHIXQFLRQHFRPRXQWDPL] DWUDYpVGHOFXDOORVSOHLWRVWLHQHQTXHSDVDUOR
TXH FRQVWLWX\H XQR GH ORV SULQFLSDOHV PpWRGRV GH OLPLWDU OD OLWLJLRVLGDG \ SRU
FRQVLJXLHQWH HO Q~PHUR GH MXHFHV HQ ,QJODWHUUD (VWR H[SOLFDUtD DGHPiV OD
GLYLVLyQGHGLFKDSURIHVLyQHQWUHbarristers \solicitorsGHTXH0DQQIXHXQILUPH
GHIHQVRU
(OVLVWHPDLQJOpVFRQRFHKR\LPSRUWDQWHVOLPLWDFLRQHVSDUWLFXODUPHQWHHQOR
TXH UHVSHFWD D ODV FXHVWLRQHV GH RUGHQ S~EOLFR TXH HO WULEXQDO SXHGH VXVFLWDU
sponte suaUHFKD]DQGRSRUHMHPSORHOenforcement GHXQFRQWUDWRex facie LOHJDO
DXQTXH QLQJXQD GH ODV SDUWHV OR KD\D VROLFLWDGR. 6LQ HPEDUJR GLFKR VLVWHPD
VLJXHVLHQGRDSOLFDEOHHQODJHQHUDOLGDGGHODVVLWXDFLRQHV$ORTXHQRHVDMHQDOD
FRQFHSFLyQ WUDGLFLRQDO SHUR D~Q DFWXDO GHO MXH] LQJOpV FRPR iUELWUR
³umpire”DOFXDOFRPSHWHXQLFDPHQWHGHFLGLUXQSOHLWRFRQEDVHHQODVSUXHEDV
\ORVDUJXPHQWRVTXHOHSUHVHQWHQODVSDUWHVDVHJXUDQGRODHVWULFWDREVHUYiQFLD
GH ORV SULQFtSLRV GHO fair trial, \ QR OLGHUDU XQD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ VREUH ORV WHPDV
GHEDWLGRVHQWUHHOODV
$VtVXFHGHWDPELpQHQPDWHULDGH'HUHFKRH[WUDQMHURHQHOPXQGRGHCommon
LawVXHOHGHFLUVH VHDSOLFDHQpVWHiPELWRHOSULQFLSLR³iura aliena non novit
curia´(OMXH]LQJOpVSRUHMHPSORQRLQYHVWLJDHOGHUHFKRH[WUDQMHURDSOLFDEOH
VHJ~QODVUHJODVGHFRQIOLFWRGHOH\HVHOFXDOWLHQHTXHVHUDOHJDGR\SUREDGR
SRUODVSDUWHV\DSOLFDVXSURSLR'HUHFKRVLHPSUHTXHODVSDUWHVQROHDSRUWHQ
OD SUXHED GHO FRQWHQLGR GHO 'HUHFKR H[WUDQMHUR ³Prima facie SRU WDQWR
DXQTXHORVKHFKRVLQGLTXHQODSUHVHQFLDGHHOHPHQWRVH[WUDQMHURVHOWULEXQDO



&I³)XVLRQRIWKH/HJDO3URIHVVLRQV"´Law Quarterly ReviewSSVVS
&ICheshire, Fifoot & Furmston’s Law of Contract, HGSRU0LFKDHO)XUPVWRQ2[IRUG

S
9pDVHVREUHHOWHPDHOGLVFXUVRSURIHULGRHQSRUHO3UHVLGHQWHGHO6XSUHPR7ULEXQDOLQJOpV

/RUG 1HXEHUJHU The Role of the Judge: Umpire in a Contest, Seeker of the Truth or Something in
Between?GLVSRQLEOHHQhttps://www.supremecourt.uk/docs/speech–160819–04.pdf
 &I 2WWR .DKQ±)UHXQG ³*HQHUDO 3UREOHPV RI 3ULYDWH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO /DZ´ Rec. cours YRO 

±,,,SSVVS

&IDicey, Morris & Collins on the Conflict of Laws, HG/RQGUHVUHJOD³,QDQ\

FDVHWRZKLFKIRUHLJQODZDSSOLHVWKDWODZPXVWEHSOHDGHGDQGSURYHGDVDIDFWWRWKHVDWLVIDFWLRQRIWKH
MXGJHE\H[SHUWHYLGHQFHRUVRPHWLPHVE\FHUWDLQRWKHUPHDQV,QWKHDEVHQFHRIVDWLVIDFWRU\HYLGHQFH
RIIRUHLJQODZWKHFRXUWZLOODSSO\(QJOLVKODZWRVXFKDFDVH´
$18$5,2+,63$12±/862±$0(5,&$12'('(5(&+2,17(51$&,21$/±

DSOLFDUi'HUHFKRLQJOpV´(Q,QJODWHUUDODDSOLFDFLyQGHO'HUHFKRH[WUDQMHUR
HVDVtWUDWDGDFRPRXQDFXHVWLyQGHKHFKR³aunque una cuestión de hecho de
un tipo peculiar´
(QORV((88ORVWULEXQDOHVIHGHUDOHVDGRSWDQHQHVWDPDWHULDXQDRULHQWDFLyQ
PiVIOH[LEOHH[SUHVDGDHQODUHJODGHODVFederal Rules of Civil Procedure,
VHJ~QODFXDO

³/DSDUWHTXHGHVHHVXVFLWDUXQDFXHVWLyQUHODWLYDDODOH\GHXQSDtVH[WUDQMHURGHEHQRWLILFDUOR
HQXQDDOHJDFLyQXRWURHVFULWRSURFHVDO$ILQGHGHWHUPLQDUODOH\H[WUDQMHUDHOWULEXQDOSXHGH
FRQVLGHUDUFXDOTXLHUPDWHULDORIXHQWHUHOHYDQWHLQFOXVRWHVWLPRQLRVVHDQRQRVRPHWLGRVSRUXQD
GHODVSDUWHVRDGPLVLEOHVVHJ~QODV5HJODV)HGHUDOHVGH3UXHED/DGHWHUPLQDFLyQGHOWULEXQDOGHEH
VHUFRQVLGHUDGDFRPRXQDGHFLVLyQUHODWLYDDXQDFXHVWLyQGHGHUHFKR´

/D SDUWH TXH GHVHH YHU DSOLFDGR GHUHFKR H[WUDQMHUR WLHQH SRU OR WDQWR TXH
DOHJDUORHOWULEXQDOQRORDSOLFDex officio. 6LQLQJXQDGHODVSDUWHVORKDFHVH
SUHVXPHTXHHVWiQGHDFXHUGRHQTXHQRVHDDSOLFDGRGHUHFKRH[WUDQMHUR6LXQD
GHHOODVORLQYRFDHOWULEXQDOSRGHUiGHWHUPLQDUGHRILFLRVXFRQWHQLGR
3XHGHHOWULEXQDOVLQHPEDUJRGHFODUDUVHforum non conveniensVLHVWLPDTXH
HVDSOLFDEOHDOIRQGRGHOOLWLJLRXQGHUHFKRH[WUDQMHUR\TXHQRHVpOODDXWRULGDG
PiV DSURSULDGD SDUD GHFLGLU OD FRQWURYHUVLD 3DUD ORV MXULVWDV DQJORVDMRQHV
³difficult legal issues are best dealt with by judges familiar with them”(QSDUWH
OD GRFWULQD GHO forum non conveniens IXH FRQFHELGD MXVWDPHQWH VHJ~Q OR
UHFRQRFLyHO7ULEXQDO6XSUHPRGHORV((88HQXQDVHQWHQFLDGHDILQGH
HYLWDU TXH ORVWULEXQDOHVKD\DQ GHHPSUHQGHU ³FRPSOHMRV HMHUFLFLRV GH GHUHFKR
FRPSDUDGR´
 


