Prof.

Barochiner
Directora del Departamento de Idiomas

CONECTORES

Los conectores son palabras o frases que ayudan a estructurar el discurso de un texto,
estableciendo distintos tipos de relación lógica entre ideas según el tipo de conector. Pueden
expresar adición, contraste, causa, consecuencia, ejemplificación, etc., y pueden conectar ideas
dentro de una misma oración o entre dos oraciones diferentes, según el caso. A continuación
se presenta una posible clasificación de conectores según la relación lógica que expresan y su
posible interpretación. Se incluyen, además, algunos ejemplos, indicando entre corchetes las dos
ideas conectadas.

Relación lógica: ADICIÓN

Conector Posible interpretación

And y
Also también/además
Apart from this/that además/aparte de esto/eso
Besides además
Both….and… tanto…como
As well as así como también
Moreover, además/asimismo
Furthermore, además/asimismo
In addition (to) además (de)
Likewise igualmente/asimismo
What is more además/asimismo
Not only….(but) also no sólo… (sino) también
Together with/Along junto con
with/coupled with

Algunos ejemplos:

Cardboard can be recycled along with paper and [is remade into many different kinds of paper
products]. Recycled cardboard can also [be made into sound-proofing material, insulation and
even furniture].

Making cardboard products from recycled material saves not only [trees] but also [large amounts
of water].

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Capturing and injecting CO2 deep underground not only [means getting more oil] –it also [means
that less greenhouse gas is released into the atmosphere].

Methane is produced through both [natural] and [human activities].

Many places have seen changes in rainfall, resulting in [more floods, droughts, or intense rain],
as well as [more frequent and severe heat waves].

As well as [problems with weather], [VLC needs line-of-sight access to send data], restricting
areas were it can operate.

Relación lógica: CAUSA

Conector Posible interpretación

As debido a que/ya que
Because porque
Because of a causa de que
Due to/due to the fact debido a (que)
that… ya que/dado que
For (muy formal) ya que/puesto que
Since debido a
Owing to dado que
Given that

Algunos ejemplos:

Because [they are located outside our solar system], [these planets are scientifically known as
exoplanets].

Galileo’s theory applies only to objects for which [the force exerted by the air] (due to [air resistance and
buoyancy)] is much less than the weight.

Due to [human activities], [methane concentrations increased sharply during most of the 20th century].

[Cardboard is one of the easiest and most environmentally effective materials to recycle] since [the fibre
in cardboard has already been processed].

In summing up the disaster, Richard Feynman, a member of the Rogers Commission, made a telling point
to the effect that “for a successful technology, [reality must take precedence over public relations], for
[nature cannot be fooled].

As [RGBs involve no delay in stimulating phosphor], [data rates in RGBs can reach up to 100 Mb/sec].

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¡ATENCIÓN! El conector AS no siempre expresa CAUSA. También puede entenderse como “A MEDIDA
QUE” o “MIENTRAS”, según el caso.

Por ejemplo:

As height increases, pressure goes down. (A medida que aumenta la altura, disminuye la presión).
As the boat went down by the head, water flowed over the transverse bulkheads, which were barely
above the waterline, into other compartments. (A medida que el barco se hundía, el agua fluía sobre los
mamparos transversales…)

The target variable is the goal of the problem-solving process; don’t lose sight of this goal as you work
through the solution. (No pierdas de vista este objetivo mientras piensas en la solución)

Relación lógica: CONSECUENCIA

Conector Posible interpretación

So Entonces/ así
Thus Así/entonces/luego/de ese
Therefore modo
Consequently Por lo tanto/en consecuencia
As a result Por consiguiente/en
For this reason, for these consecuencia
reasons En consecuencia/por lo tanto
Hence Por esta/estas razón/razones
So much so Por lo tanto/de ahí que…
Hasta tal punto que

Algunos ejemplos:
Large quantities of cardboard are used in packaging so it’s important to try to choose products
with minimal overal packaging.

Wax-coated cardboard, like some fruit boxes, is not suitable for recycling but [it can be effectively
composted], thus [reducing methane production].

[Cardboard is one of the easiest and most environmentally effective materials to recycle since
the fibre in cardboard has already been processed]. Therefore, making cardboard products from
recycled material saves not only trees but also large amounts of water.

[Cardboard is one of the easiest and most environmentally effective materials to recycle since
the fibre in cardboard has already been processed. Therefore, making cardboard products from
recycled material saves not only trees but also large amounts of water]. For these reasons, [it is
important to recycle your cardboard and whenever possible to buy paper and cardboard
products with recycled content].