$Vt-+&0RUULVThe Conflict of Laws, HGSRU'DYLG0F&OHDQ\.LVFK%HHYHUV/RQGUHV

SSV9pDQVHWDPELpQ5LFKDUG)HQWLPDQForeign Law in English Courts: Pleading, Proof and

Choice of Law, 2[IRUG &KHVKLUH1RUWK )DZFHWW Private International Law, HGSRU--
)DZFHWW\-0&DUUXWKHUV2[IRUGSS\VV
&KHVKLUH1RUWK )DZFHWW op. cit., S

³A party who intends to raise an issue about a foreign country's law must give notice by a pleading
or other writing. In determining foreign law, the court may consider any relevant material or source,
including testimony, whether or not submitted by a party or admissible under the Federal Rules of
Evidence. The court's determination must be treated as a ruling on a question of law´
&I(XJHQH6FROHV3HWHU+D\3DWULFN%RUFKHUV6\PHRQ6\PHRQLGHVConflict of Laws, HG6W

3DXOS
 0RUULV op. cit., S  (Q FXDQWR DO GHUHFKR GH ORV ((88 YpDVH 6FROHV  +D\  %RUFKHUV 

6\PHRQLGHVop. cit.S
&IPiper Aircraft Co. v. Reyno86³7KHGRFWULQHRIIRUXPQRQFRQYHQLHQVKRZHYHULV

GHVLJQHGLQSDUWWRKHOSFRXUWVDYRLGFRQGXFWLQJFRPSOH[H[HUFLVHVLQFRPSDUDWLYHODZ$VZHVWDWHGLQ
*LOEHUWWKHSXEOLFLQWHUHVWIDFWRUVSRLQWWRZDUGVGLVPLVVDOZKHUHWKHFRXUWZRXOGEHUHTXLUHGWR³XQWDQJOH
SUREOHPVLQFRQIOLFWRIODZVDQGLQODZIRUHLJQWRLWVHOI´´
/$$3/,&$&,Ï1'(/35,1&,3,2IURA NOVIT CURIA(1(/$5%,75$-(

,,,¢,XUDQRYLWDUELWHU"

1. La posición particular del tribunal arbitral respecto a la determinación del
derecho aplicable

'HORH[SXHVWRUHVXOWDFRQFODULGDGTXHQRKD\FRQVHQVRHQWUHORVGLIHUHQWHV
VLVWHPDVMXUtGLFRVQDFLRQDOHVHQFXDQWRDODDSOLFDELOLGDGGHOSULQFLSLRiura novit
curia DODGHWHUPLQDFLyQGHOWHQRUGHOGHUHFKRDSOLFDEOHDODVFXHVWLRQHVSULYDGDV
LQWHUQDFLRQDOHVVRPHWLGDVDORVWULEXQDOHVHVWDWDOHV
(QHVWHFRQWH[WRVXUJHODSUHJXQWD¢<FRQUHVSHFWRDORVWULEXQDOHVDUELWUDOHV"
¢6HSRGUiDILUPDUXQSULQFLSLRiura novit arbiter"
/D SULPHUD REVHUYDFLyQ TXH FDEHKDFHU D HVWH UHVSHFWR HV TXHQR KD\ HQ OD
PD\RUtDGHODVFRQYHQFLRQHVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHV\GHODVOH\HVQDFLRQDOHVGHDUELWUDMH
XQD UHJOD H[SUHVD VREUH HO WHPD 1RV HQFRQWUDPRV HQ HVHV FDVRV DQWH XQD
ODJXQD
3RURWUDSDUWHWDPSRFRSDUHFHTXHKD\DDQDORJtDVXILFLHQWHHQWUHODSRVLFLyQ
GHOWULEXQDOHVWDWDO\ODGHOWULEXQDODUELWUDOHQORUHODWLYRDODGHWHUPLQDFLyQGHO
GHUHFKRDSOLFDEOHTXHSHUPLWDDSOLFDUDOVHJXQGRODVVROXFLRQHVTXHULJHQSDUDHO
SULPHUR
(Q HIHFWR HO WULEXQDO DUELWUDO YROXQWDULR VLHQGR SRU FLHUWR XQ yUJDQR GH
DGPLQLVWUDFLyQ GH MXVWLFLD FRPR WDO UHFRQRFLGR LQFOXVR SRU WH[WRV
FRQVWLWXFLRQDOHVQRGHFLGHORVSOHLWRVTXHOHVRQVRPHWLGRVHQQRPEUHRSRU
GHOHJDFLyQGHO(VWDGRVLQRSRUHIHFWRGHXQDFXHUGRGHODVSDUWHV1ROHFRPSHWH
SRUHOORDVHJXUDUODUHDOL]DFLyQGHODVpolicies SURVHJXLGDVSRUODVOH\HVHPDQDGDV
GHGHWHUPLQDGRSDtVPHGLDQWHVXDSOLFDFLyQex officio
(OWULEXQDODUELWUDOHVHQUHDOLGDGXQDHPDQDFLyQGHODDXWRQRPtDSULYDGDTXH
HO (VWDGR UHFRQRFH GHQWUR GH FLHUWRV OtPLWHV 6X DFWLYLGDG FRUUHVSRQGH D XQ
ejercicio privado de la función jurisdiccional (Q FRQVHFXHQFLD VX SRVLFLyQ
UHVSHFWRDODGHWHUPLQDFLyQGHOGHUHFKRDSOLFDEOHHVGLVWLQWDGHODGHORVWULEXQDOHV

8QDH[FHSFLyQDXQTXHGHDOFDQFHOLPLWDGRHVHOArbitration Act 1996 LQJOpVFX\DVHFFLyQ

JHVWDEOHFHTXHORVSRGHUHVGHOWULEXQDODUELWUDOLQFOX\HQODGHWHUPLQDFLyQGH³whether and to what extent

the tribunal should itself take the initiative in ascertaining the facts and the law´(QODMXULVSUXGHQFLD
LQJOHVD VH HQWLHQGH VLQ HPEDUJR TXH ³the tribunal is free to decide the matter on the basis of the
presumption that the applicable system of law is the same as the law of England and Wales. To hold
otherwise would mean that international arbitrations held in London would be encumbered with the
considerable extra expense of obtaining general evidence of foreign law relevant to the matters in issue
in every case where the proper law of the contract was not the law of England and Wales´FIODVHQWHQFLD
GHOCommercial CourtHQHussmann (Europe) Ltd. v. Al Ameen Development & Trade Co., >@
/OR\G¶V5HS
9pDVHSRUHMHPSORHODUWGHOD&RQVWLWXFLyQSRUWXJXHVD
$18$5,2+,63$12±/862±$0(5,&$12'('(5(&+2,17(51$&,21$/±

HVWDWDOHV (Q OR TXH FRQFLHUQHDO DUELWUDMH LQWHUQDFLRQDOSRUHMHPSOR QR SXHGH

DILUPDUVHODH[LVWHQFLDGHXQDlex fori
6HSURFODPDHQODGRFWULQDSRUHOORla liberté de l’arbitre

³$IDOWDGHHOHFFLyQSRUODVSDUWHVHOiUELWURHVDEVROXWDPHQWHOLEUH(OFRQWUDVWHFRQHOMXH]
HVDTXtSDUWLFXODUPHQWHLQWHUHVDQWHSXHVHVWDOLEHUWDGVLJQLILFDTXHPLHQWUDVTXHHOMXH]HVWiDO
VHUYLFLRGHODOH\LQFOXVRGHODVUHJODVGHFRQIOLFWRVGHOH\HVHOiUELWURHVWiSRUHQFLPDGHODV
UHJODVGHOIXQGR\GHODVUHJODVGHFRQIOLFWRVGHOH\HV/HFRUUHVSRQGHHOHJLUHOFRQMXQWRGHODV
UHJODV±FDVLVLHPSUHHVWDWDOHV\HQFDVRVPX\UDURVDQDFLRQDOHVFRPRORV3ULQFLSLRV8QLGURLW±
TXH GHWHUPLQDUiQ OD VROXFLyQ GHO OLWLJLR (O iUELWUR LQWHUQDFLRQDO DTXt QR VH OLPLWD D DSOLFDU
UHJODVVHODVGDDVtPLVPRVLQRHQVXFRQWHQLGRSRUORPHQRVHQVXLGHQWLGDG´

1RVLUYHUHVSHFWRGHODUELWUDMHHQVXPDXQDGHODVSULQFLSDOHVMXVWLILFDFLRQHV
GHO SULQFLSLR iura novit curia OD YLQFXODFLyQ GHO MXH] D OD OH\ GH GHWHUPLQDGR
(VWDGRHQQRPEUHGHOFXDOLPSDUWHMXVWLFLD(QUHDOLGDGORVWULEXQDOHVDUELWUDOHV
QR HVWiQ VLTXLHUD QHFHVDULDPHQWH LQWHJUDGRV SRU MXULVWDV \ FXDQGR OR VRQ VXV
PLHPEURVSXHGHQWHQHUVXRULJHQHQFXOWXUDVMXUtGLFDVPX\GLYHUVDV
6LQHPEDUJRODPD\RUOLEHUWDGGHTXHGLVIUXWDHOiUELWURDOUHVSHFWRQRVLJQLILFD
QHFHVDULDPHQWHVXH[FOXVLYDVXMHFLyQDODVDOHJDFLRQHV\DODSUXHEDGHOGHUHFKR
DSOLFDEOH KHFKD SRU ODV SDUWHV 'H XQD SDUWH SRUTXH FRPR yUJDQR GH
DGPLQLVWUDFLyQ GH OD MXVWLFLD VX PLVLyQ HV OD PLVPD TXH OD GH ORV WULEXQDOHV
HVWDWDOHVOHFRPSHWHDVHJXUDUXQDMXVWDUHVROXFLyQGHORVOLWLJLRVORTXHVXSRQH
TXH SXHGD IRUPXODU XQ MXLFLR DXWyQRPR VREUH HO GHUHFKR DSOLFDEOH VX WHQRU H
LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ'HRWUDSDUWHSRUTXHHOiUELWURQRGLVSRQHFRPRVXFHGHFRQORV
WULEXQDOHVHVWDWDOHVGHXQDfallback law DODTXHSXHGDUHFXUULUVLHPSUHTXHODV
SDUWHVQRDSRUWHQSUXHEDVXILFLHQWHGHOWHQRUGHODVUHJODVDSOLFDEOHVDOIRQGRGHO
OLWLJLR

 9pDVH VREUH HO WHPD 'iULR 0RXUD 9LFHQWH Da arbitragem comercial internacional. Direito

aplicável ao mérito da causa, &RLPEUDSSVV\ODGHPiVOLWHUDWXUDDKtFLWDGD

&I3LHUUH0D\HU³/DOLEHUWpGHO¶DUELWUH´Rev. arb., SSVV
³En l’absence de choix par les parties, l’arbitre est absolument libre. Le contraste avec le juge est

ici particulièrement intéressant, car cette liberté signifie que, tandis que le juge est au service de la loi, y
compris des règles de conflit de lois, l’arbitre est au–dessus des règles de fond et des règles de conflit de
lois. C’est lui qui choisit l’ensemble des règles – presque toujours étatiques, et dans de très rares cas
anationales, tels les Principes Unidroit – qui vont commander la solution du litige. L’arbitre international,
ici, ne se borne pas à appliquer des règles, il se les donne à lui–même, sinon dans leur contenu, du moins
dans leur identité´
3RUHOORVHDILUPDTXH³HQHODUELWUDMHLQWHUQDFLRQDOQRKD\GHUHFKR³H[WUDQMHUR´ªDVt-XOLDQ/HZ

Iura Novit Curia and Due Process, 4XHHQ0DU\8QLYHUVLW\RI/RQGRQ6FKRRORI/DZ/HJDO6WXGLHV

5HVHDUFK3DSHU1RQžGLVSRQLEOHHQKWWSVVUQFRP9DQHQODPLVPDOtQHDODVUHIOH[LRQHV
GH1LJHO%ODFNDE\\5LFDUGR&KLULQRVTXHHVFULEHQ³QRHVSRVLEOHDILUPDU\PXFKRPHQRVSUHVXPLUHQHO
FRQWH[WRGHXQ DUELWUDMH FRPHUFLDOLQWHUQDFLRQDO±R DO PHQRVHQOD PD\RUtDGH HVWRV ±TXHORV iUELWURV
³FRQRFHQHOGHUHFKR´ªFI³&RQVLGHUDFLRQHVVREUHODDSOLFDFLyQGHOSULQFLSLRiura novit curia HQHODUELWUDMH
FRPHUFLDOLQWHUQDFLRQDO´Anuario Colombiano de Derecho Internacional, SSVVS
/$$3/,&$&,Ï1'(/35,1&,3,2IURA NOVIT CURIA(1(/$5%,75$-(

(O WULEXQDO DUELWUDO QR VH HQFXHQWUD SRU OR WDQWR VRPHWLGR D XQ GHEHU GH
GHWHUPLQDUGHRILFLRHOGHUHFKRDSOLFDEOHDQiORJRDOTXHUHFDHHQFLHUWRVVLVWHPDV
MXUtGLFRV VREUH HO WULEXQDO HVWDWDO SHUR WDPSRFR WLHQHQ ODV SDUWHV OD OLEUH
GLVSRVLFLyQGHOGHUHFKRDSOLFDEOHHQHOSURFHVRDUELWUDO(QUHDOLGDGODVROXFLyQ
GHOSUREOHPDDVtSODQWHDGRVRORSXHGHH[WUDHUVHGHXQDDGHFXDGDSRQGHUDFLyQGH
ORVLQWHUHVHVHQSUHVHQFLD/RVH[DPLQDUHPRVDFRQWLQXDFLyQ