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Relación lógica: CONTRASTE

Conector Posible interpretación

But Pero
Although Aunque/si bien/a pesar de
Though Aunque/si bien/ a pesar de
Even though Aunque/incluso aunque
Even if Aún si/incluso si
Much as A pesar de que/por mucho que..
Whereas/while/whilst Mientras que/si bien
Despite/ despite (the fact A pesar de (del hecho de..)/si
that) bien/aunque
In spite of (the fact that) A pesar de (del hecho de que…)
However Sin embargo/no obstante
Nevertheless Sin embargo/no obstante
Nonetheless Sin embargo/no obstante
Notwithstanding No obstante
On the contrary Por el contrario
On the one hand… on the Por un lado…..Por el otro
other hand A pesar de todo
All the same Sin embargo
Still Sin embargo
Yet

Tener en cuenta que los conectores although, though, even though, even if, much as, whereas,
while, whilst, despite y in spite of siempre conectan ideas dentro de una misma oración. Por otra
parte, los conectores however, nevertheless, nonetheless, notwithstanding, on the contrary, all
the same, yet y still suelen conectar ideas de oraciones distintas.

Algunos ejemplos:

[I understand the concepts], but [I just can’t solve the problems].

[The greenhouse effect is natural and necessary to support life on Earth]. However, [the buildup
of greenhouse gases can change Earth’s climate and result in dangerous effects to human health
and welfare and to ecosystems].

[Different techniques are useful for solving different kinds of physics problems], which is why this
book offers dozens of problem-solving strategies. No matter what kind of problem you are
dealing with, however, [there are certain key steps that you’ll always follow].

[Global warming is causing climate patterns to change]. However, [global warming itself
represents only one aspect of climate change].

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In general, [climate changes prior to the Industrial Revolution can be explained by natural causes,
such as changes in solar energy, volcanic eruptions and natural changes in greenhouse gas
concentrations]. [Recent climate changes, however, cannot be explained by natural causes
alone, especially warming since the mid-20th century].

[The majority of greenhouse gases come from burning fossil fuels to produce energy], although
[deforestation, industrial processes and some agricultural practices also emit gases into the
atmosphere].

Although [this step doesn’t involve any calculations], [it’s sometimes the most challenging part
of solving the problem].

[Although this step doesn’t involve any calculation], it’s sometimes the most challenging part of
solving the problem]. [Don’t skip over this step], though.
Though [the light bulb, the phonograph and moving pictures are considered as Edison’s most
important inventions], [other people were already working on similar technologies].

Despite [great hardship caused by limited power, loss of cabin heat, shortage of potable water,
and the critical need to jury-rig the carbon dioxide removal system], [the crew returned safely to
Earth on April 17].

In spite of [his many patents and inventions], [Tesla was destitute when he died in 1943].

[Introductory materials science textbooks do not fully cover functional materials] while
[electronic materials textbooks focus on semiconductors and smart materials textbooks
emphasize more on limited properties that pertain to structures].

While [all these disasters remind us of the scale of human endevour], [there is massive potential
for failure in the more ordinary].

[It has now been 25 years since the horrific disaster]. Yet, [the land around Bhopal remains
blighted and toxic to humans and animals alike].

Relación lógica: EJEMPLIFICACIÓN

Conector Posible interpretación

For example Por ejemplo
For instance Por ejemplo
e.g. Por ejemplo
Such as como por ejemplo
Like como
In particular en particular

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Algunos ejemplos:

[In military operations where RF-based communications are restricted during troop movements,
VLC could be a viable alternative]. For instance, [it could be used to help securely pass
information down a convoy of tanks and other military vehicles].

Manufacturing from recycled material also produces up to 90% less [by-products] such as
[chemical wastes].

Scientists have pieced together a picture of Earth’s climate, dating back hundreds of thousands
of years, by analyzing a number of [indirect measures of climate] such as [ice cores, tree rings,
glacier lengths, pollen remains and ocean sediments].

[Greenhouse gases] like [water vapor, carbon dioxide and methane] absorb energy, allowing or
preventing the loss of heat to space.

Relación lógica: PROPÓSITO

Conector Posible interpretación

To Para
In order Con el objeto de/para
to De manera que/para que/de modo que
So that De manera que/para que/de modo que
So as to De manera que no/para que no/de modo
So as not que no
to

Algunos ejemplos:

[Vectors will be needed throughout our study of physics] to [describe and analyze physical
quantities].

[The project at Air Products and Chemicals hydrogen production facilities in Port Arthur, Texas,
has begun capturing CO2] so that [it is not released into the atmosphere].

[Edison even wore shoes two sized too large] so that [he could slip into and out of them without
stooping down to untie them].

In order to [understand physics], [you must be able to solve physics problems].