2. Los intereses en presencia

6REUHVDOHQ HQ HO DUELWUDMH ORV intereses de las partes FX\D YROXQWDG VH
HQFXHQWUD FRPR KHPRV YLVWR HQ HO RULJHQ GH HVWD IRUPD GH UHVROXFLyQ GH
FRQWURYHUVLDV
3RU RWUR ODGR KD\ TXH YDORUDU HQ HVWD PDWHULD HO LQWHUpV JHQHUDO HQ OD justa
decisiónGHORVSOHLWRVSRUHOWULEXQDODUELWUDOORTXHMXVWLILFDTXHVHOHSHUPLWD
XQDLQGDJDFLyQWDQOLEUHFXDQWRSRVLEOHGHOWHQRUGHOGHUHFKRDSOLFDEOH
3RU~OWLPRLPSRUWDDVHJXUDUODeficacia de los laudos arbitralesTXHSXHGHVHU
FXHVWLRQDGDVHDHQVXSDtVGHRULJHQDWUDYpVGHVXLPSXJQDFLyQDQWHORVWULEXQDOHV
ORFDOHVVHDHQHOSDtVGRQGHSUHWHQGDREWHQHUVHVXUHFRQRFLPLHQWR\HMHFXFLyQ
PHGLDQWHODLQYRFDFLyQGHODFOiXVXODGHRUGHQS~EOLFR
$KRUD ELHQ HVWRV GLIHUHQWHV LQWHUHVHV QR LPSRQHQ XQD VROXFLyQ XQtYRFD
UHVSHFWRGHODFXHVWLyQH[DPLQDGDSRUHOFRQWUDULRUHFODPDQXQDconciliaciónGH
ODVRULHQWDFLRQHVIXQGDPHQWDOHVTXHHOGHUHFKRFRPSDUDGRQRVUHYHOyPiVDUULED
$VtKD\TXHGDUH[SUHVLyQWDPELpQHQODGHWHUPLQDFLyQGHODVROXFLyQMXUtGLFD
GHORVSOHLWRVVRPHWLGRVDODUELWUDMHLQWHUQDFLRQDODODYROXQWDGGHODVSDUWHVTXH
GHEHQSRGHUHOHJLUGHFRP~QDFXHUGRODVUHJODVGHGHUHFKRDSOLFDEOHVSRUORV
iUELWURVFRPRORSHUPLWHQKR\GLYHUVDVOHJLVODFLRQHVQDFLRQDOHVOHVFRPSHWH
DGHPiVKDFHUHQSULPHUDOtQHDODGHPRQVWUDFLyQGHOFRQWHQLGRGHHVDVUHJODV6LQ
HPEDUJRHOiUELWURGHEHSRGHUFRQWURODUsponte sua ODH[DFWLWXGGHODSUXHEDKHFKD
SRUODVSDUWHVHQHVWDPDWHULD\VXSOLUODVLHPSUHTXHORWHQJDSRUQHFHVDULRDODOX]
GHVXGHEHUGHKDFHUMXVWLFLD3RURWUDSDUWHHOGHEHUGHORViUELWURVGHDVHJXUDUOD
HILFDFLDGHVXVGHFLVLRQHVH[LJHTXHVHWRPHQHQFRQVLGHUDFLyQFRQLQGHSHQGHQFLD
GHORDOHJDGRSRUODVSDUWHVODVUHJODV\SULQFLSLRVTXHLQWHJUDQHORUGHQS~EOLFR
GHO(VWDGRGHODVHGHGHODUELWUDMHHQODPHGLGDHQTXHDKtSXHGDVROLFLWDUVHVX
DQXODFLyQ\GHORV(VWDGRVGRQGHHOUHFRQRFLPLHQWR\HMHFXFLyQGHOODXGRSXHGDQ
VHUVROLFLWDGRV


(QFRQIRUPLGDGFRQORTXHHVWDEOHFHHQSDUWLFXODUOD/H\±0RGHORGHOD&RPLVLyQGHODV1DFLRQHV

8QLGDVSDUDHO'HUHFKR0HUFDQWLO,QWHUQDFLRQDO&18'0,HQVXDUW

&RPRORUHFRQRFLyHO7ULEXQDOGH-XVWLFLDGHOD8QLyQ(XURSHDSRUORTXHUHVSHFWDDOGHUHFKR

FRPXQLWDULRHQODGHFLVLyQSURIHULGDHQGHMXQLRHQHODVXQWR&±Eco Swiss China Time

$18$5,2+,63$12±/862±$0(5,&$12'('(5(&+2,17(51$&,21$/±


,9/DGHWHUPLQDFLyQGHO'HUHFKRDSOLFDEOHSRUORViUELWURV\VXVOtPLWHV

1. La determinación del Derecho aplicable por los árbitros

/D QDWXUDOH]D KtEULGD GHO DUELWUDMH ± LQVWLWXWR FRQWUDFWXDO HQ VX RULJHQ \
MXULVGLFFLRQDO HQ VX IXQFLyQ ± DVt FRPR ORV LQWHUHVHV IXQGDPHQWDOHV TXH HVWi
GHVWLQDGR D UHDOL]DU UHFODPDQ HQ VXPD TXH VH UHFRQR]FD DO iUELWUR XQD FLHUWD
OLEHUWDGHQODGHWHUPLQDFLyQGHOGHUHFKRDSOLFDEOHDOIRQGRGHOOLWLJLRDVtFRPRHQ
VXLQWHUSUHWDFLyQ\DSOLFDFLyQ
6LQ SHUMXLFLR GHO UHVSHWR GHELGR D OD HOHFFLyQ SRU ODV SDUWHV GHO GHUHFKR
DSOLFDEOHHOiUELWURQRVHHQFXHQWUDQHFHVDULDPHQWHVRPHWLGRDVXVDOHJDFLRQHVD
UHVSHFWR GH HVWH QL WDPSRFR D OD SUXHED KHFKD SRU HOODV GHO FRQWHQLGR GH HVH
GHUHFKR3XHGHSRUHOFRQWUDULRLQGDJDUORDXWyQRPDPHQWHSRUWRGRVORVPHGLRV
ILDEOHV D VX GLVSRVLFLyQ ± OH\HV MXULVSUXGHQFLD GRFWULQD H[SHUWRV HWF ± DVt
FRPRFRQWURODUODFRUUHFFLyQGHODVFDOLILFDFLRQHVMXUtGLFDVRSHUDGDVSRUODVSDUWHV
DILQGHOOHJDUDXQDGHFLVLyQPDWHULDOPHQWHFRUUHFWD\hoc sensu, MXVWD
$OiUELWUROHFRPSHWHDGHPiVWRPDUHQFRQVLGHUDFLyQHQODGHFLVLyQGHOSOHLWR
ODV normas de orden público R GH aplicación necesaria GH IXHQWH LQWHUQD
LQWHUQDFLRQDO R FRPXQLWDULD YLJHQWHV HQ HO OXJDU GHO DUELWUDMH R GRQGH
SUHVXPLEOHPHQWHVHUiVROLFLWDGDODHMHFXFLyQGHOODXGRFRQHOILQGHDVHJXUDUVX
HILFDFLD6LHPSUHSRUHMHPSORTXHODVREOLJDFLRQHVSDFWDGDVHQWUHODVSDUWHVVH
PXHVWUHQLOtFLWDVDODOX]GHHVDVQRUPDV\VXenforcementSRUHOWULEXQDODUELWUDO
SXHGDSRUHVHPRWLYRFRPSURPHWHUODHILFDFLDGHOODXGRHQORVSDtVHVFRQORV
FXDOHVODVLWXDFLyQSRVHHFRQH[LRQHVVLJQLILFDWLYDVv.g.HOSDtVGRQGHODVSDUWHV


Ltd c. Benetton International NV, GLVSRQLEOH HQ http://curia.europa.eu HQ TXH VH GHFODUD TXH ³HQ OD
PHGLGDHQTXHXQyUJDQRMXULVGLFFLRQDOQDFLRQDOGHEDHQDSOLFDFLyQGHVXVQRUPDVSURFHVDOHVLQWHUQDV
HVWLPDUXQUHFXUVRGHDQXODFLyQGHXQODXGRDUELWUDOEDVDGRHQODLQREVHUYDQFLDGHQRUPDVQDFLRQDOHVGH
RUGHQS~EOLFRWDPELpQGHEHHVWLPDUWDOUHFXUVREDVDGRHQODLQREVHUYDQFLDGHODSURKLELFLyQLPSXHVWDHQ
HODSDUWDGRGHODUW&(´

(Q(VSDxDODIDFXOWDGGHORViUELWURVGHDSOLFDUQRUPDVMXUtGLFDVQRLQYRFDGDVSRUODVSDUWHVHVWi
LQFOXtGDVHJ~Q/XLV*RPHV±,JOHVLDV5RVyQGHQWURGHORVSRGHUHVGHGLUHFFLyQSURFHVDOTXHOD/H\GH
$UELWUDMHOHVUHFRQRFHFI³Iura novit curia\SULQFLSLRGHFRQWUDGLFFLyQVXDSOLFDFLyQHQHODUELWUDMHHQ
(VSDxDArbitraje: Revista de Arbitraje Comercial y de Inversiones, SSVVS
9pDVHHQHVWHVHQWLGRODUHFRPHQGDFLyQQžGHOD5HVROXFLyQQžGHOD,QWHUQDWLRQDO/DZ

$VVRFLDWLRQ \ VREUH pVWD HO LQIRUPH GH )LOLS GH /\ /XFD 5DGLFDWL GL %UR]ROR \ 0DUN )ULHGPDQQ
Ascertaining the Contents of the Applicable Law in International Commercial ArbitrationGLVSRQLEOHHQ
http://www.ila–hq.org
(QWUHORVPHFDQLVPRVDTXHORViUELWURVSXHGHQUHFXULUSDUDHVWHHIHFWRFDEHGHVWDFDUHOTXHVHSUHYp

HQHO&RQYHQLRGH/RQGUHV$FHUFDGHOD,QIRUPDFLyQVREUHHO'HUHFKR([WUDQMHURGHTXHHO&yGLJR
3URFHVDO&LYLORODQGpVFRORFDDODGLVSRVLFLyQGHORVWULEXQDOHVDUELWUDOHVHQVXDUW
&IOD5HVROXFLyQQžGHOD,QWHUQDWLRQDO/DZ$VVRFLDWLRQcit. supra, UHFRPHQGDFLyQQž
/$$3/,&$&,Ï1'(/35,1&,3,2IURA NOVIT CURIA(1(/$5%,75$-(

WLHQHQ VX VHGH R SDWULPRQLR R GRQGH HO FRQWUDWR GHED VHU HMHFXWDGR FDEUi DO
iUELWURH[WUDHUGHHVDFLUFXQVWDQFLDODVFRQVHFXHQFLDVQHFHVDULDVSDUDODGHFLVLyQ
GHOOLWLJLR
(QHVWHVHQWLGRVHDGXFHDGHPiVTXHHQODPHGLGDHQTXHODHPDQDFLyQGHXQD
VHQWHQFLDVXVWDQFLDOPHQWHFRUUHFWDFRQVWLWX\HXQdeber éticoGHORViUELWURV³OD
pWLFDDUELWUDOUHFODPDHOSULQFLSLRjura novit curia HQHODUELWUDMHLQWHUQDFLRQDO´
(Q DOJXQRV UHJODPHQWRV GH DUELWUDMH UHFLHQWHV VH HQFXHQWUDQ H[SUHVLRQHV GH
GLFKD OLEHUWDG GHO iUELWUR HQ OD FRQILJXUDFLyQ MXUtGLFD GH OD FDXVD \ HQ OD
GHWHUPLQDFLyQGHODVUHJODVTXHOHVRQDSOLFDEOHV
&DEH UHVHxDU SRU HMHPSOR ODV UHJODV GH OD London Court of International
Arbitration GH  FX\R DUW   LLL HVWDEOHFH EDMR HO HStJUDIH ³poderes
adicionales´

³(O7ULEXQDO$UELWUDOWHQGUiHOSRGHUGHDSHWLFLyQGHFXDOTXLHUGHODVSDUWHVRGHRILFLRFRQ
H[FHSFLyQGHORVVXE±SiUUDIRVYLLLL[\[LQIUDSHURHQFXDOTXLHUGHORVFDVRVVRORGHVSXpV
GHKDEHUGDGRDODVSDUWHVXQDRSRUWXQLGDGUD]RQDEOHGHH[SUHVDUVXVSXQWRVGHYLVWD\HQORV
WpUPLQRVHQORTXHUHVSHFWDDORVFRVWRV\DOUHVWRTXHHO7ULEXQDO$UELWUDOGHFLGD
>«@
LLLOOHYDUDFDERODVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVTXHSDUH]FDQQHFHVDULDVR~WLOHVDO7ULEXQDO$UELWUDO
LQFOX\HQGRVREUHVL\HQTXpPHGLGDHO7ULEXQDO$UELWUDOGHEHWRPDUpOPLVPRODLQLFLDWLYDGH
LGHQWLILFDUODVFXHVWLRQHVUHOHYDQWHV\GHWHUPLQDUORVKHFKRVUHOHYDQWHV\ODVOH\HVRUHJODVGH
GHUHFKRDSOLFDEOHVDOFRQYHQLRDUELWUDODODUELWUDMH\DOIRQGRGHOOLWLJLR´

6HUHFRQRFHQDVtDORViUELWURVDPSOLRVSRGHUHVSDUDLGHQWLILFDUFXHVWLRQHVGH
GHUHFKRQRVXVFLWDGDVSRUODVSDUWHV\DSOLFDUDOIRQGRGHOOLWLJLRUHJODVSRUHOODV
QRLQYRFDGDV
$ VX YH] HO UHJODPHQWR GH OD China International Economic and Trade
Arbitration Commision &,(7$&GHGLVSRQHHQVXDUW

6REUHHOWHPDYpDQVH<YHV'HUDLQV³/¶RUGUHSXEOLFHWOHGURLWDSSOLFDEOHDXIRQGGXOLWLJHGDQV

O¶DUELWUDJHLQWHUQDWLRQDO´Revue de l’arbitrage, SSVV3LHUUH0D\HU³/¶LQWHUIpUHQFHGHVORLV

GHSROLFH´in L’apport de la jurisprudence arbitrale, 3DULVSSVVidem, ³0DQGDWRU\5XOHVRI
/DZLQ,QWHUQDWLRQDO$UELWUDWLRQªArbitration International, SSVV&KULVWRSKH6HUDJOLQLLois
de police et justice arbitrale internationale, 3DULVHVSHFLDOPHQWHSSVV\-DQ3DXOVVRQThe
Idea of Arbitration, 2[IRUGSSVV\VV
$Vt$QWyQLR3LQWR/HLWH³Jura novit curiaHDDUELWUDJHPLQWHUQDFLRQDOªin VI Congresso do Centro

de Arbitragem Comercial. Intervenções, &RLPEUDSSVVS

³The Arbitral Tribunal shall have the power, upon the application of any party or (save for sub–

paragraphs (viii), (ix) and (x) below) upon its own initiative, but in either case only after giving the parties
a reasonable opportunity to state their views and upon such terms (as to costs and otherwise) as the
Arbitral Tribunal may decide: […] (iii) to conduct such enquiries as may appear to the Arbitral Tribunal
to be necessary or expedient, including whether and to what extent the Arbitral Tribunal should itself take
the initiative in identifying relevant issues and ascertaining relevant facts and the law(s) or rules of law
applicable to the Arbitration Agreement, the arbitration and the merits of the parties' dispute´
$18$5,2+,63$12±/862±$0(5,&$12'('(5(&+2,17(51$&,21$/±