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Relación lógica: CONDICIÓN

Conector Posible interpretación

If si
Only if sólo si
on condition that con la condición de que
provided/providing siempre que/siempre y
that cuando
unless a menos que
as long as/so long siempre y cuando/siempre
as… que

Algunos ejemplos:

Learning how to solve problems is absolutely essential; [you don’t know physics] unless [you can
do physics].

As long as/provided that [they are predictable], [robots have a hope of making it in the everyday
world].

Relación lógica: ENUMERACIÓN

Conector Posible interpretación

to begin with, to start with En primer lugar
first(ly), first of all, Primero, en primer lugar
second(ly), Segundo, en segundo lugar
third(ly), Tercero, en tercer lugar
in the first/second/third place En primer/segundo/tercer lugar
then Luego, a continuación
next Luego, a continuación
following this/that A continuación (de esto/eso)
lastly, finally, last but not least Por último, finalmente

Relación lógica: REFORMULACIÓN, ACLARACIÓN o CORRECCIÓN

Conector Posible interpretación

in other words en otras palabras
that is (to say) es decir
i.e. es decir
rather/instead of en lugar de eso, más bien
actually en realidad/en verdad

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[Climate change refers to any significant change in the measures of climate lasting for an
extended period of time]. In other words, [climate change includes major changes in
temperature, precipitation, or wind patterns, among other effects, that occur over several
decades or longer].

Calling an idea a theory does not mean that it’s just a random thought or an unproven concept.
Rather, a theory is an explanation of natural phenomena based on observation and accepted
fundamental principles.

[Recent climate changes, however, cannot be explained by natural causes alone, especially
warming since the mid-20th century]. Rather, [human activities can very likely explain most of
that warming].

Relación lógica: COMPARACIÓN

Conector Posible interpretación

Like Como
Likewise, in the same way Del mismo modo, de la misma
Unlike manera
on the contrary/by A diferencia de
contrast/in contrast Por el contrario/en cambio
meanwhile Por otro lado
similarly De forma similar

Algunos ejemplos:

In this way, greenhouse gases act like a blanket, trapping energy in the atmosphere and causing
it to warm.

Unlike [normal light bulbs], [LEDs respond quickly to “on” and “off” signals].

Tesla really worked out his inventions in his imagination. In contrast, Edison was more of a
sketcher and a tinkerer.

At the height of his career, Tesla was charismatic, urbane and witty. Edison, meanwhile, was hard
of hearing and introverted, with few close friends.

[If the headlights on a car could communicate with the tail lights of the car ahead, VLC collision-
avoidance technology would be hugely significant in the automotive industry]. In the same way,
[traffic lights could send detailed information of congestion up ahead directly to the vehicle.]

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Relación lógica: ALTERNATIVA

Conector Posible interpretación

Or O
Either… or… o…/ o… o bien…/ ya sea… o…
Neither… nor… ni… ni…
Whether… or… ya sea… o…

Algunos ejemplos:

When sunlight reaches Earth’s atmosphere it can either [be reflected back into space] or
[absorbed by the Earth].

Whether [he shows up] or [not], we're getting started tomorrow (Ya sea que venga o que no
venga, comenzaremos mañana)

He will have to sign the documentation, whether he likes it or not. (Deberá firmar la
documentación, quiera o no)

¡ATENCIÓN! “Whether” también puede interpretarse como “si”, según el contexto:

Legend has it that Galileo Galilei dropped light and heavy objects from the top of the Leaning
Tower of Pisa to find out whether their rates of fall were the same or different.

Relación lógica: REFERENCIA

Conector Posible interpretación

in relation to
as regards, regarding, with
regard to as for/as to
with reference to
as far as… is concerned
concerning
En relación con…
Con respecto a
Con respecto a../ en lo que se refiere a
Con respecto a / en lo que se refiere a
Con respecto a / en lo que se refiere a
Con respecto a

Ejemplo:

[There were regulations] regarding [safety], increasing the number of lifeboats and allowing easy
access to them for all passengers.

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Relación lógica: ÉNFASIS

Conector Posible interpretación

in fact En efecto, de hecho
indeed En efecto
truly Verdaderamente
certainly Ciertamente
undoubtedly Indudablemente

Relación lógica: GENERALIZACIÓN

Conector Posible interpretación

on the whole En general
Overall En general
in general En general
broadly speaking En líneas generales
in most cases En la mayoría de los casos
by and large En general

Relación lógica: RESUMEN – RECAPITULACIÓN

Conector Posible interpretación

in conclusion, to conclude En conclusión, para concluir
to sum up, summing up En resumen
In brief, in short, briefly En resumen
Finally Por último, finalmente

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