³&XDQGRODVSDUWHVKD\DQDOFDQ]DGRXQDFXHUGRVREUHODOH\DSOLFDEOHDOIRQGRGHOOLWLJLRHO
DFXHUGRGHODVSDUWHVSUHYDOHFHUi(QGHIHFWRGHWDODFXHUGRRFXDQGRHOPLVPRHVWpHQFRQIOLFWR
FRQXQDGLVSRVLFLyQOHJDOLPSHUDWLYDHOWULEXQDODUELWUDOGHWHUPLQDUDODOH\DSOLFDEOHDOIRQGRGHO
OLWLJLR´

/DOLEUHGLVSRVLFLyQSRUODVSDUWHVGHORVFULWHULRVGHGHFLVLyQGHOOLWLJLRFRQRFH
DTXtXQLPSRUWDQWHOtPLWHFRQVWLWXLGRSRUODVUHJODVLPSHUDWLYDVFRQODVFXDOHVOD
OH\ HOHJLGD HVWp HQ FRQIOLFWR KDELGD FXHQWD GH TXH HO WULEXQDO GHEH DWHQGHU ex
officio GLFKDVQRUPDVLPSHUDWLYDV
3RU ~OWLPR HO UHJODPHQWR GHO Singapore International Arbitration Center
6,$& GH  GLVSRQH HQ HO DUW  P LQWLWXODGR “poderes adicionales del
tribunal´

³6DOYRDFXHUGRHQFRQWUDULRGHODVSDUWHVDGHPiVGHORVRWURVSRGHUHVHVSHFLILFDGRVHQHVWDV
UHJODV\FRQH[FHSFLyQGHORTXHHVWpSURKLELGRSRUODVQRUPDVLPSHUDWLYDVDSOLFDEOHVDODUELWUDMH
HO7ULEXQDOWHQGUiHOSRGHUGH
>«@
P GHFLGLU FXDQGR UHVXOWH DSURSLDGR FXDOTXLHU FXHVWLyQ QR H[SUHVD R LPSOtFLWDPHQWH
VXVFLWDGDHQODVDOHJDFLRQHVGHXQDSDUWHVLHPSUHTXHWDOFXHVWLyQKD\DVLGRFODUDPHQWHSXHVWD
HQ FRQRFLPLHQWR GH OD RWUD SDUWH \ HVD RWUD SDUWH KD\D WHQLGR XQD RSRUWXQLGDG DGHFXDGD GH
FRQWHVWDU´

6H DSUHFLD DVt XQD WHQGHQFLD HQ HO VHQWLGR GH DPSOLDU ORV SRGHUHV GH ORV
WULEXQDOHV DUELWUDOHV SRU OR TXH UHVSHFWD D ODV FXHVWLRQHV GH GHUHFKR TXH OHV
FRPSHWHGHFLGLULQFOXVRHQVLVWHPDVMXUtGLFRVWUDGLFLRQDOPHQWHDGYHUVRVFRPR
KHPRVYLVWRDOSULQFLSLRiura novit curia
6LQHPEDUJR\FRQH[FHSFLyQGHODDSOLFDFLyQGHQRUPDVGHRUGHQS~EOLFRQR
SDUHFHTXHHOHMHUFLFLRGHHVRVSRGHUHVGHEDWHQHUVHFRPRXQDobligaciónGHORV
iUELWURVFX\RLQFXPSOLPLHQWRLPSOLTXHODLQYDOLGH]GHVXODXGRVLQRPiVELHQ
FRPRXQDfacultadTXHOHVFRPSHWHHMHUFHUHQIXQFLyQGHVXSURSLDHYDOXDFLyQGH
ODQHFHVLGDGGHKDFHUORHQHOFDVRFRQFUHWRKDELGDFXHQWDGHODSUXHEDDSRUWDGD


³Where the parties have agreed on the law applicable to the merits of their dispute, the parties’

agreement shall prevail. In the absence of such an agreement or where such agreement is in conflict with
a mandatory provision of the law, the arbitral tribunal shall determine the law applicable to the merits of
the dispute´
³Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, in addition to the other powers specified in these Rules,

and except as prohibited by the mandatory rules of law applicable to the arbitration, the Tribunal shall
have the power to: […] m. decide, where appropriate, any issue not expressly or impliedly raised in the
submissions of a party provided such issue has been clearly brought to the notice of the other party and
that other party has been given adequate opportunity to respond´
/$$3/,&$&,Ï1'(/35,1&,3,2IURA NOVIT CURIA(1(/$5%,75$-(

DORVDXWRVSRUODVSDUWHV&RPRHVFULEH*DEULHOOH.DXIPDQQ±.RKOHU³a hard and

fast LXUDQRYLWFXULD rule would be inappropriate in international arbitration´
(Q VXPD HO PRGHOR TXH SDUHFH PiV DGHFXDGR D OD QDWXUDOH]D GHO DUELWUDMH
LQWHUQDFLRQDO \ D ORV LQWHUHVHV UHOHYDQWHV HQ HOOR SRU OR TXH UHVSHFWD D OD
GHWHUPLQDFLyQ GHO GHUHFKR DSOLFDEOH DO IRQGR GHO OLWLJLR QR HV XQ modelo
dispositivo SXUR QL WDPSRFR XQ modelo inquisitorio SXUR VLQR XQ modelo
intermedioTXHSRUXQDSDUWHSHUPLWHDOWULEXQDODYHULJXDUGHRILFLRODVUHJODV
DSOLFDEOHV\VXWHQRUVLQLPSRQHUOHXQGHEHUGHKDFHUOR\SRURWUDSDUWHUHTXLHUH
GHODVSDUWHVODGHELGDFRRSHUDFLyQFRQHOWULEXQDODUELWUDOHQHVWDVWDUHDV(VHQ
HVWDPHGLGDXQPRGHORGHFRODERUDFLyQHQWUHHOWULEXQDODUELWUDO\ODVSDUWHV

2. Los principios de igualdad y contradicción y la prohibición de decisiones
sorpresivas

6HJ~QRWUDUHJODGHDOFDQFHXQLYHUVDOFRUUHVSRQGHDOWULEXQDODUELWUDOWUDWDUD
ODVSDUWHVFRQLJXDOGDG\GDUDFDGDXQDGHHOODVSOHQDRSRUWXQLGDGGHKDFHUYDOHU
VXVGHUHFKRV
$KRUDELHQHOWULEXQDODUELWUDOTXHDSRUWDDOSURFHVRmotu proprio,HOUHVXOWDGR
GH VXV LQGDJDFLRQHV VREUH HO WHQRU GHO GHUHFKR DSOLFDEOH VX LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ GHO
PLVPRRVXSURSLDFDOLILFDFLyQGHORVKHFKRVUHOHYDQWHVRTXHDSOLFDXQDUHJOD
TXHQLQJXQDGHODVSDUWHVLQYRFyDQWHULRUPHQWHSXHGHfavorecer decisivamenteD
XQDGHODVSDUWHVFX\DVSUHWHQVLRQHVGHEDQHVWLPDUVHFRPRFRQVHFXHQFLDGHHOOR
/R TXH WUDWiQGRVH GH XQ yUJDQR MXULVGLFFLRQDO FX\RV PLHPEURV R DOJXQRV GH
HOORVKDQVLGRHOHJLGRVSRUODVSURSLDVSDUWHV\TXHSXHGHGHFLGLUSRUPD\RUtDQR
HV XQ ULHVJR PHQRU PiV ELHQ WRGR OR FRQWUDULR 6LQ HPEDUJR QR SXHGH
FRQVLGHUDUVHTXHWDOHVDFWXDFLRQHVGHOWULEXQDOVHDQLQDGPLVLEOHVHQODPHGLGDHQ
TXHSURSLFLDQGHFLVLRQHVVXVWDQFLDOPHQWHPiVFRUUHFWDV
(V LQGLVSHQVDEOH HQ WRGR FDVR TXH HO principio de contradicción ± TXH ODV
OHJLVODFLRQHVFRQWHPSRUiQHDVLJXDOPHQWHDFRJHQHQPDWHULDGHDUELWUDMH±VHD
REVHUYDGR SRU HO WULEXQDO HQ WDOHV FDVRV GH PDQHUD TXH DPEDV SDUWHV SXHGDQ
SURQXQFLDUVHVREUHODVUHJODVGHGHUHFKRDSOLFDGDVRODVFDOLILFDFLRQHVMXUtGLFDV
RSHUDGDV SRU HO WULEXQDO HYLWiQGRVH DVt decisiones sorpresivas TXH GLFKR


 &I ³7KH JRYHUQLQJ ODZ /DZ RU IDFW"´ in 0DUNXV :LUWK HG Best practices in international

arbitration, %DVLOHDSSVV
&IHODUWGHOD/H\±0RGHORGH&18'0,
(Q(VSDxDHOSULQFtSLRHVWiFRQVDJUDGRHQHODUWGHOD/H\GHGHGLFLHPEUHGH

$UELWUDMH\HQ3RUWXJDOHQHO DUWFGHOD/H\GHO$UELWUDMH9ROXQWDULR DSUREDGDSRUOD/H\

 GHO  GH GLFLHPEUH 9pDVH D HVWH UHVSHFWR $QD 0 &KRFUyQ *LUiOGH] Los principios
procesales en el arbitraje, %DUFHORQDSSVV
$18$5,2+,63$12±/862±$0(5,&$12'('(5(&+2,17(51$&,21$/±

SULQFLSLRQRFRQVLHQWH$OiUELWURQROHHVWiSHUPLWLGRSRUORWDQWRVXVFLWDU\
GHFLGLUHQHOODXGRQXHYDVFXHVWLRQHVGHGHUHFKRVLQTXHODVSDUWHVKD\DQWHQLGR
ODSRVLELOLGDGGHGHEDWLUODVSUHYLDPHQWH
(O&yGLJR3URFHVDO&LYLOIUDQFpVDFRJHHVWDVROXFLyQDOVRPHWHUHODUELWUDMHHQ
VXDUWDFLHUWRVSULQFLSLRVIXQGDPHQWDOHVGHOSURFHVRFLYLOLQFOXVRHOTXH
HQFXHQWUDIRUPXODGRHQHODUWSiUUDIRHQORVVLJXLHQWHVWpUPLQRV

³>(O MXH]@ QR SXHGH EDVDU VX GHFLVLyQ HQ ORV IXQGDPHQWRV TXH VXVFLWy GH RILFLR VLQ KDEHU
SUHYLDPHQWHLQYLWDGRDODVSDUWHVDTXHSUHVHQWHQVXVREVHUYDFLRQHV´

6HVXHOHSRUHOORDGPLWLUODUHDSHUWXUDGHOGHEDWHDILQGHSHUPLWLUTXHODVSDUWHV
VH SURQXQFLHQ VREUH ODV FXHVWLRQHV GH GHUHFKR TXH HO WULEXQDO HQWLHQGD
VRPHWHUOHV
6LQ HPEDUJR HV QHFHVDULR HYLWDU TXH XQD VXSXHVWD YLRODFLyQ GHO GHEHU GH
DXGLHQFLDSUHYLDGHODVSDUWHVSXHGDVHUYLUGHSUHWH[WRSDUDVXVFLWDUODUHYLVLyQGHO
IRQGRGHOODXGRDUELWUDO+DEUiSRUHOORTXHH[FHSWXDUDHVHGHEHUORVFDVRVGH
manifiesta innecesaridad(VORTXHRFXUULUtDSRUHMHPSORVLODFDOLILFDFLyQSRU
HO WULEXQDO GHO FRQWUDWR sub iudicio FRPR FRPSUDYHQWD FRQVWLWX\HVH OD ~QLFD
SODXVLEOHDQWHVXGHVFULSFLyQSRUXQDGHODVSDUWHV\ODPLVPDQRKXELHVHVLGR
FRQWHVWDGD SRU OD RWUD 1R VHUi DVt HQ FDPELR VL ODV SDUWHV VLHPSUH KXELHUHQ
FRQVLGHUDGRHOFRQWUDWRFRPRGHFRPSUDYHQWD\QRREVWDQWHHOWULEXQDODUELWUDO
ORFDOLILFDUDHQODVHQWHQFLDFRPRDUUHQGDPLHQWRGHREUDV

3. Los principios dispositivo y de congruencia

2WUR OtPLWH QR PHQRV UHOHYDQWH D OD DFWLYLGDG ex officio GHO WULEXQDO DUELWUDO
UHVXOWDGHOprincipio dispositivoHQYLUWXGGHOFXDODVLVWHDODVSDUWHVODIDFXOWDG
GH GHILQLU DXWyQRPDPHQWH HQ HO FRQYHQLR DUELWUDO R HQ VXV SHWLFLRQHV ODV
FXHVWLRQHVVRPHWLGDVDODGHFLVLyQGHiUELWURVDORTXHVHFRUUHVSRQGHHOGHEHUGH
ORViUELWURVGHDGHFXDUVHDHVDGHILQLFLyQVLQTXHSXHGDQSURQXQFLDUVHVREUHRWUDV


3URKtEHQH[SUHVDPHQWHODVGHFLVLRQHVVRUSUHVLYDVSRUHMHPSORORVDUWVGHO&yGLJR3URFHVDO
&LYLOSRUWXJXpV\GHO&yGLJR3URFHVDO&LYLOIUDQFpVDVtFRPRHO†GHODZivilprozessordnung
DOHPDQD
 (Q HVWH VHQWLGR YpDVH WDPELpQ OD UHFRPHQGDFLyQ Qž  GH OD FLWDGD 5HVROXFLyQ Qž  GH OD

,QWHUQDWLRQDO/DZ$VVRFLDWLRQ
³[Le juge] ne peut fonder sa décision sur les moyens de droit qu'il a relevés d'office sans avoir au

préalable invité les parties à présenter leurs observations´

&RPRORFRQVLHQWHSRUHMHPSORHODUWin fineGHO5HJODPHQWRGH$UELWUDMHGHOD&iPDUDGH

&RPpFLR,QWHUQDFLRQDO
8QULHVJRSDUDORFXiODOHUWD$QQD0DQWDNRX³7KH0LVDGYHQWXUHVRIWKH3ULQFLSOHJura Novit Curia

LQ,QWHUQDWLRQDO$UELWUDWLRQ±$3UDFWLWLRQHU¶V$SSURDFK´inEssays in Honour of Spyridon Vl. Vrellis,

$WHQDVSSVV
/$$3/,&$&,Ï1'(/35,1&,3,2IURA NOVIT CURIA(1(/$5%,75$-(

FXHVWLRQHVDXQTXHUHODFLRQDGDVFRQDTXHOODVVRSHQDGHDQXODFLyQRGHQHJDFLyQ
GHOUHFRQRFLPLHQWRGHVXODXGRprincipio de congruencia
1RREVWDQWHODMXULVSUXGHQFLDQRVPXHVWUDYDULRVHMHPSORVGHVLWXDFLRQHVHQ
TXHORViUELWURVFRQEDVHHQVXVSRGHUHVGHGHFLVLyQGHODVSHFWRMXUtGLFRGHOSOHLWR
VHSURQXQFLDQVREUHFXHVWLRQHVQRVXVFLWDGDVSRUODVSDUWHV\TXHSRUORWDQWRQR
VHFRPSUHQGHQHQHOthema decidendum
)XHORTXHRFXUULyHQHODVXQWRGHFLGLGRSRUODCour de cassation IUDQFHVDHQ
 GH MXQLR GH  HQ TXH ORV iUELWURV KDEtDQ VXVWLWXLGR OD LQGHPQL]DFLyQ
UHFODPDGD SRU XQD GH ODV SDUWHV IXQGDGD HQ HO lucro cesante GHULYDGR GHO
LQFXPSOLPLHQWR GH XQ FRQWUDWR TXH OHV SDUHFLy QR SRGHU VHU HYDOXDGR FRQ
FHUWLGXPEUHSRUXQDLQGHPQL]DFLyQIXQGDGDHQODpérdida de oportunidad³perte
de chance´ GH YHU FRQFUHWDGR GHWHUPLQDGR SUR\HFWR OD FXDO QR KDEtD VLGR
LQYRFDGDSRUHVDSDUWHDXQTXHSRGtDVHJ~QORViUELWURVVHUHYDOXDGDFRQPiV
SUHFLVLyQ/D&RUWHGH&DVDFLyQDSUREyHQHVWHFDVRODDQXODFLyQGHODVHQWHQFLD
DUELWUDOGHFLGLGDSRUODCour d’appelGH3DULVDSHWLFLyQGHXQDGHODVSDUWHV
/DIDFXOWDGGHGHWHUPLQDFLyQDXWyQRPDSRUORViUELWURVGHOGHUHFKRDSOLFDEOH
DOIRQGRGHOOLWLJLRDVtFRPRGHVXWHQRUQRSXHGHSXHVOHJLWLPDUXQDGHFLVLyQ
ultra Rextra petita.

9&RQFOXVLRQHV

'H FXDQWR VH H[SXVR DQWHULRUPHQWH SXHGH H[WUDHUVH FRPR FRQFOXVLyQ TXH
GDGRTXHQRDGPLQLVWUDODMXVWLFLDHQQRPEUHRSRUGHOHJDFLyQGHFLHUWR(VWDGRHO
WULEXQDODUELWUDORFXSDXQDSRVLFLyQGLVWLQWDGHODGHOWULEXQDOHVWDWDOHQORUHODWLYR
DODGHWHUPLQDFLyQGHOGHUHFKRDSOLFDEOHDOIRQGRGHOOLWLJLRDODDYHULJXDFLyQGH
VXWHQRUDVXLQWHUSUHWDFLyQ\DVXDSOLFDFLyQ1RVLUYHQQHFHVDULDPHQWHSDUDORV
WULEXQDOHVDUELWUDOHVSRUORWDQWRODVUHJODVTXHYLQFXODQDORVWULEXQDOHVHVWDWDOHV
HQFXDQWRDHVWDVFXHVWLRQHV/DVUHJODVDSOLFDEOHVDODUELWUDMHLQWHUQDFLRQDOHQHVWD
PDWHULDGHEHQPiVELHQWHQHUHQFXHQWDODQDWXUDOH]DHVSHFtILFD\ODVILQDOLGDGHV
SURVHJXLGDVSRUHVWHPpWRGRGHUHVROXFLyQGHFRQWURYHUVLDV
(OWULEXQDODUELWUDOQRVHHQFXHQWUDVRPHWLGRDXQGHEHUGHGHWHUPLQDUGHRILFLR
HOGHUHFKRDSOLFDEOHDOIRQGRGHOOLWLJLRHTXLSDUDEOHDOTXHUHFDHHQYDULRVVLVWHPDV
MXUtGLFRV VREUH HO WULEXQDO HVWDWDO SHUR WDPSRFR WLHQHQ ODV SDUWHV OD OLEUH
GLVSRVLFLyQGHOGHUHFKRDSOLFDEOHHQHOSURFHVRDUELWUDO(OWULEXQDODUELWUDOSXHGH
VLQ WHQHU OD REOLJDFLyQ GH KDFHUOR DYHULJXDU ex officio HO WHQRU GHO GHUHFKR

9pDQVHDHVWHUHVSHFWRHODUWDLLLGHOD/H\±0RGHORGH&18'0,\HODUWtFXOR9G

GHOD&RQYHQFLyQGH1XHYD<RUNVREUHHO5HFRQRFLPLHQWR\OD(MHFXFLyQGHODV6HQWHQFLDV$UELWUDOHV
([WUDQMHUDV
3URF±GLVSRQLEOHHQKWWSVZZZFRXUGHFDVVDWLRQIU
$18$5,2+,63$12±/862±$0(5,&$12'('(5(&+2,17(51$&,21$/±

DSOLFDEOH DO IRQGR GHO OLWLJLR HQ HO DUELWUDMH LQWHUQDFLRQDO $VLPLVPR SXHGH HO
WULEXQDO DUELWUDO DSOLFDU DO IRQGR GHO OLWLJLR UHJODV GH GHUHFKR QDFLRQDO
LQWHUQDFLRQDO R FRPXQLWDULR GLVWLQWDV GH ODV LQYRFDGDV SRU ODV SDUWHV
SDUWLFXODUPHQWHFXDQGRORMXVWLILTXHODVDOYDJXDUGDGHODHILFDFLDGHVXODXGR
(O WULEXQDO DUELWUDO QR HVWi VXMHWR SRU FRQVLJXLHQWH D ODV DOHJDFLRQHV GH ODV
SDUWHVHQFXDQWRDOGHUHFKRDSOLFDEOHQLDODSUXHEDSRUHOODVDSRUWDGDDOSURFHVR
FRQUHVSHFWRDVXWHQRURDODVFDOLILFDFLRQHVMXUtGLFDVSRUHOODVHIHFWXDGDVGHORV
KHFKRVUHOHYDQWHV/DVSDUWHVGHEHQHQWRGRFDVRFRRSHUDUFRQHOWULEXQDODUELWUDO
HQ OD GHWHUPLQDFLyQ GHO FRQWHQLGR GHO GHUHFKR DSOLFDEOH SURSRUFLRQiQGROH OD
LQIRUPDFLyQUHOHYDQWHSDUDODGHFLVLyQMXUtGLFDGHVXVSUHWHQVLRQHV
(OWULEXQDODUELWUDOQRGHEHDSOLFDUDOIRQGRGHOOLWLJLRUHJODVVREUHODVFXDOHV
ODVSDUWHVQRKD\DQWHQLGRXQDRSRUWXQLGDGUD]RQDEOHGHSURQXQFLDUVHSUHYLDPHQWH
DTXHIXHUDGLFWDGDODVHQWHQFLDDUELWUDOVDOYRHQFDVRGHPDQLILHVWDLQQHFHVDULGDG
7DPSRFRSXHGHHOWULEXQDODUELWUDOHMHUFHUVXSRGHUGHGHWHUPLQDFLyQDXWyQRPD
GHOGHUHFKRDSOLFDEOHGHIRUPDTXHH[FHGDHQVXODXGRHOiPELWRGHODVFXHVWLRQHV
VRPHWLGDVSRUODVSDUWHVDVXGHFLVLyQ